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projected-20463874-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20United%20States%20elections | 2000 United States elections | Initiatives and referendums | The 2000 United States elections were held on November 7, 2000. Republican Governor George W. Bush of Texas defeated Democratic Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee in the presidential election. Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress, giving the party unified control of Congress and the presidency for the first time since the 1954 elections.
With Democratic President Bill Clinton term-limited, Gore won his party's nomination by defeating Senator Bill Bradley in the Democratic primaries. Bush defeated Senator John McCain in the Republican primaries to win his party's presidential nomination. Bush took 271 of the 538 electoral votes, winning the decisive state of Florida by a margin of 537 votes after a recount was halted by the Supreme Court in the case of Bush v. Gore. Bush was the first winning presidential candidate to lose the popular vote since the 1888 presidential election. This marked the first time since 1988 that the president's party lost seats in both Houses.
Democrats picked up a net of four seats in the Senate, tying Republicans, however Dick Cheney provided the tie-breaking vote as Vice President of the United States. Republicans maintained control of the chamber until June 6, 2001, when Senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party and began caucusing with the Democrats. Democrats also picked up a net of one seat in the House, but Republicans retained an overall narrow majority. In the gubernatorial elections, Democrats won a net gain of one seat. | State constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage and civil unions is passed in Nebraska and Nevada passes constitutional ban on same-sex marriage only, but it doesn't go into effect because the Nevada Constitution requires two ballot votes for citizen-initiated constitutional amendments. | [
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projected-20463895-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber-Clatonia%20High%20School | Wilber-Clatonia High School | Introduction | Wilber Clatonia Public School District is located in Wilber, Nebraska, United States. It was founded in 1970 when Wilber High School and Clatonia High School consolidated, forming the Wilber Clatonia Public School District, which has 530 students (K-12). The high school enrollment is approximately 258 students (grades 7-12).
The Wilber Clatonia Public School District is a consolidated system located in Saline and Gage Counties and covers an area of . It has an assessed valuation of $225,842,971 and provides education to 530 students in kindergarten through grade 12. A $6,125,000 bond passage passed in August 2003 provided for the construction of a Pre-kindergarten to 6th-grade classroom facility with a library, computer lab, and gymnasium. The bond issue also provided for a new running track. | [] | [
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projected-20463895-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber-Clatonia%20High%20School | Wilber-Clatonia High School | History | Wilber Clatonia Public School District is located in Wilber, Nebraska, United States. It was founded in 1970 when Wilber High School and Clatonia High School consolidated, forming the Wilber Clatonia Public School District, which has 530 students (K-12). The high school enrollment is approximately 258 students (grades 7-12).
The Wilber Clatonia Public School District is a consolidated system located in Saline and Gage Counties and covers an area of . It has an assessed valuation of $225,842,971 and provides education to 530 students in kindergarten through grade 12. A $6,125,000 bond passage passed in August 2003 provided for the construction of a Pre-kindergarten to 6th-grade classroom facility with a library, computer lab, and gymnasium. The bond issue also provided for a new running track. | The first class graduated from Wilber High School in 1886. A new high school building was built around 1910. In 1930 a new high school building was built to the east of the old building, and the old high school was used for elementary classes. When the new school district was formed in 1970, a new high school building was built on South Franklin Street. The older school building to the west was torn down and became a playground area. The 1930 high school then became the elementary school, providing facilities for the students in the city and students now attending in town because many of the rural school districts were closed as part of the consolidation. In 2005 the elementary school was added to the existing high school and the 1930 building was torn down. | [] | [
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projected-20463895-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilber-Clatonia%20High%20School | Wilber-Clatonia High School | Athletics | Wilber Clatonia Public School District is located in Wilber, Nebraska, United States. It was founded in 1970 when Wilber High School and Clatonia High School consolidated, forming the Wilber Clatonia Public School District, which has 530 students (K-12). The high school enrollment is approximately 258 students (grades 7-12).
The Wilber Clatonia Public School District is a consolidated system located in Saline and Gage Counties and covers an area of . It has an assessed valuation of $225,842,971 and provides education to 530 students in kindergarten through grade 12. A $6,125,000 bond passage passed in August 2003 provided for the construction of a Pre-kindergarten to 6th-grade classroom facility with a library, computer lab, and gymnasium. The bond issue also provided for a new running track. | The school's rival in sports is Tri-County. The school colors are green and white, and the mascot is the wolverine.
Wilber Clatonia won the Class C State Championship in girls' basketball in 1983, finishing 27-0 in the season. The 1997-98 wrestling team finished the dual season comprising a record of 6-0-1, the lone tie coming to Lincoln Christian. The Wilber girls' basketball team almost beat the consecutive losing record. In the 2016-17 season, they also won the class C2 football championship. | [] | [
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projected-20463912-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Kuykendall | Kurt Kuykendall | Introduction | Kurt Kuykendall is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the North American Soccer League.
Kuykendall attended American University, where he was a 1973 Honorable Mention (third team) All-American soccer player. He was inducted into the American University Eagles Hall of Fame in 1996. In 1974, the Washington Diplomats selected Kuykendall in the first round (second overall) of the North American Soccer League draft. In 1975, he moved to the New York Cosmos for two seasons. In 1978 while working as a real estate broker he made an appearance in an indoor match for the Diplomats giving up 7 goals in two periods of relief for the injured Eric Martin. He finished his professional career with one game with the Rochester Lancers in 1979 as a replacement goalkeeper when the NASL players went on strike.
All five of his children – Kris, Shawn, Jason, Jaime and Samantha – play soccer.
For the Glory, a feature film based on Kurt's career, is scheduled for release in 2011. | [] | [
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projected-44496609-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Introduction | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | [] | [
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projected-44496609-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Background | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | In the first years of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Britain found increased difficulty in engaging France in land battles. With British control of the seas and with many of the French colonies already taken because of this, France provided little opportunity for Britain to attack her apart from at sea. The small British Army was not equipped to engage in an invasion of the highly defended French mainland, and so continued to rely on the Royal Navy's blockade of Brest as the best way to impact the French at home. This outlook changed in 1803 when Austria and Russia allied themselves to Britain as part of the Third Coalition. With more militarily impressive allies now available to take the war to France on land, the British Army would be able to do the same, safe in the knowledge that it would not be engaging the French armies alone. This combined with the creation of the King's German Legion in 1804 produced an opportunity for new British Army operations. In around October 1805 Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom was called off and the French army left its encampments at Boulogne to march towards the Russians and Austrians.
With the largest portions of the French army gone, an opening was created for a British incursion into North-West Germany, with particular interest in the re-taking of the Electorate of Hanover, which George III had controlled until 1803, and which had only 4,000 French troops remaining in it. The British Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, and his Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Lord Castlereagh, were strong supporters of the enterprise, having championed it from as early as July. They envisaged an amphibious army that could be landed at points across Napoleonic Europe, making "pinprick" attacks against enemy targets while avoiding large battles with the French that could result in "crippling defeat". With news of the French withdrawal having reached Britain before its culmination, Castlereagh began planning in September. By taking Hanover, Britain could restore the country to its rightful rulers while also gaining a useful springboard for further operations in Europe. Not all of the establishment was in favour of the endeavour, with the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of York, relying on his experience in the Flanders campaign, arguing that expeditions that relied too much on the allies' actions would be difficult. | [] | [
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projected-44496609-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Planning | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | Castlereagh estimated that the retirement of the French armies from the Channel coast had freed up between 40,000 and 60,000 British soldiers for service abroad. With this in mind, original estimates for an expedition planned for a large "disposable force" commanded by Lieutenant-General Lord Cathcart. This would have included two divisions of cavalry, one of light dragoons and the other of heavy cavalry, consisting of 9,600 men. Alongside the cavalry plans called for seven divisions of infantry, including four battalions of Foot Guards and forty of line infantry. These divisions would have each had around 5,000 men, and would have been supported by a light infantry brigade of four more infantry battalions, six brigades of Royal Horse Artillery, and ten brigades of Royal Artillery. Military historian C. T. Atkinson suggests that this force, if it had come to fruition, would have been "a really formidable effort".
This large army, while viable on paper, would have been very difficult to form up and transport in reality, and so on 10 October a much smaller army was hastily brought together to cross the North Sea under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir George Don, who was expected to also instigate diplomatic connections with the allied nations. While the original plan had expected the creation of multiple divisions, Don's force was instead made up of two cavalry and six infantry regiments of the King's German Legion (KGL) which were controlled by Brigadier-General Friedrich von der Decken, a brigade of Foot Guards under Major-General Edward Finch, and a brigade of line infantry under Major-General Edward Paget. This totalled between 12,000 and 14,000 men, and Don received his final orders on 16 October. Von der Decken planned the operation, ensuring that the force would be transported quickly to avoid the coming of the harsh northern winter that would freeze the ports and rivers necessary in disembarking the troops.
It was initially planned that Don would go ahead of his force to ensure that they would receive a positive welcome upon their landing, but this duty was instead taken by the politician Lord Harrowby on 25 October. Harrowby's mission was to Berlin and the court of Prussia, with the intention of enticing that nation into joining the Third Coalition. He was authorised to offer a gift of £2,500,000 to ensure this. Castlereagh believed that only the wavering support of Prussia could stop Don's expedition from being successful, and by the end of October it was thought that Prussia's entry into the conflict was imminent. Pitt, in turn, was of the mind that success could bring about "Bonaparte's army either cut off or driven back to France". | [
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projected-44496609-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Initial landing | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | It was expected that Don's force would sail immediately, but with the wind against them their troopships only succeeded in arriving at Cuxhaven on 19 November. The crossing was difficult, and at least five ships did not complete it, spending seventeen days at sea before returning to Harwich with a portion of the KGL cavalry still on board. The expedition went on despite this loss. A Swedish force of 10,000 men paid for by Britain was poised to attack from Stralsund, and they were joined by 20,000 Russians under Lieutenant-General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy. The British were not the first part of the Third Coalition to enter Hanover, as a Russian force had earlier arrived to blockade Hamelin, still garrisoned by the French and the only position left to them. Despite this Don's army received a warm welcome, and they quickly secured lines of supplies, while the KGL took advantage of being back in Germany to increase their numbers with local recruits. Four infantry battalions, two of the KGL and two of line infantry, were sent to join the Russians at Hamelin, while other portions of the force were split off to go to the Ems and Weser rivers. The neutral Prussian army had also entered French-controlled lands, south of Hanover, commanded by the Duke of Brunswick, but quickly looked for their forces to be replaced by those of the coalition.
Don's position on the continent was tenuous but not immediately threatened. Napoleon had beaten an Austrian army, that did not wait for Russian assistance before advancing, at the Battle of Ulm, but in doing so had stretched his lines of communication too far and was unable to advance further, giving time for Britain's allies to reinforce their armies. When fully organised, Don's force stretched in a line between the Weser and Verden, supported with Tolstoy's Russians to the right of him. While still not part of the Third Coalition, Prussia was on increasingly poor terms with France because of incursions made by the French into Ansbach, and Pitt hoped that Prussia would join the Coalition because of this. With Napoleon placed just to the south of Prussian lands, an advance by a Prussian army would put him in a very precarious situation. Realising this, Pitt decided to strengthen the British expeditionary force, hoping this would entice Prussia into more warlike actions. The diplomatic situation was complicated because Prussia also coveted Hanover, and Napoleon had offered it to Prussia in return for aggression towards Austria. Despite this difficulty, Pitt and Castlereagh were encouraged by the absence of the expected harsh winter weather and continued to move forward with their plans. | [] | [
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projected-44496609-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Expedition expanded | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | While Pitt decided on his next actions, Don began to plan an attack into Holland alongside Tolstoy. Their plan was slowed by the reticence of the Swedish force and the continuing confusion surrounding the intentions of the Prussians. Tolstoy eventually decided that he could not invest enough men into an invasion and ensure the continued blockade of Hamelin, and no attack took place. It was afterwards decided that Don's force, then spread about, would be brought together as one field army. On 27 November this new command was given to Cathcart, who would bring 12,000 reinforcements with him to bolster his army. Don was superseded, but continued with the army as its second in command. Cathcart, who had been preparing to serve as ambassador-extraordinary to Russia and Prussia, was titled "Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Northern Europe", and was given control over Russian, Swedish, or Prussian troops as well. Harrowby began reporting that the Prussians were inclining towards neutrality in the conflict.
Cathcart was issued his orders on 5 December, which expected him to work to the best of his abilities with the armies of the allied nations, but not endanger Hanover. Despite this aggressive step, Cathcart was also warned to take caution in his warlike manoeuvres; even if he put his army under the command of another force, such as that of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden at Stralsund, he was allowed to refuse action if he deemed it too dangerous. Castlereagh even suggested that Cathcart attempt to link up with the main Russian army advancing from the east, but this was a logistically difficult proposition. Cathcart arrived at Cuxhaven on 15 December, making his headquarters at Bremen. He began to prepare for the upcoming campaign, discussing how to communicate if the rivers of Heligoland should freeze over, considering whether to advance on Holland or the Lower Rhine, and bringing his army together around the Weser. Before being withdrawn, the units stationed at Hamelin briefly skirmished with the defending French on 22 December, marking the only combat engaged by any of the force. Word of the Battle of Austerlitz threw Cathcart's plans into confusion. There on 2 December a Russo-Austrian army had been soundly defeated by Napoleon, and Austria had surrendered in consequence, with both allied armies all but destroyed. The chance of Prussia entering the conflict was heavily diminished, and the remaining Russian forces began to withdraw towards Poland. | [
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projected-44496609-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Offensive breaks down | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | Cathcart had come ahead of his reinforcements, and their ships only arrived in the Weser on 27 December, with two divisions under Lieutenant-Generals Francis Dundas and George Ludlow. In these were four infantry brigades, commanded by Major-Generals Rowland Hill, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Alexander Mackenzie Fraser, and John Coape Sherbrooke, with three companies of Royal Artillery and some Royal Engineers attached. The news of Austerlitz reached Britain on 28 December, but it was still hoped that Prussia would not cease fighting against France, and that Russia might hold on in the west. Without the larger Russian and Austrian armies standing as a buffer between the French forces and Cathcart's army, the latter's position in Hanover became untenable. Despite its now increasingly precarious position, Cathcart's force was kept in Hanover in the hope that its presence might still encourage the Prussians, and an uneasy cooperation with the Prussian General Count von Kalckreuth continued. The reinforcements in the Weser landed and joined Cathcart's army, despite there being no clear view of what they might be used for.
This injection of new troops was not the boon it might have been for Cathcart, because on top of the decaying strategic situation, the troopships had sailed through rough weather in the North Sea. Hardly any of the battalions embarked succeeded in reaching Cathcart whole; the troopship Ariadne, carrying the headquarters party and 300 men of the 9th Regiment of Foot, was wrecked near Calais and all on board were taken as prisoners of war. The same happened to half of the 5th Regiment of Foot, while losses were also encountered in the 3rd, 30th, and 89th Regiments of Foot, the latter of which lost 150 men killed and a further 150 captured. The 26th Regiment of Foot was the hardest hit in the crossing, with one troopship being wrecked on the Goodwin Sands with the loss of all on board, and another wrecked off the coast of Holland, totalling between them 500 deaths. Other units were also depleted, but not by shipwrecks, with over 1,000 men returning to Britain when ships were unable to reach their destination. Only the 28th and 36th Regiments of Foot succeeded in arriving substantially intact, but large portions of Cathcart's reinforcements were so badly depleted that they were incapable of further operations, with over 1,000 people having been killed.
Cathcart could do little with his new troops, and had further problems with the local intelligence. On 28 December Castlereagh complained that the situation in Hanover was almost unknown to him, being reliant on French and Dutch newspapers more than anything. In some ways, Cathcart's army knew less than him; Wellesley reported around the same time that "they appear to have very little intelligence in this place, except what they receive from England". | [] | [
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"Military campaigns involving France"
] |
projected-44496609-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Evacuation | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | Prussian troops were still present in Hanover, dating from the period before Austerlitz when Prussia was considering more offensive actions against France. Despite Prussia being the reason for Cathcart's continued presence on the continent, he was unimpressed with them, writing that they were "strong numerically, but not in quality". Cathcart kept his army in Hanover in the hope that Russia would continue to fight and that Prussia would finally officially enter the conflict, but he also began to plan routes of retreat, expecting that if the rivers froze and they were not able to sail home, that the army could march towards Swedish Pomerania. The army continued in its positions, awaiting official instructions from Britain. By 29 December the state of Cathcart's allies was so poor that Castlereagh admitted to him that the possibility of supporting them with the British force was now completely gone.
Castlereagh was aware of Cathcart's difficulties, writing to him that he should continue to support the Russians and Prussians where possible, but that the Prussians were untrustworthy and he should not go on the offensive unless Prussian assistance was guaranteed. Prussia was also suspected of plotting to force Cathcart to leave the German soldiers of the KGL in Hanover under Prussian command. Castlereagh and Cathcart were both heavily resistant to this, and the latter ensured that in the case of an evacuation the KGL would leave first. Pitt's health was severely declining and he had retired to Bath; with the prime minister unavailable, the Cabinet began to send troopships to Cathcart in preparation for an evacuation. The remaining troopships at Ramsgate waiting to make the voyage to Hanover had their men disembarked on 30 December, and were instead sent as part of this force. On 5 January 1806 it was decided that no more troops would be sent to Hanover. Two days later it was discovered that on 14 December Prussia had ratified the Treaty of Schönbrunn, a defensive and offensive alliance with France in which Prussia was given leave to occupy Hanover. Prussia also began to withdraw Tolstoy's force, which had been left under its auspices by the retreating Alexander I of Russia. With Prussia now advancing to occupy Hanover with 50,000 men and with rumours growing that a French force of three divisions was preparing to attack from Holland, orders were sent for Cathcart to evacuate on 19 January.
Cathcart received his instructions at the end of the month, and quickly put them into effect. His army by this time had grown to 26,643 men because of recruitment by the KGL which resulted in it returning to Britain with more battalions and depots than it had left with; only around 14,000 were British infantry. The first to leave were the KGL and the four British battalions that had been most weakened in the crossings of the North Sea. By 12 February the last of the army had been embarked, and Cathcart left Hanover on 15 February. Von der Decken, who had served the expedition as quartermaster general to both the British and Russian forces, stayed behind to ensure that all British debts were paid. He finally returned in May. | [
"Rheinbund 1806, political map.png"
] | [
"Expedition",
"Evacuation"
] | [
"Conflicts in 1805",
"Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars",
"Battles of the War of the Third Coalition",
"Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom",
"Electorate of Hanover",
"Military campaigns involving France"
] |
projected-44496609-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | Aftermath | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | With the British force gone and the Russians under Prussian control, Hanover was occupied by Prussia. In Britain, the remains of Cathcart's force were split up along the south coast of England to serve as a deterrent to invasion. Prussia was forced by France to close all its north German ports to British traffic, and this caused Britain to declare war on Prussia on 21 April. The expedition was the last military endeavour planned and orchestrated by Pitt. It had achieved nothing, but had not been a great loss of men or material, and Castlereagh would later write that he was well satisfied with Cathcart's actions, war-related losses having been minor. Some senior generals in the army were angered by the failure of the expedition, feeling that its control by civilian politicians trying to be military experts had caused its failure. Critics suggested that if the expedition had been sent to join Lieutenant-General Sir James Craig's Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples then Britain might have had one successful expedition instead of two failures. Positively, however, Hanover had shown that the navy could transport large groups of soldiers across seas at short notice, and in relatively good order barring bad weather.
Lessons were, however, not fully learned. Pitt died on 23 January, having been further weakened by the knowledge that Britain was alone in war against France, her allies defeated and the British once more pushed from the continent. His government was replaced, and future expeditions with equally poor results, such as the Walcheren Expedition, would be launched in imitation of the Hanover Expedition. Castlereagh's disposable force of 30,000 men remained in existence, but by March 1807 it had dwindled to 12,000 men, with the fleet of troopships created to assist in transporting it dispersed for other uses.
Opinions on the expedition have been varied. Atkinson argues that the failure of the expedition was the fault of Britain's allies on the continent, rather than the politicians who had ordered the endeavour. Pitt and Castlereagh had reacted quickly to the opportunity to attack Germany, and Atkinson says that the Austrians and Russians made enough mistakes that Napoleon was able to take advantage and defeat them; without them Cathcart's army could do, and did, nothing. On the other hand, military historian Sir John Fortescue is more critical of the expedition, describing it as an "egregious farce". However, he agrees that the plan behind the expedition was sound in theory, its execution being let down by the rulers of the allied nations; while complimentary to Pitt's attempts to strike a blow against France, he is derisory of the other leaders, calling those of Russia and Sweden "insane", that of Prussia "contemptible", and Austria "weak". This need to rely on the actions of Britain's allies in order to succeed has been echoed by historian Alexander Mikaberidze. Glover writes succinctly that "[The British] had enlisted a few hundred recruits for the King's German Legion, they had offended the King of Prussia, but they had not caused Napoleon a moment's worry". The Third Coalition completed its final collapse in July 1806. | [
"Evacuation de Walcheren par les Anglais - 30 août 1809 - Composition de PHILIPPOTEAUX.jpg"
] | [
"Aftermath"
] | [
"Conflicts in 1805",
"Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars",
"Battles of the War of the Third Coalition",
"Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom",
"Electorate of Hanover",
"Military campaigns involving France"
] |
projected-44496609-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | References | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809. | Category:Conflicts in 1805
Category:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
Category:Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
Category:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom
Category:Electorate of Hanover
Category:Military campaigns involving France | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conflicts in 1805",
"Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars",
"Battles of the War of the Third Coalition",
"Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom",
"Electorate of Hanover",
"Military campaigns involving France"
] |
projected-44496624-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20subflavescens | Cliniodes subflavescens | Introduction | Cliniodes subflavescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in southern Brazil, north to the Federal District.
Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February, April, May and from September to December. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] | |
projected-44496624-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20subflavescens | Cliniodes subflavescens | Etymology | Cliniodes subflavescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in southern Brazil, north to the Federal District.
Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February, April, May and from September to December. | The species name is derived from Latin subflavescere (meaning to become slightly yellow). | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] |
projected-44496624-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20subflavescens | Cliniodes subflavescens | References | Cliniodes subflavescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in southern Brazil, north to the Federal District.
Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February, April, May and from September to December. | Category:Moths described in 2011
Category:Eurrhypini | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] |
projected-44496628-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | Introduction | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] | |
projected-44496628-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | History | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | There were plans for a new bridge to connect the Mendiola route to Malacañang Palace was made even before the emergence of World War II. However, the construction did not push through. The pontoon bridge stood for several decades after the World War II despite the construction materials used to build it. It was made out of inflated rubber rafts placed side by side - spanning until the opposite bank of the Pasig River. Two parallel perforated steel planks, each measuring about wide and apart were laid upon its surface. It was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers - enough to carry human traffic as well as light vehicles. On August 17, 1960, a barge collided against the wooden piles of the bridge. It caused major damages to the bridge, which caused flooding within the nearby residences.
In 1963, a permanent bridge was constructed, named Nagtahan. It connected Paco with Pandacan. However, the Mabini Shrine, the former residence of Apolinario Mabini, was situated on the north bank. The government, then, relocated the house at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines in Santa Mesa. In lieu with the 103rd birth anniversary of Apolinario Mabini on July 22, 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the Proclamation No. 234, s. 1967, renaming Nagtahan Bridge as the Mabini Bridge, in memory of Apolinario Mabini, the Sublime Paralytic.
In 2014, the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO) recommended changes, of the existing road signs to read Mabini Bridge, to the Department of Public Works and Highways – as a fitting contribution to the Mabini Sesquicentennial. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] |
projected-44496628-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | Present condition | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | Of the 13 bridges that crosses Pasig River as of that time, only the Mabini Bridge didn't undergo major face-lifting procedures during 1998. Its huge brass profiles on the sides that illuminates at varying hues were the distinctive features of the Mabini Bridge. | [] | [
"Present condition"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] |
projected-44496628-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | Marker from the National Historical Commission | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | The marker of Mabini Bridge was installed on July 22, 1967 on the occasion of the 103rd Birthday Anniversary of Apolinario Mabini. It was located along Nagtahan Boulevard - connecting Santa Mesa, Manila and Paco, Manila. | [] | [
"Present condition",
"Marker from the National Historical Commission"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] |
projected-44496628-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | See also | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | List of crossings of the Pasig River | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] |
projected-44496628-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | References | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila. | Category:Bridges in Manila
Category:Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Category:Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila
Category:Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa
Category:Bridges completed in 1945 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bridges in Manila",
"Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila",
"Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa",
"Bridges completed in 1945"
] |
projected-44496644-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | Introduction | Incidence of drug addiction (defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences) has greatly increased in Pakistan over the last few decades. Most of the illegal drugs come from neighbouring Afghanistan.
According to UN estimates, a few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. A 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC) stated that almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Despite the alarming increase, governmental response has been minimal. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts, while smuggling and availability of drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked. The Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Drugs in Pakistan"
] | |
projected-44496644-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | Extent of the problem | Incidence of drug addiction (defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences) has greatly increased in Pakistan over the last few decades. Most of the illegal drugs come from neighbouring Afghanistan.
According to UN estimates, a few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. A 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC) stated that almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Despite the alarming increase, governmental response has been minimal. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts, while smuggling and availability of drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked. The Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan. | According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Pakistan has 6.7 million drug users. Almost 2 million of these are addicts, amongst the highest numbers for any country in the world. According to a research article published in 2020 in Elsevier, the first step towards drug addiction starts with smoking. Researchers also state that drug usage in movies also influences the behaviour of drug consumption among university students.
Abuse of cannabis and heroin, both of which are extremely cheap and easy to get, is rife in the country. Most of the drugs come from Afghanistan, the country that is responsible for at least 75% of the world's heroin. The UNODC calculates that more than 800,000 Pakistanis between ages 15 and 64 use heroin regularly. It is also estimated that up to 44 tons of processed heroin are consumed annually in Pakistan. A further 110 tons of heroin and morphine from neighboring Afghanistan are trafficked through Pakistan to international markets. Furthermore, Pakistan's illegal drug trade is believed to generate up to $2 billion a year.
The number of cannabis users is particularly high in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, which neighbors Afghanistan, where close to 11 percent of the population is hooked on drugs (mainly Cannabis) . In 2013, the number of drug users in Balochistan was 280,000.
In Pakistan, the total number of drug addicts as per a UN report is 7.6 million, 78% of whom are male, while the remaining 22% are female. The number of these addicts is increasing at the rate of 40,000 per year, making Pakistan one of the most drug affected countries in the world.
The number of injection drug users in Punjab has also increased sharply in the recent years. In 2007, Pakistan had an estimated 90,000 injecting drug users, but the number had risen to around 500,000 by 2014. This increase has also been accompanied by an increase in HIV positivity. According to research, in 2005, about 11 percent of Pakistani drug users were HIV positive. That number had risen to 40 percent in 2011. | [
"Drug addict.jpg"
] | [
"Extent of the problem"
] | [
"Drugs in Pakistan"
] |
projected-44496644-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | Treatment and Specialist intervention | Incidence of drug addiction (defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences) has greatly increased in Pakistan over the last few decades. Most of the illegal drugs come from neighbouring Afghanistan.
According to UN estimates, a few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. A 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC) stated that almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Despite the alarming increase, governmental response has been minimal. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts, while smuggling and availability of drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked. The Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan. | According to the survey report, treatment and specialist interventions were in short supply. During the period under review, treatment was available to less than 30,000 drug users.
The Anti-Narcotics Force is a federal executive bureau of the Government of Pakistan, tasked with combating drug smuggling and drug use within Pakistan. | [] | [
"Treatment and Specialist intervention"
] | [
"Drugs in Pakistan"
] |
projected-44496644-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | See also | Incidence of drug addiction (defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences) has greatly increased in Pakistan over the last few decades. Most of the illegal drugs come from neighbouring Afghanistan.
According to UN estimates, a few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. A 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC) stated that almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Despite the alarming increase, governmental response has been minimal. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts, while smuggling and availability of drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked. The Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan. | Organised crime in Pakistan
Hudood Ordinances#Prohibition (alcohol) Order
Smoking in Pakistan | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Drugs in Pakistan"
] |
projected-44496644-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | References | Incidence of drug addiction (defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences) has greatly increased in Pakistan over the last few decades. Most of the illegal drugs come from neighbouring Afghanistan.
According to UN estimates, a few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. A 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC) stated that almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Despite the alarming increase, governmental response has been minimal. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts, while smuggling and availability of drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked. The Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan. | Category:Drugs in Pakistan | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Drugs in Pakistan"
] |
projected-23571535-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Introduction | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Articles needing cleanup from February 2022",
"Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2022",
"Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2022",
"Automotive industry in Brazil",
"Industry in Brazil"
] | |
projected-23571535-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | History | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | The first Brazilian automotive industry was the work of Henry Ford, who started the Brazilian subsidiary of Ford Motor Company in 1919. In 1921 Ford opened its own production facility and was followed by General Motors in 1926. In 1928, Ford established the Fordlândia, an industrial district in the Amazon rainforest. The district is no longer in use but saw a populational growth compared to the early 2000s, when roughly 90 people lived in the town.
In 1956, the Romi-Isetta, an early Brazilian car, was initially produced, with license purchase of Italian Iso. In 1958, Toyota started to produce its famous Bandeirante. In 1959, the first Volkswagen factory was built, it started manufacturing the Type 2, which preceded the famous Beetle. At the same time, a Brazilian entrepreneur, Mr. Sebastiao William Cardoso, started producing an electrical small jeep called Tupi.
In the late 1950s, Chevrolet and Ford started manufacturing pickup trucks, and in the 1960s, automobiles and commercial vehicles, GM also brought buses. In 1967, Puma began selling sports cars. The Italian Fiat established its first factory in the 1970s, and Mercedes Benz started to produce trucks and buses during the 1950s, and opened an automobile factory in 1998. These companies dominated the Brazilian market until mid-1990s, when the Brazilian market was finally opened to imports. In the 1990s, more auto companies settled and opened factories in Brazil.
The automotive industry in Brazil sells all over Latin America and world. In the last few years, the Brazilian auto industry has grown quickly, attracting investments from the main global automakers. In 2007, production grew 14% compared to 2006 figures, reaching more than 4 million vehicles.
In October 2012, the Inovar-Auto Program was approved by decree with the theoretical goals of encouraging automakers to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles and investing in the national automotive industry, by managing taxation exceptions (IPI = Tax over Industrialized Product). However, the program has received criticism, especially of protectionism. The country has recently lost a WTO dispute against tax advantages and illegal practices of protectionism. The Inovar-Auto program ended in December 2017 and was replaced by the Route 2030 Program. | [
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projected-23571535-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | 1930s | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | 1930: Ford was followed by concurrent General Motors with the assembly of the first Chevrolet cars in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, there until today, at Avenida Goiás. | [] | [
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projected-23571535-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Large Passenger Vehicles Manufacturers and Importer | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | BMW Group
BMW do Brasil
Mini do Brasil
Bugre
BYD Brasil
China South Industries Group
Moto Traxx da Amazônia
Effa Motors
Fabral
Mahindra
SsangYong Brasil
Ford do Brasil
Fundação Romi
Indústrias Romi
General Motors do Brasil
Chevrolet do Brasil
Great Wall Motors
Grupo CAOA
CAOA (Former Ford dealer, Subaru and Renault importer, and currently manufacturing and importing Chery, Ford and Hyundai vehicles)
CAOA Chery
Exeed
CAOA Subaru
Hyundai CAOA do Brasil
Grupo CNH Industrial
New Holland Agriculture
New Holland Construction
Grupo Gandini
Kia Motors do Brasil
Grupo Volkswagen
Volkswagen do Brasil
Audi do Brasil (Former Audi Senna, an Audi AG subsidiary until 2005)
Honda
Honda Automóveis do Brasil
HondaJet (Focused on aircraft engine)
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi manufacturer)
Hyundai Motor Brasil
Iveco Group
Iveco (The company was spun-off from CNH Industrial on 1 January 2022; in Brazil the separation occurred in 2019 when Iveco Group was formed)
Iveco Bus
FPT Industrial
JAC Motors Brasil
Jaguar e Land Rover Brasil
Jaguar
Land Rover
Lifan do Brasil
Mitsubishi Motors Brasil
Nissan do Brasil Automóveis
Renault do Brasil
Stellantis – FCA
Fiat Automóveis Brasil
Jeep do Brasil
RAM
Stellantis – PSA
Peugeot
Citroën
Suzuki Brasil
Toyota do Brasil
Lexus do Brasil
UK Motors – Grupo Eurobike – Stuttgart Sportcar
Aston Martin
McLaren
Porsche
Valtra
Via Itália
Ferrari
Lamborghini
Maserati
Rolls-Royce
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Car of Brazil Automotive | [
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projected-23571535-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Motorcycle and Bicycle manufacturers (Medium and Large Production) | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Amazonas Motos Especiais (AME)
Avelloz Motos
Brasil & Movimento
BMW do Brasil
BMW Motorrad Brasil
Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP)
Bull Motors
CFMoto-KTM
CFMoto Brasil
KTM Brasil
Dafra Motos
Dayang
Ducati do Brasil
HaoJue Motos do Brasil
Harley-Davidson do Brasil
Honda do Brasil
Moto Honda da Amazônia
Hot Custom Cycles
HPE Automotores do Brasil (Suzuki representative)
Iros Motos
J Toledo Motos do Brasil
Suzuki Motos do Brasil
Kawasaki do Brasil
Kymco Motos do Brasil
Motocargo Industria e Comercio de Triciclo (Mtcar)
Royal Enfield Brasil
Shineray do Brasil
Sousa Motos
Triumph Brazil
Vespa Brasil
Voltz Motors do Brasil
Yamaha Motor do Brasil | [
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projected-23571535-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Bus, coach and truck manufacturers | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Agrale
Avibrás
Caio Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias (Caio Induscar)
Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias (Formerly Busscar Ônibus)
Comil Ônibus
DAF Caminhões Brasil
Foton Caminhões
Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade (FNM) (Focused in electric semi trucks; not to be confused with Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM))
Marcopolo S.A.
Neobus
Mercedes-Benz do Brasil
Mascarello Carrocerias e Ônibus
Volvo do Brasil
Volvo Caminhões Brasil
Volvo Ônibus Brasil
Volkswagen do Brasil
Traton SE (Formerly MAN SE)
Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (Some models are rebadged Man trucks)
Scania Brasil
Tractors manufacturers
AGCO
Caterpillar Brasil
Fundação Romi
Máquinas Agrícolas Romi (Agricultural machinery division)
Grupo CNH Industrial
CASE Construction
John Deere Brasil
Komatsu
Massey Ferguson
Valtra
Here's a link to a map containing all plants currently in Brazil: | [
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projected-23571535-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Independent Manufacturers | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Small, Medium and Large Independent Manufacturers
AC3 – Antique Classic & Custom Cars
Americar Veículos Especiais
ART Costalonga
Athena Auto (Partnership between Fibracar Compósitos and Scherer Automotiva)
Athos Cars (Formerly Chamonix Athos)
Autocross
Autosfibra Réplicas (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2019)
AutoMagrão
Autoweld Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos
Engeplus
Bugrauto Auto Serviços (Recently repairing jet-ski, after buggies and prototypes)
By Colella Veículos Especiais
By Cristo Indústria e Comércio
Caio STR Customs
Calegari Design
Carrah Montadora de Veículos
Cauype
Comércio e Indústria de Veículos Fibravan
Coperglass
Cross Race
D2D Motors (Owned by Arteb)
Dream Maker
Edra Veículos Especiais (Formerly Edra Automotores; utility production rights acquired by Nissin Veículos Especiais)
Edra Aeronáutica (Aircraft pilot training, manufacture of seaplane, sale and maintenance of imported aircraft)
Eion
Fábrica de Jericos San Remo
Farina (Buggy manufacturer and reseller)
Fibracar (Assumed Penatti line-up in 2013)
Fábrica Nacional de Veículos (FNV) (Not the extinct railcar manufacturer, Fábrica Nacional de Vagões)
Free Style Veículos Especiais
Fyber
Gaia Electric Motors (Small electric vehicle startup)
GRF – Route 66 Réplicas Artesanais
Horwin Brasil
K2 Concept Indústria, Comércio e Serviços Automotivos
Kers Tecnologia em Mobilidade Sustentável (Microenterprise supported by Unioeste University and the government of the State of Parana)
Kitcar Veículos Especiais (Formerly MufaCar Veículos Especiais)
Limousine Service Brazil (LSB)
MC Competições (Prototype manufacturer and resistance tests for foreign models, such as Audi and Volvo)
MutoProtec (Formerly Mecplan Metalúrgica)
Metal Nobre
Mil Milhas Motorsport
Miura (Currently owned by Rangel & Lima Indústria de Veículos; Formerly owned by Besson, Gobbi & Cia.)
Mobilis (Startup focused in urban mobility solution; produced a small electric vehicle in 2017)
Montauto – Montadora Nacional de Automóveis / BRM – Buggy Rodas e Motores (Biggest dune buggy manufacturer in Brazil)
Nenê Hot Rod Assembly (NHRA)
Newtrack Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Camelo Metalmecânica)
Personal Parts
Puma Automóveis
Selvagem Indústria e Comércio
Sulam Equipamentos Esportivos
Super Buggy
TAC (Formerly Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense (TAC); utility car project sold to the Chinese Zotye)
Tarso Marques Concept (TMC) (Founded by former Formula 1 pilot; specialized in custom jobs)
VLEGA Gaucho | [] | [
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projected-23571535-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Former Independent, Prototype and Custom Vehicle Manufacturer | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | ABC Cobra Veículos Especiais
AD Aeternum
AMX
Abais Buggy Indústria e Comércio
Acha Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias Esportivas
Acquatec Indústria e Comércio
Adamo
Adax
Agni
Agrale (Motorcycle division)
Akamine
Alcar
Aldee
Alfa Romeo
Almenara
Amoritz
Andorinha
André – Protótipos & Motor Home
Angra Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Artesanal
Aruanda
As Réplicas
Aurora Projetos Automobilísticos
Auto Drews
Auto Mecânica Atenas
AutoLatina
Autofibra
Automotiva Usiminas (Formerly Brasinca; manufactured car body, dump container and crew-cabs for companies such as Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Simca, Scania, Massey Ferguson, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chevrolet and FNM, between 1950s and mid-1990s)
Automóveis e Motores Centaurus
Autonova Indústria e Comércio de Veículos Especiais
Avallone
Avel – Apolinário Veículos
BB Equipamentos Autoesportivos
BM Foster
Baja Bug Brasil Veículos
Bandama
Baptista & Irmãos
Garage Baptista
Beach
Beach Buggies e Lanchas (Formerly Baby Indústria de Carrocerias)
Beep Indústria e Comércio de Peças
Beira Rio
Benelli
Bernardini
Besouro Veículos (Volkswagen dealer)
Bettina
Bianco
Bianco & Costa
Bobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Boddy
Bonneville Custom Garage
Brandini
BrasFibra
Brasil Diamond
Bravo
Brax Automóveis (Formerly Lobini Automóveis)
Brazilian Boat (Small vessel yard, built Porsche Spyder replica for a short period)
Brazilian Hot Rod (Focused in importing and selling muscle cars, and components, restoring Ford Mustang and producing Shelby Cobra replicas)
Braúna Veículos Especiais
Brilho Comercial de Veículos
Britz
Bu-Kar
Bug Rio Comércio e Reparações de Veículos
Buggymania Veículos
CBP Indústria, Comércio e Exportação (Closed due to Trademark infringement; bought Coyote Indústria e Comércio, a former autocross vehicle manufacturer, in the late 80s)
CP-TS (Acronym for: Carro do Povo; based on the Passat TS)
CR Line (closed due to trademark Infringement in 2016)
CTA
Caetano
Caribe
Carioca Réplicas
Carpo
Carrera
Carrocerias Furglass Indústria e Comércio
Carrocerias Monarca
Carroçaria Sport
Carwag Indústria, Comércio e Exportação
Casella & De Lorenzo
Casini
Cerrado
Charmant
Chausson Associados Indústria e Comércio (Focused in manufacturing custom vehicles) (Operation ceased in 2007)
Chausson Intercambiadores Térmicos (Focused on automotive radiators and industrial heat exchangers)
Cheetah
Chemuniz
Cheval Comércio e Indústria de Veículos
Chrysler (Ceased sales; representation, concessionaires and repair shop still operational)
Chrysler
Dodge
Chuves Indústria e Comércio de Artefatos Plásticos e Metálicos
Cigano
Cintra Customs
Classic Hot Rods
Classic Motors Carriages do Brasil
Coach
Coala
Cobrasma (Former truck chassis maker)
Codec Projetos Industriais de Móveis
Comercial, Industrial, Representações, Exportações e Importações (CIREI) (Dodge and Renault manufacturer)
Companhia Brasileira de Tratores (CBT) (Declared bankruptcy)
Companhia Distribuidora Geral Brasmotor (Former manufacturer for Chrysler, Plymouth, Fargo and Volkswagen; currently owned by Whirlpool, produces since only refrigerators)
Companhia Industrial Santa Matilde
Companhia Santo Amaro de Automóveis
Engenharia e Comércio de Automóveis (Engenauto)
Companhia de Expansão Auto-Industrial Veritas
Companhia de Intercâmbio Pan-Americano (CIPAN) (Chrysler, Plymouth and Fargo representative)
Compton Stütgart
Conceptor
Concorde Indústria de Automóveis Especiais
Condor Cabriolet
Corona S/A Viaturas e Equipamentos
Corsa Cross
Coruja
Crisna Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Cronos Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Veículos
Cross Way
Curitiba Spyder
Dacril Personalização de Veículos
Dagh Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Dankar Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Danny
Darié
Decorauto
Demoiselle Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia (Detenc)
Detroit Comércio e Indústria
Diamond
Diaseta
Dipave
Distribuidora de Automóveis, Caminhões e Ônibus Nacionais (Dacon) (Volkswagen and Porsche representative)
Projets d'AvantGarde (PAG DACON)
Dock Dock
Duna
D’Norbert
EBtech Projetos Automotivos Especiais
EcoMini
EcoMóvel
Edgard Pessoa
Ego Veículos
El Paco
Eldorado (Fiat Dealer)
Elva
Elza
Emis Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Emisul Montadora e Comercial de Veículos (Took Emis operations after operations were ceased)
Engefibra
Engenharia de Veículos e Motores (Envemo)
Engenheiros Especializados (Engesa)
Eniequi
Enseda Veículos Especiais
Escuderia Bad Bug
Falcão Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos
Farus Indústria de Veículos Esportivos
Fer Car Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Fiberbras Indústria e Comércio
Fibertécnica Novaimagem
Fibra Dunnas, Indústria e Comércio
Fibra Real Indústria e Comércio
Fibranorte
Fibrario Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Penatti)
Fibrax
Fibron Industrial
Fontana
Fontanari
Ford Motors Company Brasil
Ford do Brasil (Ceased production in 2021; focused in importing premium models)
Troller
Fox Veículos Especiais
Free Lance
Fury
Fuscolete Montagens Especiais de Veiculos
Fuscross
Fábrica Internacional de Carrosseries
Fábrica Nacional de Motores (Reestablished as Fábrica Nacional de Mobilidade, focused in Electric trucks)
Fábrica de Carrosserias Major
Fábrica de Veículos Caiçara
Fúria Auto Esporte
Galgo Indústria de Carrocerias (Formerly Besson, Gobbi S.A.)
Galli
Garage 500 Milhas
Garage AS
Garage Moreira
Garage e Officinas Fiat
Garden Sound
Gason
Gerbauto (Formerly Pimenta Indústria e Comércio de Veículo em Fiberglass)
German Racing Scap
Geta Design Indústria e Comércio Fibras e Metais
Giant's
Grancar Design, Veículos Especiais
Greta Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly GAMO)
Grillo (Former agricultural truck manufacturer)
Grupo Busscar (Declared bankruptcy)
Busscar Ônibus (Reopened as Carbuss Indústria Catarinense de Carrocerias)
Grupo Souza Ramos
Ford Souza Ramos (Defunded after Ford do Brasil ceased production)
SR Veículos Especiais
MMC Automotores do Brasil (Mitsubishi representative and manufacturer)
Guaporé
Guepardo Veículos
Guiauto Miami Buggy
Gurgel Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (Formerly Moplast Moldagem de Plástico)
HB
Harpia
Hawaii
HiBoy
Hit
Hofstetter Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Hot Sprint
Hunter
Icomda Comércio e Desenvolvimento Automobilístico
Iguana (Small jeep produced by Vicauto, a former Fiat dealer)
Industrial Veículos Vendetta Equus
Indústria Brasileira de Automóveis Presidente (IBAP)
Indústria Brasileira de Veículos (IBV)
Indústria de Artefatos Metálicos Bola
Indústria de Carrocerias Bugre
Indústria de Plástico Reforçado Glaspac
Indústria e Comércio de Plásticos Reforçados Mirage
Ita Motores e Montadora de Veículos (Formerly Park Motors Projetos Automotivos)
Ivel Veículos (Currently operating as a Honda concessionaire)
JPX Indústria e Comércio (Founded by Eike Batista)
Jarama
Joaquim Garcia & Cia
Joagar
Jobby Indústria e Comércio de Carrocerias
John Davies
Jonathas Pereira
Jopecar
Jor Racing
K&B Fiberglass
Kadron Engenharia, Indústria e Comércio
Kaltec
Karibu
Karmann-Ghia do Brasil (Subsidiary of Wilhelm Karmann)
Kasinski (Currently under Magneti Marelli brand, a Fiat subsidiary)
Cofap – Companhia Fabricadora de Peças
Cofave – Sociedade Amazonense Fabricadora de Veículos
Kiko Buggy do Brasil
Koizyztraña
Kowalski
Kremer
Küsters
LCA
LHM Indústria Mecânica (Formerly Nurburgring Indústria e Comércio)
Lafer (Ceased auto vehicle industry; still producing furniture)
Laser
Leandrini
Lepper
Limousine Brasil
Limousines do Brasil
Litoral / Radical
Little Croc (Amphibious buggy)
Lobby Indústria e Comércio (Formerly Matis Indústria e Comércio)
Lomer Indústria e Comércio de Autos Esportivos
Luar
L’Auto Craft Montadora de Veículos (Formerly L’Automobile Distribuidora de Veículos)
L’Ufficio Designers
MG Design Indústria e Comércio
MGA Indústria e Comércio de Automóveis e Artefatos de Fibra
MGK
MHS
MR (Bugatti T-35 replica)
MX
Mac Laren
Mac Laren Açofibras
Mach 1
Mack Garage Veículos Especiais
Madom
Mahindra & Mahindra (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2015, still produce tractors)
Malavase
Mali Buggy
Mamba
Mari Auto
Marina's Montadora
Marques Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Material Ferroviário (Mostly known as Mafersa)
Maup
Max Golden Car Blindagens e Desenvolvimento
Megastar Veículos
Menon Veículos
Mercedes-Benz (Ceased passenger vehicles production in 2020, still produce truck and bus)
Mirafiori (Custom made Fiat City pickup truck and Fiat's concessionaire)
Mirage
Mirus
Moldex Indústria e Comércio
Mont Serrat Exclusive Auto Service
Montadora de Veículos Especiais Comércio Indústria e Exportação
Motor Tech
Moura
Multifibra Indústria e Comércio Plástico Reforçado
Mundeo (Propeller-driven car built "to simulate the feel of an inverted flight"; traffic restriction on public roads)
Mythos (Ferrari F40 replica)
Máxsus – Veículos e Peças
Nasser Brasil Motores Indústria e Comércio de Veículos (NBM)
NBM Indústria, Comércio de Veículos
Natalbuggy Indústria, Comércio e Serviços
Nigo
Nirico
Nobre Fibra Car
Obvio! Automotoveículos
Vrooom! Veículos Elétricos (Currently active and focused on electric vehicles)
Off-Road Montadora de Veículos
Officinas e Garage Lancia
Oficina Mecânica Aragão
Ommega Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Orion
Orto Design Indústria e Comércio de Veículos
Pacífico
Pami Fibras
Panda Comércio de Fibra de Vidro
Pantera Design Indústria e Comércio
Panza
Park Motors Projetos Automotivos
Peixoto Veículos (Currently owned by Axxola)
Pereira Barreto (Sold limousines based on Chevrolet vehicles in partnership with Sulam; Former Chevrolet dealer)
Pflaumer (Custom limousine in a Volkswagen Beetle body)
Phybe Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Pietro Gemesio Comércio e Indústria
Pingo
Pioneira da Indústria Nacional de Automóveis Reunida (Pinar)
Plascar – (Formerly Oscar S.A. Indústria de Artefatos de Borracha)
Polaris
Indian Motorcycle
Portyglass Indústria e Comércio
Produtora de Automóveis Nacionais Pan Rad Motores
Protótipos Lorena Carrocerias (Formerly Lorena Importação, Indústria e Comércio)
Py Motors Comércio e Indústria
SEED (Acronym for: Small Electric with Economic Design) (Formerly MMR Motorsport)
SPJ Indústria e Comércio
Santina Veículos
Simca do Brasil (Replaced by Chrysler do Brasil in 1967)
Sociedade Técnica de Veículos (STV)
Spiller Mattei Indústria e Comércio de Fiberglass
Sundown
Tambatajá Indústria de Carrocerias
Tecnoglass
Vemag-DKW (Vemag was acquired by Volkswagen do Brasil in 1967)
Viação Cometa (Currently owned by Auto Viação 1001)
Companhia Manufatureira Auxiliar (CMA)
Viação Itapemirim
Tecnobus – Serviços, Comércio e Indústria (Formerly Tecnobus Implementos Rodoviários)
WP Indústria e Comércio de Plástico Reforçado
Werma Automóveis
Willys-Overland do Brasil
Wladimir Martins Veículos (WMV) (Sold to Polystilo Indústria e Comércio in 1983 and for Py Motors in 1986) | [] | [
"Former Independent, Prototype and Custom Vehicle Manufacturer"
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"Industry in Brazil"
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projected-23571535-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Educational Institutions and Maker | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC)-USP)
Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial (FEI)
Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia
Nishimura (FEI engineer and teacher; made a prototype) | [] | [
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"Industry in Brazil"
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projected-23571535-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Local manufacture encouraged | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | In 2022, Brazil has a 18% tariff on imported cars. | [] | [
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projected-23571535-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | Passenger Vehicle Currently Offered and Manufactured in Large Scale | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Agrale: Marruá
Audi: Q3, Q3 Sportback; Imported: A3, A4, A5, A6, A8, Q5, Q7, Q8, RS, e-tron and e-tron GT
BMW: 3 Series, X1, X3, X4; Imported: 1 Series, 2 Series, 4 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X2, X5, X6, X7, Z4, iX and i3 (until July 2022)
Chery: Tiggo 5x Pro, Tiggo 7 Pro, Tiggo 8 Pro; Imported: Arrizo 6 Pro
Chevrolet: Onix, Onix Plus, S10, Spin, Tracker, Trailblazer; Imported: Cruze and Equinox; Exported: Joy, Joy Plus
Citroën: C3, C4 Cactus; Imported: Jumpy, Jumper, e-Jumper
Fiat: Argo, Mobi, Pulse, Strada, Toro, Fiorino
Honda: City (Sedan and Hatchback), HR-V; Imported (): Accord; Exported: WR-V
Hyundai: Creta, HB20, HB20S, Tucson
Jeep: Commander, Compass, Renegade
Land Rover: Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover Evoque; Imported: Defender, Velar
MINI: Clubman, Countryman; Imported: Cabrio
Mitsubishi: L200 Triton, Eclipse Cross; Imported: Pajero
Nissan: Kicks; Imported: Frontier, Leaf, Versa
Peugeot: 2008, Partner Rapid; Imported: 208, e-208, 3008, Expert, e-Expert, Boxer
Renault: Captur, Duster, Oroch, Logan, Kwid, Sandero, Master; Imported: Kwid E-Tech, Zoe, Kangoo
Toyota: Corolla, Corolla Cross, Yaris (Sedan and Hatchback); Imported: Hilux, SW4, RAV4; Export: Etios
Volkswagen: Gol, Nivus, Polo, Saveiro, T-Cross, Virtus, Voyage; Imported: Amarok, Jetta, Taos | [] | [
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"Industry in Brazil"
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projected-23571535-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Brazil | Automotive industry in Brazil | See also | The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers (cars, light vehicles, trucks, buses and agriculture machines) with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.
Most large global automotive companies are present in Brazil, such as: BMW, BYD, Chery, Ford, Geely, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors, Kia, Land Rover, Lexus, Lifan, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan Motors, Renault, Stellantis, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo Trucks, among others, and also the consecrated national companies such as Agrale, Marcopolo, Randon, Troller, and more. In the past there were national brands such as DKW Vemag, FNM and Gurgel. Some traditionally produced modern equipped replicas of older models.
Some companies such as Rolls-Royce and Porsche, rely on local distributors to import their vehicles, but brands with local factories, such as Honda and Chevrolet may also import some of their models. | Brazilian Highway System
Ethanol fuel in Brazil
FENABRAVE
Infrastructure of Brazil
List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil
List of exports of Brazil
Transport in Brazil | [] | [
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] | [
"Articles needing cleanup from February 2022",
"Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2022",
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"Automotive industry in Brazil",
"Industry in Brazil"
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projected-23571537-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudigonda%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mudigonda (disambiguation) | Introduction | Mudigonda is a town and revenue-divisional headquarters in Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mudigonda is one of the Indian surnames.
Mudigonda Gayathri is a Swedish actress.
Mudigonda Lingamurthy, famous comedy actor of Telugu cinema.
Mudigonda Veerabhadra Murthy, Modern Telugu poet. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23571544-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%20in%20Biology%20and%20Medicine | Computers in Biology and Medicine | Introduction | Computers in Biology and Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1970. It covers the intersection of biomedical engineering, computational biology, bioinformatics, and computer science. Articles are published both in print and online. The journal accepts original research articles, reviews, tutorials, editorials and letters. The Impact Factor is 6.698 (2022). The journal is ranked in the top quartile (Q1) in most categories. | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Publications established in 1970",
"Elsevier academic journals",
"Bioinformatics and computational biology journals",
"Monthly journals",
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projected-44496652-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Introduction | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
] | |
projected-44496652-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | History | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The foundation stone of Liverpool Cathedral was laid on 19 July 1904, and it was completed in 1979. Giles Gilbert Scott won the competition to design the cathedral, and a Stained Glass Committee under the chairmanship of Sir Frederick Radcliffe was established to organise the design of the stained glass in the windows. The architect worked with the committee initially to decide on "the main lines on which the design of the window should be based and the extent to which is to be of clear glass or coloured". The committee then decided on the subjects to be depicted and, in discussion with the stained glass artist, agreed on the details of the design; Scott was concerned from the outset that "the windows should not detract from the architecture". The committee continued to work during the construction of the cathedral under a series of chairmen, whose discussions were often very detailed. The oldest windows in the cathedral are dark in colour, but with changes in manufacturing techniques from the 1930s, the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
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projected-44496652-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Lady Chapel | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The Lady Chapel was the earliest part of the cathedral to be built. There was a competition in 1907 to design the windows, which was won by James Powell and Sons, who commissioned J. W. Brown as designer. Brown had worked for Powell's until 1886 and then worked freelance, but from 1891 he was "the firm's preferred designer for prestigious projects". As the chapel is dedicated to St Mary, they are based on the role that women have played in the history of Christianity. Running through all the windows is a scroll containing the words of the Magnificat. On the north side are holy women from the British Isles, and on the south side are mainly saints commemorated in the Prayer Book. The Lady Chapel was damaged by bombing on 6 September 1940, and all the glass had to be replaced. The work was undertaken by James Hogan, who used simplified adaptations of the original designs. Following Hogan's death in 1948 the work was continued by Carl Edwards; the resulting windows are much brighter than the originals. The windows at the rear of the chapel and on the staircase were donated by the Girls' Friendly Society, and were designed by Brown. Known as the "Noble Women" windows, they depict women who have made major contributions to society, including Elizabeth Fry, Grace Darling, and Kitty Wilkinson. | [
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projected-44496652-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Ambulatory and Chapter House | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The four windows in the ambulatory are the only designs in the cathedral by Burlison and Grylls, each depicting two saints from a nation of the British Isles. On the steps leading to the Chapter House is the only window in the cathedral by C. E. Kempe and Company. It commemorates the Woodward family, who were local corn merchants between 1803 and 1915, and includes biblical references to corn and harvest. The Chapter House was donated by local Freemasons as a memorial to their members lost in the First World War. The windows were made by Morris & Co. and designed by Henry Dearle, reflecting the interests and traditions of the Freemasons. The windows were damaged in the Second World War and repaired by James Powell and Sons. | [] | [
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projected-44496652-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | East window | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The east window, designed by Brown, dominates the east end of the cathedral, rising above the reredos, and is based on the theme of the Te Deum laudamus. At the top of the window is the risen Christ, and around and below are members of the heavenly choir. Under this are four lancet windows, each representing one of the communities praising God. The left window represents 'the company of the apostles', with Saint Raphael at the top. Below are fourteen figures; the twelve apostles, excluding Judas Iscariot but including Saint Matthias, with Saint Paul and Saint Barnabas. The next window commemorates 'the goodly fellowship of the apostles'. At the top is Saint Michael, with fifteen figures below. These include Isaiah, Elijah, John the Baptist, Saint Athanasius, Saint Augustine, John Wycliffe, Thomas Cranmer, and John Wesley. The third window represents 'the noble army of martyrs', with Archangel Gabriel at the top. Below are fifteen Christian martyrs, starting with Saint Stephen. Underneath are Zechariah and the Holy Innocents, Saint Alban, Saint Oswald, and Saint Boniface. At the bottom are figures representing martyrs from Madagascar, Africa, Melanesia, and China. The lancet window on the right commemorates 'the holy church throughout all the world', with an angel, possibly Uriel, at the top. Underneath are various representations: King Alfred as a warrior, Dante as a poet, Fra Angelico as a painter, the musician J. S. Bach, the scientist Isaac Newton, and the physician Thomas Linacre. Other figures commemorate law, commerce, scholarship, and architecture. Also included are Christopher Columbus and Francis Drake. | [
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projected-44496652-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Choir aisles | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | There are four main windows in the choir aisles, two on each side, and they are concerned with the four Gospels. The windows on the north side are original, but those on the south side were destroyed by bombing and were renewed. In the renewal, the central mullion of these windows was widened, and the design of the glass was simplified and made more vibrant. Each window, known by its predominant colour, shows the author of the gospel at the top with his symbol. Below are figures linked with the subject matter of the gospel. The windows on the north side are by Brown, the left window, the Sapphire window, represents Saint Matthew and shows a depiction of the Nativity on one side, and the Epiphany on the other. The 'Gold' window commemorates Saint Luke and shows the Feeding of the Five thousand, and the Raising of Jairus' daughter. The windows on the south side are by Hogan. The Ruby window represents Saint John and includes biblical scenes together with the Old Testament figures of Daniel, Ezekiel, Jonah, and Job. Saint Mark is in the Emerald window, with scenes of the Baptism of Jesus and the Transfiguration. Also included are the disciples Saint Simon and Saint Andrew, and the Old Testament figures, Noah, Zechariah, Enoch, and Malachi. At the east ends of the aisles are rose windows by Brown. The window in the north aisle relates to "journeys across the sea and undertaken in faith", namely Moses crossing the Red Sea, Saint Paul's journey to Rome, Saint Columba planting a cross on Iona, and missionaries of the Melanesian Mission landing in the Solomon Islands. The images in the rose window in the south aisle show instances of God's power being demonstrated through water, namely Noah holding a model of the ark, Jesus calming the disciples in a storm, Jesus walking on water, and Saint Paul after his shipwreck in Malta. | [] | [
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] |
projected-44496652-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Central space | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The windows on the north and south sides of the central space were designed by Hogan; each includes three tall lancet windows topped by a rose window. The area of glass in each window is , the sill is above the level of the floor, and the top of the rose window is above floor level. The north window shows figures and themes from the Old Testament, with Moses with the Ten Commandments in the rose window. Below the figures include Adam and Eve, Noah, Solomon, prophets, and important characters from Israelite history. The south window depicts characters and scenes from the New Testament. The Holy Trinity is depicted in the rose window, below which are depictions of events including the Crucifixion and the Ascension, together with a variety of saints. | [
"Window in Central space, Liverpool Cathedral.jpg"
] | [
"Description",
"Central space"
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"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
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projected-44496652-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Transepts | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The War Memorial Chapel forming the northeast transept has as its themes the aftermath of the First World War, sacrifice and the risen life. The design of its window was started by Brown and completed by Hogan. It shows suffering and death, including a depiction of the Crucifixion. The original window by Brown was destroyed by bombing; the window replacing it shows Christ with his arms outstretched in welcome at the top. Below are scenes of acts of compassion, including figures such as Saint Francis. The southwest transept forms the baptistry, and its window by Herbert Hendrie of Whitefriars depicts salvation, particularly through water and healing. The window in the northwest transept has the theme of the Church and the State. | [] | [
"Description",
"Transepts"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
] |
projected-44496652-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | Nave aisles | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | The six windows in the nave aisles deal with historical subjects, all but one designed by Carl Edwards. The exception is the west window on the south side, designed by William Wilson. This is the Bishops' Window, and includes Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, and William Temple. The middle window is the Parsons' Window, and depicts notable clergymen including Thomas Arnold (with a rugby ball), Revd Peter Green, and Revd W. Farquhar Hook. The Layman's Window includes tradesmen who worked on building the cathedral, members of the committees responsible, and a depiction of Giles Gilbert Scott. The Musicians' Window contains composers, performers, and conductors who have played a part in the development of Anglican church music. The Hymnologists' Window includes hymn writers such as C. F. Alexander and Cecil Spring Rice. Finally there is the Scholars' Window, with theologians, philosophers, and biblical scholars. In the corner is the Very Revd Frederick Dwelly, the first dean of the cathedral. | [] | [
"Description",
"Nave aisles"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
] |
projected-44496652-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | West window | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | Following Scott's death in 1960 it was decided to change the design of the west end of the cathedral, which had consisted of a small rose window and an elaborate porch. Frederick Thomas and Roger Pinkney, who had both worked with Scott, produced a simplified design that gave the opportunity for a large west window. Created by Carl Edwards and based on the theme of the Benedicite, the window consists of a round-headed window at the top, and three tall lancet windows below. It covers an area of , each lancet window being more than high. Revd Noel Vincent, the former canon treasurer of the cathedral, states that the top part of the window represents "the risen Christ in glory looking down ... in compassion on the world", and the images beneath depict "all creation united in peace". | [] | [
"Description",
"West window"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
] |
projected-44496652-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | References | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs. | Citations
Sources | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Lists of stained glass works",
"Glass architecture",
"Windows",
"Liverpool Anglican Cathedral"
] |
projected-23571547-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | Introduction | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Evangelical parachurch organizations"
] | |
projected-23571547-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | Mission | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces. | The Mission of the AFCU is prayerfully to:
Encourage those who are already Christians in the Armed Forces, and their families, to live out and develop their faith, to act as 'salt and light', and through them to encourage others to come to a committed faith in the Lord Jesus Christ;
Work for Christian unity amongst serving military Christians worldwide and to work alongside military Christian organizations (MCO) in support of the chaplains;
Support the Armed Forces, providing a Godly influence upon military culture;
Expose the role of Christians in the Armed Forces to the wider Christian and secular community. | [] | [
"Mission"
] | [
"Evangelical parachurch organizations"
] |
projected-23571547-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | Vision | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces. | The vision for the AFCU is to be a dynamic and outward looking prayer union, providing discipleship to a growing membership, which upholds biblical principles in the Armed Forces. | [] | [
"Vision"
] | [
"Evangelical parachurch organizations"
] |
projected-23571547-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Christian%20Union | Armed Forces Christian Union | See also | The Armed Forces' Christian Union (AFCU) —formerly Officers' Christian Union— is a British military charity (Registered Charity Number 249636) whose beneficiaries are members of the Armed Forces. It is a Christian organization with origins in the mid-19th century Army Prayer Union. As of 2014 the president is Commodore Jamie Hay RN. AFCU is a member of the Association of Military Christian Fellowships and is in contact with military Christian fellowships in 40 other countries. It has a membership of serving military personnel and non-serving people, many of whom are relatives of members of the Armed Forces. | Christians in the military
Defence Christian Network
Officers' Christian Fellowship | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Evangelical parachurch organizations"
] |
projected-17327458-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Introduction | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] | |
projected-17327458-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Overview | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | Hamilton Academical competed in the Scottish Premier League for the first time, their first season in the top-flight since the 1988–89 season, after being promoted as First Division champions the previous season.
Gretna were due to play in the First Division after being relegated from the SPL. However, on 29 May 2008, they were demoted to the Third Division due to their failure to guarantee that they would fulfill their fixtures. Gretna resigned from the SFL on 3 June 2008 with the club's administrators warning of the threat of liquidation, creating an opening in the Third Division for a new SFL member. Following Gretna's demise a new club, Gretna 2008 was formed, they were given a place in the East of Scotland League, filling the gap left by Annan Athletic.
Ross County competed in the First Division after being promoted as Second Division champions. Airdrie United were also promoted into the First Division, filling Gretna's space, as they were the losing play-off finalists.
Stirling Albion competed in the Second Division after being relegated from the First Division as the bottom team.
East Fife and Arbroath competed in the Second Division after being promoted as Third Division champions and Second Division play-off winners, respectively. Stranraer were also promoted into the Second Division, filling the empty space following Gretna's relegation, as they were the losing play-off finalists.
Berwick Rangers and Cowdenbeath competed in the Third Division after being relegated from the Second Division as the bottom team and through the Second Division play-offs, respectively.
Annan Athletic competed in the Third Division after being admitted to the SFL. They replaced Gretna, who resigned their league status on 3 June.
St Mirren moved into their new 8,000 seater stadium, New St Mirren Park, on 31 January 2009. | [] | [
"Overview"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | 2008 | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | 3 July – Annan Athletic, formerly of the East of Scotland League were admitted to the SFL, beating Cove Rangers, Edinburgh City, Preston Athletic and Spartans. They replaced Gretna, who resigned their league status on 3 June.
6 July – The first competitive match involving a Scottish team was played by Hibernian in the 2008 Intertoto Cup, they lost 2–0 to Elfsborg.
11 July – Gretna 2008, founded by the supporters of the bankrupt Gretna, join the East of Scotland League First Division.
26 July – Competitive domestic competition got under way with the first fixtures of the 2008–09 Challenge Cup.
2 August – The Scottish Football League begins with the playing of the first fixtures in the First and Second divisions.
8 August – Former SPL members and Scottish Cup finalists Gretna F.C. are formally liquidated by the club's administrators.
9 August – The first matches of the 2008–09 Scottish Premier League take place.
13 November – A consortium led by Berwick Rangers Supporters Club agreed a deal to take over the club. Following a poor run of form, manager Allan McGonigal resigned at the same time saying "I made up my mind that when the current directors left I would move on."
16 November – The 2008–09 Challenge Cup was won by Airdrie United who defeated Ross County 3–2 on penalties following a 2–2 draw after extra time, the winning penalty was scored by Marc Smyth.
4 December – Scotland fail in their attempt to have the match against Norway moved to October 2009, the match was to go ahead on 12 August 2009.
13 December – Celtic drew 1–1 with Heart of Midlothian at Celtic Park which was followed by a reported dressing-room argument between Celtic manager Gordon Strachan and player Aiden McGeady. This led to Strachan banning the player without pay for two weeks, after initially saying he would contest the sanction McGeady accepted the punishment and later returned to the team. | [] | [
"Notable events",
"2008"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | 2009 | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | 3 January – St Mirren drew 0–0 with Motherwell in their last game at Love Street before they moved to New St Mirren Park.
28 January – Shares in Berwick Rangers were transferred to complete the deal which handed control to a consortium led by Berwick Rangers Supporters Trust.
31 January – St Mirren drew 1–1 with Kilmarnock in their first match at their new stadium.
14 February – The Scottish Premier League agreed to the Scottish Football Association's request to delay the start of the SPL season by a week to give the Scotland national team extra time to prepare for the match against Norway.
25 February – Former First Minister and former East Fife player Henry McLeish was appointed to chair a review of Scottish football.
15 March – Celtic won the 2008–09 League cup beating Rangers 2–0 after extra time in the final thanks to a goal from Darren O'Dea and an Aiden McGeady penalty.
4 April – Stranraer were relegated to the Third Division after being beaten 3–0 by Raith Rovers.
2 May – St Johnstone won promotion to the Scottish Premier League as First Division champions following a 3–1 win over Greenock Morton.
The Second Division title and promotion to the First Division was won by Raith Rovers, following a 1–0 win over Queen's Park at Hampden Park.
Clyde were relegated from the First Division despite beating Dundee 2–0.
9 May – The Third Division title was won by Dumbarton after they beat Annan Athletic 3–1, they therefore gained promotion to the second Division.
17 May – Queen's Park were relegated from the Second Division after a 2–1 aggregate loss to Stenhousemuir in their Second Division play-off Semi-final.
23 May – Falkirk beat Inverness Caledonian Thistle 1–0 to stay in the SPL and relegate Inverness to the First Division on goal difference.
Stenhousemuir won promotion to the Second Division as Second Division play-off winners, they beat Cowdenbeath 5–4 on penalties.
24 May – Rangers are crowned Scottish champions after beating Dundee United 3–0, Celtic drew 0–0 with Heart of Midlothian so Rangers won by 4 points.
Airdrie United are relegated to the Second Division and Ayr United are promoted to the First after Ayr won the First Division play-off Final 3–2 on aggregate.
30 May – Rangers won the 2008–09 Scottish Cup beating Falkirk 1–0 in the final thanks to a goal from substitute Nacho Novo just after half-time. | [] | [
"Notable events",
"2009"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Junior | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | West Region
East Region
North Region | [] | [
"Other honours",
"Non-league honours",
"Junior"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | PFA Scotland awards | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | Celtic midfielder Scott Brown was named Players' Player of the Year after winning the most votes from his fellow players. He was named on the shortlist along with three other Old Firm players, Celtic defender Gary Caldwell and Rangers midfielder's Steven Davis and Pedro Mendes.
The Young Player of the Year award was awarded to James McCarthy who was named on the shortlist along with; Heart of Midlothian winger Andrew Driver, Hibernian striker Steven Fletcher and fellow Hamilton Academical midfielder James McArthur. | [] | [
"Individual honours",
"PFA Scotland awards"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Summary | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | Scotland began the season with a friendly against Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland were denied a victory by substitute goalkeeper Allan McGregor who saved a David Healy penalty after he brought down Warren Feeney inside the area. The draw meant that Scotland had yet to win under George Burley after three matches. The 2010 World Cup qualification campaign began against Macedonia. Scotland faced an early free-kick after Macedonia striker Goran Maznov fell theatrically on the edge of the penalty area as he was challenged by stand-in captain Stephen McManus. Craig Gordon was able to tip the resulting shot onto the post, but Ilčo Naumoski followed up to score five minutes into George Burley's first competitive match. Both teams had opportunities and Scotland were denied what appeared to be a clear penalty after James McFadden was brought down but the referee waved away the appeals and booked the striker for his protests. Scotland recovered from their opening defeat with a 2–1 victory away to Iceland in what was Burley's first win as manager. Kirk Broadfoot scored on his debut and James McFadden scored from a penalty, Iceland got back into the match after captain McManus handled in the box and Eiður Guðjohnsen scored from the resulting penalty. Scotland held out for the win despite having to play the last 13 minutes down to ten men.
Scotland drew 0–0 at home to Norway despite debutant striker Chris Iwelumo being presented with an open goal opportunity from just three yards, with the ball being crossed by Gary Naysmith from the left to the right side of the goal where Iwelumo is standing, he connects with the ball but somehow manages to put the ball wide of the left post. The draw left Scotland top of Group Nine but with just four points from three games, with the Netherlands having played just one. They next played a friendly against Argentina in Diego Maradona's first match as Argentina manager, Maxi Rodríguez scored the winning goal for the Argentines in a 1–0 win.
The Netherlands beat Scotland comfortably with goals from Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Robin van Persie and Dirk Kuyt, depleted by injuries Burley was forced to field an inexperienced side Ross McCormack making his debut started along with Christophe Berra and Allan McGregor, who were making their first competitive starts. Scotland were denied a chance to get back into the match at 2–0 down when referee Massimo Busacca (who was suspended by his home federation) disallowed a seemingly perfectly good Gary Caldwell goal, minutes later the Netherlands were awarded a penalty from which Kuyt scored. Ross McCormack and Steven Fletcher both scored their first international goals in a 2–1 win over Iceland, McCormack opened the scoring after 39 minutes firing high into the net from an Alan Hutton cross, Indridi Sigurdsson levelled for the visitors after Pálmi Rafn Pálmason hit the post, Scotland though regrouped and after 65 minutes were awarded a debatable corner which McCormack took, the ball was headed into the danger area by McManus and Fletcher headed into the net. Scotland had gained seven points from five matches and occupied second spot in Group nine, three points clear of Iceland, four matches between the other teams and Scotland retained second position having played less matches than all other teams in the group meaning they were in prime position for second place with Holland already guaranteed first, However, only the second placed teams from eight of the nine qualifying groups would go into the play-offs. | [] | [
"Scotland national team",
"Summary"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Deaths | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | 17 July – George Niven, 79, Rangers and Partick Thistle goalkeeper.
27 July – Bob Crampsey, 78, broadcaster and writer who contributed to sports programming on BBC Scotland, STV and Radio Clyde.
28 August – Bobby Cummings, 72, Aberdeen player.
31 August – Jamie Dolan, 39, Motherwell, Dundee United, Dunfermline Athletic, Livingston, Forfar Athletic and Partick Thistle player.
4 September – Tommy Johnston, 81, Kilmarnock player.
25 September – Jimmy Sirrel, 86, Celtic player.
2 October – John Sjoberg, 67, Leicester City player.
15 October – Eddie Thompson, 67, Dundee United chairman.
25 October – Ian McColl, 81, Rangers defender; Scotland manager.
27 October – Andy Young, 83, Raith Rovers and Celtic player.
3 November – Brooks Mileson, 60, Gretna owner.
4 November – Paddy Buckley, 83, St Johnstone, Aberdeen and Scotland player.
5 November – Ian Anderson, 54, Dundee and St Johnstone player.
27 November – Gil Heron, 87, first black player to play for Celtic.
6 December – John Cumming, 78, Hearts and Scotland player.
26 December – George Miller, 69, Dunfermline, Hearts and Falkirk player; Hamilton and Dunfermline manager.
28 December – Willie Clark, 90, Hibernian and St Johnstone defender.
6 January – Charlie Thomson, 78, Clyde goalkeeper.
7 January – Alfie Conn, Sr., 82, Hearts and Raith Rovers player; Gala Fairydean and Raith Rovers manager. Part of the Terrible Trio forward line.
2 March – Andy Bowman, 74, Hearts, Hamilton Academical and Hawick Royal Albert player.
28 March – Hughie Kelly, 85, Blackpool and Scotland player.
22 April – Billy Smith, 78, Aberdeen defender.
3 May – Bobby Campbell, 86, Falkirk and Scotland player; Dumbarton manager.
25 May – Billy Baxter, 70, Scottish defender who mostly played for Ipswich Town.
7 June – Willie Kilmarnock, 87, Motherwell and Airdrie player.
7 June – Gordon Lennon, 26, Stenhousemuir, Albion Rovers and Dumbarton player. | [] | [
"Deaths"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-17327458-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20in%20Scottish%20football | 2008–09 in Scottish football | Notes and references | The 2008–09 season was the 112th season of competitive football in Scotland. | Category:Seasons in Scottish football | [] | [
"Notes and references"
] | [
"2008–09 in Scottish football",
"Seasons in Scottish football"
] |
projected-44496653-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Introduction | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] | |
projected-44496653-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | History | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | Westmead Hospital Foundation, previously known as The Millennium Foundation, My Westmead, and Westmead Medical Research Foundation was established in 1990 to support the care of sick children and adults and hospital-based medical research. Westmead Hospital Foundation is based in Sydney's western suburbs.
A board of directors oversees the operations of the organisation.
A scientific advisory committee oversees grant applications and makes recommendations about the merits of individual applications for funding. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Funding | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | The organisation grants approximately $3 million per annum across a variety of grant programs. | [] | [
"Funding"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Equipment grants | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | Grants are awarded towards priority projects within Westmead Hospital that enhance services provided by doctors, nurses and allied health workers to patients and their families. Past equipment grants have been awarded to assist in the purchase of cutting-edge technology for the support of critically ill premature babies; an interventional neuroradiology machine as a minimally invasive approach used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the head, neck, and spine such as cerebral aneurysms and strokes; | [] | [
"Funding",
"Equipment grants"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Research grants | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | During 2016 the organisation awarded over $600,000 to support specific research projects, such as the transplantation of pancreatic islet cells to treat patients with type 1 diabetes; a study to provide objective biological markers to help in the diagnosis of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); a study to help understand the role of the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, that may lead to an increased risk of breast cancer; and a clinical research support program. | [] | [
"Funding",
"Research grants"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Service grants | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | Grants are awarded to a variety of programs that provide direct patient benefits; such as a program that provides seriously ill patients and their families some respite from illness, enabling them to take a short vacation, without cost; a brand new bus run by volunteers to offer free transport for patients to and from their residence to local general practitioners or hospitals like Blacktown, Mount Druitt and Westmead; refurbishment of public rooms in the oncology/palliative care ward; and wheelchairs for use by patients within Westmead Hospital. | [] | [
"Funding",
"Service grants"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | Infrastructure grants | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | The foundation and its donors have also contributed funds to support major infrastructure projects on the Westmead health campus. The Westmead Institute for Medical Research is housed within a newly built, best-practice building that encourages collaboration and is a lynchpin of research in the Westmead precinct. $9m was granted by Westmead Medical Research Foundation to the institute to assist in the construction of this award-winning premises. | [] | [
"Funding",
"Infrastructure grants"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-44496653-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | References | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney. | Category:Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales
Category:Parramatta | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales",
"Parramatta"
] |
projected-23571548-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Cole | Victor Cole | Introduction | Victor Cole (born January 23, 1968, in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a former professional baseball pitcher. Cole is the only Major League Baseball player ever to have been born in the Soviet Union, and the ninth to have been born in what is now Russia.
Cole pitched in eight games for the 1992 Pittsburgh Pirates, with an 0–2 record, 12 strikeouts and allowing 14 earned runs.
Cole attended Santa Clara University in California. Cole's father, from Sierra Leone, studied medicine in Russia and married a Russian woman. The family moved to USA four years after Cole's birth.
Cole was taken by the Kansas City Royals in the 14th round of the 1988 amateur draft. He was traded to the Pirates May 3, 1991 for Carmelo Martinez.
Cole played in the Milwaukee Brewers organization in 1994 and the San Diego Padres organization in 1995 and 1996. He then went to play in the Taiwan Major League for Kaoping Fala in 1997. Cole returned to the minors in 1998 and 1999 with the Chicago Cubs. He spent 2000 with the Memphis Redbirds, a AAA affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals and SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Organization. Cole spent 2001 and 2002 with the KBO's Doosan Bears before retiring. In his ten seasons in the minor leagues, he had a record of 37 - 36 with an ERA of 3.70.
In 2003, Cole joined the Russia national baseball team. He also joined the team on its tour of the North American-based independent Northeast League. Cole later coached with the National Team in the 2020 European Championships, in Group B. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1968 births",
"Living people",
"Acereros de Monclova players",
"Águilas del Zulia players",
"Baseball City Royals players",
"Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players",
"Carolina Mudcats players",
"Doosan Bears players",
"El Paso Diablos players",
"Eugene Emeralds players",
"Expatriate baseball pla... | |
projected-44496686-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20iopolia | Cliniodes iopolia | Introduction | Cliniodes iopolia is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
The length of the forewings is 17–18 mm for males and about 18 mm for females. The forewing costa is grey with violet-brown scales. The basal and medial areas are grey with scattered violet-brown or ruby scales. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, September and November. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] | |
projected-44496686-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20iopolia | Cliniodes iopolia | Etymology | Cliniodes iopolia is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
The length of the forewings is 17–18 mm for males and about 18 mm for females. The forewing costa is grey with violet-brown scales. The basal and medial areas are grey with scattered violet-brown or ruby scales. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, September and November. | The species name is derived from Greek íov (meaning violet) the Greek word for grey. | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] |
projected-44496686-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20iopolia | Cliniodes iopolia | References | Cliniodes iopolia is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
The length of the forewings is 17–18 mm for males and about 18 mm for females. The forewing costa is grey with violet-brown scales. The basal and medial areas are grey with scattered violet-brown or ruby scales. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, September and November. | Category:Moths described in 2011
Category:Eurrhypini | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Moths described in 2011",
"Eurrhypini"
] |
projected-23571550-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa | Introduction | Stainless Longganisa is a semi-autobiographical book written by Bob Ong, his fifth published work. Released in December 2005 by Visprint, it follows the style used in Bob Ong's first three publications: the use of contemporary Filipino language to express the author's views on Filipino culture. Unlike the first three books, however, it mainly deals with literature. According to the blurb, it focuses on [translated from the vernacular]: " ... stories by leaking pens about the importance of reading, reaching your dreams and the correct way of writing." As of 2011 (the year his ninth book, Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin, was released), Stainless Longganisa is currently his latest book written in a semi-autobiographical style. | [
"Stainless Longganisa.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Books by Bob Ong",
"2005 books"
] | |
projected-23571550-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20Longganisa | Stainless Longganisa | References | Stainless Longganisa is a semi-autobiographical book written by Bob Ong, his fifth published work. Released in December 2005 by Visprint, it follows the style used in Bob Ong's first three publications: the use of contemporary Filipino language to express the author's views on Filipino culture. Unlike the first three books, however, it mainly deals with literature. According to the blurb, it focuses on [translated from the vernacular]: " ... stories by leaking pens about the importance of reading, reaching your dreams and the correct way of writing." As of 2011 (the year his ninth book, Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin, was released), Stainless Longganisa is currently his latest book written in a semi-autobiographical style. | Category:Books by Bob Ong
Category:2005 books | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Books by Bob Ong",
"2005 books"
] |
projected-17327466-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Czechs in the United Kingdom | Introduction | Czechs in the United Kingdom refers to the phenomenon of Czech people migrating to the United Kingdom from the Czech Republic or from the political entities that preceded it, such as Czechoslovakia. There are some people in the UK who were either born in the Czech lands or have Czech ancestry, some of whom descended from Jewish refugees (e.g. Kindertransport) who arrived during World War II. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Czech diaspora by country",
"Czech diaspora in Europe",
"British people of Czech descent",
"Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin",
"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations"
] | |
projected-17327466-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Czechs in the United Kingdom | Population | Czechs in the United Kingdom refers to the phenomenon of Czech people migrating to the United Kingdom from the Czech Republic or from the political entities that preceded it, such as Czechoslovakia. There are some people in the UK who were either born in the Czech lands or have Czech ancestry, some of whom descended from Jewish refugees (e.g. Kindertransport) who arrived during World War II. | The 2001 UK Census recorded 12,220 Czech-born people resident in the UK. With the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gained the right to live and work elsewhere in the EU, and large numbers moved to the UK for work, although there has been substantial return migration. The Office for National Statistics estimates that 45,000 Czech-born immigrants were resident in the UK in 2013. The 2011 UK Census recorded 34,615 Czech-born residents in England, 1,256 in Wales, 2,245 in Scotland, and 662 in Northern Ireland. The figure for Scotland includes people who specified that they were born in Czechoslovakia, but the figures for England, Wales and Northern Ireland do not. 1,279 people in England, 39 in Wales and 16 in Northern Ireland are recorded as having been born in Czechoslovakia without specifying the Czech Republic or Slovakia. | [] | [
"Population"
] | [
"Czech diaspora by country",
"Czech diaspora in Europe",
"British people of Czech descent",
"Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin",
"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations"
] |
projected-17327466-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Czechs in the United Kingdom | Notable people with Czech ancestry | Czechs in the United Kingdom refers to the phenomenon of Czech people migrating to the United Kingdom from the Czech Republic or from the political entities that preceded it, such as Czechoslovakia. There are some people in the UK who were either born in the Czech lands or have Czech ancestry, some of whom descended from Jewish refugees (e.g. Kindertransport) who arrived during World War II. | Milan Baroš, footballer
Roman Bednář, footballer
Patrik Berger, footballer
Georgina Bouzova, actress
Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs, politician
Petr Čech, footballer
Josef Franc, motorcycle speedway rider
Vera Fusek, actress
Eva Hayman, Holocaust survivor, diarist and nurse
Anna Hájková, historian
Eva Jiřičná, architect
Jan Kaplický, architect
Jan Kavan, diplomat and politician
Čeněk Kottnauer, chess master
Karel Kuttelwascher, fighter pilot
Sir Frank William Lampl, Life President of Bovis Lend Lease
Miroslav Liskutin, fighter pilot WW2
Herbert Lom, actor
Dan Luger, English rugby union player
Ivan Margolius, author, architect and propagator of Czech culture and technology
Jan Pinkava, animator, film director
Hana Maria Pravda, actress
Dominic Raab, politician
Karel Reisz, film director
Tom Stoppard, screenwriter, playwright | [] | [
"Notable people with Czech ancestry"
] | [
"Czech diaspora by country",
"Czech diaspora in Europe",
"British people of Czech descent",
"Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin",
"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations"
] |
projected-17327466-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Czechs in the United Kingdom | See also | Czechs in the United Kingdom refers to the phenomenon of Czech people migrating to the United Kingdom from the Czech Republic or from the political entities that preceded it, such as Czechoslovakia. There are some people in the UK who were either born in the Czech lands or have Czech ancestry, some of whom descended from Jewish refugees (e.g. Kindertransport) who arrived during World War II. | Demographics of the Czech Republic
Czech people
White Other
Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations
Czech Americans | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Czech diaspora by country",
"Czech diaspora in Europe",
"British people of Czech descent",
"Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin",
"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations"
] |
projected-44496695-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Macdonald%20%28missionary%29 | Daniel Macdonald (missionary) | Introduction | Daniel Macdonald (4 March 1846 – 18 April 1927) was a missionary to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). He was born in Alloa, Scotland, but migrated to Ballarat, Victoria. He studied at the Presbyterian Theological Hall in Melbourne, and was the first Australian-trained Presbyterian missionary to the New Hebrides.
Macdonald served at Port Havannah on the island of Efate from 1872 to 1905. He was the "most notable linguist in the history of the New Hebrides Mission", and was the "organising translator-editor" of the Nguna–Efate Old Testament published in 1908. He, John W. Mackenzie, and Peter Milne each contributed approximately one third of the translation. Macdonald espoused the idea that Oceanic languages were of Semitic origin, and promoted a hybrid Efatese language. He and Milne were involved in a feud that lasted for more than fifteen years, which started with a disagreement over how to translate the word "God" in the local language.
Macdonald was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from McGill University, and served as moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria in 1896.
He married Elizabeth Keir Geddie, daughter of missionary Rev. John Geddie. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1846 births",
"1927 deaths",
"People from Alloa",
"Scottish emigrants to Australia",
"Scottish Presbyterian missionaries",
"Australian Presbyterian missionaries",
"Presbyterian missionaries in Vanuatu",
"Translators of the Bible into Oceanic languages",
"British expatriates in Vanuatu",
"Australi... | |
projected-44496695-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Macdonald%20%28missionary%29 | Daniel Macdonald (missionary) | References | Daniel Macdonald (4 March 1846 – 18 April 1927) was a missionary to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). He was born in Alloa, Scotland, but migrated to Ballarat, Victoria. He studied at the Presbyterian Theological Hall in Melbourne, and was the first Australian-trained Presbyterian missionary to the New Hebrides.
Macdonald served at Port Havannah on the island of Efate from 1872 to 1905. He was the "most notable linguist in the history of the New Hebrides Mission", and was the "organising translator-editor" of the Nguna–Efate Old Testament published in 1908. He, John W. Mackenzie, and Peter Milne each contributed approximately one third of the translation. Macdonald espoused the idea that Oceanic languages were of Semitic origin, and promoted a hybrid Efatese language. He and Milne were involved in a feud that lasted for more than fifteen years, which started with a disagreement over how to translate the word "God" in the local language.
Macdonald was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from McGill University, and served as moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria in 1896.
He married Elizabeth Keir Geddie, daughter of missionary Rev. John Geddie. | Category:1846 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:People from Alloa
Category:Scottish emigrants to Australia
Category:Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
Category:Australian Presbyterian missionaries
Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Vanuatu
Category:Translators of the Bible into Oceanic languages
Category:British expatriates in Vanuatu
Category:Australian expatriates in Vanuatu
Category:McGill University alumni
Category:New Hebrides people
Category:Missionary linguists | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1846 births",
"1927 deaths",
"People from Alloa",
"Scottish emigrants to Australia",
"Scottish Presbyterian missionaries",
"Australian Presbyterian missionaries",
"Presbyterian missionaries in Vanuatu",
"Translators of the Bible into Oceanic languages",
"British expatriates in Vanuatu",
"Australi... |
projected-44496701-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1%C5%9Flak%C3%B6y%2C%20Mut | Kışlaköy, Mut | Introduction | Kışlaköy is a village in Mut district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated to the south of Turkish state highway and to the west of the highway to Gülnar at . Göksu River is to the west of the village. Its distance to Mut is and to Mersin is . Population of Kışlaköy was 207 as of 2012. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mut District"
] | |
projected-44496701-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1%C5%9Flak%C3%B6y%2C%20Mut | Kışlaköy, Mut | References | Kışlaköy is a village in Mut district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated to the south of Turkish state highway and to the west of the highway to Gülnar at . Göksu River is to the west of the village. Its distance to Mut is and to Mersin is . Population of Kışlaköy was 207 as of 2012. | Category:Villages in Mut District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mut District"
] |
projected-17327479-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | Introduction | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] | |
projected-17327479-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | History | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | Trainin Squadron 27 was initially established on July 11, 1951 as Advanced Training Unit-B at Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi. The command moved to Naval Air Station, Kingsville in 1952 and again to Naval Air Station, New Iberia, Louisiana in 1960. It was there the squadron was redesignated VT-27 in July of that year and about that time that the Grumman S2F-1T Tracker was put into service as a multi-engine trainer. In September 1962 the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system changed the Tracker's designation to TS-2A. In July 1964, the "Boomers" were returned to Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi where they continue to be an important part of the community.
In 1973, the squadron began a transition to the role of a primary training squadron with the arrival on 1 August of the first T-28B Trojan. By 1 October 1973, the last Grumman TS-2A Tracker had departed, signifying the end of the advanced training role and the completion of the transition to primary training. In August 1983, the squadron took delivery of the first T-34C Turbo Mentor aircraft. From March 1984, when the last T-28B ever used for naval flight training departed, to June 2013, the T-34C was the mainstay of the Navy and Marine Corps primary flight training program. In June 2013 VT-27 transitioned from T-34C to the T-6B Texan II. The "Boomers" average well over 11,000 training missions a year, and more than 70 sorties per training day. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-17327479-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | Squadron aircraft | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | S2F-1T / TS-2A Tracker
T-28B Trojan
T-34C Turbo Mentor
T-6B Texan II | [] | [
"Squadron aircraft"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-17327479-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | Squadron bases | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas
Naval Air Station Kingsville, Texas
Naval Air Station New Iberia, Louisiana | [] | [
"Squadron bases"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-17327479-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | Training wing | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | Training Air Wing Four, Corpus Christi, Texas | [] | [
"Training wing"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-17327479-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | See also | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | History of the United States Navy
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-17327479-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-27 | VT-27 | References | VT-27 is a primary training squadron of the United States Navy. One of just five Navy primary training squadrons, VT-27 is one of two located on the Texas Coastal Bend. | VT-27 U.S. Navy website
Category:Training squadrons of the United States Navy | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Training squadrons of the United States Navy"
] |
projected-23571558-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Introduction | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1894 births",
"2003 deaths",
"Irish nurses",
"Irish people of World War II",
"Irish centenarians",
"Women centenarians"
] | |
projected-23571558-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Early life | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist. | Bridget Dirrane was born in Oatquarter in the townland of Kilmurvey on Inishmore, Aran Islands, County Galway on 15 November 1894. She was the youngest child of Joseph Gillan and Maggie (née Walsh). Her father was a weaver of flannel cloth and had a small farm. She had four brothers and three sisters. Her oldest brother was a fisherman, who died at age 21 in 1901, and her father died before 1911. Despite this hardship, all of the children went to school, with one of her brothers becoming an Irish teacher, and later an Irish inspector. The family spoke Irish at home, but they were all bilingual with English. Dirrane was schooled at the national school in Oatquarter until the age of 14. She left to work in local homes, looking after children. When she wrote her memoirs late in life, Dirrane claimed to have met Joseph Plunkett, Éamonn Ceannt, Thomas MacDonagh, Thomas Ashe and Patrick Pearse when they visited the island, visiting a house where she looked after the children, discussing politics and plans for the Easter Rising with them. She was a republican, becoming a member of Cumann na mBan in 1918 while she was working for Fr Matthew Ryan as a housekeeper. She was involved in drilling and assisting fugitives from the authorities. Because of their known republican sympathies, the Black and Tans raided the Gillan family homes. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"1894 births",
"2003 deaths",
"Irish nurses",
"Irish people of World War II",
"Irish centenarians",
"Women centenarians"
] |
projected-23571558-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Career | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist. | Dirrane moved to Dublin in 1919 to train in St Ultan's Hospital as a nurse. She was still under surveillance, being arrested alongside her employer Claude Chavasse when she was working as a nurse in his house. She was held in Dublin Bridewell for two days before being transferred to Mountjoy. In the time of her imprisonment, she was not charged or put on trial. Her refusal to speak English angered the guards, culminating in her going on hunger strike for a number of days in 1920 until she was released. She took part in the Cumann na mBan vigil outside of Mountjoy in November 1920, when Kevin Barry was hanged.
She worked in Richard Mulcahy's house for two years, before emigrating to the United States in 1927 to continue her career as a nurse. She worked in Boston where she was an active member of the Irish emigrant community alongside former neighbours from the Aran Islands and some relatives. She worked in a hotel for a time, but returned to nursing after her marriage to Edward 'Ned' Dirrane in November 1932 in the Jamaica Plain section of Boston. Ned was a labourer in Boston, was also from Inishmore, died from heart failure in 1940. Dirrane continued her career nursing in hospitals and as a district nurse. On 13 May 1940, she naturalised as US citizen. During World War II, she worked as a nurse in a munitions factory, and at a US Army Air Forces bomber base in Mississippi. She canvased for John F. Kennedy in the Irish community in South Boston when he ran for president in 1960. Jean Kennedy Smith visited Dirrane in 1997 in Galway to acknowledge her contribution. Dirrane also met Senator Edward Kennedy. | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"1894 births",
"2003 deaths",
"Irish nurses",
"Irish people of World War II",
"Irish centenarians",
"Women centenarians"
] |
projected-23571558-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Dirrane | Bridget Dirrane | Later life | Bridget Dirrane (15 November 1894 – 31 December 2003) was an Irish nurse, centenarian and memoirist. | Following her retirement, Dirrane lived with her nephew, but she returned to the Aran Islands in 1966 at age 72. There she lived with her brother-in-law, Pat Dirrane, a widower with three grown sons. They married in a private ceremony on 27 April 1966. She continued to live on the island after Pat's death on 28 February 1990, living with her stepson. She eventually moved into a nursing home in Newcastle in the suburbs of Galway. When she celebrated her 100 birthday, she funded a statue of Our Lady Mary at a holy well in Corough on Inishmore. At age 103, the matron of Dirrane's nursing home arranged for a local writer Jack Mahon to record Dirrane's memories and collate the into a book. The book, A woman of Aran, was published in 1997 and was a bestseller for several weeks. Dirrane was awarded an honorary degree, an MA honoris causa, from NUI Galway in May 1998, the oldest person to ever receive one. Dirrane died on 31 December 2003, aged 109, in Galway. She was buried on Inishmore. | [] | [
"Later life"
] | [
"1894 births",
"2003 deaths",
"Irish nurses",
"Irish people of World War II",
"Irish centenarians",
"Women centenarians"
] |
projected-23571559-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVg%20Aurich | SpVg Aurich | Introduction | SpVg Aurich is a German football club from the city of Aurich, Lower Saxony. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Football clubs in Germany",
"Football clubs in Lower Saxony",
"1911 establishments in Germany",
"Association football clubs established in 1911"
] |