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How to Plant Spring-Blooming Bulbs
In this how-to video, This Old House landscape contractor Roger Cook shares his secrets for planting spring-blooming bulbs
In this video, This Old House landscaping contractor Roger Cook demonstrates the right way to plant spring-blooming bulbs in the fall.
1. Use pointed shovel to dig large hole about three times deeper than diameter of the bulbs.
2. Add compost and low-nitrogen bulb fertilizer to the hole; mix into soil with a three-prong cultivator.
3. Press one flower bulb into the center of the hole, then add four or five more bulbs in a circle around the center bulb; space the bulbs 4 to 6 inches apart.
4. Fill the hole with soil, then water thoroughly.
5. Cover hole with a thick layer of mulch or dead leaves.
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Puerto Rico’s population is mainly white (75%). Cuba, the Caribbean’s largest island, is marked by a landscape of gentle hills composed mainly of limestone. It is 630 km from Central America, 150 miles from Cuba, to the north, and 180 km from the island of Hispaniola, to the east. The island of Cuba is the largest island in the Greater Antilles, in Latin America, and in the Caribbean. The Pleistocene is represented in the southeast, and Holocene in the southwest by coral reefs and alluvial material. When combined with the Lucayan Archipelago, all three are known as the West Indies. The islands along the South American coast are largely the result of the interaction of the South American Plate and the Caribbean Plate which is mainly strike-slip, but includes a component of compression. …. El Yunque peak is the highest in Puerto Rico and is lies within El Yunque national Park. There are other geologic characteristics of the island. Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) is a state that occupies the smallest island in the Greater Antilles. The shortest distance is about 77 kilometers, between Cape San Nicolas in Haiti and the Punta Maisi, Cuba.
Six island states share the region of the Greater Antilles in total, with Haiti and the Dominican Republic sharing the island of Hispaniola. Retrieved on 1/9/20112 from http://www.viequeshouse.com/vieques_pages/geology.html, Welcome to Puerto Rico Retrieved on 1/8/2012 from, Study Finds Staggering Decline in Marine Fishery Biomass, Three of Colorado’s Wildfires are the Largest in Recorded History for the State, Rapid Growth Shortens Trees’ Lifespans – and Adds to the Climate Crisis, http://tin.er.usgs.gov/metadata/ofr-98-38.faq.html, http://en.mercopress.com/2010/01/15/haiti-sits-on-two-seismic-fault-lines-and-a-, http://www.showcaves.com/english/cu/Geology.html, http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/11/11/hallan-en-cuba-evidencias-de-, http://www.vagabondjourney.com/travelogue/dominican-republic-, Review | The Selected Letters of Cassiodorus: A Sixth-Century Sourcebook. The bays, lagoons and marshes are typical elements of its coastal landscape. Vagabond Journey. Where is a fire belly toads wildlife environment? Ask your question. However, based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically. The northern part of the island is crossed by a band of Mesozoic age intrusive rocks. Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean the smallest island of the Greater Antilles and about 1,000 miles southeast of Miami. The Maldives is 115 square miles in area, slightly smaller than the city limits of Little Rock, Arkansas. Industries that mainly deal with the transformation of agricultural, textile, pharmaceutical and petrochemical products are also developed. Does Matthew Gray Gubler do a voice in the Disney movie Tangled? What is the interesting part of the story of why sinigang?
The climate of Syria: when to go to Syria ? These movements of the ocean floor created new limestone soils around the coasts. The highest point in this range is Pico Diego de Ocampo. Along the arc of the Lesser Antilles, there are about 20 active volcanoes. | Contact: EU laws require that we request your consent to the use of cookies. Population: 3,200,000 (2019 data). Retrieved on 1/07/2012 from, http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/content/68/1/103, Maps, Georeferencing, and GIS in Jamaica.
The first stable colony was founded by the Spanish in 1508.
Fish and Wildlife Service. Over one third of the total area and population of the Lesser Antilles lies within Trinidad and Tobago, a sovereign nation comprising the two southernmost islands of the Windward Island chain.
Spanish is still the mother tongue for over 95% of the population. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Less than a third of the total area of the island is flat. To pull a ball a This extends from Aguadilla, in the northwest to Loiza, in the northeast of the island. Although it is of volcanic origin, the Central Cordillera is also the result of erosion caused by rivers that drain to the north and south coasts of Puerto Rico.
The Lucayan Archipelago is not considered to be a part of the Antilles archipelagos but rather of the North Atlantic.
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Koreans : définition de Koreans et synonymes de Koreans (anglais)
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• plural of Korean (noun)
définition - Koreans
Korean (n.)
1.a native or inhabitant of Korea who speaks the Korean language
2.the Altaic language spoken by Koreans
Korean (adj.)
1.of or relating to or characteristic of Korea or its people or language"Korean handicrafts"
définition (complément)
voir la définition de Wikipedia
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voir aussi
Korean (adj.)
Choson, Korea, Korean Peninsula
-Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union • Koreans in Africa • Koreans in Argentina • Koreans in Chile • Koreans in China • Koreans in France • Koreans in Germany • Koreans in Guatemala • Koreans in Hong Kong • Koreans in India • Koreans in Indonesia • Koreans in Iran • Koreans in Japan • Koreans in Malaysia • Koreans in Micronesia • Koreans in Mongolia • Koreans in Pakistan • Koreans in Paraguay • Koreans in Peru • Koreans in Poland • Koreans in South Africa • Koreans in Spain • Koreans in Taiwan • Koreans in Uruguay • Koreans in Vietnam • Koreans in the Arab world • Koreans in the Czech Republic • Koreans in the Netherlands • Koreans in the Philippines • Koreans in the United Kingdom • List of South Koreans by net worth • North Korean abductions of South Koreans • North Koreans in Russia • Sakhalin Koreans • The Koreans (book) • The Koreans (disambiguation)
-1993 North Korean missile test • 2006 Korean FA Cup • 2006 North Korean flooding • 2006 in South Korean football • Ahn (Korean name) • Arang (Korean folklore) • Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code • Chinese Korean • Choe (Korean name) • Choi (Korean name) • Dano (Korean festival) • Dialects of Korean • East Korean Warm Current • Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire • Emperor Sunjong of the Korean Empire • Empress Sunjeong of the Korean Empire • Etymology of the Korean currencies • Federation of Korean Trade Unions • French Battalion in the Korean War • General Association of Korean Residents • Greater Korean Empire • Hasa (Korean military) • Heo (Korean name) • Hong (Korean name) • J-Walk (Korean band) • Jungnyeong (Korean military) • Kang (Korean name) • Kim (Korean name) • Kiss (Korean group) • Korean Air • Korean Air Flight 858 • Korean Air Force • Korean Air incidents and accidents • Korean American • Korean American writers • Korean Army • Korean Attack Submarine program • Korean Broadcasting System • Korean Buddhism • Korean Buddhist temples • Korean Central Television • Korean Chinese cuisine • Korean Coast Guard • Korean Confederation of Trade Unions • Korean Confucianism • Korean Contemporary Christian music • Korean Decimal Classification • Korean Demilitarized Zone • Korean Demlitarized Zone • Korean Destroyer eXperimental • Korean Empire Aegukga • Korean Folk Village • Korean Grand Prix • Korean Hackberry • Korean Health, Education, Information and Research Center • Korean Institute for Advanced Study • Korean International Circuit • Korean International School of Hong Kong • Korean Language Society • Korean Liberation Army • Korean Magpie • Korean Minjok Leadership Academy • Korean Mountaineering League • Korean National Sports Festival • Korean New Year • Korean Peasants League • Korean Peninsula • Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization • Korean People's Air Force • Korean People's Army • Korean People's Army Ground Force • Korean People's Navy • Korean Spruce • Korean Studies • Korean Super Cup • Korean Teachers and Education Workers Union • Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union • Korean War Memorial • Korean War Memorial Wall (Canada) • Korean War Veterans Memorial • Korean War order of battle • Korean Water Deer • Korean Wikipedia • Korean alcoholic beverages • Korean braille • Korean calendar • Korean comics • Korean count words • Korean court music • Korean crevice salamander • Korean cuisine • Korean dragon • Korean drama • Korean era name • Korean era names • Korean hand alphabet • Korean honorifics • Korean horror • Korean jade • Korean langauge • Korean language • Korean language North-South differences • Korean literature • Korean manual alphabet • Korean measure words • Korean mun • Korean mythology • Korean name • Korean names • Korean national anthem • Korean navy • Korean nobility • Korean operation of the NKVD • Korean parts of speech • Korean pride • Korean profanity • Korean reunification • Korean romanization • Korean salamander • Korean salamanders • Korean shamanism • Korean studies • Korean traditional medicine • Korean wave • Korean won • Korean yam • Korean yang • Korean yen • Korean-Pop • Lee (Korean name) • List of American and British defectors in the Korean War • List of Korean Americans • List of Korean War weapons • List of Korean beverages • List of Korean boxers • List of Korean ceramic artists and sculptors • List of Korean ceramic artists and sculptures • List of Korean language poets • List of Korean novelists • List of Korean painters • List of Korean philosophers • List of Korean pop artists • List of North Korean actors • List of Notable Korean Gays and Lesbians • List of Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War • List of South Korean flags • List of South Korean retailers • List of people of Korean descent • Lists of Korean films • Marathon, a Korean movie • Maya (Korean singer) • New York Korean Film Festival • North Korean (disambiguation) • North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 • North Korean defectors • North Korean famine • North Korean human experimentation • North Korean literature • North Korean media • North Korean missile tests • North Korean music • North Korean tourism • North Korean won • Park (Korean name) • Revised Romanization of Korean • Second Korean War • Sharp (Korean band) • Shin (Korean name) • Sino-Korean vocabulary • Sites of fossilized dinosaurs across the southern South Korean coast • South Korean (disambiguation) • South Korean Constitution • South Korean Stock Exchange • South Korean Supreme Court • South Korean army • South Korean constitution • South Korean economy • South Korean general election, 1948 • South Korean hwan • South Korean music • South Korean nationality law • South Korean railroad strike of 2006 • South Korean scandals • South Korean won • Sugar (Korean band) • The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts • Timeline of Korean history • Traditional Korean clothing • Traditional Korean musical instruments • Traditional Korean thought • U.S. Eighth Army Korean War order of battle • U.S. Seventh Fleet Korean War order of battle • USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War • United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency • Wax (Korean band) • Wax (Korean singer) • Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture • Yoo (Korean name) • Yuri (Korean singer)
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Korean people
Total population
80,000,000 (est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations
South Korea 50,062,000 (2009 est.)[2]
North Korea 24,051,218 (2009 est.)[3]
Overseas populations as of 2009
People's Republic of China 2,336,771 [4]
United States 2,102,283 [4][5]
Japan 904,512 [4]
Canada 223,322 [4]
Russia 222,027 [4][6]
Uzbekistan 175,939 [4]
Australia 125,669 [4]
Philippines 115,400 [4]
Kazakhstan 103,952 [4]
Vietnam 88,120 [4]
Brazil 48,419 [4]
United Kingdom 45,295 [4]
Thailand 40,370 [4]
Ukraine 35,000 [7]
Indonesia 31,760 [4]
Germany 31,248 [4]
New Zealand 30,792 [4]
Argentina 22,024 [4]
Kyrgyzstan 19,420 [4]
France 14,738 [4]
Malaysia 14,580 [4]
Singapore 13,509 [4]
Mexico 12,072 [4]
Guatemala 9,921 [4]
India 8,337 [4]
Sweden 7,000 [4]
Paraguay 5,229 [4]
Cambodia 4,772 [4]
Italy 4,203 [4]
South Africa 3,949
Korean speakers: 78 million (1999 est.)[8]
Korean Christianity, Korean Buddhism, Muism (Korean Shamanism), Cheondoism. Large non-religious and atheist segment. Background of Korean Confucianism.[9][10]
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula.
South Koreans call Koreans Hanguk-in (한국인; 韓國人)—or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad—or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏnin (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul (한글) and Hanja (한자).
Linguistic and archaeological studies
Koreans are believed[by whom?] to be descendants of peoples of Manchuria, often said to be Altaic-[11][12] or proto-Altaic[13]-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongols, Turkic and Tungusic peoples. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were migrants from south-central Siberia,[14] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age.[15] The same tomb style is an indication telling who lived there. The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found on the Korean peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35,000 dolmen Korea counts for nearly 40% of the world’s total. Similar dolmens can be found outside of Korea, in Manchuria, Shandong, and Kyushu. Yet it is unclear why this culture only flourished so extensively on the Korean peninsula in the area of Northeastern Asia.[16]
Genetic studies
Y-DNA haplogroups
Korean males display a high frequency of Haplogroup O2b* (P49), a subclade of possibly Manchurian origin, and O3 (M122), a common Y-DNA haplogroup among East Asians in general.[18][19] Haplogroup O2b* occurs in approximately 14%[20][21][22] to 33%[23] of all Korean males, while haplogroup O3 has been found in approximately 40% of sampled Korean males.[21][24][25]
Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C3. Haplogroup C3 is thought to be the original inhabitants of the area related to the Evenks.
mtDNA haplogroups
Studies of Korean mtDNA lineages have shown that there is a high frequency of Haplogroup D4, ranging from approximately 23% among ethnic Koreans in Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia[26] to approximately 27% among ethnic Koreans in Jilin, China[citation needed] and South Korea.[22] Haplogroup D4 is the modal mtDNA haplogroup among Koreans and among northern East Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which occurs very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia, and the Americas, is found in approximately 10% (5/48 ethnic Koreans from Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia) to 15% (27/185 Koreans from South Korea) of Koreans.[22][26] Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 8% (15/185 Koreans from South Korea) to 15% (7/48 ethnic Koreans from Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia) of Koreans.[22][26] Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America.
Sung-Soo Hung of the Department of Biology at Seoul National University found that Mongoloids, including Koreans, were relatively homogenous in 9-bp deletion type of the mtDNA COM/ tRNALys intergenic region and Hung found 16% of Koreans in Seoul (N=175) had this mutation while only 7.8% of Koreans in Cheju (N=38) had this mutation.[27]
Autosomal studies
In an autosomal study led by Yale University researchers, Koreans differentiated from the Chinese groups and clustered with the Japanese in the principal component analysis and in the best least-squares tree. The majority of Koreans were difficult to distinguish from the Japanese.[28]. Other study done by National University of Singapore concluded similarly that the Koreans are more closely related to the Japanese and quite distant from the Chinese.[29]. A study led by Korean researchers found that of the East Asians, the Koreans are the most genetically distant from Africans. In the same study, the Japanese are relatively close to southwest Koreans from the Jeolla regions than to Koreans in the midwest region, while Koreans in the midwest region are close to Manchurian populations.[30]
A recent paper published in 2009 shows Koreans have no Austronesian DNA, whereas the Japanese and Chinese have some Austronesian DNA in their genome. Among the East Asians, Koreans share the least DNA with the Austronesians, while the Han Chinese have the most DNA in common with Austronesians, indicating some interaction between Austronesians and Han Chinese.[31] The Japanese are shown to have slightly more DNA in common with Austronesians than the Koreans.[32]
Regional differences
Distinct regional differences, culturally and politically, exist among the Koreans, as they do among other ethnicities.
Within South Korea, the most important regional difference is between the Yeongnam region, embracing Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces in the southeast, and the Honam region, embracing Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces in the southwest. This regional rivalry is said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms Period, which lasted from the fourth to the seventh century A.D., when the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla struggled for control of the peninsula.
Observers noted that interregional marriages are rare, as the two areas have been long separated. As of 1990, a new four-lane highway completed in 1984 between Gwangju and Daegu, the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, had limited success in promoting travel between the two areas.
South Korea's political elite, including presidents Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, and Roh Tae-woo, have come largely from the Yeongnam region. As a result, Yeongnam has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance. By contrast, historically the Honam region has remained comparatively rural and undeveloped. Regional social disturbances intensified in the May 1980 Gwangju Democratization Movement or 5.18 Democratization Movement, in which about 200 and perhaps many more college students and citizens of the Gwangju were killed by Chun Doo-hwan's troops. They were sent to quell demonstrations of students and citizens against the government and the military regime. Chun Doo-hwan represented the Gwangju Democratization Movement as if it had been infiltrated by communism by controlling the media. The demonstrations against the military regime occurred all over the country, but only Gwangju was heavily damaged in retaliation. Because the Saenuri (New Frontier Party) stems from the military regime, the people of Honam don't vote for Saenuri in most elections.
Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Stereotypes remain important, however, in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, the people of Gyeonggi-do, surrounding Seoul, are described as being cultured, and Chungcheong people, inhabiting the region embracing Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do provinces, are thought to be mild-mannered, manifesting true yangban virtues. The people of Gangwon-do in the northeast were viewed as farmers in a rural, countryside area, while Koreans from the northern provinces of Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyong, now in North Korea, are perceived as being diligent and aggressive. Jeju-do is known for its strong-minded and independent women.
North Korea data
North Korean soldiers in the Joint Security Area.
Korean diaspora
A Russian stamp honouring rock star Viktor Tsoi
Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these populations would later grow to nearly three million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans in Central Asia).[33][34] During the Colonial Korea of 1910–1945, Koreans were often recruited and or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture, and Manchukuo; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[35][36] Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965; as of 2007, roughly 2 million Koreans emigrants and people of Korean descent live in the United States.[citation needed]
The Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas in the United States contain the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea. Significant Korean populations are present in China, Japan, and Canada as well. There are also Korean communities in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. During the 1990s and 2000s, the number of Koreans in the Philippines and Koreans in Vietnam have also grown significantly.[37][38] Koreans in the United Kingdom now form Western Europe's largest Korean community, albeit still relatively small; Koreans in Germany used to outnumber those in the UK until the late 1990s.
See also
1. ^ Korean Peninsula (50 million + 24 million) + Korean diaspora (6.8 million)
2. ^ "Population of South Korea 2010". English.chosun.com. 1 February 2010. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/01/2010020100263.html. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
3. ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab 재외동포현황/Current Status of Overseas Compatriots. South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2009. http://www.mofat.go.kr/consul/overseascitizen/compatriotcondition/index6.jsp?TabMenu=TabMenu6. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
5. ^ Note that the 2006 American Community Survey gave a much smaller figure of 1,520,703. See S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:042;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:042;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:042;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:042&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
6. ^ The 2002 Russian census gave a figure of 148,556. See (in Russian) (Microsoft Excel) Население по национальности и владению русским языком по субъектам Российской Федерации. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_03.xls. Retrieved 1 December 2006
7. ^ http://www.ihrpex.org/en/article/2666/korean_diaspora_in_ukraine_increased_almost_three_times_during_10_years
8. ^ a b "Korean". ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_iso639.asp?code=kor. Retrieved 20 April 2007.
9. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2008 – Korea, Republic of". U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 22 January 2009. http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108411.htm. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
10. ^ "state.gov". state.gov. 12 April 2012. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
11. ^ Nelson, Sarah M.. The Archaeology of Korea.
12. ^ "Korean people(???)" (in Korean). Naver Encyclopedia. http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186719. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
13. ^ "Korean people(???)" (in Korean). Encyclopædia Britannica Korea. http://preview.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b24h2877b. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
16. ^ "Dolmen". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen.
17. ^ "International Journal of Legal Medicine, Volume 124, Number 6". SpringerLink. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p604310l152202g4/. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
20. ^ "Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Michael F. Hammer, Yutaka Nakahori, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ju-Won Lee, Feng Jin, Xuming Jia, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans," ''Human Genetics'' (2003)". Springerlink.com. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b7c224nfknj90ncy/fulltext.html. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
27. ^ Sung-Soo Hong, Satoshi Horai & Chung-Choo Lee. (2010). Distribution of the 9-bp deletion in COII/ tRNALys intergenic region of mitochondrial DNA is relatively homogeneous in EastAsian populations Korean Journal of Biological Sciences.
28. ^ "Use of autosomal loci for clustering individuals and populations of East Asian origin". Science Magazine. http://medicine.yale.edu/labs/kidd/www/442.pdf.
29. ^ "Origin of the Koreans: a population genetic study.". Science Magazine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1510113.
30. ^ "Gene Flow between the Korean Peninsula and Its Neighboring Countries". PLoS ONE: accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011855. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
31. ^ "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia ,,". Science Magazine. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5959/1541.abstract. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
32. ^ http://humpopgenfudan.cn/p/A/A1.pdf
34. ^ Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101–131. http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/365/6iie3586.pdf.
35. ^ Ban, Byung-yool (22 September 2004). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". Korea Times. http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200409/kt2004092218583111950.htm. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
36. ^ NOZAKI, Yoshiki; INOKUCHI Hiromitsu, KIM Tae-Young. "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan’s Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". Japan Focus. http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220.
37. ^ Kelly, Tim (18 September 2006). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/028.html. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
38. ^ Meinardus, Ronaldo (15 December 2005). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200512/kt2005121517211054280.htm. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
39. ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U_QTP33&-reg=DEC_2000_SF4_U_QTP33:001. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
External links
Korean typically refers to the Korean language or a Korean person.
Other uses include:
See also
Toutes les traductions de Koreans
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Success of Deep Learning.
In the last post, I gave you an overview of Deep Learning. In this post we’ll try to focus on the main reason behind the success of Deep Learning, i.e, Neural Networks.
Almost all the major companies use Deep Learning for tasks involving speech recognition, speech synthesis and machine translation. As far as machine translation is concerned, since deep learning encodes language to its vectorial features, it is even possible to learn translations between pairs of languages on which the model has not been trained. In other words, if the model knows how to translate from German to English and how to translate from English to French, it’ll also be able to translate directly from German to French without going through the intermediate English language.
Deep Learning has won almost all the recent competitions on image classifications and by now performs better than humans at the task of recognizing objects in an image.
It has also been used successfully for image captioning, which means generating a textual description of the content of the image.
Industrial applications of Deep Learning range from controlling the temperature of the data centers to managing crops and agricultural planning and even to autonomous vehicles.
In fact, self driving car research is no longer available to only large companies. Startups are entering the market thanks to how cheap and powerful deep learning is for such systems.
I’d like to emphasis here that the main reason behind this amazing success of Deep Learning model over traditional Machine Learning models is the advancements in Neural Networks.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) take their name and inspiration from biology. Brain tissues are composed of cells, and these cells are called neurons. Neurons exchange signals from one another form a very complex and dense network. ANNs are simpler than the neural networks found in brain, but they do share a couple of key components in the architecture.
Of all the branches of a neuron, only one carries and output signal whereas there may be multiple inputs.
Now I’m taking a leap of faith and hoping that you are familiar with the basics of Machine Learning. So lets look into how you’ll represent the operation of Linear Regression as an ANN like the one in this figure. This network has only one node, the output node. This node is connected to the input X by the weight W. A second edge is connected to the node with the value ‘b’ called bias. The output of the node is y calculated by the formula given in the figure.
As X and W are vectors with end components, we can easily perform Linear Regression for multiple inputs. Thus, we can now visually represent Linear Regression with as many inputs as we like. Now my question for you is how would you extend this graph to allow for binary output? If we can do that we can also represent Logistic Regression. I’m sure you must have guessed it right to mapping the output of this node to a Sigmoid function to the interval 0–1, thus predicting the probability of a binary outcome. Adding a Sigmoid function is just a special case of what is called an Activation Function.
The first ANN to implement a binary classification used a different activation function and is called a Perceptron. The perceptron is a binary classifier but instead of using a Sigmoid function uses a Step Function.
“Too much talk on activation functions buddy. But WHAT ARE ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS?”
Alright alright. Lets look into activation functions!
Activation Functions are non-linear functions applied when passing the output of a node to the next node. They are the key ingredients of neural networks and they are what makes neural networks so versatile. Activation functions are decision making functions that determines the presence of particular neural feature. It is mapped between 0 and 1, where zero mean the feature is not there, while one means the feature is present.
“Umm.. So.. Why should activation function be non-linear?”
Good question! Find the answer here.
Lets now quickly look into commonly used activation functions.
We use sigmoid when defining Logistic Regression. All we need to worry about is the equation and the graph of sigmoid function. Now its your task to make a function for sigmoid. If you are unable to do so, refer to this link.
The step function obtains a result similar to sigmoid for very large positive and very large negative values of x, snapping the positive values to 1 and the negative values to zero. It does so with a very sharp jump at x=0. As already mentioned above, we use step function in a multi-layer perceptron. Again, try to make your own step function in python. You may refer this link.
Tanh or Hyperbolic Tangent is similar to sigmoid function. It varies from -1 to 1, thus penalizing the negative values of x. Code here.
Relu or Rectified Linear Unit or Rectifier, is more effective than sigmoid and tanh in a neural network. Why? Because biology says so. There’s no logical reason for it as far as I know. If you know of a reason, please leave it in the comments below. It is the most popular activation function for deep neural networks. As you can infer from the graph, Relu is not bounded on the positive side. This turns out to be useful to improve the training speed.
The Softplus function is a smoother version of the Relu. It is defined as log(1+e^x).
We may use any of these functions to connect output of one layer to the input of next layer in order to make the neural network non-linear. This is the secret power of Neural Networks. With non-linearities at each layer, they are able to approximate very complex functions and deal with any sorts of inputs and outputs.
In the next post we’ll look more into the mathematics part of Deep Learning.
As always
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how to pronounce payload
how to improve pronunciation of payload
press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound.
press Play to play an example pronunciation of payload.
video examples of payload pronunciation
An example use of payload in a speech by a native speaker of british english:
“… commercial k-band payload built outside …”
meanings of payload
1. The total weight of passengers, crew, equipment, and cargo carried by an aircraft or spacecraft.
2. That part of a rocket, missile, propelled stinger, or torpedo that is not concerned with propulsion or guidance, such as a warhead or satellite.
3. The functional part of a computer virus or another type of malware program, rather than the part that spreads it.
4. The actual data in a data stream.
5. That part of a cargo that produces revenue.
words with pronunciation similar to payload
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I have this question from my book:
A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likely outcome be of such deficiency?
H2O2 is crucial to the function of peroxisomes and if h2o2 can’t be produced, peroxisomes can’t carry out their function. The functions of peroxisomes are:
• lipid synthesis
• role in pentose phosphate pathway
• breakdown (digestion) of fatty acid chains
I would think all of these would be effected but according to the answer key, the only one that is considered is fatty acids. The logic is that fatty acids would build up and eventually apoptosis occurs. So my question is this, is h2o2 only necessary for peroxisomes to break down fatty acids and not synthesize lipids nor is it involved in the pentose phosphate pathway?
If that’s not the case, would I be able to know what would happen if the cell stops synthesizing lipids and how would the functional absence of peroxisomes impact the pentose phosphate pathway?
• 1
$\begingroup$ Welcome to SE Biology. We expect you to do some research as well as apply logic before posting here. There are two things you might check out. 1. Which of the three processes you mention require hydrogen peroxide? (Hint: two do not). 2. Which of the three processes only occur in peroxisomes? $\endgroup$
– David
Jul 7 at 14:30
• 1
$\begingroup$ I did do research but I’m still confused. I know peroxisomes’ primary function is breaking down fatty acid chains. I’m still unclear about the role of hydrogen peroxide. All I see is that the peroxides are have a part in the pentose phosphate pathway and lipid synthesis but don’t understand how they are involved. I thought given the name peroxisome, it is crucial for the peroxisome to function, but that doesn’t seem to be the case $\endgroup$
– Ibby
Jul 7 at 22:35
• $\begingroup$ OK. The pentose phosphate pathway does not involve hydrogen peroxide directly and occurs mainly in the cytoplasm. I gather it may have an indirect effect via the balance of oxidized and reduced NADP. An answer to your question would consider the actual chemistry involved. If nobody else does I’ll try to (but I’m still trying to find time to work on another question). $\endgroup$
– David
Jul 7 at 22:48
• $\begingroup$ Thanks for your help. Please take all the time you need $\endgroup$
– Ibby
Jul 7 at 22:49
1. Let's first look into the relation of lipid biosynthesis and peroxisomes -
According to this article, the main functions of peroxisomes are-
Metabolic pathways in peroxisomes
As you can see most of the pathways that occur are oxidative in nature. That is, the main function is breaking down lipids and not their synthesis. The reason why peroxisomes are also known as Oxidative organelle. Even though peroxisome is involved in the synthesis of plasmalogens, and it has no requirement of hydrogen peroxide for the same. Endoplasmic Reticulum is the organelle that synthesizes majorly lipids. So, the deficiency of hydrogen peroxide won't affect lipid synthesis.
2. Next is the role in the pentose phosphate pathway-
The major pathway for glucose catabolism is glycolysis. The location of the glycolytic pathway is the cytoplasm of the cell. Parallelly to glycolysis, PPP also runs in the cytoplasm. However, the major role of PPP is anabolic and not catabolic. The PPP is generally studied in 2 phases -
• The oxidative Phase (Generation of NADPH when Glucose is converted to 6-phosphogluconate)
• The non-oxidative phase (Synthesis of 5-carbon sugars)
As this article states
The glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP) are tightly connected. The glucose entering the in cell membrane is rapidly phosphorylated by HK and converted to G-6-P. The G-6-P is metabolized either by the glycolytic pathway, generating pyruvate and lactate, or by PPP to produce NADPH. The F-6-P and G-3-P generated from the non-oxidative branch of PPP can enter glycolysis
The R-5-P, a product of oxidative PPP, is converted into G-3-P and F-6-P by transketolase (TKT) and transaldolase (TALDO1), creating a reversible metabolic link between PPP and glycolysis
Since, both of these metabolic pathways are highly connected to each other. The major location for PPP is the cytoplasm. However, PPP also do occurs in plastids and peroxisomes.
Again, if there is a deficiency of hydrogen peroxide in peroxisome it won't affect the PPP.
1. Role in the breakdown of fatty acids
As this article states -
Oxidation of fatty acids occurs in multiple regions of the cell within the human body; the mitochondria, in which only Beta-oxidation occurs; the peroxisome, where alpha- and beta-oxidation occur; and omega-oxidation, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Also, as mentioned above peroxisomes are the main location for fatty acid oxidation. Let's take a look at how hydrogen peroxide has a role in this catabolism.
From Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry(7th edition) -
Fatty Acids oxidation
In the very first oxidative step (for mitochondria), the H-electron is transferred to oxygen, and water is produced.
In the case of the first oxidative step (for peroxisome), the H-electrons are first transferred to FAD, making it FADH2 then to oxygen, generating a hydrogen peroxide molecule. This biochemical reaction is catalyzed by H2O2 producing enzymes. This H2O2 is further broken into water and 1/2Oxygen by catalase, thus canceling out the reactivity chances of H2O2 with any other molecules.
If there is a deficiency of H2O2 in peroxisomes, that means any of the enzymes catalyzing the formation of H2O2 is deficient. In such a scenario, the first oxidative step of fatty acids breakdown won't take place in peroxisomes. This will eventually lead to the accumulation of long fatty acids chains in peroxisomes and further apoptosis.
Mitochondria's main role is in energy production and not fatty acid oxidation, though it will help in fatty acid oxidation but the number of fatty acids oxidized only by mitochondria will be very very less and the net result will be an accumulation of fatty acids.
• $\begingroup$ Wow this is a lot of information but it explains everything very well. Thank you so much $\endgroup$
– Ibby
Jul 10 at 22:40
Your Answer
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Renovating Overgrown Apple and Pear Trees
an apple tree next to a pear tree
A large pair of scissors
Pruning and Propagation Essentials
If your apple or pear tree hasn't been pruned for a while, then you may need to do renovating cuts.
Renovating will need to be done while the trees are dormant, for several years, ideally only removing 25% of the canopy at any one time.
The plant will use the energy that would have been gone to the removed limbs in spring to produce replacement branches.
Cutting a tree back hard will result in lots of tall, upright and vigorous growth (watershoots) that will not produce flowers or fruit.
This apple tree hasn't been touched for quite a few years and will need to be reduced and reshaped.
The aim is to have a tree whose branches are approximately 60cm apart in an upright, open goblet shape that allows you to harvest and maintain the tree without hardship.
However, if your tree is over three and a half metres (12ft) tall or has overly large branches that need to be removed, it's best to call in a professional. They will have the appropriate tools and the means to dispose of the waste, which will be more then you think.
You also need to consider if it's worth it. A new, young tree will only take a few years to start producing fruit, will be more comfortable to maintain and will take up less space.
I do advocate keeping an old tree (provided it's healthy) as they are an excellent habitat for wildlife and usually look stunning.
Always make an under-cut before you start your main cut, it will save a falling branch from tearing bark away from the remaining limb.
Tip Any branch larger than 8cm (3") will fall under its own weight before you cut all the way through, so cut these larger branches using the three cut method.
• Make a shallow undercut, roughly 15cm above the location where the branch joins the main stem. This point is called a 'collar' and is usually a distinct bulge. Cut the main part of the branch away, taking care it doesn't fall on you or anyone else.
• Having cut the weight away, you can now make a tidying cut just outside of the bulge. Make this cut at an angle so rainwater will run off and not cause rot. This growing point will now seal off the wound from the main trunk, and can occasionally seal diseases into the tree.
After two cuts it's beginning to look a little better, but will require further work.
What to cut
• Similar to routine pruning, remove the 4D's dead, diseased, damaged or dying branches.
• Remove any lower branches that prevent you from moving around the tree. These will also be in heavy shade and unlikely to be productive. They can be cut out entirely or cut back to an upright stem.
• Remove branches that are crossing or rubbing or growing towards the centre of the tree.
• Cut back overly long, spreading branches to an outward-facing lower branch. Make sure the lower branch is at least one third larger than the size of the branch you're removing. This will also help prevent die back as well as reducing water shoots.
Remember, take your time and try to limit cuts to only 25 per cent of the canopy a year. Hard to do when you're in the swing of it, so take a picture before you start and step back regularly to compare it.
This apple tree will recover faster if its trunk is cleared of competing life - in this instance a current bush.
To give you tree a helping hand, it's worth providing it with a 'tree circle' - an area around the trunk roughly 90cm (3ft) in radius free of any other vegetation.
Mulch the circle with well-rotted manure or garden compost to about 8cm (3ins) depth, making sure it doesn't touch the bark at the base of the tree. Apply a balanced fertiliser in spring.
You may need to make a note in your diary to do some light summer pruning to check any new, vigorous growth promoted by your winter prune and spread the stress of the reduction. Pruning will involve cutting any vigorous side shoots (laterals) over 30cm (1ft) back to 15cm (6in) to encourage the tree to produce fruit buds.
Moss and lichen on branches are a sign of healthy air, but can also indicate a lack of new growth.
Stunted trees
Trees covered in moss and lichen that have not produced much new growth may have become overcrowded and partially starved.
These can be revitalised by spending some time thinning the spur systems out. Cut away those that are unproductive or shaded out and thin the remaining to leave the healthy spurs about 15cm (6ins) apart.
Mulch and feed in spring to encourage new growth which, with time, will replace the older branches.
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The International Brigades : Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War
by Tremlett, Giles
Inter-war period, 1918-1939
SKU: 9781408854075 Category:
by Tremlett, Giles | Inter-war period, 1918-1939
Published 14/10/2021 by Bloomsbury Publishing PLC in the United Kingdom
Paperback | 720 pages
‘Magnificent. Narrative history at its vivid and compelling best’ Fergal Keane
The first major history of the International Brigades: a tale of blood, ideals and tragedy in the fight against fascism. The Spanish Civil War was the first armed battle in the fight against fascism, and a rallying cry for a generation.
Over 35,000 volunteers from sixty-one countries around the world came to defend democracy against the troops of Franco, Hitler and Mussolini. Ill-equipped and disorderly, yet fuelled by a shared sense of purpose and potential glory, these disparate groups of idealistic young men and women formed a volunteer army of a size and type unseen since the Crusades, known as the International Brigades. Were they heroes or fools? Saints or bloodthirsty adventurers? And what exactly did they achieve? In this magisterial history, Giles Tremlett tells – for the first time – the story of the Spanish Civil War through the experiences of this remarkable group.
Drawing on the Brigades’ archives in Moscow, as well as first-hand accounts, The International Brigades captures all the human drama of a historic mission to halt fascist expansion in Europe.
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Launch scheduled for 5:34 a.m. EDT Saturday.
AP Aerospace Writer
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) _ Attention asteroid aficionados: NASA is set to launch a series of spacecraft to visit and even bash some of the solar system’s most enticing space rocks.
The robotic trailblazer named Lucy is up first, blasting off this weekend on a 12-year cruise to swarms of asteroids out near Jupiter _ unexplored time capsules from the dawn of the solar system. And yes, there will be diamonds in the sky with Lucy, on one of its science instruments, as well as lyrics from other Beatles’ songs.
NASA is targeting the predawn hours of Saturday for liftoff.
Barely a month later, an impactor spacecraft named Dart will give chase to a double-asteroid closer to home. The mission will end with Dart ramming the main asteroid’s moonlet to change its orbit, a test that could one day save Earth from an incoming rock.
Next summer, a spacecraft will launch to a rare metal world _ an nickel and iron asteroid that might be the exposed core of a once-upon-a-time planet. A pair of smaller companion craft _ the size of suitcases _ will peel away to another set of double asteroids.
And in 2023, a space capsule will parachute into the Utah desert with NASA’s first samples of an asteroid, collected last year by the excavating robot Osiris-Rex. The samples are from Bennu, a rubble and boulder-strewn rock that could endanger Earth a couple centuries from now.
“Each one of those asteroids we’re visiting tells our story … the story of us, the story of the solar system,” said NASA’s chief of science missions, Thomas Zurbuchen.
There’s nothing better for understanding how our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, said Lucy’s principal scientist, Hal Levison of Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. “They’re the fossils of planet formation.”
China and Russia are teaming up for an asteroid mission later this decade. The United Arab Emirates is also planning an asteroid stop in the coming years.
Advances in tech and design are behind this flurry of asteroid missions, as well as the growing interest in asteroids and the danger they pose to Earth. All it takes is looking at the moon and the impact craters created by asteroids and meteorites to realize the threat, Zurbuchen said.
The asteroid-smacking Dart spacecraft _ set to launch Nov. 24 _ promises to be a dramatic exercise in planetary defense. If all goes well, the high-speed smashup will occur next fall just 7 million miles (11 million kilometers) away, within full view of ground telescopes.
The much longer $981 million Lucy mission _ the first to Jupiter’s so-called Trojan entourage _ is targeting an unprecedented eight asteroids.
Lucy aims to sweep past seven of the countless Trojan asteroids that precede and trail Jupiter in the giant gas planet’s path around the sun. Thousands of these dark reddish or gray rocks have been detected, with many thousands more likely lurking in the two clusters. Trapped in place by the gravitational forces of Jupiter and the sun, the Trojans are believed to be the cosmic leftovers from when the outer planets were forming.
“That’s what makes the Trojans special. If these ideas of ours are right, they formed throughout the outer solar system and are now at one location where we can go and study them,” Levison said.
Before encountering the Trojans, Lucy will zip past a smaller, more ordinary object in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Scientists consider this 2025 flyby a dress rehearsal.
Three flybys of Earth will be needed as gravity slingshots in order for Lucy to reach both of Jupiter’s Trojan swarms by the time the mission is set to end in 2033.
The spacecraft will be so far from the sun _ as much as 530 million miles (850 million kilometers) distant _ that massive solar panels are needed to provide enough power. Each of Lucy’s twin circular wings stretches 24 feet (7 meters) across, dwarfing the spacecraft tucked in the middle like the body of a moth.
Lucy intends to pass within 600 miles (965 kilometers) of each targeted asteroid.
“Every one of those flybys needs to be near-perfection,” Zurbuchen said.
The seven Trojans range in size from a 40-mile (64-kilometer) asteroid and its half-mile (1-kilometer) moonlet to a hefty specimen exceeding 62 miles (100 kilometers). That’s the beauty of studying these rocks named after heroes of Greek mythology’s Trojan War and, more recently, modern Olympic athletes. Any differences among them will have occurred during their formation, Levison said, offering clues about their origins.
Unlike so many NASA missions, including the upcoming Dart, short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test, Lucy is not an acronym. The spacecraft is named after the fossilized remains of an early human ancestor discovered in Ethiopia in 1974; the 3.2 million-year-old female got her name from the 1967 Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.”
“The Lucy fossil really transformed our understanding of human evolution, and that’s what we want to do is transform our understanding of solar system evolution by looking at all these different objects,” said Southwest Research Institute’s Cathy Olkin, the deputy principal scientist who proposed the spacecraft’s name.
One of its science instruments actually has a disc of lab-grown diamond totaling 6.7 carats.
And there’s another connection to the Fab Four, a plaque attached to the spacecraft includes lines from songs they wrote, along with quotes from other luminaries. From a John Lennon single: We all shine on . . . like the moon and the stars and the sun.
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What depth do swordfish live?
Chef's answer
The swordfish is commonly observed in surface waters, although it is believed to swim to depths of 2,100 feet (650 m) or greater, where the water temperature may be just above freezing.
Frequently asked Questions 🎓
The general rule for cooking these types of fish is that the flesh should be cooked until it is opaque and flakey. Beside above, can Swordfish be pink in middle? ... Swordfish a la rose, the trendy term for fish cooked rare to medium-rare, is not recommended.
Grill swordfish until outside is browned but inside is still slightly pink, about 3 to 8 minutes per side. Pan-Sear: Heat oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat and sear swordfish steaks until browned on each side and just cooked through (flesh should feel firm when pressed), about 3 to 8 minutes per side..
Unlike tuna, it should be just - but only just - cooked right through, bearing in mind that it will continue cooking in its own heat after it is removed from the pan. Swordfish a la rose, the trendy term for fish cooked rare to medium-rare, is not recommended.
Put the swordfish in the bowl to cover and let marinate in the fridge for 15 minutes. Preheat a grill to high heat (450-500 degrees). Grill the fish for 5-7 minutes per side, or until the fish flakes easily with a fork..
Preparation. Swordfish fillets often have small bones left in the meat. ... Rinsing the picked fillets under cool, running water removes juices from the swordfish that makes the meat taste slightly fishier. A marinade will tenderize the swordfish meat and infuse it with flavor.
Firm fish like ahi tuna and swordfish can pretty much be treated like really good steak, just cook them carefully because you want them left on the very-rare side of things. If you do it in a pan make sure there's hot oil or butter (or both) before you add the fish and don't move it around too much..
A few more cooking questions 📍
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Breaking News
First day of fall: Why the equinox isn’t as equal as you might think
Twice a year, everyone on Earth is seemingly on equal footing — at least when it comes to the distribution of light and dark.
On Wednesday, September 22, we enter our second and final equinox of 2021. If you reside in the Northern Hemisphere, you know it as the fall equinox (or autumnal equinox). For people south of the equator, this equinox actually signals the coming of spring. Folks really close to the equator have roughly 12-hour days and 12-hour nights all year long, so they won’t really notice a thing. But people close to the poles, in destinations such as the northern parts of Canada, Norway and Russia, go through wild swings in the day/night ratio each year. They have long, dark winters and then have summers where night barely intrudes.
But during equinoxes, everyone from pole to pole gets to enjoy a 12-hour split of day and night. Well, there’s just one rub — it isn’t as perfectly “equal” as you may have been told. There’s a good explanation (SCIENCE!) for why you don’t get precisely 12 hours of daylight on the equinox. More on that farther down in the article. But first, here are the answers to your other fall equinox questions: Where does the word ‘equinox’ come from?
The equinox will arrive at 19:21 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) September 22. For people in places such as Toronto and Washington, DC, that’s 3:21 p.m. local time. Out West in Los Angeles and Vancouver, that means it arrives at 12:21 p.m. For residents of Madrid, Berlin and Cairo, it comes precisely at 9:21 p.m. Going farther east, Dubai marks the exact event at 11:21 p.m. As we move even farther eastward into Asia, we end up switching days. For residents of Bangkok, it’s 2:21 a.m. Thursday, September 23, while Singapore and Hong Kong clock in at 3:21 a.m. You can click here to see more cities (rounded down by one minute and adjusted for Daylight Saving Time).
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Writing an essay on the internet can help you acknowledge the advantages of the technology as well as reveal the disadvantages to be cautious of. Below are some excellent internet essay topics followed by facts and ideas that will help you create a strong argument. Select the right focus and get ready to wow your professor with a well-written piece.
Writing About the Internet: Essay Types and Topics
The internet makes a great topic for an essay about technology and can be suitable for a variety of essay types. Here are 10 of the most popular and the most exciting topics to research:
1. Pros and cons of the internet. How has the internet changed our lives?
Both variants of the essay question presuppose coverage of both positive and negative aspects with a brief statement of your own opinion in a conclusion. In fact, you may use the same ideas, tuning the response to the prompt you have received. For example, One benefit of the internet/ One way the internet has changed our lives is that it has allowed us to work and hire remotely.
The same goes for the essay question – The effects of the internet on our lives. The meaning of the prompt is the same but this wording is more suitable if you are mastering a cause and effect essay type
2. Is the impact of the internet on society rather positive or negative?
Unlike the prompts mentioned above, this is a question for an argumentative essay. This means that you should select your stance and argue for one of the two possible thesis statements: (1) The internet has a positive impact on society, some negative effects being associated rather with the misuse of the technology, or (2) Despite certain benefits, the internet has rather negative than positive effect on modern society. Thus, in the body of an essay, you need to present facts and ideas that support your stance and refute the possible counterarguments.
3. Internet addiction essay
Internet addiction will make an excellent topic for a sociology essay. If you need to write an argumentative essay, a good question to investigate would be if internet addiction is a real thing. Discuss online gaming and the fear of missing out associated with social media addiction. You can also write a problem and solution essay, focusing on the prevalence of internet addiction and suggesting a viable way to tackle it.
4. Is the internet making people stupid?
Carr’s argument on Google making us stupid is the best starting point for writing an essay on this topic. If you support Carr’s opinion, the lack of concentration and gradual loss of deep reading skills are the main arguments to bring up.
5. Is the internet the guarantee of democracy or its demise?
Again, this is an argumentative essay topic that requires taking one position only. Writing this essay, focus on benefits such as the inability to censor and conceal important information and ability to mobilize protests or threats to democracy like the spread of fake news and the ability to manipulate opinion of the masses.
6. Should the internet be considered a basic human right?
Highlighting the debate over the right to internet access or arguing for one stance on the topic is a great choice for students who want to stand out with their internet essays. Do you believe that free internet access for all can be our reality any time soon? Will that come at the cost of being manipulated into buying things (voting for people) we don’t need?
7. Should speech on the internet be censored?
People tend to be more eager to use hate speech when responding to news and comments online rather than offline. What is more important: to create a safe space for everyone online or to guarantee the freedom of expression (a similar debate is not taking place in relation to free speech on campus)? Who should be responsible for censoring hate speech and how can we be sure the censors do not abuse their rights?
Consider the blocking of accounts of notorious politicians and the role of Facebook and Twitter authority in deciding which voices can and cannot be heard on the net. Should there be more intervention to counteract the misinformation that some countries spread worldwide (Russia being the most prominent example)?
8. Internet privacy and safe internet use
The issues of cyberbullying, online grooming, cybercrime, and corporate data breaches call for the proper education of people about the hazards of the internet. Should such courses be compulsory at school? For young parents? For employees?
9. The impact of the internet on marriage and sex
Porn and dating sites as well as the availability of educational resources on sexuality matters seem to have a major impact on sexual and marriage life. Is this impact rather positive or negative?
10. Information in the age of the internet
Investigate how immediate access to information has transformed the value of theoretical knowledge and analytical skill. Is modern education keeping pace with societal change and can the internet help to bridge the gap? Are we living in the post-truth era now?
Advantages of the Internet
Here is a list of the benefits of the internet, which you may further research or develop in your essay:
1. Facilitates the tasks of daily living from shopping to finding the necessary services, getting medical consultations, and following the fastest routes to our destinations.
2. Provides instant and easy communication with family and friends worldwide.
3. Promotes research through the availability of vast amounts of data and easy sharing of research results.
4. Gives access to new helpful tools for doing business (including the benefits of using online tools, online advertising, working remotely, etc.)
5. Gives access to a larger pool of talent for a company and the ability to choose a better employer without having to limit to a local search.
6. Enabled online learning resources and forums that boost dramatically the access to education.
7. Allows joining communities that are not present or cannot be easily found locally, e.g. LGBT communities, ex-pats, eco-activists, unique professional unions, etc.
8. Ability to draw public attention to societal issues and initiate powerful social movements like #metoo and even revolutions.
9. Introduction of new types of entertainment.
10. Social media and blogging sites facilitate self-expression through the ability to share creative content, one’s expertise, and preferences. [Find out more about the pros and cons of social media from this post]
Disadvantages of the Internet for an Essay
Disadvantages of the Internet
1. Affects people’s ability to focus and concentrate and harms long-term memory functions (not an assumption but the conclusions of scientific research now).
2. A constant flow of news from around the world and our own friends can be very overwhelming and increases the level of anxiety. At the same time, frequent use of the internet, social media sites, in particular, leads to the fear of missing out (FOMO) and even internet addiction that doesn’t let us limit the amount of news we are exposed to.
3. Is a heavy environmental burden that goes largely unnoticed (see this post for further information).
4. Allows online bullying, trolling, and grooming that are more difficult to investigate and counteract than offline attempts.
5. Algorithms are created in a way to please a user and, thus, serve the content that a user will most probably like and agree with. This limits our access to different viewpoints and perspectives, deepening the division between groups that support opposing ideas.
6. Cybercrime is a serious issue and ever-increasing dependency on the internet for medical, financial, and governmental matters can lead to unprecedented consequences.
7. Post-truth politics and armies or bots can easily manipulate the sentiments of the masses.
8. Negative online reactions create the illusion of action and make the community feel as if they accomplish change; however, it often only allows them to cool down and not care about taking real steps. This phenomenon and its effects can be best seen from the research on censorship in China that allows criticism of the government but censors content related to social mobilization.
9. It is not possible to say that online communication harms a “real” one, as both forms are very much real and make an integral part of our lives now. In fact, much research says that online communication can foster, not harm offline communication. The only documented negative effect is the prevalence of watching pornography, which lowers social interaction and bonding with caregivers in adolescents and is the strongest predictor of decline in marital quality over time.
10. Constant computer use during the working day triggers a number of physical health challenges, starting from obvious vision and musculoskeletal problems to heart problems and earlier death associated with the long sitting time.
How to Write an Internet Essay
Here are the steps of writing a successful essay:
• Select a narrow topic or the focus of your essay (previous sections must have helped you with this step already);
• If you are required to cite credible sources, do your research; otherwise, brainstorm the points you would like to make;
• Outline the structure of your essay, briefly indicating what points you will develop in each paragraph or section and how much space you can devote to each (sticking to the required word count is very important so, to make the argument balanced, calculate an average amount of words you can use to develop each supporting point);
• Create a draft of a thesis statement basing on the points you are going to make;
• Search for interesting facts or statistics that will help you write an interesting essay introduction
• Write your essay using the outline you have created, then reread and revise a thesis statement if necessary;
• Format the layout and the citations and check your essay with one of the online grammar checkers (these will not really edit your essay for free, but will help you catch occasional mistakes and unintentional plagiarism). If you feel like there may be wording and structure issues in your essay, create an editing order and I’ll help you fix that.
Which topic for an internet essay excited you the most? What positive or negative effects have you noted in your own life? Please share in the comments – I would love to know!
About the Author: Nataly
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Concrete's effect on the environment – should I worry?
Daniel Harries
For more than 3,000 years, builders have poured wet concrete into buildings and roads, used it to support ancient bridges and underpins the world's tallest skyscrapers.
After water, concrete is the most used substance globally, 30 billion tons of it are used every year, three times as much as 40 years ago, on a per-capita basis.
Humans have used concrete to protect themselves against nature, from the cold and heat to coastal walls erected to protect against rising seas. We use concrete to harness natural forces for our benefit, damming rivers to harness their energy.
But its undeniable utility and popularity conceal the damage concrete's production and implementation does to the environment.
What's the problem?
The concrete sector emits a vast amount of CO2, accounting for 8 percent of all carbon emissions. If it were a country, it would rank third in emissions, behind China and the U.S..
Think tank Chatham House predicts that, due to population growth, economic development and urbanization, cement – a binding ingredient in concrete – production will increase from 4 billion to 5 billion tons per year by 2030.
We are stuck with the concrete we've already produced.
"You cannot recycle concrete," says Nima Rahbar, a professor in civil and environmental engineering, at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. "It's a rock. What can you do? You can grind it, you know, make it smaller. Which, by the way, requires a lot of energy. So that's rather dumb to do."
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The scope of concrete's damage to the environment is already happening. We are living with the consequences of a heating planet, in part due to the carbon emitted by concrete.
A fundamental problem is the lack of cheap, effective alternatives. "There is no incentive in America, in England, in France or Germany to change this, because why? We make it this way, it's not that expensive and it's great," says Rahbar.
What's the solution?
The problem is recognized by industry. In October, global cement and concrete makers laid out steps to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 25 percent by 2030 and reach zero net emissions by mid-century.
The Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) accounts for 80 percent of concrete made outside China and some companies in the country.
Its plan includes finding and substituting more alternatives to clinker, a binder of cement, more use of alternative fuels, carbon capture, and storage, among other initiatives.
Concrete exteriors became central to the aesthetics of modern architecture. /VCG/Dmytro Falkovskyi/Getty Creative
Industry pledges may have been welcomed, but Philip Purnell, a professor of materials and structure at Leeds University, argues the most important thing is to cut down on our material usage.
"By far, the biggest bang for the buck that you get in any part of the construction sector is looking at reusing materials – not recycling – reusing things, reusing columns, or even better, reusing whole buildings. The greenest buildings we have are the ones that already exist," says Purnell.
The research and development of materials aimed at "healing" damaged buildings for reuse is booming. Rahbar and his colleagues have been developing an enzyme extracted from blood cells to make a self-healing concrete, four times more durable than traditional formulae. Other teams are developing graphene-enhanced and bacterial concrete that, if widely used, would boost concrete's strength while cutting emissions.
But reusing or repairing concrete structures is undermined by a cultural and political desire for the new, argues Purnell. "It's called 'the tyranny of the ribbon,' which is essentially that you get much more publicity for building something new than you do for refurbishing something."
So, a change of priorities is perhaps more important than the development of the next wonder material...
Source(s): Reuters
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Real-estate In Addition To Its Meaning
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Real estate is real property consisting of the constructions and land on it, and its accompanying pure resources like water, plants or minerals; and its accompanying private assets including cash, immovable properties of that nature. In authorized phrases real property is the sum total of all of the holdings and rights on a real estate property held by the proprietor of actual estate. These embody the construction, contents and rights of the real property property and its sub-divisions (landholdings). Throughout the class of real property, there are seven categories:
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Man-made: Man-made actual property refers to all these structures and different properties which were constructed by man and could be thought of as extensions of his body. This contains buildings and properties. Natural: Natural real estate refers to the part of real property that comes from the earth and is not constructed by man. Examples of natural actual estate embrace the soil, rocks, masonry, springs, water, barns, homes, and bushes. These kind of real property are additionally divided into two primary classifications:
Retail/Income-producing: These 5 major classes of real estate are Income-producing real estate, Residential actual property, Manufacturing real property, and Processing real property. In earnings-producing real property, which means that the value of the property can double or triple inside a brief period after the acquisition. Residential actual estate, on the other hand, refers to the type of property used for dwelling purposes i.e. whether or not it’s a single household dwelling condo, townhouse, condominium, row-dwelling, or multiple unit constructing. Manufacturing actual estate deals with the manufacturing of merchandise and other important articles utilized in the construction of homes, apartments and condos.
Economic: Economically talking, actual estate refers back to the landed property that can be utilized as a dwelling place similar to buildings, cottages, farms, plots, and so forth. Throughout the landed property are the buildings, buildings and attachments that contribute to the manufacturing of the products that we use in day by day life similar to factories, warehouses, storage buildings, railroads, highways, roads, bridges, etc. The revenue of the landed property does not solely confer with the land but also to the improvements made on the land. Improvements made on the land embrace the building of roads, bridges, airports, buildings, bridges, dams, water pipes, etc. Processing real property refers back to the means of buying land to put it to use economically. Processing includes developing the land to make it produce goods that we use in our day by day lives.
Man-made: On the other hand, actual property refers to all those issues man has created on earth reminiscent of buildings, bridges, roads, transportation methods, and so on. While man-made gadgets have been created artificially, actual estate includes those which have been man-made however are on earth as a result of they have been constructed or are being repaired or renovated on site by the owner or some other folks. The location of the properties is a vital facet that can affect the worth. Properties are typically located in urban and rural areas, in keeping with the availability of land. The location of the property will decide its value.
Vacant: Vacant land refers to any sort of land that has no one occupying it. This could possibly be houses, vacant tons, and so forth. House might be both residential or commercial, however mostly, residential properties are offered on the basis of their use slightly than their location. Some examples of vacant land are agricultural land that’s earmarked for crop cultivation; recreational land that is used for sports, and so on.
Resale: Selling actual property also can refer to buying and selling the identical. It merely signifies that if someone else has bought a plot of land at a sure price, then the vendor is predicted to comply with the laws of the land and promote the same to the purchaser at the same price. For instance, if the land has a worth of two thousand dollars and the owner intends to sell it to a purchaser for four thousand dollars, the vendor is taken into account to be selling actual estate inside the which means of the legislation. This is applicable only when the worth paid by the buyer exceeds the seller’s value.
There are lots of extra factors that ought to be thought of earlier than taking an motion of this form. But these are the fundamentals, which will help the buyers and real property homeowners to understand the which means of “actual property”. It is crucial to gather rents on time, accumulate taxes on behalf of the federal government and take care of any legal obligations associated to the property. By accumulating rents, the real estate house owners are in actual fact fulfilling their accountability to collect them. For extra info on these 6 skilled services, visit my website.
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Mites and ticks of reptiles and amphibians in Brazil
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This study focuses on the parasitic associations of mites and ticks infesting reptiles and amphibians through a multifocal approach. Herein, reptiles (n= 3,596) and amphibians (n= 919) were examined to ensure representativeness of the Brazilian herpetofauna megadiversity. The overall prevalence was calculated to better understand which were the preferred hosts for each order of Acari (Trombidiformes, Mesostigmata and Ixodida), as well as to determine which orders frequently parasitize reptiles and amphibians in Brazil, and their host specificity. Infestation rates were calculated [prevalence, mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA)] for each order and species, determining which mites and ticks are more likely to be found parasitizing the ectothermic tetrapod fauna. Parasitic niches and preferred locations were recorded to help identify specific places exploited by different Acari, and to determine the host-parasite adaptations, specificity, and relationships in terms of co-evolution. In total 4,515 reptiles and amphibians were examined, of which 170 specimens were infested by mites and ticks (overall prevalence of 3.8%). Trombidiformes mites were prevalent in lizards (55.3%), followed by Ixodida on snakes (24.7%). Mesostigmata mites were the less prevalent, being identified only on Squamata reptiles (4.3% on snakes, 2.4% on lizards). In amphibians, Ixodida ticks were the most prevalent (63.2%), followed by Trombidiformes (34.6%), and lastly Oribatida (2%). From the 13 species of Trombidiformes identified, Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (19.9 %) was the most abundant in terms of number of host species and infested individuals. Specimens of Ixodida, yet more common, showed low preferred locations and different values of infestation rates. Co-infestations were recorded only on snakes. Lizard mites generally adhered to the ventral celomatic area (Pterygosomatidae), and some species to the pocket-like structures (Trombiculidae). Lizards, at variance from snakes, have adapted to endure high parasitic loads with minimum effects on their health. The high number of mites recorded in the digits of toads (Cycloramphus boraceiensis, Corythomantis greening, Cycloramphus dubius, Leptodactylus latrans, Melanophryniscus admirabilis) could lead to avascular necrosis. Frogs were often infested by Hannemania larvae, while Rhinella toads were likely to be infested by Amblyomma ticks. Of note, Rhinella major toad was found infested by an oribatid mite, implying first a new parasitic relationship. The effect of high parasitic loads on critically endangered species of anurans deserves further investigation. Our results add basic knowledge to host association of mites and ticks to Brazilian reptiles and amphibians, highlighting that routine ectoparasite examination is needed in cases of quarantine as well as when for managing reptiles and amphibians in captivity given the wide diversity of Acari on the Brazilian ectothermic tetrapod fauna.
Roldan JAM, Ribeiro SR, Onofrio VC, Grazziotin FG, Silva BR, Ferreto-Fiorillo B, et al. Mites and ticks of reptiles and amphibians in Brazil. Acta Trop.. 2020 May;208:105515. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105515.
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Miss maudie to kill a
Miss maudie to kill a mockingbird movie
But then, Miss Maudie has a delightful sense of humor, a trait Aunt Alexandra does not possess. And she gives Scout an example of how being a lady doesn't necessarily mean having your selfhood squished—or starched—out of you. She is definitely more of a protagonist within the novel and is considered by some to be one of the metaphorically symbolic "Mockingbirds" in the story. But for all the background these women share, they couldn't be more opposite. A woman used to do the right thing, no matter how hard it turned out. She has refined manners, preferring slowness instead of fussiness and chaos. She lives across the street from the Finches and is frequently harassed by "Foot-Washing Baptists", who tell her that her enjoyment from gardening is a sin. Like Atticus's constant advice to Scout to put herself in the other person's shoes, Miss Maudie's respect for others is based on sympathy. In response to her words, she smiles and thinks about more pleasant things. Miss Maudie is part of the world where "fragrant ladies rocked slowly, fanned gently, and drank cool water" Unlike Miss Stephanie and Mrs. Jem and Scout count Miss Maudie as a friend because, unlike most adults, she treats them with respect. When Aunt Alexandra states, "'I can't say I approve of everything he does, Maudie, but he's my brother,'" Miss Maudie reminds her that Atticus is doing a wonderful thing and that many in the town support him, even if that support is quiet.
Miss Maudie, on the other hand, sets herself toward the outside of Maycomb's conventionality. Chapter number :. She's active in the Missionary Society, which appears to be as much a social club as a religious organization.
Like Atticus, she stays within bounds, but follows her own code. In the story Edit Maudie Atkinson has had a long history with the Finch family because she knew Atticus Finch when he was much younger. Dubose, however, Miss Maudie uses her sharp tongue to counter meanness rather than to perpetrate it.
The ladies' lamentations over the living conditions of the Mrunas, an African tribe, leads to a discussion about how ungrateful the women believe Maycomb's African American community to be. In response to her words, she smiles and thinks about more pleasant things.
A woman used to do the right thing, no matter how hard it turned out. Aunt Alexandra works hard at being feminine, but Miss Maudie doesn't seem to care about those things. Aunt Alexandra may not always agree with the course of discussion, but she refuses to be confrontational outside of her own family.
The woman perceives them as adults and does not shrug off their judgments. When Miss Stephanie tells her about Boo, the woman refuses to listen to such vulgarities and fables.
what does miss maudie think of the radleys
When his sister condemned him, the heroine led a rebel group without fear of universal condemnation. And Miss Maudie's equal-opportunity respect extends to African-Americans, too.
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To Kill A Mocking Bird Miss Maudie Atkinson character analysis by alyssa kienholz on Prezi
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How do I run a Python script in node JS?
How do I run a Python script from JavaScript?
As others pointed out, you will have to make an AJAX request to a webserver that will call your python script via a get or post request handler. If you’re using a JavaScript framework, you can also use that framework’s http service to make a get request to your server, which will make call to your python script.
Can we use Python with node js?
Can you replace JavaScript with Python?
No, Python cannot replace JavaScript because: (FRONT-END)JavaScript is browser-native and Python is not. … People comfortable with JavaScript will rather use Node. js, those with Python Django or Flask.
How do I run a Python script from HTML?
To run, open command prompt to the New folder directory, type python to run the script, then go to browser type localhost:5000 , then you will see button. You can click and route to destination script file you created. Hope this helpful.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: What is declaration in Java with example?
What is node js used for?
Which is better Python or node JS?
Node. js is a better choice if your focus is on web applications and website development. Python is an ideal platform to do multiple things – web applications, integration with back-end applications, numerical computations, machine learning, and network programming.
Which is better Django or node JS?
Node. js is superior in building robust, scalable apps and capabilities to handle thousands of requests, while Django, too, is excellent to handle thousands of requests and high-traffic apps. Both platforms are suitable for building scalable apps.
Should I use JavaScript or Python?
Whats easier JavaScript or Python?
Can I use Python in HTML?
THIS IS IMPORTANT: How do I return JSON to Ajax call?
Can you run Python in a browser?
Brython is both a Python compiler and an interpreter written in JavaScript. As a result, you can compile and run Python code in the browser. A good example of this feature is demonstrated by the online editor available on the Brython website. With the online editor, Python is running in the browser.
Can I use Python with HTML and CSS?
I know I’m two months late, but if you’re still set to using Python with your HTML/CSS website, it is completely doable. However, as the previous answer mentioned, if it is only for calculations and light functionality, you’re better off using javascript.
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The state "sole heir" and also "executor" space used commonly in legacy planning discussions. Unfortunately, human being use those terms loosely and often there is no regard to what they actually mean. In general, the sole heir is the person that inherits the deceased"s entire estate through intestacy. Intestacy occurs once the deceased did no leave a validly enforcement will. The executor is the human being that settles the deceased"s estate. However, an ext issues may use beyond those streamlined definitions.
You are watching: Executor and sole beneficiary same person
Sole Heir
When a will certainly goes through probate, the individual that inherits the deceased"s home is a beneficiary. An heir, however, is an individual the inherits the deceased"s residential or commercial property as a an outcome of intestacy. In cases of intestacy, state law determines the heir(s). The single heir is the individual the inherits the deceased"s entire estate under the legislations of intestacy in his or she state. A single heir only inherits home after the estate goes with probate in a state court pursuant come the regulations of intestacy.
This property has real property and personal property. Real home is often characterized as land and also any renovations on or come the land. Personal property is the various other physical possessions owned by the person. Property additionally includes any money or financial accounts own by the deceased.
The executor is responsible because that settling the legacy of the deceased. If the deceased died intestate, a court appoints one executor for the estate. In part states, the separation, personal, instance appointed by the court is known as the personal representative, but the terms are generally thought about interchangeable. If the deceased enforcement a valid will, the will certainly names the executor. Even if it is the will certainly or a court determines the executor, that or she guides the estate through the probate process, frequently with the aid of an attorney. One executor usually receives compensation indigenous the estate for his or she services.
A probate court monitor the negotiation of the deceased"s estate, carried out by the executor. Obligations of the executor encompass paying off every valid fan of the deceased. If the debts of the deceased exceed the value of the building in the estate, nobody of the beneficiaries or heirs will get anything.
Both sole Heir and Executor
In instances where one separation, personal, instance is the sole heir, a probate court may likewise appoint the individual together executor the the estate. The responsibilities of the executor continue to be the same and also the estate must go v probate, with the procedure overseen by the probate court. Again, if the estate owes creditors an ext than the value of the estate, the sole heir will receive nothing indigenous the estate even though that or she additionally acts together the executor.
Understanding sole Heir and also Executor
The state heir and beneficiary, regularly used interchangeably, carry out not average the same thing. A will names beneficiaries while heirs inherit the deceased"s residential property through the procedure of intestacy. The executor, sometimes known as the an individual representative, oversees circulation of the legacy of the estate. This is excellent either regular with the regards to a valid will certainly or the intestacy regulations of the state. The is possible for one person to be both sole heir and also executor. This occurs once one person inherits whole estate under a state"s intestacy laws and the probate court likewise appoints that human being to be the executor the the deceased"s estate. Many people select to develop a will on their own or through the aid of an online legal service provider to prevent leaving the decisions around heirs and also an executor to the court.
See more: You See A White Buoy With A Blue Band, What Type Of Buoy Is It? (Answer)
This portion of the website is for tasiilaq.netrmational purposes only. The content is not legal advice. The statements and also opinions space the expression of author, no, and have no been evaluate by because that accuracy, completeness, or changes in the law.
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11 Questions Answered About CBD For Dogs
CBD has become increasingly popular for both humans and our pets. In fact, 63% of over two thousand vets surveyed in 2018 by the Veterinary Information Network said their patients' owners asked about CBD at least monthly (with 29% asked weekly and 8% asked daily). That was three years ago and likely has only increased with the continuing rise in popularity of CBD. But the world of CBD is still mysterious for most people. So here are 11 questions answered about CBD for dogs.
What Is CBD?
CBD or cannabidiol is one of more than 100 different active chemical compounds called "cannabinoids" found in the cannabis plant. The main cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, with CBD being the second most prevalent ingredient in cannabis.
How Is CBD Different From THC?
Unlike THC, CBD is not psychoactive and thus does not produce a "high." Its effects are much closer to NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen and Rimadyl. This is because it has benefits on important metabolic pathways that control several processes in the body, such as inflammatory responses and blood clotting. A report from the World Health Organization found that, so far, there are no indications that CBD leads to dependence or abuse and no public health related issues associated with its use.
How Does CBD Work?
Though there are still things to figure out, scientists have a general idea about how CBD works. To dive into that, we need to first go over the endocannabinoid system (ECS), found in all living vertebrates. (Note: the ECS is active even if you don't use cannabis.)
All living vertebrates have an ECS in their central and peripheral nervous system, which is a complex cell-signaling system. It was identified in the early 1990s and still isn't fully understood. But experts do know it plays a role in regulating many bodily processes such as sleep, mood, appetite, memory, reproduction and fertility. The ECS has molecules called endocannabinoids (or endogenous cannabinoids), which are similar to cannabinoids but produced by our bodies. They are produced as needed and help keep internal functions running properly. Your body also has endocannabinoid receptors throughout, which bind with endocannabinoids to signal to the ECS that it's time to take action. The results of binding depend on where the receptors were located and to what endocannabinoid it binds. For example, endocannabinoids might target receptors in spinal nerves to relieve pain or ones in immune cells to target inflammation.
While scientists don't know exactly how CBD interacts with the ECS, they know it does affect it and help the body. Many experts believe it prevents endocannabinoids from being broken down, so they have more effects on the body. Others believe CBD binds to receptors that haven't been discovered yet, prompting the ECS into helpful action.
What Is CBD Used For In Dogs?
Although the exact way that CBD works is still being debated, research shows that it can help with many issues in humans - and it's believed to be the same for dogs. For example, CBD may help alleviate separation anxiety, car sickness or fear of fireworks. CBD may also improve mobility and pain in senior dogs with arthritis. While there aren't many studies or reliable scientific data on the benefits of CBD for dogs, there is evidence suggesting it can treat several conditions and issues, including:
1. Pain
2. Arthritis
3. Nausea
4. Anxiety
5. Cancer
6. Inflammation
7. Seizures
8. Loss of appetite
9. Heart health
How Does CBD Affect Dogs?
Every dog is unique and CBD may affect individuals differently. To know how CBD affects your particular dog, monitor them after giving CBD and watch for positive or negative reactions. Negative effects include excessive panting, lethargy, vomiting, dribbling urine, and loss of balance. Any of these could indicate your dog consumed too much and should be taken to the vet as soon as possible.
What Are The Side Effects Of CBD?
There's no scientific data on the side effects of CBD in dogs, but there is for humans. It's believed that these effects could occur in dogs as well, if not given the proper dosage. These include:
• Dry mouth and decreased production of saliva (which could also present as increased thirst in dogs)
• Drop in blood pressure and potential related light-headedness
• Drowsiness
What Are The Risks Of Using CBD?
The risks and safety of CBD use for dogs has not been researched but, as with any medication or supplement, there is a potential risk of negative reaction. Because CBD use is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, no dosing chart has been established. So it's uncertain what the proper dosage for dogs is and what would be too much. It's best to discuss using CBD with your vet, start with small amounts and always monitor your dog for potential negative reactions.
How Do You Give CBD To Dogs?
There are many forms of CBD for pets, with the most common being oral or topical treatments. You can find both soft chews and hard treats, tinctures and oils, peanut butter, capsules, creams and beyond.
How Much CBD Should You Give To Dogs?
As previously mentioned, there are no official dosing charts for CBD oil for dogs. If you do a quick internet search, you'll find suggestions for a normal dose ranging from 0.1, 0.2 to 0.25 milligrams per pound, with stronger doses at 0.5 mg per pound. So a 30 pound dog would either get 3 mg, 6 mg, 7.5 mg or 15 mg by these calculations.
Beyond the factor of weight, type of condition being treated can affect the dosage. For example, lower doses are typically for anxiety while higher doses are for severe health issues (like cancer or seizures).
And when using CBD oil, you'll need to do another calculation to figure out how many milligrams are in a milliliter. This will depend on how strong the CBD oil is and how many milliliters are in the dropper (most commonly one milliliter). Here are some common strengths of CBD oil and how they translate to milligrams:
• 75 mg formula = 2.5 mg of CBD per ml of oil
• 150 mg formula = 5 mg of CBD per ml of oil
• 300 mg formula = 10 mg of CBD per ml of oil
• 600 mg formula = 20 mg of CBD per ml of oil
That being said, the product you buy will be specifically for dogs and should have dosing recommendations. These may differ from product to product as the concentration of CBD will vary from product to product. As aforementioned, every dog will respond differently so start with small amounts, monitor your pet's reaction and adjust accordingly. If you need to increase the dosage, make sure to do so slowly.
How Do I Choose The Right CBD Product For My Dog?
Because CBD is not regulated by the FDA, there are a lot of products on the market and some are more effective than others. When shopping, look on the website for certificates of analysis and any other evidence of third-party testing. This will indicate if the quality of the products are as advertised and whether they are free of THC, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides and other additives. In addition, look for organic CBD products and avoid tying to save money, as more expensive products are typically better.
Do Vets Recommend CBD Use For Dogs?
Many vets are unwilling to recommend CBD because of the lack of research and regulation. In addition, some states in the U.S. will penalize them for even talking about it, sometimes with license suspension. But other states, such as California, give vets more freedom and protect them from penalty. Despite this, it's recommended you discuss giving your dog CBD before doing so. Just know that your vet may not be able or willing to give a professional opinion recommendation. But that doesn't mean CBD at the proper dosage won't have benefits for your dog.
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Turmeric is a Great Antioxidant
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Turmeric is a Great Antioxidant
Turmeric is a Great Antioxidant
One of the reasons why turmeric is considered as a miracle herb is its powerful antioxidant properties. Our body needs to breathe in oxygen in order to survive; however, it is also one of the main reasons that cause common diseases. During the metabolism process, this oxygen triggers the production of free radicals. Our body has a defence mechanism that deals with it, but with the amount of pollution, unhealthy food choices and inactive lifestyle the amount of free radicals can be overwhelming. By adding powerful anti-oxidant ingredients in our diet such as turmeric, we will be able to normalise the level of the free radicals.
Turmeric as a Powerful Antioxidant
The antioxidant property of Turmeric is derived from the phenolic property of curcumin which is a major fixing of turmeric. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin has the capacity to neutralise free radicals in our body. This means if our body’s defence mechanism is not adequate in fighting against these free radicals, adding turmeric in our daily diet can help.
In addition, there are also studies that suggest that turmeric has the ability to prevent the formation of free radicals. This implies that turmeric will be able to subjugate the free radicals before they even create damage to our system. By restricting the peroxidation and limiting the iron complex, the metal oxidation of our body will be blocked. Turmeric has the capacity to prevent cell damages and disease and ensure our health.
The Benefits of the Antioxidant Properties of Turmeric
The powerful substance of turmeric provides a lot of advantages to our health. Aside from normalising the amount of free radicals, it can also lead to amazing benefits such as:
• Anti-Aging: A high amount of free radicals in our body can lead to premature aging. By using turmeric, the aging process can be considerably reduced.
• Prevent Diseases: The attack of free radicals may also lead to various type of chronic illness. In addition, the antioxidant properties of turmeric also have the capacity to protect your system against cell mutation which can lead to cancer and tumour.
• Keep Your Heart Healthy- the antioxidant property of turmeric can eliminate the oxidised cholesterol in our body which will ultimately make our heart healthier. Furthermore, it also can reduce our oxidative stress which is the main reason for major heart ailments.
• Lastly, antioxidant helps us to cope up with the pain and inflammation.
Remember that Turmeric is not like a medicine that we should only take when we are sick. It is highly recommended to take this on a daily basis in order to reap the benefits of its antioxidant properties. There are lots of ways on how you can incorporate it in your daily eating habit such as drinking turmeric milk or using it as a spice on your favourite dish.
About Turmeric Miracle
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mexican water lilyMexican water lily
Common name: Mexican water lily; Banana lily
Botanical name: Nymphaea mexicana
Management programme: Advisory
Originally from Mexico and southern USA. Introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental pond plant and became naturalised in 1982.
Why is it a pest?
It forms dense mats of floating leaves over large areas, clogging waterways, shading out other plants and obstructing recreational water users.
Where is it found?
It is found in still freshwater bodies, particularly ponds, sheltered sections of lakes and still sections of rivers and streams.
What does it look like?
• A bottom rooted aquatic plant, similar to other water lilies, with vertical underwater rhizomes and round heart-shaped floating leaves (up to 25cm) on long stalks.
• Mature leaves have brown blotches on the upper surface and are mainly purple underneath.
• Star-shaped flowers are pale-yellow (October to December) with many veined petals and produce seeds.
What are the rules?
How do you get rid of it?
Begin control at the upstream end of the infestation and work downstream.
1. Dig out/mechanical removal.
2. Spraying, target emergent foliage.
CAUTION: When using herbicide please READ THE LABEL thoroughly to ensure that all instructions and safety requirements are followed.
Read more on pest control guidelines and regulations
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Genomics portends the next revolution in agriculture
February 17, 2001
SAN FRANCISCO - Depending on your point of view, the great promise or peril of modern agriculture has germinated on millions of acres of North American cropland as the genetically modified organism -- or GMO -- has taken center stage.
But as science begins to accumulate and explore plant and animal genomes - the entire set of genetic instructions for a particular organism - a new revolution is in the offing and, according to University of Wisconsin-Madison biologist Robert Goodman, promises a long-lasting and favorable impact on agriculture worldwide.
Addressing scientists here today, Feb. 18, at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Goodman forecasts a world of change as scientists use the maps of the genomes of key plants and animals, giving them unprecedented access to the genetic instructions that govern life. The new knowledge, he says, could significantly enhance the traditional and far-less controversial practices of crop and livestock improvement through breeding.
"From a scientific perspective, the public argument about genetically-modified organisms, I think, will soon be a thing of the past," Goodman says. "The science has moved on and we're now in the genomics era."
Instead of slipping one or two genes in or out of an organism to confer or promote a desirable trait in a plant or animal, as is the case in GMO technology, the advent of genomics portends an even more powerful tool as scientists can now rapidly comb the thousands of genes in a genome to see which genes are at work.
"The key is you can detect function." says Goodman. "You can see genes at work and you can focus on lots of genes all at once. This is what breeders have done for more than a century, but with new knowledge and modern tools of the trade, breeders can make more rapid progress on many more traits than in the past."
The potential of genomics to do good, especially in developing countries, is enormous, Goodman argues. And he expresses hope that the polarizing issues and mistakes that have dogged GMO technology can be avoided.
"Genomics adds centrally and substantially to the toolbox of the plant breeder," says Goodman, a UW-Madison professor of plant pathology and a former executive vice president for research and development at Calgene, a pioneering crop biotechnology company.
Critically, the technology can be a path to world food security and aid in the development of industries and institutions in countries that will permit them to cope with rapidly growing populations and dwindling resources, Goodman says.
"Researchers in public institutions in developing countries need this technology," he argues, "and, more to the point, they themselves can use it - if arrangements are put in place to make useful genomic sequences and technologies generally available." Goodman serves as an advisor to the McKnight Foundation, an organization that promotes scientific advancement for crop improvement in many of the world's less developed countries.
He cited the fact that the rice genome, now completely mapped, has the potential to spark significant increases in production and begin to eliminate some of the human health and environmental problems associated with industrial agriculture. For example, by building resistance to insect pests into crops, scientists may help curb cavalier use of chemical pesticides that now take a huge environmental and human health toll in the developing world.
The power of genomics, explains Goodman, lies in the fact that nature has been parsimonious in its use of genes. For example, rice, a member of the grass family, has a genome with few fundamental genetic differences from other grasses such as corn, wheat, and tef, a grain on which millions of people in Africa depend. The genome for A. rabidopsis, a common laboratory workhorse for plant scientists, is now in hand and provides a framework for using genomics in many crops such as legumes, vegetables and fruits.
The ability now to employ genomic technology to comb these genetic instructions and focus on new combinations of genes based on their functions and interactions means that the pace of development of new plant cultivars, many of them not engineered in the way GMOs are created, may accelerate dramatically.
Goodman says it is essential to get the technology into the hands of scientists in developing nations because they will have the best opportunities to tailor the technology to local agricultural conditions, crops, crop improvement priorities and traditions.
Although an advocate of employing genomic technology, Goodman parts company with many in industry by advocating labeling of engineered products and greater public dialogue and education. There is also great danger, he warns, in a potential concentration of power by having the technology held by just a few transnational companies.
"The controversy is as much about the economics of the system as it is about the technology or its safety," he says. "The industrialized model of agriculture that we depend on won't work very well in the world at large where nearly half of the population is engaged in food production. We need new models, but we can't shut the door on a technology that has tremendous potential to improve the lives of so many."
NOTE TO PHOTO EDITORS: A high-resolution image of Robert Goodman may be downloaded at:
-- Terry Devitt (608) 262-8282,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Related Genome Articles from Brightsurf:
Genome evolution goes digital
Breakthrough in genome visualization
Sturgeon genome sequenced
A sea monster's genome
Deciphering the walnut genome
Illuminating the genome
A genome under influence
How a virus destabilizes the genome
Better genome editing
Unlocking the genome
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The project
The caves have since fascinated men since the beginning ot the time, they were used as places of life, shelters and worship. Today the same fascination motivates explorers in their quest and research of their hidden richesse.
The state of Quintana Roo in Mexico is the region in the world where the most flooded cave system is concentrated, from wich 1553 Km is explored and suryed (Topography) to date (QRRS datas). Explorations continue each year and new caves (Cenotes) are discovered.
Only a small part (200 km) of underwater caves have been fully mapped to date.
Yucatan peninsula. Red markers are caves entrance.
The cenote Taj Mahal is located at kilometer 307 between Cancun and Tulum, Cenote Taj Mahal is part of a system of 8 Cenotes which bears the name of System Taj Mahal. This system was connected a short time ago with the Cenote Box Ek (Dark Star) and increased the systemm size from 8.2 Km to 9.95 KM of flooded gallery.
Cenote Taj Mahal.
Taj Mahal System place.
Cenotes part of Taj Mahal System.
There is no comprehensive mapping of the Taj Mahal system to date. My ambition is to make a mapping as detailed as possible of the whole system.
This mapping work will make it possible to better appreciate the real size of the system and geomorphology, to know the different connections between the galleries, and surely to discover unexplored passages.
STEP # 1
The stage before cave mapping is topography. This is to create a skeleton of the cave and then draw the contours and details. This consists of recording the data (Azimuth, depth, distance) of the existing lines in the cave.
To have the minimum direction error (azimuth) and distance, we make loops as soon as possible during the exploration phase. This makes it possible to correct or detect topographic errors.
STEP # 2
This part of preparation for the drawing phase is the longest and most complex.
There are several techniques to prepare a mapping (mapping technique), one of which is to lay additional lines in the cave in order to create precise markings on the topography and then draw the details (walls, blocks, zone of speleothem, ...).
In blue the permanent lines of the cave and in red the lines laid to be able to draw.
Print the topography on a plastic sheet to draw detail underwater.
Draw the details of the cave using typography as a landmark. Once this work is finished it is necessary to remove the lines laid for the mapping.
STEP # 3
Ultimate stage of the mapping work, you have to scan the sheets of drawings and adjust them on the topography in order to digitize them.
STEP # 4
The final step of the project is the publication in printed form of the mapping of the Taj Mahal system.
Capture Map Cavern Taj.png
Capture Map Taj 1 part.png
Cavern area
Half part of Taj Mahal Cave system
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Secrets That Experts Of Software Program Don’t Want You To Know.
Hardware and software are two various points. Equipment performs work and software application is what informs your computer system how to do it. Both belong to a computer system, but hardware is not always the most vital element. There are many important distinctions in between both. Read on to recognize what software program is, as well as just how it varies from equipment. In this write-up, we’ll talk about several of the significant distinctions between equipment and also the software application. Additionally, we’ll speak about the differences between both.
Software can be either a solitary item of software program or a collection of applications. Application software is the software program that assists you fulfill your consumers’ requirements. It can be bought individually or as part of a bundle, and also can be installed on a computer system. It is usually accessed online, as well as can be accessed by several people. The major advantage of software is its capability to make service jobs simpler and more effective. Whether you require a program that operates on Windows, an Android or a Mac, you can locate an application to fit your needs.
A computer program is a collection of guidelines that is set up on a computer system or various other gadget. Depending upon the sort of software application, it can be either a standalone program or a plan of programs that runs as a standalone program. The software program that you utilize may be a self-supporting application or a system that integrates with an additional application. A durable application can make job quicker, a lot more precise, as well as extra effective for its users.
One of the most crucial point in a computer system is the software. This is what makes computer systems job. The software application is what informs a computer exactly how to do particular tasks. There are several types of software program, however these classifications are one of the most vital. You can not run a computer without it. It has to be loaded prior to the software and hardware can do its task. The computer can not operate without the software, so if you do not have the software program, you can’t do anything.
A computer’s software program is the reverse of hardware. On the other hand, hardware has a physical component. It has several aspects as well as functions that are hard to replicate. A computer’s software is the software application that makes it possible for the computer to work. For example, it is a system that runs applications. Its software can run on any type of gadget that it is attached to. While hardware can be installed and worked on a computer system, software program is the software.
There are two kinds of software application. The first type is system software, which is the software application that informs your computer exactly how to run. The various other is software. Both are crucial to a computer system. Systems software contains utilities and makes it possible for the computer system to run various other programs. In addition to system software, applications also include word processing program. This kind of application relies on the equipment. You can not run an application without the proper system. A program requires a details collection of elements to run.
There are many ways to use software application. The primary difference is that software has several uses. One of them is the hardware. In a system, a computer will not function if it is not mounted with software program. In a similar way, systems have no equipment. Its parts, including their parts, will not function without the correct software. Both systems as well as applications are regulated by the software program. When you want to create an item, you need to produce software program.
Every company has software program. Also one of the most basic software program is utilized to run the business. It makes it possible for business to interact with other individuals, as well as enables them to run a lot more effectively. Middleware is utilized to attach the different sorts of software program. Throughout the 21st century, software is an important part of an organization, and its failure can be disastrous. The middleware provides an essential service for the business. This is where the middleware comes in.
Operating systems are important for a mobile phone, but the software application is just as essential. For instance, the software application on your cellphone is a collection of hundreds of components. It is based on regulations as well as is called “application” when it has an application. Many software program is not important. A smart phone’s software program needs an input. In contrast, an operating system needs an input. When you’re using software application, you’re creating a software program.
System software is the base for software. It runs when the computer is booted as well as remains to run. In contrast, software is the higher level of the two. The latter is created to handle tasks particular to a details user. Simply put, system software is made use of by entrepreneur. It helps make organization choices. A system’s os is crucial to a computer’s total performance. It allows customers to run the software program.
One of the most usual kind of software application is an application. An application is a program written by an independent coding specialist. For example, an application is the software program that develops a certain end result. For a circumstances, a game engine offers a system for specific video games. The system software is not considered software application itself, yet the applications it supports are called applications. Its output is the details the software program needs to work. The system can’t work without software program. what is pen testing
Energy software application is the kind of software application that executes particular features for end users. It’s not an application, however it’s a program that makes various other applications work on the computer. For example, an anti-virus program is an energy. It’s a program that uses the very same language as its customer. It can be a computer’s operating system. Both sorts of software application are essential to a computer’s total performance. The system is the software application that allows applications to run.
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""" Homework 8 -- Due Sunday, Nov. 1st at 23:59 -- Always write the final code yourself -- Never use a library function that solves the problem -- If you collaborated with a peer, mention them -- Cite any websites you referenced -- Use the PEP-8 checker for full style points: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pep8 """ ''' All of the following should use data from the training_data.csv file provided. training_data gives you a labeled set of integer pairs, representing the scores of two sports teams, with the labels giving the sport. Write the following functions: plot_scores() should draw a scatterplot of the data. predict(dataset) should produce a trained Estimator to guess the sport that resulted in a given score (from a dataset we've withheld, which will be inputs as a 1000 x 2 np array). You can use any algorithm from scikit. An optional additional function called "preprocess" will process dataset before we it is passed to predict. Test your solution! Be careful to leave out some data for testing and try to avoid overfitting. Your classifier will be graded on accuracy and efficiency. ''' def plot_scores(): pass def preprocess(dataset): return dataset def predict(dataset): pass
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Constitutional Law I
Southern Illinois University School of Law
Macias, Steven J.
Part One: Introduction (Chapters 1-4)
Chapter 1: The Bank of the US: A Case Study
II. The First Bank of the US
Class1: Mon22Aug: The Bank of the US; an Introductory Case Study to ConLaw
1) McCulloch Preview:
a) 1st Bank: Madison says bill est. bank is UC. (gov’t of enumerated powers)
i) Stat Interp: PMR; Attn to Consequences; Orig. Intent of C (Drafters, ratifiers, states); Orig (popular) mng
ii) Other pop Theories: Evol Thry: CL method; prag. method (Posner: do for pres/future without regard to past)
A. Madison’s View (Speech to House of Reps (1791))
b) Madison in more detail: addressing the argument that chartering the bank is C
i) Art I § 8 (and §9) “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper . . .” if bank n&p no enum. powers
ii) Textual Reason: measures n&p to gov’t (abstract) aren’t proper b/c concepts of gov’t differ, what’s n&p for our gov’t has already been created by the framers. taxes=bank isn’t same necessity as war=army
(1) Power to tax and fed bank not closely enough linked for it to be C.
c) Opposition to Madison:
i) Gehry: lenient interp. of leg. will; Fedist #44 (Madison ‘91–changed mind): C should respond to new sits.
(1) But Mad’s speech more weight (in Cong, oath to support C). Federalist was just persuasive writing.
(2) and saying bill is UC, here’s why. Different than saying “here’s what bill allows”
IV. Judicial Examination of Congress’ Authority to Create the Bank (McCulloch 1st Q)
Class2: Wed24Aug: McCulloch continued
2) McCulloch: Main things: i) loose n&p cl interp. ii) fedism issue. I1: Can Cong inc. bank, though not explicit in C?
a) Excerpts as examples of each method of constitutional interpretation (as important as holding).
i) Textual Method: Plain Meaning Rule: ”To employ the means necessary to an end, is generally understood as employing any means calculated to produce the end, and not as being confined to those single means, without which the end would be entirely unattainable.”
ii) Historical Method: (Orig intent of C – drafters, ratifiers, states; orig (popular) meaning?)
iii) Evolutionary Method: (CL Method; Pragmatic Method?)
b) Marshall’s Interp: n&p cl loosely (not strictly) construed. Ord meaning of necessary (in n&p): “efficacious.” (possessing effective qualities) R: When law isn’t a “bold and daring usurp,” but instead a “scrup adher to wht erbdy accepts as C’l duty,” less strict interp nec in analyzing
i) 1st bank carefully considered (1812 financing probs, embarrassment, what’s necessary changes over time)
ii) And ‘great principles of liberty aren’t concerned.’ If so, more concerned isn’t in line with C. Since bank charter, less important whether is C’l (if individual rts concerned, may be more strictly construed).
c) “A C we are expounding” Fund princ of C. Ct draws a sharp law/politics line. Today’s strict constructionists don’t like can change C meaning.
i) Precedent (Engl): General understanding of what C is; is “what holds us together.” Is a gen sense of cmty values, not specific interpretation of those values. At least, interpret generally; “like a legal code.”
ii) JM: To hold owise would be a political decision. Mad/Jeff argue for an activist Ct. PolySci Standpoint: “Qs of degree are value judgments, are left to the elected branches. Can’t hide from Ct.
iii) Words Pg 47 para8: Experience. Reason. Accommodation to circumstances. This is what a C allows.
d) Hamilton’s test of C’y – Means/Ends test: If the means are in exercise of a C auth power, the means are n&p by Art I §8 (and C’l). Don’t want SC to inquire about degree of necessity, is not SC’s job (discuss in another place (Congress)). Is the demarcation between law and politics.
i) C only sets outer bounds of Cong action (sets procedure). JM: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the C, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the C, are constitutional.”
ii) If the Court concludes the bank is appropriate, “the degree of its necessity is a political determination.”
iii) The degree (how n& p) test is a political determination.
V. The States’ Power to Tax the Bank of the US (McCulloch 2nd Q)
1) I: can MD can tax the National bank?
a) Deductive logic (incontrovertible): 2 prem: i) Answer to Q 1 (Bank C) ii) Suprem Cl: Fed trumps state. 3 coroll:
i) P to create => P to preserve; P to destroy incompat. w/ P to preserve; Given conflict, supreme auth controls
b) Have disagreed with q 1 (stricter construction) but this incontrovertible? Taxing might not be destroying; JM offers “Political Safeguards” (vote out as only remedy for tax abuse) argument:
2) Other Points:
a) Federalism re: power to tax. Sovereign: all powers of governing body. Sovereign was always one, divided a hard concept, so conflict. MD: taxing is sovereign power, MD sovereign, how can limit? JM: popular sovereignty
i) Fedism was a fund problem. Marshall: Ct only polices outer bounds of pol action, not substant law. Seen in both Qs (even in state law). So states don’t have power to tax or destroy C exercises of national power.
b) Ct notes political dec. best made by localities.
c) Ct won’t look at wisdom of tax rate (again, law/politics distinction), just deciding as matter of C bounds, whether MD has power to tax. “If MD had power to tax,” Ct couldn’t examine degree of taxation b/c would be a Pol Q.
d) JM: States can still tax “resources orig possessed”: cashier, prop, int on bank holdings. If no like, vote/leave
i) Allowable/not allowable taxation distinction: if citizen has the choice to pay tax, is C for the state to tax them (tax unconnected to the operations of the Fed Gov’t
e) Prez role in C intrp (Marbury). Non-case excrpts (Jack Veto, Dlngr Memo (don’t Enf UC laws)) = ex of C assertion stand for
3) Case Notes after McCulloch:
a) Panhandle Oil (1928): MI sale taxed Panhandle (gas to CoastG/VetA) Hldg: Ct: needn’t pay under McCulloch (impedes Fed) Holmes Dissent: Nonsense. “But for dicta of McC, no question UC.” By 1928, Know no simple way to dist. leg/Pol q, so should be in jud power to determine degree of taxation.
i) Rev’d in ’41. Major change: JM thought only setting C bounds, that he decides if they have power, if so, unequivocal. Holmes says can tax within reas limits. Ex: CG can’t function without clothes and food, but still tax, so tax ok (is a gen applcbl law). So Q of wthr tax gov’t one of reasonableness and degree
b) Johnson v. MD: Mailman needn’t have state DL. Why can MS tax fed; but MD can’t impose gen DL?
i) Hypo: Fed gov’t could tax military members, but won’t b/c states wouldn’t want bases.
(1) Fed Gov’t hasn’t spoken on the I, so (Holmes presumption) tax is OK.
ii) Holmes: Pg 74: requires quals in addition to what the gov’t has already deemed sufficient. More direct interference than tax on a sale to the fed gov’t, so illegitimate. Difference: Raising revenue is legitimate, interfering w/ ops of fed gov’t isn’t. Difference is direct vs. indirect effect on operation of the gov’t.
(1) Holmes’s Johnson distinction: DL law UC b/c fed can’t do mission at inception vs. traffic laws, where can go about business as long as following the law.
iii) Re: traffic laws: OK to impose on postmen b/c local safety. Also: DLs rare in 1929, easy to see how directed at fed, instead of general like tax.
iv) Rev raising and local safety Is are legitimate concerns of the state (seem to tax fed gov operation; OK), and licensing req’t, is a hiring decision (taxing members of the fed gov; not OK).
4) Sample Q 1: The State of Ames is home to a large number of federal mil bases. Responding to local govt’s complaints about the strain that playing host to soldiers and their families puts on local resources, the state authorizes a special prop tax on military bases in the state. The revenue will be distributed, on a per capita basis, to localities where the bases are located. Would such a property tax be C? a) No under the rule established in McCulloch b) No Unless Cong authorized such a tax c) Yes if the state can demonstrate a serious need. d) A and B.
Answer: McCulloch: can’t discrim (is special, not general prop tax) against gov’t in destroying it; but electable positions should be allowed to make value judgments in these sits, so if authorize, is acceptable.
(1) A: Correct b/c power to tax=destroy; states C’y prohibited from destroying mil bases.
(2) B: Correct b/c §8 powers plenary; Cong decides when state tax appropriate. Cong makes “degree” jgmt.
(3) C: wrong, states delegate raising army power to fed. If “serious need,” Cong reps make the case.
VI. The Demise of the Second Bank
5) Vetoes and Signing Statements
a) Jackson Veto: “Mere precedent is a dangerous source of auth, and should not be regarded as deciding questions of C’l power except where the acquiescence of the people and the States can be considered as well settled”
i) Jackson rests view of UC on JM: “McCulloch said Pol Brnchs decide the degree of necessity, I say it’s not.”
b) Dellinger statement: No matter if previous prez signed bill; Prez can say UC if encroachment on power, b/c no one else has standing to assert a C viol.
Chapter 2: The Marshall Court and the Early Republic
III. The Cases of 1803 {Class3: Fri26Aug: Marbury v. Madison, Judicial Review & Federal Jurisdiction}
A. Stuart v. Laird and the Elimination of the Intermediate Appellate Judiciary
1) 11th Amdmt: Removes states as parties from fed j. Caused by Chisholm: SC merchant won agaisnt GA (D: svrgn), in FedCt under Art III div j. All give non-textual meaning: all suits in fed prohib unless Cong removes (14th Am)
2) Judicial Review
a) Stuart v. Laird: More important (bolder capitulation) than Marbury?
i) To Q: Hasn’t all been about jud rvw so far; McC is about jud rvw, but little is said about it. JM assumes (no explain, b/c suprmcy cl.) SC has power to invalidate MD law. But what auth. does ct have to inval fed law?
(1) Main thing in McC: i) loose interp of n&p clause. ii) issue of federalism just mentioned
, but are situations where might be allowed.
d) Political Safeguards argument: Recall McCulloch: didn’t look at tax b/c value judgment – left to vote, not C.
i) Here, SC willing to interfere w/legis impairing Ks, won’t leave to vote, b/c in McC, all are equally affected by tax, only check is all, can’t say people are enemy of people.
(1) Here, all citizens aren’t equally affected, only those with vested rts. Enemy here is the majority w/o p. JM: “the violent acts which might grow out of the flings of the momnt,” the “suddn and strng passins to which men are exposed” borrows from Mad. Fed 10. “Uneq dist of p is chief source of pop passion.”
(2) paraphrasing JM: when passions get the best of people, is an ex of a sit where they can’t be trusted
e) General Principles (JM’s alt view, if don’t buy the KCl interp): Quotes: “restrained by general principles which are common to our free institutions,” and “the nature of society and of gov’t”
i) When interfere with vested rights, are messing with something that has a moral character to it.
ii) GPs evtlly find place in C (DPC) already DPC in 5th (restrains fed, but are cncnd about restraining states)
(1) 1896: DPC to states (can’t deprive w/o DP of law). Would suggest we read i) vested rts for property, and ii) GenPrincpls for DP of law; Ct will eventually fold all this sort of anal into DP clause.
(a) When ct finds subst DP, finds individ rts, initially freedom of K, then makes judgments
2. The Judicial Protection of Vested Rights (Calder)
1) Nat law aspect of Fletcher/Calder
a) JM in Fletch: Invalidated GA legis repeal of land grant based on i) Alternate interp of KCl or (if don’t believe) ii) general principles common to our free institutions (14th DPC); liberty and property = vested property rts lang
b) Calder (1798: KCl): Chase vs. Iredell: Chase: natural principles of judgment (nat law, not just C). Must interpret C broadly with overarching GPs. Can provide 14th Amdmt basis for. Result: CN legis didn’t deprive, b/c no rt vested
i) CN legis set aside probate ct’s disapproval of will (making respondents beneficiaries). But: legis powers not unltd, even if C doesn’t limit. Legis can’t deprive of property rt though C doesn’t expressly prohibit.
ii) Probs after case: More modern critique: questions whether natural justice exists
c) b4 Fletcher: ex post facto/no bill of attainder/KCl – helps realize idea behind: Is all about settled expectations.
d) Even J. Johnson gives up (in 1830) on natural law for positive law. Consider pol, not moral, oblig.
i) More instinctual parts of law need to be recog’d: “liberty of K” “rights to abortion” rehash natural justice
2) Bar Q 2: A statute of the state of Tuscarora made it a misdemeanor to construct any building of more than five stories without an automatic fire sprinkler system. A local construction company built a ten-story federal office building in Tuscarora. It constructed the building according to the precise specifications of a federal contract authorized by federal statutes. Because the building was built without the automatic fire sprinkler system required by state law, Tuscarora prosecutes the private contractor. Which of the following is the company’s strongest defense to that prosecution?
a) Answer Choices:
i) The state sprinkler requirement denies the company property or liberty without due process (Reworded in lang just covered: Does the stat deny the co similar vested rts w/o DP in vltn of some gen prncpl of justice?)
ii) The state sprinkler requirement denies the company equal protection of the laws
iii) As applied, the state sprinkler requirement violates the supremacy clause
iv) As applied, the state sprinkler requirement violates the obligations of the contracts clause
b) iii) b/c like McC, fed gov has power to build under Art I § 8; state law clearly interferes with the exercise of fed power (satisfies means/ends test). To avoid state prosecution, Cong plenary powers must trump state exercise of police powers.
i) Not A/D b/c K must predate the statute; else no vested right.
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Constitutional Law I
Southern Illinois University School of Law
McGreal, Paul E.
Con law Part 2
I. Equal Protection
b)14th Amendment: 1)Privileges and Immunities, and 2)Equal protection of the laws.
c)No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws- it protects everyone, even though those who are illegal.( not every group gets protected in the same way)
d) Problem with the Equal Protection Clause- is that every law discriminates. It applies to every law. If interpret too aggressively, they can then strike some balances.
e) Equal Protection Analysis (essay question)
1. Indentify the proper test
2. Apply the test
3. We believe that there are three test of equal protection.
f) Three tests: does the govt. have a sufficient purpose or interest that it’s servicing is the classification sufficiently related.
1. Strict – Compelling purpose, necessary or narrowly tailored to achieving its purpose
2. Intermediate- important govt. purpose, and classification be substantially related to achieving that purpose.
2a. Heightened rational basis review.
3. Rational Basis –a legitimate interest and show that the classification being challenged is rationally related to achieving the state interest.
g) 1st ask what classification does it create: 1)Race, ethnicity, national origin- strict, 2) gender legitimacy ( benefits of children born in out of wedlock)- Intermediate, 3) everything else- rational basis review.
h)Relationship –
a) Over-inclusiveness- covers more conduct than is necessary to achieve the govt purpose
b) Under inclusive- does not cover conduct that threatens the govt. purpose.
c) Ex. Speed limit- what is being treated differently from each other.
1. Rational Basis- legitimate purpose, which is safety and health.
2. Are there some people who drive over 80 drives safely or poses a bigger risk?
3. Not all drivers are safe at every speed. Then you will have other drivers whose conduct is not even addressed at all.
d) Ex. Law that is more reasonable- could produce inconsistency of the law. Bias and prejudice- the greater opportunity to make it into a strict scrutiny standard.
I) Alaska Equal Protection: Constitutional Law or Common Law?
a) The court asks whether the discrimination is justified given both the, 1. The Governments purpose in enacting the law, and 2. The means used to achieve those ends, which are sufficiently related to achievement of the end.
b) NY City Auth. V. Beazer: NYCTA decided that it would not hire methadone users to protect the public from unsafe subway workers. The end is Passanger safety the Means is not hiring the methadone users.
1) Test: 1) whether public safety was permissible gvt purpose?
2) Do Methadone users threaten the Govt. purpose?
3) 14th Amen Sec. 1
4) The Perfect fit test- would mean that all methadone users are unsafe while no methadone users are safe. But because that is not the case the policy is over inclusive to the extent applied to people who did not threaten the govt. purpose, and it was under-inclusive to the extent it did not apply to people who did threaten the govt. purpose.
c) Pure means end test- requires careful identification, weighing, and balancing. This sort of decision making is urged on legislatures and admin agencies who are charged with finding the best solution to real world problems. This analysis has been used to determine whether the government acted out in prejudice or bias: Three Categories:
1) Race, Ethnicity, and alienage
2) Gender
3) All others
d) Race, Ethnicity and Alienage ( Strict)
1) The Ct applies: Strict Scrutiny: a two part test, which allows few permissible purposes that are compelling and requires a tight fit between the means and ends.
2) Racial classification must be “ NARROWLY TAILORED or NECESSARY” to achieve the govt. compelling purpose.
a) Reasons 4 application: 1)Race rarely relevant to govt. action, 2)when the govt. used race it was used negatively, 3) to oppress or harm a disfavored group, AND 4) redressability through a political system will be difficult and thus may cause them to be ignored due to prejudice, bias, indifference, or ignorance by the majority.
b) Race is termed” Suspect class” – is inherently suspect.
c) Once, in our Const. History, was racial classification upheld: Korematzu v. US: where the ct addressed the internment of Japanese American as a necessary protection to US Security. Thus it was necessary to keep Japanese intern as a prophylactic measure to the war. The CT. has deferred the military areas as exceptions to the Const.
d) In Aderand Construction v. Pena and City of Richmond v. Croson, the court held that the govt. was compelling reason to remedy identified past discrimination. The Govt. had to prove that either the govt. itself had discrimination in the past or that specific private actors or groups of private actors have discriminated in the recent past.
e) Gender: Intermediate Scrutiny
1. Gender cases had had a tortuous past. The problem generally arose do to womens status in society
2. Craig v. Boren, a case where the state law was to be enacted where men 21 yr old and women 18 old could not purchase beer 3.2% of alcohol under the said ages because the purpose was to protect safety from public roadways from drunk drivers, which were said to have been in greater stats. Significance of men.
a) IntermediateTest developed two parts: 1) the government action must serve an important purpose, 2) the gender classification must be substantially related to achieving the govt. important purpose.
b) The Fit test should be considered here although, gender is not as suspect as race.
f) All others: None Suspect Class- Rational
1. Rational basis review:
a) The govt, only need have a legitimate purpose and the challenged classification
. Court stated that the Officer Officer’s upon entering into the advanced ages cannot be as versatile and that experts of the Apellee that increasing age signify decreasing physical ability. Officers after age 40 must pass physical examinations and Officer Murgia passed all the exams 4 months prior to being retired. The three experts demonstrated that age mattered when performing in hi stress situations, but also stated that 50 year old could also perform well but that they would have to be induced into taking more exams. The Dist. Ct. decided unnecessary to apply strict scrutiny because the police officer is not from a suspect class.
Issue: Whether the Mass Law that requires state police officer’s to be retired upon his attaining age 50 violates the equal protection of the laws under the 14th amendment?
Rule: Rational Basis analysis- that the legislature purpose is consistent with the equal protection of the laws.
Analysis: The S.Ct. stated that mandatory retirement at age 50 the legislature seeks to protect the public by assuring physical prepared of its uniformed police. The purpose of retirement at age 50 s rationally related to the states objective. The court stated that that the fact that the police officer was retired because of his age does not make the statute unwise, however, imperfect is to reach its objective in keeping the community safe.
Conclusion: The judgment was reversed, stating that the Mass law did not violate the equal protection clause of the appelle.
Dissent: Marshall, believed that the majority had applied the wrong test to this case on age discrimination because he believes that age is an part of a elderly class. The court states that whether or not the groups is classified under the suspect class, that it cannot be disputed that elderly repeatedly suffer from arbitrary employment discrimination. He stated that because the tests were performed and could be a good measure of physical agility then the officer should have remained on the job. Compared the officer to pilots who are over the age of 60 the physical exams have not predictive ability to assess whether the exams function or not.
a) Rational related- the PL officer- claimed that a stricter scrutiny needed to be addresses. They stated that that employment is not a fundamental right and thus no strict scrutiny.
b) Under the equal protection clause-
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Criminal Procedure
Villanova University School of Law
Chanenson, Steven L.
Arrest, Search and Seizure: Fourth Amendment
Persistent Themes
· Liberty v. Security: the balance between effective law enforcement and protecting civil liberties
· We want cops to stop crime and bring criminals to justice
The Exclusionary Rule
Exclusionary rule: In the Federal justice system, evidence obtained in violation of the 4th amendment is ordinarily inadmissible in a criminal trial.
Application to the State:
§ Wolf v. Colorado:rejects the exclusionary rule as applied to the states. In a prosecution in a State court for a State crime the Exclusionary rule is not applied to the states through the 14th b/c:
· Justification: State’s reliance on other methods are effective; protects only individuals who have broken the law; not vital to ordered liberty (at the time 30 States reject the Weeks doctrine)
§ Mapp v. Ohio: overturns Wolf, noting that the exclusionary rule is necessary to protect 4th Amendment rights in State courts. Exclusionary rule applies to states when evidence is gained unconstitutionally.
· Purpose of the Exclusionary Rule: to deter — to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way — by removing the incentive to disregard it.
· Mapp is an example ofthe selective incorporation doctrine — if any aspect of right necessary to fundamental fairness then all aspects of the right must be applied to the state. This type of incorporation is adopted, and is a more modern view.
What is a Search?: Protected Areas and Interests
Search: A search occurs when the government intrudes on an area where a person has a constitutionally protected, reasonable expectation of privacy that society is willing to accept.
Standard: Did the government intrude on a reasonable expectation of privacy?
a. Actual/Subjective expectation of privacy
b. Recognized as objectively reasonable by society
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
1. What a person seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public may be constitutionally protected.
· Katz v. US: (Public Phone booth) — private conversation, closed door; search can occur without a physical intrusion into a constitutionally protected area b/c the fourth amendment protects people, not places. 4th Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of 4th Amend protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public may be constitutionally protected.
2. Information that could not have been obtained through visual surveillance.
· US. v. Karo: (Beeper) — information obtained by a beeper when in a private space without the homeowner’s knowledge violates the reasonable expectation of privacy. The information that was obtained could not have been through visual surveillance.
· Visual surveillance does not violate a persons expectation of privacy.
3. Intimate Details of a Home that can only be known by actual presence.
· Kyllo v. US:(Heat radiation) — Intimate details that can only be obtained using sense-enhancing technology (uncommon new technology) that couldn’t otherwise be obtained without physical intrusion.
No Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
1. Items that are voluntarily turned over to third parties
· California v. Greenwood: (Trash Bags) — a person has no expectation of privacy in information they voluntarily turn over to third parties.
2. Items that a party knowing exposes to the public, even if it is in their own home or office.
· Florida v. Riley: (Helicopter) — the growing of marijuana in a greenhouse, which was viewable from a helicopter 400 ft. above, is not protected. Court claims that this was open to the public (public airspace that anyone could have been flying in).
Probable Cause
Rule: In order to issue a warrant, the magistrate must determine whether there is a fair probability that search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.
Search warrant: must show item is properly seizeable, connected to a crime, and is where you think it is. You do not have to demonstrate whose it is.
Arrest warrant: PC that the crime has been committed, that the person committed the crime, and that PC can exist whether or not there is contraband.
Search v. Arrest:
§ The amount of evidence (PC) is the same.
§ Showing probabilities for different things, one can exist without the other. There can be enough to get a search warrant but no
bright line rule: a blanket exception for felony drug investigations for a no knock and announce requirement based on safety and preserving evidence is not justified because:
a. Overgeneralization
b. Would extend to all investigations where there might be a hypothetical-risk of exigent circumstances. This would render the knock and announce rule meaningless.
c. Duty of the court to decide if a particular entry w/o the knock and announce requirement is justified.
Warrantless Arrest and Search of Persons
· Rule: As long as there is PC then the police can arrest, search the individual, and the area within the immediate control in order to disarm suspect, take into custody and preserve evidence. If there is PC for arrest, then this intrusion is reasonable.
· US v. Watson: There can be an arrest without a warrant for felonies committed with PC or for a misdemeanor in the presence of the officer. Do not need to show exigent circumstances, whether it was practicable to get a warrant, or whether the suspect was about to flee, etc.
Searches Incident to Arrest
§ U.S. v. Robinson: The officer believed that Robinson was driving without a license. After the arrest, a pat-down revealed crumpled package of cigarettes which contained heroin capsules. Because he had PC for the arrest, he was able to search, and therefore seize the contraband. Officer does not have to indicate a subjective fear that respondent was armed in order to search.
· Rule: If the officer has PC to arrest, then they have the authority to search the individual. A custodial arrest of a suspect based on PC is a reasonable intrusion under the 4th Amendment, that intrusion being lawful, a search incident to the arrest requires no additional justification.
· Justification for authority to search:
1. Need to disarm suspect in order to take him into custody
2. Need to preserve evidence on his person for later use at trial
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The student voice
Updated: Sep 7
The Power of Student Voice; Empowering all Learners
When I think about student voice and what it means to me as an educator, I reflect on the ways in which my understanding of the concept has evolved over time and how in turn, it has shaped my practice as a teacher, and as an educational technology consultant. If I had been asked early in my career, “What is Student Voice?”, my answer would likely have focused around students participating during class discussions. Though I was on the right track, recognizing the importance of giving students the opportunity to speak out, to share their ideas and ask questions, I have come to realize that the answer to the question, “What is Student Voice?”, is far more complex and multifaceted. When we talk about student voice we are not only talking about hearing from each of our students in class, though that is a very important component, we are also referring to the ways students can express themselves and communicate or demonstrate their learning in multimodal ways, making choices that are informed by self-observation, reflection, and feedback from teachers, as well as peers. Through this deeper understanding, I began to appreciate the importance of student voice and the power that it has with regards to shaping learners and my learning environment.
For instance, I became more conscious of how student voice contributes to a growing sense of self-efficacy amongst students. According to Hattie, Fisher, and Frey “Learners’ self-efficacy contributes to their willingness to engage in academic risk taking…[and] is an important factor in self-regulation.” (Hattie, 2018, pp. 52-53) When students recognize they have a voice that matters and that their voice is actually taken into consideration, they feel empowered. We have begun to build their capacity for confidence in taking on a variety of learning challenges. Our students start to see themselves as having the skills needed to try to accomplish these learning tasks. I found that as I prioritized student voice in my lessons and learning activities, not only were students taking greater ownership of their learning, but they were becoming more observant and reflective of themselves as learners and how they were progressing on their learning journey.
I also found that by emphasizing the importance and value of student voice, together my stude
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7.3 C
United States of America
Monday, November 29, 2021
Health Benefits of Bell Pepper
Must read
Bell peppers, also known as sweet pepper or capsicum are basically peppers of less pungent varieties which are available in different colours such as yellow, red, green, purple and orange. These plump, bell shaped vegetables were cultivated more than 900 years ago in south and central America and were given the name pepper by the European colonizers of North America. These can easily grow in different types of climate.
Apart from imparting flavor and attractiveness to bland dishes, bell peppers are loaded with nutrients like vitamins A, C and K, carotenoids and dietary fiber which makes them immensely beneficial for the overall good health. Bell peppers also have vitamin B6 and folate that help to lower homocysteine levels, thus reducing the risk of heart disease.
Some of the health benefits of bell peppers are given below:
1. Good for Eyes: Being high in vitamin A, red bell peppers help to support healthy eyesight, especially night vision. They are a rich source of a carotenoid called lutein that helps in lowering the risk of macular degeneration of the eyes. Macular degeneration of eyes is the most common cause of age related visual loss. Bell peppers also protect your eyes from cataracts due to their high levels of beta-carotene and vitamin C.
3. Anti-Cancer: Being rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients, bell pepper provides several anti-cancer benefits. The risk of cancer increases due to chronic excessive inflammation and chronic unwanted oxidative stress. These factors can be offset with regular intake of phytonutrients having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, bell peppers also contain health supportive sulphur compounds. The enzymes in bell pepper help to prevent gastric cancer and esophageal cancer. The carotenoid lycopene is found to be effective in the prevention of prostate, bladder, cervix and pancreas cancer.
See also Essential Matters to Know About Ectopic Pregnancy
4. Cardiovascular Benefits: Red bell peppers are rich in lycopene, thus making them excellent for a healthy heart whereas green bell peppers are a good source of cholesterol lowering fiber. Increased homocysteine levels can lead to a higher risk of heart disease. Bell peppers contain vitamin B6 and folate which help to lower homocysteine levels. In addition to these, the powerful antioxidants vitamins A and C present in these vegetables help to wipe out free radicals. Potassium contained in bell peppers lowers about 162 milligrams of blood pressure which is also beneficial for heart.
6. Great source of Vitamin B6 and Magnesium: The combination of vitamin B6 and the mineral magnesium leads to decrease in anxiety levels, particularly due to pre-menstrual symptoms. Being a natural diuretic, vitamin B6 helps to reduce bloating and prevents hypertension.
9. Detoxifying Properties: Bell peppers help in clearing out the congested mucus membranes in the nose and lungs and eliminate toxins through sweating.
10. Benefits of Potassium: Bell peppers are good sources of potassium. This mineral helps in keeping the fluids and minerals balanced in the body. It enhances muscle function and regulates blood pressure.
11. Other Benefits: Bell pepper juice has proven to be effective in curing gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcers, diarrhea and dyspepsia. It also lowers the incidence of several respiratory problems such as emphysema, asthma and infections in the lungs. Drinking bell pepper juice is an effective remedy against sore throats and nose bleeds.
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Where meals are cooked for several families.
Old wood burning stoves like this cause asthma and chronic lung problems in children. These type of cooking facilities are full of flies and other insects. Any food, which is usually tortillas and beans, is pulled down by stray dogs. This dirty stove is used by 3 families. When it rains, the wood becomes wet and cannot be used.We teach them to use solar stoves and solar stills to purify water from the ocean. Despite what people think, the poor do not want to be dirty or live in unsanitary conditions.When you have less than $2 to live on, you cannot afford to buy cleaners, scrub brushes,etc. They have no wash clothes, seldom do they have soap to wash dishes. Since the torrential rainy season was approaching, we bought them a gas operated stove and plenty of cleaning items. In a very short time, the trash was raked up, the pots and pans clean, the solar stoves were out when the sun was out, and the new stove was clean and used by several of the families.
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Hi Marc,
The REALACCEL numbers are calculated with respect to the orientation of the sensor itself, so that if it is flat and you move it straight up, the "Z" accel will change, but if you flip it up on one side and move it in the new relative "up" direction (along the sensor's Z axis), it will still register acceleration on the Z axis. Essentially, it is sensor-oriented acceleration which removes the effects of gravity and any non-flat/level orientation.
The WORLDACCEL numbers are calculated to ignore orientation. Moving it straight up while flat will look the same as the REALACCEL numbers, but if you then flip it upside-down and do the exact same movement ("up" with respect to you), you'll get exactly the same numbers as before, even though the sensor itself is upside-down.
This would be easier to explain in person with a solid object for reference, but hopefully this is enough.
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Dr. Robert Judson-Torres of the University of Utah has recently published a study in eLife Magazine, explaining how moles and melanomas are formed and why moles can change into melanoma, according to Medical Xpress.
Moles, which are usually harmless, and melanomas, which are malignant or cancerous, originate from the same cells known as melanocytes.
Melanocytes give color to the skin and protect it from the harmful sun rays. There are specific changes to the DNA sequence of these skin cells, known as BRAF gene mutations. These mutations are found in more than 75% of moles. The same changes are also found in 50% of melanomas and cancers of the lung and colon.
Experts believe that when melanocytes only have the BRAF gene mutation the cell stops dividing, resulting in a mole, and when melanocytes have other mutations with BRAF, they divide uncontrollably, causing melanoma. This model is known as oncogene-induced senescence,” according to Medical Xpress.
Dr. Judson-Torres, who is also a Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) researcher, said, “A number of studies have challenged this model in recent years. These studies have provided excellent data to suggest that the oncogene-induced senescence model does not explain mole formation but what they have all lacked is an alternative explanation—which has remained elusive.”
The study analyzed moles and melanomas that were donated by patients and used transcriptomic profiling and digital holographic cytometry.
Transcriptomic profiling helps determine molecular differences between moles and melanomas, while digital holographic cytometry helps track changes in human cells.
Dr. Judson-Torres said, “We discovered a new molecular mechanism that explains how moles form, how melanomas form, and why moles sometimes become melanomas.”
He explained that melanocytes that turn into melanoma do not need to have additional mutations, but they are actually affected by environmental signaling. Melanocytes express genes in different environments, telling them to either divide uncontrollably or stop dividing altogether, per the news outlet.
“Origins of melanoma being dependent on environmental signals gives a new outlook in prevention and treatment,” explained Dr. Judson-Torres. “It also plays a role in trying to combat melanoma by preventing and targeting genetic mutations. We might also be able to combat melanoma by changing the environment.”
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FAQ: What Means Apostle?
What does apostle mean in the Bible?
What does it mean if someone is apostle?
What is another word for apostle?
In this page you can discover 55 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for apostle, like: messenger, missionary, witness, disciple, evangelist, follower, aficionada, aficionado, apprentice, companion and fan.
What is an example of a apostle?
The definition of an apostle is one of the specific twelve individuals who Jesus called upon to help spread his word. An example of an apostle is Judas Iscariot. An apostle is defined as someone who followed Jesus as a missionary of the Christian message. An example of an apostle is James the son of Alpheus.
You might be interested: Often asked: What Islands Was The Apostle Paul Shipwrecked On?
Why is Jesus called an apostle?
What is a female apostle called?
What is difference between disciple and apostle?
Can a woman be an apostle?
What is the responsibility of an apostle?
Modern day apostle in the apostolic movement An “apostle” is one who has a call to plant and oversee churches, has verifiable church plants and spiritual sons in the ministry, who is recognized by other apostles and meets the biblical qualifications of an elder.
What is the opposite of an apostle?
Opposite of a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy. critic. protestor. opponent. adversary.
You might be interested: Question: Was Apostle Paul Killed?
How do you use apostles in a sentence?
She is an apostle of love and peace. The Mother is a real apostle of true love to her child. The word ‘apostle’ comes from the Greek word ‘apostolo’. He is considered an apostle of God.
What was Jesus’s wife’s name?
Mary Magdalene as Jesus’s wife.
Did Jesus have a wife?
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What Is a Casting Director?
Definition & Examples of a Casting Director
A casting director selecting actors for a theatrical production.
••• PeopleImages / Getty Images
Casting directors find talent for roles in film, television, theater, and commercial work. They negotiate contracts, manage a casting budget, and coordinate and hold auditions.
Learn more about casting directors and how they work.
What Is a Casting Director?
Casting directors play an essential role in entertainment, including television shows, films, commercials, theater, and videos. They work to find the best talent for every part while staying within the casting budget. They typically don't make the final decision on who's cast (that falls to the director and producers), but they provide a shortlist of candidates for consideration.
How a Casting Director Works
A casting director's work starts well before meeting any actors. They typically start by meeting with the producers, director, and possibly the writer, to learn more about the project and the roles involved. They'll also closely read the script, making notes on the various characters.
Once they know the scope of the project and the roles, the casting director gets to work. In some cases, lead actors may not need to audition, so the casting director may contact those actors' agents to determine availability and interest.
For other roles, they'll set up auditions with actors or agents. They may also send information about open roles to talent agencies and Breakdown Services, a service that provides daily lists of acting opportunities to actors and agents.
The casting director then holds auditions, looking for actors who are a good fit for the production and sending information on the top candidates to the director and producers.
Requirements for a Casting Director
Like many careers in entertainment, there's no one path to becoming a casting director. Some start with a degree in film or theater. Acting classes help aspiring casting agents learn about the acting process.
Business classes could also help future casting directors, as managing a budget and negotiating contracts is a critical part of their work.
Many aspiring casting directors start by looking for work as a casting associate for an experienced casting director. They may also start as a production assistant
Here are a few more essential skills for casting directors:
Eye for Talent
A good casting director can tell right off the bat whether or not a given actor is right for the role they are auditioning for. This is usually an innate skill but can be fine-tuned and developed over time. Casting directors also keep a pulse on upcoming talent by seeing shows at local theaters, colleges, and universities and watching short and independent films.
It often takes a lot of time to find exactly the right person for a role, so casting directors need patience. The contract negotiation process can also be taxing. Casting directors need to be able to keep going until they find the right person for every role.
Making and Maintaining Connections
Casting directors need good relationships with directors, producers, writers, actors, and talent agents. This helps them land their next job and perform each job to the best of their ability since they have an established pool of talent to draw from.
Casting directors can't afford to be disorganized. They need to know what's happening with multiple roles at any given time and be flexible enough to make changes if actors pull out at the last minute. They may also be supervising casting associates, so they need to have a handle on several moving parts at all times.
Some casting directors start as actors, which gives them an understanding of how to work with actors and how to make them feel comfortable during auditions.
Key Takeaways
• They develop a shortlist of actors to present to the director, producers, and writers.
• Their work starts before meeting with any actors. They begin by meeting with the director and producers and reading the script.
• Once they know the roles, they contact actors and hold auditions. They also negotiate contracts.
• Casting directors need an eye for talent, patience, the ability to network, and organizational skills.
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A pronoun is a word that's used in place of a noun or noun phrase, like “he,” “she,” or “it,” in place of “Dusty,” “Carol,” or “the lemur.”
The word pronoun originally comes from the Latin pronomen, which broken down means "for" or "in place of" and "name." The pronoun is a "stand-in" word for another noun, so you can use pronouns instead of repeating someone's name: "Charley went to the store and to Charley's office and then back to Charley's house" becomes "Charley went to the store and to his office and then back to his house."
Definitions of pronoun
1. noun
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show 6 types...
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anaphoric pronoun
a pronoun that refers to an antecedent
demonstrative, demonstrative pronoun
a pronoun that points out an intended referent
personal pronoun
a pronoun expressing a distinction of person
reciprocal pronoun
a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject
relative pronoun
a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent
reflexive, reflexive pronoun
type of:
closed-class word, function word
Word Family
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Showing posts from August, 2021
Best book to learn Python
Python is one of the most popular programming language. Because of its simplicity and more readablility it's popularity is growing day by day. It is a cross platform programming language and now days it is possbile to do almost any filds including Web programming, Machine learning & Artifical Inteligence, Software development etc. That is the why more and more people willing to learn Python. Here I am going to share some useful books link that can help you to learn python. 1. Python Playground by Mahesh Venkitachalam 2. PYTHON PYTHON'S COMPANION, A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR BEGINNERS TO START CODING TODAY! by JOE THOMPSON 3. Head First Python, 2nd Edition: A Brain-Friendly Guide by Paul Barry
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Course Syllabus Assignments Rules and Procedures Home
You are responsible for keeping up with the textbook reading. From time to time I will, in class, provide additional instructions about what sections to emphasize (for instance, if we are running behind). You will be responsible for information from the textbook on the exams.
You will write five summaries covering material presented in class and in the textbook for the previous week. You will organize those summaries into five paragraphs, each explaining a major idea, concept, or event from the period covered by the lectures/textbook chapters. Each paragraph should be roughly 100 words; the papers will be graded based on your choices and the examples you use to support them. Send them as emails to me at no later than 8:00 AM on the date they are due.
FRANKLIN/DOUGLASS PAPER (1000 words: single space, front and back, stapled)
This paper asks you examine the “art” of autobiography by answering the following questions about both books: 1) Who is the audience or audiences for the book? 2) What is the single most important theme of each book? 3) What is the most important idea that you as a student took from the books that you have not learned in this or any other history class? Although you may use the introductions for background information, draw mainly on the autobiographies themselves for evidence for your papers.
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Creating & Ratifying the Constitution
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Presentation on theme: "Creating & Ratifying the Constitution"— Presentation transcript:
1 Creating & Ratifying the Constitution
Chapter 3 Sec. 2
2 Section 2 Vocabulary Legislative Branch Executive Branch
Judicial Branch Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Electoral College Federalists Federalism Anti-Federalists
3 Two opposing plans The Virginia Plan Designed by James Madison
Called for three branches of government Legislative Branch- creates laws Executive Branch- carries out laws Judicial Branch- interprets laws Called for the legislative branch to have two houses, with the states represented by population in each Favored larger states
4 Two opposing plans The New Jersey Plan
Called for the same three branches of government Called for the legislative branch to have one house where each state would have equal representation This plan favored smaller states
5 Constitutional Compromises
The Great Compromise In order to satisfy the wishes of both large and small states, Roger Sherman proposed a compromise Called for a two house legislature Senate- each state would have equal representation. Two Senators per state House of Representatives- each state would have representation based on population
7 Constitutional Compromises
Debate over slaves Southern states wanted slaves to be counted as part of their population This would give them more representation in Congress Northern states opposed this The two sides were able to come to a compromise The Three-Fifths Compromise would count 3 out of 5 slaves as part of the Southern population
8 Constitutional Compromises
Delegates disagreed on whether Congress or the voters should choose the president Their solution was the Electoral College A group of people named by the state legislature to select a president and vice president Today the popular vote determines who wins each states electoral vote. Electoral number is determined by number of each states representatives plus 2 senators
9 Approving the Constitution
Ratification, or approval required 9 of the 13 states to vote “yes” Supporters of the constitution called themselves Federalists to emphasize that the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments Anti-Federalists opposed the new constitution. They wanted a bill of rights to be added. Both sides agreed to add a bill of rights, and this allowed the needed 9 votes. Thus the new Constitution took effect
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Let the Pupil Write the Description of a Tree
It is said that Flaubert taught De Maupassant to write. When De Maupassant returned from a walk Flaubert would ask him to describe someone, say a concierge whom they would both pass in their next walk, and to describe the person so that Flaubert would recognize, say, the concierge and not mistake her for some […]
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how to pronounce senora
how to improve pronunciation of senora
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meaning of senora
Senora is a female name.
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(Matthew 21:1-2)
The village of Bethphage is remembered as the starting point of Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem on the day that is commemorated as Palm Sunday. The exact location of the village, on the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives and close to Bethany, is uncertain.
Bethphage was considered the outermost reach of the city of Jerusalem, the limit of a Sabbath-day’s journey (900 metres) from the city, and the furthest point at which bread could be baked for use in the Temple.
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Rosebay Willowherb and Fern Plant-lore
Rosebay Willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium)
The genus name of Epilobium comes from two Greek words: epi meaning upon and lobos meaning a pod which alludes to the fact that the flowers seem to sit upon the top of long, thin pod-like seed vessels that look rather like thick flower stems. The name willowherb refers to the leaves which look rather like the leaves of the willow tree.
Rosebay willowherb was restricted in its habitat to clearings in woodland, until the advent of the railways. The disturbance of the ground by the construction of the railways and the corridors of movement which they provided allowed the rosebay willowherb to spread far and wide
Rosebay willowherb, known as fireweed in the USA and greater willowherb in Canada, rapidly colonises burnt ground. During the bombing of London during WWII, this plant often colonised derelict sites giving a much needed splash of colour during this grim time. In the later months of summer it produces lots of pollen and nectar which bees turn into a rich, spicy honey. It is the main food source for the caterpillar of the Elephant Hawk-moth. In Russia it is used as a substitute for tea, and is called kaipor tea. The leaves of rosebay willowherb can be fermented just as the leaves of tea can.
‘The willowherb will stop bleeding, heal wounds and drive away snakes, gnats and flies’ [1]
Picking the flower would mean your mother would die.[2]
Thunderstorms ensue from picking the flowers.[2]
Boys in the Thteford area used to smoke the fluffy down from the plant, but it was a very hot and strong smoke.[2]
In Elizabethan times, fern seed was believed to be invisible, expect for a few moments around midnight on Midsummer Eve when it could be seen falling to the ground. Anyone who could catch some in a pewter plate would be invisible while they carried it (the seed not the plate!). [2] Shakespeare, in Henry IV, wrote ‘we have the receipt of fern seed, we walk invisible’.
In 19th century Lancashire, young people would go to Clough, near Moston, to silently gather the seeds of ‘St John’s Fern’ on the Eve of St John’s Day. They would do this in order to gain the affections of those maidens who would not accept their attentions. In Lincolnshire, St Mark’s Eve was called ‘the Devil’s Harvest’ because ferns were said to bud, blossom and release seed all between midnight and 1 a.m. and it would be the Devil that would harvest it. If anyone managed to catch some of the seed between two pewter plates, then they would become as wise as the Devil. [2]
In the 17th century it was believed that the burning of bracken – either in the preparation of potash (used in the manufacture of glass or soap) or for its control – would lead to rain. [3]
If you cut a fern stall horizontally you will see a significant letter, supposedly the initial of the person you will marry. A less common superstition, but one that was more serious, was the idea that the initial is always a ‘C’, signifying Christ, and for this reason witches are said to detest the plant. [2]
Another version is that the shape is a representation of an oak tree, the clearer the shape the better your luck will be [1].
The Druids classified ferns as sacred trees. At Midsummer, uncurled fronds of Male Fern were gathered, dried and then carried as good-luck charms. Fern leaves also have the reputation of preventing evil from entering one’s home.
1. E Radford and M A Radford – Encyclopaedia of Superstitions 1949
2. J Simpson and S Roud – A Dictionary of English Folklore
3. R Vickery – Dictionary of Plant-Lore
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These should be as simple as possible. One sufficiently warm and long night-shirt or night-gown will, as a rule, be enough; the less worn, the easier it ,will be to make changes. If the limbs incline to be cold, light drawers may be added; with the old and feeble, stockings also. Changes of garments worn constantly in bed should be frequent. One ' robe" for the day and another for the night would be well, but for the fatigue of so many movements.
There should be no exposure to cold during such changes. There need be none, if the room is moderately warm at the time (700 Fahr.) and the fresh garment is well warmed near the bed. One arm should be taken out of the sleeve it is in, and put in the new one; then the old shirt should be lifted off over the head, and the new one put in its place; lastly, the other arm should be changed and the shirt drawn down. When a long gown is ready to put down over the head and shoulders, the old one can be drawn off at the feet.
If any garment becomes soiled, it must be removed as soon as possible. There are, of course, some states of extreme debility in which it is not safe to move the patient so often as above said. But, by having garments made loose, and cut or ripped if necessary to facilitate removal, the refreshment of such changes may be obtained in more cases of illness than many people suppose. When the disease from which a patient suffers is contagious, as small-pox, scarlet fever, measles or typhus fever, every article of clothing worn, as well as the sheets, blankets and bedding, must be (for safety to . others) either boiled or burned. In malignant cases, or those attended by much soiling of the clothes, they had better be burned. In other instances they may be thoroughly boiled, and then spread out in the sun to dry.
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For the purpose of this Chapter, unless otherwise defined in this section, certain words and terms are defined as provided in state law, most particularly Chapter 115A of Minnesota Statutes, in County Ordinance 110, or as follows:
Means all land or parcels of land on which refuse is accepted for deposit or permitted to be deposited regardless of whether a charge is made therefor.
Means something rejected or discarded as worthless or useless, and includes all waste substances.
Means any refuse, sludge, spent solutions or other waste material or combinations of refuse, sludge, spent solutions or other waste materials in solid, semi-solid, liquid or contained gaseous form which, because of its quantity, concentrations, or chemical, physical or infectious characteristics may: (a) cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness; or (b) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported or disposed of, or otherwise managed. Categories of hazardous waste materials include, but are not limited to, explosives, flammables, oxidizers, poisons, irritants and corrosives. Hazardous waste does not include source, special nuclear, or by-product material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.
Means a facility that employs a method for final disposal on land, of solid waste, including mixed municipal solid waste, in accordance with a preconceived plan and without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of environmental planning and engineering to confine solid waste to the proper and smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest volume, and to cover it with an adequate layer of cover material at the conclusion of each day's operation, or at such more frequent intervals as may be required.
Means garbage, refuse and other discarded waste materials, in solid, semisolid, liquid, or contained gaseous form, resulting from residential, industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and other activities, but does not include hazardous waste, animal waste used as fertilizer, earthen fill, boulders, rock or other landscape materials, sewage sludge, solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage or other common pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial waste water effluents or discharges which are point sources subject to permits under section 402 of the federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, dissolved materials in irrigation return flows, or source, special nuclear, or by-product material as defined by The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.
Means all property, real or personal, including negative and positive easements and water and air rights that is used for processing, managing, or disposing of solid waste, except property used primarily for the manufacture of metal or paper. The term solid waste facility includes solid waste landfills, transfer stations, incinerators, energy recovery facilities, special waste facilities, processing facilities, composting facilities, infectious waste facilities, hazardous waste facilities, and also includes any other intermediate and final solid waste disposal sites and facilities.
Means any City Code Official or any other representative duly appointed by the Council or designated by the City Manager. (Ord. 1536, 1-19- 2021)
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registr: a vignette
Julia Wrobel
The registr package is for registering, or aligning, exponential family functional data.
What is exponential family registration?
Functional data analysis is a set of tools for understanding patterns and variability in data where the basic unit of observation is a curve measured over some domain such as time or space. An example is an accelerometer study where intensity of physical activity was measured at each minute over 24 hours for 50 subjects. The data will contain 50 curves, where each curve is the 24-hour activity profile for a particular subject.
Classic functional data analysis assumes that each curve is continuous or comes from a Gaussian distribution. However, applications with exponential family functional data – curves that arise from any exponential family distribution, and have a smooth latent mean – are increasingly common. For example, take the accelerometer data just mentioned, but assume researchers are interested in sedentary behavior instead of activity intensity. At each minute over 24 hours they collect a binary measurement that indicates whether a subject was active or inactive (sedentary). Now we have a binary curve for each subject – a trajectory where each time point can take on a value of 0 or 1. We assume the binary curve has a smooth latent mean, which in this case is interpreted as the probability of being active at each minute over 24 hours. This is a example of exponential family functional data.
Often in a functional dataset curves have similar underlying patterns but the main features of each curve, such as the minimum and maximum, have shifts such that the data appear misaligned. This misalignment can obscure patterns shared across curves and produce messy summary statistics. Registration methods reduce variability in functional data and clarify underlying patterns by aligning curves.
At the core of this registration method is generalized functional principal components analysis (GFPCA), a popular technique for extracting patterns shared across curves.
The registr model and algorithm
The main model for exponential family registration is
\[ \begin{eqnarray*} E\left[Y_i\left(h_i^{-1}(t_i^*)\right) | c_i, h_i^{-1} \right] &=& \mu_i(t) \\ g\left[\mu_i(t)\right]&=& \alpha(t) + \sum_{k = 1}^K c_{ik}\psi_k(t). \end{eqnarray*} \] For subject \(i\), inverse warping function \(h_i^{-1}\) maps unregistered time \(t_i^*\) to registered time \(t\) such that \(h_i^{-1}(t_i^*) = t\). \(Y_i\left(t_i^*\right)\) and \(Y_i\left(h_i^{-1}(t_i^*)\right)\) are the unregistered and registered response curves, respectively. The subject-specific means \(\mu_i(t)\) are related to the population-level mean \(\alpha(t)\) and a linear combination of population-level basis functions \(\psi(t)\) and subject-specific scores \(c_i\) through a known link function \(g\).
The registr algorithm is based on this model and iterates between the following steps:
1. Estimate subject-specific means \(\mu_i(t)\) using GFPCA, conditional on current estimate of \(h_i^{-1}(t_i^*)\).
2. Estimate inverse warping functions \(h_i^{-1}(t_i^*)\), conditional on current estimate of \(\mu_i(t)\).
The methods implemented in registr are described in more detail in this paper.
The registr package
The main function in the package is register_fpca(). It calls two sub-functions: a GFPCA function to implement step 1 of the iterative algorithm, and registr(), a function to implement step 2 of the algorithm. The function that calculates GFPCA depends on the family. For family = "binomial" the bfpca() function performs this step and for family = "gaussian" the fpca_gauss() function performs this step. The register_fpca() function iterates between the alignment and template calculation steps until curves are registered.
A note on data formatting
Use of this package requires that data be in a specific format: a long-form data frame with variables id, index, and value, where the value column contains functional observations for all subjects, the id column identifies which observations belong to which subject, and index provides the grid (domain) over which the values are observed.
The variable id should be a unique identifier in that each id identifies a single subject. Since we assume there is only one curve per subject for this package, id uniquely identifies each curve as well. Other covariates can be included in the data as long as the variables id, index, and value are present.
Simulated data
There are two functions for simulating data included in the package: simulate_unregistered_curves() and simulate_functional_data(). Both simulate functional data; the first is intended for demonstrating the registration algorithm and the second is for testing GFPCA sub-functions in the package.
Simulate data for registration
simulate_unregistered_curves() generates curves with both unregistered and registered time grids.The code below generates data with \(I = 10\) subjects and \(D = 200\) using this function:
The resulting object,registration_data, is a data frame with variables id, value, index, latent_mean, and t, which is consistent with the format our registr software requires. id is the identifier for a particular subject, the value variable contains binary observations, and latent_mean contains continuous observations used to generate the binary observations for the value variable. Note that when family = "binomial" we will use the binary value variable as the observations for each subject and when family = "gaussian" we use the latent_mean variable as the outcome.
The variables index and t are both time grids. Evaluated on the grid index the data is unregistered, and on the grid t the data is registered. Registered and unregistered curves are plotted below.
Each curve has one main peak, but the location of that peak is shifted. When curves are registered the peaks are aligned.
Simulate data for GFPCA
simulate_functional_data() simulates data with a population-level mean and two orthogonal principal components based on sine and cosine functions. The code below generates data with \(I = 100\) subjects and \(D = 200\) time points per subject using this function:
The resulting object,fpca_data, is a list that contains the true population-level mean (alpha) and principal components (psi1 and psi2), and a dataframe (Y). The dataframe Y contains variables id, value, index and latent_mean. This data is plotted below.
The left panel of the figure above shows the latent means for each subject, along with the population-level mean, \(\alpha(t)\), in red. The middle and right panels show the first and second principal components, \(\psi_1(t)\) and \(\psi_2(t)\), respectively. Using the \(logit^{-1}(\cdot)\) function we can convert the subject-specific means to probabilities; these probabilities are used to generate the binary values. Binary values and latent probability curve for one subject in the dataset is shown below.
We can alter the score variance for the principal components using the arguments lambda1 and lambda2. The default setting is for all subjects to have the same number of time points. However, by specifying vary_D = TRUE, we can generate data with uneven grid lengths for each subject.
Registration using register_fpca()
register_fpca() is the main function for the registr package. Use the family argument to this function to specify what type of exponential family data you would like to align. The package supports family = "binomial" for registering binary data and family = "gaussian" for registering continuous data.
register_fpca(family = "binomial") for binary data
To register binary data use the following code:
The argument Y specificities the input dataset; this code uses the simulated registration_data. Kt and Kh specify number of B-spline basis functions for the subject-specific means and warping functions, respectively, and npc indicates the number of functional principal components to use.
ing the binary data are plotted above. At left probabilities on unregistered domain \(t^*\), center are probabilities on true registered domain \(t\), and at right are probabilities on estimated registered domain \(\widehat{t}\). After registration the underlying probabilities are aligned – though it is important to note that the algorithm registers based on the underlying binary observations, not the true probabilities.
The true an estimated warping functions are plotted above.
register_fpca(family = "gaussian") for continuous data
To register continuous data use the following code:
bfpca() function
The registr package includes a novel variational EM algorithm for binary functional principals component analysis (bfpca), derived from methods for binary probabilistic PCA (Tipping 1999).
This bfpca() function works for data that is sparse and irregular (subjects do not have to be observed on the same grid and do not have to have the same number of grid points), as well as dense, regularly observed data. The following code runs bfpca on the fpca_data dataset.
bfpca_object = bfpca(fpca_data$Y, npc = 2, Kt = 8, print.iter = TRUE)
The argument print.iter = TRUE prints the error after each iteration. The true and estimated population-level mean and FPCs are plotted below.
The algorithm runs quickly and does a good job recovering the true FPCs. Note that while the truth and estimation are not perfectly aligned, this is to be expected – the data used to estimate these functions are binary observations that are generated for the truth with some variability, so results are not expected to perfectly align. One would expect results to get better with increasing number of time points per subject.
registr() function
The registration step of register_fpca() calls the registr function. Though registration is intended to be performed through the register_fpca() function registr() can work as a standalone function. registr() uses constrained maximization of an exponential family likelihood function to estimate functions that align curves.
The default option gradient = TRUE implements an analytic gradient for this optimization problem. Selecting gradient = FALSE implements a numeric gradient which is less computationally efficient. This is illustrated in the code below.
data_test_gradient = simulate_unregistered_curves(I = 50, D = 100)
start_time = Sys.time()
reg_analytic = registr(Y = data_test_gradient, family = "binomial", gradient = TRUE)
end_time = Sys.time()
analytic_gradient = as.numeric(round((end_time - start_time), 2))
start_time = Sys.time()
reg_numeric = registr(Y = data_test_gradient, family = "binomial", gradient = FALSE)
end_time = Sys.time()
numeric_gradient = as.numeric(round((end_time - start_time), 2))
On a dataset with just 50 subjects and 100 time points per subject, the registr() function runs in 1.56 seconds with an analytic gradient and 1.74 seconds with a numeric gradient. Since the register_fpca() algorithm is iterative and calls the registr() function several times, using an analytic derivative drastically increases the computational efficiency, especially if number of subjects in the dataset is large.
Help files
Documentation for individual functions gives more information on their arguments and return objects, and can be pulled up via the following:
Tipping, M.E. 1999. “Probabilistic Visualisation of High-Dimensional Binary Data.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 592–98.
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New Year traditions in different countries
For Great Britain
For the USA
For Canada
For Australia
For New Zealand
For Brasilia
For Africa
For Japan
Category: culturologyculturology
New Year traditions in different countries
1. New Year traditions in different countries
Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение
«Средняя школа № 32 «Эврика-развитие»
г. Волжского Волгоградской области»
New Year traditions
in different countries
So many countries, so many customs
is a famous proverb.
Автор: Оленев Матвей
2. For Great Britain
• New Year is not a family holiday. It is like a party for friends and the youth.
• You can see London New Year parade with dancers, musicians, acrobats on
Trafalgar Square, while Big Ben is beating midnight! Fantastic!
3. For the USA
• The USA is famous for its New York Laser Show on Times Square and a
huge Crystal Ball. The ball dropping is extremely exciting!
4. For Canada
• In Canada the most unusual custom is Polar Bear Swim. People jump into
the cold water of the ocean to meet a new year!
5. For Australia
• The unique tradition is in Australia. It’s hot there, remember? The
Australians are on the beach, lying in the sun. Wow! This is their time for
swimming parties.
6. For New Zealand
• New Zealand is known for Santa-Clauses’ parade. Can you imagine
thousands of Santas walking in the city center! Incredible!
7. For Brasilia
• The Brazilians throw out old papers and documents outside. It symbolizes
the end of Business Year. Everybody wears white!
8. For Africa
• The Africans don’t drink champagne because it’s too expensive, they are very
poor. No fireworks, no festivals, just “homemade beer”.
9. For Japan
• The country of Japan starts the New Year when the bell rings 108 (hundred
and eight times). They believe that the bell will help to escape from the
worst human sins!!!
English Русский Rules
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Mayim Acharonim and Other Preparations for Birkat Ha-Mazon
Rav David Brofsky
This week, we will begin our study of the blessings said after eating bread, known as the Birkat Ha-Mazon. We will begin by noting and studying the preparations for Birkat Ha-Mazon, including the customs not to remove the bread and to cover the knives before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon. We will also study the laws of Mayim Acharonim. Nest week, we will discuss the Zimun, and we will then begin to study the laws of the Birkat Ha-Mazon itself.
Leaving Bread on the Table During Birkat Ha-Mazon
Tosafot (s.v. salek) infers from the Talmud (Berakhot 42a) that it was customary to remove the table before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon. He notes that our custom not to remove the bread before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon appears to contradict this passage. He suggests that even in the times of the Talmud, the table was not removed from before the mevarekh, the person who leads the Zimun and says the Birkat Ha-Mazon for everyone. Since nowadays everyone eats together around one table, it would be inappropriate to remove the table and the bread before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon.
The Shulchan Arukh (180:1) cites this practice, and the Mishna Berura (180:1) explains that one should not remove or clear the bread from the table, as it should be clear that one is saying the Birkat Ha-Mazon over the food that God, in his great mercy, provide for man. The Magen Avraham (180:1) cites another reason based on the Zohar (Parashat Lekh Lekha 88a), which teaches that “blessing does rest upon an empty thing.” This idea is derived from the story of Elisha, who miraculously filled the widow’s empty vessels with oil (Melakhim 2 4:1-6). Therefore, before the blessings are said over the bread, we must ensure that there is still bread on the table, as “a blessing does not rest upon an empty thing.”
Furthermore, the Talmud (Sanhedrin 9a) teaches:
R. Elazar also said: He who leaves no bread on the table [at the end of his meal] will never see a sign of blessing, as it is written, “There be none of his meat left; therefore shall he not hope for his prosperity” (Iyov 20:12). But did not R. Elazar say: He who leaves crumbs on his table is as though he engaged in idol worship, for it is written, “That prepare a table for Gad, and that furnish the drink offering unto Meni” (Yeshayahu 65:11)? It is no difficulty: In the latter case, a whole loaf is left therewith [i.e., with the pieces], but in the former, there is no whole loaf left therewith.
Rashi explains that one should leave crumbs on the table, symbolizing that he is leaving over food to share with those less fortunate. However, one who brings a new loaf to the table in addition to the leftover crumbs appears to be offering a loaf to a pagan god. If there are no crumbs on the table, he may even bring a loaf to the table for Birkat Ha-Mazon. According to Rashi’s interpretation of this passage, one should not only say the Birkat Ha-Mazon in the presence of the food, but one should also leave a bit over.
Covering the Knife before Birkat Ha-Mazon
The Rishonim (see Orchot Chaim, Hilkhot Birkat Ha-Mazon; see also Tur and Beit Yosef 180) cite the custom to cover the knife on the table during Birkat Ha-Mazon. Two reasons are cited for this custom.
The Rokeach (332) explains that since the table is compared to the altar (Chagiga 23a), the verse “you shall lift up no iron tool upon them,” referring to the construction of the altar, applies to a table as well. Knives should be covered during Birkat Ha-Mazon, reflecting the idea that while weapons shorten life, the altar and the table lengthen life.
R. Tzedekiah ben Avraham Anav, in his Shibbolei Ha-Leket, cites Ha-Chaver R. Simcha, who related that there was once a person who, upon reaching the blessing of Bonei Yerushalayim, stabbed himself in the stomach, in grief, as he recalled the destruction of Yerushalayim. It is therefore customary to remove knives from the table before reciting the Birkat Ha-Mazon, in order to avoid such tragedies.
The Shibbolei Ha-Leket records that it is customary NOT to remove knives from the table before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon in Shabbat and Yom Tov. Seemingly, this is because one cannot build the altar on Shabbat or Yom Tov. He notes that although the custom is indeed not to cover the knives on Shabbat and Yom Tov, according to R. Simcha, there should be no distinction between Shabbat/Yom Tov and a weekday.
The Taz (180:3), commenting on the Shulchan Arukh’s (180:5) ruling that one does not cover the knives on Shabbat and Yom Tov, suggests that even R. Simcha might agree that there would be no reason to cover the knives due to the festive and happy nature of Shabbat. Some Acharonim suggest other differences between these two reasons (see, for example, Sefer Ta’amei Ha-Minhagim 184).
As mentioned above, the Shulchan Arukh (180:5) records that although it is customary to cover the knives during Birkat Ha-Mazon, it is not customary to do so on Shabbat and Yom Tov.
Mayim Acharonim
The Talmud (Chullin 105a) teaches that there is a “chova,” an obligatio), to wash one’s hands before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon.
What is the reason for this obligation? On the one hand, the gemara (Chullin 105b) states:
R. Yehuda the son of R. Chiyya said: Why did [the Rabbis] say that it was a bounden duty to wash the hands after the meal? Because of a certain salt of Sodom which makes the eyes blind.
Rashi explains that after touching this type of salt, melach sedomit, if one rubs his eyes, the salt will cause blindness.
The origins of and the type of salt referred to by the gemara is not clear. The gemara implies that the salt is from the region of the Dead Sea/Sedom, and Rashi (Beitza 39a, s.v. sedomit) explains that this salt is very fine and sticks to the hands, and then apparently can reach the eyes. Elsewhere (Bava Batra 20b s.v. melach), Rashi explains that melach sedomit is “thick and hard as a stone.” In any case, the Talmud expresses concern that after eating a meal with this salt, apparently generally eaten with bread, one must wash his hands.
Elsewhere, the Talmud implies a different reason for Mayim Acharonim:
R. Yehuda said in the name of Rav… “Sanctify yourselves” – this refers to washing of the hands before the meal. “And you should be holy” – this refers to washing of the hands after the meal. (Berakhot 53b)
According to this passage, R. Yehuda believes that just as washing before eating bread fulfills the Biblical verse of “Sanctify yourselves,” washing one’s hands before saying the Birkat Ha-Mazon fulfills the second half of the verse, “And you should be holy” (Vayikra 20:7).
The Rishonim disagree as to which is the primary reason for Mayim Acharonim. On the one hand, Tosafot (Berakhot 53b, s.v. ve-heyitem) explains:
[This law is] only [binding] for them, as they were accustomed to wash their hands after the meal because of the melach sedomit. We, however, do not have melach sedomit and we are not accustomed to washing after the meal. The washing does not prevent one from blessing [the Birkat Ha-Mazon].
Tosafot clearly maintains that Mayim Acharonim is due to the presence of melach sedomit. Nowadays, since there is no melach sedomit, Mayim Acharonim is no longer obligatory. However, Tosafot adds:
However, for those particular people who are accustomed to washing their hands after the meal, washing [the hands] certainly prevents one from saying Birkat Ha-Mazon, and they should wash their hands before Birkat Ha-Mazon.
Although Tosafot does not explicitly relate this last point to the passage in masekhet Berakhot, seemingly, this ruling may be understood as an expression of “and you shall be holy,” the other reason given for Birkat Ha-Mazon.
Other Rishonim write that although melach sedomit is the primary reason for Mayim Acharonim and melach sedomit is not found nowadays, Mayim Acharonim is still obligatory (see Rif, Chullin 37b, and Rambam, Hilkhot Berakhot 6:3 and 11:6).
On the other hand, other Rishonim (see Rosh, Berakhot 8:6; Rabbanei Tzarfat cited by Talmidei Rabbeinu Yona, Berakhot 40b; Ra’avad, Hilkhot Berakhot 6:2, et al.) relate to the reason cited in Berakhot (53b), and maintain that one should wash Mayim Acharonim as a means of preparation and sanctification before reciting Birkat Ha-Mazon. The Ra’avad (Hilkhot Berakhot 6:4) even maintains that one whose hands are dirty should wash and say a blessing over Mayim Acharonim!
The Shulchan Arukh (181:1) rules that Mayim Acharonim is an obligation (chova). He also acknowledges that some are accustomed not to wash before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon. He insists that even according to that practice, if a person generally washes his hands after a meal, he must do so before Birkat Ha-Mazon, as from his personal perspective, his hands are not clean.
Despite the view of Tosafot and others who maintain that Mayim Acharonim is not obligatory nowadays, and despite the common practice of many not to wash (see also Mor U-Ketzi’a 181, who explains that since nowadays people eat with silverware, there is no need to wash after eating), many Acharonim still maintain that one should wash Mayim Acharonim (see, for example, Mishna Berura 181:22). Furthermore, if one’s hands or soiled (Sha’ar Ha-Tziun 181:32), or if one ordinarily washes one’s hands after a meal (Shulkhan Arukh 181:10), Mayim Acharonim should be performed.
Seemingly, women should also wash Mayim Acharonim before saying Birkat Ha-Mazon. Indeed some Acharonim (see Yalkut Yosef 181:2, Halikhot Bat Yisrael, p. 58) write this explicitly. However, in practice, even in communities in which Mayim Acharonim is strictly observed, women usually do not participate in this mitzva, even when the Mayim Acharonim cup passes from person to person sitting around a table. Some (see Shevet Halevi, vol. 4, OC, no. 23) suggest that since nowadays melach sedomit no longer exists, women did not accept upon themselves the custom to wash Mayim Acharonim in preparation for the Birkat Ha-Mazon. Of course, this observation, which is most probably correct, highlights that Mayim Acharonim nowadays is viewed by many as a stringency and not an obligation.
For those who are accustomed to wash Mayim Acharonim, we note the following details.
The Rishonim debate some of the details of Mayim Acharonim. For example, the Rashba (Torat Ha-Bayit 6:2) writes that one should wash until the second joint of the fingers. The Bet Yosef cites those who require that one wash until the knuckles (where the fingers join the hand). Although the Shulchan Arukh (181:4) rules in accordance with the Rashba, the Gra insists that this is subject to the same debate found in the laws of Netilat Yadayim, and preferably one should wash to the knuckles. As the Mishna Berura notes (181:10), one should wash with more than a few drops of water.
Some Acharonim require that one wash from a vessel containing a revi’it of water (see Gra, Ma’aseh Rav 85). Others disagree (see Mishna Berura 181:21) and insist that there is no need for a vessel, for ko’ach gavra, or for more than enough water to rinse until the second joint of the fingers.
The Talmud (Chullin 105a) rules that one should not wash Mayim Acharim with hot water. The Mishna Berura (181:7) notes that one may wash with lukewarm water, although the Maharshal disagrees.
Next week, we will study the laws of Zimun.
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Describe the structure of the adrenal gland
1. describe the vascular and nervous pathways that are involved in the control of secretion of pituitary hormones.
2. describe the main causes of pituitary dysfunction and the methods used to evaluate normal/ abnormal hormone secretion- hormonal levels, feedback control and ‘pituitary function’ tests used in the clinic.
3. outline the regulation of the posterior pituitary hormones, antidiuretic hormones (ADH, or vasopressin) and oxytocin and summarise their actions.
4. outline control of the secretion of theanterior pituitary hormones and respective hypothalamic releasing hormones-
(a) ACTH/ CRH,
(b) TSH/TRH,
(c) gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)/ GnRH
(d) growth hormone/ GHRH and somatostatin
(e) prolactin/ dopamine.
5. Describe the structure of the adrenal gland and how this relates to hormone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal medulla and cortex.
6. Outline the process of adrenal steroidogenesis in humans (zone- specific steroidogenesis)
7. Describe the regulation of cortisol secretion via ACTH, CRH and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or Vasopressin)- steroid feedback and effects of stress stimuli and circadian control.
8. Outline how steroid hormones act at target cells.
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (Dub)
(Functional uterine bleeding disorders)
As dysfunctional uterine bleeding abnormal uterine bleeding without clinical or sonographic evidence of common causes (structural gynecological abnormalities, tumors, inflammation, systemic diseases, pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives or certain drugs) are designated. Treatment usually consists of hormone therapy such. As oral contraceptives, or NSAIDs.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) are the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding; most often they come in women> 45 years (> 50% of cases) and in adolescents (20% of cases) before.
As dysfunctional uterine bleeding abnormal uterine bleeding without clinical or sonographic evidence of common causes (structural gynecological abnormalities, tumors, inflammation, systemic diseases, pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives or certain drugs) are designated. Treatment usually consists of hormone therapy such. As oral contraceptives, or NSAIDs. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) are the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding; most often they come in women> 45 years (> 50% of cases) and in adolescents (20% of cases) before. About 90% of cases are anovulatory, 10% are ovulatory. Pathophysiology During an anovulatory cycle of the corpus luteum is not formed. So it does not come to normal cyclical progesterone production, and the endometrium is stimulated without misconduct by estrogen. Without progesterone, there is a continuous growth of the endometrium, after all it is growing faster than its blood supply; it is then exfoliated incomplete and irregular bleeding, occasionally abundant or over a long period from. If this pathological process repeatedly, it may lead to endometrial hyperplasia, sometimes with atypical or cancerous cells. In the ovulatory DUB progesterone secretion is extended; Cause of the irregular rejection of the endometrium is thought to be a constant low levels of estrogen, which for bleeding in the vicinity of the threshold value (as it exists at the menses) is located. A ovulatory DUB may occur with high estrogen levels in overweight women, resulting in a change from amenorrhea and irregular or prolonged bleeding. Complications Chronic bleeding lead to iron deficiency anemia. Also, infertility can be the result of dysfunctional uterine bleeding with chronic anovulation. Etiology Any disease or disorder anovulatory DUB is anovulatory dysfunctional to cause uterine bleeding (see table: causes of anovulatory amenorrhea). Anovulation is mostly to the syndrome of PCOS subordinated Idiopathic (sometimes occurs when gonadotropin levels are normal) Sometimes Anovulatios results of hypothyroidism. During perimenopause a DUB may be an early sign of ovarian failure; the follicles develop still, but despite rising FSH levels do not make enough [/ estrogen to trigger ovulation. Around 20% of women with endometriosis have anovulatory DUB unknown origin. ovulatory DUB can occur with polycystic ovary syndrome (due to the extended progesterone) endometriosis, which does not affect ovulation Other causes include a short follicular phase and a luteal phase dysfunction (due to insufficient stimulation of the endometrium by progesterone); a rapid decrease estrogen before ovulation can cause bleeding. Symptoms and complaints Compared to a normal menses can bleeding Frequent occur (distances <21 days = polymenorrhea) with greater blood loss (> 7 days or> 80 ml = menorrhagia or hypermenorrhea) accompanied frequently and irregularly occurring between menses (metrorrhagia) Excessively strong during the menstrual period and often and irregularly occur between menstrual periods (menometrorrhagia) In ovulatory DUB often leads to excessive bleeding during the regular menstrual cycle. Other signs of ovulation may be present, such as premenstrual symptoms, breast tenderness, cramping pain in the middle of the cycle (mean pain), changes in basal body temperature after ovulation (Ovarian dysfunction) and occasionally dysmenorrhea. Anovulatory DUB can occur suddenly and irregularly; there is not a cyclical change in basal body temperature. Diagnosis for other potential causes blood count, pregnancy test and determination of hormone concentrations (eg. As thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], prolactin) Usually transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy often Sonohysterographie and / or hysteroscopy Suspicion of DUB should come in when the vaginal bleeding differ in their amount and timing of a normal menses. DUB is a diagnosis of exclusion; Other disorders that can cause similar bleeding must be excluded (vaginal bleeding). Pregnancy should be excluded, even in adolescents and in women during perimenopause. Particularly among young people who have anemia or who were in a hospital due to bleeding, coagulation disorders should be considered. Regular cycles with extended or excessively heavy bleeding (possibly ovulatory DUB) point to structural problems. Laboratory tests usually are performed multiple tests: urine or blood pregnancy test blood count determination of TSH, prolactin, and progesterone levels in all women of childbearing age, a pregnancy test should be performed. Routinely, a blood count is performed. However, the hematocrit in females may be normal with heavy bleeding; severe anemia can occur in women with regular heavy menstrual bleeding. For chronic, severe bleeding the serum ferritin level is determined which is a measure of the iron store of the body. TSH levels is usually determined; even in the absence of Galactorrhea prolactin level is measured because thyroid disease and hyperprolactinemia common causes of abnormal menstrual bleeding are. To determine if the bleeding is anovulatory or ovulatory, serum progesterone levels is occasionally in the luteal phase (after 14 days of a normal menstrual cycle or after increase in basal body temperature, as occurs in this phase) was determined. Concentrations of ? 3 ng / ml (? 9.75 nmol / l) for a talk ovulation. Further tests are made and include, depending on the history and physical examination: coagulation in women at increased risk of clotting disorders, bruising or bleeding liver function tests in suspected liver disease testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels in suspected polycystic ovary FSH and estradiol levels in suspected primary ovarian failure cervical cancer screening test (eg. as Papanicolaou [Pap] test) HPV test at outdated results test for Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia sp for suspected pelvic inflammatory disease or cervicitis Are all clinically indicated tests normal, the diagnosis dysfunctional uterine bleeding gestellt.Weitere testing is a transvaginal ultrasound is performed at the following criteria: age ? 35 Risk factors for endometrial cancer (eg. As obesity, diabetes, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic eugonadal anovulation, hirsutism, other disorders with prolonged, not against regulated estrogen exposure) Despite empirical hormonal persistent bleeding Pelvic organs that can not be adequately assessed during physical examination Clinical evidence for abnormalities of the ovaries or uterine almost all women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding these criteria are met. By transvaginal sonography structural changes reveal, including most polyps, fibroids, other lesions, endometrial cancer and focal thickening of the endometrium. Is a focal thickening observed, additional studies may be required to identify small intrauterine lesions (eg. As small endometrial polyps, submucosal fibroids). The Sonohysterographie (sonography after instillation of a NaCl solution into the uterine cavity) is used for evaluation of such anomalies. With it, can be found on the one hand whether a hysteroscopy, a more invasive investigation is indicated, on the other hand, the resection of intrauterine lesions is planned. Or Hysteroscopie can be done without Sonohysteroscopie. only about 25% of the endometrium are detected by endometrial biopsy, but the sensitivity for the detection of abnormal cells is about 97%. In most cases the biopsy to rule out hyperplasia or cancer in women is carried out with one of the following characteristics: age> 35 years, with one or more risk factors for endometrial cancer (see above) age <35 years with multiple risk factors for endometrial cancer (see above) Persistent, irregular or excessive bleeding irregular cycles that indicate chronic anovulatory bleeding endometrial> 4 mm with focal or irregular findings in transvaginal sonography Unclear sonographic findings A guided biopsy (with hysteroscopy) is carried out for the direct visualization of the uterine cavity and is directed against abnormal tissue. Anovulation is confirmed that most of the endometrium proliferative or dyssynchrones endometrium included, and no secretory endometrium is found. Treatment control bleeding, usually by NSAIDs, tranexamic acid or hormone therapy in women with endometrial hyperplasia prevention of endometrial bleeding Non Hormonal treatments have lower risks and adverse effects than hormone therapy and can be applied intermittently when bleeding occurs. They are usually indicated for strong regular bleeding (menorrhagia). A choice of NSAID that reduce bleeding by 25-35%, and improve dysmenorrhea by lowering the prostaglandin tranexamic acid, which inhibits plasminogen activator, whereby the blood loss during menstruation is reduced by 40-60% Hormone therapy (eg. As oral contraceptives , progestogens) is often tried first in women during perimenopause. This therapy does the following: suppression of endometrial growth Restore predictable bleeding patterns reduce menstrual bleeding Hormone therapy is carried out usually until the bleeding for several months under control. Often, oral contraceptives are administered. Cyclically or continuously given oral contraceptives can control dysfunctional bleeding. Preliminary data indicate that the following effects through: reduction of blood loss during menstruation by 40-50% Reduced sensitivity of the breasts and dysmenorrhea Reduced risk for uterine and ovarian cancer, it may be a combination preparation of an estrogen and a progestin or progestin only be given. Depending on the oral contraceptive and depending on the patient, there are various risks of OC. Progesterone or another progestin can be used alone in the following cases: estrogen is contraindicated (e.g., in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or previous DVT.). Estrogen is taken from the patient. Combined OCs are ineffective after about three months of use. A withdrawal bleeding with a cyclical progestin therapy (medroxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg / day p.o. or norethindrone acetate p.o. 2.5-5 mg / day) for 21 days / month predictable than with a combined oral contraceptive. Cyclical natural (micronized) progesterone 200 mg / day for 21 days / month can be especially used when a pregnancy may be accepted; but it may have dizziness result and does not reduce the blood loss as strong as a progestin. If a pregnancy in patients taking cyclic progestins or progesterone, to prevent is to pay attention to contraception. Options for contraception levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD): It is effective in up to 97% over 6 months, ensures contraception and improves dysmenorrhea. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections: They cause amenorrhea and ensure contraception, but can lead to irregular bleeding and reversible bone loss. Other treatments that are sometimes used for the treatment of DUB, danazol are: It reduces blood loss during menstruation (by endometrial atrophy), but has many androgenic side effects, which can be improved possibly by lower doses or a vaginal preparation. Danazol is effective only if it is continuous, usually taken for about 3 months. It is usually used when other therapies are contraindicated. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs: These medicines suppress the hormone production in the ovary and cause amenorrhea; They are used for preoperative reduction of fibroids or of the endometrium. However, their hypo-estrogenic side effects (eg. as bone loss) restrict its application. Desmopressin: It is used as a last resort in the treatment of DUB in patients with coagulopathy; it rapidly increases the Von Willebrand factor and factor VIII levels for about 6 hours. Ergot derivatives is not recommended for the treatment of DUB, since they are rarely effective. For fertility and not excessive menses an attempt to ovulation induction with clomiphene (50 mg orally on days 5-9 of the menstrual cycle) indicated. Hysteroscopy with curettage can be used both therapeutically, as well as diagnosis; it may be the treatment of choice for anovulatory bleeding that lasts under hormone therapy. Structural causes such as polyps or fibroids can be detected or removed during hysteroscopy. This method can reduce the bleeding, but in some women it causes amenorrhea by endometrial scarring (Asherman’s syndrome). Endometrial ablation (for. Example, laser, roller ball, resektoskopisch, thermally or freezing) the bleeding can control in 60-80% of cases. Ablation is less invasive than a hysterectomy, and the recovery period is shorter. If significant bleeding after an initially effective ablation again, ablation can be repeated. It has thus unable to control the bleeding or recur, the bleeding continues, adenomyosis can be responsible and then it is no DUB. An endometrial ablation does not prevent pregnancy. The pregnancy rate after the ablation at 5%. Ablation causes scarring that can make the sampling of the endometrium later. An abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy may be recommended patients who decline hormonal therapy or despite other treatments have symptomatic anemia or a low quality of life by persistent irregular bleeding. Immediate measures are rarely, with very heavy bleeding required. The patients are hemodynamically stabilized with intravenous crystalline hydration, blood products and if necessary further action. Persists bleeding, a urinary catheter is placed into the uterus and inflated with water 30 to 60 ml to tamponing the bleeding. If the patient stable, the control of bleeding on hormone therapy takes place. The rare cases of very strong bleeding by anovulatory DUB require the administration of conjugated estrogens 25 mg iv every 4-6 hours with a total of 4 doses. This stops the bleeding in about 70% of the patients, but also increases the risk of thrombosis. Immediately afterwards, a combined contraceptive given continuously until the bleeding for several months under control ist.Endometriumhyperplasie In women after menopause is usually treated atypical adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia by a hysterectomy. In contrast, the disease in premenopausal women with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 20-40 mg orally 1 times / day for 3-6 months) or with a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD treated (1). When a follow-up biopsy of the endometrium is a regression of the hyperplasia, are employed MPA cyclic (5-10 mg orally 1 times / day for 10-14 days every month) a; when trying to conceive can be given clomiphene. Shows the biopsy persistent or progressive atypical hyperplasia, a hysterectomy is required. A more benign cystic or adenomatous hyperplasia can be treated usually with high-dose progestins (for example, cyclic MPA.) Or a progestin or levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs; a control biopsy after 3 months wiederholt.Behandlungshinweise first Mentrikoski MJ, Shah AA, Hanley KZ, et alAssessing endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma Treated with progestin therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 38 (4): 524-534, 2012. Summary Anovulatory DUB is the most common cause of bleeding disorders. It should be carried out tests for treatable causes of bleeding; including pregnancy testing, blood count, determination of hormone concentration (TSH, prolactin, progesterone) and often sonography and endometrial biopsy. Women at increased risk should be examined for endometrial hyperplasia and then treated. For the drug treatment of bleeding have NSAIDs, tranexamic acid, have proven oral contraceptives or other hormones to be effective.
Health Life Media Team
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Helpful Tech Tips and Tricks
OEM HID Headlight Bulb Types and Specifications
What is it?
HID Xenon headlights debuted on the BMW 7 series in 1992. The system used an unshielded, non-replaceable burner. This type of bulbs does not have a filament of any kind unlike halogens. It passes a very high voltage electric arc in between two contacts. Inside the glass chamber is a mixture of gases including Xenon, Argon and vaporized metals like mercury and metal halides. The arc in fact melts the metal vapors and turns them into plasma.
Types of factory hid bulbs
OEM (factory installed) HID headlights have a D-series naming system. They are named using 3 characters, like ‘D4R’, ‘D1S’, where: 'D' means ‘Discharge’, number (1,2,3,4) is the type and the last letter is used to determine what kind of application the bulb is meant to be.
Types of factory hid bulbs
The bulbs with ‘R’ (D1R, D2R, D3R, D4R) have an opaque shield that covers parts of the bulb. These lights are designed for use in a specifically designed reflector headlamp optics.
The ‘S’ type (D1S, D2S, D3S, D4S) does not have that kind of shield because they should be used in projector optics. It tends to have 300-400 more lumens than its ‘R’ counterparts.
These HID's of 'D' series always have a quartz envelope and arc positioned in the same place. They do not run on low-voltage DC current, but require ballasts with external or internal igniters that convert the power into AC and make a high voltage pulse to produce a spark.
What do their types mean?
First there were D1R and D1S. Automobile manufactures like Audi, Ford and Mercedes Benz have been using Xenon headlights starting from 1990’s. These lights have igniters that are built in the bulb base.
Factory D1 HIDs with built-in igniters
Factory D2 HID headlights
After that came D2 light type series. These headlights do not have igniters integrated into the base so that the bulbs are much smaller.
D1 and D2 types of light bulbs operate on 35W 85V AC current. These bulbs contain heavy metal mercury.
Newer HID bulb designs (D3S, D3R, D4S, D4R) that are in production since 2009 contain no mercury and are more environmentally friendly. These lights require special ballasts that differ from D1 and D2 types. The D3 lights come with built-in igniters.
Factory D3S and D3R HID with built-in igniters
OEM D4R/S HID headlight bulbs
The D4 headlight bulbs are smaller and require external igniters like D2 type. They are not that popular since most higher performance projectors are for D2 base.
These lights are not physically or electrically compatible with the headlight housings that are designed for previous bulb types. D3 and D4 lights operate on 35W 42V AC current.
What is the difference?
You can differentiate D1 and D3 bulbs comparing connectors of the ignitors. The D1 type has a keying on the top left corner of it, while the D3 on the left low corner.
D1 hid bulb OEM connector
D3 OEM HID connector
You can tell the difference between D2 and D4 lights looking at the bulb base.
D2S and D2R hid bulb base
D4S and D4R OEM HID bulb base
Aftermarket D1, D2, D3 and D4 bulbs have the letter C in the end and come with 5 notches. This means that they have the same bulb base which can fit all the types of the headlight housing though you should pay attention to the fact that the lights still differ according to their characteristics.
'C' type HID bulb base
D1 and D3, D2 and D4 bulbs cannot be interchanged unless their ballasts and ignitors are replaced with the corresponding bulbs. You cannot mix components from 2 systems together.
Before letting you leave the page, let us make a few things clear:
1. The D1 bulb type cannot be interchanged with the D3 and vice versa.
2. You cannot replace the D2 bulb with the D4 and vice versa.
3. The D1 and D2 bulbs contain mercury while D3 and D4 bulbs are mercury-free.
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You are watching: Difference between foot and linear foot
If you have ever done any kind of residence renovation—big or small—then you know that there room a many of measurements involved. Girlfriend may find yourself measuring floor room for a rug, wall an are to mount a television or also configuring space for a kitchen island. Typically, when measuring, you consider length, height and also width to recognize the all at once size the something and also the space needed because that it.
In this existing housing market, the number of people either looking online for a brand-new place come rent, or a house to buy, is at a document high. As soon as searching online for a place to rental or buy, the most typical measurement provided is square footage. At some point, you may be tasked with considering straight footage together well.
Now you may ask yourself, “what is direct footage?” linear footage is a different method to measure up an object, and also how much space it will certainly take up in a room, van or any area v level flooring.
What is a direct Foot?
Identifying a direct foot is appropriate in the name. Technically, a linear foot is a measurement that is 12 inches long (so, one foot) and that is measure up in a right line, which is why it’s called linear.
Square Feet vs. Straight Feet
Square clip is a very common method to measure up space, specifically in regard come homes and apartments. The difference between square footage and also linear footage is exactly what it sound like. Square footage actions the area of a space in a square, two-dimensional way. As pointed out above, straight footage is measure in a single line and also is usually provided in referral to floor space.
When to measure up in straight Feet
Measuring in straight feet come in handy once you room considering just how much floor room will it is in taken up by an object. For example, let’s say you have to rent a warehouse unit. If you need to store things like couches, mattresses or motorcycles, climate you might want to take into consideration how much linear footage you might need.
Another circumstances where one may want to measure in linear feet is when moving cross-country, or an additional long distance. Typically, if you’re moving to a ar that is no too much away, you may opt for a U-Haul or one more self-service truck rental company. However, if the location you’re moving to is much away, you may want to hire a freight moving company to help in your move.
Instead of simply charging by weight or every mile, freight relocating companies commonly charge based on the total amount of straight footage that your furniture take away up. This way, you aren’t paying for an entire truck, or payment extra since your belongings might be heavy. Using straight footage, your estimate is generally based on how long your item are and how plenty of feet they will certainly take increase in the truck.
For example, U-Pack is a leading agency when it involves shipping family belongings making use of freight trailers. According to their website, U-Pack supplies 28-foot relocating trailers that have actually a loading capacity of 2,000 cubic feet each. The within of each of their trailers can fit almost every one of the thing in your entire home.
See more: How Do The Guard Cells Assist The Stomata ? Why And How Do Guard Cells Open And Close Stomata
While renting out the whole trailer is ideal once making a big move, client who have smaller moves and a lighter lift space charged because that the room they use instead. Once taking this route, the minimum is 5 linear feet. Measure up by straight feet is a way to save space, time and also ultimately save much more money if you deserve to utilize choices like the ones that U-Pack offers.
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A meteorologist is a scientist who researches weather; and may, choose a weather referents (who occasionally are not scientists) communicate in weather forecasting, or may specifically conduct research. Category:Climatologists is a very closely related group of researcher in climatology, the examine of climate.
You are watching: What is a weather person called
What perform you contact a female weatherman?
< weth-er-woom-uhn > display IPA. / ˈwɛð ərˌwʊm ən / voice RESPELLING. Noun, plural weath·er·wom·en. A woman who works together a weathercaster.
Is a meteorologist a weatherman?
Meteorologists are scientists who study and work in the ar of meteorology. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research while those making use of mathematical models and also knowledge come prepare day-to-day weather projection are dubbed weather forecasters or work meteorologists.
Who is the most renowned weatherman?
1 Jim Cantore. Finest known because that his long stint top top The Weather Channel, meteorologist Jim Cantore has obtained fame because that making his weather reports exciting to even a lay person. He has hosted weather segments for the 2012 Summer Olympics and also is also known because that his really storm reports, which have actually often come to be viral.
How hard is it to it is in a weatherman?
Being a meteorologist is a challenging job. You need to have excellent interaction skills, especially if you desire to work in broadcasting. You need to have strong math, science, and also computer an abilities since girlfriend will use those ~ above a everyday basis. Meteorologists will certainly report indigenous hurricanes, blizzards, and also even tornadoes.
Are there any type of synonyms for words weatherman?
Synonyms because that weatherman incorporate meteorologist, weather forecaster, met man, nowcaster, weathergirl, weatherwoman, met officer, weather girl, weather man and also weather prophet. Find an ext similar words in ~ wordhippo.com!
What perform you call a human who speak the weather ~ above TV?
You only call someone a meteorologist if they space one — the weather person could simply it is in a presenter. For this reason weatherman or weather mrs or weather presenter would be all right.
What perform you contact a person who researches weather?
This ar can be further divided into a number of differing job types, including broadcasting, teaching, researching and forensic meteorology. The most typical undergraduate degrees connected with this profession incorporate physics, chemistry and mathematics prior to attaining an advanced degree in meteorology.
See more: What Does The Idiom Tickled Pink Mean, Tickled Pink Idiom Definition
Do you speak to someone a meteorologist or meteoricist?
And because “meteorologist” was taken, human being who actually research meteors are dubbed meteoricists. However, they aren’t mutually exclusive. Weather absolutely affects how and when meteors get in the atmosphere, and also how or if they’ll burn up—that’s other of interest to both meteorologists and also meteoricists.
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The Differences Between Blue Belt and Purple Belt
7 Areas to Refine Your Grappling Game
The Differences Between Blue Belt and Purple Belt
The martial arts belting system can be traced back to Kano Jigoro, the founder of Judo. The belts, or obi as they were known in Japan, were much thicker back then, and only consisted of two colors: black and white. It was his student, Mitsuyo (later Otavio) Maeda, that traveled to Brazil in 1914 and played a fundamental role in what is now modern Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The judoka trained Carlos Gracie as a teen, not only teaching him the sport, but also his philosophies surrounding the nature of combat, which was later vastly significant to the crafting of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, the modern system we know today.
Kano Jigoro
Kano Jigoro
The addition of other colors to the belting system cannot be completely traced successfully, but the first official belting system was adopted by the Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara in 1967. The current system and criteria were created and upheld mainly by the Sport Jiu-Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF) and International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF). This system differs from Judo in that there is a separate ranking system for children 15 and under, and there is also the addition of stripes and degrees in BJJ
For adults, there are white, blue, purple, brown, black, coral, and red belts (with stripes and degrees beginning at black). However, this can sometimes vary as some schools do add the youth colors (yellow, orange, and green) into adult belting, but regardless of this, it is at the purple belt level that one is considered an intermediate level grappler. To receive a purple belt, the student is required to be at least 16 years old (adult), have been a blue belt for at least two years, in general, and is considered knowledgeable enough to coach lower-ranked students.
Martial Arts Belt
The journey from a white to a blue belt is pretty uncomplicated, and progression seems relatively in reach. Attend class, learn a new technique, drill it, and finally, spar to put it to the test. A long as you practice this formula consistently, you will progress easily. However, many students find issues as they try to transition from blue to purple, this is where they feel stagnant and for some, incompetent.
The middle belts are notoriously awkward and challenging for many reasons. One potential explanation for this is that at the blue belt level, the practitioner knows most of the techniques they need to be a decent grappler, but to progress beyond that, they must look past overall technique execution, and rather focus on more specific and subtle nuances such as setup, timing, and overall flow. This is really what distinguishes a beginner or general level student from an intermediate.
Obviously what separates the belts is a certain level of experience, but a major difference at this ranking is that there is also a shift in responsibility. Where previously the instructor was in charge of crafting the student, it is now on the student to continue that by refining what he has learned.
Read more about Black Belt Myth: How Long Does It Take to Get a Black Belt?
Here are a few areas to focus your efforts on if you are looking to bridge the gap between a blue belt and a purple belt.
1- Timing
Patience is of the essence here. Pressure is not the only way to submit someone and that is one big difference between the belt levels. Yes, as a blue belt you will know how to play the game, but there is usually a lack of a firm strategy.
Stay in a safe position and practice patience when removing grips, rather than just using sheer force. To help with timing, it is also worthwhile to refine what you already know by tightening up gaps between positions, reversals, and submissions.
Martial Arts Coach And Students
2- Slow Down
Beginners are notoriously enthusiastic. Their inexperience coupled with their lack of fight IQ often causes them to rush in without thinking. By blue belt, this has been weaned out, but they still have a tendency to utilize their techniques quickly.
Try to slow things down, allowing you to relax, and have better clarity and judgment. Most importantly, slowing down allows you to work on having better precision. This may feel too slow initially but it is an important factor in making small but necessary improvements to grip, placement, and pressure.
3- Anticipation
Pay attention to subtle movements your opponent makes, and learn to read them, if possible. This is easiest to learn with a partner you regularly roll with. Everyone has a style and rhythm unique to them, no matter how subtle, and this can be used to anticipate their next move.
Give them openings that will initiate the response you want, then close the gap and exploit their choice. By paying attention to your partner’s subtle changes in movement and pressure you can anticipate their next move, and be prepared with your own.
Martial Arts Training
4- Flow
Avoid forcing techniques or positions. Force only gets one so far and this becomes very evident at the blue belt level. A purple belt should be able to comfortably beat anyone on a good day, but this is not done by muscle alone, they must also have a game plan to execute.
This becomes more realistic when the student can chain together positions, seeing the bigger picture and taking note of how one move will connect to another later down the line. Flow allows you to be mentally ahead of your opponent.
5- Personal Style
At the intermediate level, a martial artist begins to branch out from the learned style of his teachers and begins to have the confidence to experiment with personal style. This will be largely based on physical attributes and advantages, such as weight or height, but can be additionally improved by studying the sport in depth. Watching fights and tournaments is one of the best ways to do this. Watching more experienced grapplers and how they deal with different types of competitors can provide a wealth of information to any student.
Also, consider what techniques or positions come more naturally to you specifically, and hone and perfect them to a tee (while still working on your weaknesses). When you grapple, your unique style should set you up for success by setting up positions that work in your best favor and play to your natural abilities.
Nunchaku And Purple Belt
6- Personal Responsibility
To raise the bar from a blue belt to a purple belt, you must start thinking like an experienced fighter, which means having some initiative and personal responsibility in regards to your development. At this stage, the coach may give you less attention in comparison to the beginners, but it is an excellent opportunity to take over some of the responsibility in regards to your practice and future development.
This will be unique to you, but it generally involves taking stock of strengths and weaknesses, self-directed supplemental learning, and having clear targets or outcomes for the class. This can make all the difference in moving up a level.
Karate Uniforms
7- Investment
Investment can mean many things to different people but ties in with personal responsibility and style. This again will be specific to you, but ultimately, nothing beats time on the mat. For some, it may be increasing weekly class frequency or attending lectures and seminars with masters of the sport, or it may be reading, researching, and broadening your knowledge of BJJ and its history.
Expanding your expertise helps to develop an analytic mind and will come in practical use when grappling. Essentially, you get out what you put in. If you are having trouble feeling ready to test for your purple belt, dedicate more time to developing your practice. Investments pay dividends.
The biggest difference between blue and purple belts is the level of maturity and commitment the student brings to the table. Two years is the mandatory minimum it will take, but it can easily take double that if you do not take responsibility for your training. This is the stage where the instructor begins to loosen the reins and it is up to you to take control over your development as an athlete. The approach should be well thought out, measured and goal orientated. It’s also important to study elite level practitioners not only for their insight but also for the motivation and inspiration that you will need along the way.
Everything at this stage will be about refinement, constantly seeking improvement in even the smallest of areas, it is a sport of increments. We all learn early on that repetition is the mother of skill, now it is time to put that into practice.
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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes
On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST Forest Society and Colonialism will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.
Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4
CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson
1. Forests treasure valuable resources. They provide us many things, such as paper, gum, honey, rubber, fruits, flowers and many other things.
2. Forest area is fast disappearing due to various reasons. The process of deforestation began many centuries ago; but under colonial rule it became more systematic and extensive.
3. In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a variety of reasons. The British thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue. This led to the clearance of forests.
4. By the 1830s, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were exported from India to England.
5. The spread of railways from the 1850s also led to deforestation. Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.
6. In order to manage the forests the British made Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, the first Inspector General of Forests in India. Brandis thought that felling of trees and grazing should be restricted in order to preserve forests for timber production. Hence, rules about the use of forest resources were made. Anybody who cut trees without permission was punished.
7. Brandis introduced ‘scientific forestry’ in which natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows.
8. In 1865, the Forest Act was enacted. It was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories-reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called ‘reserved forests’. Villagers could not take anything from these forests.
9. The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act, all their everyday practices such as grazing cattle, collecting fruits and roots, etc., became illegal.
10. The British government also banned shifting cultivation. As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. The new forest laws also deprived the forest dwellers of their customary rights to hunt. Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching.
11. Some people, however, benefited from the new opportunities that had opened up in trade. Many communities started trading in forest products such as hides, horns silk cocoons, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums and resins, etc.
12. New opportunities of work did not always mean improved well-being for the people. In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea plantations. Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad.
13. In many parts of India, and across the world, forest communities rebelled against the changes that were being imposed on them. The first rebellion took place in Bastar district in Madhya Pradesh in 1910 which was suppressed by the British troops.
14. The colonial power in Indonesia were the Dutch and there were many similarities in the laws for forest control in Indonesia and India. Java in Indonesia is where the Dutch started forest management. Like the British, they wanted timber from Java to build ships.
15. The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers access to forests. They were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit, or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.
16. Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublating village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state could not own wind, water, earth and wood. Soon a widespread movement developed.
17. War and deforestation are closely related. The two world wars had a major impact on forests. In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands.
18. Conservation of forests has now become and important goal. The government has recognized that in order to meet this goal, the people who live near the forests must be involved.
Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms
Deforestation: The disappearance of forests.
Sleepers: Wooden planks laid across railway tracks; they hold the tracks in position.
Plantation: Planting of one type of trees in straight rows.
Scientific forestry: A system of cutting trees controlled by the forest department in which old trees are cut and new ones planted.
Poaching: The illegal practice of trespassing on another’s property to hunt or steal game without the landowner’s permission.
Pargana: Cluster of villages.
Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 4 Time Period
1850s: the spread of railways started from this period.
1860s: The railway network expanded rapidly from this period.
1864: The Indian Forest Service was set up.
1865: The Forest Act was enacted.
1878: The Forest Act was amended.
1910: Rebellion took place in the Kingdom of Bastar.
1927: The Forest Act was amended.
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Research the impact of prejudice and
Often the targeted group is seen as a threat to the living standards of the dominant group, either through job competition or differences in lifestyle. A little context is in order to introduce the controversy. Racial trends and their consequences. Three million people were displaced in Indochina—largely from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia—following the end of the Vietnam War and the rise of Communist governments.
Culture, Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
With this diversity of definitions in mind, one is not sure what to think culture is or should be. Stereotypes are overgeneralizations we make about groups that we apply to individuals in those groups Herbst, They spend more money on security gadgets and systems for their homes and cars.
In the late s the Cambodian Khmer Rougean extremist political organization that ruled Cambodia from tokilled about 1. The most common reasons for people to become refugees are political and religious persecution.
By contrast, researchers focused on prejudice and discrimination tend to focus on the far more ordinary, but clearly powerful implications of gender, age, race and class divisions. In the early twenty-first century, the government of Sudan was resisting foreign involvement in its Darfur region, where reports of genocide and dislocations were steady.
Internaltional Medical Publishing; First, Stuber, Galea, and Link examine the role of tobacco control policies, power differences between those who smoke and those who do not smoke, and social norms in the formation of smoker-related stigma in the USA.
However, those boxes are closely related to the stereotypes that cling to groups. Drawing from various social science theories, their model brings together insights from labeling theory, social network theory and the limited capacity model of media influence.
Ethnocentric stances include denial e. Racism prejudice against people of color and sexual orientation prejudice a negative attitude toward persons because of the sexual preferences are two common forms of marginalization. Brislin outlined several forms of discriminatory communication. Such segregation maintains these education and job limitations on minorities, with little chance for improvement despite individual capabilities and achievements.
Discrimination and Prejudice
Refugees create international problems and disputes. Postcolonialism notes how much of the world is forced to work within thought systems created by the Western world an effect only magnified through the rise of the internet and globalization.
The children are taught if they apply themselves and work hard enough and set their sights on what they want most, they can achieve it by persistence. Thus, postcolonialism is inherently about prejudice and oppression beyond racism, though it also has links to racism specifically, as authors consider the ways that some have used racial categories to colonize others e.
For example, according to author Katheryn Russell in the book The Color of Crime, the chances of a young black male becoming a victim of homicide were ten times greater than for white youth in the United States at the end of the twentieth century.
Prejudice and Discrimination
Populations in Third World nations lagging in economic development countries are marginalized to the extent that they are allowed to die from hunger and disease in large numbers with little assistance from more affluent societies. This feeling of satisfaction also led to greater economic productivity and increased contributions to society in general.
American forces overthrew a newly established Philippine government that sought political independence from the United States.
Fear of becoming a crime victim greatly influences people's behavior. Statistics indicate that minorities are affected by prejudice in the criminal justice system beyond policing activities. Conformity as an Explanation of Prejudice and Discrimination Influences that cause individuals to be racist or sexist, for example, may come from peers parents and group membership.
Racial themes in Southern Rhodesia: At this writing, a major refugee problem exists from people fleeing Middle Eastern countries where a strong ISIS influence is leading to the killing of gays, Christians, and Muslims from rival belief systems. Communication and behavior become central in each of these causes, highlighting the need for a communicative understanding of prejudice.
As people sing, speak, play, tell jokes, and conduct business, they are constantly re creating their culture—both relying upon it and changing it. However, life expectancy differed among the various races and ethnic groups within these Western nations. A focus on racism and antiracism, unfortunately, often excludes other bases of intolerance that may be even more prominent within a given area, such as religious intolerance, sexism, or heterosexism.
Fourth, is the internalization of stigma and prejudice by marginalized individuals, which has been linked to serious health harming consequences ranging from constricted social networks Link et al. Brislin outlined several forms of discriminatory communication. Extreme discrimination includes hate crimes and overt hate groups.
A second aspect of the psychological approach concerns perception or cognition. While most research on prejudice has focused on how people's negative stereotypes contribute to intolerance, new research by Princeton University's Susan Fiske, PhD, indicates that emotions such as pity, envy, disgust and pride may play a bigger role.
For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist).Author: Saul Mcleod. Stereotypes and Prejudice Their Overt and Subtle Influence in the Classroom CONNIE T.
WOLFE accounts of the impact of subtle racism. Both overt and subtle prejudice present challenges All of this research suggests that, even without our. The Impact of Anti-Gay Prejudice. 53 likes. The Impact of Anti-Gay Prejudice is a doctoral research study. We’re looking for gay/bi/MSM 18+ to talk to us.
The research shows that while intergroup contact generally reduces prejudice, it is most effective when it consists of close, high quality intergroup relationships such as those afforded by cross-group friendships.
Research the impact of prejudice and
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Chemical Detection Weapon Image
Research through the U.S. Army Small Business Technology Transfer program results in a product to accurately detect chemical weapons at low concentration levels. It is now being used by National Guard units throughout every state in the country, and the Army has begun fielding it to all units in areas where there is a threat of chemical agents. (U.S. Army)
Chemical weapons pose a serious threat to civilian and warfighter lives, but technology from the U.S. Army Small Business Technology Transfer program reduces those risks. Researchers developed a product to detect chemical weapons accurately at low concentration levels. Active Army, Reserve and National Guard units started to receive the Chemical Agent Disclosure Spray and the Contamination Indicator/Decontamination Assurance System, known as CIDAS. The Army is fielding it to all units in areas where there is a threat of chemical agents.
The Chemical Agent Disclosure Spray, purchased by FLIR Systems, Inc., has transitioned into the CIDAS Program of Record within the Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense. The research, which began 20 years ago with a business first spun out of the University of Pittsburgh and later acquired by FLIR, as part of a Small Business Technology Transfer contract managed by the Army Research Office (ARO). ARO is an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Army Research Laboratory.
The Army funded the basic research behind this technology at the University of Pittsburgh led by Dr. Alan Russell. Russell worked to identify ways to incorporate enzymes into polymers that would be stabilized for use outside the cell and then ultimately used in realistic battlefield environments. Typically enzymes are not stable outside the living organism, but Russell’s fundamental polymer and enzyme chemistry research identified a way to maintain high activity of the enzymes for sensing chemicals in realistic battlefield conditions. He then started a small business based on those findings, which FLIR purchased.
“Our ability to respond to chemical warfare is a national security challenge that is vital to protecting both civilian and military lives,” said Dr. Stephen Lee, senior scientist at the ARO. “This technology is highly sensitive, providing accurate results on only trace amounts of material, even at concentrations below levels that represent an immediate danger to life and health.”
The new technology uses enzymes (complex proteins naturally produced by living organisms that act as a catalyst for specific biochemical reactions) to drive rapid, color-based reactions with chemical warfare agents. Once applied to a surface as a liquid solution, a vivid color change indicates the exact location of contamination by a specific chemical warfare agent. Because the underlying chemistry uses enzymes to drive specific biochemical reactions, the technology is highly resistant to potential forms of chemical and environmental interference that might be problematic for conventional detection equipment. The product’s sensitivity also provides the ability to determine whether decontamination was effective.
Products previously available for the detection of nerve and blister chemical agents range from simple units that use colorimetric techniques, wherein the presence of a chemical substance is indicated by a specific color change, to more complex systems that use special equipment. Unfortunately, most colorimetric-based products such as paper detection products or gas detection tubes, can be highly susceptible to chemical interference, which can result in false positive and false negative results, as well as poor sensitivity.
The Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the DOD agency responsible for countering weapons of mass destruction, provided additional funding to bridge the technology from development to capability delivery. JPEO-CBRND, the DOD entity that manages the nation’s investments in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense equipment, adopted the technology as part of the Domestic Response Capability Kit.
The kit packages the chemical components into a simple, pen-like construct, an easy-to-use point-and-touch detection as well as a spray-based formulation of the same technology. The kits have been fielded to all 57 Army National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams across the country.
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To Imagine a 39-Million-Year-Old Forest, Start Small—Very Small
BEFORE IT WAS LOST, IT must have been a wild paradise: a lowland tropical forest near the sea and thick with tall palms and other slim, flowering trees. Woody vines snaked through the dense understory, shaded by relatives of today’s cashew and tropical chestnut trees, while stout hop-bushes clustered where sunlight pierced the canopy. Black mangroves sank their roots into the water where crocodiles likely waited, silent and patient, for an unsuspecting meal to wander past. The air would have been thick with birdsong and the click and buzz of insects. Then everything changed.
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Charlotte Markham
Feb 9, 2022
German/Moroccan paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, a postdoctoral scholar in vertebrate anatomy and paleontology at the University of Chicago and 2014 National Geographic Emerging Explorer, scours the deserts of North Africa for clues to life in the Cretaceous period, when the area was a large river system teeming with a profusion of diverse life. In addition to unearthing many huge dinosaur bones, he has discovered fossil footprints and a new species of flying reptile with an 18-foot wingspan that lived 95 million years ago.
Ibrahim’s remarkable story and the findings of an international team of scientists were published in the journal Science and as a cover story for National Geographic magazine. What has been unveiled appears to be the first truly semiaquatic dinosaur, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.
In 2014, Ibrahim was named a National Geographic Emerging Explorer, and in 2015, he was named a TED fellow, the first paleontologist in the history of the program. His upcoming paper describing the ecosystem of what is now Morocco’s Sahara Desert in the mid-Cretaceous period promises to be a milestone, providing the most detailed account of the diversity, paleoecology, and geologic context of fossil vertebrates from North Africa.
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Assembly Language
Write an emulator for x86, capable of running simple assembler code (binary format).
Submission: executable, source, examples, readme.
Make sure that submission actually gets to me!
Your program should be able to load a binary executable (.com) format
and perform the instructions one by one.
To be able to see that the program works, one should either implement
some output functions or be able to show the registers contents, of course doing both is desirable.
For a good project, all the instructions covered so far plus those covered within two weeks should be supported
Basic grading guidelines
C at least something works
B able to run a set of small programs (provide examples) A surprise me .. there are plenty of ways of doing it:
– debugging capabilities (an interface that allows to step an in- struction,change a register, run, quit,...)
– support direct output
– compute execution statistics
– support more commands
Additional information will be provided as we go.
Important information that you miss for now:
• vars,arrays,computation of memory addresses
• ability to output *
• more instructions (remaining arithmetics)
• understanding the file format and how to load it *
• understanding the overall structure of the program * • ability to terminate program *
• how to make sample files **
Skills: x86/x64 Assembler, C Programming, C++ Programming, Computer Science, Engineering
See more: easy simple projects assembly language, x86 assembly language project calculator, write mips assembly language program find, write assembly language program matrix multiplication, write assembly language program sort following numbers, write text file mips assembly language, write program display multiplication numbers assembly language, simple prime number program assembly language, goal write assembly language, solution counting words text file finding frequency write test mips assembly language program, solution write test mips assembly language program count letters text file, write assembly language program performing addition 8bit numders , write assembly language programs, write mips assembly language program mars simulator prompt user string process string character time display specific informatio, write mips assembly language program, write test mips assembly language matrix, can convert x86 assembly language, write 68hc12 assembly language program
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The Historical Development of Lollies - Thunder Blast Technology Co., Limited.
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The Historical Development of Lollies
Today, a lolly is usually defined as a hard candy eaten from a stick. Lollies come in many shapes, sizes and flavors, and are loved by people all over the world. The history of lollies and where their names originally came from are controversial, but the story began thousands of years ago, perhaps from a caveman.
1. The historical development of the healthiest lollies
In many civilizations throughout history, eating sugary substances from sticks has always been a practice. Presumably, the first example of this situation is that cavemen used sticks to collect and eat honey from beehives. The next slightly advanced development of this approach is believed to be in ancient times.
The Chinese, Arabs and Egyptians used honey to preserve fruits and nuts. This mixture will be made into a stick, which hardens over time, making it easier to eat. In the Middle Ages, nobles ate boiled sugar with sticks. At that time, sugar had not been mass-produced, making it a very expensive and luxurious treat that only the rich could enjoy. Soon after the end of the Middle Ages, this situation changed with the advancement of technology and the massive planting and production of sugarcane.
Records show that in England in the 17th century, early versions of lollies as we know them were sold by street vendors throughout London. These sweets are made of soft candies, because a machine that automatically inserts sticks has not yet been invented. Although these candies are different from modern healthiest lollies in texture and appearance, the concept is the same: a delicious sugary snack that can be eaten effortlessly, and adults and children alike.
2. The early 20th century brought modern healthiest lollies
There is a lot of debate about who made the hard candy on the stick first, the origin of the name lolly, and who was the first to invent the machine to produce them. What we can be sure of is that in the first half of the 1900s, different people in factories across the United States helped shape the lollies we know.
In the 1880s, George Smith of New Haven, Connecticut, observed a chocolate company that was making chocolate bars and caramel. He found this to be an interesting idea and decided to apply this technology to his own hard candy company.
In 1908, Smith named these candies Lolly Pops after the local racehorse, and applied for a trademark on the name. Because there was a record of candy called this name in the past, he was awarded this trademark a few years later. Then in 1931, Lolly Pops officially got its name. The Bradley Smith Company began to make candies by hand, but in order to meet the demand, they created their own patented machine to automate the process. These early lollies cost one cent each.
Another confectionery company in Connecticut also has a record. The company and other companies also produced products similar to modern healthiest lollies at about the same time. It is said that this happened almost by accident. The staff will stir the candies with wooden sticks when they are cooked, and the candies will accumulate on the sticks throughout the day. At the end of every day, there will be a lot of "candy bars" left, and employees will take them home to the children. Soon, they began to sell these candy bars to the public.
Also in 1908, the Racine Candy Machine Company in Racine, Wisconsin was making hard candy bars. They created the Racine automatic suction cup machine, which puts hard candy on the end of the stick. Soon after, in 1912, Samuel Born invented the birth sucker machine in California, which can automatically insert a stick into a hard candy. This invention was widely praised in San Francisco.
No matter who is really the first person to put hard candies on sticks, all these efforts help to create modern healthiest lollies, which are one of the most popular candies in the world.
Related Bone Conduction Musical Lollipops
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Traditional Italian Cooking Is Cuisine
Italian Cuisine is renowned for the delicious meat, pasta, fresh vegetables, risottos, soups, and more. The Italian cuisine’s rich flavor and textures come from various regions in Italy. My family is from Milan and we are famous for our Rissoto Milanese.
The popularity of Italian Cuisine has spread to various parts of the world. Moreover, it has influenced the development of food and culture in the United States. There has been the introduction of some new ingredients, styles and more regional influences on various styles of cooking made popular by Italian cuisine’s traditional recipes, also known for its simplicity and use of readily available ingredients. Many dishes require only two to four ingredients.
Traditional Italian cooking involves how meals in Italian cuisine were originally made, with fresh and locally available produce. Italy’s climate has had a major influence on the development of Italian cuisine. It supported the growth of fresh produce that is here and now also seasonally available, fresh picked or canned. Farm-to-table and we wish to serve !!
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The Beautiful Peatlands
Now that we made in to our peatlands, let’s talk about why they are important. I bet most of you are not familiar with peatlands, and that’s why I’m here! I had never heard about "peat," also know as "turfa" in Portuguese, before moving to Canada and starting this project. The only way to help conserving peatlands is getting to know about them a little more, so I hope you enjoy this journey with me!
What makes this environment special or different?:
The peatlands are important ecosystems that accumulate partially decomposed vegetation, thus store carbon contained in the decomposing plant material. Peatlands cover around three percent of the Earth’s surface and are the world's largest terrestrial carbon stores! They are found across the globe in warm and cold regions.
The main plant type there is moss. Moss are small, slow-growing plants that need a lot of water to survive because they do not have real roots. They also decompose very slowly in peatlands after they die. This is mainly what makes peatlands so important for storing carbon. The tiny mites living in peatlands are also important in decomposition there. You can read more about them here!
What parts of this environment help people to live here?:
Peatlands are important to everyone, not only for the people who live near them.
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What The Japanese Can Teach Us About Gratitude
What The Japanese Can Teach Us About Gratitude post image
Despite worries for the future, elderly Japanese developed a type of ‘quiet hope’.
An attitude of gratitude keeps people feeling hopeful despite the challenges of aging.
Being thankful helps people to feel more optimistic, especially when experiencing difficulties and anxieties related to getting older.
The conclusions come from a study of people in their 80s and 90s in Japan.
Despite worries for the future, people developed a type of ‘quiet hope’.
Dr Iza Kavedzija, the study’s author, said:
“As people move through life, through their later years, many experience a sense of loss.
But this time for them also offers opportunities to reflect more on life, with a heightened realisation of their interconnections with others.
If one habitually invokes the involvement of others and their role in one’s life, one is reminded how much other people have helped them, in countless small and more substantive ways.
The same events seem different when one focuses on how others have helped.”
The anthropological study was carried out in the city of Osaka.
Dr Kavedzija found that older people experienced many common worries about aging: such as developing dementia or becoming a burden on their children.
They accepted this uncertainty, though, and remained actively involved with the wider community.
That involvement fed a sense of confidence and security.
Key to this was thinking about the past with gratitude, Dr Kavedzija said:
“An attitude of gratitude was embedded in older peoples’ recollections of the past, but also allowed them to think about the present in a hopeful way.
A world in which one has received much good will from others is a different place than one in which one has experienced loss, even if the facts of life are the same.
Gratitude highlights feelings of interdependence in the social world.”
Older people were thankful for those who had played a significant role in their lives.
They were thankful for their partners, families, the opportunity to work and lead a full a life.
Dr Kavedzija said:
“While people in Japan might hesitate to say they are happy, gratitude is mentioned frequently.
The study was published in the journal Anthropology & Aging (Kavedzija, 2020).
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OpenCV Python Tutorial
What is Computer Vision?
Computer Vision is an artificial intelligence(AI) field that provides human-like intelligence to computers to extract useful information from images and videos. With the help of deep learning, computer vision enables computers to perform image classification, object tracking, and other activities. One of the most popular computer vision libraries that are covered in this tutorial is OpenCV.
What is OpenCV Python?
OpenCV is a computer vision library that is written in C++. With the help of different wrappers, you can use OpenCV in Python, MATLAB, and Java. The best thing about OpenCV is that it supports several cutting-edge computer vision algorithms that make it easier to perform activities such as object identification, tracking of moving objects, facial recognition, removing red eyes from the photos, etc.
OpenCV runs on all Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android, making it ideal for all sorts of computer vision and image processing applications. In addition, it works well with NumPy, Matplotlib, SciPy, and other Python libraries. Apart from object detection and facial recognition, you can perform different tasks using this library. For example, you can help robots follow a line, detect intrusions, inspect runways for rubble, stitch images to produce street view, and others.
It is interesting to note that companies of all sizes ranging from startups to well-established use OpenCV. For example, some well-known organizations that employ OpenCV are Google, Sony, Microsoft, IBM, Intel, etc. In a nutshell, OpenCV is the best library if you want to build computer vision applications.
Following are the topics that are covered in the OpenCV tutorial:
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The title of Pharaoh meaning "God-King," was bestowed upon the Imperial rulers of ancient Shorafa.
All Pharaohs descended directly from the first Pharaoh; An-Arak, and were part of the long line of the Kheferu Dynasty.
The title of "Pharaoh" was gender-less; it was applied equally to both male and female rulers of Shorafa.
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Beginning of winter approaching~
Beginning of Winter is one of the twenty-four solar terms in the lunar calendar and one of the traditional Chinese festivals; the time point is between November 7-8th each year in the Gregorian calendar.
After the beginning of winter, the duration of sunshine will continue to shorten, and the height of the sun will continue to decrease at noon.
China regards it as the beginning of winter.
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Integrated Science
Students should
1. develop curiosity and interest in science;
2. acquire fundamental scientific knowledge and skills, and appreciate the relationship between science and other disciplines;
3. develop the ability to make scientific investigation and solve problems;
4. use the language of science to communicate science-related ideas;
5. develop a basic understanding of the nature of science;
6. develop the ability to integrate and apply scientific knowledge and skills with other related disciplines;
7. recognise the social, ethical, economic, environmental and technological implications of science, and develop an attitude of responsible citizenship and a commitment to promote personal and community health;
8. be prepared for further studies in STEM-related disciplines; and
9. become lifelong learners in science for personal development.
• S.1
• Unit 1: Introducing Science
• Unit 5: Energy
• Unit 6: Matter as Particles
• Unit 8: Making Use of Electricity
• Unit 11: Force and Motion
• S.2
• Unit 2: Water
• Unit 3: Looking at Living Things
• Unit 4: Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
• Unit 7: Living Things and Air
• Unit 9: Common Acids and Alkalis
• Unit 10: Sensing the Environment
Examination 100 marks
Performance 50 marks
STEM Week (Co-organized by the Math, Phy, Chem & I.S. , ICT, D.T. Departments)
Scien-matics Week
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University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > RCEAL Tuesday Colloquia > Implicit and explicit learning of syntactic rules
Implicit and explicit learning of syntactic rules
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Teresa Parodi.
It is common to refer to language acquisition as a real-world phenomenon where most learning proceeds implicitly, i.e. independently of the deliberate intention to learn and in the absence of awareness of what was learned. At the same time, however, little effort has been made, in implicit learning research, to employ stimuli that resemble natural languages more closely than the letter or tone sequences commonly found, for example, in Artificial Grammar Learning (AGL) studies. In this talk, we report the findings of a series of experiments that applied AGL methodology and awareness measurement techniques to the learning of natural language syntax.
The aims of these experiments were two-fold. Firstly, we sought to determine whether natural language syntax, in this case verb-placement rules, could be acquired implicitly, i.e. incidentally and without awareness of the learning outcome. Secondly, we aimed at exploring what role, if any, awareness plays in the acquisition of syntactic rules. For this purpose, a semi-artificial grammar, consisting of an English lexicon and German syntax, was used in order to generate the stimulus sentences. Different subject groups were trained on the grammar by means of different exposure conditions (e.g., implicit vs. explicit, auditory vs. audiovisual modes, etc.) In the testing phase, performance on a grammaticality judgment task was used a measure of learning. Awareness was assessed by means of confidence judgments, source judgments, verbal reports, and accuracy estimates.
The results of our experiments indicate that adults are able to acquire regularities of a novel language after a relatively brief exposure period, while processing sentences for meaning and under incidental learning conditions. However, whatever learning took place in the experiments was explicit. Additional research is currently being carried out in order to explore whether there are conditions under which adults can acquire syntactic rules implicitly.
This talk is part of the RCEAL Tuesday Colloquia series.
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Previously, it has been thought that Laika survived at least four days in space and perhaps even a week when Sputnik's transmitters failed. Medical sensors placed on Laika indicated that during launch her pulse rate went up by a factor of three above its resting level. At the start of weightlessness, her pulse rate decreased. Over the decades, the petite pioneer has repeatedly found new life in popular culture long after her death and the fiery demise of her Soviet ship, Sputnik 2, which smashed into the Earth’s atmosphere 60 years ago this month. While concerns about animal rights had not reached early 21st century levels, some protested the deliberate decision to let Laika die because the Soviet Union lacked the technology to return her safely to Earth. The Portland, Oregon, Art Museum is currently featuring an exhibition on the stop-motion animation studio LAIKA, which was named after the dog. The dog Laika, the first living creature to orbit the Earth, did not live nearly as long as Soviet officials led the world to believe. Soviet physicians chose Laika to die, but they were not entirely heartless. Links to more Science/Nature stories are at the foot of the page. The Russian space program continues to use animals in space tests, but in every case except Laika’s, there has been some hope that the animal would survive. Doctors performed surgery on both dogs, embedding medical devices in their bodies to monitor heart impulses, breathing rates, blood pressure and physical movement. “There were things that we could not determine by the limits of human experience in high altitude flight,” Lewis says. Telemetry from the Sputnik 2 capsule showed that the temperature and humidity increased after the start of the mission. “The temperature inside the spacecraft after the fourth orbit registered over 90 degrees,” Lewis says. Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, Behold the Largest Congregation of Bald Eagles in the United States, The Heiress Who Stole a Vermeer, Witchcraft in Post-WWII Germany and Other New Books to Read, The Hunt for Julius Caesar's Assassins Marked the Last Days of the Roman Republic, Anxious About Election Results? Hi! Sputnik 1, the world's first satellite, had been launched less than one month before. There is also a “vegan lifestyle and animal rights” periodical called LAIKA Magazine, published in the United States. Sad Story of Laika, the Space Dog, ... and they had returned to Earth via parachuted craft—alive or dead. That's natural. This story also now includes updated information about the Portland Oregon Museum's exhibition "Animating Life.". The National Air and Space Museum holds declassified printouts showing Laika’s respiration during the flight. Laika was not the first space dog: Some had soared in the Soviet military’s sub-orbital rocket tests of updated German V-2 rockets after World War II, and they had returned to Earth via parachuted craft—alive or dead. The story of Laika lives on today in websites, YouTube videos, poems and children’s books, at least one of which provides a happy ending for the doomed dog. Testers fitted candidates with a sanitation device connected to the pelvic area. Continue Using what they had learned from the unmanned and undogged Sputnik 1 and often working without blueprints, teams labored quickly to build a ship that included a pressurized compartment for a flying dog. With your right palm open, show your dog … With a pounding heart and rapid breath, Laika rode a rocket into Earth orbit, 2,000 miles above Moscow streets she knew. laika dog dead body Which dogs are the stupidest? According to Animals In Space by Colin Burgess and Chris Dubbs, the Soviet Union launched dogs into flight 71 times between 1951 and 1966, with 17 deaths. A fan was automatically activated to keep the dog cool when the capsule's temperature exceeded 15 deg Celsius. laika dog dead body ( ) | laika dog dead body Others worth a look (I haven’t included those with very situation specific skills) – hyena (high damage and hamstring), wolf (high damage and AP buff for party), bird of prey (utility and disarm – maybe just my subjective view or a beta issue – but bird of prey seems to generate a lot of threat, possibly from disarm? She reached orbit alive, circling the Earth in about 103 minutes. It is from the Emirate of Ajman, now part of the UAE. Advertising Notice laika dog dead body (☑ ) | laika dog dead body how to laika dog dead body for Animal Kind’s head trainer is Chris Wills IMDT BSc MSc. Dr Malashenkov has now revealed several new details about Laika's mission, such as her food being in jelly form and that she was chained to prevent her turning around. However, some adapted. Laika's "coffin" circled the Earth 2,570 times and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere on 4 April 1958. During and after the flight, the Soviet Union kept up the fiction that Laika survived for several days. Ironically, a flight that promised Laika's certain death also offered proof that space was livable. Vote Now! Scientists “really didn’t know how disorienting spaceflight would be on the humans or whether an astronaut or cosmonaut could continue to function rationally.”. Alice George, Ph.D. is an independent historian with a special interest in America during the 1960s. Newly cleaned, armed with sensors, and fitted with a sanitation device, she wore a spacesuit with metal restraints built-in. The animal had been a stray wandering the streets of Moscow when she was captured and prepared for a space mission. He is one of the most highly qualified Dog Training Instructors in the country, and within the Institute of Modern Dog Trainers, which he has been a … Three days before the scheduled liftoff, Laika entered her constricted travel space that allowed for only a few inches of movement. Alas, for Laika, even if everything had worked perfectly, and if she had been lucky enough to have plenty of food, water and oxygen, she would have died when the spaceship re-entered the atmosphere after 2,570 orbits. But if a new leader (say a human one) were to come in and change the rule, then that would be okay. laika dog dead body How do I train my dog to be scared of everything? She died “soon after launch,” Russian medical doctor and space dog trainer Oleg Gazenko revealed in 1993. She argues in Beastly Natures: Animals, Humans and the Study of History that the Soviet Union transformed Laika into “an enduring symbol of sacrifice and human achievement.”. After five to seven hours into the flight, no lifesigns were being received from Laika. Eventually, the team chose the placid Kudryavka (Little Curly) as Sputnik 2’s dog cosmonaut and Albina (White) as backup. Cathleen Lewis, the curator of international space programs and spacesuits at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum doubts that a few ounces of food would have made a difference, and she recalls reports that a female physician broke protocol by feeding Laika before liftoff. dog training certification programs online. The doctors also checked their reactions to changes in air pressure and to loud noises that would accompany liftoff. Here's What's Happening in Your Brain as You Wait, Four Times the Results of a Presidential Election Were Contested, How Dogs and Humans Evolved and Migrated in Tandem, When Catherine of Aragon Led England's Armies to Victory Over Scotland, Watch an Amazing Time-Lapse of Growing Mushrooms, The Alaskan Island That Humans Can’t Conquer, The Meaning Behind Six Objects on Día de los Muertos Altars, Searching for the Invisible, Invincible Peruvian Tern, Researchers Uncover 2,000-Year-Old Maya Water Filtration System, A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials, Behind the Scenes With the White House Residence's Long-Serving Staff, The Lab Saving the World From Snake Bites, How Hedges Became the Unofficial Emblem of Great Britain. Sad as this tale is, the stray husky-spitz mix became a part of history as the first living creature to orbit the Earth. The new evidence was presented at the recent World Space Congress in Houston, Texas, US, by Dimitri Malashenkov of the Institute for Biological Problems in Moscow. The noises and pressures of flight terrified Laika: Her heartbeat rocketed to triple the normal rate, and her breath rate quadrupled. Eventually, canine finalists lived in tiny pressurized capsules for days and then weeks at a time. Others returned from orbit alive. Shortly after launch the Soviets said that Laika was not destined to return alive and would die in space. It took three times longer than after a centrifuge ride on the ground to return Laika's heartbeat to pre-launch values, an indication of the stress she was suffering. In Great Britain, where opposition to hunting was growing, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the British Society for Happy Dogs opposed the launch. Overheated, cramped, frightened, and probably hungry, the space dog gave her life for her country, involuntarily fulfilling a canine suicide mission. Noted space historian Sven Grahn told BBC News Online that the new information was surprising and significant as it ended more than 40 years of speculation about Laika's fate. Initial tests determined obedience and passivity. Sputnik 2 would go into orbit with the final stage of the rocket attached, and engineers believed the ship’s 1,120-pound payload, six times as heavy as Sputnik 1, could be kept within limits by feeding its passenger only once. California Do Not Sell My Info Laika’s cultural impact has been spread across the years since her death.
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Permanent Memory Is Stored With The Help Of Synchronous Neuron Oscillations
First Posted: Jan 04, 2017 03:05 AM EST
Memory consolidation, the process involved in the generation of permanent memory in the brain was, revealed by a group of scientists from Austria. They carried out experiments to study synchronous neuron oscillations in mice.
The scientists form the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) successfully identified the underlying mechanism of generation and stabilization of rhythmic brain waves. They found out that memory consolidation relies on synaptic inhibition and the Sharp Wave Ripples (SWRs), which are the most important brain waves originating from the hippocampus region of the brain, according to Deccan Chronicle.
All the related studies were made on the brain of live mice models. Peter Jonas, professor aat IST Austria and contributor in the study, said, "As our experiments provide information both about the phase and the location of the underlying conductance, we were able to show that precisely timed synaptic inhibition is the current generator for sharp wave ripples" and that the results obtained "shed light on the mechanisms underlying this high-frequency network oscillation."
The experiments were based on the principle that synchronous neuron oscillations are associated with significant amount of electrical activity, which can be easily measured by monitoring the field potential. Furthermore, SWRs are considered as the most synchronous neuron oscillations, which play an important role in making permanent memory in the brain.
The researchers also studied whether the ripples are an outcome of excitation or inhibition temporal modulation of excitation formed at the synapse, the interlinks between the neurons.
The results suggested that both excitatory and inhibitory modulations cause an increase in SWRs, but synaptic inhibition was found more dominant during SWRs' generation. Furthermore, the researchers also proposed a brain model, containing the two specific regions of the hippocampus, namely, CA1 and CA3. They sated that a combination of excitation in the CA3 region and inhibition in the CA1 region is, together, responsible for the generation of the SWRs.
Jian Gan, co-researcher in the project, said that, "In our ripple model, inhibition ensures the precise timing of neuronal firing. This could be critically important for preplay or replay of neuronal activity sequences, and the consolidation of memory. Inhibition may be the crucial player to make memories permanent."
The study results were highly helpful in understanding the brain functions behind the making of a permanent memory in the brain and understanding the turn of events involved with synchronous neuron oscillations.
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Matthew 27:29 Commentaries: And after twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on His head, and a reed in His right hand; and they knelt down before Him and mocked Him, saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
Matthew 27:29
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(29) A crown of thorns.—The word is too vague to enable us to identify the plant with certainty, but most writers have fixed on the Zizyphus Spina Christi, known locally as the Nebk, a shrub growing plentifully in the valley of the Jordan, with branches pliant and flexible, and leaves of a dark glossy green, like ivy, and sharp prickly thorns. The likeness of the crown or garland thus made to that worn by conquering kings and emperors, fitted it admirably for the purpose. The shrub was likely enough to be found in the garden attached to the Prætorium.
A reed in his right hand.—Here also the word is vague, and it may have been the stalk either of a sugar-cane, a Papyrus, or an Arundo. It represented, of course, the sceptre which, even under the Republic, had been wielded by generals in their triumphs, and which under the Empire, as with Greek and Eastern kings, had become the received symbol of sovereignty.
They bowed the knee before him.—We have to represent to ourselves the whole cohort as joining in the derisive homage. The term in Mark 15:19 implies a continued, not a momentary act—the band filing before the mock-king, and kneeling as they passed.
27:26-30 Crucifixion was a death used only among the Romans; it was very terrible and miserable. A cross was laid on the ground, to which the hands and feet were nailed, it was then lifted up and fixed upright, so that the weight of the body hung on the nails, till the sufferer died in agony. Christ thus answered the type of the brazen serpent raised on a pole. Christ underwent all the misery and shame here related, that he might purchase for us everlasting life, and joy, and glory.Had platted - The word "platted" here means "woven together." They made a "wreath" of a thorn-bush.
A crown - Or perhaps, rather, a wreath.
A crown was worn by kings, commonly made of gold and precious stones. To ridicule the pretensions of Jesus that he was a king, they probably plucked up a thornbush growing near, made it into something resembling in shape a royal crown, so as to correspond with the old purple robe, and to complete the mockery.
Of thorns - What was the precise species of shrub denoted here is not certainly known. It was, however, doubtless, one of that species that has sharp points of very hard wood. They could therefore be easily pressed into the slain and cause considerable pain. Probably they seized upon the first thing in their way that could be made into a crown, and this happened to be a "thorn," thus increasing the sufferings of the Redeemer. Palestine abounds with thorny shrubs and plants. "The traveler finds them in his path, go where he may. Many of them are small, but some grow as high as a man's head. The Rabbinical writers say that there are no less than 22 words in the Hebrew Bible denoting thorny and prickly plants." Professor's Hackett's Illustrations of Scripture, p. 135. Compare Proverbs 24:30-31; Proverbs 15:19; Jeremiah 4:3.
And a reed in his right hand - A reed is a straight, slender herb, growing in marshy places, and abundant on the banks of the Jordan. It was often used for the purpose of making staves for walking, and it is not improbable that this was such a staff in the possession of some person present. The word is several times thus used. See 2 Kings 18:21; Isaiah 36:6; Ezekiel 29:6. Kings commonly carried a "sceptre," made of ivory or gold, as a sign of their office or rank, Esther 4:11; Esther 8:4. This "reed" or "staff" they put in his hand, in imitation of a "sceptre," to deride, also, his pretensions of being a king.
And they bowed the knee - This was done for mockery. It was an act of pretended homage. It was to ridicule his saying that he was a king. The common mode of showing respect or homage for kings was by kneeling or prostration. It shows amazing forbearance on the part of Jesus that he thus consented to be ridiculed and set at naught. No mere human being would have borne it. None but he who loved us unto death, and who saw the grand results that would come from this scene of sufferings, could have endured such mockery.
Hail, King of the Jews! - The term "hail" was a common mode of salutation to a king, or even to a friend. It implies, commonly, the highest respect for office as well as the person, and is an invocation of blessings. Here it was used to carry on what they thought to be the farce of his being a king; to ridicule in every possible way the pretensions of a poor, unattended, unarmed man of Nazareth, as if he was a weak impostor or was deranged.
Mt 27:27-33. Jesus Scornfully and Cruelly Entreated of the Soldiers, Is Led Away to Be Crucified. ( = Mr 15:16-22; Lu 23:26-31; Joh 19:2, 17).
For the exposition, see on [1374]Mr 15:16-22.
See Poole on "Matthew 27:31".
And when they had platted a crown of thorns,.... What sort of thorn this crown was made of, whether of the bramble, or of the white thorn, is not very material (b): the word used in the Syriac version, is rendered by interpreters, "white thorns", and which were common in Judea: these, be they what they will, they made into the form of a crown, and
they put it upon his head; both to reproach him as a king, and to torture him as a man: however, it had its significance, and was an emblem of men, comparable to thorns; either of wicked men, and of his being encompassed with them at this time; or of good men, chosen out from among them, redeemed by him, and accounted as a royal diadem with him (c): or it might represent the sins of his people, which, like thorns, pierced him, and like a crown of them surrounded him every side; or else the many troubles he was exercised with, and through which he did, as his members do, enter the kingdom: and especially, his being made a curse for us, thorns and briers being the curse which was inflicted on the earth, for the sin of man: in this Christ was the antitype of the ram, caught by his horns among the thickets, which "Abraham" sacrificed in the room of his son. This may teach us many useful lessons: we may see what a curse sin brought upon man, and upon the earth for man's sake; and even upon the Messiah, in the stead of men: we may observe the difference between us and Christ: we are a crown of glory, and a royal diadem in his hand; we are crowned with loving kindness and tender mercies, and have a crown of righteousness, life, and glory, laid up for us, and he was crowned with thorns; as also the difference between Christ in his state of humiliation wearing such a crown, and his state of exaltation, in which he is crowned with glory and honour. The Jews acknowledge this circumstance of the sufferings of Jesus, though they ascribe it to the elders of Jerusalem; who, they say (d),
"took thorns and made a crown of them, and put it upon his head.''
Which are the very words of the evangelist:
and a reed in his right hand, or "cane"; and Munster's Hebrew Gospel uses the word, "a cane", such as men walk with; and this may be confirmed from the barbarous use they afterwards made of it, by smiting him on the head with it: a "reed" indeed may fitly express the weakness of his kingdom in the eye of the world: but any cane or common staff, or stick, put into his hands in the room of a sceptre, would also signify the meanness of his kingdom, which was not of this world, and came not with observation: they meant to reproach him with it, but they will find one time or another, that he, has another sceptre, even a sceptre of righteousness, a staff of strength, a rod of iron, with which he will rule and break in pieces, all the wicked of the earth. However, we may learn from hence, Christ does not disdain to hold a reed in his hand: nor will he break the bruised reed, or discourage, or crush the weakest believer.
And they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, king of the Jews: being thus clad in a scarlet, or purple robe, or both; and having a crown of thorns on his head, and a reed instead of a sceptre in his hand, they carry on the mockery still further, and bend the knee to him, as to a prince just come to his throne, and salute as such; and in a mock way, wish him long life and prosperity: thus deriding him in his kingly office, as all such do, who call him Lord, Lord, but disregard his commands.
(b) Vid. Bartholin. de Spinea Corona, sect. 1. 2. (c) Vid. Paschal. de Coronis, l. 10. c. 12. p. 701, 702. (d) Toldos Jesu, p. 17.
Matthew 27:29 f. Ἐξ ἀκανθῶν] belongs to πλέξαντες. What is meant is something made by twisting together young flexible thorns so as to represent the royal diadem. The object was not to produce suffering, but to excite ridicule; so that while we cannot altogether dissociate the idea of something painful from this crown of thorns, we must not conceive of it as covered with prickles which were intentionally thrust into the flesh. Michaelis adopts the rendering Bärenklau (ἄκανθος); but this is incompatible with the ἀκάνθινον of Mark 15:17, which adjective is never used with reference to the plant just mentioned. Besides, this latter was a plant that was highly prized (for which reason it was often used for ornamental purposes in pieces of sculpture and on the capitals of Corinthian pillars), and therefore would be but ill suited for a caricature. It is impossible to determine what species of thorn it was (possibly the so-called spina Christi?; see Tobler, Denkbl. pp. 113, 179).
καὶ κάλαμον] ἔθηκαν] being understood, the connection with ἐπέθηκαν is zeugmatic.
Observe the imperfects ἐνέπαιζον and ἔτυπτον as indicating the continuous character of the proceeding.
29. a crown of thorns] It cannot be ascertained what especial kind of thorn was used. The soldiers, as Bp Ellicott remarks, would take what first came to hand, utterly careless whether it was likely to inflict pain or no.
King of the Jews] Cp. ch. Matthew 2:2, and Matthew 27:37.
Matthew 27:29. Ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, the King of the Jews) They treated Jesus as a madman who fancied Himself a King.
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Wednesday, March 18, 2015
To Live and Die by the Sword
A portion of Gerome's 1872 painting "Pollice Verso"
The celebrated gladiator—all at once a brand of fighters considered barbarian, tough, and fierce, but also honorable. The very word conjures images and expectations. Gladiators served as entertainment to crowds all over the Roman Empire. A day at the games was like being live at the NFL, NHL, WWF, and FIFA all rolled into one—when there was an all out brawl. And the fans were just as, well, fanatical, which fueled the games and gladiators' existence for almost a thousand years. In every colonial city, every regional capital, and even in the frontier hamlets, fights were held in many forms. Spectacles included the execution of prisoners, title bouts between crowd favorites, and sometimes brave patricians acting as gladiators, wanting to hear the hordes cheer for them. As a staple of Roman entertainment, the greatest monument to gladiators and their games remains today with the Colosseum. But something so grand and so timeless started with something very small—the gladius.
The gladius is a sword, just a small handheld blade about the length of your arm. And the word is the root for "gladiator." Romans adapted the gladius from something they encountered when conquering ancient Hispania. But as Romans always had, they made it their own. Gladii were used to jab and slash in close quarter combat. Given the nature of Roman military tactics, meaning that soldiers wound up in a lot of hand-to-hand battles, the gladius became the weapon of issue for legions that spread across the whole of the ancient western world, from Hispania to Gaul to Sicily to the borders of Babylonia and to Egypt. So it should be no surprise that the gladiator would use such a blade, and for the gladiator, it was the symbol of who he was.
There's not a lot of alignment between historians on an origin story for the games. Livy, however, makes the best case and comes with more evidence. Like all things Roman, gladiator games were borrowed. In this case they came from an early Greek colonial peoples called the Campanians, although some think they go back further to the Etruscans. Nevertheless, Campanians kicked butt over Samnium, a competing region in Southern Italy, and celebrated in 310 BC with reenactments using live "performers." Also according to Livy, the first recorded Roman game occurred about fifty years later during what was called a munus—which is defined as sort of a commemorative obligation for a dead ancestor. In this case, the event took place during Rome's First Punic War with Carthage—there were three Punic Wars, but that is another story (see Hannibal kicked butt). This is around 264 or 265 BC. To honor his father having died in battle, a Roman had three-gladiator pairs fight to the death in a cattle market forum.
Classic gladiators depicted in a 2nd century mosaic.
The look and feel of those early combatants was very rudimentary, each man armed with only a sica and a small shield. But while the First Punic War may have given rise to Roman adaptations of the games, it was Hannibal's rampage through the Italian peninsula during the Second Punic War that gave the classic look we so easily identify as "gladiator." Again, Samnium comes into play. Samnium was one of the regions of southern Italy in which the people sided with Hannibal. Their warriors wore particular styled helmets and armor while carrying the gladius and rectangular shield. Their fighting style and armor became a standard for gladiators as we picture them—probably because when Rome "reclaimed" the area, many of the Samnites were sold into slavery, and consequently, into gladiator schools.
It was also during the Second Punic War that the games grew in size and spectacle. Let's face it, the Romans got their tails handed to them by Hannibal, so there were a lot of fallen Roman nobles who needed munera to honor them. Many of those munera events pitted fighters against each other. In one there were twenty-two pairs—some were volunteers, such as nobles or high-status non-Romans. Others were war prisoners, such as Samnites. Years later the munera games were lasting for days, and one went through 120 gladiators. It was also in this developmental period that game sponsorships evolved. Yep, event sponsorships way, way predate modern corporate sponsorships of sporting events. All of this took shape as the sun set on the "Republic" years of Rome—that is, the years when Julius Caesar was coming to power as an emperor. Such events were extravagantly expensive but, as modern marketers know, they are effective opportunities for self-promotion via exciting entertainment to a wide audience. The same held true in ancient Rome, perhaps even more so. Those "fans" were the target for politicians or others interested in public awareness of them or their enterprise.
Some of the entertainments offered at the games
Along with the evolution of the gladiators and associated events, a big business of training and ownership grew. Rome's military provided a deep well, supplying gladiator candidates. If soldier-prisoners weren't used for work in state mines or quarries, they were sold on the open market. But being sold into a gladiator school didn't mean automatic training. If one was deemed unworthy, then they became live targets for whatever need they could fulfill in the arenas. They may have just been fed to fierce beasts as entertainment before a title fight. For others, for prisoners of war, their surrender or capture and enslavement meant that their life was now worthless. But in the arena as a gladiator, they could redeem their honor.
Additional supplies of gladiators came from slaves condemned to the arena, to gladiator schools or games as punishment for crimes—essentially a method for state execution. Interestingly, however, poor Roman citizens, or even non-citizens might volunteer to join up. After all, gladiator school offered training, food, housing, and a shot at fame and fortune. You read that right, fame and fortune.
Not unlike modern professional athletes, gladiators kept their prize money and any gifts they received, which could be significant. It's recorded that Tiberius paid some retired gladiators the equivalent of $500,000 each to return to the arena. Other emperors gave property. But all that came behind an oath "to endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword." Just to drive home a point, the average gladiator lifespan was almost non-existent. Few survived more than 10 fights or lived past the age of 30. Perhaps that is why at the start of the games, the words uttered by gladiators to the emperor or game promotoer were, "we who are about to die, salute you."
Even when the games evolved to where the outcome of combat did not include killing the losing gladiator, accidents happened; and to lose a good fighter could be expensive. Gladiators cost money to house, feed, train and transport. The managers of these gladiators didn't like losing really good ones. As the games evolved to a point where a gladiator would signal his defeat, instead of death he left the arena in disgrace ... until the next match. If a gladiator died from an afore mentioned accident, there were rules and regulations governing compensation. Even when the games demanded that the outcome of combat be death, it was the promoter of that event who had final word on the fate of a gladiator—somewhat, because as the games grew in popularity, so did the opinion of the crowds.
Promotional poster
There is a scene in the 2000 film, Gladiator with Russell Crow. In it, Maximus (Crowe) defeated another gladiator and the decision to let him live or die was at hand. The crowd chanted, "kill ... kill!" Emperor Commodus, who actually backed the defeated gladiator, complied with the crow and gave the thumbs down, meaning death. Normally it would have been the fight promoter or even sponsor, but for the film and dramatic impact, it was Commodus. Regardless of whose thumb was signaling the action, rarely did a decision go against the crowd. However, equally representative was the fact that some gladiators really controlled the fandom of the crowds. If they fell behind a particular favorite, that favorite could do no wrong in the arena.
Much of our impressions about gladiators come from Hollywood. Watching cable shows like Spartacus or movies like Pompeii, the idea of pimping gladiators to Rome's more randy women of society is postulated. There is not a lot of evidence for this, but historian Thomas Weidermann addressed it in his work, Emperors and Gladiators:
Women as well as men found gladiatorial contests, and gladiators, attractive. Some much-quoted epigraphic evidence suggests that this attraction might be sexual: at Pompeii, the retarius Crescens was known as 'the netter of girls by night' and 'the girls' darling'. Thracians were a favourite symbol of manliness because much of their body was left visible to the audience. This obviously constituted a potential danger to the Roman male's control over his womenfolk. Augustus restricted women, other than the six Vestal Virgins, to watching gladiators from the rearmost rows of seats. It proved impossible to put a stop to stories about sexual associations between gladiators and women of the elite, even including empresses. The wife of Marcus Aurelius, Faustina, was suspected of having had affairs with gladiators; only this could explain why her son Commodus was so interested in the sport. ... Roman anxieties about the sexual attractions of gladiators are given expression by the fact that they are classified together with prostitutes in Roman legislation, and that grammatical texts associate the Latin word for the gladiator's trainer (lanista) with that for a pimp (leno). Like pimps and prostitutes, public performers such as actors and gladiators sold their bodies for the delectation of others, if only visually.
This doesn't really eliminate the possibility that clandestine sexual transgression by high-caste spectators and their heroes of the arena. But what it illustrates is the low regard for gladiators outside the context of the games. Thus a woman of status cavorting with a gladiator was very inappropriate, and as wildly wicked as Romans could be in private, their public personas were immensely important to them so if something like an affair with a gladiator got out—it was bad. Donald Kyle cited just such situation in his book, Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome.
What was the youthful charm that so fired Eppia? What hooked her? What did she see in him to make her put up with being called "the gladiator's moll"? Her poppet, her Sergius, was no chicken, with a dud arm that prompted hope of early retirement. Besides his face looked a proper mess, helmet-scarred, a great wart on his nose, an unpleasant discharge always trickling from one eye. But he was a gladiator. That word makes the whole breed seem handsome, and made her prefer him to her children and country, her sister, her husband. Steel is what they fall in love with.
Apparently Miss Eppia was a senator's wife. She hooked up with Sergius, a gladiator, however he left her after they eloped and ran off to Egypt. She had abandoned her whole life and really her country for a failed affair.
What is fascinating is that as much as Rome loved its gladiators, they loathed them in society. The gladiators were segregated and despised; and, yet, they were so admired as illustrated by this quote from Cicero:
Gladiatorial game memorabilia:
Imagine buying these from
street vendors at the Colosseum.
"Even when [gladiators] have been felled, let alone when they are standing and fighting, they never disgrace themselves. And suppose a gladiator has been brought to the ground, when do you ever see one twist his neck away after he has been ordered to extend it for the death blow?"
Equally intriguing is that even for those in the empire who abhorred violence, and yes, they did exist, saw in gladiators certain virtues. Unconditional obedience to their master and to fate, and a steeled cool in the face of death—they held neither hope nor illusions of hope. In daily life, they met death face-to-face, and always at the pleasure of a crowd. The public saw brand attributes in the gladiator that were simultaneously redeeming qualities—courage, dignity and loyalty. So strong were these that while Roman society openly shunned the gladiator in public, secretly in the Roman heart beat the desire to be like the gladiator—the noble gladiator.
Therefore, submitted for your approval:
Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant
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What is “Scan to BIM”?
Article by Anne-Mieke Dekker of Stabiplan B.V., a Trimble Company
If you are working in the construction industry, you have probably come across the term ‘Scan to BIM’ or ‘Field to BIM’ at some point. Or, you may have noticed your construction partners using a 3D laser scanner on the building site. But what is ‘Scan to BIM’ exactly – and how does it work?
Let’s start with the part you are probably already familiar with, BIM. Building Information Modeling is a highly collaborative process that allows multiple stakeholders to collaborate on the planning, design and construction of a building within one 3D model.
To create accurate models successfully, having precise measurements to work from is key. With 3D laser scans, the accuracy of measurements and 3D model content in BIM projects reaches new levels. Scan to BIM enables a data-rich, connected and constructible workflow
So…what is Scan to BIM?
In a Scan to BIM process, a laser scanner is used to capture an accurate 3D scan of the real world conditions on a project. The scan data is then imported into a 3D modeling environment to create either accurate as-built models or to inform the design with the real-world conditions. As defined by The B1M, Scan to BIM is:
“The process of 3D laser scanning a physical space or site to create an accurate digital representation of it. This representation can then be used for designing, assessing progress or evaluating option.”
Three important steps of the scanning process are:
1. Collecting data with a 3D laser scanner
2. Bringing this data back to the design office
3. Using it in the BIM process
Why do contractors use 3D laser scanning?
3D laser scanning allows contractors to collect the as-is conditions on a project site quickly to provide both accurate and up-to-date data that is valuable throughout the different design and construction stages. It is then used to verify as-built models, monitor progress on a project, create as-built models for existing structures or to augment missing design data. Many projects now require a contractor to deliver a point cloud as a final project deliverable to document the location of new construction for the building owner.
Scan to BIM allows you to create a highly accurate three-dimensional digital representation of your building – in a reduced amount of time.
How does Scan to BIM work?
Scanning = Capturing Data
Thanks to modern 3D scanning technology, contractors are able to collect field data with high speed and accuracy. The 3D laser scanner is placed on a tripod and contains an eye-safe laser rotating at high speed. As the laser beam hits a solid surface, the position relative to the scanner is recorded as a X, Y, Z coordinate (also known as a “point”). Millions of these points together make up a highly accurate digital picture, commonly referred to as a point cloud. After the scanner collects points, it will capture color images that are used to colorize the scan to create a realistic 3D representation.
So which steps do you need to take to get your scanned data to a BIM model? Read the steps below!
7 Steps from Scan to BIM
Step 1: Before sending someone out to collect data for your Scan to BIM project, make sure you have the goal in mind. What will the data be used for? If the team knows what you will use it for, you can be more efficient in the capture of scan data on a project.
Step 2: Send someone to the project site to conduct the scanning.
Step 3: The person conducting the scan needs to set up the scanner and enter parameters such as the scan density or the number of measurements points to take with each scan.
Step 4: The scanner can only capture what it sees (line of sight). In order to get a complete representation of the project, you need to take multiple scans from different locations. When you know the purpose of our scan data, you can be the most efficient with your time.
Step 5: Transfer the data from the scanner to a computer with a USB drive or a cloud file-sharing platform like Trimble Connect.
Step 6: Before sharing the scan data with others, individual scans need to be registered into one composite point cloud. Use point cloud modeling software to register, analyze and model your data. Read this blog to find out how to create a 3D model from a point cloud.
Step 7: After registering your point cloud, the data can be imported into your modeling software and you can start creating constructible model content, using the point cloud data and your construction knowledge.
By using the accuracy and speed of 3D laser scanning in a BIM process, information flows almost seamlessly from field to office, allowing contractors to create constructible models in no time. There is now doubt that Scan to BIM is transforming the way contractors work today, putting both data and connected content into the heart of the construction process.
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Using Sounds to Tell a Story
An activity that introduces music notation and composing.
step 1
The teacher writes a list of words on the board (example, rain, snow, ice, wind). The teacher can ask students to donate words (nouns) to the list.
step 2
The teacher then asks the students to make a sound that reminds them of that word, a wind sound, the sound of crunching snow, etc.
step 3
The participants will brainstorm (in groups) sounds to represent different words. For example, they have to come up with sounds for words like rain, wind, hot, cold, etc.
step 4
Once the students are comfortable with this, we proceed forward with translating simple sentences into sound pieces. Small groups can share their sound pieces (sentences of sound) with the rest of the class.
step 5
Then the teacher and students move onto paragraphs, and finally short stories. The teacher can invite students to use instruments to create their sounds.
step 6
Along the way, the teacher will ask students questions to help the students refine their sounds and compositions. Once the compositions are finished, they can be performed for their classmates.
An additional step, the teacher will ask the students to find a way to write down their composition in a form that other people can read and play. The students may use pictures/drawings to represent their sound pieces. They can be organized into boxes or in a line, like a sentence. This is another exercise that should be done in small groups first and then individually.
Art Making
Story books
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one-variable compound inequalities | Algebra homework help
In this discussion, you will be demonstrating your understanding of compound inequalities and the effect that dividing by a negative has on an inequality view the example attached.
Your “and” compound inequality is:
Your “or” compound inequality is:
–1 < –2x + 4 ≤ 5 x < 0 or 3x + 1 ≥ 7
Solve the compound inequalities as demonstrated in the example attached.
• Be careful of how a negative x-term is handled in the solving process. Show all math work arriving at the solutions.
• Show the solution sets written algebraically and as a union or intersection of intervals. Describe in words what the solution sets mean, and then display a simple line graph for each solution set.
• Incorporate the following five math vocabulary words into your discussion. Use bold font to emphasize the words in your writing. Do not write definitions for the words; use them appropriately in sentences describing your math work.
• Compound inequalities
• And
• Or
• Intersection
• Union
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A guide on data science for decision makers
Data science is one of the most in-demand jobs of the 21st century. But what exactly is data science?
Data Science | 09/16/2019 UTC
Blog Hashbrown
What is data science and who is a data scientist?
By definition, data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from raw or unstructured data. Data science is the same as data-mining and big data, two of the other in-vogue words over the last decade.
Based on the applications of data science, the type of people to hire as data scientists, and the output they deliver, data science in business corporations can broadly be categorized into one, providing decision making insights for humans and two, designing Systems which help make decisions -
1. Decision making insights for humans
This is an application of data science which some would argue has been in existence for a little while. The deliverables of this is to provide insights to executives to make business, product, strategy or marketing decisions. The data scientists who specialize in this field can be called Decision Scientists.
These data scientists define, and implement metrics, run experiments, create dashboards, draw causal inferences, and generate recommendations from these. They draw conclusions from data in order to make decisions like which design layout on an eCommerce page will lead to more sales, what type of sales leads will result in more closure, what type of employee profile will lead to better productivity etc.
2. Designing Systems which help make decisions
This is an application of data science where the deliverables are models, algorithms which are consumed by computers. The data scientists who specialize in this field can be called as Modeling Scientists.
These data scientists design models, training data sets and algorithms which are consumed by computers to give a desired output. Modeling scientists most often work along with software professionals to design, deploy, implement and scale the models they have created. Examples of such models are a recommendation system on an eCommerce website, which tells you which book to read next, optimizing a digital marketing campaign for more clicks etc.
Data Operations in an organization
Organizations which deal with considerable amount of data need special personnel, systems, hardware and team structures to get the most out of their data operations. Data Operations can be broadly divided into below five streams based on the expertise of the personnel handling them and the output they produce -
1. Data infrastructure: data ingestion, availability, operations, access, and running environments to support workflows of data scientists, e.g. running Kafka and a Hadoop cluster.
2. Data engineering: determination of data schemas needed to support measurement and modeling needs, and data cleansing, aggregation, ETL, dataset management.
3. Data quality and data governance: tools, processes, guidelines to ensure data is correct, gated and monitored, documented, standardized. This includes tools for data lineage and data security.
4. Data analytics engineering: enabling data scientists focused on analytics to scale via analytics applications for internal use, e.g. analytics software libraries, productizing workflows, and analytic microservices.
5. Data-product product manager: creating products for internal customers to use within their workflow, to enable incorporation of measurement created by data scientists. Examples include: a portal to read out results of A/B tests, a failure analysis tool, or a dashboard that enables self-serve data and root cause diagnosing of changes to metrics or model performance.
Which type of data scientist to hire depends on the stage at which the data science function is in the organization. Larger organizations with established data teams go for data scientists with niche skillsets while smaller organizations which are just adapting data science as a way of achieving competitive advantage need to hire full-stack data scientists who can span as many as the above streams as possible.
As for organizational structure, it’s important that the data science function reports to someone who understands the importance of it and can be invested in it for long term. Most often this is the CEO of the company or an important decision-maker like the CMO. For individual contributor teams, a hybrid model can also be implemented with data scientists working in cross-functional teams but have a centralized team reporting.
In conclusion, data science answers key business questions by translating data into answers. But to get the most out of data science it is important to hire the right people, set up efficient operations, provide infrastructure and establish a structure to integrate the insights into business decisions.
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Acne: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Acne is a disease that occurs in the skin that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. This blockage that occurs in the skin can cause blackheads or pimples. Acne most usually occurs in children who enter adolescence or children who are in puberty, however, acne can affect people of all ages.
As explained in the above definition, acne occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. These oil glands are near the surface of your skin. These glands attach to hair follicles, which are tiny holes in your skin where hair grows.
The oil glands produce an oily substance called sebum which lubricates the hair and skin so that the skin does not become dry.
Under certain conditions and situations, the oil glands produce too much sebum. Excess sebum mixes with dead skin cells and the two substances clog the follicles, causing acne.
If the hair follicle is blocked close to the surface of the skin, it protrudes, creating a whitehead. In addition, clogged hair follicles can open up to the skin and develop blackheads.
Usually, harmless bacteria that live on the skin can contaminate and infect clogged follicles, causing papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts.
Acne often appears on the face and shoulders. but sometimes it can also occur on the torso, arms, legs, scalp and buttocks. Skin changes due to acne include:
• Crusting of skin bumps
• Cyst
• Papules (small red bumps)
• Pustules (small red bumps filled with white or yellow pus)
• Redness around skin eruptions
• Scar tissue on the skin
• Whitehead
• Blackheads
Types of Acne
There are 6 types of acne that usually attack the body
1. whiteheads.
2. Blackheads.
3. Papules.
4. Pustules.
5. Nodules.
6. Cysts.
There are 17 ways you can treat acne naturally, namely:
1. Apply apple cider vinegar.
2. Eat zinc-rich foods.
3. Apply a honey and cinnamon mask.
4. Apply tea tree oil.
5. Apply green tea.
6. Apply witch hazel.
7. Apply aloe vera.
8. Eat food sources of omega-3 fats.
9. Follow a low glycemic diet
10. Reduce or avoid stress.
11. Exercise regularly
12. Apply garlic
13. Use cucumber masks regularly
14. Use an egg white mask
15. Apply baking soda
16. Steam the pimply face
17. Wash your face with clean water every day
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Risk factors for pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant E. coli in drinking water based on nationally representative household surveys
Lay summary
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal access globally to safe and affordable drinking water by 2030. As of 2017, an estimated 29% of the global population relies on drinking water sources that is not considered “safe”, based on the presence of the indicator bacteria E. coli. As a result, monitoring frameworks, like the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), obtain vast collections on E. coli from drinking water in across low/middle income countries (LMICs). These collections offer a data source responsive to the urgent need for surveillance and monitoring of diarrheal disease and antimicrobial resistance. Through surveillance, we can address a number of key knowledge gaps on prevalence rates, risk factors, and transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant E. coli.
The objectives of this study are to quantify prevalence rates, identify risk factors, and understand pathogenic and antibiotic resistant E. coli transmission in a priority low/middle income country by leveraging nationally representative surveys of drinking water and a novel low-cost method for screening E. coli.
Specific objectives include determining:
- Prevalence Rates of antibiotic resistant and pathogenic E. coli in a priority country using drinking water samples from MICS as a sentinel surveillance system,
- Risk factors for E. coli, including antibiotic resistant and pathogenic E. coli, in drinking water by linking household-level survey data to collected microbial data, and
- Transmission of E. coli pathotypes using phylogenetic reconstruction.
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Briefly describe the disability or medical condition Share an overview
October 15, 2021
Overview: The changes made by the Tax Cut and Jobs
October 15, 2021
The text discusses three kinds of organizational structures: matrix, boundary-less,
The text discusses three kinds of organizational structures: matrix, boundary-less, and learning.
• What is a challenge to reporting to more than one manager in a matrix organization? What might be a benefit?
• What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of being employed by a boundary-less organization?
• What is the main cost of maintaining an organizational learning environment? What is the greatest benefit?
• Which kind of organization would you like to work for? Why?
It will be assessed on the following criteria:
• Describe the challenges and benefits of the matrix organization
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a boundary-less organization
• Describe the main benefit and cost of an organizational learning environment
• Explain which kind of organization the student would like to work for
• Writing is clear. Used appropriate grammar and writing to express ideas. References (if used) were cited properly.
• 2 pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
• All references cited in APA format, with a source list.
Cite references, using APA format,
Question 2
Reflect on the section Planning and Executing Change Effectively, in Chapter 7 of the text. Summarize the key steps in planning and executing change in a 500 word journal entry.
Question 3
In Chapter 7 of the text, there are several forces for organizational change: workplace demographics, technology, globalization, market conditions, growth, and poor performance.
• Based on your personal or professional experience, provide an example of when one of these forces caused an organization to change.
• Why did it cause this change? What was the result?
• What resistance to the change occurred, if any? How was the resistance (if any) overcome?
Please answer in 150 words or more. Use your own words – please do not copy and paste from a website. Be sure to reference your sources.
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Abscesses are already painful and can cause scars, so why don’t we try a cool move to minimize this for patients? Loop drainage has come to the forefront due to lower failure rates, less scaring, continuous draining, and no need for packing/repacking!
How is it done? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkEidzzs0JY)
1. Numb the abscess with lidocaine +/- epi (keeping in mind the toxic dose of ~4.5 mg/kg )
2. Make two small incisions on opposite sides of the abscess
3. Place Kelly clamps through the holes and break up the loculations
4. Run a loop through both holes and tie it in a knot. Don’t tie the knot tight, just needs to to stay together.
Don’t have a silicone vascular loop? You can also use Penrose drain or finger of a glove.
Does it really work? Yeah, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28917436. This technique shows lower failure rates, especially in children.
A reliable patient can even take it out themselves. And an unreliable patient now has a reason to return to the ED for wound check. If you’re doing one of these in the next month, keep your TR in the loop!
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solar panel power inverter
Published Oct 10, 21
5 min read
How To Calculate How Many Solar Inverters For Solar Panels - Buying Guide - Modernize Are Needed ...
Panels and batteries have a voltage score as well. Your system requires to be developed at the best voltage based upon the devices being utilized and what it needs. We likewise represent things like temperature level that can affect voltage and system efficiency. If you don't have the best voltage from your photovoltaic panels or battery bank, your system might not carry out well or even worse you could damage costly hardware.
Your array needs to supply enough power to keep the batteries charged, but not so much that they overcharge. Too much current could harm your batteries from overcharging. On the other hand, undercharging your batteries can have an even worse result. Certain batteries need to be raised to complete charge on a regular basis.
Why You Do Not Use Inverters With Solar Power Systems... One-Year Review: Is It Worth It?
You're producing your own energy, so the lights should remain on throughout a power blackout, right?Unfortunately, that's not the case with grid-tied solar systems. Although the power originates from your panels, it is still stored in the public energy grid. When the grid power heads out, so does yours, because there's no facilities to feed that power to your residential or commercial property.
When the power's on, it works like a regular grid-tied system. During an interruption, a little backup battery bank begins to keep the lights on. It costs a bit more, however the peace of mind is important, specifically if you live someplace with severe weather conditions or unreliable power from the grid.
How Many Why You Do Not Use Inverters With Solar Power Systems... Are Needed To Run A House?
It's a 4 to 5 figure investment. We know that's a huge commitment. However electricity from the power business isn't inexpensive either, and it's just going up in price. The truth is when you take a look at the long-term worth of owning a planetary system, many grid-tied systems pay for themselves fairly quickly and in fact make you an earnings over the life of the warranty.
However here's the quick version: Let's utilize a system that costs $10,000 (to make the mathematics easy). That would get you something like this 7. 2kW system. You get a 30% tax credit for going solar, so the out-of-pocket cost is $7000 (solar panel converter).$ 10,000 $3,000 = $7,000 A 6. 6 kW system will offset around 900 kWh of energy usage monthly.
How To Make Your Normal Inverter Into Solar Inverter With ... Size Calculator
900 kWh * 0 (solar inverter for sale). 12 = $108To determine repayment period, increase this expense by 12 to get your annual energy cost savings (in this case, $1296). Divide that number into your system expense to determine your payback duration, the time it takes for your system to spend for itself entirely.$ 7,000/ $1296 = 5.
The majority of photovoltaic panel warranties last for 25 years, and inverters for 10 years. After you clear the payback point, your solar system begins to make a profit for you. This assumes you perform a DIY setup. If you work with an installer, you might pay them $1 a watt to set up your system.
Can Solar Panels Power An Rv Air Conditioner? - Camper ... – 2020 Buyers Guide
The mathematics modifications slightly:$ 11620/ $1296 = 8. 96 yearsA 9-year repayment duration on a system with a 25-year warranty. Still not bad at all." But the tax credit is going away in 2022!" Yup, that holds true. And we hear individuals state aids are the only factor solar make good sense. So just for fun, let's attempt it one more time without the tax credit:$ 16,660/ $1296 = 12.
solar panel power invertersolar inverter for home
solar inverter for homesolar panel power inverter
4 years to 12. 8 years by employing an installer and avoiding the tax credit, and we're still settling the cost halfway through the life of the system. Solar costs a reasonable little bit of cash in advance, but no matter how you slice it, grid-tied solar can spend for itself long before the devices breaks.
Solar Conversion Kit: A Better Way To Use Existing Inverter ...: The Complete Review
solar panel convertersolar panel converter
When you rent your system from a 3rd party through a Power Buying Arrangement (PPA), the value of that financial investment quite much disappears. We can think of a couple of reasons why leasing is a bad offer. The very first thing to comprehend is the lending institution owns the system, which implies they're eligible to declare all the incentives.
After you have actually been squeezed out of the rewards, you'll likewise pay a premium rate to lease the panels, which consists of interest. In all, you may discover you paid twice as much to rent the system as it would cost to fund and own the system yourself - solar panel converter. Leasing also makes it more challenging to offer your house.
How Many 12 Volt From Solar Panel Converted To 120vac Without Battery ... Are Needed To Run A House?
Or, you can settle the remainder of the lease balance and include that total up to your asking rate. Both options restrict the pool of possible buyers for your home. We describe more about why we think leasing is a bad concept in our post: Must you Buy, Lease or Loan?I brought up the fact that many panels are warrantied for 25 years.
When individuals begin preparing their system, everyone believes about what they require today. Not as lots of people think of how their needs will alter in the future. What happens when you have kids, build a brand-new workshop, or purchase an electric car that needs charging? You'll start taking in more energy.
How Many Solar Panels Do I Need To Run My House ... Home Battery Complete Review
Some things to think of: Do you have space to expand the setup if necessary? For example, state your system uses up your entire roofing. What occurs when you wish to include panels later but have nowhere to put them?Is your system designed to be expandable? People often believe, "hi, I'll simply add more panels!" without understanding the other parts of the system, like the inverter, require to be sized to match.
They deal with a one-to-one basis: each panel is paired with its own micro-inverter. When you want to add on, just pair another inverter/ panel pairing and mount them onto your selection. For off-grid homes, you ought to also believe thoroughly about battery sizing. Depending upon the battery type and age, it may not be possible to expand your existing battery bank.
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Moon question
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This should probably be in the beginner section :) but I thought the lunar observers would be able to help. Why is it that some nights the moon is much lower in the sky than others? Last night it didn't look very high above the southern horizon. The sun I understand, in summer it is high, in winter it is low, but how does the moon work? Does its declination vary over a set period like the sun? Thank you.
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Entrepreneurship is coloured by gender roles and expectations and brings other inequalities between genders to the forefront. In the MENA region, those running businesses that employ workers, a sign of successful entrepreneurship, are mostly men. Meanwhile, women are often employed as contributing family workers. Rather than from entrepreneurial aspirations, self-employment among women is often driven by poverty and the need for income. This applies particularly to young women, who perceive self-employment primarily as a necessity due to the lack of other economic opportunities. In Egypt, for example, nearly 64% of self-employed youth report that the main reason for them becoming self-employed is a lack of other opportunities.
Woman businesses tend to be concentrated in agriculture, handicrafts and the provision of minor services. These good and services are considered non-innovative, that is, they do not involve new technologies or solutions, which is often the basis of company growth. Furthermore, these sectors provide predominantly poorly paid and informal work. Many female entrepreneurs decide to work from their homes because it offers a high degree of flexibility, compatible with social norms and family duties. However, such small-scale businesses are highly vulnerable work domains, seldom covered by social security systems and labour laws.
So far, we have already covered two distinctions in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship out of necessity vs. out of opportunity, and non-innovative vs. innovative entrepreneurship. Many self-employed women in MENA fit into the former categories, necessity entrepreneurs whose employment and businesses are characterized by high levels of informality, vulnerability and working poverty, and who provide non-innovative goods. Entrepreneurs out of opportunity, however, tend to run established small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are looking to grow. There is little crossover between these two groups. Few microenterprises will ever grow to become SMEs.
Whether driven by necessity or opportunity, women in MENA face numerous structural barriers to entrepreneurship. First and foremost, this includes a gender-discriminatory environment that is shaped by social norms, attitudes and laws. Second, they must contend with the difficulties in securing access to relevant skills, knowledge, markets and networks. Finally, there is a lack of appropriate financial and business development services for women. Many of these barriers are applicable to women around the world.
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The OSI Seven Layer Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model broke the work needed to implement a distributed network service into seven separate layers of abstraction, from the physical infrastructure at layer one all the way up to the application at layer seven. That was much more elegant and academically satisfying than the Internet’s TCP/IP, which was considered a bit ad-hoc in comparison.
It turns out that implementing a network often requires crossing the layers, so the seven layer model wasn’t a great basis for actually building a network on and the simpler TCP/IP four layer model won out.
Why do we care about an old, theoretical network model? Because even though it’s not really used in implementations it’s still an important part of the language engineers use to discuss networks. You need to be aware of it to understand references to “level 3” and “level 8” problems.
I’ve included rough mappings from bits of the email world onto each layer in this handy table:
That’s ten layers, not seven, you say. Yes, yes it is.
There’s always more to networking than just getting data in front of a user. There’ve been joking (not-joking) references to the “political” and even “religious” layers at the top of the stack. This shirt is one of the more notorious ones.
The three extra layers I gave above – individual, organization, government – are often useful abstractions, and are particularly relevant to email deliverability.
A “full stack” email expert needs to be intimately familiar with levels five through nine, and some situation will require more than a passing understanding of levels three, four and ten.
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The Qiblah
The schools concur that the Ka’bah is the qiblah of the one who is near it and is able to see it. They differ regarding the qiblah of one who is away from the Ka’bah and unable to see it.
The Hanafis, Malikis, Hanbalis and a group of Imami legists observe: The qiblah of one at a distance is the direction of the Ka’bah and not the Ka’bah itself.
The Shafi’is and most Imamis state: It is wajib for one who is near the Ka’bah as well for one at a distance, to face the Ka’bah itself. Thus, if it is possible to ascertain that one is facing the Ka’bah itself, one must do so; otherwise the probability (zann) that one may be facing it, is sufficient. It is obvious that one who is far away from the Ka’bah is in no way capable of ascertaining that he is facing the Ka’bah, considering that the earth is spherical. Consequently, the qiblah of one away from the Ka’bah will be the direction of the Ka’bah and not the Ka’bah itself.
Ignorance of the Qiblah (Direction)
It is wajib for a person ignorant of the qiblah to inquire and strive to determine its exact or approximate direction1, and in case neither of the two is possible, the four Sunni schools and a group from among the Imamis say: He may perform salat in any direction; his salat will be valid and it will not be wajib for him to repeat it except in the opinion of the Shafi’is.
Most Imamis observe: He will perform Salat in four directions to comply with the command for salat and to ascertain its proper performance. But if there isn’t sufficient time for performing salat four times or if one is incapable of performing it in four directions, he may perform salat in the directions that he can.
A Subsidiary Issue
If a person prays not facing the qiblah and comes to know about his mistake, the Imamis state: If the error is known during the salat and the correct qiblah lies between his two hands, the part of the salat already performed will be valid and he will have to correct his direction for the remaining part of the salat. But if it is known that he has been praying facing the east, or the west, or the north with his back towards the qiblah (this is with reference to Lebanon where the qiblah lies to the south), the salat will be invalid and he will perform it anew.
If the error is known after performing the salat, it should be performed again if its time is still there, not otherwise. Some Imamis say: The salat will not be repeated if there is only a little deviation from the qiblah, irrespective of whether its time is still there or not.
But if it has been performed facing east or west [the right or the left (90 degrees off)], it should be repeated if its time is there, not otherwise. If the salat is performed with one’s back to the qiblah (180 degrees off), it should be repeated regardless of whether its time is still there or has passed.
The Hanafis and the Hanbalis observe: If after inquiring and striving to find the qiblah one is unable to ascertain its approximate direction and performs salat in a direction which turns out to be wrong, he must change his direction accordingly if the mistake is known during the salat, and if it is known afterwards his salat is valid and he has no further obligation.
The Shafi’is say: If it becomes certain that there has been a mistake in determining the qiblah, it is wajib to repeat the salat, but if there is only a likelihood of mistake, the salat is valid irrespective of whether the probability arises during the salat or after it.
As to one who neither makes an inquiry nor an effort to determine the qiblah, but by chance performs the salat in the right direction, the Malikis and Hanbalis consider his salat to be invalid (batil).
The opinion of the Imamis and the Hanafis is that his salat is valid provided he has no doubts while praying and was sure about the direction of the qiblah at the time of starting the salat, because, as pointed out by the Imamis, in such a situation it is correct for him to make the niyyah of acquiring nearness (qurbah) to God.
• 1. The command to face Masjid al-Haram has come in verse 144 of Surat al-Baqarah (...So turn your face towards Masjid al-Haram), and the leave to turn in any direction in verse 115: (To God belong the East and the West; where ever you turn there is the Face of God). Some scholars have held that the former verse abrogates the latter.
Others disagree and point out that there is no abrogation involved here, nor is it a case of one being particular and the other general. The way to reconcile the two verses, they point out, is that the former verse applies to those who know the direction of the qiblah and commands them to turn towards it. The latter verse specifically applies to one who is at a loss regarding its direction and orders him to perform salat in any direction he wants. This opinion seems to be more credible.
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Smartphones are all around us – professionals, business executives, housewives, students – everyone has a phone nowadays. The utility and convenience offered by smartphones cannot be denied; they have revolutionized our lives and taken it to an all-new level. But, with all the benefits also come some drawbacks.
The increasing reliance on cellphones means our sensitive, personal information might be at risk if our phone gets stolen. Today, I will provide you three tips to ensure the safety of your personal data on your smartphone and protect it from hackers or unauthorized use:
Lock Your Device
Locking your device using a password ensures privacy – to some extent – even if you lose your smartphone or if it gets stolen. Setting a password is the simplest type of security feature that you can use on your smartphone, and the rest follows.
You can prevent unauthorized access to personal data on your phone if you secure it with a password. You never know when you might forget your phone somewhere and it ends up in someone else’s hands. In such a situation, you want to make sure that your private data stays away from prying eyes.
Use Strong Passwords
Using a password for your smartphone is an essential security practice – only if the password is strong enough! There is no use of locking your device if your password is common knowledge to everyone around you, or if it is painfully simple to guess.
Use a strong password for your smartphone, but make sure you can remember it afterward. You need to use your smartphone every once in a while, thus typing in a difficult password every time can be quite a hassle. But there is a solution; you do not have to create a lengthy password with lots of numbers and special characters. Just make one that is short yet powerful. Use less but difficult characters in your password, and make it hard to guess.
If typing in a password every time bothers you, then consider using a pattern as your password. Draw patterns instead of typing a password; some people find it fun to apply the pattern to unlock their devices. Creating a unique pattern for your phone as a password not only keeps your device protected but also saves you the hassle of typing a password repeatedly.
Use a Password Manager
If you use your smartphone for virtually everything, i.e. logging in to your online accounts, mobile banking, etc., then we advise you to use a password manager. A Password Management software program will keep all your passwords in one place, secured by a master password.
Use a mobile password manager to keep all your passwords with you at all times and access them on the go. A mobile password manager not only stores passwords for your accounts you access from your smartphone, but you can also use it to store all your other passwords, credit card numbers, and pin codes, etc.
You can download many of these password managers for free, but for added security features you should be to spend a little. A few of the top mobile password manager programs include LastPass, Dashlane, Keeper, Roboform, NordPass, and Keepass.
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What is Meat-Free Monday?
The start of a new year is usually when people decide to make some great change for the better: they might vow to start running again on January 1st, or read more books every month, or maybe get adventurous in the kitchen with a more diverse meal plan. That same line of thinking applies to every new week, with many people using the first work day as a chance to do a reset on some of the indulgences incurred over the weekend. This is the philosophy behind Meat-Free Monday, whereby people are encouraged to replace their consumption of meat-based products with plant-based alternatives once a week.
Launched in 2009 by former Beatle and world-famous vegetarian Paul McCartney, with his daughters Mary and Stella, Meat-Free Monday is a not-for-profit striving to raise awareness of the damage caused by industrial farming and meat supply. Just as people will hit the gyms on Monday to counterbalance a boozy Saturday night or “cheat day” Sunday feast, the McCartneys want their campaign to be treated in the same way: balance out your consumption of meat with plant-based alternatives on Monday. If starting the week is a struggle for some, at least you can do your bit to save the planet when you do.
With the simple move to going meat-free just once a week, there are many reasons why Meat-Free Monday should be considered within your meal plans – but it doesn’t need to just be on a Monday. Here are some of the most important things to help you change your mind when it comes to what you put on your plate.
Why Meat-Free Monday matters
Food production is a significant contributor to global warming, due to the resources consumed in transporting food products around the world, as well as the water and other resources needed to feed the cattle and poultry we consume ourselves. Millions of acres of trees are cleared to rear cattle, with 80% of the Amazon rainforest being cleared for the purposes of cattle farming; more broadly, almost 30,000,000 acres of forest is wiped out every year to accommodate the food industry.
The greater levels of carbon dioxide that goes into the atmosphere, with fewer trees to convert it into oxygen, is a problem compounded by the reduced amounts of biodiversity that occur as land is cleared. This exacerbates the issue of food insecurity, which has not been as closely addressed as it should be: of the approximate $400 bn invested annually to try and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, only $2 bn is channeled toward rainforest preservation and replanting.
Mitigation of animal suffering
battery farm hens crammed into large warehouse
Billions of animals are bred into existence each year simply to slaughtered shortly thereafter. Many of these birds and cattle are reared in factory farms with next to no freedom to move around, in pens and cages that are often far too small to accommodate the volume of animals inside them. This lack of space, as well as the minimal exposure to natural light and high levels of noise in these confined spaces, creates an intensely agitating environment that often leads the animals to attack one another. As a result of this, animals reared in captivity will have their beaks clipped or singed to prevent them pecking or lashing out in response to the stress of constantly being wing-to-wing against one another.
This violent, uncomfortable existence is ultimately cut short in a slaughterhouse, making the move toward a less meat-based diet cuts down on the demand for beef and poultry products. Reduced demand equates to a downturn in the number of animals bred for slaughter, mitigating the degree of suffering to which they are subjecting within their brief, fraught lifespans.
Alleviating world hunger
Animal rearing is far from an energy-efficient process, with the yield of meat protein produced often greatly outweighed by the amount of energy and plant protein required. It can take as much as 12 kg of grain in cow’s feed to make just 1 kg of beef product, which means that eating beef is really costing the earth a lot more than the few dollars you pay at the grocery store. In fact, a lot of nutrients that go into feeding the cattle aren’t passed down into the consumer, making the process of animal rearing costly as well as an inefficient.
As it stands today, over 800,000,000 people in the world are suffering famine and malnutrition, but the amount of basic cereal needed to satiate the hunger of three times that many people is instead funneled into the feed bags of pigs, chickens, and cattle. Moving away from meat-based products can help redivert attention to the world’s neediest and most disadvantaged citizens, as the downturn in demand for meat reduces the need for resources sustaining it.
pair of delicious plant-based burgers with potato wedges
Operating across the planet in 45 unique campaigns, Meat-Free Monday has expanded far beyond its point of origin in the UK. Better known as Meatless Mondays in the US, the idea of skipping meat at the start of the week is an endearingly popular idea. With the rise of plant-based meats in restaurants as products more closely resemble the beef or poultry products they’re substituting, many consumers are making the change today to a more sustainable and environmentally conscious diet.
At Buffalo Market, we’re committed to sustainable eating as well, with a wide range of meat-free products to accompany our expansive inventory of fresh, natural ingredients. Offering products from some of the most popular meat-free suppliers of the moment – such as Lightlife and Beyond Meat, producing sausages and burger patties that taste just as good as anything you could get from your local butcher – we can help you make the move to meatless by delivering to your door.
Beyond that, if you wanted to serve up those burgers with some of the juiciest tomatoes, the crispiest organic lettuce, and the tangiest red onion in the state, Buffalo Market is on hand to give the ripest and most flavorsome organic produce from local, small-scale farmers. Take a look at the 2,600+ items we have on sale and see how a fresher, more colorful diet can make all the difference.
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Good And Evil: The Question Of Evil
Religion attempts to answer numerous questions in its own way. Some religions try to answer questions about existence, God and even evil. Why is there evil? Who created evil? Is evil even real? If God is so powerful, why is there evil? Religion scholars strive to answer these questions. However, this essay is not about all the above questions, rather it is about how various theorists question why evil exists if God is all powerful. According to Augustine, evil is the result of the free will of humans, but Thomas Aquinas argues that evil is the privation of “good”. In this essay, theories will be applied to the Christian beliefs of the Enlightenment period. Firstly, the essay will explain what evil is, the types of evil and some ways Christians …show more content…
God does not want to be the puppeteer with humans as his puppets, thus giving humans free will. This is the reason for evil according to Augustine. “So too free will, without which no one can live rightly, must be a God-given good, and you must admit rather that those who use this good wrongly are to be condemned than that He who gave it ought not to have given it” . He argues that free will creates evil not a weak God. Natural disasters, death of a loved one, business failure, so many things are evil, and Augustine explains that the only reason any of that happens is free will . He stresses on the fact that God wanted us to have free will, but there is a problem in that theory. He discusses that there are some people that have free will and not sin at all; this he argues is a defect in that person’s character because God creates humans as “wholly good” and never responsible for evil. He further explains that origin of evil is incomprehensible and uses the idea that good is the privation of evil (the theory that Aquinas supports) . Furthermore, he claims that evil is not separate, or in competition, with the force of good, rather evil is parasitic on good . The analogy that the site uses is as one moves away from the light source, the shadows increases; likewise, evil grows as one moves away from good. Augustine came from a time in which there was much war and to know which nation was evil and which was good was important, his main influence being Plato. Aquinas is a different person, influenced by different means (though one of the philosophers he studied was
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War Criminals and Aggressive War
A very few throughout the world, including these accused, decided to take the law into their own hands and to force their individual will upon mankind. They declared war upon civilization. . . .
-US Assistant Attorney General Joseph B. Keenan's opening at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (June 4, 1946)
As Emperor Hirohito prepared for surrender in the summer of 1945, Japanese military leaders also saw that capitulation was imminent. Unlike other times in history when war was concluded, surrender to Allied forces this time included their arrest and prosecution for war crimes. The 1943 Moscow Declaration confirmed that the Allied forces sought to conduct trials against major war criminals, and Article 10 of the Potsdam Declaration stated that “stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners.”1 Alongside these provisions, Japanese military leaders could not ignore the fate of leading Nazi officials awaiting trial at the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg.
Because of the efforts of the foreigners involved in the Nanjing Safety Zone to collect evidence, photograph, film, and send letters and other documentation to family and colleagues living outside China at the time, there was evidence of the atrocities committed in and around Nanjing. There were also women and men from Nanjing who survived the violence who were willing to step forward and tell their stories publicly.
Other cities and locations where war crimes and atrocities occurred did not have the same body of evidence. In a frantic attempt to avoid prosecution, Japanese military leaders took full advantage of the lag of time between their surrender (August 15, 1945) and Allied occupation (August 30, 1945.)2 A policy of systematically destroying and burning vast amounts of incriminating evidence, including transcripts of imperial conferences, records of the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, all files on prisoners of war, orders and plans relating to the attack on the Philippines and Southeast Asia, and documents relating to the Manchurian and Chinese campaigns, were put in force.3 Many high- and low-ranking Japanese leaders also chose to end their lives and practice what Prime Minister Tojo termed as the “frontline code of honor” rather than be “judged before a conqueror’s court.”4
Despite the tremendous loss of evidence and desperate acts by Japanese leaders, on January 19, 1946 General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, established by Special Proclamation the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) and approved its Charter. MacArthur appointed a panel of 11 judges, 9 of whom were from nations who signed the terms of surrender5 The IMFTE used crimes against peace, war crimes, and conspiracy to commit these crimes in their indictments of Japanese war criminals and relegated them into a total of 55 separate counts to prosecute leading Japanese officials.
The counts were further divided into three levels, Class A, B, and C. Those most deemed responsible for aggressive war or crimes against peace were Class A war criminals. These counts included the following:
1: As leaders, organizers, instigators, or accomplices in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to wage wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law.
27: Waging unprovoked war against China.
29: Waging aggressive war against the United States.
31: Waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth.
32: Waging aggressive war against the Netherlands.
33: Waging aggressive war against France (Indochina).
35, 36: Waging aggressive war against the USSR.
54: Ordered, authorized, and permitted inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War (POWs) and others.
55: Deliberately and recklessly disregarded their duty to take adequate steps to prevent atrocities. 6
Two of the Class A defendants, Prince Asaka Yasuhiko and General Matsui Iwane, were key military officers involved in the Nanjing Atrocities. Prince Asaka had spent his career in the Imperial Army, was the son-in-law of Emperor Meiji and uncle to Hirohito. He was never indicted, questioned as a witness, or brought to testify at the IMTFE because of his imperial affiliations. General Matsui was commander of both the Shanghai Expeditionary Forces beginning in August 1937 and the Central China Area Army (CCAA) by December 1937. Matsui directed the campaign to capture Nanjing and was deactivated from this position in March 1938. A third Class A defendant, Hirota Koki, was the foreign minister of the CCAA at the time of the occupation of Nanjing. Evidence was also gathered against Class B acts, war crimes, and Class C, crimes against humanity. These accused individuals would only be tried at the IMTFE if they were already being prosecuted for Class A acts.
Finally, the prosecutors at Tokyo faced the decision whether to prosecute Japan’s leader (Emperor Hirohito), who remained alive at the conclusion of the war. MacArthur was instructed by Washington and a Joint Chiefs order on September 12 to “take no action against the Emperor as a war criminal.” 7 This order was in direct conflict with Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter, which the IMTFE Charter was loosely based upon. This article held heads of state responsible for committing acts of aggressive war, stating, “Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.”8 But General MacArthur and the personnel working for SCAP reasoned that the success of their occupation depended upon the stability of Japan. The prosecution and possible removal of the emperor could undermine this effort and jeopardize the American interests in the region.9 MacArthur even received direct instruction from Washington to “take no action against the Emperor as a war criminal.” 10
This rationale was not shared by all of the Allied forces with interests in Japan. For example, the Australians furnished a detailed memorandum advocating for the prosecution of the emperor. It stressed never “at any time was Hirohito forced by duress to give his written approval to any aggressive military action.” 11 In the end, the American forces’ dominant role politically and militarily in the region won out and the emperor was not indicted. This decision was supported by the Soviet delegation, on instruction from Stalin, calling for Hirohito’s indictment only if the Americans agreed to it. Similarly the three Asian countries participating in the tribunal, China, the Philippines, and India, would only pursue prosecuting the emperor if the Americans agreed to. Ultimately, 28 Japanese defendants were indicted but Emperor Hirohito was not included.
Less than one year after Japan’s surrender, former US assistant attorney general Joseph B. Keenan opened the IMTFE on June 4, 1946. The statement was given at Ichigaya Court in Tokyo, the former headquarters of the Imperial Army in Tokyo during the war:
Mr. President and members of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East: . . .
This may be one of the most important trials of history. It is important to the eleven nations here represented, constituting orderly governments of countries containing much more than one-half of the inhabitants of this earth. It is important to all other nations and to the unborn generations, because these proceedings could have a far reaching effect on the peace and security of the world. . . .
Our broad aim is the orderly administration of justice; our specific purpose is to contribute all we soundly can towards the end—the prevention of the scourge of aggressive war. . . .
Mr. President, this is no ordinary trial, for here we are waging a part of the determined battle of civilization to preserve the entire world from destruction. This threat comes not from the forces of nature, but from the deliberate planned efforts of individuals, as such and as members of groups. . . . A very few throughout the world, including these accused, decided to take the law into their own hands and to force their individual will upon mankind. They declared war upon civilization. They made the rules and defined the issues. They were determined to destroy democracy and its essential basis—freedom and respect of [sic] human personality; they were determined that the system of government of and by and for the people should be eradicated and what they called a “New Order” established instead. And to this end they joined hands with the Hitlerite group. . . . Together they planned, prepared, and initiated aggressive wars against the great democracies enumerated in the indictment. . . .
No one needs even the slight reminder to realize that wars in our time are quite different from those of old. Today, and far more important still, tomorrow and forever hereafter wars can be nothing other than total wars.12
While some have criticized the Tokyo trials for selective prosecution or as an example of victor’s justice, others see the trials as an important legal milestone in the prosecution of crimes against humanity.
This is a general view of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East meeting in Tokyo in April, 1947.
1. Citations
• 1 : The Moscow Conference, Joint Four-Nation Declaration, USA-UK-USSR-China, October 1943, published in A Decade of American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941-49, prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations by the Staff of the Committee and the Department of State, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950) and online; and Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek, The Potsdam Declaration, US-UK-China, July 26, 1945, accessed May 28, 2014.
• 2 : This is the date General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Tokyo but Allied personnel had officially arrived on August 28, 1945.
• 3 : Arnold C. Brackman, The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial (New York: William Morrow, 1987), 40.
• 4 : Ibid., 44. By the end of August 1945 roughly 1,000 officers and men of the Imperial forces died by suicide. Tojo himself unsuccessfully attempted to end his life as the US military police moved in to arrest him in on September 8, 1945. He was resuscitated by US Army medics and would later stand trial at the IMTFE.
• 5 : These included Australia, Canada, the Republic of China, France, British India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR.
• 6 : “The Tribunal - An Overview”, The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: A Digital Exhibition website, accessed January 1, 2014.
• 7 : David M. Crowe, War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013), 198.
• 8 : “Article 6.,” in “Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1; Charter of the International Military Tribunal,” at the Avalon Project website, accessed January 1, 2014.
• 9 : Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001), 587.
• 10 : Dower, Embracing Defeat. The international Far Eastern Commission exempted the emperor as a war criminal by April 1946.
• 11 : Ibid., 592.
• 12 : “Item 52 – Opening Statement of the Prosecution,” The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: A Digital Exhibition website, accessed January 1, 2014.
Connection Questions
1. Is there a difference between moral responsibility and legal accountability? Who do you believe should be held legally accountable for the atrocities committed in Nanjing? Who would you hold morally accountable? What criteria would you use to answer those questions?
2. What is the purpose of a trial? Is a trial the only option for seeking justice for those who were wronged?
3. The Tokyo Trials are often compared to the Nuremberg Tribunals. From this reading, what are important differences between the two trials? Why are these differences noteworthy?
4. Who do you believe is more responsible for war crimes that are committed, the leaders or the soldiers? Who should ultimately decide? Do you agree or disagree with the decision by the Supreme Command for the Allied Powers to not prosecute Emperor Hirohito for war crimes? What evidence can you cite within the reading supporting your stance?
5. Justice Robert L. Jackson opened the Nuremberg Trial with the following statement:
May it please Your Honors:
(For the full transcript of the speech go to
Compare Justice Jackson’s opening statement at Nuremberg with the opening statement of Justice Keenan at the Tokyo Trial excerpted in the reading. According to their statements, what objectives do both trials share? What differences in the trials are reflected in the opening statements?
6. There were many Japanese suspects who escaped indictment for war crimes at the Tokyo Trials. In fact 120 Class-A war criminals were arrested, detained and were released.1 However, one unique case was Ishii Shirō, the Japanese leader responsible for Unit 731 - the Japanese sponsored bacteriological warfare and human experimentation program designed against Chinese civilians, soldiers and other POWs. The “oversight” of any prosecution for those responsible for Unit 731 was later revealed as a negotiated agreement between SCAP and Japanese authorities. In exchange for immunity, Ishii agreed to hand over all data from his germ warfare work to the Americans rather than risking the information getting into the hands of the Soviets.2
Should political priorities of nations ever override holding individuals accountable for war crimes?
• 1 : Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (professor, York Univeristy), private correspondence.
• 2 : Over 120 A-class war crimes suspects were arrested and detained but released without trial. Ishii Shirō was not overlooked by the Americans but instead was lavishly rewarded for handing over information.
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Holding leaders accountable was a leading argument used during the prosecution of what occurred in Nanjing. Class A defendants, Matsui Iwane and Hirota Koki, are questioned as to their knowledge of atrocities committed by those under their command.
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Rape As a Weapon of War
Rape has always been a weapon of war. But until recently it was neglected as a crime worthy of prosecution on its own. During the Nanjing Atrocities young and old women were repeatedly violated by Japanese Imperial troops. While definitive numbers are difficult to pin down because of the nature of the crime, tens of thousands of rapes were documented, witnessed, and reported.
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Body language - Metro US
Body language
‘‘Everyone has heard of a runner’s high, but how many people have heard of a capoeirista’s high?” asks Ana Costa, instructor and proprietor of Raízes do Brasil Capoeira Brooklyn, a Brazilian cultural center. “It is the exhilaration of an intense full-body workout.”
Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian martial art in which practitioners, or capoeiristas, train their bodies and minds by using the dance-like sway of the body to learn self-defense. The physical, historical and communal traditions are not mutually exclusive.
What began in the 18th century as a way for slaves to combat oppression in the guise of a dance is recognized today in Brazil as a culturally preserved art form, and its popularity has spread globally. There are now capoeira groups and academies like Costa’s in virtually every major city in the United States, and they offer a camaraderie that no routine fitness class at your gym can.
Capoeira movements engage the core, upper and lower body all at once. In essence, the martial art is a conversation between two people who, regardless of their nationality, speak capoeira’s universal language of kicks, dodges, acrobatics and take-downs. This strategic call and response takes place in a circle of capoeiristas who sing, clap and play percussive instruments in order to energize the players as well as convey capoeira’s rich traditions through folkloric songs.
The sport thrives because it is a community in which discipline is a shared virtue. A formal cord system determines a student’s level of achievement, and to progress, capoeiristas are constantly challenged by their superiors and, most importantly, each other. “Human communication is intrinsically part of capoeira,” Costa says. “It keeps me connected with real people of all ages and all walks of life.”
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What's Your Refractive Error? | Correcting Refractive Errors
July 29, 2017
Refractive Error | Correction of Refractive Errors | Whitten Laser EyeAlmost everyone has a refractive error. A refractive error occurs when light can not be sharply focused on the retina.
Common types of refractive errors are:
• Nearsightedness - also known as myopia
• Farsightedness - also known as hyperopia
• Astigmatism - a common secondary aberration in the focusing system of the eye
Technically speaking, your refractive error is the measurement of the power of the lenses needed to focus light on the retina. Sharply focused light results in clear vision.
Visual System of the Eye
For us to see well, the eye functions as a unit to focus light onto the retina. The retina is the light sensitive tissue which lines the inside of the eye (some call this the “back of the eye”).Normal Visual System | What Are Refractive Errors | Whitten Laser Eye
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous before landing on the retina. The cornea retains about 75% of the total focusing power of the eye. The lens supplies the other 25%.
It is really the corneal surface that focuses or refracts light. Small changes to the corneal surface can result in dramatic changes in the eye’s ability to focus light. This now explains why a corneal abrasion can blur vision until healed. This also is how LASIK and the Raindrop Near Vision Inlay can work so well to correct your vision.
The pupil and vitreous have no direct influence on focusing light.
Once light is captured by the retina, electronic impulses are then sent via the optic nerve to the brain resulting in vision.
Correcting Refractive Errors
Glasses and contact lenses are often used to correct refractive errors, but glasses are expensive, can break and are often impractical to use in certain situations (e.g. sports). Contact lenses are also expensive, can cause corneal infections, can tear, fallout or get dirt underneath.
Laser vision correction, such as LASIK, can provide a long term alternative to contact lenses and glasses. LASIK works by changing the corneal surface. More specifically, it alters the curvature of the cornea to alter the refractive power of your eye - reducing or eliminating the need for glasses or contact lenses.
The Raindrop Near Vision Inlay also works by altering the corneal surface. A tiny clear inlay is inserted into the cornea producing a subtle change in the corneal surface. This is used to treat presbyopia - loss of near vision due to the natural aging process.
Older techniques such as radial keratotomy also “changed vision” by altering the curvature of the cornea. While LASIK has generally replaced RK, the basic ideas are the same; changing the corneal surface can result in improved vision without the need for glasses of contacts.
If you are ready to consider alternatives to glasses please call us (301.825.5755). My team and I look forward to meeting you.
Mark Whitten, M.D.
Vision Correction Surgeon
LASIK, Cataract & Raindrop
Shilpa Rose, M.D.
Vision Correction & Dry Eye Specialist
These are surgical procedures and results may vary. While infrequent, complications can occur. Before your procedure, you will read an Informed Consent document which discusses potential complications and risks. Dr. Whitten will thoroughly review this information with you and answer your questions.
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False cognate
False cognates are pairs of words that seem to be cognates because of similar sounds and meaning, but have different etymologies; they can be within the same language or from different languages, even within the same family.[1] For example, the English word dog and the Mbabaram word dog have exactly the same meaning and very similar pronunciations, but by complete coincidence. Likewise, English much and Spanish mucho which came by their similar meanings via completely different Proto-Indo-European roots. This is different from false friends, which are similar-sounding words with different meanings, but which may in fact be etymologically related.
Even though false cognates lack a common root, there may still be an indirect connection between them (for example by phono-semantic matching or folk etymology).
The term "false cognate" is sometimes misused to refer to false friends, but the two phenomena are distinct.[1][2] False friends occur when two words in different languages or dialects look similar, but have different meanings. While some false friends are also false cognates, many are genuine cognates (see False friends § Causes).[2] For example, English pretend and French prétendre are false friends, but not false cognates, as they have the same origin.[3]
"Mama and papa" type
The basic kinship terms mama and papa (together with the wider class of Lallnamen) comprise a special case of false cognates. The striking cross-linguistical similarities between these terms are thought to result from the nature of language acquisition. According to Jakobson (1962), these words are the first word-like sounds made by babbling babies; and parents tend to associate the first sound babies make with themselves and to employ them subsequently as part of their baby-talk lexicon. Thus, there is no need to ascribe the similarities to common ancestry. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that these terms are built up from speech sounds that are easy to produce (nasals like [m] or [n], typically for "mother" words, or plosives like [p], [b], [t], [d], typically for "father" words, along with the low vowel [a]). However, variants occur; for example, in Old Japanese, the word for "mother" was papa, and in Slavic languages, baba is a common nickname for "grandmother", as in Baba Yaga and babushka. In Georgian, the usual pattern (nasal for "mother", plosive for "father") is inverted: the word for "father" is mama, and the word for "mother" is deda.
Note: Some etymologies may be simplified to avoid overly long descriptions.
Between English words
Term 1Etymology 1Term 2Etymology 2
dayOE dæġ
<< PG *dagaz
<< PIE *dʰogʷʰ-o-s
<< *dʰegʷʰ- ("to burn")
diaryLatin diārium << dies ("day")
<< Proto-Italic *djēm
<< PIE *dyḗws ("heaven")[4][5]
islandOE īġland
<< PG *awjōlandą
or ea + land
isleLatin insula
Between English and other languages
English term English etymology Foreign term Foreign etymology
badPG *bad-Persian بد, bad[6][5]PIE *wed(h)-
dogOE doggaMbabaram dog ("dog")[5]Proto-Pama-Nyungan *gudaga
dayOE dæġ
<< PG *dagaz
<< PIE * *dʰegʷʰ- ("to burn")
Latin dies ("day") and descendants[4][5]Proto-Italic *djēm
<< PIE *dyḗws ("heaven")
emoticonemotion + iconJapanese 絵文字 emoji[7]e ("picture") + 文字 moji ("character")
hollowOE holh
<< PG *holhwo-
Lake Miwok hóllu[6]
muchOE myċel
<< PG *mikilaz
<< PIE *meǵa- ("big, stout, great")
Spanish mucho ("much")[5]Latin multus
<< PIE *ml̥tos ("crumbled")
roadME road, rade (“ride, journey”)
<< OE rād (“riding, hostile incursion”)
<< PG *raidō- ("a ride")
Irish ród ("road, route")[8][9]Old Irish rót
Uncertain etymology, perhaps from Old Irish ro-sét, "great path", or rōut ("distance, length")[10][11]
saintLatin sanctus
<< PIE *seh₂k- ("to sanctify")
Sanskrit sant and descendants[12]sat ("truth, reality, essence")
cover Arabic كَفَرَ kafara ("cover")
Between other languages
Term 1 Etymology 1 Term 2 Etymology 2
French feu ("fire")Latin focus
<< PIE *bʰeh₂- ("to shine")?
German Feuer ("fire") PG *fōr ~ *fun-[13][14][5]
<< PIE *péh₂wr̥
German haben ("to have")PG *habjaną
<<PIE *keh₂p- ("to grasp")
Latin habere (" to have") and descendants[15]PIE *gʰeh₁bʰ- ("to grab, to take")
Inuktitut ᖃᔭᖅ (kayak)Proto-Eskimo *qyaqTurkish kayık[16]Ottoman Turkish قایق (kayık)
<< Proto-Turkic
Japanese ありがとう arigatō ("thank you")ありがたく arigataku
<< Old Japanese ありがたし arigatashi
Portuguese obrigado ("thank you")Literally "obliged"
<< Latin obligātus
See also
1. Moss (1992), p. ?.
2. Chamizo-Domínguez (2008), p. 166.
3. Harper, Douglas. "Pretend". The Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
4. Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition.
5. Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007). A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7486-2378-5.
6. Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 3rd edition, p. 350
7. Taggart, Caroline (5 November 2015). New Words for Old: Recycling Our Language for the Modern World. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 9781782434733 via Google Books.
8. Jucker, Andreas H.; Landert, Daniela; Seiler, Annina; Studer-Joho, Nicole (December 15, 2013). John Benjamins Publishing in the History of English: Words and texts in context https://books.google.ie/books?id=ba0bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71 in the History of English: Words and texts in context Check |url= value (help) via Google Books. Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. "Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion ..." The Society. December 2, 1880 via Google Books.
10. "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
11. "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
12. Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (1987). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-208-0277-3. OCLC 879218858. Retrieved 7 November 2018. Thus conceptually as well as etymologically, it differs considerably from the false cognate 'saint' which is often used to translate it. Like 'saint', 'sant' has also taken on the more general eithical meaning of the 'good person' whose life is a spiritual and moral exemplar, and is therefore attached to a wide variety of gurus, 'holy men', and other religious teachers.
13. see Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden: Brill
14. Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 3rd edition, p. 355
15. "have - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
16. de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2010). "Urban legends: Turkish kayık 'boat' | "Eskimo" Qayaq 'Kayak'" (PDF). Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
Further reading
• Rubén Morán (2011), 'Cognate Linguistics', Kindle Edition, Amazon.
• Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell (1992), 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
• Chamizo-Domínguez, Pedro J. (2008), Semantics and Pragmatics of False Friends, New York/Oxon: Routledge
• Jakobson, Roman (1962), "Why 'mama' and 'papa'?", Selected Writings, I: Phonological Studies, The Hague: Mouton, pp. 538–545
• Moss, Gillian (1992), "Cognate recognition: Its importance in the teaching of ESP reading courses to Spanish speakers", English for Specific Purposes, 11 (2): 141–158, doi:10.1016/s0889-4906(05)80005-5
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• As I understand it, you body doesn't burn carbohydrates. It converts them to glucose (sugar) and burns that. Your liver serves as the storage pantry for glucose. There's a certain amount of glucose in your blood all the time, and when it drops too low or the demand for energy rises, your liver pumps out more. dharmakitten/KharmaKitty, yes, sugar is a carbohydrate. However, while glucose (which is what your body converts carbohydrates into) is a type of sugar, it is not a true carbohydrate, since it isn't produced by a photosynthetic plant. So to answer the question adequately, I had to differentiate between carbohydrates and glucose (just as nutritionists do, by the way). Please be sure to rate answers on how well they answer the question that was asked. breadmanpaul, the glucose our bodies burn is not technically a carbohydrate, since it isn't produced by a photosynthetic plant. Please read my additional comments. Although I had not wanted to get too technical in this answer, it seems I need to add some more specific information. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE PRODUCED BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1. Our bodies do not produce carbohydrate. When we ingest carbohydrates they are metabolized into glucose. This glucose, not being created by a photosynthetic plant, is technically NOT a carbohydrate. Thus, our bodies DO NOT BURN CARBOHYDRATE. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen (which again is NOT A CARBOHYDRATE) and stored, primarily in the liver and the skeletal muscles. When athletes load on carbs, they want the extra glycogen available in the muscles. When there is more glycogen than can be stored in the liver and skeletal muscles, it's stored as body fat. When the body needs more glucose to burn, the liver converts the glycogen back to glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, and the body burns the glucose (which, once again, IS NOT A CARBOHYDRATE). When answering questions (and rating answers), it's best to keep the original question and the category in mind. Also, answers should be rated on how well they answer the question (again considering the category). When you find an answer you think is incorrect, it's often helpful to do some research before rating it. None of us knows everything, and we all "know" things that we think are correct, but aren't. Mater Asker, yes, sugar, at least the kind that comes from plants, is carbohydrate. But our bodies don't burn "sugar," they burn "glucose," which is NOT made by a plant and is therefore NOT a "carbohydrate." I'm a diabetic, so I actually DO know something about how the body processes carbohydrates.
• Carbohydrates are not stored like fat, although you do store some carbohydrate in your liver and in your blood. Carbohydrates come from the food you eat and your liver converts fat into carbohydrates.
• Carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and other similar compounds. Carbohydrates come from the foods we eat, especially plants. The carbs that you don't burn are actually stored AS FAT. That's why you'll get fat if you eat lots of sugary foods.
• I could have been more clear in my answer. Fats are stored as fat. You body does not store carbohydrates. Rather, you liver converts carbohydrates to fat and then stores the fat. Your liver also converts fat back to carbohydrates for use by your cells.
• But ALL glucose IS carbohydrate. And your liver does convert stored fat into glucose. Your body has very little use for fat. Cholesterol is a fatty alcohol and hormones are made from fat. However, there is very little else your body does with fat besides store it. Everything else uses carbohydrates and proteins and it's your liver that converts stored fat to carbohydrates.
• There are three forms of food substances from which the body can obtain energy (calories): proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Glucose has to be one of those three. Glucose is sugar. Sugar, ALL sugar, is carbohydrate. The source of the sugar is irrelevant. Check out: That's the Michigan State University Department of Chemistry site. Don't stop at the first sentence or two, continue reading. There is a section on glucose. It says: The most common carbohydrate is glucose. Provides a discussion of carbohydrates, including glucose. Another discussion of carbohydrates, including glucose. Says: Glucose is by far the most common carbohydrate The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules. Many carbohydrates have empirical formuli which would imply about equal numbers of carbon and water molecules. For example, the glucose formula C6H12O6 suggest six carbon atoms and six water molecules.
• You have a regular level of sugar in your bloodstream, and your muscle will store carbohydrates also. Carbohydrates can also be converted to fat, called triglycerides. Contrary to some of the responses here, you body will burn carbohydrates, fats, and to a lesser extent protein. While carbohydrates are the preferred source, if a person goes on an extremely low carbohydrate diet, they enter what is called ketosis. This is where the body switches from carbohydrate burning to fat burning as the primary fuel source. If you go too long without eating, your body will think there is a risk of famine, and will start burning muscle tissue and protein. Back to carbohydrates, insulin maintains a balance of blood sugar. If it is too high, insulin will bump up, forcing it into muscle tissue and organs. If the insulin levels go to high, the muscle tissue will reduce insulin sensitivity, and the fat cells will take up more of the carbohydrates.
• white bread,rice,cakes,ect are simple carbohydrates and get absorbed into the blood stream immediatly and so you get the sugar high/low problem.Complex carbohydrates wholemeal bread,rice,pasta ect ,the breakdown starts in the mouth with saliva enzymes then passes to the stomach where the enzyme trypsin is produced to complete the breakdown into glucose ,it then enters the bloodstream and taken to the liver where if it is not going to be used it is changed to glycogen and stored in the adipose tissue(fat).
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Sunday, July 27, 2014
Does Trap-Neuter-Release Help Feral Cat Populations?
TNR programs (Trap-Neuter-Release) are common in many Western countries as a way to control feral cat populations. The idea is that when there is a community of wild, unowned domesticated cats we can help reduce and eliminate this population by capturing them, testing for certain diseases, vaccinating, spaying and neutering them, then returning them to the wild. Advocates of this policy believe that simply capturing and euthanizing these cats provides a vaccuum in the population which allows new cats to enter and continue the process. They also believe that this is the most human method of handling feral cats. But does this really work?
Unfortunately a growing number of studies is casting considerable doubt on the efficacy of such programs. The stated goals of reducing the number of feral cats is rarely reduced unless there is considerable effort made. In fact, studies have shown that in these cases populations tend to remain stable rather than decreasing. The more that researchers have looked at the issue, the less support there is for the idea that TNR programs reduce feral populations.
Yet you'll find that most humane societies, animal control departments, and rescue groups support this idea, and even promote the position that it really does work. If you simply look at the logic of procedure it really should work since you're removing breeding cats from a population yet keeping them there to compete for resources. Unfortunately the reality of the situation doesn't tend to support this, and many of the studies quoted by such groups really don't provide data as the grops think they do.
Does that mean that TNR shouldn't be done? Honestly, I'm on the fence about it. You'd be hard-pressed to find anywhere in the world where an average TNR program has eliminated a population of feral cats. By this evidence it really is a waste of money. At the same time, we must be affecting populations by spaying and neutering, and hopefully reducing cats with FIV or feline leukemia by testing for and euthanizing those who are positive. Maybe it's my heart rather than my mind that wants to believe in continuing them. I still wonder if there are better ways to spend limited resources.
For more information here are a few links. Read through them, compare the data, and make your conclusions.
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Cover Page of
The Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing
Table of ContentsWriting TimelineIndexHelpCredits
Section 10.6.1
General Structure
Each reference in the text is followed by a consecutive raised (superscript) number, which refers to a note placed on a separate sheet at the end of the text. (Turabian and some specific styles, however, prefer footnotes, which are placed at the bottom of each page.) For the note numbers in the text, use superscript numbers, which are easily generated by almost all common word processing programs.
In contrast to all the other documentation systems mentioned, CMS style requires a separate endnote for each citation of a source. In addition, CMS style recommends that long documents also include an alphabetized bibliography, which contains the same information as the notes but in a different format.
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## CMS: General Structure ##
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and respiratory
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and respiratory diseases are the third cause of death in industrialized countries; for this reason the airways and cardiopulmonary system have been the focus of considerable investigation, in particular of the new growing branch of regenerative medicine. like a salvage restorative tool BI-1356 novel inhibtior in very selected individuals and diseases. 1. Intro Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and respiratory diseases are the third cause of loss of life in industrialized countries; because of this the airways and cardiopulmonary program have already been the concentrate of extensive analysis, specifically of the brand new rising branch of regenerative medication. Contact with environmental insults problems the cells from the lung; hence the lung includes a wound-healing capability that promotes tissues regeneration and/or recovery by proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. The reparative attitude of adult individual tissue falls along a personal injury response range: at one end a couple of tissues using a constitutively higher rate of cell turnover BI-1356 novel inhibtior and a well-delineated stem/progenitor cell hierarchy, like epidermis, intestine, and hematopoietic program; at the various other end a couple of organs filled with few stem cells and cannot fix efficiently, leading to scarring after damage, like brain and heart; in between both of these extremes are tissue that have a minimal steady condition cell turnover and will react after problems for replace broken cells, like lung, liver organ, and pancreas. Huge airway flaws and tracheobronchial dehiscence pursuing curative lung resection present a problem for clinicians because no effective ways of treatment can be found. Postresectional bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is normally a pathological connection between your airway (bronchus) as well as the pleural space that may develop after lung resection and could be due to imperfect bronchial closure, impediment of bronchial stump wound curing, or stump devastation by residual neoplastic tissues. The clinical aftereffect of impaired bronchial stump curing after anatomic lung resection may culminate within a life-threatening septic and ventilatory catastrophe. For most sufferers with empyema, the lack or existence of the fistula makes the difference between recovery, chronicity, and loss of life. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy may signify a healing option because of this unsolved issue and for many additional diseases of the respiratory tract, like COPD and ARDS. 2. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a human population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells that naturally reside within the body and are generally defined as plastic-adherent, fibroblast-like cells possessing considerable self-renewal properties and potential to differentiatein vivoandin vitrointo a variety of mesenchymal lineage cells [1]; they can differentiate into BI-1356 novel inhibtior osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages when cultured in specific inducing press [2]. MSCs are described as Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHC II) bad cells, lacking costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86, therefore having an immune phenotype (MHC II?, CD40?, and CD86?) permitting evading the sponsor immune system, therefore permitting allogenic transplantation without immunosuppression [3]. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect of MSCs have been extensively analyzed and used in the gastrointestinal tract, like in inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease [4, 5]; it has been recently demonstrated that MSCs derived from Crohn’s patients deploy indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated immune suppression [6]. Once implanted, MSCs are able to interact with the surrounding microenvironment, promoting tissue healing and regeneration, renewing biologic function by supportive and trophic functions based on cross talk with other cells present within diseased tissues [7]. MSCs have been shown to exert profound anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on almost all the cells of the innate and adaptative immune system by a variety of mechanisms, notably cytokine and chemokine secretion, like Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFB), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Intercellular Adhesion Molecules (ICAMs), and Prostaglandin E2 (PG E2) [8]. After their initial discovery Rabbit Polyclonal to Cytochrome P450 4F3 in bone marrow, MSCs had been characterized and isolated from a multitude of additional adult and fetal cells, including adipose cells [9], umbilical wire [10], dental care pulp BI-1356 novel inhibtior [11], tendon [12], thymus, spleen [13], cornea [14], liver organ [15], mind [16], periosteum [17], placenta [18], and amniotic and synovial liquids [19]. MSCs isolated from these different cells will vary, although no factor in the information of secreted cytokines by different kind of MSCs continues to be referred to; some quantitative variations in the cytokine secretions by adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) and bone tissue marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) possess.
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• Gene GunPosted 7 years ago under Uncategorized
The gene gun is used for genetically modifying organisms. The use of a gene gun has many different names, the particle gun method, the microprojectile method, the particle acceleration method, and the bio blaster method. The term used most commonly by the gene gun’s inventors is the gene gun, or biolistic method. (1)
The gene gun or biolistic method is most commonly used to modify plants. A gene gun is one method employed in biotechnology to modify organisms, there are other methods used. The other two methods most commonly used are the plasmid method and the vector method. (2)
Not The Same as Selective Breeding
These methods are fundamentally different than changing the genetic structure of plants or animals using selective breeding, otherwise known as artificial selection. What makes these methods so different is that genes from unrelated species are combined, previous methods have been successful and proven safe. These methods of genetic engineering employed by biotechnology have not been thoroughly tested, short term studies funded by biotech companies have been done repeatedly, but long term studies are rarely done. Of those long term studies done on GMOs, mixed results have come in, suggesting that GMO foods are potentially harmful to human health. (3)
A Team of Inventors
The gene gun was invented in 1987 by a team at Cornell University. John C Sanford, Ed Wolf and Nelson Allen, and DuPont’s Ted Klein. The first version of the gene gun was a Crossman air pistol that was modified to fire tungsten particles. Other methods for genetically modifying organisms had been in use before the gene gun, but the gene gun has allowed modification to organisms that previous methods had not allowed. (4)
The inventors of this method of genetic modification have adopted the term biolistic (biological ballistics) to apply to both this process of high speed mechanical transfection and to refer to any kind of machine that is used to insert biological materials via projectiles into biological targets. (5)
Biolistic transfection is a mechanical method of transferring genetic material from one species into another. A gene gun is the original tool used for this transfection. The process involves many steps.
How It Is Used
The gene gun can be used on cells in a culture or on a plant. As the name implies the apparatus is used to shoot DNA into the target cells or plants. Specially prepared Teflon bullets are coated with microscopic gold or tungsten particles. These metal particles are coated with hundreds of copies of the genes that are to be transfected into the target cell or plant. (6)
The most up-to-date methods use the gene gun in a vacuum chamber, and the projectiles are fired by the use of high-pressure gas. Once the microscopic gold or metal particles have been fired into the petri dish that contain the target cells, the genes dissolve off of the particles and can insert into chromosomes of the target organism. The cell interprets these genetic insertions as genes that are to be expressed by the organism, and the modified genes are copied along with the rest of the organism’s genes. (7)
(1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167779988900236
(2) http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/
(3) http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/
(4) http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1167048
(6) http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=958077244&topicorder=3&maxto=7
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376 Detection of Aerosol Signal from Geostationary Satellite Visible Imagery
Monday, 7 January 2013
Exhibit Hall 3 (Austin Convention Center)
Anand K. Inamdar, NCSU, Asheville, NC; and K. Knapp
Handout (5.8 MB)
The present study aims to build upon the limited attempts made recently to retrieve aerosol signal over the continents (Knapp, 2002) from geostationary orbits, and extend the analyses to other geostationary satellites over the globe. Aerosol signals can be determined by comparing cloud-free imagery from geostationary satellites with ground-based observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites available from 1992. This analysis will be extrapolated in time and space to identify emerging patterns and trends in global and regional aerosol loading. Aerosols play an important role in the atmosphere through their direct interaction with solar radiation altering the energy budget and affecting the weather patterns. Aerosols generated from wildfires, dust episodes and biomass burning also impact the human health. Further, observations at AERONET sites indicate diurnal variations of aerosol optical depth ranging between 10 20 % which significantly influence the radiative forcing and aerosol interaction with humidity and clouds. During the past decades, aerosol retrieval has been confined to polar orbiters such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments, etc. and mostly over the oceans. The study reported here seeks to take advantage of the higher temporal sampling potential of geostationary meteorological satellites to also identify the important diurnal trends in specific regions.
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17 min read
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Our Changing Menu: Climate Change and the Foods We Love and Need.
What is the evidence that can lead us to see major changes within the entire food value chain as viable solutions for major global concerns?
Food Science is a multidisciplinary field involving chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, microbiology and engineering to give one the scientific knowledge to solve real problems associated with the many facets of the food system.
In order to feed more than 10 billion people by 2050, while ending hunger and tackling unhealthy eating habits, humankind will have to rethink and change the global food system.
Wondering about how we can make better choices that may lead us to an adequate global food supply while sustaining our planet and natural resources?
Becoming better informed about the science of climate change, the impacts it is having, and how to talk about it is essential for us to make better choices that may lead us to an adequate global food supply while sustaining our planet and natural resources.
Shifting to a more plant-based diet is very helpful, as is reducing food waste. But it’s not just all about food. There is more.
Virtual Coffee, Special Episodes: Where scientists discuss climate change, the future of food, health, nutrition and sustainability in the food system.
This new season of Virtual Coffee is dedicated to climate change and food of the future. It kicks off with a 3 part episode based on the book "Our Changing Menu: Climate Change and the Foods We Love and Need", by Michael P. Hoffmann, Carrie Koplinka-Loehr, and Danielle L. Eiseman.
Professor Michael P. Hoffmann, Professor Emeritus at Cornell University
Ron Shigeta
Dr. Danielle L. Eiseman, Author, Lecturer, Climate Change Research Scientist.
Dr. Kai-Brit Bechtold
Lavítor Matzembacker, COO at ProteinX Foundation
Key points:
• Climate change and food supply: Why should we care?
• Our food supply: From Land and Sea to the Menu
• Climate change: How it is fundamentally altering the menu
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Read the transcription of the panel discussion:
Lavítor M.: Welcome to Virtual Coffee, Season 3, Special Episodes. This new season premieres with a three part special episode based on the book Our Changing Menu. So today, we have the pleasure of the company of two of the authors of this amazing book. By the way, it's on sale on Amazon, with a special discount for a limited time... Professor Emeritus at Cornell University, Mike Hoffmann and Author, Lecturer, Climate Change Research Scientist, Dr. Danielle L. Eiseman.
So, Mike and Daniel, why don't we kick things off with a warm up question... Why his book? Who was involved, and who did the amazing artwork?
Mike H.: I’ll start with my personal story and why the book. And all of us who are aware of climate change, want to be able to help other people understand what's happening. And over the years I've given many, many talks on climate change, but it seemed like every time I brought up impact food, especially things like coffee and chocolate that really got people's attention. They really listened and asked a lot of questions.
And that makes sense, we all eat, we all care about our food, certain favorite foods, our family traditions and all part of our culture, and also to be effective, talking about climate change has to be relevant.
As I frequently say, melting glaciers are bad, but the loss of coffee is downright terrifying. So that was kind of the aha moment about the whole idea to get people's attention about climate change and act.
And most of us here, I'll turn it over to Danielle and share her story. Tell you the rest of the story about the major, major artists, and others.
Danielle E.: Thanks Mike and thank you, Lavítor for having us on.
For me, getting involved with the book was a gradual process so when I first started working at Cornell, with Mike, I offered to help out, mainly by collecting research and summarizing some of that. And when I started to do that, both Mike and Carrie, Carrie Koplinka-Loehr, who is the other co-author on the book. And they invited me to help in starting to write some of the chapters, and some of the information that was included in the book so it's the reason why I wanted to become involved in the process was not only because I enjoy working with Mike.
We always have a lot of laughs together, but also because I've worked in the field of climate change, and public engagement for such a long time. And prior to that I was a professional chef, so the idea of communicating with people about climate change through food was really appealing to me. And it's a way to kind of bring together all of my, my backgrounds or all of my past lives, so to speak, to tell the story of climate change.
So, I have you not only have a cooking experience and culinary background but also a background in chemistry and carbon management, as well as consumer behavior. So, this book was a way to create one body of work where I could take all of that education and experience and knowledge that I have and, and share it in a way that was very cohesive, up until this point, I think most of my work has been rather disjointed or disconnected, so this was one way to bring it all together.
And then, you know, we, we worked as a team so this was initially Mike's big idea so we always call it Mike's baby, and, and he brought together Carrie Koplinka-Loehr, a freelance writer in New York and she worked with Mike for a long time, and Mike you might have to correct some of the details — if I don't have them correct, but she used to work at the north eastern IPM, or it was an integrated pest management center with Mike wood, he was the director there, and so they had a really great working relationship and Mike brought Carrie on board to help writes and interview people to include profiles within the book so that we create this this human side or include this human side, in, in the story that we tell, in the book, and then we brought on in artists. One of them was Lindsey Potoff, and we decided and again this wasn't initially our idea but you know when we first started talking about what would be in the book, we thought about infographics and ways that we could tell the story with images, and as the conversations continued we thought maybe something that was a little bit more.
I don't know, like a, maybe a throwback. Perhaps I don't know how to describe it, but we, you know, we thought about some of the drawings and how we could display some of these stories and we thought we could hire an artist, so we put out a call for a student artist at Cornell and Lindsay I think was one of the first people that I interviewed and we sat down and we talked for a little while and then she said, why don't I just draw you something and I'll bring it back in a couple of days so she went off and drew a stock of wheats, and she brought it to me and I was, I was blown away by what she had drawn, and then I ran down the hall to Mike's office and showed him and, and we decided that Lindsay was the perfect person to help with the artwork in the book.
Lavitor M.: So the book starts with a discussion about our food supply, please explain where food comes from. That's a tough one. And why should we care about it?
Danielle E.: I guess I'll, I'll jump in first, so there's, we're so disconnected from where food is. You know there's a long history of way before the food system or the food supply chain got so big and, and, before there was this concept of value adding along the supply chain. Your people knew who grew their food, they knew where their food came from, they had these very close relationships with the people that provided food for them. And that relationship has become very disconnected and links it that time.
And so people don't have a close relationship with the people that produce food, they don't have a full understanding of how food is processed, how it's transported and all of those inputs that are added throughout the food supply chain. And we wanted to really highlight that to show how many people are actually working in these different industries, and we wanted to share with people the stories behind the people who are providing food for us which is a huge job, and it's a global job, and it's a difficult job. And we wanted that to shine through.
Mike H.: I think the other part of this is, people from all understand the risk posed to the food that's coming from so many parts of the world. The recent example of that, one of the largest ships in the world getting stuck in the Suez Canal was a perfect example of what could happen in the future with climate change either there's a drought and there's not enough water like actually right now on the Mississippi there's a drought, and the barges are having a difficulty of transporting enormous amounts of goods that are, that flow on the Mississippi.
So we wanted to one as Danielle said, also help people appreciate who is producing this food for us, like the family in Western Africa, harvesting cows, and making all $4 a day and the hungry enjoy that chocolate. So we need to appreciate the individuals out there and farming is challenging.
Even in the US, it's very challenging getting worse, with our changing climate.
So there's a strong connection to the food and also just to raise awareness and oh yes you can go to the grocery store and get all these things but it's a huge, complicated system that's getting that there, and the rest of that are increasing again because of climate change.
Lavitor M.: You also discuss climate change in the book, a scary topic to some, what is the current status?
Mike H.: Some call it an existential threat to basically our way of life. Yes.Current status is simply not good.
We've got 50% more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than we used to have, which has all kinds of implications.
The signs of climate change are everywhere. The fires off the West because of higher temperatures in the drought and just making conditions.
Perfect for the fires, even right here in upstate New York. A few weeks ago, we were in a red zone, the air quality was bad, almost as bad as right there in Washington and Portland, it was mind boggling.
Melting glaciers that Greenland is now melting at a rate that's never been heard, heard of recorded before. So the symptoms are all over the place. And those of us who spend a lot of time in this space can get frightened, to say the least. So I think, you know, it's time for action.
It's a time for the topic, we're sharing here today our food to get people more aware, and to act on his issue, so we'll see what the future holds, but, you know, at the current trajectory, things are going to get worse for a period of time, but we can hopefully modify that a little bit and adapt to the situation, but it's going to take all of us to get in good into this fight against climate change.
Danielle E.:Yeah, I don't have that much more to add, although I think it's important to highlight some of the stories that come out or some of the messages that come out, especially when it says we only have, you know, nine years left or, or you. I think there's a lot of misunderstanding, around what that timeline means, so a lot of people interpret that as the world's gonna end in nine years whereas it's, it's really about stopping or reducing the the rapid changes that we are seeing, so that things don't get much worse than they are projected to get.
And I think a lot of people misunderstand that. So they automatically disregard those messages, especially when it comes to making changes in their lifestyles and asking for policies that reduce the impacts of climate change or reducing emissions, so there's still a lot of education that needs to happen.
Mike H.: And I’ll add to that: There are solutions. And when people do see those headlines, they basically fear whatever they just shut down. What can I do? I'm just one person. So again our story is to help people.
I call it sometimes to find your greater purpose. And now's the time to find your greater purpose than helping solve this problem, mitigate the impacts of climate change choppiness or doubt, rather than just, just to be honest sitting in front of your television, and spending your time doing that we can all be participating in this effort,
Lavítor M.: How climate change is affecting the plants we depend on for life?
Mike H.: This can be eye opening for a lot of people, that's another message we're sharing. So a plant. I think everybody realizes, requires air, in particular, carbon dioxide and oxygen, the right temperature, water and Soil, we've all pet potted plants. Haven't done very well and forget to water them where we put them next to a radiator and they get cooked. So let's just take a pop crop plant in the field. Well there's already mentioned much more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and some argue, well that's great, because it has a fertilization on the plant. More food so to speak, and it grows faster and bigger.
In reality, the stresses from higher temperatures, more extreme weather and as offset any gain that crops plants, and they've been way they'd benefit from increased CO2 What, there's been a lot of research where scientists grow plants under conditions, higher levels of CO2 that we might see in the future. One of the outcomes, herbicides are less likely to control some plants, they sort of in this process become more resistant to herbicides.
One of the more profound impacts is received by mid century, the nutritional quality of our major crops, rice and corn and others will decline.
There'll be a 30% reduction in vitamins, certain vitamins and rice, because again of increasing CO2 The same goes for minerals, and protein. So, those of us in wealthy countries will probably do okay, but those already on marginal diets are really going to be compromised. If this continues, not plant breeders can come along and help develop plants that will retain those nutritional qualities but there's a lot of stories about how CO2 in the future will affect plants. The other ones clearly water.
We're already seeing that the mega drought out west, which was simply a drought but now made much worse because of climate change, has huge impacts on food, especially in California. We in the Northeast now getting rainfalls, that are potentially downpours, we're up over 50% and heavy precipitation events, which is downwards when that makes it challenging for farmers, it washes away soil nutrients, and sometimes makes it really difficult for them to get in the field, melting glaciers.
I enjoy blueberries in the wintertime, and they come from Peru or Chile, and they're dependent on melting glaciers in the wintertime, are actually ice caps, they're going to be gone in 20 years. They're growing blueberries, temperature, water, I think I've covered those already, now they're doing additional presses. They are changing thoughts affecting plants on land, soil, higher temperatures again affects the quality of soil and there's more carbon released when tire tempters the storms are washed away. That's on land and if we also look into the oceans, phytoplankton, which are essentially the basis of life in the oceans are being put at risk, because with warming temperatures the oceans are becoming more stratified or layered.
So, the nutrients that typically come up from upwelling from deep in the ocean. If that layer, they never make it up to the final point, which, by the way, again, basis with a food chain and the ocean but also suppliers have more oxygen in the Indian Ocean, they already reported on the 20 20% decline and phytoplankton so those plants that we depend on for life are all being changed by climate change.
So, what have we done... We have a book, the website. And we aspire to create a climate change social movement, driven by food. And that is why I'm here today to listen to learn and see how we can fit in and join forces.
Thank you, Mike and Danielle. Thank you all. I hope you’ve enjoyed this.
We’ll see you again in Part II of this episode. Thank you.
About this welcome opening:
Date: 06/08/2021
Dr. Michal P. Hoffmann, Professor Emeritus at Cornell University, and Dr. Danielle L. Eiseman, Author, Lecturer, Climate Change Research Scientist.
Lavítor Matzembacker, COO at ProteinX Foundation.
More about “Our changing menu: climate change and the foods we love and need”, by Michael P. Hoffmann, Carrie Koplinka-Loehr, and Danielle L. Eiseman.
The book’s website.
More about the Cornell Institute for Food Systems.
Engage with the ProteinX Foundation:
ProteinX Foundation is a nonprofit institution based in Silicon Valley, CA. Its mission is to provide students and scientists around the world with resources to develop solutions that will reduce carbon footprint, improve health, and nutrition.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this Podcast as well as in its transcript are those of the participant guest speakers and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of proteinX or its partners and sponsors. In the same way, the participant speakers do not endorse any products, services, brands, practices, professionals or views other than what they specifically and directly expressed by verbalizing at the time the episode was recorded. In addition, transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors. Please check the corresponding audio file (podcast) before ever quoting in print.
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