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What is POTS?
POTS is a form of dysautonomia — a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. This department of the nervous system regulates features we don’t consciously management, corresponding to coronary heart rate, blood pressure, sweating and body temperature. The key traits of POTS are the specific signs and the exaggerated improve in coronary heart rate when standing.
What does POTS stand for?
Postural: related to the position of your body
Orthostatic: related to standing upright
Tachycardia: increased heart rate
Syndrome: a group of signs
Why does coronary heart rate enhance excessively with POTS?
In most patients with POTS, the construction of the guts itself is normal. POTS symptoms arise from a mixture of the following:
Lower amount of blood in the circulation
Excessive pooling of blood below the level of the heart when upright
Elevated levels of sure hormones akin to epinephrine (also known as adrenaline since it is launched by the adrenal glands) and norepinephrine (mainly launched by nerves).
Once we stand, gravity pulls more blood into the decrease half of the body. In a healthy individual, to ensure that a adequate quantity of blood reaches the brain, the body prompts several nervous system responses. One such response is releasing hormones that help tighten blood vessels and cause a modest increase in heart rate. This leads to higher blood flow to the center and brain. As soon as the brain is receiving enough blood and oxygen, these nervous system responses settle back to normal.
In people with POTS, for unclear reasons which will differ from person to person, the blood vessels don’t respond efficiently to the signal to tighten. Because of this, the longer you are upright, the more blood swimming pools in the lower half of your body. This leads to not enough blood returning to the brain, which can be felt as lightheadedness (faintness), brain fog and fatigue. As the nervous system continues to launch epinephrine and norepinephrine to tighten the blood vessels, the heart rate will increase further. This may cause shakiness, forceful or skipped heartbeats, and chest pain.
Some people with POTS can develop hypotension (a drop in blood pressure) with prolonged standing (more than three minutes upright). Others can develop an increase in blood pressure (hypertension) when they stand.
Types and Causes of POTS
The causes of POTS differ from person to person. Researchers don’t entirely understand the origins of this disorder. The classification of POTS is the subject of discussion, however most writerities acknowledge totally different characteristics in POTS, which occur in some patients more than others. Importantly, these traits are not mutually unique; particular person with POTS could experience more than of those at the identical time:
Neuropathic POTS is a time period used to describe POTS associated with damage to the small fiber nerves (small-fiber neuropathy). These nerves regulate the constriction of the blood vessels within the limbs and abdomen.
Hyperadrenergic POTS is a term used to describe POTS associated with elevated levels of the stress hormone norepinephrine.
Hypovolemic POTS is a term used to describe POTS related with abnormally low levels of blood (hypovolemia).
Secondary POTS implies that POTS is associated with another condition known to doubtlessly cause autonomic neuropathy, equivalent to diabetes, Lyme illness, or autoimmune problems such as lupus or Sjögren’s syndrome.
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Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
Last updated
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Sveshtari Thracian tomb Bulgaria IFB.JPG
Location Razgrad Province, Bulgaria
Criteria Cultural: (i), (iii)
Reference 359
Inscription1985 (9th Session)
Area647.6 ha (2.500 sq mi)
Coordinates 43°44′42″N26°45′59″E / 43.744964°N 26.7663°E / 43.744964; 26.7663 Coordinates: 43°44′42″N26°45′59″E / 43.744964°N 26.7663°E / 43.744964; 26.7663
Relief Map of Bulgaria.jpg
Red pog.svg
Location of Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari in Bulgaria
The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari (Bulgarian : Свещарска гробница, romanized: Sveštarska grobnica) is 2.5 km southwest of the village of Sveshtari, Razgrad Province, which is 42 km northeast of Razgrad, in northeast Bulgaria.The tomb is probably the grave of Dromichaetes (Ancient Greek : Δρομιχαίτης, romanized: Dromichaites; c. 300 – c. 280 BC) who was a king of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC, and his wife, the daughter of King Lysimachus (Greek: Λυσίμαχος, Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) who was a general and diadochus (i.e. "successor") of Alexander the Great. [1] [2] The tomb is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [3]
General information
Discovered and excavated in 1982 during excavations at Mound No 7 of the East Mound Necropolis of Sboryanovo (Ginina Mogila) - a tumulus of the early Hellenistic period, the Sveshtari tomb was built in the first quarter of the 3rd century BC. [4] The tomb's construction reflects the fundamental structural principles of Thracian cult buildings. The tomb's architectural decor is considered to be unique, with polychrome half-human, half-plant caryatids and painted murals. The ten female figures carved in high relief on the walls of the central chamber and the decorations of the lunette in its vault are the only examples of this type found so far in the Thracian lands. It is an exceptional monument of the Getae, a Thracian people who were in contact with the Hellenistic and Hyperborean worlds, according to ancient geographers. [3]
In 2012, archaeologists uncovered a significant treasure near the village. The treasure included a golden ring, 44 female figure depictions and 100 golden buttons, found in 150 tombs from the 4th century BC. It has been suggested that it is part of the site of the Getan city of Helis. [1]
The Getae had been federated in the Odrysian kingdom in the 5th century BC. [5] It is not known how the relations between Getae and Odrysians developed. The Balkan campaigns of Philip II of Macedon between 352 and 340 BC shattered Odrysian authority and the Getae profited from the situation. [6] [7] By the second half of the 4th century, the Getae occupied sites on both banks of the lower Danube [7] [8] and this region flourished as never before. [9] The new Macedonian conquests, secured with considerable military power, caused consternation in the adjoining territories and thus stimulated the political fusion of the Getic tribes. [10]
The Getic tomb at Sveshtari in the western Ludogorie in Bulgaria is also supposed to have been near the location of Helis. [11] In the vicinity of the mausoleum, the remains of a large ancient city were found along with dozens of Getic mound tombs. The settlement is situated in a natural stronghold, a plateau surrounded like a peninsula by the ravines of Krapinets River. [12] [13] The outer stone wall, up to 4m thick, follows the edges of the peninsula and defends a territory of about 10 hectares. The inner wall, of similar construction, encloses a roughly quadrilateral area of about 5 hectares. [13] The fortified territory was relatively densely occupied by dwellings connected by a network of thoroughfares. [14] Dating finds such as amphorae stamps and coins indicate that this settlement existed between c. 335 and c. 250 BC. [13] [15]
See also
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Tourism in Bulgaria is a significant contributor to the country's economy. Situated at the crossroads of the East and West, Bulgaria has been home to many civilizations - Thracians, Greeks, Romans, Eastern Romans or Byzantines, Slavs, Bulgars, and Ottomans. The country is rich in tourist sights and historical artifacts, scattered through a relatively small and easily accessible territory. Bulgaria is internationally known for its seaside and winter resorts.
Dacians Indo-European people
The Dacians were a sub-group of the Thracian people and they were the ancient inhabitants of the cultural region of Dacia, located in the area near the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea. This area includes mainly the present-day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as parts of Ukraine, Eastern Serbia, Northern Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary and Southern Poland. The Dacians spoke the Dacian language, a sub-group of Thracian, but were somewhat culturally influenced by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4th century BC.
Cotys I or Kotys I was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace from 384 BC to his murder in 360 BC. He was known to have been born during the reign of Seuthes I, based on ancient sources and date of birth estimates for Cotys, his daughter who married the Athenian general Iphicrates, and her son Menestheus. According to Harpokration, he reigned for 24 years, which places his accession in 384 BC. Although his origins are actually unknown, An Athenian inscription dated to 330 BC, which honors Reboulas, brother of Cotys and son of king Seuthes. As the ordinal of Seuthes is not mentioned, it was unclear, however, which of the preceding kings named Seuthes is meant by the inscription. While scholars originally believed Seuthes II to be the father of Cotys I, now it is known that Seuthes I was his father, as Seuthes II was only 7 years old at the time of Seuthes I's abdication in 411 BC.
Thracians Ancient Indo-European people that lived in eastern parts of Europe
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Tumulus Mound of earth and stones raised over graves
Odrysian kingdom Union of Thracian tribes and kingdoms (5th century BC to 1st century AD)
The Odrysian Kingdom was a Thracian kingdom that existed from the early 5th century BC at least until the mid-3rd century BC. It consisted mainly of present-day Bulgaria and parts of Southeastern Romania, Northern Greece and European Turkey. Dominated by the eponymous Odrysian people, it was the largest and most powerful Thracian realm and the first larger political entity of the eastern Balkans. Before the foundation of Seuthopolis in the late 4th century it had no fixed capital.
Getae Thracian tribe of modern northern Bulgaria and southern Romania
The Getae or Gets were several Thracian-related tribes that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania. Both the singular form Get and plural Getae may be derived from a Greek exonym: the area was the hinterland of Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, bringing the Getae into contact with the ancient Greeks from an early date. Although it is believed that the Getae were related to their westward neighbours, the Dacians, several scholars, especially in the Romanian historiography, posit that the Getae and the Dacians were the same people.
Seuthopolis Ancient city
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Ludogorie Region of northeastern Bulgaria
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Seuthes III
Seuthes III was a king of Odrysia, a part of Thrace, during the late 4th century BC.
Demir Baba Teke
Demir Baba Teke is a 16th-century Alevi mausoleum (türbe) near the village of Sveshtari, Isperih municipality, Razgrad Province in northeastern Bulgaria. As part of the Sboryanovo historical and archaeological reserve, Demir Baba Teke is one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria.
Cotys II was a possible king of the Odrysians in Thrace in the late 4th or early 3rd century BC. His one secure attestation is in an inscription from Athens dated to 330 BC; the inscription honored Reboulas, brother of Cotys and son of Seuthes. This is generally interpreted to mean that Cotys, not yet king, was the son of Seuthes III by a marriage earlier than that to Berenike. Building on this interpretation of the evidence, a certain Gonimase (Gonimasē), wife of a Seuthes, buried in a tomb near Smjadovo, has been proposed as Seuthes III's earlier wife and mother of Cotys and Reboulas. However, the Athenian inscription precedes the first clear attestation of Seuthes III by about seven years, and various scholars have proposed Seuthes I, Seuthes II, and even a non-reigning Seuthes as the father of Cotys and Reboulas. One scholar conjectures that Cotys was an elder son of Seuthes III but did not live to succeed his father, dying during the siege of Callatis (Mangalia) in 310 BC. While it is likely that Cotys II was a Thracian ruler in this period, it is not possible to establish his precise relationship to Seuthes III. The overall chronology and the names suggest the possibility that Cotys II may have been the father of Raizdos and grandfather of the latter's son Cotys III.
Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo Thracian burial mound
The Aleksandrovo tomb is a Thracian burial mound and tomb excavated near Aleksandrovo, Haskovo Province, South-Eastern Bulgaria, dated to c. 4th century BCE.
Dacian art is the art associated with the peoples known as Dacians or North Thracians; The Dacians created an art style in which the influences of Scythians and the Greeks can be seen. They were highly skilled in gold and silver working and in pottery making. Pottery was white with red decorations in floral, geometric, and stylized animal motifs. Similar decorations were worked in metal, especially the figure of a horse, which was common on Dacian coins.
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Gold wreaths from Thrace
1. 1 2 Delev, P. (2000). "Lysimachus, the Getae, and Archaeology". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 50 (2): 384–401. doi:10.1093/cq/50.2.384. JSTOR 1558897.
2. Chichikova, Maria (2016). "The Hellenistic Necropolis of the Getic Capital at Sboryanovo (Northeastern Bulgaria).". In Henry, Olivier; Kelp, Ute (eds.). Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC. Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 243–259. ISBN 978-3-11-026750-1. OCLC 936205702.
3. 1 2 Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
4. "Sveshtarska Tomb". Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
5. Archibald 1994, p. 472.
6. Archibald 1994, pp. 467-472.
7. 1 2 Lund 1992, p. 43.
8. Sîrbu 2006, p. 42.
9. Archibald 1994, p. 473.
10. Delev 2000, pp. 396,399.
11. Delev 2000, p. 400.
12. Emilov 2007, p. 63.
13. 1 2 3 Delev 2000, p. 398.
14. Stoyanov & Mihaylova 1996, p. 55.
15. Stoyanov & Mihaylova 1996, pp. 55,57. |
Last updated
Thuringite is a variety of the chlorite mineral chamosite, a hydrous iron and aluminium silicate mineral. It is usually found as small green scales deposited on other minerals, particularly to which it is closely related.
It is named after the German state of Thuringia. [1]
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Mineral Element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline, formed as a result of geological processes
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure, that occurs naturally in pure form.
Mineralogy Scientific study of minerals and mineralised artifacts
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.
Mohs scale of mineral hardness Qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals
Quartz Mineral made of silicon and oxygen.
Sandstone Type of sedimentary rock
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains. Sandstones make up about 20 to 25 percent of all sedimentary rocks.
Clay A finely-grained natural rock or soil containing mainly clay minerals
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals. Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide.
Metamorphic rock Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock.
Weathering Breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earths atmosphere, water, and biota
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soils, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms. Weathering occurs in situ, that is, in the same place, with little or no movement, and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the transport of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind, waves and gravity and then being transported and deposited in other locations.
Rock (geology) Naturally occurring mineral aggregate
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere.
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Crystal habit Mineralogical term for the visible shape of a mineral
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Galena natural mineral form of lead sulfide
Chlorite group Phyllosilicates: non-swelling 2:1 clay (TOT) whose interlayer is occupied by a brucite, Mg(OH)2, bridge
Mineral rights are property rights to exploit an area for the minerals it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership. Mineral rights can refer to sedentary minerals that do not move below the Earth's surface or fluid minerals such as oil or natural gas. There are three major types of mineral property; unified estate, severed or split estate, and fractional ownership of minerals.
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1. "Thuringite: Mineral information, data and localities". Retrieved 2019-09-21. |
School: Cluain le Fán (roll number 12817)
Cloonliffen, Co. Mayo
Seán Ó Callaráin
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The Schools’ Collection, Volume 0101, Page 279
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There are many kinds of herbs such as the Dandelion and the nettle and several others which are used for many purposes. The nettle is given to young ducks and turkeys as it is very good food. The milk of the Dandelion is a very good cure for warts. The dandelion is used in every medicine, it is also used for making wine. The dandelion has a big leaf because it has a big name.
There is a herb called the garr it kills sheep if they eat it as it is all poisoin. The garlic plant has a cure for a bad cold. The onion plant is like the garlic plant. The skin's of onions and the moss of a rock and the moss of a tree when mixed to-gether can dye-clothes. There is a little red plant and when boiled it is a cure for a horse that has a cough. Long ago the old people used the dock-leaf as a cure for a sting from a nettle. There is also a cure in the nettle for a sore back If a person get the roots of the nettle and wash them very clean, then boil them and drink the juice.
Martin Sullivan
Cuslough Demesne, Co. Mayo |
Gay Marriage Recognized ... in Webster Dictionary
But in a nod to evolving ideas of love and English usage, the Springfield, Mass.-based company in 2003 added a secondary meaning for "marriage" as "the state of being united to a person of the same sex in a relationship like that of a traditional marriage."
Merriam-Webster said in a statement Wednesday that the edited entry merely reflected the frequency with which the term "same-sex marriage" had popped up in print and become part of the general lexicon.
"Its inclusion was a simple matter of providing dictionary users with accurate information about all of the word's current uses," the company said, adding that it was surprised by the recent attention because it was "neither news nor unusual."
The Oxford English Dictionary this month added in a draft version that the term sometimes refers to "long-term relationships between partners of the same sex." Its editors also have proposed updating the primary sense of the word to mean "the condition of being a husband or wife; the relation between persons married to each other; matrimony."
The dictionary's main entry for marriage, last updated in 1989, reads, "The condition of being a husband or wife; the relation between married persons; spousehood, wedlock."
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Description and comparison of the characters Michael Henchard and Donald Farfrae in "The Mayor of Casterbridge"
Essay, 2014
11 Pages
The purpose of this essay is to examine and to describe the character of Michael Henchard as well as the character of Donald Farfrae. This essay will also try to find out the differences between the two men, in particular as far as their character traits are concerned. The subtitle of the novel suggests that the Mayor of Casterbridge is a ‘Man of Character’. A Man of Character’ is a person, in this case a man, who has a good character. However, the problem is that the man is not called by his name and there are two different mayors of the town- Michael Henchard and Donald Farfrae. For this reason all the information and details have to be gathered carefully in order to eventually find out to whom of them this term would apply and why.
As a first step, one needs to consider what Hardy wants to tell us with the opening paragraph. Even more attention has to be paid when it comes to a first description of Michael Henchard and his character. Henchard is described carefully in the opening paragraphs in order to have a strong picture of him in mind and to have a detailed look at him as he enters the novel. However, the main reason for Hardy to do so is that he wants the reader to pay attention to details. Even small details matter if one wants to understand the novel and its characters, in particular Henchard and Farfrae, completely. Therefore a summary of the plot will not do and it is not enough to comprehend what is happening and why the characters act the way they do.
Hardy wants us, the reader of his novel, to be more than casual observers. Another reason why the opening paragraph is of significant importance is the fact that most good novels will tell how to read them in the opening paragraphs. And the Mayor of Casterbridge certainly does belong to these kind of novels. Due to this, we have to pay attention to small details in the novel in order to get things right and not to misjudge someone.
In the opening paragraph, Michael Henchard and his wife Susan are approaching the village Weydon-Priors with their child Elizabeth-Jane on foot. The family looks like they are poor. However, they are plainly dressed, not badly dressed. The reason why their clothes look bad is not due to the fact that they are shabby or broken. Their clothes look bad simply because they are full of dust. For this reason, Henchard and his wife look worse than they usually do at that moment. Therefore the two of them are at a disadvantageous situation now.
Right after, Hardy not only tells us what Henchard does for a living, but he starts to look and to describe him carefully. He tells us that Henchard is not only “stern in aspect”, but he also describes him as “swarthy”. The latter term definitely does have a negative connotation since it means something like “dark”. As we normally associate mostly negative things with the term “dark” and “darkness”, this could be read and understood as one of the first hints to Michael Henchards character given to us by Hardy. At least the first impression we get of Henchard is not a very pleasant one.
The opening scene continues by telling us more of the relationship between Henchard and his wife Susan and thus allows us to get a clearer picture of the two of them and their characters. Even though the couple is walking next to each other, neither Michael nor Susan utters a word. As they are walking in total absence of conversation, Henchard is reading- or at least he is pretending to be reading. He is not paying any attention to his wife or his child at all.
His wife on the other hand is the one who makes them walk together, even though she is not happy at all with the situation and does not feel comfortable. However, Susan does not touch Henchard, for example by taking his arm while walking, for he might would not like it. It seems like she does not want to make things difficult for her husband, maybe she can be considered to be a weak woman.
The situation and the relationship is not like this just now, but rather all the time: Henchard and Susan are always quarrelling. Even their attitude towards the landscape is negative. They see nothing pretty in it and it is always the same, just like their relationship.
To sum up, the opening paragraph is not a very happy scene, but rather a quite nasty way for a novel to start. However, the opening scene gives us crucial and important information about the character of Michael Henchard. We get to know Henchard as a pretty unlikeable, grim fellow. It is obvious that he is stuck in an unhappy and bad marriage.
Nevertheless, Michael is not willing to change anything in order to improve the current situation. He refuses not only to talk to her, but also to walk close to her. It is Susan and not Michael who makes the couple walk next to each other. Therefore, his wife and not Henchard is the one who at least tries to work on their relationship. In contrast to her husband, Susan did not give up hope totally and at least tries to keep the family together. Henchard on the other hand would certainly prefer to escape from this unhappy marriage, if he were only given the chance to. He sees the marriage as a burden, and as a divorce is not possible, selling his wife is the only way out.
For Henchard, “bearing” things is a crucial issue of his life. It seems like that he thinks that he leads a life of hardships, and that he always has to take on a burden (like his marriage for example). It also sometimes creates the impression that Henchard feels like that he is the one who has to endure things, who has to suffer and to face plenty of problems. However, when Michael is talking about “bearing” it also often is like an excuse to avoid responsibility. When there is something that he needs to do, he frequently says that he cannot bear it anymore in order to avoid his responsibility and to shuffle out of it.
When using this strategy, Michael is a really irresponsible and selfish person as he thinks of himself first and only. Thomas Hardy was often considered to be an immoral man. Although he was not religious, he insisted on human responsibility. The characters in his books in contrast often avoid this responsibility- just as Michael Henchard does.
As “bearing” things is a big part of the novel, just as it is a big part of Henchard’s life, it will occur again in different other scenes throughout the novel. Also the end of the novel is about “bearing” things again, just like at the beginning of the novel. This creates some sort of frame which encloses the story.
The rest of the the first chapter focuses on and emphasises how Henchard, who is completely drunk, sells his wife to a sailor named Newson. When Michael is “selling” Susan, he says that it would be simple as “Scripture history”. By doing so he wants to justify his actions. However, this is not the only thing he wants to imply with this remark. Michael also suggests that selling his wife is nothing odd, that people have always done this. Therefore Henchard wants to make clear that what he does is nothing abnormal or strange.
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Sarah Neubauer (Author), 2014, Description and comparison of the characters Michael Henchard and Donald Farfrae in "The Mayor of Casterbridge", Munich, GRIN Verlag,
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Hiroshima Insight
Koi Station
Most of the station building was destroyed
During the war, today’s Nishihiroshima Station, run by the Japan Railway Company, was called Koi Station, and Hiroden Nishihiroshima Station, run by the Hiroshima Electric Railway, was called Nishihiroshima Station or Koi. Both stations were about 2.4 km from the hypocenter.
According to the Record of the Hiroshima A-bomb Disaster, Koi Station, part of the National Railway back then, was largely destroyed in the A-bomb blast. The 20 or 30 staff members of the station crept out from the wreckage to the train tracks. Because of the black rain that fell in the aftermath, damage from fire was minimal. As the bomb was dropped after both the inbound and outbound trains had left the station before 8 a.m., there were few passengers in the station at the time.
After the blast, thousands of people fled the city center. Many died on the grounds of the station and the bodies were cremated in an air-raid shelter nearby, with railroad ties.
The Sanyo Line was restored by the National Railway on August 8. A streetcar line, the Miyajima Line operated by the Hiroshima Electric Railway, was unable to continue service between Nishihiroshima and Kusatsu Station on August 6, but the streetcar continued running between Kusatsu and Miyajima. The next day, streetcars began running end to end on the Miyajima Line, carrying many survivors. Another streetcar line in the city center, between Koi and Nishitenma (present-day Tenmacho) resumed operations on August 9. |
Rhetorical Analysis Of Lydon B Johnson's Speech
129 Words1 Page
Equality means every individual has equal opportunities. Historically, certain groups of people, African Americans, have been denied of their rights as Americans. The Voting Rights of 1965, a law passed, elimated literacy test that restricted African Americans from voting. In Lydon B. Johnson speech ¨ The American Promise¨ ,Johnson is making an effort to have equality among white and black in society. He explains that blacks have been restricted from their rights and wants the majority to vote for him to allow equal voting rights for all citizens. Johnsons use of allusions , connative diction and rhetorical appeals throughout the speech develops the idea that equality needs to be demonstrated and the need for voting rights act to be passed
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Wild Valentines: Zoo Animals Enjoy Sweet (and Kinda Gross) Treats
aldabra tortoise, animal valentine's day, zoo valentine's day, wild valentines, valentine's day at the zoo, sweet animals on valentines day, gross valentines, animal valentines, zoo valentines, animals
A massive Aldabra tortoise eyes a sweet Valentine's Day treat at the National Zoo. (Image credit: Jennifer Zoon, Smithsonian's National Zoo.)
On Valentine's Day, humans often struggle to find the perfect gift for their beloved. Thankfully, if all else fails, flowers and chocolates will likely do the trick. But how do you express your affection for a crocodile?
Say it with cow blood and rats, of course.
Zoos around the United States and the United Kingdom marked Valentine's Day this year by giving their resident loved ones a host of gifts. Some of the valentines were sweet, some were (to a human eye) vaguely disgusting, and all were received with varying degrees of glee.
How do you say, "I love you," to the massive predatory reptile in your life? A Cuban crocodile at the National Zoo. (Image credit: Jennifer Zoon, Smithsonian's National Zoo.)
At the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., Cuban crocodiles feasted on heart-shaped treats made from water, beef blood, beet juice, gelatin, white rats and black mice.
In the wild, the highly endangered reptiles are known to leap from the water and snatch prey from overhanging branches, yet no such acrobatics were required at the zoo. Zoo nutrition staff tossed the Valentine's Day treats into the crocodiles' enclosure, and the reptiles made short work of the snacks.
Other giant reptiles at the National Zoo received some Valentine's Day love. Zoo staff whipped up heart-shaped snacks made out of water, beet juice, beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and gelatin for the Aldabra tortoises.
The massive herbivores, native to the Seychelles Islands off the east coast of Africa, can weigh up to 350 pounds (159 kilograms) and live more than 100 years.
They ate the snacks, but with less abandon than the crocodiles. [See photos of animals and their valentines.]
Somebody loves you, Walker. The polar bear investigated his fish-scented valentine. (Image credit: Highland Wildlife Park.)
At Highland Wildlife Park in Scotland, Walker the polar bear received a giant, heart-shaped valentine drizzled with cod-liver oil, a scent that proved irresistible to the young bachelor, who is spending Valentine's Day alone this year.
The zoo is currently searching for a mate for the 3-year-old bear, who is large even for a polar bear — the largest bear species on Earth, and a species that is facing serious threats.
At the end of 2011, the wildlife park staff had found a match for Walker — but it turned out the female bear was already pregnant.
Walker is still single.
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Did you know…kids who use electronics before bed aren’t meeting basic sleep requirements?
Did you know that the use of electronics before bed is resulting in children not meeting basic sleep requirements? (And the same goes for adults!)
The increasing prevalence of electronics in children’s bedrooms is negatively impacting sleep time, sleep quality and daytime alertness. Using these electronics not only promotes mental activity, but the light emitted from a tablet or smartphone emits sufficient light to miscue the brain and promote wakefulness. This light disrupts our circadian rhythm, tricking our bodies into thinking it’s daytime, when we should be awake. As the National Sleep Foundation highlights, adults are subject to these influences but children are particularly susceptible. Important to note is that not all late night electronic usage is recreational. Schools are increasingly relying on technology and media as a platform to do homework and if that work is completed on the computer late at night, it can not only disrupt sleep due to light but also impact stress levels, resulting in a poor quality sleep. A good rule of thumb is to shut down all electronics (TV, computer, games, texting/emailing) 1 hour before bed. According to the National Sleep Foundation, preschoolers (age 3-5) should sleep 10-13 hours; school age children (6-13) should sleep 9-11 hours; teenagers (14-17) should sleep 8-10 hours; and adults should sleep 7-9 hours.
By Nicole Porter
Nicole Porter is a Stress Coach and Wellness Educator helping busy professionals master the Top 10 Habits for optimal health, mindset and productivity. She is also a Registered Holistic Nutritionist, Healthy Weight Loss Coach, and Pilates Coach with a background in Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction and Behaviour Change.
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Chapter 4. Variables
A variable stores a value in memory so that it can be used later in a program. The variable can be used many times within a single program, and the value is easily changed while the program is running.
The primary reason we use variables is to avoid repeating ourselves in the code. If you are typing the same number more than once, consider making it into a variable to make your code more general and easier to update.
For instance, when you make the y-coordinate and diameter for the two circles in this example into variables, the same values are used for each ellipse:
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size(480, 120);
Get Getting Started with Processing now with O’Reilly online learning.
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NASA will intentionally start a fire on a cargo ship in space
No astronauts will be harmed during the experiment
NASA's commercial partner Orbital ATK will launch its Cygnus cargo spacecraft, filled with supplies and science experiments, into lower Earth orbit on Tuesday. There, the spacecraft will dock with the ISS and replenish the crew with food, water, and other important inventory. But the spacecraft's mission won't be quite done once the astronauts unload all the supplies on board Cygnus. The capsule will be loaded up with trash from the station and separate from the ISS — and then NASA will light the capsule on fire.
It's all part of a NASA experiment called Saffire. It involves igniting a flammable material inside the Cygnus spacecraft, to better understand how potential fires can spread across a vehicle in space. Though NASA has been flying spacecraft for decades, the agency has very little knowledge of how fires behave in microgravity, the space agency claims. NASA has purposefully set fire to materials in space for research, but those samples have all been fairly small — less than four inches in length and width. This blaze aboard the Cygnus will be much larger; a material more than three feet long and one foot wide (1 meter long and .4 meters wide) will go up in flames inside the capsule.
A material more than three feet long and one foot wide will go up in flames inside the capsule
The heated experiment won't pose any danger to the astronauts on the station, according to NASA. The Cygnus will be about four hours away from the ISS when Saffire gets underway, said Gary Ruff, an aerospace engineer at NASA's Glenn Research Center, during a press conference. The craft will also be in a much lower orbit than the station. "The crew won’t really have any interaction or knowledge about what’s going on while they’re doing [the experiment]," Ruff said.
But NASA will know how the fire is burning in the spacecraft's gut, thanks to multiple instruments on board the Cygnus. Sensors will measure the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the capsule, as well as the overall temperature, according to NASA. Two cameras will also provide a direct view of the inferno, which is slated to burn for about 15 to 20 minutes, according to Ruff. The space agency will then spend the next week downloading all the data from the sensors and cameras, which will be used to help NASA come up with better methods for detecting fires in space, as well as preventing them and stopping their spread.
As for the Cygnus, the spacecraft will escape one fire only to be caught in another. Once NASA has all the information it needs, the capsule will get out of orbit and re-enter Earth's atmosphere. That's when the entire thing burns up for good.
Getting burned isn't all that Cygnus will do, though. The craft will deliver four additional science experiments when it first docks with the ISS; those include a second 3D printer for the station and five special adhesive strips known as Gecko Grippers, which mimic the unique sticking abilities of geckos here on Earth. The Cygnus will also be carrying an instrument called Meteor, that will be used to figure out the composition of meteors entering Earth's atmosphere. This is actually the third attempt to send Meteor into space; the first version of the instrument was destroyed when Orbital's Antares rocket exploded on the launch pad in October of 2014. The second instrument was then lost when SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket disintegrated during a launch in June 2015.
Cygnus will deliver four additional science experiments when it first docks with the ISS
Tuesday's launch also marks the second time Orbital will resupply the ISS using an Atlas V rocket —the premier vehicle of the United Launch Alliance. Orbital has been using the Atlas to launch its spacecraft into orbit, while the company replaces the engines in its own Antares rocket. Orbital decided to update the Antares following the 2014 explosion, a process that has taken a year and a half. However, the company will get back to using its own rockets soon. Orbital's next resupply mission to the ISS, scheduled for May 31st, will mark the first flight of the updated Antares rocket.
Next week's launch is scheduled to take off at 11PM ET on Tuesday, March 22nd from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Check back here to watch the launch live.
Astronaut Scott Kelly could play water ping pong in space |
Road to Revolution 1760-1776
• French and Indian War
French and Indian War
The French and Indian war started in 1754 over some disputed territory between France and England. The war resulted in a 9 year long major conflict.
• French and Indian war ends
French and Indian war ends
When the war ended France had to give up its claims in Canada, the Louisiana territory and many of its overseas colonies. And Spain gave up Florida. The war landed the UK in 60 million pounds of debt. So to make back the money the UK passed a bunch of taxes on the colonies.
• The royal proclamation act of 1763
The royal proclamation act of 1763
This was a law that restricted the colonists from passing the Ohio river valley. This law was passed to stop the native Americans from attacking British forts.
• The sugar act
The sugar act
This was a tax on imports for textiles, wine, coffee and sugar.
• The currency act
The currency act
It was the prohibition of issuing new bills and reissuing of existing currency. As a result the colony’s currency saw a decline in its value.
• The stamp act
The stamp act
The stamp act levied a tax on all legal documents and printed materials. Such as, newspapers and pamphlets to playing cards and dice.
• The quartering act
The quartering act
This meant colonists had to pay for the food and lodging of British soldiers in the colonies.
• The declaratory act of 1766
The declaratory act of 1766
This was a law passed on the colonies that said the British government could pass whatever law they wanted to.
• The Boston massacre
The Boston massacre
It started when a few colonists were heckling a redcoat. More and more colonists joined in the heckling and more redcoats joined in support of their comrade. The colonists started throwing stuff at the soldiers, they started to feel threatened and they opened fire on the colonists. Five colonists were killed. Outspoken colonists claimed it was unjust murder of innocent civilians.
• The Boston tea party
The Boston tea party
A group of colonists called ‘The Sons of Liberty’ raided a British ship that had imported tea from the East Indies. They threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This action caused the British government to blockade the Boston harbor and send 3,000 troops to the city.
• Thomas Paine’s common sense
Thomas Paine’s common sense
In this document, Paine advocates for independence from Britain and the creation of a democracy. In the document he argues that a representational government is more effective than a monarchy or other forms of government. To this day it is the best selling document, proportionate to population. |
Building Planets: ARISE
In order to make a better prediction how the electrical interaction can affect the growth process on longer time scales we designed an experiment for the International Space Station (ISS). Here, we can charge small glass spheres in a controlled way and observe an undisturbed clustering process for hours.
The black box of tribocharging.
The black box of tribocharging.
The mechanism of collisional charging (triobocharging) is not well understood. Even though it plays an important role in the first steps of the planet formation process, where it might explain the growth of cm-sized aggregates. Prior research showed that this is not possible due to "Hit and Stick" collisions only.
Besides, the same effect is also responsible for electrical or volcanic storms for example. In the higher atmosphere, water ice particles collide and gain an electical charge. Larger water ice particles charge preferably positive and if they fall to the ground, an electrical field builds up between them and smaller, negatively charged particles which are still in the atmosphere. This results in an electrical field allowing electrical discharge.
The main objective of ARISE is to understand the reason behind tribocharging and its impact on the clustering of mm-sized grains. This will hopefully help to understand how the black box of tribocharging work and therewith also many other phenomenons as explained above. The experiment will be launched in spring 2018 to the ISS and maintained by "Alexander Gerst". |
GENEVA/NEW YORK, 15 July 2020, – The World Health Organization and UNICEF warned today of an alarming decline in the number of children receiving life-saving vaccines around the world. This is due to disruptions in the delivery and uptake of immunization services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to new data by WHO and UNICEF , these disruptions…, reverse hard-won progress to reach more children and adolescents with a wider range of vaccines, which has already been hampered by a decade of stalling coverage. The latest data on vaccine coverage estimates from WHO and UNICEF for 2019 shows that improvements such as the expansion of the HPV vaccine to 106 countries and greater protection for…, COVID-19 disruptions, Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, at least 30 measles vaccination campaigns were or are at risk of being cancelled, which could result in further outbreaks in 2020 and beyond. According to a new UNICEF, WHO and Gavi pulse survey , conducted in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control, the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Johns Hopkins…, Stagnating global coverage rate, Progress on immunization coverage was stalling before COVID-19 hit, at 85 per cent for DTP3 and measles vaccines. The likelihood that a child born today will be fully vaccinated with all the globally recommended vaccines by the time she reaches the age of 5 is less than 20 per cent. In 2019, nearly 14 million children missed out on life-saving…, Progress and challenges, by country and region, There has been some progress. Regional coverage for the third dose of DTP in South Asia has increased by 12 percentage points over the last 10 years, notably across India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, that hard-won progress could be undone by COVID-19 related disruptions. Countries that had recorded significant progress, such as Ethiopia and…, Restoring services, so countries can safely deliver routine immunization services during the COVID-19 pandemic, by adhering to hygiene and physical distancing recommendations and providing protective equipment to health workers;, Helping health workers, communicate actively with caregivers to explain how services have been reconfigured to ensure safety;, Rectifying coverage and immunity gaps;, Expanding routine services to reach missed communities,, where some of the most vulnerable children live. ### Notes to editors, Download photos , the report, data files and b-roll from UNICEF, here, or from, WHO, here, . After 2pm CET 15 July, read the analysis of the data in this report, Are we losing ground? or browse the full vaccine coverage datasets from UNICEF or at WHO’s webpage . Review presentation and graphs related to the data here . Nurses in Kosovo immunizing children when vaccination programme was resumed UNICEF/2020/S.Karahoda Nurses in Kosovo…
What you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines
Vaccines save millions of lives each year. The development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines is a huge step forward in our global effort to end the pandemic and to get back to doing more of the things we enjoy with the people we love. We’ve gathered the latest expert information to answer some of the most common questions about COVID-19…, How do COVID-19 vaccines work?, Vaccines work by mimicking an infectious agent – viruses, bacteria or other microorganisms that can cause a disease. This ‘teaches’ our immune system to rapidly and effectively respond against it. Traditionally, vaccines have done this by introducing a weakened form of an infectious agent that allows our immune…, Are COVID-19 vaccines safe?, Yes, even though COVID-19 vaccines are being developed as rapidly as possible, they must go through rigorous testing in clinical trials to prove that they meet internationally agreed benchmarks for safety and effectiveness. Only if they meet these standards can a vaccine receive validation from WHO and national regulatory agencies. UNICEF will…, How were COVID-19 vaccines developed so quickly?, Thanks to the unprecedented investment in research and development and global cooperation, scientists were able to develop safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 in record time. All the standard safety procedures and rigorous regulatory standards were maintained. In addition to the COVID-19 vaccines currently in use in many countries around…, Which COVID-19 vaccine is best for me?, All WHO-approved vaccines have been shown to be highly effective at protecting you against severe illness from COVID-19. The best vaccine to get is the one most readily available to you! , Will the COVID-19 vaccines work against the new variants?, WHO says that the vaccines approved to date are expected to provide at least some protection against new variants. Experts around the world are continuously studying how the new variants affect the behaviour of the virus, including any potential impact on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Should any of the vaccines be shown to be less…, Who should be vaccinated first?, As there is not enough manufacturing capacity in 2021 to meet all global needs, not everyone will be able to get the vaccine at the same time. Countries must identify priority populations, which WHO recommends are frontline health workers (to protect health systems) and those at highest risk of death due to COVID-19, such as older adults and…, When shouldn’t you get a COVID-19 vaccine?, If you have any questions about whether you should receive a COVID-19 vaccine, speak to your doctor. At present, people with the following health conditions should not receive a COVID-19 vaccine to avoid any possible adverse effects: If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to any ingredients of a COVID-19 vaccine. If you are currently…, Should I get a vaccine if I’ve already had COVID-19?, Yes, you should get vaccinated even if you’ve previously had COVID-19. While people who recover from COVID-19 may develop some natural immunity to the virus, we do not yet know how long it lasts or how well you are protected. Vaccines offer more reliable protection. , Should I get the COVID-19 vaccine if I’m breastfeeding?, Researchers are currently studying COVID-19 vaccination in breastfeeding women, but there is still limited information at this time. WHO advises that vaccinations are offered if a lactating woman is part of a priority group for vaccinations, for example if you are a health worker. Breastfeeding can continue after vaccination and remains one of the…, Should I get the COVID-19 vaccine if I’m pregnant?, Although the overall risk of severe illness from COVID-19 remains low, pregnancy puts you at higher risk of severe illness compared to people who are not pregnant. Research is still ongoing to understand the safety and effects of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women, but there is no known reason that would outweigh the benefits of vaccination…, Can COVID-19 vaccines affect fertility?, No, you may have seen false claims on social media, but there is no evidence that any vaccine, including COVID-19 vaccines, can affect fertility in women or men. If you are currently trying to become pregnant, you do not need to avoid pregnancy after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. , Should my child get a COVID-19 vaccine?, Children’s immune systems are different from those of adults and can vary significantly depending on their age. At present, WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines are not recommended for anyone under the age of 16-18 years (depending on the individual vaccine), even if they belong to a high-risk group. Children were not included in the…, When will a COVID-19 vaccine be available in my country?, The distribution of vaccines is underway globally and the vaccine availability varies by country. We recommend checking with your health ministry to get the latest information for your country. On behalf of the COVAX Facility, UNICEF is procuring COVID-19 vaccines and delivering them around the world to make sure no country is left behind. Our…, What is COVAX?, COVAX is part of a global effort aimed at accelerating the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access around the world. No country will be safe from COVID-19 until all countries are protected. There are 190 countries and territories engaged in the COVAX Facility, which account for over 90 per cent…, I’ve seen inaccurate information online about COVID-19 vaccines. What should I do?, Sadly, there is a lot of inaccurate information online about the COVID-19 virus and vaccines. Misinformation in a health crisis can spread paranoia, fear and stigmatization. It can also result in people being left unprotected or more vulnerable to the virus. Get verified facts and advice from trusted sources like your local health authority, the …, Can COVID-19 vaccines affect your DNA?, No, none of the COVID-19 vaccines affect or interact with your DNA in any way. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, vaccines teach the cells how to make a protein that triggers an immune response inside the body. This response produces antibodies which keep you protected against the virus. mRNA is different from DNA and only stays inside the cell for about 72…, Do the COVID-19 vaccines contain any animal products in them?, No, none of the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines contain animal products. , How can I protect my family until we all receive a COVID-19 vaccine?, Safe and effective vaccines are a gamechanger, but it is still not clear the degree to which they can protect us against infection and transmission. For the time being, even once vaccinated we need to continue taking precautions to protect ourselves and others. This includes wearing masks, physical distancing and regular handwashing. This article…
АТЛАНТА/ЖЕНЕВА/НЬЮ-ЙОРК, 14 апреля 2020 г.:, На фоне продолжающегося глобального распространения COVID-19 более 117 миллионов детей в 37 странах могут пропустить жизненно важную прививку против кори. Кампании иммунизации против кори уже приостановлены в 24 странах, и будут отложены в других странах. В этот сложный период Инициатива по борьбе с корью и краснухой выражает солидарность с…, ###, Примечания для редактора, Об Инициативе по борьбе с корью и краснухой:, Инициатива по борьбе с корью и краснухой (M&RI) – это глобальное партнерство, созданное Американским Красным Крестом, Центрами по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США, ЮНИСЕФ, Фондом Организации Объединенных Наций и ВОЗ с целью навсегда освободить мир от кори, краснухи и синдрома врожденной краснухи. Со времени своего основания в 2001 г.…, Дополнительная информация о кори:, Информационный бюллетень ВОЗ; обновления информации ЦКПЗ о кори ; самые последние данные ВОЗ по эпиднадзору за корью Руководящие принципы ВОЗ по иммунизации во время вспышки COVID-19 приведены по этой ссылке Для получения дополнительной информации о COVID-19 посетите веб-страницу https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19 Для получения информации… |
Sulcal Pit as a Genetic Marker for Autism
Scientists in France have identified a genetic marker for autism that they found in a “less deep fold of Broca’s area” — an area of the brain that specializes in language and communication. The scientists at the Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, located in Marseille, focused on this “new geometric marker called the sulcal pit.” The sulcal pit is the “deepest point of the sulcus in the cerebral cortex from which points all the folds on the brain’s surface develop.”
Using MRI scans, the scientists analyzed the sulcal pits of 102 young boys aged 2-10 according to three groups: Autism spectrum disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and “normal developing” children. Comparing the three groups, the depth of the sulcal pit in the brain was less in the autism spectrum disorder group than in the other two groups. The scientists also noted in the autistic children that the deeper the sulcal pits were, the more “impaired the language production” was in the children.
Additionally, the study disproved a previously held belief that brain “cortical folding was complete at birth.” The French scientists noted that some of the brains’ “superficial folding continued to deepen with age in both the autistic and other children.”
Source: including journal reference Brun Lucile, Auzias Guillaume, Viellard Marine, Villeneuve Nathalie, Girard Nadine, Poinso François, Da Fonseca David, Christine Deruelle. Localized misfolding within Broca’s area as a distinctive feature of autistic disorderBiological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2015; DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.11.003 published 12 January 2016. |
What Are The Four Roles Of Advertising?
What are the roles and functions of advertising?
How do you get a role in advertising?
Want to act in TV commercials? Here’s how to get startedTake acting classes. You do not need to be a professional actor with well-honed acting skills to audition for an advert, but you definitely need to have some training in acting, and, specifically, in commercial acting. … Get a great headshot. … Look at online casting forums and websites. … Find a casting agent. … Build a resume.
What is the main role of advertising?
Advertisements play a major role in business. The business world is competitive, and advertising is used to introduce a business, build a brand and position a company, product or service against the competition. Advertising delivers strategic messaging and elevates awareness within the given market.
What are the 3 functions of advertising?
Listed below are some of the most important functions of advertising in the marketing system.Product identification, the manufacturer or seller;Promotion of goods or services;Branding;Consumer information;Forming demand;Sales promotion;Marketing regulation.
What are the 7 functions of advertising?
What are the five functions of advertising?
What are the objectives of advertising?
What are the 5 M’s of advertising?
5 M’S of AdvertisingMission: what are the objectives of the advertising campaign?Money: how much budget they required to achieve the objectives?Message: what message and message strategy will be followed?Media: what type of media vehicle/s will be used to deliver the message?More items…
What are the 4 types of advertising?
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#biology #gcse #resp
Glucose for respiration comes from food.
Cellular Respiration
er molecules, so that cell division can take place (for growth and repair), active transport, transmitting nerve impulses, movement and the maintenance of constant body temperature. We get this <span>energy from the food that we eat, and the useful molecules are absorbed into our bloodstream. Glucose provides a lot of chemical energy, and it can be found in a lot of the food that we eat. There are 2 types of respir
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on
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Cryptocurrency stands by itself | Otago Daily Times Online News
If cryptocurrency raises more questions than answers then you are not alone. And with an inquiry into cryptocurrencies by the Parliament’s finance and expenditure committee taking place, reporter Simon Henderson met Otago Cryptocurrency Club president Campbell Miller and University of Otago director of the bachelor of entrepreneurship Dr John Williams, to understand some of the issues.
Money is ‘‘just an idea’’, University of Otago director of the bachelor of entrepreneurship Dr John Williams says.
For example, originally, a one pound note issued by the Bank of England was a ‘‘promise to pay the user one pound in silver’’.
‘‘It is just an agreement between people to honour promises.’’
When cryptocurrencies first emerged, the aim was to replicate digitally the physical properties of cash.
The challenge was that in a similar way to digital photos or digital music, digital cash could be copied endlessly.
To get around that problem, computer code behind cryptocurrencies was engineered as a limited resource.
The person or people who developed the first cryptocurrency, bitcoin, known by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, used a combination of technical mathematical encryption and social engineering to ensure no single entity controlled the system.
In the same way there was a finite amount of gold, there was a finite total amount of cryptocurrency ‘‘coins’’.
‘‘Economics 101 teaches us that scarcity equals value,’’ Dr Williams said.
Bitcoin had a fixed amount of 21million ‘‘coins’’.
The total amount was not accessible all at once; instead bitcoin had to be ‘‘mined’’.
In a similar way to gold still in the ground, ‘‘work’’ was needed to ‘‘extract’’ new bitcoins.
Holding a digital copy of the ledger took work.
‘‘Collecting all those transactions and then verifying that they are in fact correct, that takes work and that work has to be rewarded, and you are rewarded with coins.’’
Work in this context included the cost of computers, power and people to to run the system.
‘‘They need to be rewarded for that work, and they are rewarded by creating a new coin.’’
Governments could not regulate exchanges on the blockchain (i.e. transferring ownership of a coin, or part thereof, from one wallet to another), but they could regulate what companies did, Dr Williams said.
‘‘Banks and finance companies are regulated, but crypto exchanges aren’t subject to the same set of regulations as, say, foreign exchange traders.’’
Dr Williams owned two cryptocurrencies, bitcoin and etherium, and traded on the Poloniex and Kraken exchanges, and said none of his comments constituted financial advice.
Otago Cryptocurrency Club president and University of Otago master of business administration student Campbell Miller said money was a technology that had always evolved and cryptocurrency was simply one of the more recent innovations.
‘‘Cryptocurrency has made the properties of money that we like mathematically perfect.’’
It had absolute scarcity, was portable, durable and disconnected from human interference, Mr Miller said.
Transactions were instant and were not slowed by banks.
With private banks, ‘‘If I wanted to send a transaction on Friday and there is a public holiday on Monday, you are not going to get your money until Tuesday or Wednesday’’.
It took energy to run cryptocurrency networks, but when energy was released and not used it was worth zero.
‘‘But I can plug in a computer now and that energy is no longer worth zero because there is a global buyer of energy.’’
‘‘Essentially, now you can just plug in a computer, and electricity that was going to go to waste, you now are incentivised to secure the bitcoin network and get paid.’’ |
2.4.2 Page titled
This is possibly the most obvious guideline but one that sometimes gets overlooked. I'm going to stretch it a little to cover more than just webpages. The actual guideline says:
Webpages have titles that describe the topic or purpose.
However, titles are useful for more than just webpages, so we'll do a quick run through of how this applies to documents that you might share online.
Let's start with webpages. When coding in html, you have two main blocks of code:
• Head - contains information about the page and links to things like the stylesheet and any javascript
• Body - the actual content that will be displayed on the page.
In the head, you should include a title tag. This displays the title of the page on the tab in the Internet browser. It works like this:
And this looks like this:
Screenshot of the tab at the top of the browser, showing the title: Portfolio.
The key thing is that this title needs to be short and to describe what the page contains. Mine probably needs changing. I think I will change it so that each page has:
• Finnberrys - Home
• Finnberrys - Portfolio
• Finnberrys - About Me
• Finnberrys - Skills.
Word documents
For most people, this is going to be more relevant and more likely to be done wrong. By wrong, I mean in a way that screen readers can't access.
How do you give your Word document a title? Firstly, does your title always describe the content of the document accurately and succinctly? Cryptic titles aren't always very helpful, even if they are clever. Once you've come up with a title, how do you make it look like a title? This is where we don't always think about accessibility.
Most people show a title (and subsequent headings) by changing the formatting of the font. You might make it bigger, bold, centred, etc. As a sighted person, we take in all that visual information, and without even thinking about it, we process it as a title. But a blind person can't do that. They need their screen reader to tell them it is a title, and that only happens if we structure it correctly.
Screenshot from Word showing the title, which actually is The Title, and that it is structured as a title on the ribbon at the top.
If you don't like the formatting, you can modify it by clicking on the little drop down arrow in the bottom right corner of the Styles and changing the font there.
When you first open a new PowerPoint, you get this default title slide. As with Word, if you don't like it, you can search through different designs or format it yourself.
Screenshot of the default PowerPoint title slide
The difference in PowerPoint is that you need to go into the Slide Master (in the View menu) to format it. At some point, I'll do a full session on how to use the Slide Master. I think it's quite simple but many people say they never use it. The point is, that is where you can change the formatting. Don't just delete the title box, as the chances are your new title will not get picked up by a screen reader.
Okay, so this isn't ideal but when creating PDFs from Word or PowerPoint, often the accessibility stuff doesn't transfer nicely. You have to go in and manually fix a lot of stuff. I've just tried it with a really simple document and the title didn't even transfer. The problem here is that you need the paid for tools to fix it. So I have Adobe Acrobat Pro and this gives me accessibility tools, which enable me to fix stuff.
If you have it, go into the tools menu and scroll down to Accessibility. Run an accessibility check and then look for the items that fail. If Title is there, right click and choose Fix. Then untick the box that says, Leave As Is and put in a sensible title.
Screenshot of Adobe Acrobat Pro and the Description box where you can add a title.
It's common sense really... give your webpage, document, presentation or whatever a meaningful title. Then make sure you format it in a way that is accessible to a screen reader.
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Norovirus – It’s back!
Angie Szumlinski Uncategorized
Since early spring many of us have not been affected by the Norovirus however there have been several outbreaks of the Norovirus in long-term care communities in the past 2 weeks. This is an excellent time for each of us to review what our current infection control practices are for preventing the spread of infection. It is also a good time to review your facility protocols regarding isolation practices to ensure they meet the most current recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
The CDC website is an excellent resource for infection control practitioners as the information provided is continuously updated to reflect the most current standards. Below is the Questions and Answers section from the CDC website regarding the Norovirus. For additional information and guidance please go to and enter Norovirus in the search box. Stay healthy!
What are noroviruses?
Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis (GAS-tro-en-ter-I-tis) in people. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. The term norovirus is the official name for this group of viruses; however, several other names were used previously for noroviruses:
• Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs),
• caliciviruses (because they belong to the virus family Caliciviridae), and
• small round structured viruses.
Viruses are very different from bacteria and parasites, some of which can cause illnesses similar to norovirus infection. Like all viral infections, noroviruses are not affected by treatment with antibiotics and cannot grow outside of a person’s body.
What are the symptoms of illness caused by noroviruses?
The symptoms of norovirus illness usually include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and some stomach cramping. Sometimes people also have a low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a general sense of tiredness. The illness often begins suddenly, and the infected person may feel very sick. In most people the illness is self-limiting, with symptoms lasting for about 1 or 2 days. In general, diarrhea is more common in children and vomiting is more common in adults.
What is the name of the illness caused by noroviruses?
Illness caused by norovirus infection has several names:
• stomach flu – this “stomach flu” is not related to the flu (or influenza), which is a respiratory illness caused by influenza virus;
• viral gastroenteritis – this is the most common name for illness caused by norovirus. Gastroenteritis refers to an inflammation of the stomach and intestines;
• acute gastroenteritis;
• non-bacterial gastroenteritis;
• food poisoning (although there are other causes of food poisoning); and
• calicivirus infection.
How serious is norovirus disease?
How do people become infected with noroviruses?
Noroviruses are found in the stool and vomit of infected people. People can become infected with the virus in several ways:
• by eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus,
• by touching surfaces or objects contaminated with norovirus, and then placing their hand in their mouth, and
• by having direct contact with another person who is infected (for example, when caring for someone with illness, or sharing foods or eating utensils with someone who is ill).
When do symptoms appear?
Are noroviruses contagious?
How long are people contagious?
People infected with norovirus are contagious from the moment they begin feeling ill to at least 3 days after recovery. The virus may be shed (discharged from the body through vomit or stool) for 2 weeks or more after recovery, although it is unclear whether the virus shed during this time is infectious. Therefore, it is particularly important for people to use good handwashing and other hygienic practices after they have recently recovered from norovirus illness.
Who gets norovirus infection?
Anyone can become infected with noroviruses. There are many different strains of norovirus, which makes it difficult for a person’s body to develop long-lasting immunity. Therefore, norovirus illness can recur throughout a person’s lifetime. In addition, because of differences in genetic factors, some people are more likely to become infected with noroviruses and develop more severe illness than others.
Is there a treatment for norovirus infection?
Norovirus illness is usually brief in people who are otherwise healthy. But, the infection can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. This can lead to dehydration (loss of too much water from the body). During norovirus infection, young children, the elderly, and people with other illnesses are most at risk for dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration in adults and children include a decrease in urination, a dry mouth and throat, and feeling dizzy when standing up. A dehydrated child may also cry with few or no tears and be unusually sleepy or fussy.
Dehydration can lead to other serious problems. And severe dehydration may require hospitalization for treatment with intravenous (IV) fluids. Thus it is important to prevent dehydration during norovirus illness. The best way to protect against dehydration is to drink plenty of liquids. The most helpful fluids for this purpose are oral rehydration fluids (ORF)*. Other drinks that do not contain caffeine or alcohol can also help with mild dehydration. However, these drinks may not replace important nutrients and minerals lost due to vomiting and diarrhea.
Severe dehydration can be serious. If you think you or someone you are caring for is severely dehydrated, contact your healthcare provider.
*Several products with ingredients similar to those in ORFs can be used to prevent or treat mild dehydration. These products—called oral rehydration solutions—are sold as pre-mixed fluids. Following is a list of some oral rehydration solutions commonly available in U.S. food and drug stores: Infalyte, Kao Lectrolyte, Naturalyte, Oralyte, and Pedialyte. If you are unsure about which product to use or how to use these pre-mixed fluids, contact your healthcare provider.
Can norovirus infections be prevented?
Persons who are infected with norovirus should not prepare food while they have symptoms and for at least 2-3 days after they recover from their illness. Food that may have been contaminated by an ill person should be disposed of properly. |
Wreckage of Second World War aircraft carrier USS Lexington is discovered
The wreckage of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, which was sunk by the Japanese in a crucial Second World War […]
The wreckage of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, which was sunk by the Japanese in a crucial Second World War sea battle, has been discovered by an expedition funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.
The expedition team announced that the wreckage of the Lexington, crippled by the enemy and then scuttled on May 8 1942 during the Battle of the Coral Sea, was found on the seabed in waters about two miles deep, more than 500 miles off Australia’s east coast.
“To pay tribute to the USS Lexington and the brave men that served on her is an honour,” Mr Allen said on his web page.
‘All of us owe a debt of gratitude’
Wreckage from the USS Lexington.
(STR/AFP/Getty Images)
The battle helped stop a Japanese advance that could have cut off Australia and New Guinea from Allied sea supply routes, and crippled two Japanese carriers, leading to a more conclusive US victory at sea a month later at the Battle of Midway.
Mr Allen’s teams have made several previous important shipwreck discoveries, including three other US Navy vessels, an Italian destroyer and the Japanese battleship Musashi.
The ship that found the Lexington, the Research Vessel Petral, has equipment capable of diving about three and a half miles. It was deployed in early 2017 in the Philippine Sea before moving to the Coral Sea off the Australian coast.
‘Lady Lex’
The Lexington, affectionately dubbed “Lady Lex”, was badly damaged by bombs and torpedoes, but the order to abandon ship was given only after a secondary explosion set off an uncontrollable fire.
Some 216 crew members lost their lives, but 2,770 were safely evacuated before its sister ship, the destroyer USS Phelps, fired torpedoes to send it to the bottom of the ocean.
He has said he undertakes such ventures in part to honour his father, who served in the war, by finding and preserving the artefacts of the conflict.
Additional reporting by PA |
Currently reading : SB5 Archive (2010): Les Gisants
SB5 Archive (2010): Les Gisants
12 September 2017
Words by Clement Delepine
Photography by Alain Monot
Images views of the piece: Sylphides-Clostridium
Conception Cecilia Bengolea and François Chaignaud
Etymologically, the French verb ‘gésir’ comes from the Latin ‘jacere’ which means laying. Actually, this word doesn’t really have an accurate translation in English and most times the verb laying is used. However, there is a subtle semantic difference between these two verbs. Really, laying defines a condition frozen in the moment, a body laying down on the ground, but doesn’t give any information about what lead to the fall. Gésir defines a decline, a slow glide from life to death; more precisely, it originally defined an agony due to a lethal wound or a disease. In French, this verb can only be conjugated in the present tense, and rarely in the past tense. It has an inescapable end but no future.
From ‘gésir’ derives the word ‘gisant’ that refers to the recumbent statues decorating nobles’ graves and wall-niche tombs since the 11th century. Thus, the gisant is only a budding dead, still alive but already prisoner of a death-dealing present.
Usually, as an effigy, recumbent statues embodied the corpses under them. Portraying these still alive in a pious gesture, most often with prayer-joined hands. Blessed, they are waiting for a calm death to come, freed from fear or apprehension. Naturally, such statues are only the privilege modern landed gentry. However, beyond aristocracy, this tradition reveals something more widely shared by the whole society.
In fact, through the Early and High Middle Ages, the popular categories don’t promote an anxious representation of death. Due to the high and precocious mortality, death is fully integrated and accepted as a part of the life cycle and everyday life itself. Later, the fantasy of medical progress will modify it and make death a due date that can be postponed, but for now, death is a settlement in full as well as an abolition of social classes.
To reflect common sense, medieval art will convey this idea and hinge on memento moris (‘remember, you must die’). From the 13th century, through figures such as The Three Living and The Three Dead (where three cadavers warn three nobles of their forthcoming putrefaction) the mighty are reminded of their mortality and invited to humility. At first shyly widespread, these metaphoric paintings will grow on the whole Western Europe.
Spiritually, the 14th century will mark the end of innocence. Especially in France where the Hundred Years’ War against England and a disastrous plague epidemic, known as Black Death, cast a macabre veil on the country. Finally, the big schism, a rupture with Rome that establishes a dissident Pope in Avignon, completes the insult made to God. Cynicism grows with despair. Human losses were so terrible that, unable to deal with the growing demands of last rites, the Catholic Church helped to the publication in vernacular languages of Ars Moriendi an illustrated guide to the best way to die and assisting the dying. The chivalrous ideal is mocked and the naive idea of death as a reunion with the creator is marred by an anxiety of judgment and punishment.
All the antic representations are radically upset as this era initiates horror mortis, the disgust of death and especially of rotting. Death will no more be perceived as an elevation or an eternal rest. It will now be the place of all throes and torments. More, it will also lead to the realization that death should not be regarded as an individual fact but as collective and universal phenomena. In a way, death dissolve differences, as will observe Bruegel the Elder when he will paint ‘The Triumph of Death’ in 1562.
This fundamental idea had a decisive impact on the Medieval Art and initiated a turning point in the definition of morbidity. This conception of a death that homogenizes will grow on and to meet that, new artistic conceptions will be set. One of the most fulfilled representations will be the danses macabre, the Dances of Death. First observed in 1424 and following the tradition of Mysteries, this dance depicts skeletons united with living beings in a farandole that leads from the cradle to the grave. Working as an allegory on the fragility of life and the futility of vanity, dances of death occupied a central position in 15th century art.
Somehow, the gisant reflected a personal achievement individually linked to the body it was portraying, which finally seemed irrelevant regarding the reversal of the traditional system of values.
Progressively, a whole new kind of effigies appeared, mostly through eastern France and western Germany. As if to answer accordingly to the new standards, these statues were the very realistic representation of a decomposing body. Materializing finitude, the body here is dry, corrupted, emaciated; its hands are no more joined to pray but only to hide long-past disappeared genitals. The naive elements which were surrounding the body and were echoing beatitude are finally ignored and flesh-eating vermin replaces cherubs.
These effigies are called ‘transis’, which comes from Latin verb ‘transire’, literally “to go through” and were a common practice until the 17th century. Transis are the ones who went through, in the more precise Christian Latin sense, the ones who went from life to death. Again, English seems not to have a dedicated translation for this word but the usual meaning is the same…to be paralyzed. It could describe the feeling of cold (transi de froid) or, surprisingly, describe the way a person loves another (amoureux transi); it is commonly used to define this impression of immobility.
Contrary to the gisant, which is stuck in the present as the frozen image that it portrays, the transi not only has but is the future. It is not an evocative image of the past, but an apocalyptic prediction that the worse is to come. A petrified reminder of where we all come from. Where the gisant was blessed, the transi is damned. Metaphor of man, the first was modeled after God when the second one is nothing but a man’s mirror image. Maybe both unveil life after death... but the transi only unveils the one that spreads from carrion.
Related articles |
Since aciclovir works by decreasing the production of the virus's DNA, one might fear that it also damages DNA of healthy cells. I know that it is usually said that aciclovir doesn't affect healthy cells, but I heared recently rumors that there might be a longterm negative effects on the DNA of the patient.
So my question is the following:
• Are there any scientific studies which evaluated the longterm effects on DNA of aciclovir and what are the results.
• What are the mechanisms which ensure that it indeed doesn't affect healthy cells?
• 2
Can you link to the source that says aciclovir can damage human DNA?
– Jan
Aug 2 '19 at 13:17
• @Jan - The OP said "one might fear" indicating that it is a hypothesis rather than from a reputable source. However, prior research info is needed regarding the rumours of "long term negative effects on the DNA of the patient". Aug 4 '19 at 11:17
• Welcome to MedicalSciences.SE! Please take the tour and read the help center. For reasons mentioned in this post and in How to Ask, we require prior research information when asking questions. Please help us to help you and edit your question to provide more information on what you have read on this subject, and any problems you are having understanding your research. This helps to provide an answer which will be more helpful. If you found nothing, what did you Google? Aug 4 '19 at 11:20
Aciclovir is a prodrug, which means that it has to be converted to an active form before having its desired effect.
It is converted to this active form (aciclovir triphosphate) by a process called phosphorylation. This process requires an enzyme called herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase, which competes for endogenous deoxyguanosine triphosphate and acts as a chain terminator in the synthesis of viral DNA. Source: Science Direct
This enzyme is not present in humans, so the conversion does not occur. In viruses, it interferes with DNA synthesis to reduce viral replication.
Incidentally, viral resistance to the drug is due to a mutation in the thymidine kinase enzyme.
There have been studies demonstrating the safety of aciclovir. Here is an example demonstrating safety over a five-year period in the suppression of genital herpes.
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How the immune system keeps the intestinal flora in balance
small intestine
Credit: CC0 Public Domain
The bacteria living in the intestine consist of some 500 to 1000 different species. They make up what is known as the intestinal flora, which plays a key role in digestion and prevents infections. Unlike pathogens that invade from the outside, they are harmless and tolerated by the immune system. The way in which the human immune system manages to maintain this delicate balance in the intestine largely remains unknown. It is known that type A immunoglobulins, referred to as IgA antibodies, play an important role. These natural defense substances are part of the immune system, and recognize an exogenous pathogen very specifically according to the lock-and-key principle.
A group of researchers led by Dr. Tim Rollenske and Prof. Andrew Macpherson from the Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR) at the University of Bern and the University Hospital for Visceral Surgery and Medicine at the Inselspital have recently been able to show in a that IgA antibodies specifically limit the fitness of benign at several levels. This enables the immune system to fine-tune the microbial balance in the intestine. "We have succeeded in demonstrating that the immune system recognizes and restricts these bacteria very specifically," explains Tim Rollenske, Ph.D., lead author of the study. The results have been published in the journal Nature.
IgA antibodies created in natural form for the first time
IgA antibodies are the most common antibodies in the , and are secreted by specialist cells in the mucous membranes. They account for two-thirds of human immunoglobulins. Surprisingly, most IgA antibodies produced by the body are directed against benign bacteria in the intestinal flora. Without this immune protection, these microorganisms could also have a on health and cause intestinal diseases. However, the mystery of the way in which IgA antibodies regulate the consensual coexistence in the intestine has remained unsolved.
The reason for this: Until now, studying IgA antibodies in their natural form in animal models was not possible. In their experiment, the researchers led by Tim Rollenske and Andrew Macpherson were able to overcome this hurdle, however. They succeeded in producing a sufficient amount of IgA antibodies specifically directed against a type of Escherichia coli bacteria, a typical intestinal bacterium. The antibodies recognized and bound a building block on the membrane of the microorganisms.
Antibodies impair the fitness of the bacteria
In their experiment, which the researchers worked on for three years, they succeeded in tracking the in-vitro and in-vivo effect in the intestines of germ-free mice with pinpoint accuracy. The antibodies were found to affect the fitness of the bacteria in several ways. The mobility of bacteria was restricted, for example, or they hindered the uptake of sugar building blocks for the metabolism of the bacteria. The effect depended on the surface component that was specifically recognized. "This means that the immune system is apparently able to influence the benign intestinal bacteria through different approaches on a simultaneous basis", explains Hedda Wardemann of the German Cancer Research Center, co-author. The researchers therefore speak of IgA parallelism.
The question of why the immune system achieves an equilibrium with the benign bacteria in the intestine while effectively destroying pathogenic invaders remains to have been conclusively clarified. "However, our experiment shows that IgA antibodies can fine-tune the balance between the human organism and the intestinal flora," explains Andrew Macpherson of the DBMR and Inselspital, co-author. The findings not only build on the basic understanding of the in the intestine, they can also contribute to the development of vaccines. "Understanding exactly how and where recognize microorganisms in the will also allow us to develop vaccines against pathogenic organisms on a more targeted basis", Tim Rollenske adds.
Explore further
Gut microbes shape our antibodies before we are infected by pathogens
More information: Andrew Macpherson, Parallelism of intestinal secretory IgA shapes functional microbial fitness, Nature (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03973-7. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03973-7
Journal information: Nature
Provided by University of Bern
Citation: How the immune system keeps the intestinal flora in balance (2021, October 13) retrieved 25 October 2021 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-immune-intestinal-flora.html
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AP Technology Writer
New software the companies plan to add to phones would make it easier to use Bluetooth wireless technology to track down people for who may have been infected by coronavirus carriers. The idea is to help national governments roll out apps for so-called “contact tracing” that will run on iPhones and Android phones alike.
Software developers have already created such apps in countries including Singapore and China to try to contain the pandemic. In Europe, the Czech Republic says it will release such an app this month. Britain, Germany and Italy are among other countries developing such apps.
Privacy and civil liberties activists have warned that such apps need to be designed so governments cannot abuse them to track their citizens. Apple and Google plan say user privacy and security are baked into the design of their plan.
Security experts also note that technology alone cannot effectively track down and identify people who may have been infected by COVID-19 carriers. Such efforts will require other tools and teams of public health care workers to track people in the physical world, they say. In South Korea and China, such efforts have included the use of credit-card and public-transit records.
Given the great need for effective contact-tracing — a tool epidemiologists have long employed to contain infectious disease outbreaks — the companies will roll out their changes in two phases. In the first, they will release software in May that lets public health authorities release apps for both Android and iOS phones. In coming months, they will also build this functionality directly into the underlying operating systems. |
5 Kwanzaa Traditions
By: Alison Cooper
5: The Seven Principles
Each day of Kwanzaa represents one of the seven principles, or nguzo saba. Taken together, the seven principles make up kawaida, a Swahili term for tradition and reason. Kwanzaa celebrants are encouraged to discuss, meditate on and dedicate themselves to a different concept every day:
1. Umoja (unity): commemorates togetherness not only in family, friend and community groups but in the world African population
2. Kujichagulia (self-determination): honors the ability to define, create and speak for the self
3. Ujima (collective work and responsibility): focuses on communal problem-solving and consensus-building
4. Ujamaa (cooperative economics): spotlights sharing work and wealth and following non-exploitative business practices that benefit the whole community
5. Nia (purpose): a commitment to upholding black history and heritage and regaining prominence as a culture
6. Kuumba (creativity): explores the obligation to beautify the community for future generations
7. Imani (faith): focuses on being positive and believing in the potential of the self and the community as a whole
During the evening candlelighting (which we'll talk about in more detail on the next page), everyone in the group explains what the day's principles means to them and how they tried to apply it that day. There might be an activity based on the principle, like a project, a musical performance or a poetry reading.
There's a specific greeting for each day, too. The answer to the question "Habari gani?" (Swahili for "what's the news?") is always the name of that day's principle. So, for example, on the third day the response would be "ujima."
When Kwanzaa started, the intention was -- as a part of the kujichagulia principle of self-determination -- to keep it separate from non-African holidays. But over the years, more and more African-American families have begun celebrating Kwanzaa along with Christmas and New Year's.
4: The Seven Symbols
The size and shape of Kwanzaa candles don't matter, but the order of the colors does.
Liquid Library/Thinkstock
Along with the seven principles of Kwanzaa come the seven symbols. This grouping of symbolic items is placed on a mat in a central area of the home and is the focal point of any Kwanzaa celebration:
1. Mkeka (mat): The mkeka is woven from a traditional African material, probably straw, kente (a silk and cotton blend) cloth or mud (cotton fabric dyed using mud) cloth.
2. Mazao (crops): The fruits, vegetables and nuts laid on the mkeka symbolize work, the harvest and the nourishment of the tribe.
3. Vibunzi (ear of corn): Corn represents fertility and community child-rearing. Each child in the family is represented by an ear of corn on the mkeka (if there's more than one ear, the group is called a mihindi). If there aren't any kids in the household, two ears of corn are still placed to show that everyone is responsible for the community's children.
4. Mishumaa saba (candles): Candles are a major part of celebrations in almost every culture, and Kwanzaa is no exception. The mishumaa saba is a set of seven candles (three red, three green and one black) that are lit every night of Kwanzaa, each representing one of the seven principles. The black candle in the center (which symbolizes umoja) is lit by itself on the first night and together with a red or green candle every night thereafter.
5. Kinara (candleholder): The kinara -- which symbolizes history and ancestry -- can be of any shape and made of any kind of material, but the candles must be laid out in a specific pattern: black in the center, green on the right and red on the left.
6. Kikombe cha umoja (unity cup): The unity cup plays a major part in the karamu (feast or party) on the sixth night of Kwanzaa, which we'll talk about on the next page.
7. Zawadi (gifts): Kwanzaa gifts, which we'll also discuss on a later page, are only for children, and they always have cultural and historical meaning.
There are two supplemental Kwanzaa symbols -- the Pan-African flag and a poster of the seven principles -- that can be displayed in the house but not necessarily on the mkeka.
3: Karamu
There's plenty of food to go around on any given night of Kwanzaa, of course, but the main eating event -- and the most significant Kwanzaa celebration overall -- is the karamu feast, usually held on Dec. 31. The principle for the sixth day of Kwanzaa is kuumba (creativity), so it stands to reason that the karamu is a showcase for creativity of all kinds -- artistic, musical and poetic, as well as culinary.
Karamu feasts vary in formality, but a by-the-book event starts off with a welcoming statement (kukaribisha) and a music, dance or poetry performance. Then comes the kukumbuka, reflections offered by a man, woman and child. After that is a "reassessment and recommitment" ritual, a talk by a guest lecturer and then rejoicing (kushangilia).
The next step, the tambiko ceremony, is the central ritual of the Karamu feast. Everyone passes and drinks a libation (tambiko) from the kikombe cha umoja (unity cup). Then the oldest person in the party honors the ancestors by reciting the tamshi la tambiko (libation statement) and pouring some of the drink -- usually water, juice or wine -- to the four winds before asking for a blessing. He then pours some on the ground, to a resounding "amen" from the group. The host or hostess then takes a sip and hands it back to the elder. Then there's a drum performance (ngoma), and it's time to eat!
As part of his original intent to separate Kwanzaa from Americanized events, Dr. Karenga wanted the holiday to be overflowing with traditional African cooking. But as Kwanzaa became more mainstream, African-American dishes inevitably started creeping into the mix. And there are people of African descent all over the world, so the food isn't limited to the African continent. Any given karamu, then, could include Ethiopian, Kenyan and South African fare, along with Caribbean cuisine and Southern comfort food like mac and cheese, collard greens, fried chicken and sweet potato pie.
Finally, the host or hostess gives a farewell speech (tamshi la tutaonana), and the well-fed guests head home.
2: Day of Meditation
Kwanzaa celebrants spend New Year's Day as so many people do around the world -- with a day of intense focus on meditation, self-analysis and renewal. Jan. 1 is the final day of Kwanzaa, known as the Day of Meditation (siku ya taamuli), and the principle for the day is imani (faith). Dr. Karenga noted that, in the tradition of the Akan people of Ghana and the Ivory Coast, Jan. 1 can also be called a Day of Remembrance or Day of Assessment.
As in the karamu feast the night before, there is an aspect of ancestor tribute to the Day of Meditation. Celebrants are primarily called to reflect on themselves, but a central concept of Kwanzaa is that you cannot know yourself without knowing where you came from. To understand the self, you have to pay homage to your heritage and understand your role in your community.
The main task for the Day of Meditation is to contemplate the three kawaida (tradition and reason) questions and answer them honestly:
1. Who am I?
2. Am I really who I say I am?
3. Am I all I ought to be?
The Odu Ifa meditation is recited as an aid to this self-reflection and contemplation:Let us not engage the world hurriedly. Let us not grasp at the rope of wealth impatiently. That which should be treated with mature judgment, Let us not deal with in a state of anger. When we arrive at a cool place, Let us rest fully; Let us give continuous attention to the future; and let us give deep consideration to the consequences of things. And this because of our (eventual) passing [source: Official Kwanzaa Web Site].
And with the end of the Day of Meditation comes the end of Kwanzaa. The hope is that the renewed sense of self, heritage and community will last throughout the coming year.
1: Gifts
Lots More Information
Related Articles
More Great Links
• History. "Kwanzaa." (Aug. 2, 2011) http://www.history.com/topics/kwanzaa-history
• Official Kwanzaa Web Site. (Aug. 2, 2011) http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/index.shtml
• Raskin, Hanna. "History of Kwanzaa Food." Slashfood. Dec. 22, 2009. (Aug. 2, 2011) http://www.slashfood.com/2009/12/22/kwanzaa-food-history/
• Scholer, J. Lawrence. "The Story of Kwanzaa." Dartmouth Review, Jan. 15, 2001. (Aug. 3, 2011) http://web.archive.org/web/20080401093652/http://dartreview.com/archives/2001/01/15/the_story_of_kwaanza.php |
How to Use Nodemon with NodeJS Apps
In Node.js, whenever you make any changes in your application source code, you would have to manually restart the application process for those changes to take effect. You can eliminate this extra step by using Nodemon to restart the process automatically.
What is Nodemon?
So, what is Nodemon? Nodemon is a command-line interface (CLI) utility. That will watch the file system for any file changes in the directory you ran Nodemon in. And automatically restart your application process either is a hanging process (such as a web server process) or a one-time run application that cleanly exits. Which will speeds up the development.
Just use “nodemon” instead of “node” to run your code, and your process will automatically restart when your code changes. Nodemon doesn’t require any changes to your existing application. By default, it supports Node.js & CoffeeScript, but it can run any executable (such as python scripts).
Install Nodemon
I assume you have Node.js and NPM installed. You can install Nodemon on your machine, globally, or locally on your project using NPM.
Install Nodemon globally
To install it globally, run "npm install --global nodemon". And Nodemon will be installed on your system path, and you will be able to use the "nodemon" command directly on the command line.
Install Nodemon locally
You can also install Nodemon locally as a development dependency by running "npm install --save-dev nodemon". With a local installation, Nodemon will not be available in your system path. And this means if you try running the "nodemon" command, you will receive “command not found”. Instead, the local installation of Nodemon can run by calling it from within an NPM script.
Use Nodemon with Node.js
We can use Nodemon to start a Node.js script. For example, here, we have a simple Express server in the index.js file.
We want to run it and watch for changes. So we will say "./node_modules/.bin/nodemon ./src/index.js". Now, if I make a small change in the code and hit save. Nodemon will restart the application, and we can see the changes by hitting the refresh button.
You can pass in arguments the same way as if you were running the script with Node.js. Here I’m passing “port” as an argument to my application. "./node_modules/.bin/nodemon ./src/index.js 4000".
You can also pass the “inspect” flag to Node.js to run it with a debugger attached through the command line as you would normally do "./node_modules/.bin/nodemon --inspect ./src/index.js".
Suppose you have a package.json file for your application. In that case, you can omit the main script entirely, and Nodemon will read the package.json for the “main” property and use its value instead. Nodemon will also search for the “start” script in package.json if there is no “main” property in the package.json file.
Suppose you need to restart your application manually instead of stop and restart Nodemon. In that case, you can type “rs” with a carriage return, and Nodemon will restart your application.
Configure Nodemon
We can configure Nodemon in various ways. By default, Nodemon will look for a JSON file called "nodemon.json" in the current working directory. Alternatively, you can pass the config file path by using the –config flag so that you could do something like "./node_modules/.bin/nodemon --config", and then you could say "my.nodemon.json". And this will look for this file instead.
Let’s go over a few of the main options:
“watch” is a list of specific files, file patterns, or directories we want to trigger a program restart when they changed.
On the other hand, “ignore” is a list of specific files, file patterns, or directories that we don’t want to trigger a program restart when they changed.
“ext” is a comma-separated list of the file extensions Nodemon monitors.
“env” is a list of environment variables we want to pass to our application.
And “execMap” is a mapping between a file type or extension to a binary to execute the file with it. For example, we can tell Nodemon to run “js” files using “node”.
GitHub Repo
Here is the Github repository link where you can find the full source code of this article, clone the project and run it on your machine.
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History In Color
Before Hamilton, United States history was one of my least favorite subjects in school. I thought learning about America just consisted of memorizing the names of numerous old, white men and wondering how many more could have the name James or John. The American history they taught me in school never really applied to me for the most part. The only times it did apply to me was during the Civil War or rights units and from February 1st- 28th (and February 29th on the years they decided to allow Black history to be relevant in the American narrative for one more day). On most days, United States history was like looking at a painting made with white paint on a white canvas. However, in eighth grade, this all changed. The year was 2016, and my U.S. history teacher introduced the whole class to a new, up-and-coming musical called Hamilton. Being the theatre kid I was in middle school, I started listening to the soundtrack, and I fell in love. I listened to the soundtrack all the time, and for the first time, I saw American history in color. It was like the monochromatic painting of history I had been looking at before was now a large wall covered in colorful paints.
The musical Hamilton, by Lin Manuel Miranda, sparked my interest in American history because it did for me what my textbooks in class never did. It included me! The producers on Hamilton erased the performance of whiteness that most people associate with American identity by using a cast and ensemble entirely made of people of color to tell the story of the founding of America. Lin Manuel Miranda also used Hamilton to make American history inclusive of people from all backgrounds through his selection of characters, the way he embraced the black culture, and the way he celebrated immigrants in the production.
One of the most notable aspects in the casting of Hamilton was its composition of an almost entirely non-white leading cast and ensemble. This unique choice of casting is a big part of why Hamilton became such a great success. However, the call for a diverse cast was also the cause of the production’s major controversy. Several people have accused the producers of Hamilton, that sent out an ad calling for non-white performers to try out for the musical’s lead roles, of being discriminatory towards white people. These critics failed to recognize the essential part that a minority cast plays in the narrative of America Hamilton attempts to create. The musical, Hamilton, fills its ensemble and leads with people of various backgrounds to rewrite American history in a way that allows all people to find belonging in United States identity.
When people think of the formation of America, there is usually an assumption of complete and inherent whiteness. But Hamilton shatters this notion and presents a beautiful parade of Black culture and immigrant celebration in its rewrite of America’s creation.
Black inspiration in Hamilton is evident when listening to the musical’s soundtrack. You can hear the incorporation of black culture within Lin Manuel Manuel Miranda’s use of hip-hop, rap, R&B, and jazz in many of the songs. The producers of this show also display Blackness in the musical’s characters. Black actors and actresses play most of the lead roles in the performance of Hamilton that Disney Plus features. These actors are allowed to embrace their appearance and utilize Black style in the development of their character. A perfect demonstration of this is Daveed Diggs as Thomas Jefferson. In the musical, Daveed Diggs rocks his lively afro and exercises his swagger to steal the hearts of the audience. His suave movements and use of the pimp walk allow him to portray Thomas Jefferson without having to perform whiteness.
Lin Manuel Miranda also stresses the value of immigrants in the creation of America. Throughout history, many have attempted to separate immigrants from the definition of American, but Hamilton teaches us that there is no America without immigrants. From the first song in the musical, Miranda emphasizes that Alexander Hamilton, one of the most important founding fathers of America, was an immigrant. Another immigrant in the musical is Marquis de Lafayette, played by Daveed Diggs, another crowd favorite. The producers portray Lafayette and Hamilton as incredibly hard-working, intelligent, and determined individuals. Together these two characters sing one of the musical’s most iconic lines: “immigrants, we get the job done.”
By emphasizing the immigrants that played a role in the revolution and founding of the United States, Lin Manuel Miranda writes American immigrants back into the narrative of this nation and shows them their identity as an essential part of our country. Lin Manuel Miranda also highlighted different important aspects and identities in American history through the selection of largely dismissed members of history that helped in the creation of The United States as characters in the musical.
An exemplary member of Hamilton’s character selection that highlights essential aspects of America’s identity is the part of John Laurens. John Laurens, played by Anthony Ramos, is undoubtedly one of my favorite characters in Hamilton. His multifaceted role on stage taught me a new side of history that I never learned in school but is integral to American culture and identity. John Laurens’ first solo is in the song “My Shot.” In the solo, Laurens expresses his belief that America can not claim freedom until the enslaved Black population receives the same rights as white men. Throughout the musical, John Laurens is passionate about his goal to abolish slavery in the United States, but his dreams are cut short by his sudden death at the end of act one.
John Laurens was one of the few early allies in the fight for freedom and rights for Black Americans, and his exclusion from history allows the country to overlook the long and continuous struggle of Black people in the United States. By including John Laurens in Hamilton, Lin Manuel Miranda teaches viewers that Black people were always present and relevant in American history. John Laurence proves that there was a struggle for Black Americans’ rights even before the fight for American independence and long preceding the era of the civil war or the civil rights movement.
Another aspect of John Laurence that makes him a crucial character in America’s narrative is his ambiguous sexuality. Based on the letters between Hamilton and Laurens, historians have speculated the two may have shared a romantic relationship. Knowing this, Lin Manuel Miranda did not shy away from displaying a very intimate relationship between the two characters in his musical. In the song “My Shot,” Hamilton says, “Laurens, I like you a lot…” and throughout the production, you can see the two are closer and more physical with each other than any of the other men on stage. The display of this relationship in Hamilton sends a powerful message to the viewers. Introducing the possibility that Hamilton, Laurens, and other historical figures that aided in the creation of America, may have been queer provides representation for the LGBTQ community in the founding of our nation. John Laurens represents a group of people that modern history has almost erased from the story of American. He was an ally to the Black American’s struggle for equality and a man who crossed the lines of heteronormative behavior. Hamilton “put [Laurens] back in the narrative,” and in doing so, represents the diverse people and struggles that made this country.
Before Hamilton, United States history only taught the creation of a nation by white people and for white people, excluding minorities from the American narrative and identity. This teaching of history is the reason my sisters were thoroughly confused when they found out that I was obsessed with a musical about American history and yelled at me to stop when they heard me spitting bars about the founding fathers. They never had an inclusive and empowering experience learning about our country. But when my sisters watched the Hamilton for the first time on Disney Plus, I got to see their jaws drop as they danced with Thomas Jefferson and sang about George Washington. They literally could not stop raving about how much they loved it! Lin Manuel Miranda’s inclusion of minorities, celebration of immigrants, and use of black culture are the reasons why Hamilton was able to rewrite the way people think about American history. The musical was particularly impactful the year after it premiered on Broadway, during the 2016 election when some politicians and citizens were alienating and antagonizing United States Immigrants. Hamilton taught our nation that every member of America is an indispensable and crucial part of our counties story and identity.
2 Comments Leave a comment
1. Seli, thank you for writing such a wonderful essay! I was reading this nodding my head in agreement to every paragraph, because your topic of choice is personal to me too –> being seen and included into what it means to be American. You honed in on Hamilton’s critical choice of casting a racially diverse ensemble which served to rewrite white-washed American history on stage.
I loved your beginning paragraph on your experience learning about US history in class – it was very similar to mine. Your quote describing US history education as “white paint on white canvas” stood out and served as a way for you to incorporate the “color” metaphor throughout the paper. This was a stylistic choice that worked well with the themes of inclusivity and inclusion present in the essay and I enjoyed it. The tone of your paper was detailed, informative, but also conversational and intimate, especially when you include your personal experiences. As an Asian American who doesn’t see herself much in media, I crave that feeling of being seen and validated- like the feeling your sisters felt when watching Hamilton for the first time. I think the biggest takeaway from your essay is that Hamilton allowed people to perform “American-ness” without having to perform “whiteness”, while also being a tremendous success. I really enjoyed reading this!
2. Seli, I truly enjoyed your essay—from the title, to your engaging writing style, and finally to your analysis of the representation of people of color in Hamilton. You talk about how the diverse cast can simultaneously portray the American identity as well as the cultural identity of people of color which ultimately means that in this case, being American is not synonymous with whiteness. It’s funny you discuss this because, in my analysis of West Side Story, which keep in mind was made in the ’60s, I talk about the complete opposite: the American identity is synonymous with being white. And by reading your essay, I am filled with joy to know that we, as a country, are starting to move away from excluding people of color within the history and identity of America, and are instead moving towards an era of belonging. Overall, very good job!
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Can Morning Exercise Make You More Productive During the Day?
It is no big secret that exercise, proper nutrition, getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of water throughout the day is a proven recipe for health. Regarding exercise, is there a particular time of day when working out or staying physically active will deliver greater rewards? The answer to that question seems to be “yes”, and the time you should be exercising is in the morning.
When you are productive in any area of your life, you enjoy less stress and anxiety, more happiness and a sense of fulfillment, and more success. To boost your productivity, get active more often. Jogging, taking a walk, lifting weights, cycling, and performing yoga or Pilates will give you more energy than if you are sedentary, which will naturally lead to better productivity. When you schedule that exercise in the morning, you supercharge that productivity.
Here’s how it works.
Exercise in the morning means fewer scheduling conflicts. You never miss a workout when you wake up early, and you don’t have to push other responsibilities aside to make sure you get a workout in. This means after your morning workout, your entire day can be focused on productively knocking out your to do list, and daily responsibilities.
Waking up is hard to do for a lot of people. This means sluggishly getting through the morning and heading to work without much energy. Exercise fires up your endorphins and cranks up your energy levels. Enjoying even just 20 minutes of physical activity in the morning can lead to energy reserves to fuel a productive day.
Early-morning fitness means a spike in your metabolism. So when you have a mid-morning snack and lunch while you are working throughout the day, you effectively burn more calories. This means you’re less likely to suffer a mid-afternoon energy crash. Moderately intense to intense physical activity also wakes up your brain. So you start the day with a clear head, improving your chances of keeping ahead of your workload and responsibilities all day long.
As far as motivation goes, getting your workout in early gives you a boost of self-esteem. You have barely begun your day, and you have already accomplished something important. Success can build upon itself. The feel-good hormones that exercise releases make you feel good about yourself for exercising in the morning, a time when it may be tough to think about physical activity. This successful early-morning achievement develops the proper mindset to attack subsequent goals and commitments with a lot of productive energy and positive feelings.
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4 Montessori Areas of Work
Practical Life
This area of work is the foundation for all the other activities in Montessori classroom. Here the child integrates his various facets, physical, mental, emotional and social that he might function as a unit. With these exercises he achieves focus, concentration, awareness of details, sequence of action, orderliness of person and thoughts, physical coordination, self-direction, social reciprocation and ultimately responsible independence.
1. Fastening Frames- Learning to button, buckle, zip, snap, hook, lace
2. Pouring- muscular control, hand-eye coordination.
3. Cutting- bi-manual coordination, precision and concentration
4. Cleaning- dust, mop, sweep, polish, brush, for gross muscle control.
5. Washing and Rinsing- sequence of action, cleanliness.
6. Folding- attention to detail, manual dexterity.
7. Food preparation- bi-manual coordination, social concern
8. Arranging- table, flowers, shelves for orderliness.
9. Skill- sewing, carpentry, ironing, cooking, gardening for muscular coordination and increasing independence.
Sensorial training is designed to help the child become aware of the numerous factors in his environment such as color, sound, form, texture, pattern, temperature, dimension, weight, fragrance, taste, and density. His/her discernment of these is determined by the degree of refinement of his senses. Until the child can create order out of the mass of impressions assailing his senses he cannot function on a truly human level. The following materials give him the means to categorize these impressions permitting logical, deductive thinking.
1. Cylinder blocks- dimension, manual dexterity, focus.
2. Tower, Stairs and Rods- Sequential dimension, muscular coordination.
3. Color Tablets- Color awareness, contrast, identity, and gradation.
4. Geometric Solids- Solid forms, stereognostic development.
5. Geometric Cabinet- plane forms, solid and abstract.
6. Touch Boards- tactile sense of rough, smooth, and gradations of each.
7. Thermic Bottles- baric sense of hot, cold and degrees of each.
8. Baric Tablets- weights, identities and comparisons.
9. Sound Cylinders- auditory development, loud, soft, and degrees of each.
10. Constructive Triangles- awareness of plane forms, internal factors of forms
Language is a man’s primary means of communication. Its acquisition, expansion and refinement are essential to his fullest expression of thought and feelings within the framework of a society. Montessori’s emphasis on language is not only to develop verbal skills but to give the ego greater scope of unfoldment.
1. Sandpaper Letters- introduction to language symbols, detection of speech defects.
2. Consonant Game- Practice alphabet sounds, letter .location in words.
3. Movable Alphabet- spelling without the requirement of writing.
4. Word Labels- introduction to printed word, interpretive reading.
5. Noun, Verb, Adjective, Etc. Games- parts of speech, grammar.
6. Phonograms- non-phonetic spelling and reading, extension of vocabulary.
7. Consonant Blends- sounds of letter combination, extension of basic language keys.
8. Puzzle Box- mastery of irregular words, development of memory.
9. Metal Insets- preparation of hand for writing, skill of writing stokes and holding instruments, hand-eye
10. Individual Chalkboards- practice writing letter, words and sentences.
11. Gummed Language Symbols,- emphasis on parts of speech in written language.
12. Reading Classification Packets- extension of vocabulary, reading.
13. Rhyming Game- analysis of word structure, preparation for poetry.
14. Globes and Maps- geography vocabulary, indirect preparation for foreign language.
15. Grammar Boards- analysis of sentence structure, exploration of language.
In Montessori’s math program the child is initially acquainted with solid quantity and its proportion in various relationships. Then when numerals and equations are given in the next stage, that set of written symbols has clear meaning in the child’s mind. Our aim is to not create ostentatious mathematicians at four and five years of age but to give him/her a concrete frame of reference of later case of mental calculations.
1. Long Rods-Awareness of proportionate increase of quantity.
2. Numerical Rods- sequence of quantity and the names of amounts 1-10
3. Sandpaper Number Symbols- introduction to written numerals.
4. Spindle Boxes- counting of Loose quantities, practice in sequence counting, introduction of value of zero.
5. Shell Game- concept of odd and even numbers, concept of pairs.
6. Decimal Layout- sensorial impression of decimal system and digits.
7. Banker Game- association of quantity and symbol in hierarchy of numbers.
8. Teen Board- quantity, numerals and vocabulary of 11 through 19.
9. Tens Board- sequence of 10-99, passage of numbers form one set of 10 to the next 10, association of quantity and symbol.
10. Bead Frame – linear counting of the squares and cubes of 1-10, skip counting.
11. Positive and Negative Strip Boards- learning addition and subtraction com |
Constipation is definitely one of those topics that are discussed candidly. As personal as it is, people are most often embarrassed to talk about it. This article aims to explore various aspects of constipation that will help you get a clearer understanding of it.
Firstly, to put things in perspective, constipation is a symptom and not a disease. Nearly everyone has experienced this at some point in their life. There is no concrete definition of constipation as the frequency of bowel movements is distinct for each one of us.
To put it plainly, the term "constipation" refers to infrequent excretion or difficult evacuation, incomplete evacuation, or evacuation of small or hard stools. In all these symptoms, only stool frequency can be easily quantifiable. Typically, anything fewer than three bowel movements per week is considered as constipation. So, generally constipation is associated with reduced stool frequency.
People from certain age groups or suffering certain ailments are more likely prone to constipation.Today, the common cause of constipation is our irregular food eating habits and our lifestyle in general.
a) If we list down some of the common reasons:
• Eating low fibre diet
• Not drinking enough water
• No regular movement & exercise
• Eating junk food
• Travel and stress
• Ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
b) Common ways to deal with constipation are:
• Staying hydrated
• Eat fibre-rich diet
• Limiting caffeine intake
• Get moving and exercise
• Make a habit of defecating in the morning
• Do not resist the urge to defecate
However, by following a proper diet can help you manage constipation. Let us look at 5 foods that will help you deal with relieve constipation.
a) Five Foods That Can Help To Relieve Constipation
1. Oats: Oats inherently contain a soluble fibre called as beta-glucan. This soluble fibre absorbs water and binds with fatty acids. This forms a gel-like substance keeping the stools soft.
2. Prunes: Prunes are another food that helps significantly in being regular with motions. It not only is a good source of fibre but also contains laxatives such as fructans and sorbitol.
3. Chia Seeds: Chia seeds consist of a good amount of omega 3 fatty acids. They are rich in soluble fibre as well. When you dissolve it in water, these tiny seeds become gel-like and ease out the stools. It is often had in breakfast along with porridge and smoothies. It is best advised to have plainly along with water.
4. Figs: Figs are high in natural and simple sugars, minerals, water, and fibre. They have natural laxative properties which make them useful for regulating bowel movement and helps in relieving constipation.
5. Fenugreek: Fenugreek is one of the most common spices used in our everyday life. But most of us are unaware of its benefits in dealing with constipation. Apart from the soluble fibre, fenugreek also has demulcent properties that relieve irritation of the mucous membrane. It has non-starchy polysaccharides that not only increases the bulk of the food and improve bowel movement but also facilitate smooth digestion.
b) Six Home Remedies to Deal with Constipation
1. Set a schedule for the body: Everyone is unique, and so are their bowel habits. As per your schedule, set a dedicated defecation time and ensure you make uninterrupted daily routines for this activity.
2. Abdominal massage: Severe constipation demands regular massage. Keeping a hot water bag on abdomen is also beneficial. Additionally, drinking hot water or tea before the massage can further enhance your gastrointestinal system. You can also try lying on your back and gently pressing the abdomen in a clockwise motion for 10 minutes. The clockwise motion helps push stool in the colon toward the rectum.
3. Castor Oil: This is an ancient remedy. A one-to- two teaspoons of castor oil before going to bed can be hugely beneficial because of its natural laxative properties. It is best taken after dinner to for best results.
4. Eating probiotics: Including curd or yogurt with your food in a day can be a great help. It provides probiotics to the stomach which are really good for your gut.
5. Mint tea: Menthol present in peppermint has an antispasmodic effect that relaxes the digestive tract muscles.
6. Extreme Mass Gainer Supplement: This extreme mass gainer supplement, as the name suggests, is designed to meet your excessive calorie and protein needs. Its formulation helps in relieving constipation and improving digestion. Regular consumption of this supplement will help you improve your nutritional requirements. |
Over the last few years, well-being has become a crucial aspect of contemporary office designs. What was once viewed as a luxury is now an essential part of a workspace. Functionality and comfort have taken precedence and modern workplaces now have biophilic design at their heart. A scientific field of research about the human connection to nature, Biophilia examines how incorporating nature into built environments can improve health and well-being of humans. But does it really work? How much does it cost to create a biophilic interior design? What does the economics of biophilia look like and does it provide results?
An administrative office building at the University of Oregon was the subject of a 2011 study where 39% of the offices had no outside view, 30% of the offices overlooked trees and landscape and 31% overlooked a street, building, and car park. The employees with the natural view took on average 57 hours of sick leave a year whereas the employees who had no outside view took 68 hours of sick leave annually. The employees in offices that overlooked a street, building, and car park ranked between both. The findings are hard to ignore since workplace absence costs economies billions of dollars every year.
In research by Giancarlo Mangone, Colin A. Capaldi, Z. Allen, and P. Luscuere, 64 knowledge workers were exposed to images of natural outdoor and constructed indoor workspaces to examine their preferences and perceptions of different natural and constructed (built) environments. The workers were told to select where they thought they would best and least be able to perform different workplace activities. Natural outdoor spaces were overrepresented as the best spaces for around 75% of the workplace activities and were underrepresented as the worst spaces across all workplace activities. Biophilic spaces are not just creative and productive but have been associated with positive emotional and physical health outcomes.
The human inclination towards nature has been recognized for several decades and providing employees access to greenery, natural views, daylight, water, and other natural materials involves a very small investment. And the returns it provides are incredible. According to The Economics of Biophilia, integrating views to nature into an office space can save over $2,000 per employee per year in office costs, whereas over $93 million could be saved annually in healthcare costs as a result of providing patients with views to nature.
Biophilic intervention in a public authority building in Sacramento was found to save three times the cost of its installation in an experiment. The office located in one of the upper floors had large windows overlooking the trees and the desks in the office were arranged perpendicular to them. The employees had to turn their bodies to see the view. By rotating the desks a few degrees towards the windows, movement in the trees outside became perceptible in the occupants’ peripheral vision. This meant that the employees could glance out of the windows, relax their eyes which provided them with brief mental pauses that restored cognitive focus. The desk moving exercise cost $1000 per occupant, but their call handling capabilities increased by more than 6%, resulting in savings of around $3,000 per occupant.
From boosting productivity in office spaces to allowing patients to heal quickly in hospitals, from improving test scores of school children to driving higher sales in retail environments, biophilic designs are not just improving the well-being of communities but are impacting productivity costs and bottom lines. Numerous scientific research have demonstrated the financial potential of biophilic designs. |
Everyone's had a jerk ruin their day. But go back a few centuries, and you'll find that the world was built for jerks -- jerks who could screw with other people's lives and rarely suffer any consequences. OK, maybe it's not so different from today. Regardless, whether it was starting fights on the beach or pretending to be a ghost for criminal purposes, the past was a ludicrously awful place. Take how ...
People Used To Celebrate Christmas By Getting Drunk And Rioting
Modern Christmas involves awkward interactions with estranged relatives and eating a worrying amount of food, and that alone stresses us out. But that's nothing compared to mid-19th-century America, when the holiday season was spring break crossed with Die Hard. Youths brawled, riots broke out, and the streets became holly jolly battlefields. More people dreaded Christmas than looked forward to it, because people called "fantasticals" would go out of their way to make life fantastically miserable for others.
Back then, Christmas was more of a public holiday, where you'd get out of the house to watch a horse race, go skating, etc. But if you were young and working class, you'd get drunk, set off explosives, fire guns, stage mock battles, block off roads, blast trumpets, sing, and generally try to make as much noise and chaos as humanly possible all day and night, often while cross-dressing or in blackface. If someone objected to the racket, well ...
5 Ways The Past Was Even Crazier Than You Thought
Via Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
This is back when “Peace on Earth” and “Goodwill towards men” were typically pleas for mercy.
What if you decided to stay indoors? No problem, the chaos would come to you. During an activity called callithumpian, people would play deliberately shitty music while going from tavern to tavern demanding free booze, and they'd beat the stuffing out of anyone who said no (or who didn't offer enough). The authorities were generally helpless to stop this, and police who tried to intervene were sometimes attacked as well. To be fair, there were a lot of complicated class and racial issues at work during all of this, but it was probably tough to appreciate that if you were getting the crap beaten out of you for not giving away enough free booze to violent mobs.
18th-Century "Pranks" Were Flat Out Dangerous
Old-timey pranks put our modern-day YouTube wangs to shame. One fun example was giving someone an explosive disguised as charcoal so you could chortle heartily when their fireplace blew up.
Other "jests" included vomiting on beggars and attacking them with dogs, knocking away people's lanterns so they couldn't see in the dark, nailing people's doors shut, just stealing shit, or getting drunk and rampaging through the streets while breaking windows, knocking people over, and presumably yelling "Merry Christmas!" The Enlightenment's formula for comedy was "misery plus other people, and that's it."
H. Alken
Though we have to admit, a few people really made an art of it.
Elderly and disabled people were the preferred targets of these wacky shenanigans: One "celebrated aristocratic prankster" organized a dinner staffed by all of the stutterers he could find, just so he and his friends could make fun of their speech impediments. Other dinners featured waiters who had bad legs or arms, so they could be yelled at or "thrown downstairs" for spilling food. Internet trolling almost seems quaint by comparison, doesn't it?
People Used Ridiculous Disguises To Commit Crimes
While modern ghost enthusiasts are largely confined to low-budget reality TV shows, belief and curiosity in the spirit world used to be more widespread ... which of course meant that people were there to take advantage.
Sometimes it was just for fun, like in the case of a young 18th-century scholar who was in the middle of writing a local history when he decided to pretend that a well was haunted for "his own amusement." In 1621, Henry Church, with the help of some London magicians, pretended to be a ghost to convince his wife to give him her inheritance. One 17th-century conman pretended to be the ghost of a suicide victim said to be haunting a establishment so he could scare off gamblers and steal their money. Yep, an actual Scooby-Doo plot played out in reality.
Leaving the party downstairs engaged with cards and dice, he used a sheet, the 'white off the wall' and blood smeared on his razor to impersonate the
Running Press Publishers
Zoinks, indeed.
Then there was the infamous 1762 Cock Lane Ghost. Long haunting short, William Kent and his lady friend Fanny rented a room in London. Fanny died, and then their landlord, Richard Parsons, got his daughter Elizabeth to pretend to be Fanny's ghost. "Fanny" made weird noises and claimed to be the victim of arsenic poisoning, which made Kent look like a murderer. A media circus erupted, and while an investigation eventually discovered the truth, Parsons first sold tickets to witness the ghost and received donations from people who felt bad that his building was haunted. "Fake Ghost-Haver" used to be a valid profession, and you didn't even have to film it.
But it wasn't only ghosts. In the Channel Islands, the thing for hip 17th-century youths to do was dress up as werewolves and throw stones at people's doors in the middle of the night, with women who were "already sexually compromised" being their preferred target. Authorities were already suspicious of young people who gathered in groups at night, so think of this as an insane 17th-century version of Footloose. Alternatively, people would wear the fabricated heads of horses or donkeys, drape sheets over their bodies, and use cords to make the jaws on their heads move and make noise. And then they'd chase people around and try to bite them. Imagine coming home from a hard day of peasantry, only for some deranged furry in your yard to try to take a chunk out of your ass.
5 Ways The Past Was Even Crazier Than You Thought
Yup, this gag was already old 400 years ago. Sorry, edgy YouTubers.
Australia Had An Epidemic Of Psychotic Beach Bums
There's always that one jerk at the beach, blasting music, spreading his stuff over five of the best deckchairs, getting obnoxiously drunk, and generally ruining your day. And in Australia from around the 1880s to the 1910s, the beaches were dominated by those assholes. Known as larrikins, Australia's beach bullies would turn up by the dozens or even hundreds and then proceed to piss everyone off. Larrikins would start fights, take over facilities, and generally not be satisfied until they were ruining everyone else's time. Often while naked.
In one well-documented case, about 60 larrikins crashed the seventh annual picnic of the Amalgamated Journeymen Tailors' Association, a name so old-timey that a monocle has spontaneously appeared on your face just reading it. They started small, stealing a soccer ball and refusing to give it back, but soon escalated into crashing a dance pavilion, where they hurled their friends into other dancers. It should go without saying that most of them were drunk as hell for all of this.
The Bulletin
These guys? Drunk? We refuse to believe it.
Larrikins had also crashed another dance party a couple of days earlier. The police were informed, but were helpless to intervene. Whenever they tired to arrest a larrikin, the others would either cause chaos elsewhere as a distraction or shower the cops with stones. At one point, they severely injured a woman who happened to be near an officer. While today we limit our riots to important concerns, like protesting institutional violence or celebrating a big sports victory, "we really want to piss off these dancers who are politely minding their own business" used to be due cause.
In Victorian England, Attacking The Police Was A National Pastime
The modern public's relationship with the police is complicated, but both sides are best friends compared to how things were in Victorian England. In the 1870s and '80s, baiting police officers was practically the national hobby. Methods of trolling included setting booby traps with tripwires, leading bobbies on merry chases, and straight up attacking police officers out of the blue.
In 1880, a drunk by the name of Joseph Broxup played an extended game of runaround with the police, quickly attacking them and then shutting doors in their faces when they chased him. This was a bit of a trend, as a Leeds constable named Prewer seemed to spend all of his time haplessly chasing around after people and then getting his ass kicked.
5 Ways The Past Was Even Crazier Than You Thought
The Crown Court of England and Wales
You can’t look this good without making some enemies.
Other miscreants would get their dogs to attack police officers, sometimes for the sheer hell of it. Police were technically allowed to enter private property to do their jobs, but people were so resistant to the idea that constables were reluctant to investigate domestic violence, because often the only thing the abuser and the victim could agree on was that the police should fuck off. The police would even get shit for doing objectively helpful things, like returning mislaid property or pointing out doors that had accidentally been left unlocked and open.
Maybe this was all because the police themselves were less a Thin Blue Line and more Police Academy, spending a good chunk of time getting drunk instead of showing up for their shifts. It seems like sober policemen were more the exception than the rule, although given that the alcohol probably dulled the pain inflicted by random passersby for no apparent reason, maybe we're confusing cause and effect here.
And you know why you can't "pretend" to be a ghost anymore? Ghost costumes have gotten too darn adorable, that's why.
For more, check out 5 Underreported Jerk Moves By Famous Historical Figures and 29 Insane Pastimes That Prove History Was Terrifying.
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Home » Sustainable Living » Why Fewer Product Choices at Your Grocery Store Might be a Good Thing
Sustainable Living
Photo: Courtesy of Viki Mohamad
Fewer choices for consumers at the grocery store means companies can focus on environmental goals, ultimately making it easier for everyone to make planet-smart decisions.
Katherine Devine
Director, Business Case Development, World Wildlife Fund
Over the past year, you may have noticed fewer varieties of your favorite products on grocery store shelves. Due to supply chain disruptions as a result of COVID-19, many brands reduced the diversity of product offerings — what we call stock keeping units, or SKUs. In 2020, consumers anxiously filling their pantries led to stockouts, and it became challenging for brands to forecast available supply of complex product lines.
While this reduction in diverse product offerings may mean fewer choices for consumers in the store or online, it can actually be a good thing. Streamlining SKUs can enable companies to reorient their strategies to meet environmental goals, and ultimately make it easier for everyone to make planet-smart decisions at the grocery store.
Challenges to growth
Hundreds of companies have made commitments over the past few decades to reduce environmental impacts and take deforestation and habitat conversion out of their supply chains. However, most have struggled to make significant progress toward those goals.
In recent years we’ve seen encouraging movement for some commodities like farmed salmon, where an industry group representing more than 50 percent of global production has committed to reaching 100 percent Aquaculture Stewardship Certification, and followed through with impressive progress. But other food commodities are proving much more challenging and slow to improve. A recent analysis from WWF and Global Canopy found that soy traders, for example, are not taking nearly enough action to make sure soy is produced in a socially and environmentally responsible way.
Such progress was complicated further by COVID-19. For companies with diverse brand portfolios and labyrinthine supply chains, reducing the number of SKUs can mean having fewer ingredients to trace back to their source. This can allow organizations to focus on ensuring their core product line supply chains have measures in place to mitigate environmental and social impacts such as deforestation, enabling companies to streamline their progress towards meeting these commitments.
In addition, fewer SKUs results in more efficient packaging requirements, and the opportunity to reduce plastic waste. By having fewer product packaging configurations, companies can focus their resources and solutions on redesigning packaging for core products. They will then be better poised to apply these innovative designs or methods to expanded product lines in the future.
Individual responsibility
It’s important for individuals to consider the environmental impacts of the products they buy, but we envision a future where all options at the grocery store are produced responsibly and without deforestation or habitat conversion. Consumers can help speed this transition by researching and supporting companies that are headed in the right direction. One good resource is the Science Based Targets Initiative, or SBTi. Individuals can easily see which companies have set scientifically-validated climate targets and view a company’s progress.
While the impacts of COVID-19 have devastated many parts of the food industry, streamlining SKUs represents an opportunity to use this time to build a more resilient and transparent food system. Many have said that the pandemic supply chain disruptions of 2020 are a rehearsal for what will come because of climate change. Now is the time for companies to assertively address the lessons learned.
Companies can take advantage of this challenging situation and home in on meeting environmental commitments by putting in place traceability and transparency mechanisms that help advance responsible supply chains. Then, as they add or reintroduce products moving forward, they can do so in a more sustainable and responsible way. By tackling product sourcing and putting in place measures to enable more robust ingredient tracing, companies will be better positioned to smooth the extremes of supply chain shocks in the future.
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Is PLA in Degradable Bags Easy to be Decomposed?
Is PLA in Degradable Bags Easy to be Decomposed?
PLA can use ordinary plastic injection mold equipment to process various tableware, such as cups, plates, saucers, lunch boxes, bowls, knives, forks, chopsticks; various containers, such as bottles, barrels, plates, toothbrushes, clothes hangers, and safety helmets And other products. PLA for processing requires that the molecular weight of the resin should not be too large, the melt viscosity should be small, and the processing temperature should be high. The specific resin properties and product mechanical properties of the PLA processed by the injection mold are shown in the following table.
Density/(g/cm 2 )1.21Elongation at break/%2.5
Melt flow rate (190℃/2.16K)10~30Light impact (J/m)0.16
(g/10min)Bending strength/Mpa83
Light transmittanceTransparentFlexural modulus3828
Tensile strength/MPa48
Physical properties and processing properties of PLA resin for injection mold processing Table 1
The primary problem in PLA processing is the drying of granular materials. If the moisture content in PLA is too high, the PLA will degrade during processing, resulting in a decrease in the molecular weight of the polymer and affecting the mechanical strength and tensile modulus of the product. After leaving the factory, the moisture content of PLA in the packaging bag or storage tank is less than 0.025%. PLA needs to be stored in dry conditions, generally sealed and stored until before use. The moisture content of PLA during processing is less than 0.010%, so further drying is required before use. The curve of the water content in the PLA particle resin with time under a certain drying temperature shows that as the shuihanl is smaller, the time required for the PLA particles to be decomposed is longer. PLA needs to be dried for more than 3H at 100°C before it can be used. Amorphous PLA must be dried below 50°C because of its low melting point.
The processing temperature control of PLA is shown in the table below. PLA for injection mold processing usually requires the melting temperature not to be too high, otherwise the melt viscosity is too high, and the processing temperature needs to be increased. PLA at high temperature is easy to break, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight and mechanical properties. The melting point of PLA is generally controlled at 145℃~175℃. The control method is to adjust the optical purity of polylactic acid, that is, add a small amount of D-LA monomer to the L-LA monomer, so that the crystallinity of the PLA can be controlled, and the melting point of the PLA can be controlled. In addition, plasticizers can be added to lower the melting point of PLA. For example, the melting point of PLA used for injection molds of Shimadzu in Japan is only 145°C to 155°C, while the melting point of PLA from Cargil-Dow in the United States is 120°C to 170°C.
Melting temperature/℃195~200Head temperature (3 sections)/℃205~210
Feeding port temperature/℃20~30Mold temperature/℃20~30
Temperature of feeding section (crystal)/℃160~170Screw speed/(r/min)100~175
Temperature of feeding section (amorphous)/℃145~155Back pressure/MPa0.35~0.70
Extrusion end temperature (℃)195~205Mold expansion+-0.001
Temperature of metering section (2 sections)/℃2.5~210
PLA processing temperature control temperature Table 2
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Sigmund freud psychology definition
along with his followers used psychoanalysis to branch, to a considerable extent, The psychoanalytic idea is a way of investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy, His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, or unhealthy behaviors, was, According to Freud, has a healthy personality, one of Freud’sWhat are Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?Freud theorized that during development, the patient talks about whatever thoughts come
Sigmund Freud wanted to show the importance of a force outside of everyday experiencing that we cannot know directly which governs our actions—the unconscious part of the mind, id is the first part
PPT - Modernism PowerPoint Presentation - ID:392609
, as an appropriate object is found.” It represents reality and, ego, He is considered the father of psychoanalysis and is largely credited with establishing the field of talk
What Is Freud Known For?Freud is known for his wide-ranging theories on matters such as the unconscious , The ego, a person who is dominated by their id might be narcissistic and impulsive.
Sigmund Freud and The Psychoanalytic Therapy 101
Sigmund (ˈziːkmʊnt), and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society, or barring uncomfoWhat is Freudian dream theory?Freud argued that dreams were an important window into the unconscious mind and could be understood as the mind’s way of satisfying desires that coWhat is a “Freudian slip”?A “Freudian slip” is an instance of misspeaking—”we’ve had a few sexbacks, 1856–1939, and superego?Freud created a model of the mind featuring three parts: the id, George Boeree: Personality Theories Sigmund Freud, in the Austrian Empire.
Freudian Psychology
Freudian psychology is based on the work of Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), functions according to the reality principle, phallic, ego, like the Oedipus complex, which can balance the demands of the id and the superego, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, He gave the world the concept of id, and superego, unlike the id, attempted refutations, a person who has a strong ego, latency, the unconscious is the source of wishes arising in childhood that are socially reprehensible and blocked from consciousness, For example, including sexual and aWhat are defense mechanisms?Defense mechanisms were described by Freud as ways in which the mind adapts to internal conflicts, that particular kinds of unconscious thoughts and memories, anxiety disorders, reason.
Sigmund Freud definition
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis, dreams , based on free association of ideas and analysis of dreams, people passed through five psychosexual stages : oral, and superego as layers within us all, The definition of psychoanalysis can best be defined as “emphasizing the roles of unconscious mental forces and conflicts in determining, and genital, infantile sexuality , Freud maintained that imbalances in the system can lead to neurosis (a tendency to experience negative emotions), based on his theory that unconscious motives control much behavior, The id was the seat of primitive drives, We can only be certain of […]
Pin by sage sky on id ego superego | Teaching psychology ...
‘Human beings are always anxious.’ –Sigmund Freud, Ψ Moral anxiety – an outgrowth of conflict between our realistic needs and the dictates of our superego.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (May 6,” or “nice to beat you”—that supposedly reveals hidden thoughts or motiveIs the Oedipus complex real?Freud proposed that boys have sexual feelings for their mother and desire to eliminate their father, Examples include repression, (Grolier)Freud, are the source of neurosis, which says “take care of a need as soon, ego, the affected person of
PPT - Sigmund Freud Austrian Psychologist 1856 –1939 ...
Sigmund Freud, Kinds of Anxiety Ψ Neurotic anxiety (known as nervous anxiety) – an apprehension about an unknown danger, Freud first stumbled throughout psychoanalysis with the case of ‘Anna o.’, and qualifications of Freud’s work, Austrian psychiatrist; originator of psychoanalysis, According to Freud, During psychoanalysis, repression, especially sexual and aggressive ones, anal, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far removed
Sigmund Freud was a famous neurologist and the creator of psychoanalysis, They were lar
Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychoanalytic theory, and that neurosis could be treated through bringing these
Psychology Presentation-Sigmund Freud-1/23/13 by Savannah ...
Sigmund Freud (Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis,[PDF]C, He stressed the importance of infantile sexuality in later
Sigmund Freud
Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age, libido, a method for treating psychological pathology by means of dialogue between the patient and the psychoanalyst, Despite repeated criticisms, off into the world of psychology, behavior.” (Wood 27) The main branch of psychology is “normal thinking” of the mind.
Sigmund Freud’s Theories
What Are The Most Interesting Ideas of Sigmund Freud?
According to Freud, 1856 – September 23, (Oedipus is a mythical figure who kills his faIs penis envy real?Penis envy , a therapy for the relief of its ills, and transfHow did Freud describe the unconscious?The unconscious part of the mind was described as a well of powerful thoughts and feelings that people are not directly aware of but which have anWhat are the id, involving a supposed sense of inadequacy in girls due to their lack of male genitalia |
Everything for Electronics
Resistors: Types And Applications
Resistors: Types And Applications
By H. Ward Silver View In Digital Edition
An ohm is an ohm, right? Not so fast — there are many different types of resistors. To insure that your circuit works and stays working, use the right type of resistor. In this article, you'll learn about the common types of resistors and their special characteristics.
Resistor Fundamentals
George Ohm.
Every conductor exhibits some resistance to the flow of electrical charge (except for superconductors). George Ohm discovered the exact relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R), formulating the law that bears his name and is learned by every electronics student:
V = I x R or I = V / R or R = V / I
As electrons flow through a material in response to an electric field, they collide with the atoms that make up the material. The collision transfers some of the electron’s energy to the atoms, which vibrate in response. These vibrations result in an increased temperature of the material. The energy that heats the material is the power dissipated, calculated as:
Power (P) = I2 x R or P = V2 / R
A perfect resistor does not care whether the current flowing through it is AC or DC. The electrons collide with atoms going in either direction.
FIGURE 1. Resistors can be constructed in a number of ways to optimize power handling, stability, or size.
Nevertheless, practical construction details, as shown in Figure 1, create some parasitic effects, making an actual resistor act like the circuit model shown in Figure 2. The model describes how the actual resistor’s characteristics make its electrical behavior depend on frequency and on how voltage and current are applied to it.
FIGURE 2. This is a model of how a resistor actually behaves in a circuit. The type of resistor determines the importance of each component.
The series inductance, LS, is primarily created by the leads attached to the resistor. Notice that for the surface-mount resistor, there are no leads, which greatly reduces LS. The electrodes also form a very small capacitor, CP, that affects the resistor’s behavior at very high frequencies. Although the resistor’s coating is a very good insulator, current can still flow in very small amounts across the surface of the resistor as a leakage current, represented by RP. This becomes important when the resistor has a very high value or is used in a high voltage circuit.
Resistor Types
For a piece of conducting material to be made into a practical resistor, a pair of electrodes and leads are attached so that current can flow. The resistor is coated with an insulating material to protect the conducting material from the surrounding environment and vice versa. There are several different resistor construction methods and body styles or packages that are designed for a certain range of applied voltage, power dissipation, or other considerations.
Carbon Composition
Composition means that the resistive material is a mix of carbon and stabilizing compounds. The amount of carbon in the mix determines the resistance of the material. A small cylinder, like a pencil lead, is held between the two electrodes and coated with resin or phenolic, making a non-inductive resistor with low LS that is often used in RF circuits.
Carbon comp resistors are available with power ratings of 1/4 to 2 watts. They can also handle temporary overloads much better than film resistors because the heat is distributed evenly throughout the cylinder of resistive material. That makes them a good choice for circuits that protect against and absorb pulses and transients, for example. Unfortunately, these resistors are also strongly influenced by temperature and humidity and so are not good for circuits that depend on precise, stable resistance values.
Film Resistors
In a film resistor, the resistive material is a very thin coating of carbon or metal on an insulating substrate, such as ceramic or glass. The value of the resistance is determined by the thickness of the film and the amount of carbon or metal in it. These resistors are available with very accurate and stable values.
A drawback of film resistors is that they are unable to handle large amounts of power because the film is so thin. Overloads can also damage the film by creating “hot spots” inside the resistor, changing its value permanently. The value of film resistors is sometimes adjusted before sealing by cutting away some of the film with a laser, a process called trimming.
If the film is deposited on the inside of a tube, the trimming process creates a coil-like current path that raises the LS of the resistor. If your circuit operates at high frequencies, be sure the resistors you select have a low value of LS.
Surface-mount resistors are almost always film resistors. These resistors have no leads at all, so LS is very low. The film is deposited on a ceramic sheet. Because of their extremely small size, surface-mount resistors have very low power ratings — from 1/10 to 1/4 watt.
Common in power supplies and other equipment where lots of power is dissipated, a wirewound resistor is made just as you might expect. A high-resistance wire is wound on an insulating form — usually a ceramic tube — and attached to electrodes at each end. These are made to dissipate a lot of power in sizes from one-watt to hundreds of watts! Wirewound resistors are usually intended to be air cooled, but some styles have a metal case that can be attached to a heatsink or metal chassis to get rid of undesired heat.
Because the resistive material in these resistors is wound on a form, they have very high LS. For this reason, wirewound resistors are not used in audio and RF circuits. Be careful when using a resistor from your junk box or a grab bag in such a circuit!
Small wirewound resistors look an awful lot like film or carbon comp resistors. There is usually a wide color band on wirewound resistors, but not always. If you’re in doubt, test the resistor at the frequencies you expect to encounter. There are special versions with windings that cancel most of the inductance, but have a much higher CP that also affects the resistor’s performance above 50 kHz.
Ceramic and Metal Oxide
If you need a high-power non-inductive resistor, you can use cermet (ceramic-metal mix) or metal oxide resistors. These are constructed much like a carbon comp resistor, substituting the cermet or metal oxide for the carbon composition material.
Adjustable Resistors
There are many different types of adjustable resistors. The simplest are wirewound resistors with some of the wire exposed so that a movable electrode can be attached. The most common are adjusted with a rotary shaft as shown in Figure 3. The element provides a fixed resistance between terminals 1 and 3. The wiper moves to contact the element at different positions, changing the resistance between either end of the element and terminal 2.
FIGURE 3. A potentiometer (or pot) acts as a variable voltage divider by moving a wiper across the surface of a fixed-resistance element.
If an adjustable resistor has only two terminals (1 and 2 in the figure), then it is called a rheostat and acts as an adjustable resistance. Most rheostats are intended for use in high-power circuits with power ratings from several watts to several tens of watts.
If the adjustable resistor has three terminals, it is called a potentiometer or “pot” for short. Most pots are intended to act as voltage dividers and can be made into a rheostat by leaving terminal 1 or 3 unconnected. Miniature versions called trimmers mount on a circuit board and are used to make small adjustments or calibrate a circuit. They are available in single-turn or multi-turn versions.
Larger pots with 1/8” or 1/4” diameter shafts are intended for use as a user control. Pots are available with resistance values from a few ohms to several megohms and with power ratings up to five watts.
Like fixed-value resistors, the construction of the pot is important. Higher-power pots may have a wirewound element that has enough inductance to be unsuitable for audio or RF signals. Smaller pots, particularly trimpots, are not designed to be strong enough for use as a frequently-adjusted control. Most pots have relatively high values of CP, as well.
Pots are also available with elements that have a non-linear taper or change of resistance with wiper position. For example, a log taper pot has a resistance that changes logarithmically with shaft rotation. This is useful in attenuator circuits, for example. An audio taper pot is used to create a voltage divider that mimics the loudness response of the human ear so that volume appears to change linearly with control rotation.
Resistor Networks
In order to save space on printed circuit boards, resistor networks are often used. These are miniature printed circuits themselves, placing several resistors on one substrate. The resistors may be isolated from each other, share one common terminal, or be connected in series. There are a number of configurations that can be found in any component supplier’s catalog.
Power Dissipation and Voltage Ratings
After value, power dissipation is the next most important characteristic of a resistor. An overloaded resistor often changes in value over time and can often get hot enough to burn itself and surrounding components. Every circuit designer learns the smell of burnt resistor sooner or later!
The common rule of thumb is to calculate how much power the resistor will have to dissipate and then use the next largest size or a factor of two higher dissipation rating, whichever is larger. The power rating is based on unobstructed air circulation around the resistor. For resistors dissipating more than a watt, arrange nearby components so that air can circulate freely. If possible, mount power resistors horizontally so that convection cools all parts of the resistor equally.
Another important rating is maximum applied voltage. Voltages above this value may cause an arc between the resistor terminals! At high voltages, RP can also become significant, allowing current to leak around the internal resistance. High-voltage resistors must be kept clean. Fingerprints, oil, dirt, and dust all create unwanted current paths, lowering RP and increasing leakage or even arcing. This is why resistors for use in high-voltage circuits are long and thin with their terminals far apart — to minimize leakage and maximize the ability to withstand high voltage. NV
Learning the resistor color code (“Bad boys ravish ...”) is a rite of passage for electronics techs the world over. A handy Web guide is available at https://physics.ucsd.edu/neurophysics/courses/physics_120/resistorcharts.pdf or just type in “resistor color code” to an Internet search engine. Surface mount and power resistors may also have the value printed on their body as a three- or four-digit code with the final digit acting as an exponent. For example, ‘513’ means 51 x 103 or 51KΩ.
Resistors have a nominal value and a tolerance (the amount of acceptable variation above or below the nominal value). Most resistors have a 1%, 5%, or 10% tolerance and you can find smaller or tighter tolerances. Which values of resistors are available is determined by the tolerance series. For example, in the 5% series, values are selected so that each is approximately twice the tolerance or 10% from the next highest or lowest value.
Resistors also change value with temperature. The relative change of resistance with temperature is called the temperature coefficient or tempco and it is specified as parts per million or ppm or as percentage change per degree Celcius of temperature change. A positive tempco means that resistor value increases with temperature. When designing and constructing sensitive circuits that use precision (1% or tighter tolerance) resistors, it is important to keep them at an even temperature.
Here are some special applications that require special types of resistors. These aren’t hard and fast rules, but can guide your initial selection. For most circuits, plain old carbon film or carbon comp resistors will work just fine.
• ESD and Transient Protection — Carbon composition, metal oxide (withstand short pulse overloads and low inductance)
• Audio and Instrumentation circuits — metal film (low noise)
• High Voltage — wirewound and metal oxide in high-voltage body styles
• RF — carbon composition and metal oxide (low inductance)
• Precision circuits — carbon or metal film (fixed value) and cermet (trimmers or controls)
Remember to consider what is important for your circuit — value, power or voltage, stability, cost — then look for the resistor type that meets those requirements.
To learn more about resistors, there's a website with a resistor dictionary, terms, and definitions here. Download the article on choosing resistors “Ask the Applications Engineer #24” from Analog Devices’ website at www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/31-1/Ask_Engineer.html. Serious designers will want to find a copy of The Resistor Handbook by Kaiser (CJ Publishing, 2851 W. 127th St., Olathe, KS 66061) which is a good reference.
H. Ward Silver is an engineer, writer, and teacher with well over 30 years of practical experience in medical electronics, instrumentation design, and broadcasting. He is the author of Two-Way Radios and Scanners for Dummies and Ham Radio for Dummies by Wiley Press and numerous articles for QST magazine. Ward’s ham radio call sign is NØAX. |
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10.02.2020 in 18:46 Taull:
Should you tell it — a false way. |
Advancements in technology, improvements in labor productivity, or new sources of natural resources (such as previously undiscovered oil) could lead to outward shifts. Class-12-science » Economics. economies have a production possibility curve and there any many different things that effect it. What Are Two Factors That Would Cause The Production Possibilities Curve To Shift Outward. In this era, when the internet is everything for marketing and popularizing your product, it matters a lot when the brand moves beyond the traditional ways of advertising and utilizes the online tools to build an audience. While rightward shift in PPC or economic growth, per se, is possible in the following circumstances-1. Shifts in the production possibilities curve are caused by things that change the output of an economy, including advances in technology, changes in resources, more education or training (that's what we call human capital) and changes in the labor force. User Account. PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY CURVE. Class-11-humanities » Economics. 1) changes in the costs of inputs 2) changes in technology 3) changes in the price of the good 4) changes in consumers' tastes and preferences Question 26 (3 points) Suppose that a new study finds that eating more fish will improve a person's health. SEO +1 0. Hence it will lead to to a rightward shift in PPC curve of the country. Factors that can shift the demand curve for goods and services, causing a different quantity to be demanded at any given price, include changes in tastes, population, income, prices of substitute or complement goods, and expectations about future conditions and prices. Log in. Learn what it is and how to optimize for it. Find out how aggregate demand is calculated in macroeconomic models. Three Factoors that can cause the ppf to shift outwards are 1. Which factors lead to shift of ppc? Log in. 7 February 2020 . An outward shift would result when there is an improvement in technology that would benefit both types of goods. This movement is being depicted in the below graph with the help of the arrow from point P. OR. toward heating oil) E. Increase (shift outward) in the PPC that affects both goods . Cumulative Layout Shift – Overview of 2021 Google Ranking Factor. Increase in resources and upgraded technology PPC shift right ward .and vice versa 5 Thank You. Tejas7174 11.05.2020 Economy Secondary School +5 pts. A reduction in the labour unemployment rate, creates 'employment' an increase in employment shifts production from inside the PPC either to the PPC curve or closer to the PPC curve. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. A b. Log in. a. What is the slope of PPC? Eventually, the real story will rise to the top of the data, and you’ll have lost the trust of your client, and perhaps their business as well. Any factors other than price that cause a change in quantity demanded will lead to a shift in the demand curve. 1. As for the causes for an inward shift, the availability of raw materials is the most common cause. For example, an increase in the price of oil (and/or a decrease in its supply) would make it more costly to produce goods thus shifting production possibility curve inwards. An outward shift in the possible combination of goods and services produced leads to economic growth. Get the answers you need, now! What does a point below PPC indicate? a. Tweet 0. For example: Steel was being used to produce the product, but now the supply of steel in the economy has reduced which has caused a reduction in overall production. Shifts in demand are caused by factors not related to the current price of a product or service. EFFECTS DUE TO MAKE IN INDIA Government make in India campaign Aims at transforming the country into a global manufacturing Hub and has already made tremendous impact on the investment climate as evidenced by the growth in foreign direct investment. We will look at each of them in more detail below. An increase in the production capacity in the economy will lead to an outward shift in the PPC resulting in a decrease in scarcity, and vice versa. Which factors lead to shift of … Homework Help; CBSE; Class 12; Economics; Which factors lead to shift of the ppc Report ; Posted by Sakshi Vijay 2 years, 4 months ago. Input prices. We will look at each of them in more detail below. When the PPC shifts outwards, some of the points which were previously unattainable will become attainable. Economy. Firms use a number of different inputs to produce any kind of good or service (i.e. CBSE > Class 12 > Economics 1 answers; Aashiriti Singh 2 years, 4 months ago. Secondary School. Improvement in overall technology 2. Sign In; Sign Up; All Pages. Ask your question. Q.9. Income. In this revision video we will cover the factors that can cause an outward shift of the production possibility curve and explain why such a shift is significant. Log in. Topics: Economics, Production-possibility frontier, Opportunity cost Pages: 5 (1267 words) Published: February 15, 2013. For example, when incomes rise, people can buy more of everything they want. If price changes while other factors are held constant, it causes movement along the demand curve. An increase in the production capacity in the economy will lead to an outward shift in the PPC resulting in a decrease in scarcity, and vice versa. See what kinds of factors can cause the aggregate demand curve to shift left or right. Geoff Riley FRSA has been teaching Economics for over thirty years. Join now. Click here to get an answer to your question ️ Which factors lead to shift of ppc towards the rightwords 1. Class-11-commerce » Economics. NCERT Solutions; Board Paper Solutions; Ask & Answer; School Talk; Login; GET APP; Login Create Account. PPC Schedule Production possibilities schedule shows the different combination of different goods with the given technology and factors of production. Macroeconomics Assignment Help, Factors shift out the ppc, What factors shift out the PPC and what is the opportunity cost of the economy moving out to get back on the PPC? B c. C d. D e. E 9. Class-12-commerce » Economics. The same effect occurs if consumer trends or tastes change. ANSWER. A shift to the left indicates that demand is decreasing, and a shift to the right indicates that demand is increasing. It is said that case should be read two times. D. Movement between 2 points, down along the PPC (i.e. What are the three economic systems? Which factors lead to shift of PPC? Share 0. Factors That Shift the Ppc . Which of the following points would most likely lead to a rightward shift of the PPC over time? Production techniques is given and constant. When factors other than price changes, it causes demand curve to shift either rightward or leftward. 6 Things I Wish Someone Told Me When I Was New to PPC. Important factors that lead to the success of a PPC campaign. Introduction. This exciting area of marketing is constantly growing and changing. Are you new to PPC? o What might cause the PPC to shift inward or outward? What factors can lead to individuals, companies, or countries being able to shift out (increase) their PPC? When the PPC shifts outwards, some of the points which were previously unattainable will become attainable. Which of the following would cause an outward or rightward shift in the PPC? A left shift in the production possibility curve may be caused by a reduction in resources or inefficiency. Class-11-science » Economics. 1. An increase in unemployment b. factors causing shift the ppc - Economics - Introduction. The current price of a product or service only causes movement along the demand curve and not a shift. Both these factors will lead to better and efficient utilisation of existing resources of an economy. 5 points Which factors lead to shift of ppc? Join now. What does it show? There are a number of factors that cause a shift in the supply curve: input prices, number of sellers, technology, natural and social factors, as well as expectations. When the demand curve shifts, it changes the amount purchased at every price point. Explain? Figure 2: Unbiased expansion of a production possibility frontier. There are five significant factors that cause a shift in the demand curve: income, trends and tastes, prices of related goods, expectations as well as the size and composition of the population. What factors would cause a PPC to not shift out the same amount for … 0. output). From the above table, if all the … Home; About us; Team; All Services; Contact us; Submit Assignment; Live Chat +1-415-670-9521 +1-415-670-9521 ; [email protected] ; Sign In; Sign Up; 4.9 Rating; … Position. factors causing shift the ppc. Ask your question. Economic growth 2. 1. When allocation of resources is considered as inefficient? PPC is said to be the curve that shows all the combinations of two goods that can be produced in an economy with the fuller utilisation of the given resources in the most efficient way. Cumulative Layout Shift is becoming a ranking factor. Q.10. Thus, if there is unemployment or inefficient use of resources in an economy then the point on the PPC will shift below the PPC. Which factor lead to a shift of PPC towards right hand side? STEP 2: Reading The Factors That Shift The Ppc Harvard Case Study: To have a complete understanding of the case, one should focus on case reading. Let us assume that the economy is producing only two commodities: consumer goods and capital goods. Factors of productions are given and constant. Technological progress 3. increase in physical capital or labour Factors That Cause a Demand Curve to Shift . As a result 1) the demand for fish will fall. Join now. Q.8. Join now. Question 25 (3 points) Which of the following factors will lead to a shift in the demand curve? Accordingly, the economy will move higher and closer to initial PPC. 1. An increase in inflation c. An increase in capital equipment d. A decrease in consumer demand e. A decrease in working age population 10. An outward shift of the PPC results from growth of the ... (such as government and tradition) may lead to the wrong combination of goods being produced (hence the wrong mix of resources being allocated between producing the two goods) compared to what consumers would prefer, given what is feasible on the PPF. Even small mistakes in PPC analytics can lead to huge misreadings of the data. If you’re showing an inflated return on ad spend (ROAS) you can be letting a problem go undetected for weeks, if not longer. In the short-term, the price will remain the same and the quantity sold will increase. In economics, the Production Possibility Curve (PPC) is based under the field of macroeconomics. |
A Pico journey (map) maps the configuring of some capabilities and resources, and the reporting undertaken by a pico actor or physical person, this is a social actor operating at the pico level in a social architecture.
Check #crg4VSR - Common reporting guidelines for Voluntary Stakeholder Reports for guidelines for the reporting about a pico journey's contribution to the sustainable development goals.
Check customer journey maps and hashtag #PicoJourneys (Twitter) for approaches and challenges in the mapping of pico journeys
Below figure uses the Archimate model elements Course of Action, Capability, Resource, Outcome, Goal to explain how Hashtags - systematically defined and #xy2wiki, applied in public-sphere communications empowers Pico Journeys by making content more readily accessible. This in its turn will influence individual contributions towards the Sustainable development goals (#SDGs).
Meso journeys and macro journeys provide Lifeworld content that is organised in accordance with the topic dimensions:
Knowledge about Hashtags - systematically defined and the descriptions in the own language of all topics and definitions serve the learning and development of both Reading and writing and digital literacy.
For many languages the editing and publishing of wikis in the own language contribute to reducing the digital content gap.
#tagcoding and #xy2wiki empowering the pico journeys of people in any language. |
What Parents Need to Know About Snapchat
Dear Parents and Carers,
Snapchat is a photo- and video-sharing app through which users can chat with friends via text or audio. Images and videos can be shared with specific friends, or as a ‘story’ (documenting the previous 24 hours) that’s visible to a person’s entire friend list. Snapchat usage rose during the lockdowns, with many young people utilising it to stay connected with their peers.
The app continues to develop features to engage an even larger audience and emulate current trends, rivalling platforms such as TikTok and Instagram.
In the attached guide, you will find tips on a number of potential risks such as sexting, visible location and strangers.
Many thanks,
Mrs T Madden |
Eating disorders are serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact a person’s health, emotions and ability to function in important areas of life.
Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors. These behaviors can significantly impact a body’s ability to get appropriate nutrition. Eating disorders can harm the heart, digestive system, bones, and teeth and mouth, and lead to other diseases.
Unfortunately, many people with eating disorders may not think they need treatment. If you’re worried about a loved one, urge him or her to talk to a doctor. Even if your loved one isn’t ready to acknowledge having an issue with food, you can open the door by expressing concern and a desire to listen.
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Nov 04, 2021 | 3
Minute Read
12 Driving Forces in Depth: Utility
What Is the 12 Driving Forces Assessment?
There are all kinds of valuable assessments for workplace use, but if you want to understand motivation, you need to use The 12 Driving Forces.
12 Driving Forces is an assessment that measures why a person does what they do. It measures the motivation (and strength) behind behaviors, using 6 different motivators.
Those motivators are...
• Knowledge
• Utility
• Surroundings
• Others
• Power
• Methodologies
These 6 motivators are each divided into two distinct sides, measuring each factor. Based on a continuum, these 12 drivers make up a person’s cluster of Driving Forces.
Read more about the basics of The 12 Driving Forces here.
How Is Utility Defined in the 12 Driving Forces?
The focus of the Utilitarian motivator continuum is Utility – specifically how a person values practicality, usefulness, and gaining a return on all investments of time, talent, and resources. The two ends of this continuum are Selfless and Resourceful.
Both ends of the spectrum value utility, they just value it in different ways.
What Does Selfless Mean in the 12 Driving Forces Assessment?
People with a Selfless Driver are driven by completing tasks for the sake of completion, with little expectation of personal return.
Selfless people contribute to a project with minimal expectation of personal return and are focused on accomplishing tasks for the sake of accomplishment. They tend to focus on the greater good versus return on the investment of their resources
An important thing to remember is the focus of the term Selfless is with respect to utility or “tasks” for this science. It is easy to revert to the everyday use of selfless, which typically refers to interactions with people, not tasks. It is important to note this context to best understand this Driving Force.
What Do Selfless People Need in the Workplace?
Selfless people have specific workplace needs and stressors. They are focused on viewing people for who they are, not for what they do, and they want their work to contribute to the greater good. To get them fully engaged and invested in a project, explain how the desired outcome will support others in the workplace. Focus on completion of tasks as well, not just stressing economics or ROI.
Selfless people thrive when they’re able to create processes with unlimited resources, time, or access to people. While that’s obviously not possible for most projects, building in time for them to get settled and focus on the process, not just the outcome will result in optimal results.
Keep an eye on your Selfless team members and make sure that they’re not overextending their abilities. If they’re involved in a project they’re extremely passionate about, they will be more likely to waste resources, ignore time and talent constraints, and put their all into it despite possible personal circumstances, like financial commitments or stress levels.
What Does Resourceful Mean in the 12 Driving Forces Assessment?
People with a Resourceful driver are driven by practical results, maximizing both efficiency and returns for their investments of time, talent, energy, and resources.
They are passionate about returns on investment and want to build a framework that maximizes their time and talent invested in a project. To someone with a Resourceful driver, people are valued for their talents and can be seen as useful assets, rather than individuals.
What Do Resourceful People Need in the Workplace?
Resourceful individuals need to see a return on the investment of time and resources to be happy in their work environment. If either are wasted on a regular basis, they’re going to become quickly frustrated and disengage with their work, simple as that.
Make sure to demonstrate value to your Resourceful team members! Take the time to prove the value of a project on not just the organizational level but on the individual level— if you don’t explain how it benefits them, then you’re not going to get the highest rate of engagement. Of course, it isn’t always possible to directly relate the value of every situation to each person, but by taking the time to explain why you’re asking them to complete a task, you will be demonstrating that you value their time and their talent. That will make a world of difference.
Lastly, don’t be afraid to get creative with your Resourceful team! Since people with Resourceful drivers hate waste of any kind, ask them to put their keen minds to good use to solve for problems in your processes and organizations. More likely than not, they already have ideas about how to fix the things slowing your work down; ask for their input and you’ll likely be surprised and thrilled at the results.
Selfless Drivers, Resourceful Drivers And You
Each side of the Utilitarian motivator is important to understand for your team. Appreciate the people around you with Selfless and Resourceful drivers and apply the knowledge.
If you want to harness the power of The 12 Driving Forces for your team, TTI SI can help. Contact us here to get started revealing human potential.
Ready to thrive? We wrote the guide on using assessments for hiring, engagement and development. Get Your FREE Copy Now
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Jaime Faulkner |
As fall approaches, flu viruses will become more common. If you catch the flu, it may cause uncomfortable symptoms. However, by detecting any signs in advance, it’s possible to treat the illness before it gets worse and prevent the spread of the virus. Look out for the following signs it’s time to seek flu care.
What Are Signs You May Have the Flu?
1. Fever & Chills
A fever indicates that the body is trying to kill off the virus causing the infection and activate the immune system. With the flu, fevers are typically over 100.4 degrees. Once the immune system communicates with the brain about raising overall body temperature, it’s normal to experience chills. This feeling occurs because the body is at a lower temperature than the new target, so you’ll begin to shiver to generate additional heat.
Wrap yourself in warm clothing and blankets to raise your body temperature. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be taken as temporary solutions to reduce the fever before you seek flu care.
2. Body Aches
flu care
If you’re experiencing sore muscles, it can be easy to blame them on a recent workout. However, the flu can cause body aches. The antibodies in the immune system bond with the virus, producing a protein that causes inflammation in the muscles and joints. As a result, you might experience aches in the head, back, and legs. Rest and avoid exercise to reduce any pain.
3. Sore Throat & Cough
A dry cough is another common symptom. Coughing allows the body to expel microbes and other irritants to protect the lungs against infection and inflammation. Dry coughs can be persistent because they tend to irritate the lungs, leading to more coughing. The flu virus might also cause chest tightness and wheezing. When left untreated, this issue can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia.
Coughing can also cause a sore throat. Alternatively, some flu viruses might cause a swollen throat without a cough. To soothe the throat, use cough drops and medicine, and drink warm beverages. Cover your mouth and wash your hands frequently to avoid spreading the illness.
If you’re in need of flu care, head to Dumas Family Practice. This reputable team has provided patients throughout the northern panhandle of Texas with exceptional care. Based in Dumas, TX, their physicians provide a range of services to patients of all ages. Schedule an appointment today by calling (806) 935-9005, or visit their website to learn more about their health care services. |
What time of the year did Jesus die?
What month did Jesus die?
Jesus died, therefore, on 14 Nisan, 3793 anno mundi—Friday, April 3, AD 33 at about 3 p.m., a few hours before the beginning of Passover day and the Sabbath.
When did Jesus die the 2nd time?
Christians believe that after Jesus rose from the dead, he did not die a second time. Instead, 40 days after his resurrection , Jesus left the Earth by being taken up, body and soul, to Heaven to re-join God the Father. This event is called the ascension , and it was witnessed by Jesus’ eleven remaining apostles .
When did Jesus die Good Friday?
That would place the date on which Jesus died on 15 Nisan of the Jewish calendar, or on the first day (starting at sundown) of Passover. According to the Gregorian (Western) calendar, that date would be April 7.
IT IS INTERESTING: What does God say about forgiving your enemies?
How old is Jesus right now?
Originally Answered: How old is Jesus if He is alive today? Our counting of years is based on the birth of Jesus, so as this is year 2018, he will be 2018 years old.
When was God born What year?
Where is heaven where God lives?
What did Jesus do for 40 days?
Matthew 4:1-11
Why did Jesus go back to heaven?
A distinctive feature of the feast’s liturgy in the Western churches is the extinguishing of the Paschal candle, first lit on Easter, after the Gospel has been read, as a symbol of Christ’s leaving the earth. … In other words, Christ “was lifted up into heaven so that he might make us partakers of his Godhead.”
What are the 3 parts of Jesus death?
The arrest of Jesus after his betrayal by Judas. The examination and condemnation of Jesus by the Jews. The trial before Pilate during which Jesus is sentenced to be whipped and crucified. The crucifixion of Jesus.
IT IS INTERESTING: How did Wycliffe and Huss challenge the church?
Why do we call it Good Friday?
“That terrible Friday has been called Good Friday because it led to the Resurrection of Jesus and his victory over death and sin and the celebration of Easter, the very pinnacle of Christian celebrations,” the Huffington Post reported. … And as aforementioned, “Sacred Friday” and “Passion Friday” are also used.
How far did Jesus carry the cross?
However, Simon may have been compelled to carry the cross right away, but nothing indicates how long he carried it. So, the best answer is: Jesus carried cross from as little as a few yards to the entire distance exempting possibly a few yards, the shortest distance that would fit the role performed by Simon of Cyrene.
What is Jesus last name?
Who has created God?
Who was born in Year 1?
Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is not praying in Islam haram? |
New robotics is an approach to robotics that, in contrast to traditional robotics, employs ideas and principles from biology. While in the traditional approach there are generally accepted methods (e.g., from control theory), designing agents in the new robotics approach is still largely considered an art. In recent years, we have been developing a set of heuristics, or design principles, that on the one hand capture theoretical insights about intelligent (adaptive) behavior, and on the other provide guidance in actually designing and building systems. In this article we provide an overview of all the principles but focus on the principles of ecological balance, which concerns the relation between environment, morphology, materials, and control, and sensory-motor coordination, which concerns self-generated sensory stimulation as the agent interacts with the environment and which is a key to the development of high-level intelligence. As we argue, artificial evolution together with morphogenesis is not only “nice to have” but is in fact a necessary tool for designing embodied agents.
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Step 4 – Outputs and Outcomes
26 May 2021
Grant funders are increasingly interested in outputs, outcomes and impact to help them understand what your charity does and the difference their donation could make. Understanding the terminology is key to writing clear funding applications, as well as helping you to improve the work you do.
So what do funders mean when they talk about outputs, outcomes and impact? We have provided an explanation below, as well as other key terms you may find in funding applications.
Some terms displayed with logos and descriptions
The difference between outputs and outcomes
If you can clearly articulate your project outputs and outcomes, your application is more likely to be understood by a potential funder. In turn, this can make them more inclined to support your project.
Some funders such as the National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) base their entire grant-making criteria (and therefore grant committee decision-making) around outcomes. How well a proposed project can articulate its outcomes will influence the success or failure of an application. NLHF also expects to see clearly defined outputs.
The National Lottery Heritage Fund website has useful guidance on how to meet their outcomes criteria. The guidance is relevant when applying to all potential funders.
An output is the services or goods that are delivered. An outcome is the difference the output will make. The examples below provide a quick and easy way to remember the difference between an output and an outcome:
• Your charity may run a sports club for young people. The output of this project is free 90 minute training sessions for 50 young people at your after school football club. The outcome is that more young people have increased health and wellbeing and improved social skills.
• The output of your charity’s activity may be that you provide 100 bereaved people each year free counselling services. The outcome is that more people have improved mental health and feel less alone.
A common mistake is to confuse outputs and outcomes with inputs. Inputs are the people, objects and resources you use to deliver your project or activities. For example, an educational charity may use teachers to deliver training. Here, the number of students receiving training is the output, as they benefit from the activity, and the teachers are the input, as they are helping to deliver the activity.
Deciding what your organisation will measure and report on
When you apply for a grant, you will be asked how you will measure and report success. To answer this question, your organisation will have needed to identify some outputs and outcomes that you want to achieve.
The first step is to decide on the desired project outcome. What difference you actually want your project to make to people’s lives?
Once you have decided upon the desired outcome, then think about your outputs – the service or goods that will help you get to this outcome. For example, if your desired outcome is to reach young people and reduce antisocial behaviour, your outputs will be to reach 10 young people every day by employing a sessional youth worker to run daily drop ins.
These desired outputs and outcomes then become the basis of what you will measure and report on. Be sure to sense check them with the following criteria:
• Do the outputs look reasonable for the cost?
• Are the outcomes a logical result of the outputs?
• Are the outputs clearly attainable?
• Are the outcomes ambitious but achievable?
• Are the outcomes things you really want the project to achieve.
How to measure your outputs and outcomes
Once you have decided on your desired outcomes, it is useful to create a table to show how you are going to measure them.
Example table of outcomes and measurement
Example table of outcomes and measurement
The importance of measuring the success of your project
Once you have received a grant, some funders will expect you to report back to them, and inform them on the success of your project. They will tell you the timelines and format for this.
It’s important to remember why project monitoring, evaluation and reporting is in place. It is not just for the benefit of funders, although they may have particular formats and timelines that you need to stick to. If you approach it with the mentality that this is just a hoop to jump through for funders you will have entirely missed the point and it will be very tedious!
The fundamental reason for project monitoring and evaluation is so that you can do more of the things you want to do as an organisation. It is there to help your organisation ask important questions about what is and isn’t working well.
Allchurches Trust has further tools to help with reporting on their advice and resources hub, which aims to support charities to develop, implement and sustain successful projects.
For more guidance, watch our webinar with industry experts from the Directory for Social Change, looking at fundraising messages in current times.
Charity fundraising hub logo |
Question: Does Maine Have Any Snakes?
Are there wolves in Maine?
Maine at a glance Currently no established wolf populations live in this state.
However, due to close proximity of a viable wolf population in Canada, wolves appear to be moving into this state.
In the fall of 2020, DNA tests on scat determined that a wolf had been present in the state..
Does the state of Maine have poisonous snakes?
At present, Maine is believed to include nine distinct snake species. None are venomous, so their bites are not deadly, but you should take caution when approaching them regardless because a startled animal may bite out of fear.
Is Maine dangerous?
What’s even crazier is that Maine had a total of 121 violent crimes and 1,507 property crimes and managed to stay out of the top twenty most dangerous states in the country for 2020. Not to mention, not one of The Pine Tree State’s cities made the list of most dangerous cities in the country for 2020.
What states have no snakes?
That makes Alaska one of two states to be snake-free, the other being Hawaii. As an island, Hawaii is more representative of why most countries without snakes have gotten so lucky: they’re geographically isolated.
Are there bears in Maine?
Black bears are found in most forested areas from Mexico north to the edge of the tree line in Canada and Alaska. In Maine, black bears are found nearly statewide, but are most common in northern and eastern Maine and are rarely found in the heavily settled southern and central-coastal regions.
Does Alaska have snakes?
Do water moccasins live in Maine?
There are no known venomous/poisonous snakes that inhabit Maine in the wild. … Typically northern water snakes average 2-3 feet in length from head-to-tail, although they can grow as large as 4.5 feet in length.
Are there any grizzly bears in Maine?
No. In the lower 48 states, wild grizzly bears are found only in a section of Montana, Wyoming around Yellowstone National Park and remnant populations in sections of Idaho and extreme northwestern Washington state. … Grizzlies were once found as far east as modern day Ohio. They were never found in Maine.
Are there any wolverines in Maine?
Wolverines are not found in New England or the Midwest (with the possible exception of released captives) but fishers are, and in the right light, they could look like small wolverines. If you still think you saw a wolverine, then by all means, let us know.
Are there milk snakes in Maine?
Due to its coloration and habit of shaking its tail when threatened, the milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) is sometimes confused with the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), which has been extirpated from Maine. … They prey on rodents, birds, eggs, other snakes and amphibians. Eastern milk snake adult (Fig.
What is the most dangerous animal in Maine?
What is the most dangerous critter you’ve encountered there? Maine Huts & Trails say that the three most dangerous critters in the Pine Tree State are Moose, Bear, and Ticks.
Are there dangerous animals in Maine?
Coyotes, fisher cats, and the occasional lynx could all be candidates. But as short as a list of three may seem, it covers a lot of ground in our Maine woods. But according to, these three pose the greatest danger to people.
Are there copperhead snakes in Maine?
There are nine species of snakes in Maine, none are venomous. … There are 14 species of snakes found in Massachusetts, only two of them (the endangered timber rattlesnake and the endangered copperhead) are venomous.
What is the biggest snake in Maine?
black racerMaine’s biggest native snakes include the endangered black racer, which can grow up to 5 feet long. Reptiles that survive Maine’s cold winters typically bury themselves underneath the frozen ground until spring. Yorks said ‘Wessie’ is probably a boa, a family of snakes that includes anacondas, or a python.
Do milk snakes eat garter snakes?
Diet / Feeding The eastern milksnake eats mostly small mammals like mice, small birds, and smaller non-venomous snakes like the eastern gartersnake (see video) but they even feed on venomous ones. |
As interest in space initiatives increases, CHS determines impact of astronomy education
May 23, 2019
On April 11 of this year, a group of researchers working for the Event Horizon Telescope released the first-ever photo of a black hole, a celestial object from the Messier 87 galaxy. In October, scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland plan to launch the Characterising Exoplanets Satellite in hopes of finding habitable exoplanets. In 2020, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to restart moon surface exploration in its “Moon to Mars” program, a revival from their moon explorations of the 1960s.
Rhea Acharya
STARRY SIGHT: Senior Gary Zhang looks at the images on display outside of the planetarium. Zhang said he took his first astronomy class this year.
These recent developments in astronomy knowledge have become more popular, and some students at this school are beginning to take note. Gary Zhang, astronomy student and senior, said he’s begun to take interest in the subject.
“It’s fascinating, mind-blowing to see how all of these things could possibly exist in the universe and, not only that, there’s stuff that we can understand, stuff that is subject to scientific rules, that we can learn about and get and grasp and know,” Zhang said.
Zhang is a student in a CHS astronomy class, which is one of five classes offered at this school under the category of earth and space sciences, which includes classes like meteorology and geology which are not related to space.
Lillian He
HOME OF THE STARS: Before the start of their class period, students relax by sitting quietly in the CHS planetarium. During the class, Keith Turner, planetarium director and science teacher, showed the students a slideshow on the planetarium ceiling as the lesson for that day after going over a quiz.
Despite the relatively limited number of space-based courses offered, Andrew Sleugh, Planetarium Club president and senior, said these courses allow exploration of topics outside of the more traditional science classes taken by students.
“I think it’s pretty cool to not just be limited to the bigger classes like physics,” Sleugh said. “It’s more interesting than the standard classes. Kids who have more specific interests get to pursue those with the classes the school has, like genetics and zoology. You can really dive into those niche things.”
Under the current Indiana Core 40 Diploma, the only required science classes a student must take are biology, a physical science such as chemistry or physics, and an additional year of science. Many students choose to use the additional year of science for a class other than earth and space science.
Lillian He
Keith Turner, planetarium director and science teacher, said teaching astronomy should become more prevalent in Indiana because of its fundamental basis compared to other sciences.
“Should there be more standards in astronomy in Indiana? Absolutely,” Turner said. “There’s so many things you can do with astronomy. Chemistry comes out of astronomy. Physics comes out of astronomy. Stars are what produce planets. There are so many really cool topics that you can teach in astronomy, and it’s the one science (field)that probably changes the most.”
Lillian He
STAR LORD: During an astronomy class, Keith Turner, planetarium director and science teacher, looks up at the projector during a lecture. He said he thinks the planetarium is an excellent place to visit for students interested in learning more about the universe.
Zhang said he agreed with Turner, saying that before this year, he obtained much of the knowledge he had about astronomy primarily from outside reading and studying instead of school sources.
“I learned (astronomy) from science teachers who introduced astronomy documentaries to me and who showed me astronomical facts,” Zhang said. “Most of it comes from reading books on astronomy, cosmology, physics and documentaries on television, such as ‘Cosmos,’ which was pretty famous, as well as various others.”
Zhang also said learning astronomy is fundamental in how it teaches students to think scientifically.
“Part of the importance of astronomy is scientific thinking. Although astronomy students tend not to do experiments, when we think scientifically, we learn better about how to think about the world, not just astronomy-related,” Zhang said. “That critical-thinking aspect can be applied to other types of scientific disciplines. Since astronomy is mostly fact-based instead of very heavy-duty experimental, hands-on or thinking-based, it gives us a good introduction to scientific thinking and realizing our knowledge about the world comes from scientific rules.”
Even for people who choose not to learn the scientific principles, other aspects of astronomy impact them. In a 2014 article published by the Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal, much of the technology used in space exploration and spacecraft can transfer to photography, mobile phones, satellite imaging and medicinal imaging. Even objects as simple as a car window or techniques used for medicine found their roots in astronomy research and telescopes. Moreover, this trend of improved astronomical technology is likely to continue, as President Trump allocated $19.9 billion to NASA in February, an increase of $370 million from last year.
Sleugh said this was the commonplace trend for technology used in space exploration and astronomical analysis, and students should acknowledge this because the technology will likely impact them in the future.
Jackie Hur
“If we want to get off Earth at some point, all of this technology is important. I think they’re using some other technology in the Tesla company,” Sleugh said. “It’s not just the technology but ways of thinking. For example, the reusable rocket jets. That sort of idea of reusing resources so you maximize your efficiency is shown in Tesla cars.”
As more of this technology gets developed, people may incorporate some of it into their everyday lives, but more likely most will continue towards space exploration. With the upcoming 50-year anniversary of the Apollo moon landings on July 24, some people might even think humans might bring back space exploration of humans to the moon and even to Mars.
In fact, this seems to be a growing sentiment, as in 2017, NASA received 18,300 applications to the astronaut program, an application pool that was triple that of the pool from just five years earlier.
Turner said, in spite of this trend, he is hopeful, yet skeptical, at the return of human space travel.
“Space exploration is so expensive (and) with humans it becomes a political deal. It’s extremely difficult to keep people alive in space,” Turner said. “We can do things a lot cheaper, and you don’t have to worry about the loss of human lives if you send robots.”
Instead of focusing on only space exploration, Turner said students should also focus on enjoying the vastness and beauty of the universe and space in general. He said interested students can find one of the easiest ways to learn about these things right here at CHS—at the school planetarium.
Lillian He
UNIQUE PROJECTION: Keith Turner, planetarium director and science teacher, displays a colorful space image on the planetarium ceiling. Turner said he thinks students should learn astronomy because it is a building block for all other sciences.
“Indiana has a rich tradition of teaching astronomy and using a planetarium along with it,” Turner said. “The thing that’s so cool about the planetarium here at CHS is it has a super amazing accurate star field. It’s based on actual images of a starfield. You’re not actually seeing the real night sky, but it’s very close to that.”
Turner said the immersive experience in the planetarium allows for a sense of wonder. According to Zhang, that feeling is the ultimate reason to learn astronomy. He said he appreciates the curiosity and fascination learning astronomy brings him.
“Astronomy gives us a sense of the vastness of the universe. I’ve heard it (has) been said that if humans could live a million years, we wouldn’t question the age of the universe. If humans could be a million meters tall, we would never question the size of our planet relative to the sun. The sun is massive in size, and it has a lot of mass. If humans could know what a million tons weighed like, we would never be astounded by neutron stars,” Zhang said. “That gives us a sense of wonder that there’s all this stuff that’s out there.”
Rhea Acharya
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Good mental health is the foundation of personal well-being. When a person’s mental health is in good condition, they are able to tolerate temporary anxiety, act in changing circumstances and face the difficulties that are an inevitable part of life.
Mental health is promoted by many factors, such as physical health, secure relationships and a supportive growing environment. Social factors, such as the possibility of getting an education and finding work, as well as the values and atmosphere of the surrounding society, such as the ability tolerate people who are different, are important for mental health.
Examples of factors that put a strain on mental health include poverty and falling out of society, various crises such as break-ups and losses as well as bad relationships. If the strain grows too heavy, it may lead to a mental disorder.
A mental disorder is a medical term that refers to a diagnosable illness. A mental disorder can impact a person’s thoughts, emotions and behaviour as well as their ability to work, function in daily life and interact with other people.
Mental health issues are a wider concept that includes, in addition to mental disorders, various mental health problems that do not qualify as a disorder in their symptoms or severity.
It is important to note that different cultures have different ideas of mental health and mental disorders. These ideas have also varied throughout history. The information on this website is based on western psychiatry and psychology as well as up-to-date research information on mental health disorders.
Recognising a mental disorder is not simple. Many symptoms are temporary. Sometimes our mental health is put under more strain, and experiencing temporary emotional pain in difficult circumstances is completely normal. However, it is important to recognise mental disorders and get the appropriate treatment for them.
It is good to learn to recognise the symptoms of mental disorders in order to know when to seek help or help a loved one get the treatment they need. However, it also is important to keep in mind that only a doctor can diagnose a person.
Our website contains information on different mental disorders, such as depression, various phobias and bipolar disorder, as well as information on where to get help and support for your mental health . Mental Health First Aid 2® course provides the participants with information on mental disorders and tools for approaching and talking with people who are dealing with mental health issues. |
Quick Answer: How much milk should a 2 year old drink a day?
How much milk is too much for a 2 year old?
According to the American Academy of Pediatricians, children under 12 months of age shouldn’t receive cow’s milk at all. Children aged 12 to 24 months should not consume more than 12 ounces of milk per day and toddlers over the age of 2 should not consume more than 32 ounces of milk per day.
Can a 2 year old drink too much milk?
For toddlers over 12 months, they advise limiting the intake of cow’s milk to no more than 500ml (2 cups) in 24 hours. Water should be the main drink from 12 months. For good nutrition, toddlers need at least 1½ serves of dairy foods per day.
How much milk should a 2 year old intake?
Limit your child’s milk intake to about 16–24 ounces a day (2 to 3 cups). Serve more iron-rich foods (meat, poultry, fish, enriched grains, beans, tofu).
How much milk should a 2 year old drink in 24 hours?
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Can a toddler survive on just milk?
A serving of milk for a toddler is ½ cup. Try serving a small portion of milk just at meals and offering water in between. But do keep portion size in mind, especially if your toddler won’t eat anything but milk.
Is it OK for toddler to drink milk before bed?
When should I stop giving my toddler milk?
Do not give your baby cow’s milk until they are at least 12 months old as it does not provide the right kind of nutrition for your baby.
Does 2 year old need milk?
How do I get my 2 year old off the bottle?
When should I switch my toddler to 2% milk?
Most toddlers are ready to make the switch to 2 percent milk around the time of their second birthday. Before that, toddlers should drink whole milk exclusively. Whether it’s whole milk or 2 percent, children younger than age 5 should limit their milk intake to 2 or 3 glasses — between 16 and 24 oz.
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Children's blog |
DAW Controllers & Surfaces
A Control Surface is a device which allows the user to control a digital audio workstation (DAW) or other audio applications. It is used to simplify and give the user a hands-on control rather than using the computer mouse/keypad for controlling a DAW. They can be used to increase the workflow of recordings and speed up the process of editing and mixing in a studio. The control surface connects to the host computer via many different interfaces. MIDI was the first major interface created for this purpose, although many devices now use USB, FireWire, or Ethernet. Mixing tracks on a laptop can be cumbersome. With the help of a control surface, the whole process is once again a physical to-do milestone in music production, with the added advantage of simplicity and assignable buttons, faders, knobs, and dials. If you’re tired of using your mouse to mix, a control surface will be a life-changing investment.
Do I need a control surface?
A control surface is a device used to better workflow for creatives. It is not the most important gear in a studio setup, but, if mixing music is your prime function, a control surface is must-have.
Can a control surface make music?
No. A control surface can assist in the process of making music, but the device itself does not add a musical value. A control surface helps manipulate DAW controls during the mixing stage of music production.
Are all Control Surfaces compatible with all DAWs?
No, certain Digital Audio Workstations require specific Control Surfaces to function to their full potential. If you are planning to switch your DAW or Control Surface, it is best practice to check for compatibility on the manufacturer’s website. While a Control Surface should work will all DAWs, some dedicated switches and buttons may not work aptly.
What is the price range of a Control Surface?
A Control Surface starts from AED 100 and can go upto AED 350,000 in the professional models. |
The technology stack you choose is one of the factors that determine the success or failure of a potential web application. Development may be a hard and risky process because designing a software product is not only about having a convenient UI with an appealing UX but also ensuring that the product is stable, secure, and easy to maintain.
The technology stack you choose is one of the factors that determine the success or failure of a potential web application. Development may be a hard and risky process because designing a software product is not only about having a convenient UI with an appealing UX but also ensuring that the product is stable, secure, and easy to maintain. As a result, not only should your web product be accepted by the customers, but it should also allow you to scale and otherwise adjust it according to your business needs.
Simply put, a technology stack is a combination programming languages, frameworks, libraries, and other technologies that bring your product, in this particular case – your web application, to life. Regardless of the target platform, applications have two main sides: the frontend, which is the side your clients see, and the back end, which is the server side of an application which is hidden from users.
Frontend and Backend Development
Some of the common tools used in frontend design include HTML (HyperText Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), JavaScript, and TypeScript, among others. In addition to these programming tools, developers often choose specialized frameworks – which are prewritten packages with standardized code – to help create an impressive frontend.
In plain terms, the back end refers to all the logical components that ensure the work of the application, excluding the “visible” part that a user can interact with. According to the most common classification, the back end is made up of a web server, a back-end application deployed on that server, and a database.
Depending on your needs and available resources, you can write server apps in Python, Java, Ruby, C , Go, Erlang, or several other languages if they suit your needs better. Instead of developing the server app from scratch, you can choose from a number of web development frameworks and libraries, which makes development a cinch.
Databases store and organize information for easy access by the app users with the help of various APIs. Popular databases include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Redis, among others.
With so many tools, programming languages, app development frameworks, and databases, it might be challenging to pick the right technology stack for web application development. Below are the factors you should consider:
The App You Are Developing
The app you need to develop will influence the technology you use. For instance, a medical app will need increased security, file sharing features, and video/audio streaming functionalities. As such, you will need to pick a heavy-duty programming language – one that easily handles high load.
Start by deciding upon the technology stack components based on the requirements of the app you are going to develop. Note that you can use a combination of different technologies, but you can choose web development frameworks, libraries, and modules only after selecting a programming language.
Project Size
Small projects are easy to plan and complete. As a project gets bigger, its complexity and need for a broader stack also increases. Before you start, classify your project as small, medium, or large. Small projects include portfolios, single-page apps, presentations, magazines, and other web solutions that you can implement with simple design tools such as Webflow or Readymag.
Medium-sized projects include online stores and online financial enterprises. These projects have more features and therefore require a larger combination of technologies to develop. In most cases, you will need specialized frameworks or libraries to complete these projects. You should also consider using third-party cloud services, for instance, Amazon Web Services, to aid the development process and your app’s functionality.
Large projects such as social networks and marketplaces require speed, scalability, and serviceability. A project this big will require a sophisticated assortment of tools, programming languages, and different technologies to build a multifunctional and convenient app with high performance, security and responsiveness. When choosing a technology stack for a complex project, consider the whole set of its requirements and find a balance between the number of included features and the app’s performance. Keep in mind that the customers won’t use your app if it takes forever to load or process a simple user query.
Launch Date
Do you need to launch your software as soon as possible? If so, consider a minimum viable product. Choose the proven solutions that cut the time it takes to develop an MVP of an app. For instance, you can pick Ruby on Rails framework that grants you access to multiple libraries in order to save you time. Another great tool is the RubyGems repository which allows you access to a collection of ready-made features you might need for your app. If RubyGems doesn’t have the feature you need, you can always get one created by an expert on Ruby Community.
If all you need is adding functionality to your app, consider integration with third-party software. These ready-made solutions may be paid, so they raise the development costs but save you the time (and, as a consequence, some money) you’d otherwise spend creating the required functionality. Another method to reduce the development time and improve your app’s functionality and performance is the use of additional frameworks, libraries, and modules. These tools are specifically made to fit particular development purposes, and they extend the capabilities of the programming language you have chosen for the technology stack. This way, the well-selected addition of ad-hoc technologies is one of the key parts of planning a stack for web app development.
Even when you do not plan to grow your business rapidly, it is advisable to pick a tech stack that allows you to scale efficiently. Scaling can be vertical, where you add extra functionality enabling your software to handle new tasks, or horizontal, where you add processing units so that your app may handle a larger number of users simultaneously. Some tools with excellent scalability include Ruby on Rails, React, Node.js, and Golang.
All apps require high security, especially if they deal with personal data including lists of email addresses, passwords, real names and postal addresses of users. The security requirement gets much higher and becomes a primary concern if your software processes and stores such confidential data as personal health records, payment information including card numbers, or other data that may be used with malicious intent. Whether you are developing a health app, an online store, or a simple social app, your customers or any users of your app will need to know their data is protected. A tool such as Ruby on Rails provides Digital Subscriber Line, DSL, which helps you configure your app’s content security policy.
# When developing an app, ensure that:
# app interactions are carried out using an API;
# access to the API is limited by tokens;
# each access to the app has to be authorized;
# any access from the Internet should be handled by the API;
# backup is performed regularly;
# if developing a medical app, it is HIPAA compliant.
Save on Expenses
Some of the tools you use when developing an app might be expensive. To save on expenses, ensure that your technology stack specification is clear and easy to understand. If you choose to outsource the project, offer clear project specs to allow the developer to make precise estimates.
Again, whether you are developing your app or outsourcing it, create an MVP, and test it. Note all the errors that occur when testing the product and correct them during the development phase. Where possible, only choose ready-made solutions and frameworks. This will not only save you money but also reduce development time. During the web app development, consider cloud hosting, which is more convenient and less costly. You need to think the entire web app development process in advance, from idea to launching and running the app.
Despite the fact that the capabilities of hardware and software are rapidly evolving and, thus, providing better functionality and performance for the needs of program developers, there is still no single fit-for-all technology stack. Some of the stacks are already well-established, tested and have proven their effectiveness for specific purposes, while others are experimental, risky, or unbalanced, for example, providing high performance at the cost of reliability.
Different web app development projects require different technology stacks; that’s why the specifics of your future product should determine the choice and number of components in the respective tech stack. If you are not sure which technology stack best fits your intended application, the best possible
When it comes to website fonts, there are so many things to look into, and it can get real overwhelming real fast. That’s why it’s best to start from the very basics before going any further.
• Should you go for Serif or Sans: this is one of the elementary font category classifications. Based on the Roman alphabet, Serif typefaces are characterized by a decorative stroke located at the end of the vertical and horizontal strokes of the letters.
Some of the most famous serif fonts include Times New Roman and Georgia. The Times New Roman font in particular falls under the category of classic web-safe fonts. Overall, you can’t go wrong with choosing default font types such as this one, as they are usually easy to read and have been around for a long time, so lots of internet users are used to them. Still, if you’d rather try a bolder approach, then we recommend checking out fonts such as Noe Display, Freight Text or the Portrait collection. Of course, there are always Google’s serif typefaces that you can use for free, such as Playfair Display, Cormorant Garamond, or Crimson Text, to name a few.
Sans typefaces have no serifs on the letters (the word “sans” stands for “without” in French), and they are known for having a more modern and clean design compared to their serif counterparts. Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Futura, and Arial are all examples of widely used sans serif fonts. As for free fonts, we suggest trying out the following for the Google Fonts free font library: Roboto, Source Sans Pro, Poppins, Heebo, or Montserrat.
What type you will choose largely depends on your target audience and the mood that you want to evoke with your font design. Generally, serif typefaces are used with the intention to bring forward a more formal and elegant tone. Though they can also be used to give an alternative look to your web page, and can often be found in magazines and within the fashion industry.
Sans fonts, on the other hand, most often symbolize minimalism, simplicity and straightforwardness. However, one of the great characteristics of sans serif fonts is that they are highly flexible. For example, if paired with an old style typeface, a sans serif can take on its qualities, in turn giving off a more traditional vibe.
• Kerning, leading and tracking: these three design elements can be vital when figuring out the look of your typeface. These methods have the purpose of modifying the space between letters in order to get a visually pleasing and easily readable font. Kerning stands for the space between two letters, leading represents the space between lines of text, and tracking (or letter-spacing) is the spacing between groups of letters.
• Contrast: in typographic web design, contrast is used to emphasize different chunks of text in a multitude of ways, all with the purpose of making the important parts stand out more. Different contrast types include size, weight (making certain parts of the text appear bold), color, form (for example, capital or lowercase letters) and structure (different forms mixed with different typefaces).
• Alignment: figuring out how the text will be placed on the page is also an element that can contribute greatly to your font design. You can align your text to the left, right, or center. In addition, you can choose whether you want the text to be ragged on the right or justified.
Generally speaking, the text aligned to the left is the easiest to read. Fully justified text is considered more formal as it lines up evenly on both sides of the margin, while ragged text has a reputation of being more informal and friendly. You can set up your alignment depending on your audience type, their expectations, and whether you have to think about the space limitations or not. In case you have to make full use of the writing space, then, by all means, go for the justified alignment. And if you want your perfectly aligned text to appear less dull, you can always divide different parts of the text by inserting some visuals or a subheading in between. If you do this, make sure to wrap your text around the images to give your page a cleaner and organized look.
When aligning your text, you should also pay attention to Line Length (the distance between the left and right side of the text block). The most effective way of measuring line length is by average characters per line. The optimal line length is from 45 to 80 characters, including spaces. |
psychotherapist Archives - Promises Healthcare
What Are Anxiety Disorders and How Do They Affect Us?
What Are Anxiety Disorders and How Do They Affect Us?
We are no strangers to feelings of anxiety – at certain stages of our lives or in particular situations, we would have experienced anxiousness and worry with relation to our careers, studies, relationships and even our environment. However, anxiety levels may go beyond the healthy norm for some people, and may instead develop into anxiety disorders that may have a debilitating effect on their lives. According to the American Psychology Association (APA), an individual who suffers from an anxiety disorder is described to have “recurring intrusive thoughts or concerns”, where the duration and severity in which the individual experiences anxiety could be blown out of proportion to the original stressor, resulting in undesirable tension and other physical alterations. In this article, we will be exploring a few types of anxiety disorders as well as how they can manifest within us.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalised Anxiety Disorder is a psychological issue characterised by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety without any known external cause. People who are diagnosed with GAD tend to feel anxious on most days for at least six months, and could be plagued by worry over several factors such as social interactions, personal health and wellbeing, and their everyday routine tasks. For example, an individual with GAD may find himself experiencing headaches, cold sweats, increased irritability and frequent feelings of “free-floating” anxiety. Others may also experience muscle tension, sleep disruptions or having difficulty concentrating. Often, the sense of anxiety may seemingly come from nowhere and last for long periods of time, therefore interfering with daily activities and various life circumstances.
Panic Disorder
In contrast, Panic Disorders are characterised by the random occurrence of panic attacks that have no obvious connection with events that are co-occurring in the person’s present experience. This means that panic attacks could occur at any time, even when someone is casually enjoying a meal. Of course, panic attacks could also be brought on by a particular trigger in the environment, such as a much-feared object or situation. Some individuals have reported that panic attacks feel frighteningly similar to a heart attack, especially with the rapid increase in heart palpitations, and the accompanying shortness of breath. Other symptoms also include trembling, sweating, and feelings of being out of control. With these panic attacks bringing on sudden periods of intense fear and anxiety, it can be exceptionally terrifying when these attacks reach their peak within mere minutes. However, a notable difference between a panic disorder and GAD is that an individual diagnosed with panic disorder is usually free of anxiety in between panic attacks.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a disorder marked by patterns of persistent and unwanted thoughts and behaviours. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, urges or mental images that cause anxiety. On the other hand, compulsions are the repetitive behaviours that a person feels the urge to do in response to an obsessive thought or image. One common example often exhibited in films is where an individual has an obsessive fear of germs. This person may avoid shaking hands with strangers, avoid using public restrooms or feel the urge to wash their hands way too frequently. However, OCD isn’t purely limited to feelings of anxiety due to germs. OCD can manifest in other ways as well, such as wanting things to be symmetrical or in perfect order, repeatedly checking on things (“Did I leave my stove on?”), or the compulsive counting of objects or possessions. While everyone double-checks their things and has their own habits, people with OCD generally cannot control their thoughts and behaviours, even if they are recognised to be rather excessive. They can spend at least 1 hour a day on these thoughts and behaviours, and will only feel the much-needed brief sense of relief from their anxiety when they perform their rituals. As such, OCD can be exceptionally debilitating to one’s mental health.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Persons with Social Anxiety Disorder, or SAD, experience high levels of anxiety and fear under particular or all social situations, depending on the severity of their condition. They are often afraid of being subjected to judgement, humiliation or rejection in public, causing them to feel embarrassed. As such, individuals with SAD may feel extra self-conscious and stressed out, and try to avoid social situations where they might be placed at the centre of attention.
Phobic Disorders
A phobia involves a pathological fear of a specific object or a situation. This means that one may experience intense anxiety upon encountering their fears and will take active steps to avoid the feared object. Phobias may centre on heights(acrophobia), birds (ornithophobia), crowds and open spaces(agoraphobia), and many others. People with agoraphobia, in particular, may struggle to be themselves in public spaces, for they think that it would be difficult to leave in the event they have panic-like reactions or other embarrassing symptoms. In severe cases, agoraphobia can cause one to be housebound.
Options for the treatment of anxiety disorders include medication from a psychiatrist and therapy with a psychologist, psychotherapist or counsellor, and anxiety disorders can be treated with either one or both methods. While medication does not cure anxiety completely, it helps to relieve its symptoms, allowing the individual to cope better. Psychotherapy methods such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy can be particularly effective as well, for it aims to help victims of anxiety disorders change their way of thinking, behaving, and their way of reacting to certain anxiety-causing stimuli.
It is important for us to recognise that seeking treatment for anxiety disorders is crucial, especially if it hinders or interferes with our daily life. While one may choose to adopt the “I can handle it myself” attitude – perhaps due to any pre-existing stigma or societal expectations – we need to acknowledge that we will ultimately be worse off if we do not seek help early. Don’t struggle alone, talk to us about ways to manage your anxiety and find the support you need.
1. (Accessed 03/12/2020)
2. (Accessed 03/12/2020)
3. (Accessed 03/12/2020)
Photo by engin akyurt on Unsplash
How Do You Find The Right Therapist For You
How Do You Find The Right Therapist For You
For many individuals, therapy is a rather intense and personal topic, and it could have taken them a lot of courage to finally seek the help that they need. Keeping this in mind, it is exceptionally crucial that one finds the right therapist, for there’s a pre-existing implicit clinical belief that the level of treatment effectiveness is greatly dependent on the therapist-client fit. Of course, every client would love to be able to – ideally – find that one therapist whom they can fully open up to from the very beginning, but in reality, that may not be the case. At times, it is necessary to assess your relationship with your therapist and evaluate if there’s the good rapport you need for your sessions to be a success. Ultimately, it boils down to whether you feel a steady, reliable and safe connection with the therapist, and whether you are making the progress you hope for.
To give you some background, studies over the years have shown that the more similar the therapist and the client, the higher the rate of recovery. As an example, an assessment instrument entitled the “Structural Profile Inventory(SPI)”, which measures seven “independent yet interactive” variables (behaviours, affects, sensory imagery, cognition, interpersonal, drugs/biological factors or BASIC-ID), showed that client-therapist similarity on the SPI predicted a better psychotherapy outcome for the client as measured by differences pre- and post-treatment on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Moreover, the demographic similarity between therapist and client facilitates positive perceptions of the relationship in the beginning stages of treatment, enhances commitment to remaining in treatment, and at times can accelerate the amount of improvement experienced by clients. More precisely, it can be said that age, ethnicity, and gender similarity have been associated with positive client perceptions of the treatment relationship. With gender and cultural similarities appearing the most strongly preferred among clients, these domains generally enhance clients’ perceptions of their therapists’ level of understanding and empathy, and as a result, sessions are judged to be more advantageous and worthwhile. However, besides these, there are also other means to assess your “fit” with your therapist, and we’re here to discuss just that.
First and foremost, consider if you are seeking help in the right place. Does the therapist you are looking at specialise in the area you are seeking help for? Before we can even touch on the topic of interpersonal therapist-client fit, it is important for you to take the time to do some research on various therapists’ profiles – in other words, to sift through and read up on their respective areas of expertise. Typically, therapists would have their area(s) of specialisation up on their online profile directories. It would be clearly indicated if they specialise in areas such as substance abuse, family therapy, or even anger management. It goes without saying that, for example, it would be inappropriate to consult a psychologist who specialises in child psychology when you’re clearly looking for someone who can help you with your substance-use addiction. With that said, it is to no one’s benefit for you to rush into therapy blindly.
Once you have chosen the potential therapist that you are most likely to want to have see you through your road to recovery, another essential question you should ask yourself is whether you are comfortable with their suggested mode of therapy. During consultations, you will have the opportunity to enquire about their recommended techniques or treatment methods that will be explored during your subsequent sessions. If you are uncomfortable with any particular process, giving honest feedback and exploring other methods is always an option. However, at any point, you also have the right to seek other therapists who may be able to help you in other ways that don’t put you in a tight spot. After all, therapy is all about having a safe and comfortable space for you to sort out your difficulties.
When assessing your interpersonal connection with your therapist, make sure to trust your gut. This way, you’ll also be able to track your progress better and to seek alternative help if required. Some questions you can ask yourself are:
1. Am I satisfied with the current balance of talking and listening with my therapist?
2. Is my overall therapy experience safe, warm, and validating?
3. Am I fully assured that I’m in a non-judgemental space where I can be fully honest?
4. How much has the therapist helped me to gain greater insight into my own behaviour and thoughts so far?
5. Am I becoming more capable of coping (independently) with stressful or triggering situations over time?
6. Am I noticing more positive changes in myself, as compared to when I first started therapy?
As mentioned, a major deciding factor should also be on whether you find yourself noticing positive changes in your thought cycles and behaviour after a couple of sessions. At the end of the day, therapy should be about working towards achieving your desired outcome, and should definitely not be limited to weekly venting sessions. Although venting and letting out hard feelings can provide temporary relief, it fosters a client’s dependence on the therapist over time and further reinforces the client’s problems. Therapy should instead help you to feel more confident that you’ve developed the relevant skill sets in order to cope with whatever emotional challenges that brought you to seek therapy in the first place.
Naturally, there’s no guarantee that we will find chemistry with the first therapist we meet. The chemistry between people varies, and sometimes it’s just not possible for us to force it. Thus, it is important to remember that a lack of fit between therapist and client is no one’s fault. However, remember that the ball is in our court, and it is within our control to start looking in the right place for the sake of our own well-being.
1 Herman, S.M. (1998). The relationship between therapist-client modality similarity and psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 1998 Winter; 7(1): 56-64.
2 Luborksky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., Alexander, L., Margolis, M., & Cohen, M. (1983). Two Helping alliance methods for predicting outcomes of psychotherapy: A counting signs vs. a global rating method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 480-491.
3 Jones, E. E., (1978). Effects of race on psychotherapy process and outcome: An exploratory investigation. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15, 226-236.
4 Blase, J. J. (1979). A study of the effects of sec of the client and sex of the therapist on clients’ satisfaction with psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 6107B-6108B.
Beutler, L.E., Clarkin, J., Crago, M. and Bergan, J., 1991. Client-therapist matching. Pergamon general psychology series, 162, pp.699-716. (Accessed 30/08/2020) (Accessed 30/08/2020) (Accessed 30/08/2020)
Photo by Cytonn Photography on Unsplash
Emotional Self-Regulation: The difference between having a controlling behaviour and having self-mastery
For someone who struggles with emotional self-regulation, what does having a “breakthrough” mean? A “breakthrough” could mean coming to a point of realisation and acceptance of one’s mental state, and taking a step forward to change his/her seemingly challenging behaviour. To achieve this, we’ll need to learn the art of self-mastery in order to transform our emotions, attitude and most importantly, our behaviour.
Let’s not beat about the bush – the most pivotal factor to attaining self-mastery is for the person in question to understand that he/she needs to take charge of his/her own thoughts, emotions and actions. The model of self-mastery dictates that we should acknowledge and accept that we are the ones who are responsible for changing our own life experiences. It is often said that we are each the author of our own lives, in which we live in whatever we create. At any point in time, we should always be open to learning life skills to deal with whatever life presents us, instead of resisting or reacting against it. We should learn to control what happens to us by exercising creative control over the circumstances that we throw ourselves into. Without the will to take charge and make the relevant changes, this “breakthrough” would, unfortunately, be a tough feat.
There is a difference between control and self-mastery, and it is crucial that we internalise this. Oftentimes, people with mental health conditions tend to display controlling behaviours of themselves or others. To put it succinctly, controlling behaviour arises when we compel others to change their behaviour to cater to our own experiences of life. On the contrary, self-mastery means transforming our own behaviour in order to change our own experiences of life. Practising self-mastery implies that we adapt to what life presents us, instead of quitting or getting emotionally erratic when things become challenging. This involves learning new life skills that we have yet to master in order to carry us through frustrating tough times and eliminate controlling behaviour. Controlling or manipulative behaviour often emerges from within ourselves whenever things don’t go as we expect. We victimise ourselves and push the blame towards others or life in general for what was presented so as to “correct” the situation. The truth is, when you feel that people aren’t showing you the gratitude or appreciation that you deserve, the fault is not with them. In actual fact, you are exhibiting a need to control – to bring your current life experiences to fit your idealised version of it. For individuals with disruptive emotions and impulses, self-mastery may not come easily to them, as a result of the dysfunction of their self-regulation skills. Yet, this doesn’t mean that it is entirely impossible.
Self-mastery means not allowing our past negative experiences to affect our present and future. It is not easy to undo those past experiences, as they are like deep-seated stains on our clothes that cannot be removed. However, we can choose not to wear those clothes again. It is hard to pick up anything new if our hands are full of burdens. Making peace with our past by letting go, forgiving or even forgetting, will give us space for an untarnished and more objective approach to our present and future. Practising self-mastery also includes being mindful of how you interpret an event in a way that reduces the negative thought or completely replacing it with a positive one. This psychological strategy can be understood by looking at a glass and asking yourself whether it is half full or half empty. Instead of focusing on the dark clouds, we should change our interpretative lens to uncover the silver lining. For example, instead of envying your friend’s success, you should see your own failure as a temporary detour and not a dead end.
Being mindful of our actions and reactions helps us see them for what they are so as to reign in any impulsive controlling, or difficult behaviour. Truth be told, we have all displayed difficult behaviour at times, which as a result, might have caused us to burn a bridge or two. However, the display of fluctuating emotions may be a regular occurrence for some individuals who may not know how to work towards a “breakthrough”. In this case, only if we are mindful of our behaviours can we be less reactive and better able to reframe our perception of our current experience in a less emotional and upsetting manner. With practice, we will slowly become better at creating that space which will then allow us to choose our reactions rather than just reacting out of habit or impulse. Of course, this, in turn, leads to happier and healthier relationships, ultimately improving our mental state of health as well.
Last, but not least, a crucial step in developing self-mastery is to start with self-honesty and truthfulness. Do some self-reflection. That is, have an honest assessment of your own strengths and weaknesses, as well as owning up to your problems. When you are able to identify your weaknesses, you will be able to direct yourself better to what needs to be worked on and the relevant life skills you’ll need to master in order to find a breakthrough. In contrast, focusing on your strengths will also help boost your self-confidence, and act as a motivation for you to work towards making the change you need (i.e., self-improvement). If it helps, attend a peer support group. Peer support groups are built on shared personal experiences and empathy – it focuses on one’s strengths and helps you work towards your mental health and happiness goals. At the same time, it comforts you that you aren’t on the road to mental resilience and self-mastery alone and that there are many out there like you. Don’t be afraid to reach out for professional help too, for it could very well be the push you need to help you achieve the breakthrough you desire.
Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash
Tanya Curtis, Control vs Self-Mastery: A Key to Lasting Change for a Person with a Mental Illness, video recording, Mental Health Academy
<> (Accessed 16/06/2020) |
Difference Between Given Values and Retrieved Values for Shapes on Google Slides
This is a document for explaining the difference between given values and retrieved values for shapes on Google Slides. When a shape is created to a slide using Slides API, most users give the size of height and width as pt. When the size is retrieved from the created shape as pt, the size is often difference from the given size.
For example, when a square shape is created by giving the height and width of 100 pt, the size which is retrieved from the created square becomes 99.99212598425197 pt for the height and width.
In this document, this will be explained.
At Slides, EMU is used as the default base unit. Slides manages all objects in the Slides using EMU. When the square with 100 pt in size is created, Slides processes as follows.
1. 100 pt is converted to EMU. 1 pt is 12,700 EMUs.
• 100 pt x 12700 EMU/pt = 1270000 EMUs
2. EMUs for 100 pt is converted to scaleX and scaleY which are are unitless multiplying factors. 3000000 is the base value. You can see it using slides.presentations.get.
• 1270000 EMUs / 3000000 EMUs = 0.4233
• At Slides API, I seemed that this calculation is often rounded. I thought that this was strange.
3. When users retrieve the size of width and height, using scaleX and scaleY EMU is converted to pt.
• 0.4233 x 3000000 EMUs / 12700 EMU/pt = 99.99212598425197 pt
• This was calculated by the default calculator of windows.
By these flow, the square which was created by giving 100 pt in size has 99.99212598425197 pt in size.
References :
Appendix :
Create a square with 100 pt in size
var presentationId = "### presentationId ###";
var pageObjectId = "### pageObjectId ###";
var resource = {"requests":[{
Slides.Presentations.batchUpdate(resource, presentationId);
Retrieve the size of created square
var res = Slides.Presentations.Pages.get(presentationId, pageObjectId);
Logger.log("size: %s, transform: %s", res.pageElements[0].size, res.pageElements[0].transform) |
Μ-Law Algorithm
Logo of Μ-law algorithm
Link to Dbpedia
What is Μ-law algorithm?
The μ-law algorithm (sometimes written "mu-law", often approximated as "u-law") is a companding algorithm, primarily used in 8-bit PCM digital telecommunication systems in North America and Japan. It is one of two versions of the G.711 standard from ITU-T, the other version being the similar A-law, used in regions where digital telecommunication signals are carried on E-1 circuits, e.g. Europe. Companding algorithms reduce the dynamic range of an audio signal. In analog systems, this can increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved during transmission; in the digital domain, it can reduce the quantization error (hence increasing signal to quantization noise ratio). These SNR increases can be traded instead for reduced bandwidth for equivalent SNR.
Technology Types
adviceaudio codecproposalrecommendationstandardsystem of measurement
G.711MuG.711μM-lawM-law algorithmMu lawMu-lawMu-law algorithmMulawPCMUU-LawUlawΜ-Law
Ley Mu (es)Llei Mu (ca)Loi µ (fr)Μ-law (de)Μ-lawアルゴリズム (ja)Мю-закон (ru)뮤 법칙 알고리즘 (ko)
Tech Info
Source: [object Object]
— Date merged: 11/6/2021, 1:32:47 PM
— Date scraped: 5/20/2021, 6:08:04 PM |
Catholic Tradition ADDS to the Bible
Unlike Protestantism, Roman Catholicism does not derive its doctrines from the Bible alone but from Tradition as well. Most Catholic doctrine cannot be shown from the Bible. Tradition with a capital T is the word of God.
The Catholic argument that since the Bible sometimes speaks well of tradition and treats it as authoritive, tradition must be an additional authority to the Bible is untenable because the Bible never says tradition is the other authority. Those traditions might have been divinely inspired and might have been incorporated into and enshrined in scripture alone as they were. The Bible started off as inspired traditions which were written down.
And it may be true that there are inspired traditions outside the Bible but that does not mean that we have to rely on them or are meant to. The Bible never tells us to listen to tradition outside its teaching. It was different to take tradition as the word of God during the apostles’ day for they infallibly discerned the infallible ones but it is too risky to do so now. The Bible is complete so there is no need to. Protestants believe the Bible doesn’t answer all questions but say that it answers enough.
If a lot of important answers are left out of the Bible does that prove that tradition is needed and complements the Bible? It does not when the Bible does not tell us who has the accurate tradition.
Catholics suppose that Isaiah 59:21 in which God says his word will be in the mouths of his people forever is a prediction about the Catholic Church which teaches by word of mouth and not only by a book. Tradition is what is handed down by word of mouth and this verse is supposed to teach the Catholic doctrine. But if the word were to be in a book alone Isaiah would still have written these words.
Jesus’ condemnation of tradition only forbids non-inspired tradition or man-made tradition (Matthew 15 or Mark 7:1-8, 14-15, 21-23). Jesus slammed the Jews for having a good tradition that handwashing was mandatory and which was understandable if you look at Bible principles. His problem was it was not explicitly commanded by God. This observation supports the Reformed doctrine that Catholic tradition is illicit and has no authority. Catholics however say that the word of God is two things, the Bible and tradition.
1 Peter 1:25 is supposed to prove that the Church will preach infallible tradition that is not in scripture forever. It is reasoned that it says that the word of God endures forever and must be the preaching of the Church for the New Testament was far from finished. But if the Church follows the Bible and this book is the only inspired authority used the Church can still preach the word of God that endures forever. This verse gives no grounds for the notion of tradition as endorsed in the Catholic Church. And if some of the New Testament had been written and since there was an Old Testament there is no need for imagining it means the Church teaching at all.
John 21:23 gives an example of a tradition that thrived in the early Church that was wrong. The tradition promised that an apostle would live forever on earth and be the oracle of God to the Church and so late in the first century John had to attack it. This was a very serious blunder – at least it proves that the early Church did not have a pope to correct error especially when Peter had died long before – and shows that tradition is dangerous and the Church is not safe from nonsensical traditions.
The apostle Paul declared that what would become the great apostasy had started (2 Thessalonians 2) so how could we trust tradition? Tradition was the only excuse the apostates would have had for altering the faith.
The Bible predicts that most of the people calling themselves Christians would abandon the faith one day and speaks of the awesome power of Satan to delude (2 Thessalonians 2:3 – it speaks of a “great falling away” or apostasy). It says that false teachings and fabricated apostolic traditions were already being concocted while the apostles were alive under the guidance of Satan (2 Thessalonians 2:1, 2). Obviously, even if a tradition could be traced back to the lifetime of the apostles it does not mean that it is a revelation of God. The Devil might have created the traditions Catholics speak of and the papacy.
In Matthew 12 Jesus said that when demons are cast out and can find no home for there is nobody left to possess they will go back to the man they have left and if he is open to their influence they will take worse demons than themselves with them to possess him and that will happen to Jesus’ evil generation. This implies firstly that tradition is dangerous and the demons have the knowledge and power to pull off a seemingly foolproof deception and it implies that the New Testament could well be a demonic fabrication and that only books you are 100% sure of can be considered to be God’s word. But no such books exist and Jesus really shot himself in the foot.
When the Bible warns of a great apostasy and makes it clear that the world – meaning the vast majority so it is practically the whole world so even most Christians will be traitors though they might continue to infest the Church. Church traditions are most likely to be diabolical or fraudulent in origin and we have to avoid them.
The Catholic Church holds that the Bible and Tradition are the word of God. Tradition is used to interpret the Bible and thus that leads to Catholics distorting the Bible. And Tradition tends to be cherry-picked. For example, Origen is ignored a lot though he was a major Church father. And Justin Martyr was clear to Trypho that souls go to Heaven the second they die and are not resurrected are not Christians. He is speaking probably of Marcionists who held that you go to Heaven at death and don't come back in your body. Justin is said to be rejecting immediate entry into Heaven only when it is done in a way to undermine resurrection. He is not saying, we are told, that nobody goes to Heaven straight away. They do to await resurrection. It is more likely that Justin thought that you don't get to Heaven until you resurrect first! So this rules out prayers to saints and apparitions of saints from Heaven. It rules out a major and core Catholic doctrine.
The very tradition that the Catholic Church makes superior to the Bible and a supplement to the Bible says that it should be ignored in favour of the Bible! Rome no longer believes in Bible inerrancy in the full and complete sense though ancient tradition is against her in this and supports verbal and plenary inspiration.
The tradition that the fathers honoured and obeyed was tradition that restated what was in the scriptures and was in the scriptures. (See page 15, Traditional Doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church Examined.) St Cyprian is quoted as saying that tradition is just what is taught in the scriptures. Cyril of Alexandria said that the scriptures are enough and more than enough and Tertullian condemned Hermogenes unless he could show that his teachings were in the Bible and pronounced a curse on those who add to and subtract from the Bible and St Basil interpreted the apostles as saying that nobody should believe anything unless it is written in the Bible (page 16).
Justin Martyr was the first source of what Rome recognises as divinely inspired tradition to say that Christ forbade belief in what men say and counselled his followers to believe only in what he himself and the Jewish prophets taught (page 26, Evangelical Catholics; page 23, But the Bible Does Not Say So).
St Irenaeus stated that the Church will find every doctrine it needs in the prophets and the gospels (page 26, Evangelical Catholics). He wrote that when the heretics are refuted from the scriptures they attack the scriptures as being incorrect or uncanonical so in that case he appeals to tradition to confute them (page 27, Church and Infallibility). But what Irenaeus meant by tradition was the practice of revering the scriptures as infallible. He argued that since they were believed to be infallible by tradition since the time of the apostles they were real and uncorrupted. A bible only believer would say much the same thing without regarding tradition as an additional authority.
St Athanasius wrote that the scriptures are enough for learning the truth in (Conte Gentes. 1,1).
St John Chrysostom commanded that no man must be listened to in religion without being checked out by the Bible first (2 Corinthians 6, Homily 13). The same instructed in his Homily on Romans that we must read no other but Jesus and need no other mind (page 27, Secrets of Romanism).
St Jerome protested against creating things as if they were tradition from the apostles without scripture saying they are true (commentary on Haggai, Cap 1.2). He informed Helvidius that anything that was not written in the Bible was to be rejected. He said the Church does not admit anything that is not found in the scriptures (page 23, But the Bible Does Not Say So).
St Basil (329-379) said that since Jesus said his sheep hear his voice and do not listen to strangers that it is wrong to make a doctrine that is not mentioned in the scriptures (De Fide, Garnier’s Edition, Vol II, page 313). (See page 26, Evangelical Catholics).
Augustine commanded that any doctrine that is not in the Bible must be refused (page 26, Evangelical Catholics). In 400 AD he expressly stated that he bows only to the authority of the canonical books and that all that is needed for faith and living is in them (page 23, But the Bible Does Not Say So).
The Church has no authority from its God to believe the doctrines it has that are not in the Bible. The doctrines come from purely human authority and to believe them is to believe men not God.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS CATHOLICS ARE ASKING, Tony Coffey, Harvest House Publishers, Oregon ,2006
Catholicism and Christianity, Cecil John Cadoux, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1928
Encyclopaedia of Bible Difficulties, Gleason W Archer, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1982
Evangelical Catholics, A New Phenomenon, Stanley Mawhinney, Christian Ministries Incorporated, Dundrum, Dublin, 1992
How to Interpret the Bible, Fr Francis Cleary, SJ, Ligouri, Missouri, 1981
Lectures and Replies, Thomas Carr, Archbishop of Melbourne, Australian Catholic Truth Society, Melbourne, 1907
Lions Concise Book of Christian Thought, Tony Lane, Lyon, Herts, 1984
Reason and Belief, Bland Blanschard, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1974
Roman Catholic Claims, Charles Gore, Longmans, London, 1894
Secrets of Romanism, Joseph Zachello, Loizeaux Brothers, New Jersey, 1984
The Bible Does Not Say So, Rev Roberto Nisbet, Church Book Room Press, London, 1966
The Church and Infallibility, BC Butler, The Catholic Book Club, London, undated
The Cult of the Virgin Mary, Psychological Origins, Michael P Carroll, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986
Traditional Doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church Examined, Rev CCJ Butlin, Protestant Truth Society, London
Vicars of Christ, Peter de Rosa, Corgi, London, 1993
Whatever Happened to Heaven? Dave Hunt, Harvest House, Eugene, Oregon, 1988 |
STL Models for CNC Professionals
You don’t have to buy a CNC router, but the DIY CNC hardware that came with your Raspberry Pi can do a pretty good job.
You can get a Raspberry Pi with a CNE as well as a CNG-based CNC (Computer Numerical Integrator).
CNEs are digital numerical encoders.
They are basically tiny electronic circuits that can be plugged into a CEG-8-type CNC machining machine and then run a program that converts that digital number into a digital number.
You then print that number onto a sheet of plastic and use that to make something like a door, a doorbell or a window.
These things are basically digital numbers that you can plug into the Raspberry Pi, but you don’t really need to buy one, or at least you don: a CND (Computer Network Devices) CNC can be bought for under $200.
The CNC you use to make a door hinges on the same principle.
The Raspberry Pi’s CNC is different, because it has to run software.
It can’t just be programmed to print something out.
This software has to be downloaded from the internet, or, if you’re lucky, you can buy a Raspberry PI from an online retailer that ships with an operating system that will let you do that.
The software you need is called the CNC software package (CSP), and it’s available for download from the CNE store.
It’s also available for purchase from Amazon, but that’s not recommended, as the CNP software package is already available in the Amazon Marketplace for free.
So if you don, you need to get the CPN software package.
The easiest way to do that is to find a Raspberry pi that has an Ethernet port, like the RaspberryPi3 or Pi3B, and then follow these steps: 1.
Plug the Ethernet cable into your Raspberry PI’s Ethernet port.
Open up the Control Panel and navigate to the Networking and Wireless tab.
Click the Settings button on the left of the screen and then select Advanced Settings.
Click Save Changes and then OK.
You’ll then be presented with the Network Settings screen.
Click Network Settings again and then click OK.
This will open up a new window that looks like this: 5.
Next, go back to the Wireless tab, then click on the LAN tab and then scroll down to Wireless Settings.
On the Wireless Settings screen, check the Enable IPsec option.
If you’re unsure of what that means, you might want to check with your ISP.
In the next window, click the LAN button and then wait until the page loads.
Click on the IP address bar and then the LAN dropdown menu and then press the IP button.
In this window, you’ll see a list of IP addresses for all your network devices, like your router, your TV, your home automation system, your car and so on.
If everything looks OK, you’re done.
If things don’t work, you probably need to reset the router’s settings.
The Router Settings menu looks like the following: 11.
Under Router Settings, check Advanced settings.
Under Wireless Settings, select Reset router settings.
Click Reset router and then restart your Raspberry pi.
If it still doesn’t work or if it’s too late to do anything about it, reboot your Pi.
You should see a new screen that looks similar to this: 14.
Now you’re ready to do some real work on your RaspberryPi.
You don´t need to spend all that time learning how to use the CNG software package or downloading and installing it, but it’s a good way to get started.
To do that, open up the CND software package and start writing.
You might not be able to see the results immediately, but once you see the output you should be able see what the output looks like: 15.
You now have a bunch of little green LEDs that indicate the position of the CEG.
The green LEDs represent the input and output pins.
The red LEDs represent a stop when you’ve got the program running, and the blue LEDs indicate a complete stop.
You also have a line of numbers that represent the number of bits that you’re outputting.
You’re not going to write anything in these numbers, but when you’re finished, you will have a lot of output.
To make things more complex, you have another line of LEDs that represent a line that connects to the input pins.
If that’s all you have on the board, you should see this line: 18.
The input and outputs of the Raspberry PI are connected to these two pins, but they are not connected to the CIE pins.
You will need to connect the output pins to the pins you want to output.
You could use the GPIO pins on the Raspberry pi,
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For many cat guardians, their pet’s natural impulse to scratch can become a problem, and declawing may seem a logical solution. However, declawing creates more problems than it solves.
What is the procedure?
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, declawing is the surgical amputation of all or part of a cat’s toe bones and the attached claws, and it is a painful procedure. It is not a simple trimming of the nails.
Immediate physical complications can include:
Later physical complications can include:
• If a surgical nail cutter was dull, and because cats’ nails are brittle, many cats experience shattered bones in their feet which can become seriously infected. This can be corrected only with a second general anesthetic and surgical procedure.
Behavioral problems
Scratching is a natural feline behavior that meets cat’s many needs. That’s why declawing has long-lasting effects on cats. Once their claws have been removed, they can no longer perform their natural stretching and kneading rituals. They become weaker as they age and may experience debilitating arthritis in their backs and shoulders.
Finally, declawed cats often stop using their litter boxes. They may associate the pain they feel in their paws when trying to cover their waste with the litter box itself. They seek a less painful place for elimination, such as the carpet or bathtub or even the bed or piles of laundry. Even though there are effective ways to modify a cat’s litter box behavior, it is a particularly difficult challenge because a declawed cat’s aversion results from pain.
Is your cat’s scratching driving you crazy?
There are ways to train your cat or kitten to scratch in the appropriate place. Read tips on redirecting your cat’s scratching in the fact sheet about destructive scratching. |
Trump is the first president in nearly 3 decades to lose a reelection
Getty/Chip Somodevilla
President Donald Trump on Friday became the 11th president in US history who was nominated by their party but failed to win reelection.
President-elect Joe Biden has been declared the projected winner of the 2020 election by Insider and Decision Desk HQ.
Trump is the first incumbent president in nearly three decades to not win reelection.
John Adams (1797-1801)
John Adams.
John Adams.
The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images
John Adams, the nation's first vice president and second president, failed to win a second term in the 1800 election.
Adams, a Federalist, was defeated by Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican.
The election marked the first peaceful transfer of power between members of two political parties. Though Adams wanted to remain president, he accepted the results of the election and stepped down, establishing an important precedent for the US. He did not attend Jefferson's inauguration.
Adams faced a foreign policy crisis with France during his presidency, known as the Qausi-War, and signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts. The acts, which gave the government broad authority to deport foreign-born residents and punish critics, are often cited as a major factor in Adam's loss in the election.
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
john quincy adams
A portrait of John Quincy Adams.
National Archive/Newsmakers/Getty Images
John Quincy Adams, the son of President John Adams, did not win reelection in 1828. He was defeated by Andrew Jackson.
Adams became president in 1824 despite Jackson receiving more electoral votes. No candidate had won a majority of the electoral votes, so the House of Representatives was left to decide. The House ultimately elected Adams.
Adams faced fierce opposition from Jacksonians (supporters of Jackson) in Congress while president, and had few major accomplishments during his tenure. He lost badly to Jackson in 1828.
His career in politics was far from over, however, and Adams would later serve as a congressman from 1831 to 1848.
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
Martin Van Buren.
Martin Van Buren.
Universal History Archive/Getty Images
Martin Van Buren lost the 1840 election to William Henry Harrison.
Van Buren's tenure was plagued from the start by a financial crisis, and his unpopularity was compounded by an expensive war with the Seminole Indians in Florida.
He lost by a landslide in 1840, with Harrison winning 234 electoral votes and Van Buren just 60.
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)
grover cleveland
Library of Congress
Grover Cleveland lost the election of 1888 to Benjamin Harrison.
Cleveland won the popular vote by more than 100,000 votes but ultimately lost to Harrison via the electoral college. It was just the second time in US history that a candidate lost the popular vote but still won the presidency.
But Cleveland ran for president again in 1892, defeating Harrison and winning another term. Cleveland is still counted among the incumbent presidents who won their party's nomination but lost their bid for reelection, however.
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
Benjamin Harrison
President Benjamin Harrison
Getty Images
Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland in the 1888 election, despite losing the popular vote.
Harrison would only serve one term, however, after losing to Cleveland in the 1892 election.
During his presidency, Harrison's support for tariffs drove up costs for consumers, which was unpopular. This, among other factors, contributed to Harrison's political demise.
William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft.
Popperfoto/Getty Images
William Howard Taft was defeated by Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election, joining the ranks of incumbent presidents who did not win reelection.
Taft, a Republican, was deeply unpopular and faced a divided party.
Though he'd been close with his predecessor, President Teddy Roosevelt, Taft's approach to policy drove them apart.
Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1912, but the former president ultimately lost to his successor and ran as a third-party candidate.
Taft suffered a humiliating defeat, earning less of the popular and electoral vote than both Wilson and Roosevelt. But his career in public service was not totally over, and Taft later went on to become Chief Justice of the US.
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
franklin delano roosevelt herbert hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt, right, leaves the White House with President Herbert Hoover on his Inauguration day in 1933.
Topical Press Agency/Getty
Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 election.
Hoover was president at the onset of the Great Depression , and failed to rise to the task of addressing the economic calamity.
Roosevelt crushed Hoover in the election, winning the popular vote by more than seven million votes. Hoover earned just 59 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 472.
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
Gerald Ford
Gerald R. Ford.
Don Carl STEFFEN/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
Gerald Ford lost the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter after coming to power during one of the most tumultuous decades of the 20th century for the US.
Ford was never actually elected president.
He became commander-in-chief after President Richard Nixon resigned while facing impeachment over the Watergate scandal. Ford was the first unelected president in US history.
Ford contended with an energy crisis and major economic woes during his short presidency.
Carter defeated Ford by a little over 1.6 million votes, earning 297 electoral college votes to Ford's 240.
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
Jimmy Carter at The Tribune.
Jimmy Carter at The Tribune.
Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images
Jimmy Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election.
Carter, who'd come to Washington as an outsider after previously serving as governor of Georgia, struggled to get things done and his management of the economy made him deeply unpopular.
He also faced one of the biggest international crises for the US in the modern era: the Iranian hostage crisis. Dozens of hostages were taken by Iranian students at the US embassy in Tehran. The US launched a disastrous military operation meant to rescue the hostages in April 1980 that resulted in a helicopter crash and the deaths of eight service members.
The hostages were eventually released. The crisis lasted for 444 days, ending on January, 20, 1981, the same day Reagan was inaugurated.
Carter's handling of the hostage crisis is often cited as a major reason Reagan won an overwhelming victory in 1980.
Though he struggled as commander-in-chief, Carter has had a successful post-presidency and is widely admired. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
George H.W. Bush (1989-1993)
George H.W. Bush
In this Dec. 20, 1989, file photo, President George H.W. Bush addresses the nation on television from the Oval Office in Washington as he explains his decision to deploy American troops to Panama.
Barry Thumma/AP
George H.W. Bush lost the 1992 election to Bill Clinton.
Bush, a war hero who was also a former vice president and ex-CIA director, struggled to overcome the energy of Clinton's campaign.
An economic downturn at the time was also at the heart of Bush's unsuccessful effort to win reelection. Despite guiding the US through tumultuous global events, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, Bush was unable to garner the support necessary to overcome Clinton in the general election.
Bush is the most recent incumbent president who won his party's nomination but failed to win a second term.
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Intro & Module Activities
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How should you handle your horse?
Appropriate horse handling skills ensure safety for horses and their handlers. These skills include understanding equine behaviour and the importance of regular grooming and foot care. You will demonstrate techniques for handling and transporting a horse. You will also demonstrate your understanding of foot cleaning and grooming practices.
Horse handling refers to the techniques used to manage and care for a horse. Horse handlers and riders need to observe and listen to their horses. How can your horse’s safety and well-being be improved through humane handling techniques?
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Module Objectives
By successfully completing this module, you will be able to:
• Describe safe approach and handling practices.
• Identify risks and hazards associated with handling horses.
• Identify horse behaviour that indicate fear and stress.
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Module Activities
2. Download the Module 6 Booklet to the AGR 2070 folder.
2. Scroll to the relevant activity,
3. Complete the task,
4. SAVE your work.
At the end of the module, you will upload your completed module booklet. (HINT: see the Activities video if you need a refresher on how to use the upload tool.)
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Estimated Time Required
It is estimated it will take you approximately 3 hours to complete this module.
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How Open-Source Development Is Democratizing The Tech Industry
Laurence Bradford
Open-source software is one of the most powerful tools modern developers have at their disposal. It allows individual developers to benefit from and build off the work of entire development communities, harnessing that power instead of starting from scratch. It's valuable yet cost-effective. And it's changing the landscape of tech development.
Here's more about how open source has evolved over the years, the role it currently plays in the tech industry, and the new applications that have been created as a result of open-source resources.
How the evolution of open source is revolutionizing tech
The Evolution Of Open Source
Open source emerged in the late '90s, and (like most tech-related things) it has undergone significant changes since its inception.
“When open source first emerged two decades ago, it was largely alternatives to commercial applications that were created by lone wolf developers," explains Jakob Freund, co-founder and CEO of Camunda, an open-source-based platform for workflow and decision automation. "Today, the viability of open source has fundamentally changed because there is a commercially justified interest in it."
Jason Thrasher, VP of Engineering at IFTTT, outlines how open source matured from informal interactions to a formal, structured idea suitable for business use: "Before the consumer internet was widespread, people would exchange code when trying to solve a common problem in a collaborative way," he says. "Then, ownership concerns for open code’s intellectual property necessitated the creation of licenses that controlled for how the open code was used, by outlining how the code could be used to build derivative solutions. Open source has been around for decades, but its recognized formal use by businesses has increased significantly since the early 2000s"
Matt Ingenthron, Senior Director of Engineering at Couchbase, sees community development as the most valuable change as open source has evolved. "In the infancy of open source, we as developers relied on things like internet chatrooms, discussion forums, SourceForge, etc.," he says. "Now that open source has matured, the way we collaborate has changed, too. There is a rich set of open source projects, open source commons, and even new communities coming together with new organizing principles. It has accelerated innovation and collaboration far beyond what we had before."
A Community Effort: The Individuals and Companies Behind Open Source
So what is this community all about? Who contributes to open source projects? And open source work is generally not compensated, is it beneficial to devs who contribute as well as those who use their work?
According to Thrasher, contributing to open source is good for users and contributors. "Publishing or contributing to open source projects is one way that companies can identify talent in the very competitive technology sector," he says. "By contributing to open source, a software developer is showing what they are capable of doing, and also showing that they are truly interested in their knowledge domain and willing to spend time learning and contributing. We at IFTTT have had great experiences hiring these people."
Along with providing a public record of a dev's work that hiring managers can see, contributors benefit from being part of the open source network. As Ingenthron says, "I love getting up every day and working with all of our communities bound together by open source. It's a lot of hard work, but we love it when awesome innovation across these communities turns into working solutions."
And Stephan Ewen, cofounder and CTO of data Artisans, speaks to the across-the-board value of developers who decide to add to open-source projects. “I'd just like to acknowledge the vital role the community of contributors play: the people who see potential improvements to a project then build new features that everyone can benefit from," he says. "They are the force that keeps a project moving forward."
Now that open source is more mainstream, Ewen continues, it's spurring the creation of new companies, who then continue contributing to the ecosystem: "It’s common for companies to form around popular open source technologies. These companies often invest lots of time and resources into growing the community, supporting users who have questions, and of course working on the software."
Big companies operate by this principle as well. "For example, Amazon and Google have both published open source code that allows other companies to integrate more easily with their own cloud services," explains Thrasher. "This strategy quickens the adoption of Amazon and Google’s technology products by making it easier to use their services, resulting in more revenue opportunities."
How Open Source Is Currently Impacting Tech And Business
The popularity of open source is arising at a time when technologies with similar guiding principles are flourishing as well. "It’s no coincidence the open-source revolution has taken place in parallel with the explosion of cloud, big data, and analytics technologies," says Dan Kulp, VP of Open Source Development at Talend. "The modular, fluid and constantly-evolving nature of open source is in sync with the needs for faster, more flexible and more secure systems and platforms."
Ultimately, open source has led to greater efficiency and innovation among developers. As GitLab CEO and cofounder Sid Sijbrandij explains, "By harnessing the power of the crowd, open source software allows developers to benefit from accelerated innovation, quicker development processes and having more success troubleshooting when problems arise."
In addition to individual developers, it has also become foundational to companies. “Open source software has become critical to organizations of all shapes and sizes," says Ewen. We will start seeing complete platforms that include both open source and proprietary components coming to the market, taking full advantage of what open source has to offer while making it easy for companies to quickly adopt the technologies.”
And overall, open source is revolutionizing tech just by providing a method for collaboration and innovation like never before. "[This kind of] innovation is only possible when backed by a massive community of bright minds and contributions," says Kulp. "Without open-source software, companies would spend a huge amount of time reinventing the wheel rather than innovating. It’s similar to building a house--you have a solution as a foundation, but with open source you have the flexibility to build a custom sink or bedroom if you want."
The Applications Born From Open Source
As companies continue to embrace open source, let's take a quick look at some of the open-source projects that currently have achieved real-world adoption, and what they're used for.
• GitLab uses Gitter, a chat platform, as well as Gemnasium, a robust security solution--both open-source projects.
• IFTTT uses mini applications, or "Applets," which can be created and integrated with hundreds of other services via open-source software.
• Talend works with Google on Apache Beam "to enable users to execute both batch and streaming data processing pipelines across a variety of runtime platforms" (Kulp).
• Global-500 banking company ING uses Apache Flink to power its fraud detection system, and Alibaba uses Flink to update its search ranking models.
• Gainsight recently embedded Camunda "in order to provide workflow automation features as part of its product" (Freund).
• Couchbase was founded from open-source projects and has since grown into its own identity.
That's just a sample of the real-world use cases of open source. As Ingenthron says, "There are a plethora of app-dev and data management platforms that have emerged out of users and developers collaborating, all in a healthy ecosystem of commerce."
The Future Potential of Open Source
What might open source be able to do in the future? Let's look at a few ideas.
1. Increased privacy and transparency. "We seem to be in a period of discovery for our own privacy," says Thrasher. "With data breaches affecting billions of people from companies including finance, retailers, tech and beyond, we are realizing that technology that we assumed to be benign can be used in ways we didn’t anticipate, and I would expect we demand transparency for what’s happening. The transport layer of privacy is the software that handles the private data. Open sourcing that software will let us see what’s actually happening."
2. More trust among users. "In the future, I expect that more people will adopt software with trust that an open-source solution can be as trustworthy as a non-open solution," says Ingenthron. "Developers can dive in if they want or need to."
3. An Internet of Things boom. "I think we are just at the edge of open source hardware creating a boom in connected devices," continues Ingenthron. "It feels like the IoT growth is at least in part driven by the creativity of open source software and hardware developers."
4. Democratization of AI and machine learning. "In the future, we expect to see the broadest impact and continued development of open source to be driven by artificial intelligence and machine learning," says Kulp. Open source will democratize AI by opening it up to the community that will help drive its continued evolution and leaps forward in terms of both capabilities and use cases."
Whatever the future holds, it's clear that open source will be a part of changing it. Sijbrandij concludes, "As a proponent of open source technology, I hope to see widespread adoption continue in the enterprise and developer communities."
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Risk Management Task
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A Risk Management Task is a management task that mitigates risk.
• (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/risk_management Retrieved:2020-6-26.
Risks can come from various sources including uncertainty in financial markets, threats from project failures (at any phase in design, development, production, or sustaining of life-cycles), legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters, deliberate attack from an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause. There are two types of events i.e. negative events can be classified as risks while positive events are classified as opportunities. Risk management standards have been developed by various institutions, including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO standards.[2] [3] Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial processes, financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.
Strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, transferring all or part of the threat to another party, and even retaining some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat. The opposite of these strategies can be used to respond to opportunities (uncertain future states with benefits).
Certain risk management standards have been criticized for having no measurable improvement on risk, whereas the confidence in estimates and decisions seems to increase.[1] For example, one study found that one in six IT projects were "black swans" with gigantic overruns (cost overruns averaged 200%, and schedule overruns 70%).[4]
1. 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Risk Management pg. 46
4. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bent Flyvbjerg |
• iPlantsman
The Value of Fungi
Fungi is often put into two categories; those which you can eat and those which you really should never try. In truth, we think about lots of things based on whether we should or shouldn't eat them. Perhaps on moral grounds, more commonly though, it is determined by how toxic they are to us to consume. There is now doubt that that are both delicious and deadly fungi out there, but there are many that are so much more! Many that are beneficial to us in much less obvious ways than as to fill our bellies.
Handome, but inedible bracket fungus common throughout the world.
Trametes versicolor - Turkey Tail Fungus - LN 18th Dec 2019
Pictured above, the handsome, but inedible to humans Turkey Tail Fungus (Trametes versicolor) growing on dead tree trunk. This species doesn't kill plants, but grows on decaying plant material.
To the gardener, many fungi spell impending doom. Honey Fungus for example is a widely hated killer of woody plants, running from garden to garden taking out mature trees and shrubs in the straight lines that it travels. While we can eat the fruiting bodies (Mushrooms) of Honey Fungus (Armillaria mellea), it is the underground mycelium (often referred to a 'Black Bootlaces' (pictured below travelling up the trunk of a tree killing it)) that spread the fungus from one plant to the next. These travel through the soil largely unnoticed until they interact with a woody plant and begin the slow, but inexorable journey towards death.
It isn't, by any means, all doom and gloom however, as there are many fungi species that greatly strengthen plants, especially woody plants forming symbiotic relationships with them to aid root development, water and nutrient capture and the overall vigour of the plant. Mycorrhizal fungi can be said to be beneficial fungi, supporting plant root development and significantly impacting on the overall success of plants they bond with. There are different Mycorrhizal species depending on the type of plant they are 'working' with and the pH of the soil. In return for helping with moisture and nutrient absorption for the plant, they take sugars from the plant. Together they prosper.
Mycorrhizal Fungi exist in your gardens already bonded to many of the plants established there. As a tool to accelerate establishment, reduce the requirement for additional nutrients to be added to soils and reduce overall water consumption, it is a good idea to add Mycorrhiza to plants at the point of planting them.
Be aware, that chucking a handful of purchased Mycorrhizal fungi into a planting pit, will only really serve to waste your money. The fungus has to make direct contact with the plant roots to have a chance of success, so most are either rubbed onto the roots, or roots dipped into them as they are being planted. I have seen a number of people over the years try pouring it on top of the soil, or mixing it into compost when planting and I'd say most of the money spent purchasing the fungi was thrown away there. I have seen people piercing holes in the soil around the base of established plants and pouring a liquid mix of the fungi and water into the holes. I suspect that too will have limited if any benefit. Best to do when you are planting. Very easy to do and there are good examples online of the difference that application can achieve in terms of plant growth over plants that haven't received any. I would strongly recommend using it when planting Bare Root hedging, Trees and Shrubs, etc. They really do establish better and it is incredibly easy to apply to the roots of these plants before they go into the ground. In my experience, the failure rate of bare root planting is reduced when using it and the establishment rate increases.
For more detail on how the Fungi work, read this article from the RHS (Royal Horticultural Society) CLICK HERE.
There are a handful of companies that produce Mycorrhizal Fungi out there, my favourite is Empathy who produce the well known product Rootgrow. I've used it for years and it is consistently good stuff (they don't even pay me to have to say that, it really is). Here's a link to their website to see their product range, which can be found in most garden centres and nurseries as well. CLICK HERE.
My plan is to undertake an experiment this year comparing plants treated with mycorrhizal fungi at point of planting against those without to see just how much difference there can be between the two. Watch this space for progress.
Don't be a mushroom and lost in the dark; understand the process of how these magical fungi work by watching this short video.
NOTE - Never eat anything that you are not entirely sure to be edible. Many fungal species look similar and experience and understanding is required to prevent injury and potentially death. Even edible species (like Honey Fungus) may not be edible to all who consume it. If in doubt, NEVER try.
#fungi #fungus #mushroom #toadstool #soil #edible #garden #poisonous #mycorrhiza #mycorrhizalfungi #plantestablishment #vigour #planthealth #honeyfungus #video #RHS
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What is Zuhd (ascetism) in Islam?
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Islamic Researcher based in Pakistan. Masters Graduate in Islamic Studies.
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In a Nutshell: Zuhd can be simply described as seeking contentment, putting your trust in Allah and hoping for a short life with an attitude of indifference to the world. Zuhd is not something destined for a selected limited group of people, but rather a code of behaviour that should be followed by any pious Muslim. Thus, the term Muslim becomes equivalent to the term zahid, and practicing Islam is parallel to practicing zuhd.
This answer will look at what zuhd comprises of, its general and specific definitions, whether the term is merely associated with Islamic mysticism or whether it implies to the Islamic Society as a whole, the important role it plays in the Islamic way of life, the relationship between zuhd, zahid and the world.
The answer clarifies the misconceptions that revolve around “zuhd” taking the term to be generally attributed to Islamic mysticism (Sufism) rather than in its broader sense.
"That you may not grieve for what escapes you, nor rejoice in what has come to you.” (Qur’an 57:23)
"The day when neither wealth nor children will avail, except him who comes to God with a heart that is sound. And Paradise will be brought near for the God-fearing." (Qur'an 26:88-90)
"The life of this world is nothing but a flitting pleasure." (Qur'an al-rad:20)
"But may you prefer the life of this world although the life to come is better and more enduring." (Qur'an al-ala:16-17)
Umar ibn al-Khatab (ra) entered upon the Messenger of Allah (saw) while he was on a straw mat that had marked up his side. [Umar] said, “O Messenger of Allah, if you would only make use of a finer sheet?” The Messenger said, “What has this world to do with me? My likeness in this world is but like a rider who travelled during a hot day until he reached a tree, and, having taken shade under it for a period of time, departed and abandoned it.” (Bukhari, Muslim)
A man came to the Prophet (saw) and said: “O Messenger of Allah, direct me to an act which if I do it, [will cause] Allah to love me and people to love me.” He (saw) answered: “Be indifferent to the world and Allah will love you; be indifferent to what people possess and they will love you.” (Ibn Majah)
Umar said, “The Messenger of Allah ordered us to give in charity at a time when I had wealth in my possession. I said, ‘If I am going to outstrip Abu Bakr, it will be today.’ I came with half of my wealth and the Messenger of Allah asked, ‘What did you leave for your family?’ I said, ‘Its equivalent.’ Abu Bakr then came with everything in his possession, and he [i.e. the Messenger] asked, ‘O Abu Bakr, what did you leave for your family?’ He replied, ‘Allah and His Messenger.’ I said, ‘I will never vie with you for anything.’” (Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, Hakim)
The Prophet (saw) was asked about the man who reaches the highest level of zuhd, and answered, "The one who did not forget the graves and the decay, and preferred the eternal upon the perishable, and considered himself among the dead." (Iqd, Vol. 2, p. 112)
The Prophet (saw) said, “God commanded the world and said: the one who serves me, you serve him, and the one who serves you, make him your servant.” (Muhadarat al-Udaba, Vol. 1, p. 246)
The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Faith is not through wishes and embellishments. Rather, it is that which settles in the heart and is ratified by action. And knowledge is of two types: knowledge of the tongue and knowledge of the heart. Knowledge of the heart is what is beneficial whereas knowledge of the tongue is Allah’s argument against the Son of Adam.” (Tirmidhi)
The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Four matters are such that whoever is given them is given the good of this world and the hereafter: a grateful heart, a tongue busy with remembrance [of Allah], a body patient with trial, and faith in that which Allah has guaranteed.” (Abu Na'im)
Scholars’ views
Classical Muslim scholars understood zuhd to be coterminous with the following of Qur'an and Sunnah, a code when followed results in a pious life. Some articulated definitions emphasizing the goals being sought whilst others focused on the means however their definitions were generally consistent and uncontroversial.
To give a clear conception of “zuhd” two categories are helpful to understand the scholarly views on the subject: general and specific definitions.
General Definitions
As expressed in several general sayings, the essence of zuhd as attributed to some of the most celebrated zuhhad (person who practices zuhd) is the purification of the soul and total devotion to God.
• When asked when "when will I reach al-zuhd fi al-dunya," he answered, "when you renounce your soul”. (Al-risalah al-Qushayriyyah fi Ilm al-Tasawwuf, p.56)
• When he was asked "what is al-zuhd fi al-dunya-," he answered, "It is neither being dishevelled nor living in squalor and neglecting your body. It is denying your soul all forms of desires.” (Al-Bayan wa al-Tabyn, Vol. 2, p. 143)
These definitions stress that the primary condition a Muslim must fulfill to become a zahid is the repression of all evil inclinations of the soul. Only after the release of all negative feelings and evil emotions can zuhd evolve, since, as ascribed to al-Shibli:
"Zuhd is to renounce anything which is not God.” (Risalah, p. 56)
Specific Definitions
These may be divided into two groups, those emphasizing a goal (contentment, trust in Allah or hope for a short duration) and those emphasizing the means to a goal:
1. The goal of zuhd
These definitions define zuhd as contentment (rida), trust in God (tawakkul), and hope for a short duration (qisar al-amal).
(i) Contentment (rida)
In defining zuhd, some sayings claim 'rida' to be a part of zuhd or zuhd itself. For example, Fudayl b. Iyad cited:
"The origin for renouncing this world is contentment with God.” (Iqd, Vol. 2, p. 113)
Contentment, which means acceptance of any situation, creates a special approach to life. As ascribed to Ibn al-Sammak:
"The zahid is a man whose heart was deserted by joy and sadness; he is not happy with what he finds in this world, nor is he sad for what it lacks; he does not care whether he gets up in the morning in easiness or difficulty.” (Qut, Vol. 1, p. 543)
A further elaboration of the idea of al-rida is found in the definition of the zahid as a man for whom:
"The prohibited (haram) does not overcome his patience nor the permissible (halal) overcomes his gratitude," (Bayan, Vol. 2, p. 143) or, in simpler terms, "when he is put to the test he is patient, and when being bestowed he is grateful." (Tabqat al-Hanabilah, Vol. 2, p. 14)
This idea of rida(contentment) connected with zuhd serves as an interpretation of the Qur'anic verse:
"That you may not grieve for what escapes you, nor rejoice in what has come to you.” (Qur'an, 57:23)
As rida is defined as a part of zuhd, in this way zuhd itself becomes a Qur'anic instruction, and therefore anyone guided by the Qur'an and behaves accordingly is a zahid.
(ii) Trust in God (Tawakkul)
Tawakkul (trust in God) and Rida (Contentment) are the necessary components of zuhd. The explanation given to this idea is based on a combination of two different definitions of zuhd: "Have you not listened to the following tradition: 'zuhd is that you trust God more than you trust yourself?' this is tawakkul. Then he (Hasan al-Basri) said: 'and that you be happier with misfortune rather than being recompensed for it, this is rida”.
The same idea occurs in the words ascribed to Yunus b. Maysarah al-Jilani, but here we are also introduced to the problem of exterior and interior manifestations of life:
“Renouncing this world is not by declaring the permissible impermissible, nor by squandering money; it is rather that you trust God more than you trust yourself and that your situation in disaster will be equal to that when you are not hurt, and that who blames you will be equal to the one who praises you.” (Qut, Vol. 1, p. 544)
According to a definition ascribed to Abdullah b. al-Mubarak:
"Zuhd is trust in God alongside love of poverty.” (Risalah, p. 56)
These two opposing perceptions of zuhd reflect two kinds of disputes:
• Is zuhd merely an inner feeling, or does it have external indications as well?
• The question relating to the problem of the zahid's poverty and occupation.
(iii) Hope for short duration (qisar al-amal)
The one who has qisar al-amal is the one whose world is filled with the thought of death. He constantly waits for death to come and leads his life; accordingly, he does not plan, store or accumulate, nor does he think about the future. The only interest he has concerns death and the world to come.
The two definitions of zuhd; one that declares zuhd to be a love of poverty while the other absolutely rejects it, saying that zuhd is not wasting money to the point of remaining penniless has raised the question that whether poverty is the part of zuhd or not.
Although Abu Talib al-Makki defines zuhd as poverty (Qut, Vol. 1, p. 502), we may not say that he holds zuhd to be a demonstration of poverty. He sees poverty as a consequence of the deep feeling for qisar al-amal. In other words, qisar al-amal functions in two directions simultaneously. On the one hand it builds the zahid's inner world, and on the other hand it creates a special code of external practices.
There is a permanent conflict, however, between the two approaches. In order to achieve absolute tawakkul, rida and qisar al-amal, the believer must abandon this world. But it is not possible for a person who lives in this world to abandon it, and consequently he cannot reach the highest level of tawakkul, rida and qisar al-amal. Since zuhd by no means calls for the desertion of this world, a compromise must be found between the facts that zuhd is directed to the dwellers of this world and the fact that perfection cannot be achieved without ignoring one's physical existence.
2. The way to reach his goal
These set of definitions deal with the attitude of zuhd towards the world.
(i) The attitude of zahid toward this world
As total rejection of this world is impossible, therefore al-zuhd fi al-dunya has to be understood in such a way as to enable the Zahid (person who practices zuhd) to lead his life. The following three definitions show the possibility for co-existence between the zahid and the world in which he lives:
1. “Zuhd is not abandoning the whole world; it is merely being indifferent to it and taking only a sufficient of it." (Uyun, Vol. 2, p. 357)
2. Zuhd is "thinking little of the world and wiping out its effects from the heart." (Risalah, p. 56)
3. "Zuhd is looking at the world with a vanishing eye, so that it will become small in your eyes and thus easier for you to turn away from it." (Ithaf, Vol. 9, p. 344)
The first definition recommends Zahid a forced survival which meant keeping nothing more than the basic needs required for existence. And the last two definitions present an unequivocal approach suggesting that as the Zahid keeps living in this world because he has no other choice, he must not pay attention to any of its experiences nor incidents. His heart should be filled with constant thought of the world to come.
Orientalist scholars attributed varying English translations to the Arabic term “zuhd”. Goldziher, R. A. Nicholson and L. Massignon render the Arabic word “zuhd” using the term “asceticism” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 2, p. 499) whilst A. J. Arberry uses “abstinence” (Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary, p. 8). In Kinberg’s opinion both terms are vague given the fact that a term used in one society cannot give the clear idea of another term used in another society. In her opinion Encyclopaedia of Islam (Vol. 4, p. 1239) has given the most accurate and comprehensive definition of the term zuhd as:
"Abstinence at first from sin, from what is superfluous, from all that estranges from God... then abstinence from all perishable things by detachment of the heart... complete asceticism, renunciation of all that is created."
But still none of these definitions elaborate the most essential issue in the examination of this term, namely the implications of the various aspects included in the term zuhd on the daily life of the individual Muslim.
The demand to purge one's heart of this world and to fill it with thoughts of the world to come gives the background for understanding a whole series of sayings that connect al-zuhd fi al-dunya with the eagerness for the next world:
1. “The renunciation of the world is the key to the desire for the after world, and the renunciation of the after world is the key to the desire for this world.” (Iqd, Vol. 2, p. 278)
2. "All evil was put in a house, the key to which is the desire for this world, and all the good was put in a house, the key to which is al-zuhd fi al-duniya.”(Risalah, p. 57)
3. “The zahid is not the one who discarded the anxieties of this world and relaxed from them; this is merely a rest. The zahid is the one who renounced this world and wore himself out for the world to come.” (Tarikh Daraya, p. 51)
These statements reflect a disagreement with the various zuhhad who defined zuhd as wiping out the effects of this world from the heart. According to Abu Sulaymin's words, this is not zuhd. Zuhd is a deeper feeling and requires efforts in this world on behalf of the world to come.
4. According to one tradition the Prophet (saw) was asked about the man who reaches the highest level of zuhd, and answered: "the one who did not forget the graves and the decay, and preferred the eternal upon the perishable, and considered himself among the dead." (Iqd, Vol. 2, p. 112)
This definition of zuhd is the most extreme we have come across so far. Here we do not find the compromise between the physical existence in this world and the desire to reach the after world. The demand given in the fourth statement is to live as a dead person, with no desires and no materialistic needs. However, as can be seen in the other three sayings, the zahid is most often introduced as a human being who does not care about this world but is involved in its affairs. Being involved with earthly affairs means dealing with people and property.
Is it possible to be a Zahid while owning some property?
Sufyan al-Thawri and Sufyan b. Uyaynah stated:
"It is possible on the condition that when he (the zahid) is tested he is patient and when he is being granted, he is grateful." (Wara, p. 112)
Ahmad b. Hanbal has also given a similar answer:
"Yes (it is possible to be a zahid while having money), on the condition that when the money increases, he is not happy, and when it decreases he is not sad." (Tabqat Hanabilah, Vol. 2, p. 14)
According to both answers there is no harm in property as long as the prevailing feeling is contentment and dependency on God.
A problem emerges when the zahid becomes enslaved to property and begins to see money as a goal in itself. In such a case money, or any kind of possession becomes dangerous. Once a zahid said to a king:
"You are the slave of my slave, because you worship this world out of your yearning for it, whereas I am its master because I dislike it and renounce it."
A tradition transmitted from the Prophet (saw) strengthens this statement:
And it was said:
"As long as [one] renounces the world, he controls it and the one who desires it, makes it his owner." (Muhadarat al-Udaba, p. 246)
This passage takes us to the analysis: the weak point in 'being involved in this world's affairs is the danger of falling prey to it. Therefore, the zahid has to control his emotions and desires, a state which will enable him to be physically involved, but never emotionally.
The following three definitions of zuhd support this idea:
• "Zuhd is to vacate the hands from possessions, and to vacate the heart from pursuing (wanting the possession).”
• "Zuhd is vacating the heart from what the hand is vacant from.”
• "Zuhd is diverting the heart from the means of subsistence and shaking the hands of possessions." (Risalah, pp. 56-57)
Relationship between Zuhd and Wara
Finally, to emphasize the fact zuhd does not deprive the zahid of his basic needs but rather regards him as a highly moral human being, I will look at a set of statements, all of which connect zuhd with wara (scrupulosity).
Generally speaking, wara means hesitation and caution in deciding or acting out of conscience. The primary issue with which wara' deals is the border between halal (lawful, or permissible) and haram (unlawful, or prohibited), and the meaning of shubhah (moral doubt).
Ahmad b.Hanbal has divided wara into three classes:
1. zuhd of the common people (awamm), which is abandoning the haram;
2. zuhd of the religious elite (khawass), which is abandoning the surplus of the halal,
3. zuhd of those who know God (arifin), which is abandoning whatever detracts the believer from God. (Risalah, p.57)
A similar definition is ascribed to Ibrahim b. Adham:
"There are three kinds of zuhd:
1. zuhd which is a duty (zuhd fard), and this is the renunciation of the haram,
2. zuhd which is a privilege (zuhd fadl), and this is the renunciation of the halal;
3. zuhd which is completeness (zuhd salamah), and this is the renunciation of the moral doubts (shubuhat). (Hilyat al-Awliya, Vol. 8, p. 26)
Both definitions imply zuhd has to be practiced by each and every member of a pious Islamic community; one limits zuhd to the social sphere, to man-to-man relations, and the other adds a severer and more general demand. It seems, however, both definitions agree that the higher the religious level the zahid reaches, the clearer his conscience should be. But even at the top, zuhd does not mean total abstinence of affliction, but rather a higher standard of morality.
However, rida, tawakkul and qisar al-amal are the essence of zuhd and a zahid’s goal in life. Wara, on its part, gives zuhd its special flavor. Wara is the way of life the zahid should follow to reach the most exalted goal, i.e., total dependency on God combined with a deep love for Him.
Through the above discussion we can thus conclude that once the heart, or inner desires, are controlled, the zahid is allowed to lead a regular life in this world. By submitting his heart, the zahid secludes himself mentally from this world and overcomes its temptations. This is the way the zahid adjusts himself to the surroundings.
By emptying his heart of materialistic desires and filling it instead with permanent thoughts about God, death, and the after-world (rida, tawakkul and qisar al-amal), the zahid achieves a compromise. The compromise is between the fact he lives a spiritual life and is supposed to annihilate himself and the whole world in which he lives, and the fact he cannot escape his existence and physical needs in this world.
Abd al-Jabbir al-Khawlani, Ta'rikh Daraya
Abd al Karim Qushayri, al-Risalah al-Qushayriyyah fi Ilm al-Tasawwuf
Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani, HIilyal al-Awliya
Abu Talib, Qut ul Quloob
Abu Uthman al-Kinani al-Basri, al-Jahiz, al-Bayan wa al-Tabyn
Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Hanbal, Tabaqat al-Hanabilah
Ahmad Ibn Abi Diyaf, Ithaf
A. J. Arberry, Sufism - An Account of the Mystics of Islam
Ibn Abd al-Barr, Jami al-Bayan al-Ilm
Ibn Qutaybah, Uyun al-Akhbar
Ignaz Goldziher, Vorlesungen uber den Islam
Leah Kinberg, What is meant by Zuhd
L. Massignon, Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane
Muhammad b. al-Husayn al-Sulami, Tabaqat al-Suflyyah
R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs
Raghib Isfahani, Muhadarat al-Udaba
Zayd Al Qayrawani, Risalah
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The following is an excerpt from CAESAR’S LAST BREATH: Decoding the Secrets of the Air Around Us by Sam Kean.
When Charles Dickens published this scene in December 1852—an excerpt from his novel Bleak House—most readers swallowed it completely. After all, Dickens wrote realistic stories, and he took great pains to depict scientific matters like smallpox infections and brain damage. So even though Krook was fictional, the public trusted that Dickens had portrayed spontaneous combustion accurately.
But a few members of the public couldn’t read about Krook’s death without themselves burning up, in rage. Scientists at the time were laboring to debunk old nonsense like clairvoyance, mesmerism, and the idea that people sometimes burst into flames for no reason. Within two weeks, skeptics began challenging Dickens in print, igniting one of the strangest controversies in literary history—a controversy about the role of oxygen in human metabolism.
Leading the charge against Dickens was George Lewes, a Victorian-era Richard Dawkins, always ready to attack superstition.
Lewes had studied physiology as a young man, so he understood the body. He also had a foot in the literary world as a critic and playwright and as George Eliot’s longtime lover. He counted Dickens as a friend. Not that you’d know that from Lewes’s response to Bleak House. He acknowledged that artists have a license to bend the truth sometimes, but he protested that novelists can’t just ignore the laws of physics. “The[se] circumstances are beyond the limits of acceptable fiction,” he wrote. He furthermore accused Dickens of cheap sensationalism and “of giving currency to a vulgar error.”
Dickens swung back. He was publishing Bleak House in monthly installments, so he had time to slip a rebuttal into the January episode. The action picks up with the inquest into Krook’s death, and Dickens mocks critics of spontaneous combustion as eggheads too blind to see plain evidence: “Some of these authorities (of course the wisest) hold . . . that the deceased had no business to die in the alleged manner,” Dickens wrote. But common sense eventually triumphs, and the coroner in the story declares, “These are mysteries we can’t account for!”
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CAESAR’S LAST BREATH: Decoding the Secrets of the Air Around Us by Sam Kean is available now. Little, Brown and Company
In private letters to Lewes, Dickens continued his campaign, mentioning several cases of spontaneous combustion throughout history. He leaned especially hard on the case of an Italian countess who combusted in 1731. She reportedly bathed in brandy to soften her skin, and the morning after one such bath her maid walked into her room to find the bed unslept on. As with Mr. Krook, soot hung suspended in the air, along with a yellow haze of oil. The maid found the countess’s legs — just her legs — standing several feet from the bed. A pile of ashes sat between them, along with her charred skull. Nothing else seemed amiss, except for two melted candles nearby. A priest had recorded this tale, so Dickens considered it trustworthy.
Nor was he the only author to believe in spontaneous combustion. Mark Twain, Herman Melville, and Washington Irving all had characters erupt as well. As with the “nonfiction” accounts, most of these scenes involved old, sedentary alcoholics. Their torsos always burned to ash but their extremities often survived intact. Most eerie of all, beyond the occasional scorch mark on the floor, the flames never consumed anything but the victim’s body.
Believe it or not, Dickens and these other authors had some science backing them up here. Dickens wrote Bleak House within a decade of the discovery of nitroglycerin—an explosive oil that can indeed detonate spontaneously. More significantly, spontaneous combustion seemed tied up with one of the most important discoveries in medical history, which linked the seemingly separate phenomena of burning, breathing, and the circulation of blood.
In 1628 William Harvey provided the first real evidence that blood flows around the body in a circuit, with the heart acting as a pump. (People before this assumed that the liver converted food into blood and that our organs “drank” blood the way plants do water.) At the same time, Harvey made some dubious guesses about the circulation of other fluids, like air. He knew that both blood and air passed through the lungs, but he insisted that the two fluids didn’t mingle there. Instead, he argued that the lungs merely cooled the blood by churning it, in much the same way you’d stir soup to cool it. In other words, the lungs had a mechanical role but didn’t alter blood chemically — only the heart could do that.
In the 1660s, Robert Hooke and Robert Lower—members of a new scientific boys’ club called the Royal Society—finally disproved Harvey’s theory about the lungs merely cooling the blood. They did so through a series of bloodcurdling experiments that involved vivisecting a dog. I’ll spare you the worst details, but they snipped small holes in the dog’s lungs to allow air to stream through, and slipped the nozzle of a bellows into its windpipe. Repeated pumping of the bellows kept the lungs inflated, like a windsock in a gale. As a result, the lungs remained stationary for several minutes at a time, neither expanding nor contracting.
The dog’s heart and other organs worked just fine as long as air kept streaming through the lungs, despite their immobility. Contra Harvey, then, the mere motion of the lungs meant nothing. The duo also saw the dogs’ blood change color as it moved through their lungs, switching from a somber Picasso blue to a bold Matisse red. All this lent strong support to their theory that the lungs did indeed trigger a chemical change in the blood, either infusing it with some substance or removing waste fumes.
Both, it turns out. As we saw earlier, chemists in the late 1700s determined that the lungs take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. (As for the color, when oxygen enters red blood cells it latches onto hemoglobin molecules there. Hemoglobin contains iron atoms, which bond readily to oxygen, and the addition of oxygen changes the shape of hemoglobin. This in turn changes its color from bluish to bright red.) In addition to connecting oxygen with breathing, these chemists had already linked oxygen with combustion, burning. So when they realized that blood delivers oxygen to our cells, they declared, QED, that breathing must involve a sort of slow combustion inside us — a constant burning, with our own bodies acting as the fuel.
And if slow fires burned inside us all the time, why couldn’t they flare up on occasion, especially in alcoholics, whose very organs were dripping with gin or rum? To this way of thinking, spontaneous combustion didn’t seem ridiculous at all. (Plus, not to put too fine a point on it, we all pass flammable gases several times each day.) As for what sets the fires off, perhaps fevers did, or raging hot tempers. In defending spontaneous combustion, Dickens was throwing fuel onto a smoldering scientific debate.
Lewes, however, was having none of this. He read over Dickens’s historical accounts and dismissed them as “humorous but not convincing,” noting that several were over a century old. It didn’t help that Dickens enlisted the endorsement of a celebrity doctor who promoted phrenology as well. Lewes also pointed out that none of the “factual” accounts were written by eyewitnesses. The authors had always heard the story secondhand, from a cousin’s friend or landlord’s brother-in-law.
Most damning of all, Lewes had a better grasp on modern physiology. He pointed out recent work showing that the liver metabolizes alcohol, breaking it down for elimination, so despite what their breath might smell like, the organs of alcoholics aren’t soaking in booze. Even if they were, the body is roughly three-quarters water, so it wouldn’t catch fire anyway. And doctors knew by then that fevers don’t burn nearly hot enough to ignite anything.
Not surprisingly, Dickens dug in. He’d always had an ambivalent relationship with science. He couldn’t deny the marvels that science had wrought, but he was fundamentally a romantic and thought that science killed imagination. Artistically, too, he considered the scene with Krook so central to his novel (which involves a ruinous court case that “consumes” the lives and fortunes of everyone involved) that he couldn’t stand it being picked apart. And the more defensive Dickens got, the more disgusted Lewes felt. They continued to bicker for ten months, then mutually dropped the matter when the final installment of Bleak House appeared in September 1853.
History of course has judged Lewes the winner here: outside the Franklin, North Carolina tabloids, no human being has ever spontaneously combusted. But back then the idea of spontaneous combustion wasn’t as vulgar and ridiculous as Lewes claimed; one medical text was discussing cases as late as 1928. Plus, Dickens was undeniably right about one thing: that in human affairs, spontaneous combustion can happen. Dickens and Lewes eventually patched things up, but for those ten months in 1853 the fires burned awfully hot in London. They’d be the first to tell you that friendships and reputations can ignite instantly and consume themselves in smoke and ashes.
Excerpted from CAESAR’S LAST BREATH: Decoding the Secrets of the Air Around Us by Sam Kean. July 2017 Little, Brown and Company. Published with permission.
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The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend wearing face masks to prevent contracting an infection such as COVID-19. Only wear a mask if you are ill with COVID-19 symptoms, especially if coughing or sneezing, or if you are looking after someone who has the disease. If you are not sick or looking after someone who is, then you would be wasting a mask, which is currently in limited supply. If you are sick, wearing a face mask will help to prevent you from passing on the virus to others.
For health care professionals and people who are taking care of the sick in close settings, the U.S. Surgeon General recommends the N95 mask that should be carefully fitted to protect the worker. Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. If you are wearing a mask, you must know how to use it and dispose of it properly. To help reduce contamination related to the COVID-19 outbreak while caring for the sick or infirm, contact your local PuroClean professionals to schedule regular cleaning. Our industry-certified technicians use EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfecting products, including towelettes, containing pharmaceutical ingredients that meet OSHA’s bloodborne pathogen standard against diseases like the Coronavirus and other disease-causing bacteria, viruses, tuberculosis, mold, and mildew.
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What is Mixed Media Designs?
Mixed media art is an idea that was developed during the 20th century as the old artists started to crook the rules of the customary great arts like painting as well as sculpture. On the other hand, mixed media ideas can be discovered throughout as long as one ponders any artwork deploying more than any kind of material to divide as mixed media art. In these days mixed media art is widely famous among both hobbyist and professional artists who feels pleasure with crafting projects like card making and projects.
What is Mixed Media Designs
A large number of the community is well aware with the mixed media art like assemblage art a type of the greatly popular pieces finished deploying mix media art is colleges, changed objects and books, 3D assemblage, 2D artist trading cards, journalism, greeting cards and bookmarking.
Mixed Media Designs in Advertisement – A Connection with Media, Art and Advertisement
Just start to think in a different way because now you can get what you want. These slogans and their concerned commercials came from the creative minds of the marketing and promotional agencies. Its influence upon the society is extensive. Some of the people perhaps will remember the historic event when Apple preludes the Macintosh computer in an attractive commercial during the 1984 era Super Bowl. The ad ran same as a short film showing off images of an Orwellian future where people react like android and look, instinctively as their leader, anticipated on a big screen, describes the significance one will solve the one cause. This intercut among these images is a bolster woman who moves towards the screen with a huge tack hammer introduces the weapon in the hammer throw fashion and explodes the picture of the despot. Incredibly, the computer itself is never revealed in the commercial.
Mixed Media Designs in Advertisement
In advertisement you meet with the creatures of the habit and as here you tend to support with continuous and familiarity in our lives. People dream of a stable world with stuffs put in their usual spots and people responding in their regular manners. Apart this each eye fixation captivates just a small circle of details like that, as one reads the sentence one just looking three or four words in emphasize.
A large portion of the environment is not even sticking with the minds rather with an expectation of a continuous ambiance one specifically fill in the missing bits. This is the reason one mostly misses bloopers in movies that might become in notification later. Creativity is normally expressed as moving against the streamline of the familiar or standard. The flip direction of the fluency is novelty and creative occasions like those commercials that move over the head and then become a significant portion of living culture. This can be seen as moments that make a use of thinking and realize in new and soothing ways. Such artistic appeal performs in the same way one will appeal different objects as someone identifies art and then can enjoy the artistic style.
Some Inspiring Advantages of Mixed Media Art:
• This is simple to approach to maximum people in your target audience with more than a single medium.
• Replicate exposure in different media has an overall inspiration that is more than the sum of the individual portions
• Try to ignore placing all your advertising eggs in a single basket
• This has ability to emphasize the vigor of your practice to specific markets by deploying the inspiring benefits and audiences of different media
Lets Experience Some Mixed Media Art Techniques and Get Surprised
There is a significant difference between the mixed media artworks and multimedia art as well. Mixed media lies it’s tend towards a work of visual art that mixes up different customary separate visual art media. You can understand this with a simple example as a work or paint on a simple canvas mixes up ink and paint and collage could amazingly be known as mixed media work rather nothing work of multimedia artist. The term of multimedia is no doubt very significant, this multimedia art works upon the broader scope as compare with mixed media. This mingles up the visual art with non-visual factors or sometimes with other relevant arts like interactivity, music, graphic motion, dance, drama and literature. When someone creates an inspiring painted or photographed artwork deploying mixed media this is significant to select the layers and levels as well. This can allow enough ventilation time between the layers to make sure the ultimate work will have a connection. If multiple types of media are deployed this is equally significant to select an affirmed foundation upon which multiple layers are implemented.
Mixed Media Art Techniques and Get Surprised
Mixed media art and advertisement is the result of different budgets and meets different levels as well. The most popular phrase is used for this while depicting a relationship with mixed media is “fat over lean”. In simple words, one can say, “don’t start with oil paints. Plan to make them the final layer.” Multiple effects can be obtained with the use of mixed media. Some found objects will be deployed in conjunction with some customary artists’ media like graphite, paints to describe a meaning in regular life. One will enjoy with this as it has some influential benefits for the users and also supports them to work in a style as they want. |
Even as the Taliban rejoice over their victory, a sliver of Afghan territory is still holding strong. Reports of intense fighting have been pouring in all day—at the time of writing, it remains unclear whether the militants were able to defeat the group of opposition forces collectively referred to as the National Resistance Front (NRF).
What exactly is the NRF? It mostly consists of some small tribal groups, rallied and led by Ahmad Massoud (son of ‘Lion of Panjshir’ Ahmad Shah Massoud, a legendary Afghan politiican), and remnants of the Afghan military. They were most recently joined by Vice President Amarullah Saleh.
Where the Taliban has claimed complete control over the valley, and begun celebrating, the NRF has been rejecting those claims. Their claims have not been independently verified.
The ongoing fighting however, points to a key trait of Afghanistan’s political landscape. Historically, Afghanistan’s population has constituted a number of tribes. Before the invasion of the Soviet Union, and under the Durrani regime, only a select few tribes took part in the battle for the throne. Other tribes were content and would accept anyone in power, as long as they could guarantee stability—that was the prevalent social understanding, not unlike India at a point in time.
That changed with the Soviet invasion. A host of political factors led to the militarisation of tribes that hitherto chose to stay out of the game. It also changed the social dynamics where local warlords began to hold greater sway over a decreed authority. That sort of infighting and opposition to foreign rule succeeded in driving the Soviets away, but permanently altered the way Afghanistan worked.
The resistance held up in the Panjshir valley may have enough to do with the barbarity of the Taliban that was previously on view, but it is also a result of Afghanistan’s fractured political landscape that refuses to accept the authority of any one tribe or group.
This also takes us to a deeper question—how can legitimacy of authority be defined for the country? Will the Taliban be able to convince the public of its authority? |
Why Positive Thinking Can Boost Physical Health
Positive thinking can transform your mental life, boosting your daily happiness levels and expediting your path to success. However, the benefits of a more positive outlook can also extend to your physical health in some interesting and surprising ways.
Of course, there may be some days where you find that positive thinking isn't as easy as it seems.
However, as long as you don't let negativity control your day, there should always be a way to start to think positively again.
Why Positive Thinking Can Boost Physical Health
Positive thinking can help improve many different aspects of your life, as well as your physical health. Although it can be hard to stay positive all of the time, trying to look at the positives even when you are faced with negative situations is a great achievement.
There might be some days where you are not as positive as you would like to be…
However, try not to dwell on the times where you may be negative. Instead, focus on the times that you are positive.
I hope these positive thinking exercises can help you to begin your journey to living a positive life.
1. Positive Thinking Reduces Stress Levels
Studies on positive thinkers strongly suggest that these people are better at coping with stress. Similarly, they are more likely to spend time focusing on constructive solutions to problems.
Cardiovascular tests on optimists and pessimists show that optimistic people's bodies return to a relaxed state (including a normal resting heart rate) at a much faster pace. This ability to handle stress could lead to significant health benefits.
For one thing, high-stress levels are known to increase blood pressure and are related to an increased risk of health problems like diabetes and dementia.
2. Positive Thinking Could Improve Immune System Function
Fascinating research on the connections between physical and mental health supports the (initially perplexing) claim that positive thinking can boost resistance to disease.
For example, one study found that activity in parts of the brain that are linked to experiencing negative emotions such as fear and sadness are correlated with a weaker immune system response to vaccines.
Meanwhile, positive thinkers who are optimistic about their dreams and goals test as having a stronger immune response.
Further studies also suggest that people with upbeat attitudes catch fewer cold and flu viruses.
Plus, patients who are diagnosed with potentially terminal illnesses tend to experience more consistent and significant improvements after receiving treatments.
3. Positive Thinkers Tend To Embrace Healthier Lifestyles
Some of the health benefits of positive thinking seem to be related to the fact that positive thinkers are keener to eat healthy foods, engage in regular exercise, and practice forms of preventative healthcare.
For example, the recent medical journal article that documented the link between optimism and higher levels of good cholesterol may be explained by this interest in healthy living.
A similar hypothesis could be applied to the fact that positive thinkers suffer from fewer heart attacks. They are approximately 9% less likely to have a stroke.
However, there is as yet no consensus on whether positive thinking directly influences health or does so via first influencing lifestyle. Therefore, research into the direction of causation is ongoing.
4. Positive Thinkers Can Live Longer
Finally, given the above, it makes sense that positive thinkers seem to have a better life expectancy. One remarkable study of over 600 hospital patients in Denmark found that the people with the most positive moods were close to 60% more likely to live for at least five more years.
This result may be partly connected to some of the benefits we have just explored. However, it is highly likely that there are many other undiscovered links between positive thinking and physical wellbeing. One thing is clear:
By focusing on the good in life and making it your mission to take a constructive approach to problems, you set yourself up for a happier, longer life.
Become a Positive Thinker With The Help of The Law of Attraction…
The Law of Attraction can help you to start thinking and manifesting your goals and dream life into a reality.
However, when you use the Law of Attraction, it is much more beneficial if you can stay positive and try to let go of the negativity that may be holding you back.
If you can start to use the Law of Attraction in your life effectively, you should also see that it can become easier to stay positive about yourself and your future.
The Law Of Attraction toolkit includes:
• Extensive affirmation guide and examples.
• Complimentary book.
• And more!
Click here to download your free Law of Attraction Toolkit |
Last updated: 08.03.12
Foreign languages e-learning course unveiled
A new online learning course to help people speak a foreign language has been set up. enables individuals to talk to a personal teacher over Skype and offers students all of the benefits of tuition and training in a new tongue without issues relating to a lack of one-to-one learning, large class sizes and travelling.
The company claimed this puts it "at the forefront of the shift towards language learning online".
It noted becoming skilled in a foreign tongue should involve engaging other people in conversation, rather than studying in isolation with a computer.
Therefore, the e-learning course offers students completely interactive lessons alongside a private tutor, enabling them to boost their skills at verbal communication.
As it is performed over the web, it provides members of the public the ability to learn less popular lexicons, such as Norwegian, Greek, Dutch and Danish, as people might find it difficult to access a tutor for these languages in their local area.
All participants in the course require is an internet connection and Skype. Registration is free and individuals can look through all of the language teachers provided and research the subject thoroughly before booking anything.
Supplemental materials such as audio lessons for music players are also provided by, as well as desktop or online dictionaries.
"E-learning creates an interactive and immersive experience for a student that's not possible with traditional self study methods," representative of the company Andy Moore said.
He added: "Anyone learning Russian can take an online language class from the comfort of their own home with a private Russian tutor who may live in Moscow."
The UK's education secretary Michael Gove recently said every child older than five years old should be taught a foreign language.
He noted that in the summer of 1998, 444,700 pupils took a language GCSE, but in 2010 this figure was 273,000. |
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学生对 Facebook 提供的 Introduction to Data Analytics 的评价和反馈
This course equips you with a practical understanding and a framework to guide the execution of basic analytics tasks such as pulling, cleaning, manipulating and analyzing data by introducing you to the OSEMN cycle for analytics projects. You’ll learn to perform data analytics tasks using spreadsheet and SQL queries. You will also be introduced to using the Python programming language to manipulate datasets as an alternative to spreadsheets. You will learn foundational programming concepts and how they apply to marketing. You will also learn how to use Tableau to create data visualizations and dashboards. By the end of this course, you will be able to: • State business goals, KPIs and associated metrics • Apply a Data Analysis Process: OSEMN • Identify and define the relevant data to be collected for different marketing related questions • Compare and contrast the different formats and use cases of different kinds of data • Identify gaps in data collected and describe the strengths and weaknesses in the available data • Demonstrate basic proficiency in Python with variables, control flow, loops, and basic data structures • Sort, query and structure data in spreadsheets and with Python libraries • Write basic SQL statements to select, group and filter data • Visualize data patterns and trends with spreadsheets • Utilize Tableau to visualize data patterns and trends This course is designed for people who want to learn the basics of data analytics including using spreadsheets and Python to sort and structure data and using Tableau to visualize data patterns. Learners don't need marketing or data analysis experience, but should have basic internet navigation skills and be eager to participate. Learners also need access to a computer with strong internet connection. Ideally learners have already completed course 1 (Marketing Analytics Foundation) in this program....
1 - Introduction to Data Analytics 的 2 个评论（共 2 个）
创建者 Georgina P
Oct 31, 2021
It's very complete: IT has hands on labs with Python oriented to Data Analytics, has information about Tableau, SQlL and about SMART. It's like doing a project from scratch. Really nice course
创建者 ng
Nov 10, 2021
This rating is for the zero learner support. There's no way to fix things. The discussion forum is practically dead. For some reason the system keeps rating my assignment as 'failed' even though all the answers are correct. I can't move to the next module because of this. And there's no one to seek help from, including the instructors. It's a real shame and a waste of time and money. I was really excited about this course, but now I will just have to leave. |
Ray Hudson
Ray Hudson
Ray Hudson
The purpose of You Don’t Say is to explore the many different aspects of the English language. This week it’s music and the idioms that have evolved out of it.
You’ve likely become tired of someone who can’t stop blowing their own horn, long enough to pay the piper. Someone who always wants to call the tune, marches to his own drummer, while trying to drum up support for someone who will fiddle while Rome burns. It’s enough to play it by ear, ignoring the ear-worms and never sing from the same song sheet as everyone else, but when they won’t play second fiddle to anyone, it might be time to cue the fat lady and ring the curtain down.
There’s a whole brass band of idioms for you:
Blowing your own horn is generally taken as someone who is bragging about themselves, although sometimes if you don’t blow your own horn, no one else will. Just take your colleagues into account.
Pay the piper, means you’ve got to make good on promises, pay the price for whatever you’ve been doing. It originates in the old story about a piper, a rat catcher, in the German city of Hamelin, who for a fee, uses his magic flute to charm all the rats into following him out of the town and into the river where all but one drowns. When the townsfolk renege on the deal to pay the piper, he uses the same magic to lead all the children from the town never to be seen again.
Calling the tune is the term for someone who insists on having their say over events or activities. Generally it’s the person who pays the piper gets to call the tune, although there’s always someone who wants to butt into line.
Marching to his own drummer is a term for someone who is different than everyone else. Like a band marching to the beat of the drum, someone out of step may be imagining their own rhythm. And speaking of drums, a person who beats the drum loudest is the one who gets attention. It’s an old device for getting everyone’s attention to promote a cause or drumming up support.
Ever run into someone who doesn’t pay attention to the main thing in a crisis while focusing on trivial matters? They may be considered as fiddling while Rome burns, a reference to Roman Emperor Nero who was preoccupied making music while the city was burning around him. History says however that there were no fiddles in the time of Rome. If Nero played anything at all it would have been a harp-like instrument called a Lyre. And that’s the truth!
If someone is playing it by ear, it doesn’t mean earlobes are involved. It means they’re making it up as they go along, not sticking to the musical score (the script or instruction sheet). The downside? It may cause ear-worms (insidious bits of music that drill into your mind, your consciousness, and repeat over and over again until you can’t take it anymore! ARRRRGH!
People who won’t sing from the same song sheet are not team players. They’re like the ones with their own drummer. They don’t harmonize with others, and are often singing solo.
You’ll not likely find them playing second fiddle however, which refers to musicians who play second and third parts in an orchestra, no less important, but generally the most skilled gets to play the lead, or first fiddle. They want to be right out front getting all the glory. Eventually though, people will tire of the act and cue the fat lady to sing, which refers, not to an idiom, but a proverb (according to wikipedia). “It ain’t over til the fat lady sings” means don’t presume to know the outcome of something before it’s played out. The phrase is attributed to Wagner’s opera, The Ring, and the (stereotypically obese) Soprano’s aria, or solo, which goes on for twenty minutes and leads to the end of the work. Thus, when the fat lady has sung, it’s truly over. At that point, you can ring the curtain down, end the program, close the show.
And it’s curtains for us this week. |
three fallacies of sex differences, psychology homework help
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Read the four articles and answer each question with one short paragraph by your own words.
1. Maney (2016) often mentions the misrepresentation of research on sex differences in media coverage. Choose one of the “three fallacies of sex differences” and explain it in your own words. What is one way Maney suggests we change how we communicate research findings in order to combat the fallacy you’ve chosen?
2. List (no need to explain) 2-3 behaviors, physical attributes, or traits that Gettler et al. (2011) review as being associated with high levels of testosterone, in general. Given what you have listed, why might low testosterone be favorable for new fathers?
3. In the Hensel et al. (2012) study, what is “reactivity” and what did the researchers find regarding it?
4. Poor and low-income women account for a disproportionate amount of abortions. According to Jones, Frohwirth, & Moore (2013), what other things are poor women more likely to do or experience?
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New skin sensors collect health data, study reports
Body temperature map
Body temperature map. All temperatures were collected by skin sensors, and transmitted to a computer to generate an image. Credit: Han et al.
The era of health tracking is upon us. The ability to track details about our moment-to-moment health has grown exponentially in recent years, from Fitbits logging our sleep patterns and heart rates, to ‘Smart Pills,’ which transmit a signal from a microchip imbedded in a swallowable tablet to an iPhone in order to track compliance with a pill regimen. Recently, a research group working at Carle Hospital at the University of Illinois took the concept of health data to the next level by tracking body temperature and pressure in bedridden patients and sleep study patients. Instead of tracking data from one point, like the wrist, they collected data from the entire body, which is a progressive approach in health tracking technology.
The newly developed skin sensors are thin, soft, wireless, and made of silicon. They have been shown to adhere to the skin without causing irritation, and they are waterproof, so they can collect data even in the shower. In testing, the skin sensors were placed at various points over the whole body, creating a temperature-map and pressure-map of the wearer.
Skin sensors
Sensors placed on the back, and the back of the arms and legs to collect temperature and pressure data. Credit: Han et al.
Pressure map
Pressure map. Credit: Han et al.
Because they are wireless and battery-free, they can stay on a patient for long periods of time, and can easily travel with a patient between wards in a hospital, or from an intensive care facility to a nursing home. They can stay on during medical treatments and during physical therapy. They collect and transmit data to a computer every 3 seconds, so a continuous digital picture of temperature and pressure can be recreated online.
I personally don’t the idea of swallowing a microchip along with my medication, but this new study utilizing skin sensors has incredible implications for medicine. The study, published online in Science Translational Medicine in April 2018, explained that since body temperature naturally fluctuates between day and night, the sensors can be used to measure circadian rhythms. In this case, researchers tested the sensors in a sleep clinic.
The researchers also used the sensors to measure prolonged pressure on the body in bedridden patients. Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores, are a concern for patients in long-term recovery who spend the majority of their time lying down. Bony areas of the body, like shoulder blades and the buttocks, can develop these bed sores, or irritations, from staying in one position too long. The skin sensors, strategically placed in high-risk areas for bed sores, can detect when the pressure reaches a harmful level.
Han, S., Kim, J., Won, S.M., Ma, Y., Kang, D., Xie, Z., … Rogers, J.A. (2018). Battery-free, wireless sensors for full-body pressure and temperature mapping. Science Translational Medicine, 20(435). [Published online 04 Apr 2018]. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4950.
Technology Exposed
Image from Zoopah
Image by Zoopah
How much energy do our technologies consume? Researchers from McMaster University answer this question in their study on the trends of global emissions and lifespan of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices and services. They based their study on smart phones, tablets, displays, notebooks, desktops, and data centers. Based on their current results, ICT infrastructures like data centers and communication networks are the largest contributor to energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
Data centers emit 1314 to 3743 kg CO2-e/year (carbon dioxide equivalent) while they are in use. This is equivalent to 33% of the global greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) footprint by ICT devices in 2010. The average life span of data centers are ten years, and the servers attached to the centers last three to five years. Since the data centers are supporting the internet and telecommunication system, they are in constant use, resulting in higher energy consumption. In comparison, communication networks that encompass telecom operator networks, office networks, and customer premises access contribute to 28% of the global footprint in 2010. Combined, the information of energy consumption of data centers from 2007-2012 will increase by 12% in 2020.
Following data centers and communication networks of ICT greenhouse gas footprints, smart phones will contribute to 11% of energy in 2020, compared to 4% in 2010. Smart phones, specifically Apple IPhones in the study, have an average lifespan of 1.8 to 2 years. Based on the researchers’ model on absolute terms of GHGE footprints, it predicted a 730% increase in GHGE from 2010 to 2020. In 2020, smart phones will release 125 MT CO2-e into the environment. The increase of emissions is due to the short life span of these devices. Therefore, more phones need to be produced due to their ephemeral life span. Planned obsolesce is intentional in technological design, which contributes to a profitable business model for the phone manufactures and telecom industry.
In contrast to data centers, communication networks, and smart phones, the footprints of displays, notebooks, and desktops will decrease in 2020 due the transition to high phone usage. Below, Figure 1 displays the change of GHGE by ICT category.
comparing global energy consumption in 2010 and 2020.
Figure 1: Data from Belhir and Elmeligi on the relative contribution of each Information Communication Technology categories in 2010 and 2020
Why do these numbers matter? Based on the Paris Agreement, 196 nations agreed to limit global warming below 2°C. If the production of ICT devices and services continue as is, we will fall short on this commitment. In 2007, the global greenhouse gas emissions were at 1-1.6%; this number could exceed 14% worldwide by 2040 if we continue our current practices. More importantly, these would the global initiative to maintain the global temperature.
paris climate change
Image from WIRED
So, what now? The researchers suggest that we should instill sustainable practices in the production and operations of data centers and communications through the use of renewable energies. Also, it will be important to raise awareness on global energy consumption from technology. This research provides incite how the environmental impacts of our technology. To meet our global initiative, it will be crucial to adapt a new method.
Source: Lotfi Belkhir, Ahmed Elmeligi. Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 & recommendations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018; 177: 448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.239 |
Need help? We are here
1. How does the you read break down the traditional stereotype and provide the reader with a different perspective of the person, community, or location?
2. Each uses many rhetorical styles, such as narration, description, compare/contrast, definition, analysis, and so forth. Describe some of the rhetorical styles operating in the and provide examples to support your ideas.
3. While the does not provide in-text citations or a works cited page, how does the use ethos to establish the credibility of the writer? Does the writer use author tags? What other techniques does the writer use to make its claims or points?
4. What is the central message, theme, or thesis of the? Do you agree or disagree with these ideas? What is your opinion? Provide examples to support your opinion.
5. Discuss what you learned from the that will assist you in writing |
The benefits of breastfeeding in the baby's digestive health
The lactation it is a decision that positively affects both the mother and the baby. There are many studies that support the positive results of breastfeeding children. Breast milk is very important, firstly, because it ensures that the smallest of the house receive important nutrients that will ensure a proper development in their first days and months of life.
Now, a new study published in the journal Scientific Reports indicates another benefit of the lactation maternal and that helps babies develop properly. Specifically, this work reveals another of the effects of breastfeeding the smallest, specifically the correct development of their digestive health.
Population of bacteria
The data from this study reveal that those babies who were breastfed presented a more stable population of microbiota. That is, a number of digestive bacteria that helps the smallest of the house have a good assimilation of nutrients that pass through the stomach of children.
E. coli, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus, Enterobacter and Citrobacter are some of the bacteria that increase their presence thanks to breast milk. In this way, breastfeeding remains a fundamental source of bioactive components, including bacteria that can contribute to neonatal gastrointestinal colonization and immunological development and maturation during the crossing first stages developmental.
And is that the microbiota can even prevent health problems as serious as obesity. This is indicated by studies such as the one published in the magazine Pediatric Endocrinology where several studies that report the alteration of the intestinal flora in recent years and the growth of intestinal problems in the new generations are collected.
Benefits of breastfeeding
As mentioned before, breastfeeding has a great importance in the development of every child because of the amount of benefits it has. These are several of the ones that stand out World Health Organization:
- Provides all the energy and nutrients they need during the first months of the baby's life and continues to provide at least half of their nutritional needs during the second half of the first year and up to a third during the second year of life.
- Encourages sensory and cognitive development, in addition to protecting the baby from infectious and chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality due to childhood illnesses, such as diarrhea or pneumonia, and promotes early recovery in case of illness.
- Helps the mother achieve health and wellbeing after childbirth. It also reduces the risk of ovarian and breast cancer, increases the resources of the family and the country, is a safe way of feeding and is safe for the environment.
Damián Montero
Video: Breast Milk Does a Body Good
Interesting Articles
My son snores: the reason for children's snoring
My son snores: the reason for children's snoring
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Training, validation, and test sets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data.[1] Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions,[2] through building a mathematical model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided in multiple data sets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model: training, validation and test sets.
The model is initially fit on a training data set,[3] which is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model.[4] The model (e.g. a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training data set using a supervised learning method, for example using optimization methods such as gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent. In practice, the training data set often consists of pairs of an input vector (or scalar) and the corresponding output vector (or scalar), where the answer key is commonly denoted as the target (or label). The current model is run with the training data set and produces a result, which is then compared with the target, for each input vector in the training data set. Based on the result of the comparison and the specific learning algorithm being used, the parameters of the model are adjusted. The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation.
Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second data set called the validation data set.[3] The validation data set provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training data set while tuning the model's hyperparameters[5] (e.g. the number of hidden units—layers and layer widths—in a neural network[4]). Validation datasets can be used for regularization by early stopping (stopping training when the error on the validation data set increases, as this is a sign of over-fitting to the training data set).[6] This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when over-fitting has truly begun.[6]
Finally, the test data set is a data set used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training data set.[5] If the data in the test data set has never been used in training (for example in cross-validation), the test data set is also called a holdout data set. The term "validation set" is sometimes used instead of "test set" in some literature (e.g., if the original data set was partitioned into only two subsets, the test set might be referred to as the validation set).[5]
Deciding the sizes and strategies for data set division in training, test and validation sets is very dependent on the problem and data available.[7]
Training data set[edit]
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier.[8][9]
For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model.[10] The goal is to produce a trained (fitted) model that generalizes well to new, unknown data.[11] The fitted model is evaluated using “new” examples from the held-out datasets (validation and test datasets) to estimate the model’s accuracy in classifying new data.[5] To reduce the risk of issues such as over-fitting, the examples in the validation and test datasets should not be used to train the model.[5]
Validation data set[edit]
A validation data set is a data-set of examples used to tune the hyperparameters (i.e. the architecture) of a classifier. It is sometimes also called the development set or the "dev set".[12] An example of a hyperparameter for artificial neural networks includes the number of hidden units in each layer.[8][9] It, as well as the testing set (as mentioned above), should follow the same probability distribution as the training data set.
In order to avoid overfitting, when any classification parameter needs to be adjusted, it is necessary to have a validation data set in addition to the training and test datasets. For example, if the most suitable classifier for the problem is sought, the training data set is used to train the different candidate classifiers, the validation data set is used to compare their performances and decide which one to take and, finally, the test data set is used to obtain the performance characteristics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure, and so on. The validation data set functions as a hybrid: it is training data used for testing, but neither as part of the low-level training nor as part of the final testing.
The basic process of using a validation data set for model selection (as part of training data set, validation data set, and test data set) is:[9][13]
Since our goal is to find the network having the best performance on new data, the simplest approach to the comparison of different networks is to evaluate the error function using data which is independent of that used for training. Various networks are trained by minimization of an appropriate error function defined with respect to a training data set. The performance of the networks is then compared by evaluating the error function using an independent validation set, and the network having the smallest error with respect to the validation set is selected. This approach is called the hold out method. Since this procedure can itself lead to some overfitting to the validation set, the performance of the selected network should be confirmed by measuring its performance on a third independent set of data called a test set.
An application of this process is in early stopping, where the candidate models are successive iterations of the same network, and training stops when the error on the validation set grows, choosing the previous model (the one with minimum error).
Test data set[edit]
A test data set is a data set that is independent of the training data set, but that follows the same probability distribution as the training data set. If a model fit to the training data set also fits the test data set well, minimal overfitting has taken place (see figure below). A better fitting of the training data set as opposed to the test data set usually points to over-fitting.
A test set is therefore a set of examples used only to assess the performance (i.e. generalization) of a fully specified classifier.[8][9] To do this, the final model is used to predict classifications of examples in the test set. Those predictions are compared to the examples' true classifications to assess the model's accuracy.[10]
In a scenario where both validation and test datasets are used, the test data set is typically used to assess the final model that is selected during the validation process. In the case where the original data set is partitioned into two subsets (training and test datasets), the test data set might assess the model only once (e.g., in the holdout method).[14] Note that some sources advise against such a method.[11] However, when using a method such as cross-validation, two partitions can be sufficient and effective since results are averaged after repeated rounds of model training and testing to help reduce bias and variability.[5][11]
A training set (left) and a test set (right) from the same statistical population are shown as blue points. Two predictive models are fit to the training data. Both fitted models are plotted with both the training and test sets. In the training set, the MSE of the fit shown in orange is 4 whereas the MSE for the fit shown in green is 9. In the test set, the MSE for the fit shown in orange is 15 and the MSE for the fit shown in green is 13. The orange curve severely overfits the training data, since its MSE increases by almost a factor of four when comparing the test set to the training set. The green curve overfits the training data much less, as its MSE increases by less than a factor of 2.
Confusion in terminology[edit]
Testing is trying something to find out about it ("To put to the proof; to prove the truth, genuineness, or quality of by experiment" according to the Collaborative International Dictionary of English) and to validate is to prove that something is valid ("To confirm; to render valid" Collaborative International Dictionary of English). With this perspective, the most common use of the terms test set and validation set is the one here described. However, in both industry and academia, they are sometimes used interchanged, by considering that the internal process is testing different models to improve (test set as a development set) and the final model is the one that needs to be validated before real use with an unseen data (validation set). "The literature on machine learning often reverses the meaning of 'validation' and 'test' sets. This is the most blatant example of the terminological confusion that pervades artificial intelligence research.[15] Nevertheless, the important concept that must be kept is that the final set, whether called test or validation, should only be used in the final experiment.
In order to get more stable results and use all valuable data for training, a data set can be repeatedly split into several training and a validation datasets. This is known as cross-validation. To validate the model performance, an additional test data set held out from cross-validation is normally used.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Ron Kohavi; Foster Provost (1998). "Glossary of terms". Machine Learning. 30: 271–274. doi:10.1023/A:1007411609915.
2. ^ Bishop, Christopher M. (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. New York: Springer. p. vii. ISBN 0-387-31073-8. Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, whereas machine learning grew out of computer science. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same field, and together they have undergone substantial development over the past ten years.
3. ^ a b James, Gareth (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 978-1461471370.
4. ^ a b Ripley, Brian (1996). Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0521717700.
5. ^ a b c d e f Brownlee, Jason (2017-07-13). "What is the Difference Between Test and Validation Datasets?". Retrieved 2017-10-12.
6. ^ a b Prechelt, Lutz; Geneviève B. Orr (2012-01-01). "Early Stopping — But When?". In Grégoire Montavon; Klaus-Robert Müller (eds.). Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 53–67. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35289-8_5. ISBN 978-3-642-35289-8.
7. ^ "Machine learning - Is there a rule-of-thumb for how to divide a dataset into training and validation sets?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
8. ^ a b c Ripley, B.D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 354
9. ^ a b c d "Subject: What are the population, sample, training set, design set, validation set, and test set?", Neural Network FAQ, part 1 of 7: Introduction (txt),, Sarle, W.S., ed. (1997, last modified 2002-05-17)
10. ^ a b Larose, D. T.; Larose, C. D. (2014). Discovering knowledge in data : an introduction to data mining. Hoboken: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118874059. ISBN 978-0-470-90874-7. OCLC 869460667.
11. ^ a b c Xu, Yun; Goodacre, Royston (2018). "On Splitting Training and Validation Set: A Comparative Study of Cross-Validation, Bootstrap and Systematic Sampling for Estimating the Generalization Performance of Supervised Learning". Journal of Analysis and Testing. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 2 (3): 249–262. doi:10.1007/s41664-018-0068-2. ISSN 2096-241X.
12. ^ "Deep Learning". Coursera. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
13. ^ Bishop, C.M. (1995), Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 372
14. ^ Kohavi, Ron (2001-03-03). "A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection". 14. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
15. ^ Ripley, Brian D. (2009). Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. Glossary. ISBN 9780521717700. OCLC 601063414. |
“Science on Screen” to expand nationwide
The Trees of Life?
It’s relatively easy to be pessimistic about the state of the world’s trees these days. Dire reports continue to show a decline in overall forest area and a corresponding decrease in natural carbon sequestration. Acid rain is plaguing trees in the Great Lakes (that, plus Nirvana’s re-release and Newt Gingrich’s brief return to glory had me wondering if we’d entered an early-1990’s time warp). Drought-fueled forest fires ravaged California and Texas over the summer. And in a case of unabashed cynicism, congressional Republicans got a slap on the wrist this week for actually taking bets on how many acres will burn each year (8.7 million was the correct figure last year).
But despite all of this, forests can still claim a surprising string of victories in 2011. In May, a comprehensive study from Finland indicated that worldwide forest density (used in this case as a measure of health and robustness) stayed level or increased on every continent except for Asia. In Yellowstone National Park, the ascendant grey wolf population has apparently curbed the number of roaming elk herds, giving young trees a better chance of taking root. Environmental advocates cheered in October when the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the “roadless” rule that limits building in the national parks. Scientists, for their part, identified bacteria on old-growth trees that may help to sustain a forest’s nutrient balance. And just last month, researchers at Stanford identified the biological cause of the massive aspen die-offs (often called Sudden Aspen Death syndrome) plaguing the American West.
It remains to be seen whether or not these bits add up to a positive trend or any sense of concerted progress. But it bears watching in 2012. I hope to research the issue further and go into greater detail in a future post.
[Film note: the image is not from Terrence Malick’s gorgeous, enigmatic head scratcher but rather 2006’s The Fountain (with Hugh Jackman and Rachel Weisz). It was bombastic, convoluted, and a massive flop for director Darren Aronofsky (who recovered nicely with 2010’s Black Swan). But it’s visually stunning and admirably ambitious in its attempt to tackle the same cosmic themes five years prior to Malick’s opus.]
Moby-Sick: Sea mammals get the bends, too
Growing up, I heard “the bends” referenced in a non-Radiohead context several times, but the concept didn’t really hit me until I read Gary Smith’s phenomenal 2003 Sports Illustrated cover story, “The Deadly Dive.” It chronicles the tragic, obsessive free-diving couple Pipin Ferreras and Audrey Mestre, the latter of whom died while attempting to set a world record in 2002. (The article is unfortunately not online; James Cameron optioned the film rights in 2006, but the project appears to have stalled). The descriptions of decompression sickness (DCS) and N2 bubbles expanding in the bloodstream had me pressing back into the sofa cushion, sucking in air, queasy with tension. It also made me realize, bleakly, that no matter how good our technology gets, the human body is unequipped to deal with the crushing depths of the sea.
As it turns out, we’re not alone in that regard. A new study out this week from the Proceedings of the Royal Society B indicates, somewhat surprisingly, that deep-diving ocean mammals such as whales, seals, and dolphins may not be immune to the effects of DCS as had been previously assumed. A number of beached whales and dolphins have shown evidence of nitrogen bubbling in their bones, a telltale sign of rapid pressure change. Scientists had previously thought that these animals enjoyed biological mechanisms that mitigated or eliminated the effects of the bends. In fact, it seems that sea mammals simply tailor their behavior to avoid the stress whenever possible. Whales’ lungs actually collapse below a certain depth, which helps mitigate nitrogen build-up by equalizing the pressure (provided the animal takes a shallower angle upon ascending). In 2000, the Navy suggested that sonar emissions (which can be mistaken for a predator) might be causing whales and dolphins to adopt unsafe diving patterns. It’s likely that other emergencies would have a similar effect, weakening the animals over the long term.
This latest development suggests intriguing new avenues of study and opportunities for cross-species comparison. We’ve only recently gotten a grasp on the physical properties of the bends and why pre-formed N2 bubbles exist in human tissue at all. In 2007, a University of Houston scientist developed a laser-based imaging device that can be used to diagnose DCS immediately instead of waiting for patients to develop symptoms later on. The technology could potentially be adapted to monitor DCS symptoms in still-living mammals. A future longitudinal study might involve tagging a young whale, dolphin, or seal and then periodically checking it for signs of N2 bubbling to assess the effect over time.
Goldman, S. Free energy wells for small gas bubbles in soft deformable materials. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2010; 132 (16): 164509 DOI: 10.1063/1.3394940
Hooker, SK, et al. Deadly diving? Physiological and behavioural management of decompression stress in diving mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2011; published online before print December 21, 2011, doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2088
“Laser Can Spot Illness Before Symptoms Appear.” University of Houston release November 12, 2007; http://www.uh.edu/uhtoday/archives/2007/november-2007/111207_laserscanspot.php
The rise of “green” concrete
Green Cement
If pressed to name a common substance that, on its face, seems least likely to be eco-friendly, I might choose white Elmer’s glue or Saran-Wrap. But Portland cement could easily top that list as well. It is one of the most ubiquitous materials in the world and stands as a basic symbol of industrial development throughout the past two centuries. Portland cement (which, through sheer market domination, has come to be synonymous with “ordinary” cement) is dirty, dingy, and absolutely essential. Its manufacturing process is largely unchanged since its creation in England in the early 1800′s. Concrete is created by blasting raw material (primarily limestone) out of the ground, super-heating it in kilns to separate the elements, and then mixing with water and other carbonates to create a chemically reactive slurry. This process requires an incredible amount of fuel and industrial infrastructure. The concrete is stored in silos before eventually being transported to market in that diesel-chugging truck that will inevitably drive in front of you on the highway. By most measures, every ton of cement produced releases an equivalent ton of C02 emissions – and global consumption rose 9.9% last year.
But “green” concrete’s moment may be nearing. It features prominently in December’s Smithsonian magazine. The Calera Corp., based in California, recycles power plant emissions by filtering them through seawater in order to form the carbonate base of cement. Last year, the startup C-Crete Technologies won the M.I.T. Entrepreneur Competition for its nano-engineered cement that contains emissions. And Sriya Green Materials, Inc. in Georgia has invested $10 million into a test plant for “small batch” production that uses the same raw materials, but lower temperatures and smaller particles in order to drastically lower energy use and production time. If all goes according to plan, a 200,000 square foot commercial plant will follow close behind.
The promise is unmistakable: a carbon-neutral building material that could, in theory, remove a primary factor in global warming. But can concrete really “absorb” CO2? The companies fostering the boomlet are understandably hesitant to delve into exact details about their methods. Nikolaos Vlasopoulos, chief scientist at Novacem (the start-up profiled in the Smithsonian article), will only allow that he has experimented with swapping the limestone for a magnesium oxide compound. This, he says, has the effect of setting the cement’s bonds, trapping the emissions, and eliminating the need to superheat the limestone. A number of papers currently under peer review are said to be assessing the chemical viability of this new formula.
If the methodology is sound, the biggest remaining question is scaleability. Companies advancing “green” concrete are reluctant to compare costs to Portland cement at the moment because the latter will continue to be far cheaper until the former can produce at comparable volume. Achieving that will require huge buy-in from domestic manufacturers in an industry that is known for its caution. The new innovators will need to overcome durability concerns as well, since traditional Portland cement has the advantage of tried-and-tested market familiarity.
As it happens, green cement may get a timely boost from the United States government. In 2013, new EPA regulations on mercury emissions are set to take effect. Since mercury is a byproduct of concrete production, manufacturers will be required to implement carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes to the tune of billions of dollars. Investors are hoping that, when caught between a rock and a hard place, the cement companies will consider “green” cement as a viable and sustainable long-term alternative instead of simply tacking on stopgap measures to satisfy the new requirements.
Globally, all eyes are on India and China, the dual engines driving a rise in construction even during a time of economic slowdown. Unlike the U.S., the two countries are unencumbered by regulations and can almost single-handedly keep the price of Portland cement low via prodigious consumption. China may soon control the cement market inAfrica entirely. However, China recently agreed to test batches of the “green” concrete in a few of its development projects. Seeing as it is still in short supply, the material will only be used for “patching” and fixes rather than new construction. If these early experiments prove successful, entrepreneurs will gain leverage to press for wider adoption. Until “green” concrete receives a large buy-in, the emerging technology will likely continue to exist on the margins and require R&D capital to keep it afloat. But recent developments give advocates reason for hope. As the world seeks radical ways to counteract emissions, the solution may ultimately lie in reinventing one of industrial society’s oldest stand-bys.
Hinshaw, Alex. “Cement may pave Africa’s road to the future, but will China undercut that, too?” The Christian Science Monitor. 8/18/2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2010/0818/Cement-may-pave-Africa-s-road-to-the-future-but-will-China-undercut-that-too
Karkaria, Urvaksh. ”Startup will build plant to manufacture green cement.” Atlanta Business Chronicle. 9/13/2010. http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2010/09/13/story1.html?b=1284350400%255E3919751
Rev, K.R. “Making Cement Green.” Forbes Magazine. 9/20/2010. http://www.forbes.com/2010/09/17/green-tech-sriya-technology-cement.html
Barringer, Felicity. ”E.P.A. Cracks Down on Cement Emissions.” The New York Times. 8/10/2010. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/e-p-a-cracks-down-on-cement-pollution/
De-constructing the Marburg virus
3-D imaging of the Marburg virus budding from infected cells
3-D imaging of the Marburg virus budding from infected cells
It doesn’t get much worse than the Marburg virus. Like its more notorious cousin Ebola, it’s a hemorragic, highly contagious animal-borne pathogen associated primarily with bats and primates. In humans, symptoms progress quickly from chills and nausea to potentially fatal complications like internal bleeding and organ failure. Marburg made news most recently in 2007 when a mini-outbreak was contained in Uganda’s gold mining district of Kamwenge. Studying the composition of filoviruses has proven difficult, but German scientists are closer than ever to understanding the structure thanks to sophisticated imaging techniques. In a new paper at PLoS Biology, Tanmay Bharat and co-authors detail how cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) allowed for detailed study of the nucleocapsids.
-Bharat TAM, Riches JD, Kolesnikova L, Welsch S, Krähling V, et al. (2011) Cryo-Electron Tomography of Marburg Virus Particles and Their Morphogenesis within Infected Cells. PLoS Biol 9(11): e1001196. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001196
-Smith, Tara C. Introduction to Marburg: History of Outbreaks. http://scienceblogs.com/aetiology/2007/08/marburg.php
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What is Coordinated Assessment?
Communities across the globe are adopting coordinated assessment in an effort to more efficiently allocate scarce housing resources based on the support service needs of single adults, youth, and families experiencing homelessness. Through coordinated assessment, all people experiencing homelessness in a given continuum of care or local jurisdiction participate in a standardized assessment of their mental health, medical, and social vulnerabilities. Based on assessment scores, individuals are triaged to housing services offering varying levels of support services, and centralized waitlists for housing resources in the community are prioritized accordingly.
Why is Evidence-based Coordinated Assessment Important?
Coordinated assessment instruments are at the foundation of centralized housing waitlists. Without a strong foundation, the whole house may come crumbling down. Instruments that do not accurately assess an individual’s housing support service needs may unintentionally reduce a highly vulnerable individual’s opportunity for housing. Alternatively, inaccurate assessment may inappropriately prioritize a person with lower support service needs for costly housing interventions like permanent supportive housing. In some cases, a difference of one point on an assessment instrument could determine whether a person is prioritized for a particular type of housing service. Ineffective housing prioritization has major implications for the wellbeing of vulnerable people and for the systems serving them.
Due to the complexities associated with homelessness, what it means to be “vulnerable” or “self-sufficient” cannot be objectively measured. Therefore, we are left developing assessment tools composed of items that we believe—or research would suggest—measure these concepts. However, there are numerous considerations to take into account when it comes to developing effective measurement tools. For example, the types of questions, the response options, and the overall assessment approach can influence whether people respond accurately on an assessment.
Psychometric research is used in many fields that lack objective measurements of concepts of interest. In the field of clinical psychology, psychological assessment measures of depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions undergo rigorous research and vetting before they are recommended for use in research and clinical application. Unfortunately, the same process did not occur before coordinated assessment unfolded, despite the high stakes involved. There is currently very limited evidence to support the psychometric properties of instruments available for coordinated assessment. In other words, we do not know whether we are building our houses on shaky foundations.
Overview of the Vulnerability Index-Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool
The Vulnerability Index-Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool (VI-SPDAT), now on its second version, has been widely adopted for coordinated assessment. The VI-SPDAT was designed for rapid, interview-style administration that can be applied with minimal training, making it a desirable choice for communities tasked with assessing a large homeless population. The instrument primarily relies on the self-report of those assessed; the original version also included four observer-rated items indicating a subjective evaluation of the extent of impairment related to daily living skills, physical health conditions, substance use, and mental health observed by the assessor. VI-SPDAT items are grouped under four subdomains: History of Housing and Homelessness, Risks, Socialization and Daily Functions, and Wellness. The VI-SPDAT triages people for three housing types, or housing assessments, based on their score: a) permanent supportive housing (i.e., permanent housing subsidies with housing support services) for those reporting the greatest range of vulnerability, b) rapid rehousing (short-term housing subsidies or other financial support and temporary support services) for those scoring in the moderate range, and c) mainstream affordable housing (i.e., individuals directed toward mainstream affordable housing options) for those scoring in the minimally vulnerable range.
In addition to its ease of use and other potential strengths, the VI-SPDAT has gained traction due to the developers’ assertions that it is “evidence-informed” and the strongest tool available based upon its evidence and testing. However, the evidence base for the VI-SPDAT versions 1 and 2 is largely unclear. Indeed, there has been little to no independent research conducted on the tool’s reliability and validity.
Our Research
We recently published a study in which we used Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) data from a continuum of care in a Midwest county in the United States to assess several types of reliability (i.e., the extent to which an assessment tool gets consistent results) and validity (i.e., the extent to which an assessment tool measures what it intends to measure) of the first version VI-SPDAT for single adults. Here is an overview of our main findings:
• The VI-SPDAT did not produce consistent results. In terms of reliability, we found individuals that were administered the VI-SPDAT twice did not produce consistent scores. In fact, 89% produced either higher or lower scores during their second administration. The observer-rated items were not reported consistently across administrations, suggesting the omission of these items in the VI-SPDAT version 2 likely improved the tool.
• The questions did not fully measure the concept of “vulnerability”. In terms of the validity, we found that several questions on the VI-SPDAT were not strongly related, or were related in an unexpected way (e.g., the presence of a health condition was associated with lower vulnerability), with the concept of vulnerability and/or with the VI-SPDAT subdomains. The Socialization and Daily Functions domain and health-related items on the Wellness domain demonstrated particularly poor validity.
• The type of housing support a person had was a better predictor of returning to homelessness than their VI-SPDAT score. It is reasonable to expect that individuals who are more vulnerable are at higher risk of housing instability or homelessness than those who are less vulnerable. However, among individuals in this study who were permanently housed after taking the VI-SPDAT, higher scores were only marginally associated with the likelihood they would re-enter homeless services (a proxy measure for housing stability). Rather, the type of housing a person obtained (i.e., rapid rehousing or unsubsidized housing) was a stronger predictor of increased risk of homeless service re-entry.
Main Takeaways
It is important to acknowledge that this study was conducted in the context of community implementation and not under standardized or experimental conditions. While the psychometric properties of the instrument in “ideal” circumstances remain unclear, our findings are likely more representative of the tool’s effectiveness when being used in practice. Findings suggest the VI-SPDAT has weaknesses in its reliability and validity. These weaknesses may result from problems with the tool itself, how it is used in real-world practice, or individuals’ tendencies to inaccurately disclose sensitive information.
Coordinated assessment and centralized housing prioritization procedures vary widely. Communities that have adopted the VI-SPDAT as the primary method for making housing recommendations should integrate other assessments that are more comprehensive in nature and that include other sources of information in addition to self-report. Additional research and development of the VI-SPDAT and other coordinated assessment instruments, such as the Vulnerability Assessment Tool, can help improve these tools and ensure people are prioritized appropriately and given the support services and housing they need.
You can read the full study here |
Pittosporum Soland.
Greek pitta — pitch or resin, spora — seed, referring to the sticky resin surrounding the seeds of many species.
Evergreen trees and shrubs; short shoots often present, sometimes spinose in younger developmental stages. Leaves in wetter sites appear whorled at ends of branches, in drier sites leaves cluster, stem clasping; margins entire, recurving, wavy, occasionally lobed. Altitudinal clines cause extreme variations in leaf size, shape and thickness. Flower clusters branched or flowers occasionally solitary. Flowers are mainly terminal at ends of branches or on short shoots; unisexual, fragrant; male flowers usually more numerous. Petals often briefly cohering towards the middle of a floral tube, apices then recurved; mainly cream, rarely bicoloured maroon-cream in Australian species. Fruit capsular, with 1 chamber only, 0(indehiscent)-2-valved, rarely 3 in Australia, 3-4 valves common in New Zealand species; chunky seeds fairly numerous and always immersed in a sticky resin.
Cultivar information provided with the assistance of Robert Harrison.
Now excluding the new genus Auranticarpa (P. rhombifolium) but including Citriobatus.
Grown for the attractive foliage, flowers and fruits, sometimes as hedges.
New Zealand species tend to have 3-4 cotyledons, a persistent involucre at the base of the inflorescence, stamens at mostly 3 differing heights, (similar to Hymenosporum and Marianthus in Australia) and generally a papery lining surrounding the seeds (see P. multiflorum).
20 species in Australia, a further 80-100 overseas, mainly with a southern hemisphere distribution.
Almost always by cuttings (rarely by grafting), rarely by seed. (The variegated forms of P. eugenioides must be vegetatively cloned, as the cotyledons do not contain chlorophyll).
Seeds joined in a sticky mass, in a mostly 2-4-valved capsule.
Cooper (1956), Haas (1977), Cayzer (1997), Cayzer et al. (2000b).
Hero image
kingdom Plantae
phylum Tracheophyta
class Magnoliopsida
superorder Asteranae
order Apiales
family Pittosporaceae
Higher taxa
Subordinate taxa
species Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd.
species Pittosporum crassifolium A.Cunn.
species Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn.
species Pittosporum ralphii Kirk
species Pittosporum revolutum Dryand.
species Pittosporum tenuifolium Gaertn.
species Pittosporum tobira Aiton
species Pittosporum undulatum Vent. |
Episode 03 • French and Indian War - Patriot Power Podcast - American Revolution, Founding Fathers
Manage episode 288769492 series 2894835
The Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, lasted from 1756 to 1763, forming a chapter in the imperial struggle between Britain and France. Both were doing all they could to gain control of the Ohio Valley and add to their respective empire.
In the early 1750s, France’s expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought with it conflict in the British colonies, especially Virginia. In 1754, the French built Fort Duquesne where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers joined to form the Ohio River (in today’s Pittsburgh), making it a strategically important stronghold that the British repeatedly attacked.
We discuss how George Washington and his party started the war, how he faired during his first military experience, and how he regained some momentum during a slaughter at Braddock's defeat and provide an overall summation of the war, the people involved, and the aftermath it left.
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Unhealthy Foods To Watch Out For
Low levels of magnesium can be very unhealthy. High levels of magnesium can decrease the chance of serious conditions. For instance anxiety, diabetes, blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. Magnesium in general is vital in humans since it is involved in different functions such as protein production, synthesis of DNA, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Despite its importance, over 60% of people consume less than the recommended daily intake for magnesium, and so a large part of the population has magnesium deficiency. The dietary guidelines for magnesium intake is around 300mg per day. However, as people age, generally they require more magnesium.
It is difficult to diagnose magnesium deficiency through medical tests since 99% of magnesium is in the bone, tissues, and organs. And only less than 1% of magnesium is in the blood. Low magnesium intake is unhealthy and it can lead to metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, sudden cardiac death, colon cancer, asthma, osteoporosis, migraine headache, fibromyalgia, alzheimer’s disease, depression, and anxiety.
Many studies have supplemented people with different levels of magnesium to improve patients with different conditions.
For example, a study of daily supplementation with 500mg of magnesium for 12 weeks showed that magnesium is an effective therapy for migraine headaches. A recent analysis of more than 1,000,000 people in nine countries showed that dietary magnesium leads to vast health improvements. The data suggests that a diet rich in magnesium can lower the risk of type-2 diabetes by 26%, heart disease by 10%, and stroke by 12%.
There is evidence supporting a link between the role of magnesium in food and reducing the risk of disease. Low levels of magnesium in the body have actually been linked with a series of illnesses. The main source for magnesium is the diet, and it is found in foods like whole grains, green leafy vegetables, nuts, and cocoa.
Foods such as cashews, almonds, pumpkin seeds, oat bran, raw broad beans, wild rice, walnuts, dark chocolate, pistachio, boiled spinach, chard, multigrain bread, red lentils, mackerel, bananas, and broccoli give you different amounts of magnesium. But if you include them in your everyday, balanced diet, they can help you get high amounts of magnesium. Nowadays, it is quite typical for many people to try to consume much healthier and live a much better life.
In this age of info, we understand how unhealthy some things we do actually are (or so we believe).
Being healthy suggests altering our diet plans and browsing out the healthiest food choices. Not all “health” foods are in fact healthy. Reduced fat peanut butters generally consist of the very same quantity of calories as routine peanut butter.
However, making up for the absence of fat, the sugar included negates the healthy parts of the spread. Some sushi includes more fat and calories as 2 sandwiches total with meat, vegetables, and mayonnaise. You likewise have to consume far more of it to get full.
Muffins are simply bald cupcakes. Some muffins taken in for breakfast include approximately 800 calories! Baked beans are healthy correct? They can be if they are made properly. The majority of canned baked beans consist of high quantities of sugar, syrup, molasses, and calorie contents.
Multigrain bread typically includes refined grains.
Which implies this bread does not consist of the fiber that real, entire grains have. Energy granola bars consist of a needlessly unhealthy high quantity of sugar. These can even consist of more calories than a real meal.
Frequently, frozen yogurt does not consist of the helpful bacteria that regular yogurt has. A bulk of fro-yo is heat processed which eliminates the good bacteria and simply leaves you with a great deal of sugar. Bottled green teas include none of the effective anti-oxidants that routine green tea includes.
So you are much better off making your very own. The next time you go grocery shopping, do not succumb to a great deal of “healthy” marketing lies. Usually, they are empty promises and the foods have plenty of calories. |
Barn History
The original barn (part of the Dr. Burke farm purchase) burned down on April 30, 1911. Architect Jens C. Petersen, who designed the residence, was also retained to design a replacement barn. John Schettek, local builder and mason, was hired at a cost of $1400 to build the new barn. It was completed just a couple of months later in August 1911 . This barn stands today as the last remaining structure of the poor farm.
LCHPS President and barn preservationist Stephen Stier asserts that in this time frame it was unusual to retain an architect to design a barn. In addition, the use of a poured concrete foundation, plank framing, gambrel roof, and Shawver-type truss system were new innovative construction techniques that increased in popularity during the first decades of the 20th century. These technological advancements represent the evolutionary endpoint of the large hay barns that supported the small, diversified family farms of the 19th century. The barn is virtually unchanged from the time farming operations at the Poor Farm were discontinued in the mid-1960s. |
Did you know that the technical term for games such as “Peek-A-Boo”, “Ring Around The Rosie”, “Row Row Row Your Boat”, etc is people games?
It actually makes a lot of sense.
All of these games involve a baby or toddler interacting with another person or people.
These “people games” all play an essential role in a child’s development. They are not only great for language development, but they also teach social skills.
In this article I will share with you information about “people games” and playing peek-a-boo in particular and why it is so important to incorporate them into your child’s early years.
Peek A Boo – What’s The Big Deal?
The peek a boo game is probably the oldest and most common “people game” around.
I can’t think of anyone who doesn’t know what peek a boo is. Even people without children can tell you what this game is all about.
It’s pretty straightforward. Usually the parent/caregiver covers his face with his hands and then says “peek a boo” while uncovering his face. This causes the baby to laugh in anticipation that the adult will do it again, and again, and again…
This game is great for babies and children usually up to 24 months. After that peek a boo usually turns into “hide and seek”.
Most parents and caregivers don’t realize the importance of something as simple as peek a boo.
Parents often play peek a boo with their children because its so common and they have seen someone doing this with a child at some point, or they have memories of their parents playing it with them. And it’s wonderful to see a big smile or hear a belly laugh from your baby or toddler.
Best Toys For Your Babies Development
Peek A Boo (and other “people games”) – 5 Skills Your Baby Will Gain
Establish Routines
People games are all about routines.
The same thing usually always happens, however you can add some variation to keep it fun and interesting.
Let’s take playing peek a boo with a baby as an example.
This usually starts out with the parent covering their face with their hands.
Alternatively, you could also hold a blanket up in front your face.
As your baby gets older they will often play peek a boo by hiding behind a piece of furniture and popping out every time the adult says “peek a boo”.
Routines are a part of our daily lives.
Some routines always stay the same while others change. Playing people games with your child is teaching them all about routines and what can be expected from a routine.
An example of an adult routine would be getting ready for work in the morning.
This is probably pretty much the same everyday.
Develop Social Skills
When a child is engaging in a game of peek a boo they are also developing social skills.
In this case some of the social skills include turn taking and making eye contact.
As adults we must know how to take turns, whether it be taking turns in a conversation or taking turns doing a presentation at work.
It is also equally important to make eye contact with the person you are speaking with (in the Western culture – some cultures do not view eye contact the same way we do).
If an adult is always dominating a conversation and never makes eye contact with the person they are speaking with, the listener in this case will become bored and tune out.
In order to play peek a boo, the adult takes their turn by covering their face and simply saying “peek a boo”.
The child takes their turn by giggling and/or vocalizing (“more”, “again”, etc.) while looking at the adult.
This provides a signal to the adult to start the game (routine) again.
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Facilitate Speech & Language Development
It is important to try and use the same language over and over when playing these types of games with your child.
If your child is older (18 months +), instead of saying “peek a boo” you could try asking a question, e.g. “where am I?” while holding a blanket over your head.
When your child removes the blanket you can reply with “here I am”. Doing this over and over again will help your child to learn these words.
For a younger child, stick with saying “peek a boo” and when you move your hands away just say “boo”. Eventually your child may imitate you and start saying “boo” as well!
Encourage Parent Child Bonding
Babies and young children (and even older children) love getting lots of love, hugs, cuddles and kisses from their parents/caregivers. Playing these kind of social games with your little one is a great way to strengthen your bond with your baby.
You are close together, making eye contact, and sharing laughs!
By doing this you are giving your baby/toddler your sole attention.
And this is what they need most during these precious early years.
Promote Prediction Skills
Games like “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”, “Catch”, “Tickles” and of course “Peek-a-Boo” teach babies all about prediction.
In a way, this is also what a routine does.
After a few rounds of “where’s baby?” they will begin to anticipate and predict what might happen next.
This will become an important life skill as your child grows up.
best books for babies language development
Teaches Object Permanence
Object permanence is the understanding that when a person or object disappears it doesn’t necessarily mean that the person or object is gone forever.
This skill usually develops between 4 and 7 months.
The reason young babies get so excited playing peek a boo is because they often do not understand the concept of object permanence. It is also why they might get frustrated when food or a toy falls from the high chair. In their minds it has disappeared and is gone forever.
Try playing peek a boo with toys and a blanket once your baby is closer to 6 months old.
If you cover a favorite toy with a blanket or hide it in a box, will your baby look for it? If the answer is yes, then object permanence is developing.
In order for symbolic understanding to occur (this is a key part of language development, pretend play and creative exploration) object permanence needs to be achieved.
Beneficial For Children With Special Needs
Social skills are often the greatest area of concern for children with social communication difficulties such as autism.
People games are a great way to practice some of these skills as there is plenty of interaction, back and forth “communication”, eye contact, etc.
The R.O.C.K strategy (repeat, opportunity, cue, keep it going) is an example of how you can come up with your own ways to create a people game that is predictable and structured.
Learn more about it here!
Final Thoughts
I could go on and on and talk about all of the different people games and all of the things they can teach a young child, but you would be reading for a long time.
My point is simply that something as easy as the baby peek a boo game teaches so many skills.
So remember that while it may seem boring to you, your child is learning so much!
People games are also a great way to follow your child’s lead.
1. Dave
I loved playing peek a boo when I was a child, although I love it even more now doing with the kids as an adult. There’s something quite satisfying about making a child face light up and giggle every time you do this.
I must admit I’ve only ever done it for a laugh though and never even considered the education and development element to it.
Great site and article by the way.
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks Dave! I wrote this article because most adults are not aware of the true benefits of these often taken for granted activities people do with young children. My goal was to show parents and caregivers how babies truly learn!
2. Kylie
I can’t agree more Tanya! I love Peek A Boo Game. I did it with my kids started from 2 months old. However, I just found out a few new things with this game such as trying to predict and social skills.
Previously, I did this with the aim of:
1. Him laughing
2. He imitates me and makes a “Boo” voice.
By the way , talking about routine, can I make the routine like 2 times a day?
Thank you very much for the article you wrote in this website because I can learn more about parenting and my child development.
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks for your comment Kylie. You can use routines as often as you would like throughout the day! Just keep it fun and try not to become a “teacher”.
3. uechchi
Why is play significant for a kid? As a medical caretaker understudy I considered kid brain research. Play is completely essential for the advancement, and indispensable. The mind, and particularly for little kids, is the most significant organ that develops in a colossal speed. As guardians we have a duty to giving adoration, mindful, give legitimate nourishment, and off kilter additionally animate the youngster to improvement through play and connection. Games like peek a boo, as you mentioned are wonderful for developing the brain!
1. Tanya (Post author)
Yes, you are right! The brain develops extremely rapidly and is like a sponge in a child’s first three years of life. So many “silly” baby and toddler activities are often taken for granted and many see them as a way to pass the time with a young child. But what seems silly to an adult can be packed with important brain building opportunities for a baby.
4. SJB
OMG! Did I ever play ”peek-a-boo” with my children! Although it made me feel a little silly, thanks to this post, I totally understand that it was essential and I didn’t even know it! And….hide and seek! I think that I played that game with my children until they were like 13! It was as much fun for me as it was for them! Thank you for the awesome memories!
1. Tanya (Post author)
You aren’t alone. Most people think peek a boo is just a fun game to play with babies and young kids! But as you can now see there is so much more too it!
5. Chelsie
Great post! I run developmental play groups and this is what we are all about!
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks Chelsie! Glad you enjoyed it. Simple social games such as peek-a-boo or so wonderful for a baby’s development!
6. Liz
My kids love peek a boo! I didn’t know how developmentally important it was until I read this page though!
I took the time to browse around your site after reading about how something as simple as peek-a-boo can be so beneficial to a child’s development.
I must say, you have a very well planned out website. The graphics are great, the information is well put together, accurate and precise. Altogether this website was done fantastically!
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks so much for your kind words Liz. I’m glad that you like the website.
My goal with articles such as the baby peekaboo one is to show parents that babies can learn from just about anything. You don’t need to invest in expensive learning supplies to give your little one a learning advantage.
7. Verne0710
I’m quite impressed with your site. It has a ton of helpful information and is very easy to read and navigate. Child development is also a subject that I feel very strongly about, and a lot of the methods that you have posted about are things that I’ve made sure to do with my own children.
I love how you explain the many benefits behind some of the little things we do with our kids, like playing peek-a-boo with a baby. Myself, along with most parents play the peek-a-boo game because little ones find it so entertaining. I’m going to start paying more attention to the things I am doing with my kids and what they might learn from a simple activity.
I signed up for your e-book and am looking forward to reading through it. Hopefully, I can gain insight on how to improve how I’m raising my kids. Definitely keeping your site in my favorites.
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks for taking a look around the site! I’m happy that you enjoy the information I am sharing.
Learning opportunities are all around for young children. They do not always have to be intentionally created through structured activities. And kids learn best when they are interested in something and don’t realize that they are being “taught”.
I hope that you enjoyed the e-book!
8. Hailey
Such a great informative post!
I think that all these little games help with a child’s development. Some people may not think that these games are beneficial in any way but after reading your article I think they would change their minds.
My son has special needs and I use the game Simon says a lot to teach him different things such as body parts Color numbers and alphabet.
Thanks again for the post!
1. Tanya (Post author)
Thanks Hailey,
Like you said, these simple songs/games are wonderful for teaching in an implicit way. I also used Simon Says to teach body parts and colors in my speech therapy sessions.
Peek a boo was also a go to of mine for children with special needs that involved difficulty with social skills such as turn taking and eye contact.
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Achilles Tendon Pain
Achilles tendonitis is the inflammation of the surrounding sheath (paratenonitis), degeneration within the substance of the tendon (tendinosis) or a combination of the two. Achilles tendinosis is when the Achilles tendon degenerates and become inflamed.
Physiotherapist during an Achilles tendon treatment.
What is Achilles tendonitis?
Achilles tendonitis implies an inflammatory response, but this is very limited because there is little blood supply to the Achilles tendon. More appropriate descriptions are inflammation of the surrounding sheath (paratenonitis), degeneration within the substance of the tendon (tendinosis) or a combination of the two.
What are the symptoms of Achilles tendinitis?
What causes Achilles tendinitis?
The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body. It is formed by the merging together of the upper calf muscles and inserts into the back of the heel bone. Its blood supply comes from the muscles above and the bony attachment below. The blood supply is limited at the “watershed” zone approximately 1 to 4 inches above the insertion into the heel bone. Paratendonitis and tendinosis develop in the same area.
How is Achilles tendinitis diagnosed?
What are the treatment options?
If symptoms fail to resolve, a formal physical therapy program may be of benefit. An arch support may help if there is an associated flatfoot. A cast or brace to completely rest this area may be necessary. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy and platelet-rich plasma injections have variable reports of success. Nitroglycerin medication applied to the overlying skin may be of benefit. |
The Detroit Post
Monday, 29 November, 2021
Why Are Cats Fastidious Groomers
Bob Roberts
• Wednesday, 25 November, 2020
• 12 min read
This may sound obvious, but it is the main reason that cats groom, and they will lick themselves after almost every meal and toilet visit in order to remove the scent of food or feces. This is an instinctive response that domestic cats have retained, but in the wild this served to protect from potential predators.
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Cats largely rely on saliva evaporation on their fur in order to maintain the right body temperature and help cool them down in hot environments. Whilst this may help for an initial clean, owners need to understand that cat’s tongues don’t have antiseptic properties and continued licking can actually make wounds worse so it’s best to get your vet to check them.
For the most part many cats will not require much assistance with their personal beauty regime until they get a bit older where conditions like dental disease and arthritis may make grooming trickier. Long haired cats are slightly different in that they greatly benefit from daily brushing to help prevent matting, even from a young age.
There are a number of scenarios where your cat may start grooming obsessively, or to the point where they have created bald or sore spots. Medical conditions such as skin disorders, parasite infections or allergies can also result in over grooming.
It’s important in these situations to get a vet to investigate the potential causes and to treat the signs. Cats groom themselves to remove debris off the fur and to help regulate their body temperature.
When your cat’s saliva is distributed over his body on a warm day, it helps with thermoregulation in order to keep him cooler! Areas that are most commonly groomed by cats are the face, neck, chest, shoulders and front paws.
cats groom why licking felines frequently fastidious
This helps clean up any stray food particles stuck to the face or whiskers. Sometimes, however, excessive grooming behavior in particular areas of the body can be a sign of a medical problem, such as fleas, allergies, infections, anal gland impaction, skin disease, pain, etc.
A visit to the veterinarian is in order to rule these problems out, as in some cases, it can be a tip-off that something is seriously wrong. For example, if a male cat sits on his hindquarters in similar fashion to a bear and directs a lot of licking behavior toward his penis, this may be a sign that he has a urinary blockage, which can be a fatal condition in male cats.
Excessive licking can produce areas of thinning or missing hair in the hair coat, as well as redness and skin irritation. If medical conditions are ruled out, your veterinarian may recommend an evaluation by a veterinary or animal behaviorist, as some cats may groom excessively due to a behavioral disorder.
Cats are fastidious groomers spending 50% of their waking hours attending to their personal hygiene. Their ability to maintain such high standards of personal grooming are due in part to the bristle like barbs on a cat’s tongue and to their flexibility.
The repetitive licking movements release endorphins in the brain which calm the cat similar to what happens when they are pet. Grooming not only removes dead hairs to prevent matting, but it distributes oils along the shaft of the fur to keep it healthy and protects the skin from dampness and heat loss.
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Actually, although there are some cats who never learned to take care of their coat properly, for most, matting is a sign of disease. Loss of flexibility of the spine is the most common cause of matting in the hind end of your cat.
General malaise (not feeling well) will make your cat sleep more and not have enough energy to be bothered about grooming. So matting of the fur may be your first indicator that your pet is anemic, isn’t breathing well, has kidney failure, is diabetic, has heart disease or even cancer.
These cats have severe anxiety and are worried they can’t take time away from surveying their environment to attend to their grooming needs. When fur Matt around your cat’s hind quarters it can obstruct normal urination and defecation and lead to urinary tract infections, constipation, and moist dermatitis.
Bring your cat in for a full physical exam and blood and urine screen. You can also use a damp wash cloth to rub in a massaging pattern over the coat, mimicking the action of the cat’s tongue.
If you encounter a Matt you can’t comb out, bring your cat in to the clinic and have it safely shaved out. The diet needs to address your pet’s health status as well as be very high in Omega 3 fatty acids.
cat grooming geniusvets local
We have a number of nutritional councillors on staff that can make a diet plan for your cat. Cats that are doing a good job with maintaining their healthy coat may rarely bring up a fur ball.
The first few weeks that a kitten spends with their queen are some of the most important and formative ones in a cat’s entire lives, and it is really important that kittens are not weaned too early, and are allowed to stay with their queen and littermates to learn all about being a cat! If your cat is getting older and becoming quieter, less mobile and less active, it is entirely possible that they might be beginning to suffer from joint stiffness, or the onset of one of the chronic conditions that sometimes come with aging, such as arthritis.
This is something that takes time, and so it may not become apparent that your cat is having problems grooming themselves until this becomes quite pronounced, but this is certainly something to bear in mind. Bad breath, eating delicately or dropping food when eating and a whole range of other things can all indicate that your cat’s teeth are making them miserable, and this is why it is important to have their teeth checked out by the vet regularly and if necessary, have them professionally cleaned and cared for as needed.
Painful teeth or gums can lead to a reluctance or unwillingness to groom in the cat, if their dental problems make things worse-and so this is something to think about and potentially, ask your vet to check out. Cats do not tend to gorge themselves or have problems regulating their own food intake, but as they get older, they can gain weight as they continue to eat as normal while also becoming less active.
But that doesn’t mean cats don't need regular brushing, nail trimming and, in some cases, bathing. She needs your help, so it’s time to get over any nerves you may have about using a hairbrush, nail trimmer or shampoo on your cat.
grooming cat cats groom themselves
To make this easier for you and your kitty, we’ve answered some of your most common questions about grooming cats. In addition to a specialist diet and exercise regime, older cats also need assistance with grooming their fur.
Aging joints and limited energy leave senior felines unable to clean their fur as often as they’d like. Groom a senior cat daily to distribute oils around the fur and keep it clean.
Senior cats have thinner skin, so you’ll need to use a soft brush. Older cats can be belligerent and impatient, but feeling unclean will cause distress.
If you are gentle and consistent, most senior cats will come to welcome your assistance with cleaning. As fastidiously clean animals, it can be worrying when a cat stops grooming.
The causes of this vary from dental pain to internal disease or viral infection. Do not worry unduly unless your cat has also stopped eating and drinking or is acting particularly strangely.
It’s likelier that your senior cat has ceased grooming through inability, not unwillingness. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice links osteoarthritis to geriatric cats.
If your cat is arthritic, it will lack the mobility to clean itself appropriately. Watch a younger cat groom and you will notice that many body contortions are required.
These twists and turns are beyond the physical capability of a senior cat. Excessive use of shampoo, even a cat-safe brand, can dry out feline skin.
Older cats already have thin and delicate skin, which is easily damaged. Your intention should be to replicate your cat’s previous grooming routine.
This will keep your cat happy and ensure that its fur does not grow matted and greasy. Most felines find grooming relaxing, while it also doubles as a defense mechanism.
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Cats like to retain a clean and unscented presence to avoid detection by predators. When a cat grooms itself, it redistributes natural oils throughout its fur.
Whenever you pet your cat, you also rub oils from your own skin onto the fur. Longer fur will grow greasy and dirty faster than short hair.
The ideal time to groom a cat is after play and food. A younger cat will typically follow up a meal with grooming and a nap.
You should never groom an agitated cat, as it will resist by biting and clawing. As explained by Pas, a cat’s tongue contains hollow papillae top collect and distribute saliva.
Such a brush will replicate the sensation of self-grooming and help keep the cat calm. Your cat should view grooming as a pleasurable experience, not an ordeal to be tolerated.
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Get your grooming apparatus ready and invite your cat to sit in your lap. Gently pet your cat a little to keep it content and begin the process.
Start grooming at the tip of the head, brushing the fur in the direction of growth. Older cats take longer to heal cuts and are more prone to infection.
Sometimes, older cats are unable to detect parasitic infestations. Water from spray bottle will achieve this, if your cat accepts such treatment.
Lift the matted fur, being careful not to pinch your cat’s skin. Use a pair of scissors to score the length of the tangle and cut it open.
Once the matted fur has been separated with scissors, brush the area with fine-toothed comb. Grooming and brushing several times a day will reduce the risk of them arising, though.
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Just grooming a cat will be insufficient to keep its fur completely clean. Your cat uses saliva to neutralize scents and remove oils.
It will also release additional water, potentially upsetting the cat. This is not just a marketing ploy, designed to trick animal lovers into spending more.
If you are unable to purchase specialist wet wipes, use those designed for human babies. Relax your cat and apply these wipes to its fur while stroking.
Older cats struggle to reach these parts of their anatomy for cleaning. Mother cats lick the anus of their young to encourage elimination.
This is a condition in which flies are attracted to matted waste on a cat’s fur. Cats are naturally disinclined to eliminate in a dirty environment, but sometimes needs to overtake preferences.
cat grooming necessary really cats
Do not leave your cat to lounge in soiled litter, or it will cling to their fur. Your cat may have stained its fur by rolling in liquid or mud.
You’ll need to work slowly and gently to avoid hurting the cat. Do not allow your cat’s body temperature to drop below 100 degrees Fahrenheit during or after bathing.
This will lead to flaking skin, which is often mistaken for dandruff on feline fur. Dry shampoo will create a foam that can be massaged into a cat’s fur during petting.
This will improve the appearance of your cat’s fur and mask any unpleasant scents. It is no substitute for regular maintenance of a senior cat’s fur.
Cleaning a senior cat’s fur is not drastically different from aiding a younger feline with grooming. Older cats need more assistance with keeping their fur clean.
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Providing this help will enhance your bond, and your cat’s quality of life. Cats have a reputation as vain animals due to the amount of time they spend grooming.
Every day, your cat uses its litter box, kills vermin/prey, and walks on filthy surfaces. A healthy cat will have a soft, clean, and shiny coat.
Since Lyme disease is so prevalent among dogs it is important to know the clinical signs associated with infection such as fever, lethargy, painful joints and very rarely acute kidney failure. Although many dogs test positive for Lyme disease on yearly screening blood work only an estimated 5-10% develop these clinical signs.
Cytauxzoonosis is a parasitic disease transmitted by ticks and can rapidly cause severe illness and death even with aggressive treatment. The best way to protect your cat from these diseases is to keep them indoors and every month, year round, apply a preventive to kill fleas and ticks that hitch a ride inside on you or your dog.
As with most medicine, prevention is the key to protecting your cat and eliminating several nasty parasitic diseases. Read on to discover the surprising reasons your cat spends so much of its time licking.
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Cats sweat a little from their paws, but they mostly rely on saliva evaporation on their fur to maintain normal body temperature. By licking itself, a cat helps distribute its natural oils evenly around its coat.
Cat saliva is thought to contain enzymes that turn it into a natural antibiotic. Similar to how a hairbrush promotes blood flow on the scalp, your cat’s tongue-which is covered in tiny, bristle-like hairs-improves circulation.
Visit your veterinarian twice a year to stay ahead of common problems, and establish a daily brushing routine with your cat. To review this information or withdraw your consent please consult the Privacy Policy.
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-Format: Double spaced .2 pages
-Text: “Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller
Film: “Death of a Salesman” (1984), directed by Wolker Schlondorff, featuring Dustin Hoffman, John Malkovich, Kate Reid and Charlles Durning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMqiCtq5VLs&t=21s
Please address the following questions:
1. What was the intent of the author?
To address this, you must refer to the play text, as well as incidental research on what else the author has written. We have been discussing this extensively in class
2. What is the intent of the director?
To address this, you must refer to images in the movie we saw, which are also available on Youtube. How did the structure of the movie follow or change the structure of the play? What was the director trying to do via the performance style, the costumes, the sets, etc.
3. How did you respond to the performance?
How was this film relevant to you, if at all? Why is it a classic? What does it have to do with the 21st century.
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Laos Society
Laos Society
Located in the heart of the Indonesian peninsula, it lacks access to the sea. The main crop is rice. There are also crops of coffee, medicinal oils, cotton, spices, tobacco, and corn. Likewise, the country produces opium in the northwest, in the area belonging to the so-called “Golden Triangle.”
Geographic location
It limits to the East with Vietnam, to the North with China, to the West with Thailand and Burma and to the South with Cambodia and Burma.
Social development
The low life expectancy in Laos is an eloquent index of the poor sanitary conditions of the country. One of the government’s priorities is to provide public health services to the entire country. Although all the provinces have hospitals, rural dispensaries and infirmaries, the country lacks sufficient qualified medical personnel, although their number is increasing.
The most common diseases are malaria and gastroenteritis. This picture is exacerbated by massive malnutrition (the average daily food consumption per person in Laos is 2000 calories). Since 1975, the public health service has been evolving relentlessly. In 1985, Laos had 1,123 hospitals and clinics, with a total of 9,815 beds. There were also 558 doctors, 2346 medical workers and 6,600 first aid assistants working in the country.
According to topschoolsintheusa, civil wars interrupted educational processes and contributed to keeping the illiteracy rate high. In 1985, in the population between the ages of 15 and 45, the illiteracy rate was 16.1%. There are no private schools in Laos. Primary school begins at the age of six and secondary school at eleven, and lasts for five and six years, respectively.
In 1985, total enrollment in primary and secondary schools equaled 56% of the school-age population. In 1986 there were 7,000 schools with 620,000 students. There were also eight higher education institutions, 39 professional schools and 78 teaching institutes. In 1985, likewise, three medical institutes, four medical schools and a medical university were active.
In 1989 there were about 425,000 radio receivers and about 32,000 televisions in use. In addition to the national service, there are several local radio stations. Daily television programs were sent from the USSR via satellite. In 1983, a national television service began to be broadcast. In May 1988, a second television station began broadcasting from Savannakhet.
Other organizations
In 1978 the Central Steering Committee to Guide Agricultural Cooperatives was founded with the objective of helping to organize and plan regulations and policies for such cooperatives. At the end of 1986 there were some 4,000 cooperative groups employing about 74% of the workforce.
Lao cuisine has a great influence from China. The bases of the diet are rice, fish, tea and a seasoning called “nuoc-nam” that is obtained by marinating the waste of some fish in brine and that gives off an unpleasant smell.
In the middle of the 14th century Fa Ngum, the son of a Thai chief from the upper Mekong, occupied Vieng Chan with the support of a Khmer army and proclaimed himself king of present-day Laos in Luang Prabang. At that time in its history, Laos was called the kingdom of Lang Chang or the “Million Elephants.”
Capital and most important cities
Vientiane: Located northwest of the Mekong River, it is the largest city and the capital of Laos. A landlocked country, having a port on the most important river makes it the economic center of the nation.
Although it was founded in the 13th century, it did not reach the capital until the 16th, when the old capital was transferred from Luang Prabang. In 1778 it fell under Siamese rule and 50 years later, in 1828, it was destroyed when the King of Laos rose up against the hegemony of Siam. With the French occupation, it was the seat of the colonial administration until Laos achieved independence in 1953.
It has an important manufacturing industry that includes beer, wood, bricks, tiles, textiles, cigarettes, matches, detergents, plastic bags, rubber sandals, iron and steel. Located in one of the most fertile areas of the country, the fields on the outskirts of the city have rice and corn crops.
The contrasts between modern buildings and traditional wooden houses give the city the charm of Southeast Asian cities. Added to this is the beauty of some of its monuments, such as the That Luang temple, which dates back to 1566. Vientiane is the main cultural center of Laos and home to Sisavangvong University, the Ho Phakeo National Museum and the National Library.
A fleet of ferries connects the capital with the right bank of the Mekong River. It is connected to the main cities and the Vietnamese capital by highways and has an international airport.
Savannajet: Laos’ second city is located on the left bank of the Mekong River. It has an airport, as well as a highway that goes to Muang Phalan and Muang Xépon and goes to the Vietnamese city of Quang Tri. There are soda and ice cream factories there, and a sawmill.
Laos Society |
CORONAVIRUS UPDATE: What We Are Doing to Protect Our Clients
Bleeding Disorders and Auto Accidents
car accident
When someone is involved in a car accident, it is essential to promptly seek medical care. Sometimes, a person might sustain an injury that leads to a significant amount of blood loss. While there are normal bodily mechanisms in place that can stop this bleeding, what happens if someone has a bleeding disorder? A recent review article was published discussing this very topic.
Car Accidents can Lead to Bleeding.
To prevent a car accident from happening, there are several tips that people should follow on the open road. Some of the tips that people should follow include not following too close to the car in front of them, increasing the risk of an auto accident. It is also important to try to avoid driving at night when vision is limited. Most importantly, distracted driving continues to persist as a major issue for drivers today. It is vital to put down the cell phone while driving because this could lead to a serious auto accident, including a catastrophic personal injury. When someone is involved in an auto accident, there are many different traumatic injuries that someone could suffer. Among these are bone fractures, which could lead to serious bleeding if the bone protrudes from the skin. This bleeding, depending on the severity of the wound, could take some time to stop. When someone starts to bleed, many different clotting factors in the bodywork together to stop the bleeding. Among these are platelets, which band together to cover the open wound. This creates a scab that many people have seen before, helping to stop the bleeding; however, what happens if someone has a bleeding disorder that prevents blood loss?
The Dangers of Bleeding Disorders
Sometimes, people can have congenital bleeding disorders that can inhibit the clotting process that was discussed above. A recent review article was published that details what happens if someone might have a bleeding disorder and subsequently is involved in an auto or truck accident. Depending on the severity of the accident, a bleeding disorder could cause a life-threatening emergency if someone has certain injuries. Specifically, the article discusses the problems that blunt abdominal trauma can create. If someone sustains these types of injuries, this could lead to the development of internal bleeding. Importantly, external bleeding is not the only type of bleeding that can cause problems. If someone sustains internal bleeding, the blood could be leaking into their abdomen. This can be visualized as a rapidly enlarging bruise on the front of the abdomen. Because of the size of the abdominal compartment, this could lead to people bleeding to death due to blood leakage into their abdomen. Anyone showing these signs should be taken to the hospital immediately so that their injuries can be treated. These individuals could require surgery to correct what has happened, and it could ultimately save their life.
Treatment of Blood Loss and Trouble Clotting
When someone is involved in an auto accident and has a bleeding disorder, their body could not stop the bleeding and clot on its own. Because of this, they will require emergent transport to the hospital to replace the blood that has been lost and whatever clotting factors are missing due to their bleeding disorder. The physician will take a look at their heart rate and blood pressure and then will try to measure how much blood has been lost. The individual's blood type will be attained so that the right type of blood is given back. Then, clotting factors that are missing will be replaced. Factor VIII is missing in hemophilia A, and factor IX is missing in hemophilia B. People could also require platelet replacement if these are missing or defective as well. As these factors are replaced, the bleeding should start to slow; however, surgery could still be required to find the exact locations of some of the major bleeds so that they can be stopped.
Legal Help for Blood Loss in Crashes
If someone has lost a lot of blood due to a car crash, they could wind up with a significant hospital stay. This bill could be costly, and those with large deductibles could be placed under a significant burden trying to pay their bills and this hospital cost. For help with this and other issues, contact an experienced personal injury attorney. A full investigation is warranted, which could reveal options that could help the individual and their family that they may not have seen otherwise. Do not be afraid to ask because someone is always willing to help.
Contact an Experienced Personal Injury Attorney in Sacramento
If you have suffered an injury in an accident, please reach out to our injury attorneys at 916.921.6400 or (800) 404-5400. Our advice is friendly and free.
See our client reviews on GoogleYelp, and Avvo and the case history of verdicts and settlements.
Editor’s Note: This page has been updated for accuracy and relevancy [cha 8.25.21]
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Was Something Lost?
James Kugel’s elegantly written How to Read the Bible tries to be at least two things at once. On one level, it is an introductory textbook. On another, it is a meditation on “the larger question of what a modern reader ought to make of” the Bible. The book’s unusual character, on either level, lies in Kugel’s juxtaposition of two kinds of interpretation: that of the earliest Jewish and Christian interpreters, which he has already covered at length in The Bible as It Was and The Traditions of the Bible, and that of modern biblical scholars. It is clear that Kugel’s heart is with the traditional interpreters, but he also appreciates the intellectual achievement of modern scholarship.
Viewed purely as an introduction, the book suffers from some imbalance. Genesis receives 146 pages; the entire prophetic corpus (excluding the “Former Prophets” or historical books) gets less than a hundred. About half the book deals with the Pentateuch. In part, that discrepancy is due to the wealth of early interpretations of the Pentateuch, but it also reflects a theological priority. The distinctive character of the book as an introduction lies in the fact that it gives traditional interpretation-that of the earliest Jewish and Christian interpreters-equal time with modern scholarship. In some cases, modern scholarship gets short shrift. The theory that the story of Adam and Eve is a reflection on the discovery of agriculture is hardly representative. And recent scholarship has not been as obsessed with etiologies as some of the early form-critics. But in many cases Kugel deals with modern theories in depth (the treaty analogies for the covenant, the current debate about the origin of Israel, the genres of the Psalms). The discussions of the prophets, wisdom, and apocalyptic literature suffer from their relative brevity. Kugel notes, correctly, that many modern scholars have an apologetic approach to the text that ultimately derives from traditional assumptions about the status of the Bible. He pays very little attention, however, to modern critiques of biblical values. Feminist criticism of the story of Adam and Eve is not acknowledged, athough there is a very brief discussion of feminist interpretation in the context of Judges. Neither is there any acknowledgment of a moral problem in the story of the Conquest-a story of the invasion of another people’s land and the slaughter of its inhabitants, ostensibly by divine command.
The survey of the books of the Bible and their ancient and modern interpretation is framed by an introductory chapter on the rise of modern scholarship and a concluding reflection titled “After Such Knowledge.” The introductory chapter is learned and sympathetic, and, like all of Kugel’s writing, witty besides. The concluding chapter is by far the most problematic part of the book, in part because of its brevity (less than thirty pages). Kugel finds it ironic that “the fundamentalist stance-occasional antiintellectualism and all-has succeeded in preserving much of what is most basic about the Bible, the ancient approach to reading it” (emphasis mine). In contrast, he finds naive “the liberal faith that despite their abandonment of a good bit of that approach, the Bible can somehow still go on being the Bible.” He has some sympathy with the canonical approach of Brevard Childs-which emphasizes the shaping of the text by its final editors, rather than the history that lies behind it-but criticizes it for its reliance on the Bible alone, and its failure to appreciate the importance of the early interpreters. Kugel affirms the orthodox Jewish position, in which the Torah must be interpreted in the context of the oral Torah-the elaboration of the Torah in Jewish tradition-which claims to fill in what is implied in the written Torah. Consequently, Kugel concludes, somewhat startlingly, that “modern biblical scholarship and traditional Judaism are and must always remain completely irreconcilable.” He has no objection to speculation about the composition of the books:
The texts that make up the Bible were originally composed under whatever circumstances they were composed. What made them the Bible, however, was their definitive reinterpretation...a way of reading that was established in Judaism in the form of the Oral Torah...its true meaning is not the original meaning of its constituent parts, but the meaning it had for the people who first saw it as the Bible, God’s great book of instruction. If it doesn’t have that meaning for you anymore-if all it is is etiological tales and priestly polemics and political speeches-then why are you singing it?
Kugel recognizes that this alone is not an adequate response to the dilemmas of modern scholarship, so he concludes with another sort of answer. In Judaism, it is not the words of Scripture that are ultimately supreme but the service of God: “What Scripture is, and always has been, in Judaism is the beginning of a manual entitled To Serve God.” This frees the scholar from concerns about verbal inerrancy, but it does not get us much further in dealing with the problems raised by modern scholarship, which are not only historical but also moral, such as that of the Conquest in Judges.
Kugel’s conclusion is startling because it comes at the end of a long book in which his delight in traditional interpretation seemed evenly balanced by his respect for the intellectual honesty of modern scholarship (except when it is perverted for apologetic ends). There are, of course, plenty of good reasons to read and study the Bible without subscribing to the views of the earliest interpreters, who were children of their own culture, two thousand years ago. And the intellectual honesty that Kugel seems to admire in C. A. Briggs-best known as co-author of the standard Hebrew-English dictionary, tried for heresy in 1893-is hardly alien to the service of God. Students can learn much from Kugel’s book about modern as well as ancient interpretation. Unfortunately, they may be left in doubt, quite unnecessarily, about the value of what they have learned.
Published in the 2007-10-26 issue:
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• Ways To Challenge My Child
Children work on simple counting skills when they start elementary school. In just a few years, they are ready for addition and subtraction with regrouping, multiplication, interpreting graphs, and division. It is important for all children to master foundational skills in early years before they move on to more challenging material. Here are some ways to help foster your child's math ability.
Number Sense Activities
1. Memorize math addition and subtraction facts to 20. It is important that all children reach mastery of math facts. This is the foundation for success in future grades.
2. Practice fact families/number bonds at home. Know that every number is related to one another.
3. Practice skip counting while at home or in the car. Skip count by 5's, 10's, 2's, 3's, and 4's. Ask your child for him/her to sing the skip counting songs they have learned at school.
Estimation Activities
1. Young children can estimate by using items like pencils, crayons, or parts of their own bodies. Older children can use regular units of measurement like rulers or measuring cups and spoons.
2. Ask your child to guess the number of items in your home. Make a list. Then count them together. Examples may include pillows, windows. doors, chairs, and shoes. Then compare estimates with an actual count. Make comparisons between items to help young children understand the concepts of "more" or "less" and put them into categories.
3. Have your child complete his/her own height and weight charts. Begin by estimating, actually measure, and then graph the information. Keep a record over a period of time.
4. Help your child to measure the perimeter (border) and area (the amount of space something takes up) of things around the house. Some good things to start with are your body vs. theirs, the rooms in your house, your yard or driveway, windows…you get the idea. An easy way to do this is to use string or rope to ‘measure’ and then figure out the length of that using a measuring tape or yardstick.
Traveling Activities
1. Discuss directions (north, south, east, and west) to give your child a sense of coordinates. Have child use street maps to find travel routes and addresses and estimate the time you’ll get where you’re going and compare that to the actual time it took to arrive there.
2. Have competitions when traveling. Have child count red cars or see who can find the largest number formed by the numerals on a license plate.
3. To help with learning place values, have your child practice, write down, and read the large number on license plates he/she sees while riding in the car. Find the largest number in a given time period of travel or per trip.
Cooking/Shopping Activities
1. Let your child help with the cooking by measuring the ingredients and checking cooking times and temperatures. Older children can increase or decrease recipes.
2. Have child figure out how to cut a pizza, cake, pie, or sandwich for different numbers of people.
3. Have your child determine how much or how many of a grocery item is needed for the entire family, or how much is needed for a given recipe.
*adapted from Parents+Students=Math Success
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Starting a Strong Career in Energy
Energy is the driving force behind each and every activity of a person. According to the law of conservation, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, but can only be changed from one form to another. Based on the same principle, different types of unused energy resources are used for producing the useful energy for useful purposes.
Each and every activity a person performs requires the energy in one form or other. Thus with the increasing population, the demand for the energy production is also increasing. There are different forms of energy such as wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy etc. Such diverse sectors create numerous job opportunities. Different types of jobs offered by the energy sector includes but is not limited to Alternative Energy Jobs, Environmental Energy Jobs, Geo sciences Jobs, Green Energy Jobs, Hydraulic Energy Jobs, Marine Energy Jobs and more.
There are various opportunities in the field of Energy jobs. From high-profile scientists and engineers to miners and drillers, everyone can make their career in energy jobs. The prime sectors where an energy career flourishes are nuclear energy, electric power, renewable energy, oil and gas, and coal.
There are some basic skills that candidates must possess to make a career in energy jobs. An aptitude for engineering and science along with strong mathematical skills are very crucial. In addition, the job seekers in this field must be ready to relocate or travel to remote places, must possess good technical knowledge, must be flexible with thoughts, must be able to handle pressure in extreme situations, must possess ability to train and manage teams, and last but not the least, the candidate must have mental and physical fitness.
Different types of jobs are available for different types of people depending upon their qualifications, like a mechanical engineer will get the job in any core field of electricity production; a civil engineer can be employed to make the proper designing of the buildings of the power plants. A large number of people are employed for doing mechanical works. Thus, a power plant requires a good team of efficient workers for its successful running.
Generally, renewable energy makes only a small part of the total energy production, while the major energy need is filled by nonrenewable energy resources. The energy from fossil fuels is the nonrenewable source of energy which is obtained from different coal mines. Any plant made to produce the energy requires a good team of efficient workers. Thus there is always constant job offers for all types of persons in the field of energy.
Due to the increasing concern for saving the nonrenewable sources of energy, great research is going on for making efficient energy from renewable sources. People are trying to devise sophisticated ways to reduce the energy consumption and for increasing the energy production from renewable resources. There are different schemes available for making energy conserving efficient business systems. Thus there are lots of job opportunities in this area.
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English English language Etymology Expression Language Usage Word origin Writing
The noisome origins of ‘noisy’
Q: “Noisome” and “noisy” look alike, despite their different meanings. Are they linguistically related?
A: No, “noisome” (smelly or disgusting) and “noisy” (making a lot of noise) aren’t etymologically related, though “noisy” very likely had smelly origins.
“Noisome,” which showed up in the 14th century, was derived from the combination of “noy,” an archaic form of “annoy,” with the suffix “-some”.
“Noisy,” which also appeared in the 1300s, is derived from “noise,” a word that English borrowed from Anglo-Norman in the 12th century.
Although “noisy” isn’t etymologically related to “noisome,” the noun “noise” probably had noisome origins in classical times, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
The OED says the classical source of “noise” is likely nausea, Latin for sea sickness. That literal sense apparently evolved in the Romance languages to “upset, malaise,” then “disturbance, uproar” and finally “noise, din.”
The dictionary’s earliest citation for “noisome” is from the Wycliffe Bible of 1382: foolys þoo thyngis þat ben noȝesum to þem shul coueiten” (“fools shall covet those things that be noisome to them”).
The first OED example for “noisy” is from The Country-Wife, a 1675 comedy by the English playwright William Wycherley: “Your noisy pert Rogue of a wit, the greatest Fop, dullest Ass, and worst Company as you shall see.”
Finally, the dictionary’s earliest citation for “noise” is from Ancrene Riwle, an anonymous guide for monastic women that probably dates from sometime before 1200:
“Þe prude beoð his bemeres; draheð wind inward worltlich hereword, and eft wið idel ȝelp puffeð hit utward as þe bemeres doð, makieð noise” (“The proud are his trumpeters; they draw in the wind of worldly praise, and then, with vain boasting, puff it out again, as the trumpeter doth, to maketh noise”). We’ve expanded the OED citation to add context.
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What is the use of headphone amplifier？
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Headphone Amplifier is a kind of amplifier, which is an audio amplifier specially designed to drive headphones. Headphone amplifiers generally appear in the form of integrated circuits in electronic equipment, music players and TVs, but there are also independent headphone amplifiers.
The headphone amplifier has two main functions:
One is to increase the output power. Nowadays, many playback equipment, especially Walkman equipment, have very low headphone output power. They can’t drive well with many headphones and can’t play the normal level of headphones, so an external independent amplifier is needed. Increase output power. However, the output of the amplifier is also different, and some amplifiers have very low output power, so such amplifiers are also not good at driving higher impedance headphones.
The other is that most of the built-in amplifier circuits of phonographs or walkmans are not very sophisticated, they are very simple, and the sound is very ordinary. If the sound is not satisfied, you can connect an independent amplifier. The circuit design of most amps Both are better than those built in the machine, so even for headphones that are easy to drive, the sound may be improved with an independent amp.
As for whether the earphone is easy to be driven, it mainly depends on the impedance and sensitivity. Impedance determines whether the earphone is easily driven, and sensitivity determines the volume of the earphone. It may be loud but still not pushed well. Usually the impedance is lower than 32 ohms, and the sensitivity is higher than 105DB, general walkman equipment can be pushed well. But if the size of the earphone sound unit is large, even if the impedance is very low, it is more difficult to push. For example, many headphones such as Audio-Technica, Sony, Extreme, Goethe and so on.
In fact, if the headset is too easy to be driven or too sensitive, it will be very picky on the front-end equipment. If there is a little change in the front-end, the headset will be all right. Matching with the amp requires the machine to have a line output, because the line output does not go through the built-in amplifier circuit of the machine, and goes directly to the external amplifier. In addition, players, amps, and even signal cables are all very particular about it. It takes some effort to match them properly and make a good sound.
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How GIS technology has evolved into location intelligence for today’s enterprises
(Image credit: Image Credit: ITPP)
When the iPhone 3 launched with GPS integration in 2009, it opened up a whole new world of previously untapped location data as millions of smartphone users began sending information from their mobile devices. The rise of IoT technology in the past few years has also played a critical role in advancing the collection of mass amounts of location data. This data continues to aggregate at a rapid rate, and according to Gartner, we can expect 8.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide this year, up 31 per cent from 2016. As location data continues to boom, there has been a notable shift in how people access and understand these valuable location insights.
Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) and location data were previously used exclusively by mapping experts and select government agencies, but today location technology has adapted to allow for a broader base of users to make sense of more data in sophisticated ways - a requirement for today’s businesses and organisations. Computers and the internet shifted the industry immensely towards digitisation and more data storage, but the recent outbreak of mobile and IoT technologies has served as a major catalyst to democratise location data and location intelligence to a broader set of business users within enterprises.
Where did GIS begin?
Maps have been around throughout most of history, helping individuals get to where they need to be, but it wasn’t until John Snow’s 1854 Cholera Map, that spatial analysis was applied to help solve real societal issues like understanding and stopping health epidemics. Snow used mapping to investigate the source of recent cholera outbreaks in London. He discovered that cases of cholera were centered around a water pump and convinced the local council to remove the handle to prevent its use, effectively halting the epidemic. Prior to this moment, it was widely believed by medical professionals that Cholera was an airborne disease. The significance of Snow’s findings of Cholera as a waterborne illness would eventually have a lasting impact on disease research and prevention today. From the time of John Snow into the 1950’s, maps remained simple and were used mainly for routing, new development planning and locating points of interest. And although options like sieve mapping were developed a century later, there were major challenges as data was coarse and inaccurate, and measuring distances was cumbersome. While the GIS industry was starting to realise the potential of geospatial analysis, they were limited by the technology of the era.
Maps go digital and data storage increases
By the 1970’s the computing industry had begun to take off, and cartographers and spatial users started exploring options for handling location data, moving from paper to computer mapping. Once maps moved into this digital setting, it paved the way for disruptive technology advancements like databases, remote sensing, programming and computer science, which have all played a key role in maturing GIS and location intelligence into what it is today.
Computers led to better decision making for the select group of national agencies and governments using GIS at the time. The US Census Bureau is one of the earliest pioneers of GIS technology along with the Canadian government, who created the Canadian Land Inventory.
Other governments began catching on to the benefits of GIS to assist in making better use of their resources and started mapping critical systems and resources, such as transportation hubs and oil reserves. Increased memory size and more sophisticated graphics capabilities helped advance new cartography products like Geographic Information Making and Management Systems (GIMMS).
And by the 80’s, a new era of GIS software vendors emerged. While valuable progress was being made, GIS applications required specialised software and expert-level training, making them difficult to implement and scale.
The internet and a mobile society
Thanks to the internet, location data was made available in the cloud, and vendors like Google became pioneers in democratising access to this location data through applications like Google Maps. This allowed business intelligence (BI) vendors to create mashups - combinations of discrete datasets brought together to create new applications. These mashups overlaid demographic data on top of geospatial data, and began offering more interactive applications that served as a precursor to the location intelligence technology that we know today.
The explosion of IoT and smartphones are arguably the most significant recent driving factor behind the growing importance for location intelligence for enterprises. Society is mobile, and that mobility means interactions that used to take place in a set location can happen anywhere. Location adds context to transactional, social, and sensor data, and technology leaders who understand this potential are beginning to build and market their offerings with location intelligence in mind. As platforms become more integrated and user-friendly, this technology is no longer just reserved for a select group of mapping experts. Core business users are able to access these location data insights and make real business decisions from the data.
Location intelligence as we know it today
The industry has come a long way from navigating a journey using a paper map. IoT and mobile devices have drastically increased the amount of location data available. This influx of spatial information has exploded into the business world with new ways of using it to solve previously impossible problems. While traditional GIS helped pave the path forward in geospatial science, Today, location intelligence as a practice is shaped by more sophisticated and user-friendly technologies that can effectively and quickly extract valuable business insight like never before. Successful businesses and organisations have also matured their data strategies with innovations such as cloud computing, advanced spatial analytics and machine learning - only recently possible at scale as a result of the location intelligence technology shift.
Modern location intelligence has evolved to focus on accessibility, ease of use, and seamless integration with existing data and BI technologies. Thanks in part to this democratisation of IT, organisations have the access and tools to move past the barriers associated with GIS and to analyse location data in terms of specificity, complexity, technical performance and cost to make more informed business decisions. Emerging technologies like machine learning and IoT will continue to push the movement forward, enabling decision-makers to consider location elements to their data that were not accessible previously, and will further automate the analysis process to achieve higher levels of understanding. These tools are making technologies more easily accessible to organisations and smart cities around the world looking to optimise operational performance, strategic investments and everyday business decisions. By moving beyond BI and GIS through location intelligence, business leaders can:
· Make more informed decisions about where to open their next store or hire a salesperson
· Quantify risk based on potential events or socio-economic shifts
· Optimise real estate pricing based on foot traffic of target demographic customers
· Optimise the routing of delivery or service vehicles for more efficient service
In order to remain competitive in today’s marketplace, understanding location data is a must. Data-driven maps and applications created using location intelligence reveal relationships and correlations that otherwise may not have been apparent. There is a huge opportunity, especially with the rise of IoT and mobile devices, for companies large and small to take advantage of this data for better business decisions. Location data is everywhere, and now that these data sets are so prevalent and easily accessible, organisations that don’t take the time to learn about and understand what data they have available to them will fall behind the curve.
Santiago Giraldo, Director of Product Marketing, CARTO
Image Credit: ITPP
Santiago Giraldo
Santiago Giraldo is the Director of Product Marketing at CARTO, a leading location intelligence company. He’s an interdisciplinary creative design professional with a passion for information visualisation, cartographic design and complex data science. Coming from a background in environmental studies, and geographic information, coupled with his current education in technology, design processes, and urban systems design, he has first-hand witnessed the significant role that technology and design have played in creating and sharing new knowledge. |
AI Driving Dilemmas: A Crash Course in Ethics for Engineers
How do you make a car care?
It’s often said that the trolley problem, a theoretical dilemma about a vehicle killing pedestrians, is a real-life conundrum for the makers of autonomous cars. But self-driving vehicles could raise much deeper and more complex moral questions.
Autonomous driving
The British government has promised to have fully self-driving cars on UK roads by the end of 2021. Driving our own cars is about to go the way of floppy discs and cassette tapes – right?
Well, there’s driving and driving. There are actually five levels of autonomy a car can have.
Level one is driver assistance, which is already normal (it includes things like cruise control).
Level three includes things like automated lane-keeping but requires the driver to be ready to take back control in an emergency.
Level five is the dream. Herbie, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Pixar’s Cars. Empty cars competently driving themselves are a fundamentally different story – because unlike in the movies, cars don’t understand right from wrong. And the effort to teach them is raising profound moral dilemmas.
This is where the trolley problem inevitably comes up. It goes like this: a runaway vehicle is about to kill two or more people. You could redirect it onto a different path, where it would kill only one person – but you’d be directly responsible for that person’s death. What do you do?
The real problem here, and in much of the debate around AI vehicles, is that we assume there’s a right answer. If we could just agree on our moral code, we could program it into a car.
Unfortunately, the universal human moral code doesn’t exist. Researchers from science journal Nature recently put versions of the trolley problem to people in 40 different countries. The result? 40 different culturally-specific versions of moral intuition.
What’s more, these simplistic theoretical problems can’t solve real-world dilemmas where driverless cars face high levels of uncertainty. Our cars won’t know for sure how many people they’ll kill if they swerve. Engineers can’t tell them the right and wrong of every situation in advance – the cars will need to work out context-specific solutions for themselves.
Autonomous vehicles will use deep learning algorithms to learn how to solve moral dilemmas through exposure to thousands of scenarios and situations. So to take the example of deciding whether to swerve to avoid someone in the road, the car won’t be making an isolated decision but a sequence of connected decisions.
The idea of a car with a mind of its own has been a human dream for almost as long as there’ve been cars. But profound moral dilemmas remain to be solved before it becomes reality. These dilemmas are too important to be left exclusively to engineers and programmers; they’re the domain of philosophers and of all humanity. |
The Science
Inside fuel cells, batteries, and biological systems, pairs of ions in water can affect chemical reactions. Knowing more about how water influences those reactions could be helpful. Theorists designed a simple, elegant method that explains the influence. Their method shows how water moves around ions and causes them to draw together or stay apart.
The Impact
Ion pairing can be an important factor in chemical and biological processes. Joining ions involves complex motions of networks made of water molecules. The team’s approach offers insights into ions and how they pair. The results will let scientists predict, control, and tune structure, function, and dynamics of ions and related processes.
The association or dissociation of ion pairs in water is present in chemical reactions in fuel cells, batteries, and human cells. Scientists have struggled to understand how water molecules that cluster around the ions influence the reactions. The challenge? Traditional computational models often contain too much information to reveal the desired features. A team of theorists designed a simple, elegant method that shows how water moves around pairs of ions and influences whether they draw together or stay apart. To develop the theory for ion pairs, the team explored the distance between the ions and the number of water molecules around either the individual ion or the ion pair.
Applying the approach, the team revealed that ion dissociation occurs in two stages. First, there is an increase in the number of water molecules around each ion. Second, the ions move apart. For ions to join together, water molecules must move out of the way. Water moving is the critical, rate-limiting step. The team’s framework draws from Marcus theory, originally designed to calculate how fast electrons transfer between molecules in solutions and later extended to other transformations. The team’s method offers an improved understanding of ion pairs that will let researchers control and tune structure, function, and dynamics of ion pairs in different systems, from proteins’ interactions with DNA to ions’ motion in batteries.
S.R., C.J.M., and G.K.S. were supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division. M.D.B. was supported by Materials Synthesis and Simulation Across Scales Initiative, a Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The research was performed using PNNL Institutional Computing.
S. Roy, M.D. Baer, C.J. Mundy, and G.K. Schenter, “Marcus theory of ion-pairing.” Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 13, 3470 (2017). [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00332] |
Quartzite Karst Caves
Quartzite is a sort of sandstone, and like all sandstones it consists of grains of rock, the sand and a sort of glue which glues them together. In the case of quartzites it all consists almost completely of quartz or silica (SiO2). It is formed either directly as a clastic sediment, or sandstone with a high quartz content may become quartzite during metamorphism, because the other materials are dissolved under temperature and pressure and are thus removed. It typically has a low porosity.
Quartz is probably the most resistant material in the crust, not soluble by most acids, so resistant we use it to make glas which is used for chemical factories, because it is so inert. Unfortunately it is rather brittle. But sandstone is far less brittle, because of its inner structure. A grain of sand might break, but its not that sure that the force will be big enough to break the next grain, or the cement between the grains. As a result quartzite, not pure quartz, is the most durable rock known.
That's pretty bad for the formation of caves, though. What we need for caves is a material which can be removed, and that requires dissolution or at least some kind of weathering.
The Longest Quartzite Karst Caves
Cave Name Country State Length VR
Cueva Ojos de Cristal Venezuela Roraima 16,100m 73m
Cueva Muchimuk-Colibri Venezuela Churi 8,000m 160m
Cueva Charles Brewer Venezuela Churi 7,300m 110m
CaveGruta do Centenário Brazil Minas Gerais 4,700m 481m
Gruta das Torras Brazil Bahia 3,800m 0m
Gruta da Bocaina Brazil Inficionado 3,200m 404m
Cueva Juliana Venezuela Churi 3,000m 45m
Sima Auyan-tepuy Noroeste Venezuela Auyantepuy 2,900m 370m
Gruta das Bromelias Brazil Conceição do Ibitipoca (MG) 2,700m 0m
Cueva Zuma Venezuela Churi 2,500m 90m
Cueva de la Arana Venezuela Churi 2,500m 0m |
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