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Published word represents permanent record of point in time
Peter J. McDonnell believes that publishing new and innovating ideas, while never allowing previous work to limit the ability to re-examine approaches can help a practitioner. H.L. Mencken, an influential literary figure in the 20th century was criticized for his ideas in his past publications.
Key Points
When I was in college, I was introduced to the writings of H.L. Mencken.
Called "the sage of Baltimore," Mencken was one of the most prominent and influential literary figures in the United States in the early 20th century. He authored essays and books and edited The American Mercury literary magazine.
To me, his writings reveal the keenest of intellects and a wit like Mark Twain, only more brutal. As exemplified by some of the quotations above, he often made his points with humor, particularly humor streaked with cynicism. It seems he thought he was the intellectual superior of most other men and women-this probably was true-and saw no reason to hide the fact.
Not one to suffer fools, he was very capable of heaping ridicule-overtly or subtly-on societal mores, government, newspapers, and the various authority figures and prominent institutions of his day. Many considered him to be mean-spirited, and he offended many people who came to dislike him intensely. I loved reading most of his work, though, and I recommend that you try some during your summer vacation.
As hinted in the last quotation, one of the conventions at which Mencken poked fun was love and marriage. He is also famous for saying that "love is the delusion that one woman differs from another." He proclaimed that he'd be a lifelong bachelor and that "the most superior men were never trapped into matrimony." He made light of older men marrying younger women. He wrote disparaging comments about suffragettes and the quality of work produced by "lady novelists." He also made fun of Southerners and people who drank Coca-Cola.
He published all of these comments, many in a book entitled In Defense of Women. Obviously, the man had issues.
Then one day, at 50 years old, while giving a lecture, Mencken saw a woman in the audience whom he virtually immediately realized would be the love of his life, and they eventually were married. Proving that life is full of irony, she also had many of the attributes that he had ridiculed in print during his career: she was a Southerner (from Montgomery, AL), a suffragette, a "lady novelist," a Coca-Cola drinker, and two decades his junior.
The people Mencken had roasted in his writings over the years, including newspaper reporters, seized the opportunity to get even, cutting him down to size by using his own publications against him. They embarrassed Mencken and asserted that he was a fraud.
Proving that life is also full of sadness, Mencken watched his love's health deteriorate from tuberculosis, and she died in their fifth year of marriage. Mencken never was the same.
The obvious lesson to learn from this is, never put things in writing. The more that each of us writes, the more likely we are to have people disagree with us, take personal offense (whether intended or not), or offer an opportunity for what we write to be used against us.
My sense with U.S. Supreme Court nominees is that being a legal scholar with many publications is now a major liability, because these publications can be scrutinized for use against the author. Being a "blank slate," therefore, seems to be a plus now.
In a malpractice case, anything a physician has written, no matter how unrelated to the case at hand, can be used by lawyers in an effort to convict the defendant. |
How to prepare for IELTS Reading
The IELTS Academic Reading exam lasts for 60 minutes and contains 40 questions. There are three reading passages and several different question types.
It makes sense to think about two sets of skills you will need for Academic Reading (although they are closely connected):
1. Skills to understand the text
2. Skills to understand the language
1. Skills to understand the text:
a) You need to be able to predict the type of information which a reading passage includes. Take an IELTS Academic Reading passage and look at the title and any pictures, sub-titles or headings. A sub-title is a small amount of written information just below the main title and headings are titles of paragraphs or sections. After looking at this information for a few seconds, write down five pieces of information you expect to find in the passage, or five questions which you expect the passage to answer. Next, read the passage carefully and find out how well you predicted. You will probably find that if you do this regularly, your ability to predict will improve. If your ability to predict improves, you will be able to read passages more quickly and find answers more quickly.
b) You need to be able to see how the passage is organised. Take an IELTS Academic Reading passage and begin by doing the predicting activity we just described in a). Then read the first paragraph quickly. It probably gives information about the general topic. Next, read the first sentence of every paragraph and try to decide the main point of that paragraph. If you cannot decide the main point of a paragraph after reading the first sentence, read the final sentence of the paragraph. When you think you know the purpose or main point of the paragraph, read the rest of it and find out if you were right. Having this ability will allow you to find the information you need more quickly and will help you to answer questions more effectively.
c) You need to be able to find important information quickly. Take an IELTS Academic Reading passage. Look at the title and any pictures, sub-titles or headings. Predict what information the passage might include. Based on your prediction, decide a type/category of word which you expect to find in this passage. For example, if the passage is about science, you might decide to look for ‘scientists’. If the passage is about space exploration, you might look for ‘the names of planets or missions to space’. If the passage deals with language, you might look for ‘names of languages’. Next, read the passage very quickly and look for words in this category. You should read the whole text in under a minute. You should find that if you practise this skill, you will start to need less and less time to find relevant words. This skill will allow you to find relevant information more quickly and will make it easier for you to answer questions without reading the whole passage. This will mean that you can complete questions more quickly.
2. Skills to understand the language:
a) Word families: You probably need to widen your vocabulary in order to understand as much language in the text as possible. If you can understand 90% of the passage, there is a good chance you can answer the questions. If you understand only 80% of the passage, you probably cannot answer many questions correctly. An easy way to widen your vocabulary is to learn new members of word families. You may know the noun ‘error’, meaning ‘mistake’. You could learn the adjective ‘erroneous’ and the adverb ‘erroneously’ as well as the verb ‘to err’. Whenever you see a word, ask yourself how many words from the same word family you know. If the answer is less than two, learn some more. Because these words are connected to words you already know, they should be easier to learn. Having this knowledge will help you to recognise more words in the questions and in the reading passage. This will make it easier for you to answer correctly.
b) Different ways of saying the same thing: nearly all IELTS Academic Reading questions test your ability to decide if the language in the question means the same as the language in the passage. If you know two or more ways of saying the same thing, you will be more successful. When you see a word or phrase, learn to recognise another way of expressing it. For example, when you see the word ‘university’, learn that ‘an institution of higher education’ is an alternative way of expressing this idea. When you see the phrase ‘policeman or policewoman’, learn that the phrase ‘law-enforcement officer’ can be used instead. Developing this ability will help you to understand whether text in the question has the same meaning as text in the passage. This is a key ability and developing it will improve your chances of a high grade.
c) Language chunks: at lower levels, language students often learn individual words. At higher levels, and especially when you study English for academic purposes, you need to learn and recognise ‘chunks’ of language. A ‘chunk’ is a group of words which often go together. Some are called collocations and others are called set phrases. Examples include ‘a step in the right direction’, ‘a nightmare scenario’, ‘to broaden your mind’ and ‘unintended consequences’. There are thousands of these and it is not possible to learn them all quickly. However, they are very common in English and knowing some of them has two main benefits. Firstly, it allows you to understand the more complex language which appears in IELTS Academic Reading passages. Secondly, it allows you to read faster because when you see the first word of a ‘chunk’ you only need to check very quickly if the next few words are also from that ‘chunk’. This is how native-speakers read and is far more effective than analysing every word.
d) Recording language: the best way to learn new language - including word families, alternatives and chunks - is by recording it and using it. Many IELTS candidates write down a new word when they see it, and put a translation next to it. For most people, it would be far more effective to spend 5-10 minutes on every new word. You should write it in a sentence, find out about the members of its word family, find similar ways of expressing the idea, and discover which ‘chunks’ it is used in. Probably most important of all is that you use your new language. If you manage to write or say a new word, either in IELTS practice of any other type of practice, it will probably stay in your head. When you see it in the IELTS Academic Reading test, you will recognise it and be able to answer questions connected to it.
General strategy: analysis
It is a good idea to do some IELTS Academic Reading practice tests. We would suggest that at first you do not set a time limit for yourself. When you feel a bit more confident, you might set a time limit of 90 minutes and slowly reduce this to an hour.
When you do a practice test, it is essential that you analyse the things you did well and the things you did badly. You will learn a lot more from your mistakes than from anything else. If you get a question wrong, ask yourself ‘Why?’. It might be because you didn’t understand the text or because you didn’t understand the language. Most candidates say that they get questions wrong because they struggle with particular question types. However, what they really mean is that they do not understand the text or the language well enough.
What about question types in IELTS Academic Reading?
You are probably wondering why we haven’t discussed different question types such as ‘multiple choice’ and ‘true/false/not given’. It is true that there are some differences between the different question types BUT they nearly all test your ability to do one thing: You need to find language in the text and decide if it means the same as language in the question. If you work on the two sets of skills we have explained in this document, you will develop this ability.
There’s more…
There is certainly a lot more to say about IELTS Academic Reading. We hope this short document will answer some of your questions and give you some useful advice on how to prepare. There is no easy way to get to IELTS Academic Reading grade 7.0, 7.5 or even 8.0 but if you follow our strategies you will improve. |
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About Coffee
The cultivation of coffee trees began in Ethiopia and were subsequently spread around the world. There are now many sub-species that exist through both natural selection and selective breeding. These coffee varieties have inherent traits that make them unique, such as resistance to disease, fruit yield, bean size and taste profiles. These traits are considered by the farmers when deciding which varieties to grow on their land. For example, a high yielding coffee would be considered a desirable quality.
[SL-34 in Greenland Estates, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar, February 2018]
Arabica vs. Robusta
There are two main species of coffee in commercial production, Arabica and Robusta. Arabica represents about 75% of the world's production. Arabica is susceptible to disease. The most prevalent, leaf rust has caused coffee growers to seek out new varieties that have a higher resistance, such as Robusta. Unfortunately the taste quality of Robusta is often uninteresting, overly intense and sometimes woody, making it unsuitable for specialty coffee at this time - an industry being built upon coffees with interesting flavour profiles that don't align with the flavour of "coffee".
Variety: a genetically distinct variation of a single species that may have different characteristics in plant structure, leaves or fruit.
Cultivar: same definition as 'variety,' but indicates a genetic variation due to cultivation.
Varietal: refers to a specific instance of a variety. For example, if one farm produces Bourbon, then that is the farm's varietal.
Common Varieties
Ethiopian Heirloom: Most of the coffee grown in Ethiopia are the indigenous heirloom varieties. These have resulted from cross-breeding different species, as well as varieties. This has made coffee from Ethiopia some of the most unique and coveted from around the world. Depending on the coffee process, Ethiopian coffee can have tasting qualities that are floral, tropical fruit, sweet citrus, chocolate and lots of berries. They are generally complex and elegant coffees that hold a special place in the heart of most coffee professionals.
Typica: This is the original variety that was cultivated, with all varietals thought to be mutations or genetic selections of Typica. Generally a lower yielding coffee, but an excellent cup with nice sweetness, cleanliness and smooth body.
Bourbon: A natural variation of Typica, Bourbon was first produced on Reunion Island, located off the coast of Madagascar. It was later spread to the rest of the world. Bourbon has a yield of 20-30% more than the Typica variety and is known for its sweetness, complex acidity and balance in the cup.
Caturra: A high yielding mutation of Bourbon, discovered in Brazil. Cup quality of this coffee increases with elevation, however the yield decreases. This variety is considered a dwarf or semi-dwarf because of its small shrub size, though it makes for much easier picking by hand. Cup characteristics are generally a nice bright acidity, low-medium body and a little less sweetness than Bourbon.
Catimor: There are many different variations of Catimor, a coffee variety that was bred with the intention of having high yields, high resistance to disease and small stature. A hybrid of Caturra and Timor, it is a naturally strong variety due to it's Robusta genetics.
Villasarchi: Named after the town in the West Valley of Costa Rica, where it was discovered. Another dwarf variety that is very high yielding and produces well at high elevations. Cup characteristics are a clean acidity and very fruit forward sweetness.
SL28/SL34: A highly prized variety that typically fetches a high price, selectively bred by Scott Laboratories in Kenya in the 1930's. The beans can be very large, producing a cup with distinct fruit flavour and a nice complexity. SL28 exhibits a better cup, generally, than SL34. Both are very susceptible to leaf rust and grow better at higher elevations. A winey acidity and subtle savoury tone are both discernible features of SL28 and SL34.
Catuai: A high yielding cultivar which originates from Agronomico do Campinas in Brazil in the 50's. It is a mutation of Mundo Novo and Caturra. It has since been cultivated throughout Brazil and in many regions of South and Central America. It's known for lower acid, high sweetness and high body in the cup.
Gesha/Geisha: Originating from the town of Gesha, Ethiopia, this variety is known for having a long and skinny shaped bean. This bean has an incredibly complex flavour profile that's often dominated by florals, citruses and high sweetness. The variety is known as Gesha or Geisha, depending on where it's been planted and how the relative culture has adapted the word. Most coffee professionals will go by Gesha, as it's the name of the town originally discovered. This variety has fetched the record for price paid per pound of green coffee at 803 USD.
Sidra: A cross mutation between Bourbon and Typica, said to have originated in Ecuador. The flavour profile generally falls into high sweetness, crisp acidity and velvety body. In 2018, we finished 5th in the World Barista Championship using a Sidra and a Gesha from La Palma y El Tucan, a legendary coffee farm in Colombia.
When the coffee cherry is ripe and ready for harvest, a coffee producer will collect the fruit and bring it to a central location to process and dry the coffee. Inside each coffee cherry, there are two seeds. These seeds will be dried and, ultimately, roasted, becoming coffee as we know it.
In the world of coffee processing, there are many different techniques used to manipulate the flavour profile of each batch of coffee. Dependent on the micro-climate of a coffee farm, producers might choose to focus on a certain processing technique that works better or is easier to execute well. Here are a few commonly known techniques and how they affect flavour:
Natural: this is the easiest of the processing techniques to wrap the head around. The cherry is harvested and laid to dry. The juicy sugars and mucilage inside the cherry will be absorbed into the seeds as the cherry dries. This will lead to sweet, fruit forward coffees that generally have a more syrupy mouthfeel.
Honey: a honey processed coffee is pulped, meaning the cherry is spliced open and the mucilage inside is exposed. Rather than cleaning it all off the seeds using water to rinse, the coffee is brought to dry covered in this mucilage. This will lead to increased sweetness with jammy or honey-like body.
Washed: coffees that focus on flavour clarity and varietal characteristics. Washed coffees are pulped, left to ferment with the mucilage intact anywhere from 6 hours to 100+ hours. What happens in the fermentation process is sugars are eaten by naturally occurring yeasts and converted into acidic compounds. After fermentation, these coffees will be completely washed with water, leaving just the seeds to dry. |
Speech Recognition and Telegraphic Speech
What Is Telegraphic Speech?
The phenomenon of telegraphic speech got its name long ago in the 20th century when the telegraph was the only way people could communicate quickly over great distances. In those days, sending a telegram was expensive. In fact, the cost of a telegram was determined by how many words it contained. Thus senders were motivated to eliminate any written components that were not semantically critical and “telegraphic” writing was born.
Behavioral Efficiency
There is a great deal of trial and error when learning how to do something for the first time. Consider the novice user of a speech application. Everything that the system says and does is new to him. He hears the system’s prompts and he responds tentatively, not being precisely certain of the consequences of his responses. Response latency (the amount of time that passes between an application prompt offset and the onset of the user’s response) is a measure of the user’s uncertainty. Response latencies for novice users are almost invariably exaggerated compared to those of veteran users. Thus with repeated use, the system appears more predictable to the users, latencies decrease and the user becomes more efficient at using the system to complete his tasks.
But the user’s learning does not end here. Over repeated experiences, people tend to discover more (if not actually the most) efficient ways to complete a task. In a speech application for example, users eventually learn when and where they can barge in and their behavior is reinforced because they learn that barging in gets them where they want to go more quickly.
Relevance to ASR Applications
What does all this have to do with speech recognition applications? The answer concerns speech recognition errors.
The repeated experience of speech recognition errors can have a number of unfortunate effects on a user. This is hardly news. However, one subtle, poorly understood and possibly beneficial effect of repeated errors is that they can induce a type of telegraphic speech in speech application users. The process is relatively simple and somewhat inevitable given the tendency of users to discover evermore efficient ways to perform repeated tasks. An example should illustrate the phenomenon:
Fooled Me Once…
Let’s say that someone calls a particular employee at a particular company for the first time and has the following interaction with the company’s human-sounding Virtual Operator application:
System: Acme Widget Company. How may I direct your call?
Caller: Good morning. You could connect me with Fred Miller in the marketing department please.
System (Error 1): I’m sorry. Let’s try that again. How may I direct your call?
Caller: May I speak with Fred Miller in marketing please?
System (Error 2): I didn’t quite get that. Once more please. How may I direct your call?
Caller: I want to speak to Fred Miller in marketing.
System (Error 3): I seem to be having a bad day. Please say the employee’s first and last name. Otherwise say, “department names” for a list of corporate divisions.
Caller: Fred Miller.
System: Fred Miller. Is that correct?
Caller: Yes.
System: Your call is being transferred…
Now, let’s fast forward to the next time the caller needs to reach Mr. Miller:
Caller: Fred Miller.
System: Fred Miller. Is that correct?
Caller: Yes.
System: Your call is being transferred…
The Silver Lining
While the example may seem contrived, the fact is that people will do whatever they get reinforced for doing. If the virtual operator infallibly understood utterances like, “Good morning. You could connect me with Fred Miller in the marketing department please,” users would continue to make such responses. But the experience of speech recognition errors tends to punish users for saying such complicated things while simultaneously reinforcing them for saying whatever is minimally required to get them where they want to go.
This tendency to induce telegraphic speech must not be thought of as a “bad” thing. On the contrary, the phenomenon should be better appreciated and better accommodated in VUI designs.
Walter Rolandi is the founder and owner of The Voice User Interface Company in Columbia, S.C. Rolandi provides consultative services in the design, development and evaluation of telephony-based voice user interfaces (VUI) and evaluates ASR, TTS, and conversational dialog technologies. He can be reached at wrolandi@wrolandi.com .
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Different web design disciplines and their main job-streams
In the world of web design, one of the biggest challenges is ensuring that the website creates an online presence. This involves making sure that a site is easy to find and that it is easy to use. This can be done using different techniques. For instance, in terms of usability, the overall layout and appearance of the website are taken into consideration. This is done by looking at how people navigate through the website to make sure that they are able to find what they are looking for and are not lost among a maze of links or information on the page.
User experience design is the process of using aesthetics and usability to improve user interaction. It requires a lot of research as well as rigorous testing. It involves studying the ways that users access information on the internet, particularly from personal computers. This involves the use of usability testing and studying research models like the Mendix curve and psychological phenomena. Web designers also need to undertake usability tests that involve observing real users navigating the website and testing the layouts and interfaces to ensure that they are easy to use. Sometimes this web design work can involve the use of live testers.
Content management is an area of web design important to help people get online. Content management systems can help people move information across the internet in a secure way and do so efficiently. CMSs can help business owners and individuals to manage their websites and give them a sense of control over the content on their site. This also helps people find information more easily and can help businesses increase their online presence. Content management systems can include article directories, blogs, social media sites and e-commerce systems.
The use of graphic images is often associated with a great web design. Aesthetics play a huge role in creating an effective web design because they can draw attention and make the site more appealing. However, some specialists believe that using images in web design is inappropriate because the images can cause memory issues and distract from the information that is being provided on the site. People who use graphics should instead opt for high resolution pictures that load quickly on their systems.
When considering the usability of a site, professionals also have to consider the way in which they are presenting the information on the site. This includes thinking about how the content is laid out and the layout of the navigation menus on the page. This can be a complicated process but it’s essential for a site to be both easy to navigate and easy to understand for the target audience. Designers are advised to focus on making sure that the information presented is clear and accessible and is presented in an effective manner.
One other important element of a web design work is the use of color. Many designers prefer to work in black and white because it allows them to focus on the visual components of a site rather than including too many colors that can cause distractions to users. However, color can also contribute to the effectiveness of the interface design. Bright colors can be distracting to users if they are not designed to be easy on the eye. This is why web designers spend a lot of time in color analysis before deciding on what colors will be used on the site. This helps to ensure that the web designer selects colors that will enhance the functionality rather than making the user eyes fatigue.
Web Design Austin
A web designer must always think of himself as part of the problem solving process with the end user. Web designers must focus on providing a quality experience rather than just trying to sell products. The focus of the web designers should always be on providing a solution to the needs of the visitors rather than the wants of the marketer. |
Chipmaker AMD plans to super-size its processor
The same sort of AMD chips inside game consoles and PCs could one day power the world's fastest supercomputers. Here's how AMD thinks we'll get to exascale.
Chipmaker AMD has shed a little more light on efforts to extend its APU technology, which marries a CPU and high-end graphics on the same die, from game consoles and PCs to supercomputers in an attempt to deliver new levels of performance. The company is pushing its heterogeneous architecture, along with a novel memory hierarchy, as the best path to reaching exascale performance in a plausible power budget.
The concept isn't new. AMD has been working on these ideas for several years under its FastForward and FastForward 2 programs funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. But in a paper to be published in the upcoming issues of IEEE Micro journal (a draft is available behind a paywall), AMD researchers described in more detail just what this system might look like.
A system capable of reaching more than one exaflop, or 1,000 petaflops, would need at least 100,000 interconnected servers each capable of around 10 teraflops. And it would need to come in at less than 20 megawatts. To put that in perspective, the current world's fastest supercomputer tops out at 33.86 petaflops and uses 18MW. At the chip level, Intel's fastest Xeon E5-2600v3 (Haswell-EP) processor delivers a little more than half a teraflop and a high-end AMD or Nvidia GPU is capable of around 3 teraflops at double-precision.
In other words, Moore's Law alone isn't going to get us there any time soon. Instead AMD is proposing what it calls an Exascale Heterogeneous Processor (EHP) that combines 32 CPU cores--running either the x86 or ARM instruction set--with a large GPU that does most of the heavy lifting to get to 10 teraflops per node.
An exascale system will also require more memory with greater bandwidth. AMD proposes using the same 3D-stacked High-Bandwidth Memory that it has pioneered in its latest high-end GPU. The Radeon R9 Fury X uses four 1GB stacks (each consisting of four 2Gb chips) for a total of 4GB of DRAM with a bandwidth of 512GBps. For the EHP, AMD wants to boost that to eight stacks (each with four 4Gb chips) for a total of 16GB per server node with around 1TBps of bandwidth based on current specifications. With some enhancements, AMD thinks the bandwidth could eventually be pushed to 4TBps meeting the exascale goal.
But that still won't be enough memory so AMD adds another tier of non-volatile memory to reach the goal of at least 1TB per server node. Unlike the HBM memory, which is located close to the processor on a silicon interposer in the same package, this larger pool of memory would be outside of the package. It could be flash memory or it could be one of the emerging forms of non-volatile memory such as RRAM (resistive RAM), MRAM (magnetoresistive RAM), phase-change memory or memristors. This is very similar in concept to 3D Xpoint memory, which Intel and Micron announced last week, which is meant to fill the gap between high-speed DRAM and high-density flash memory in high-performance computing.
The final piece of AMD's exascale idea is the Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), a set of hardware and software specifications that allow the CPU cores and graphics to share a single, virtual memory space so that any core can work directly on data regardless of where it is stored in this complicated memory hierarchy. In theory that takes some of the load off the CPU, minimizes the need to continually shuffle data around, and makes it easier to program. But AMD admits there is still a lot of work that needs to be done on HSA to make it work on such a large, complex system. That's just the start. Other challenges include development of interconnects, both on the chip (Network-on-Chip) and at the system level; new processing-in-memory capabilities; and more robust heterogeneous processors for mission-critical applications.
A number of stories have attempted to connect the dots between the APUs on AMD's 2016-2017 server roadmap and this EHP. They may be related, but it's unlikely they are the same.
Server chips with graphics or other specialized accelerators make sense for a number of cloud and enterprise workloads. That's why AMD already sells a server APU, the Opteron X2150, and Intel's Xeon E3-1200 v4 has integrated Iris Pro P6300 graphics. (It's also why Intel is shelling out nearly $17 billion on Altera to speed up integration of programmable logic in server chips.) It only makes sense that AMD would want to scale this with future APUs for high-performance computing that take advantage of more advanced process technology, the upcoming Zen microarchitecture that supports simultaneous multi-threading, and better graphics.
The EHP, by contrast, is part of a long-term project targeted specifically at future supercomputers. In a blog post announcing the FastForward2 program, CTO Mark Papermaster wrote that AMD's research on using APUs and a next-generation memory targeted "commercial use in in the 2020-2023 timeframe." Last week, when President Obama issued an executive order creating the National Strategic Computing Initiative (NSCI), the administration said the chief goal was to realize an exascale system over the next decade and the Department of Energy is now aiming for 2023-2024.
The best way to reach that goal may well be with heterogeneous systems that use both general-purpose CPUs and accelerators like GPUs. It's why so many of the world's fastest supercomputers have adopted accelerators in recent years. AMD is hardly the only one working in this area, but they are well-positioned to play a leading role. |
When Do I Get a DDOS Warning?
The internet has become a place where people are constantly being spied on and their private information is often kept private.
DDOS is an attempt to take control of a network and to stop an individual or group from using it to steal your information.
DDOs are a growing threat because they can be used to steal private data, which is used to create ransomware, spyware, and other malware.
In this article, we will show you how to detect and protect yourself against the most common forms of DDOS.
DDOSS, or Distributed Denial of Service, is a tactic used by hackers to spread malicious software that disrupts the functioning of a computer.
There are many ways to defeat this type of attack, but we will focus on two main methods.
The first is known as DDOS attack.
This attack is a form of attack that is usually carried out against networks, routers, and devices that can be controlled remotely.
The second method is known in security circles as DDDoS.
This technique is usually used to disrupt the function of a system by stealing the information from a system.
The most common form of DDOSS attack is the Distributed Logon Protocol (DLL) attack, which involves a DLL that can infect the system or take control over the computer.
When a DLP is running on a system, it can make it appear as if the computer is online, and it can steal your passwords, cookies, and more.
This type of DDDoS attack is also commonly referred to as DDEX attack.
The two methods are not mutually exclusive, and they both involve a malicious DLL running on the system.
To protect yourself from DLP attacks, you need to know how to block DLP infections and what you can do if a DLS is running.
This article will show how to prevent and protect your computer from being a victim of DLP.
DDoS is a powerful tool that can allow you to fight back against DLP and other attacks.
Let’s take a closer look at what DDOSS does and how it works.
How to Protect Yourself from DDoS Attacks DDOS attacks are commonly used to cause disruption to a network or device that has been compromised.
DDos attacks can take the form of DDoS attacks, DLP, and DDoS.
DDX attacks are different from DDOSs.
DDXP attacks are typically used to try to steal information from the computer of an organization.
This can be done via the Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 operating systems.
DDOX attacks are usually carried by using malicious software on the computer that is the target.
The malicious software usually infects a computer with malicious code, and then runs programs that take control and execute commands.
DDXT attacks are also common, but are often a result of a user accidentally downloading malicious software onto a computer and using it.
These attacks are designed to take down systems by infecting the system with malicious software and then taking control.
In these types of attacks, the attacker can gain access to the computers network and can steal information or data from it.
When you use DDOS, the attack is often conducted against a system that you control.
For example, when you log on to your computer, the computer can be infected with malicious files that infects your system and the infected computer.
In order to prevent DDOSS attacks, it is important to block all traffic from the infected computers.
DDLS is a DDoS attack that occurs when malicious code is run on a server.
This is when a malicious program is placed on the server that runs the DDOS program.
The DDLS attack usually requires a large number of users to connect to the infected server and run the malicious program.
This infection is usually conducted by using a Trojan horse exploit.
In the example above, a Trojan Horse exploit was used to infect a server with a malicious code.
Once the infected machine has been infected, the Trojan horse code then runs the program.
DDT attacks are attacks that occur when malicious software is installed on a computer that does not belong to you.
In other words, a user has an infected computer that he or she does not own and is trying to access it.
In DDT attack, the malicious software runs on the infected system.
DDTP attacks are attempts to steal confidential information from your computer.
For DDTP attack, malicious code runs on a machine that is not your own and on a network that you do not control.
DDV attacks are an attack that utilizes a malware that is installed onto a device or a computer as part of a DDO attack.
DDVPN attacks are another type of DLL attack that requires a specific vulnerability in your computer to allow the attack to occur.
This vulnerability in a specific computer allows the attacker to take full control of the computer and take full advantage of the vulnerability.
DDU attacks are other DDOS-related attacks that can also be used in DDOSS and DDT cases.
DDUU attacks are a form the attack that can
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Sleep - Insomnia - Causes, Types and Diagnosis
Diagnosing and treating insomnia is tricky because it can be transient or lasting and the condition has many root causes ranging from minor and easily correctible to life threatening.
Are you looking for the information on the following:
Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep at night or to sleep soundly throughout the night. It can be either a temporary condition or persistent, and can possibly have many causes.
Insomnia that is temporary is frequently classified as transient and usually ends on its own accord without much in the way of intervention. If insomnia lasts longer than a few days or even a few weeks, it usually will be classified as permanent.
In most instances, women seem to suffer the effects of insomnia more than men do, probably due to the many hormonal changes women experience. In addition, because of other factors such as a sedentary lifestyle or an underlying medical condition or as a side effect of prescription medication, insomnia can increase with age.
Insomnia that is not considered persistent can result from too much stress, from crossing into different time zones, or from environmental factors such as an increase in noise levels or temperature variations of more than a few degrees. Exposure to excessive light or loud and/orpersistent noise including nearby traffic and even a snoring bed partner, can create an environment in which sleep is elusive. Many do not realize that insomnia can even be the result of learned behavior.
Medical treatment for intermittent or transient insomnia generally is not prescribed. That's because the condition typically remedies itself once the affected individual takes control of his or her situation and corrects the problem(s) causing the insomnia.
Permanent or chronic insomnia, on the other hand, can be more serious. The degree of severity will have a lot to do with what is found to be the underlying cause. Therefore, the first step that those suffering from chronic insomnia need to take is to meet with their health care providers. An in-person meeting is the only way to begin narrowing down the reasons behind the chronic insomnia.
This type of insomnia could be caused by an abuse of narcotics or even caffeine or by shift work. Or it could be due to any number of physical or mental disorders including depression, anxiety, kidney disease, heart trouble, restless leg syndrome, asthma, Parkinson's disease or a condition called sleep apnea. And there are even more reasons why someone might regularly have trouble getting a good night's sleep.
The process of determining the underlying cause could be long and might require numerous tests and evaluations, but it has to happen. Once the cause is known, it will be easier to identify whether medical treatments are necessary or whether the underlying cause of insomnia can be treated by making one or more behavioral changes. For some, alleviating insomnia might be as easy as eliminating caffeine several hours before bedtime.
Diagnosing insomnia can be actually be more difficult than diagnosing an underlying condition because, in most cases, quality of sleep, and even amount of sleep, is subjective. What is an ample amount for one person isn't necessarily right for someone else. As a rule of thumb, those who have difficulty remaining alert, focused and able to concentrate during the day may be suffering insomnia. Keeping a sleep journal, answering a number of sleep-related questions and evaluating the answers and/or seeing a sleep specialist are a few of the tools that can help medical personnel diagnose insomnia.
Treatise on the Sucubus or Nightmare
Simple Insomnia Cure - Six Simple Steps to Better Sleep
Home - Sleep and Health - CAUSES OF INSOMNIA
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2021-09-24 07:21:04 Find the results of "
soccer rules and penalties
" for you
Rules 2021 | FIFA Law 14 Soccer Penalty Kicks
Soccer: Rules and Regulations - Ducksters
Rules for the game of soccer. What are the basic regulations for the sport of soccer?
Soccer Basic Rules - topendsports.com
Basic information about the game of Soccer / Football
Rules and Regulations of Football | 17 Soccer Laws [Updated]
Rules: How To Play Football/Soccer | Rules of Sport
Soccer - Soccer Rules: Players Sport & Social Group - Chicago ...
Soccer Fouls are the main reason for rules of soccer.
Soccer Fouls occur in the game often. Soccer is a physical game, and it requires rules to protect the players from getting hurt.
RULE NO. 10: Violations and Penalties | NBA Official
EXCEPTION: On a throw-in which goes out of bounds and is not touched by a player in the game, the ball is returned to the original throw-in spot.
Soccer: Rules, Fouls, Positions | SchoolWorkHelper
Soccer is known as football in many countries of the world. |
Currently Is The Time For You To Know Novels.
A book is primarily a short work of fiction, normally written in verse as well as released as a book. Lots of renowned authors such as George R.R. Martin, J.K. Rowling, Charles Dickens and others have all generated some of one of the most renowned publications in the English language.
Stories have actually constantly been around but the concept of writing one’s very own story has only become preferred in modern times. Traditionalists have a tendency to regard any type of unique as literary works while extra liberal writers have a tendency to relate to jobs of fiction as “trifles”. Nonetheless, innovative writing is among the most satisfying kinds of literary works as well as some of the most renowned books of recent years have originated from this genre. The very popular novel The DaVinci Code was created by Michael Crichton with the assistance of his son. fictional synonyms list
Many various other authors functioning today are influenced by the works of HG Wells and also various other contemporary authors such asains. These imaginary writers give vent to their creative imagination in stories where they present suggestions that commonly look like those of other contemporary writers such as theirs. This permits the authors to explore their creative nature and obtain their target markets to take part in the story.
When considering what kind of unique you would love to create, the most noticeable choice is most likely to be an imaginary novel. However, it is not quite as simple as that. If you want to create a literary novel, you should understand the rules of grammar that are involved in a novel. You likewise require to have an understanding of exactly how various languages work. Even if you can not review any of the international languages that are utilized in the unique, you will certainly still require to at the very least recognize just how to establish the text on a laptop to ensure that you can review the novel on your computer system.
When people think about what types of books they like best, there are generally 3 categories of books that are normally included under the term “literary fiction.” The most preferred styles under this classification include brave novels, scientific fiction, and timeless literature. Obviously, this is just a basic summary as well as does never represent the total variety of novels on the market today. Most fictional books fall under one or more of these categories as well as are as a result taken into consideration to be part of the literary fiction style. Nonetheless, the viewers needs to understand that some styles of literary works overlap others.
Historic books are normally embeded in time within the present day, and also manage real occasions. In some cases, historic books cover occasions that really occurred while the author was composing the unique, however frequently the plotline is entirely fictional. For example, a story might tell the story of two enthusiasts that get wed and also have a boy, and then a battle breaks out that leaves both their loved ones hurt. The story does not focus on either among the fans, however merely focuses on the war that occurred behind-the-scenes. rich fictional characters cartoon
Creative writing has 2 various groups that many visitors possibly do not also understand exist. This is science fiction as well as dream. These 2 genres integrate aspects of alternating history, future history, as well as scientific research to develop tales that viewers will certainly find exciting and extraordinary. The majority of writers of sci-fi books placed real truths right into the world they develop in order to support the property of the story. On the other hand, dream novels have a tendency to place unique animals, items, as well as things into the tale in order to interest a younger audience who are frequently drawn to these types of stories.
There are still several books that are written with the intent of marketing to an adult audience, now the majority of them are created for kids and teens. Youthful visitors are not the just one who appreciate fictional analysis, nonetheless. Numerous middle-aged and also older visitors take pleasure in imaginary analysis also. Composing fictional books takes some skill and also an innovative mind, which is why many storytellers choose to create under a pen name rather than using their actual name. Pen names give writers a refuge to experiment without being implicated of using their real identification in their work.
As you can see, there are numerous reasons why a lot of writers choose to write under a pen name when it pertains to writing novels. Fiction writers need to do research study on what type of books they want to write before they begin creating, so they will certainly have suggestions for stories, motifs, characters, and also plots. Novels likewise permit authors the flexibility to share themselves with the plot of their tales, so they can reveal their initial ideas. Although pen names are commonly made use of by fictional authors, there are additionally lots of authors who use real names in their stories.
In the last few years there has actually been a boom in the variety of books being composed. It has ended up being fairly a stylish leisure activity for individuals to sit down with a coffee table and also get a brand-new book to read. For lots of this is an addicting actions and also it can lead to loss of sleep as well as stress and anxiety. Although there are a multitude of great publications available individuals require to be careful when choosing one up. There are specific elements that each book ought to have that will help people to find out more of them without feeling too overwhelmed.
Books should be written in a conversational method. A story is often a long, extremely detailed job of prose, normally written in prose and also often released as an eBook. Each word must be recognized as well as made use of meticulously so as not to shed the honesty of the story. This will certainly make the novel not just amusing yet also academic for the readers. Although books are a kind of literary works that can be enjoyed by any individual, not everyone will enjoy them the very same as a result of their specific preferences.
Stories ought to be composed on a specific subject. If one wishes to review the Civil Battle in an unique they should pick one about fights, either in the USA or in the Civil Battle. The more specific the subject the easier it will certainly be for viewers to follow the story. Visitors that such as a more difficult plot will probably choose novels created on historical topics instead of speculative ones. the website knows everything about you
If an author can adhere to these rules, they will have a greater possibility of producing stories that lots of readers will take pleasure in analysis. When the novel has been written the following step is to have it released. It is always best if an author puts guide up for sale in a location of the local book store or online at an internet site that can be found through a search engine. It is feasible to sell stories before they are even released. This will certainly enable the author to get additional responses from readers and also see how much rate of interest exists in the title before it is taken into print.
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Washington • The Environmental Protection Agency issued new rules and other documents Thursday outlining how it will regulate toxic chemicals under a landmark law passed by Congress last year.
The rules, issued on the one-year anniversary of the law's signature by President Barack Obama, set standards for how the EPA will identify and evaluate high-priority chemicals and impose reporting requirements for industry.
The new law regulates tens of thousands of toxic chemicals found in everyday products, from household cleaners to clothing and furniture. The EPA said last year it will review such common chemicals as asbestos and trichloroethylene that for decades have been known to cause cancer, yet have been largely unregulated under federal law.
Congress approved the Frank Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act last year in a bipartisan bid to clear up a hodgepodge of state rules governing chemicals and update the Toxic Substances Control Act, a 1976 law that had remained unchanged for 40 years.
EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said the rules issued Thursday demonstrate the Trump administration's commitment to providing "regulatory certainty to American businesses, while protecting human health and the environment."
"The new process for evaluating existing chemicals outlined in these rules will increase public confidence in chemical safety without stifling innovation," Pruitt said.
The EPA so far has identified 10 chemicals that will be studied to determine whether they present an "unreasonable risk to humans and the environment." The agency will then determine what steps, if any, should be taken to mitigate the risk through new regulations — including banning the chemicals from use in the United States.
Once the EPA completes its review of the initial 10 chemicals, studies will begin on dozens of other suspect chemicals. With tens of thousands of chemicals manufactured each year within the U.S. or imported from other countries, the EPA is prioritizing those that are the most dangerous and widely used, including asbestos.
Valued for its resistance to heat and corrosion, asbestos was widely used for decades in such products as building materials, pipe insulation and floor tiles before studies linked it to lung cancer and other diseases. The EPA first tried to ban the use of asbestos in the late 1980s, but a federal appeals court ruled the agency had exceeded its authority.
The chemical industry has long lobbied for less-stringent scientific assessments for newer chemicals that companies are trying to get into the marketplace.
In a statement Thursday, the American Chemistry Council, an industry group, commended the EPA for meeting the one-year deadline. While it is still analyzing the new rules, the group said it expects the EPA will "establish the framework for a modern chemical management system capable of meeting 21st century demands."
Rep. Frank Pallone, D-N.J., said changes made by the EPA since the law was approved appear to significantly weaken the law.
"It appears that Administrator Pruitt intends to ignore more chemical uses and exposures at every stage of the regulatory process" and label thousands of chemicals as safe in order to avoid review, Pallone said. "As someone who worked to strengthen this law, I'm deeply disappointed by these final rules." |
This is the Archimedes crater, on the moon, near the Apollo 15 landing site.
Archimedes crater (JAXA)
It is located in Mare Imbrium, a plain filled with lava.
The strange thing is that the interior of the crater looks flat, as if it had been also filled with lava, but there is no passage for lava to come inside the crater. All the walls appear to be intact.
So how could lava have possibly entered the crater?
Could it have had such low viscosity that it infiltrated as seepage?
The interior of the walls appears to be broken as if they suffered a landslide.
(The image source is this video, apparently a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image)
Great question! The mare lava bubbled up through fractures in the floor of the crater, burying its ring system and central peak.
• $\begingroup$ Great answer. I didn't even suspected that the crater had his own papers. $\endgroup$
– tutizeri
Aug 23 '20 at 16:42
• $\begingroup$ Sorry, Archimedes is not a peak-ring crater. It was a central peak before it was filled. The abstract to which you link was not actually presented at the PCC meeting last year, it was print-only, and their interpretation of a ring in the gravity data is extremely dubious (it looks like noise). Based on craters that are not filled with lava on the moon, the transition from central peak to peak ring takes place at several hundred kilometers in diameter, while Archimedes is about 81 km (comparable to Tycho and Copernicus, both with very well formed central peaks and no hint of a ring). $\endgroup$ Aug 26 '20 at 6:51
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The Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Forecasting Techniques
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Quantitative Forecasting Techniques
Quantitative forecasts often use historical data, such as previous sales and revenue figures, production and financial reports and website traffic statistics. Looking at seasonal sales data, for example, can help you plan next year’s production and labor needs based on last year’s monthly or quarterly figures. Quantitative forecasting also uses projections based on statistical modeling, trend analyses or other information from expert sources such as government agencies, trade associations and academic institutions.
Qualitative Forecasting Techniques
Qualitative forecasting techniques come from the experience and instincts of seasoned business experts. These forecasting techniques aren’t just guesses; they include interpretation of data combined with the professional expertise you've developed over time on the job. For example, if you want qualitative information for projecting sales for the year, you might estimate the impact of a new ad campaign or promotion your company is planning, look at the effects that new technologies might have on consumer purchasing and take into account recent social fads and trends. You might forecast demand by holding focus groups of customers to discuss and gauge their reactions to several new product features your company is considering.
Forecasting for Sales
Quantitative forecasting techniques for sales include looking at census data for a geographic area, reviewing historical seasonal sales reports and reviewing sales reports to see which products are maturing and showing recent slowdowns in sales and which products have recently begun selling at higher volumes. Qualitative forecasting techniques include asking your sales reps for their projected sales for the coming year, asking customers about their upcoming product needs and asking distributors what other products are selling well or poorly.
Forecasting for Cash Flow
Cash flow forecasting is important for your business because it helps you project when you will receive money and when you will have bills to pay, rather than recording income by the date of a customer order or payables using a monthly average. Quantitative forecasting techniques for projecting cash flow can include looking at last year’s bank deposits and checks or credit card payments. You can look at last year’s payables reports or invoices to examine when customers were supposed to pay and when they actually did; this helps you create a cushion for planning on income. Qualitative methods for planning cash flow include asking your salespeople to project their sales for the year by month or asking your distributors if they foresee any upcoming slowdowns or buying increases during certain times of the year. |
Building Blocks of Health: Vegetables
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According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, "The average American diet scores a 59 out of 100 on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), which measures how closely a diet aligns with the Dietary Guidelines. Research shows that higher HEI scores can improve Americans health."
Furthermore, the study Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States attributed 53,410 deaths in 2012 from heart disease, stroke, or type 2 diabetes to consuming too few vegetables (source).
Benefits of a Vegetable-Rich Diet:
Which nutrients? Here's a small sample of what nutrients are common among vegetables and their role in your health...
1. Let's start with vitamin A, which shows up in a variety of vegetables. "Vitamin A keeps eyes and skin healthy and helps to protect against infections" (source).
2. Vitamin C is often found in vegetables too. "Vitamin C helps heal cuts and wounds and keeps teeth and gums healthy. Vitamin C helps your body absorb iron more easily" (source).
3. Fiber is amazing, and vegetables are full of it! "Dietary fiber from vegetables, as part of an overall healthy diet, helps reduce blood cholesterol levels and may lower risk of heart disease" (source).
4. And who could forget folate? "Your body needs folate to make DNA and other genetic material" (source).
5. Many vegetables are also high in potassium, which "may help to maintain healthy blood pressure" (source).
How Many Vegetables Should I Eat Each Day?
MyPlate recommends that most adults eat roughly 2.5 cups of vegetables per day. You can get a personalized recommendation here!
Remember, vegetables can be "raw or cooked; fresh, frozen, canned, or dried/dehydrated; and may be whole, cut-up, or mashed" (source).
And there are all kinds of vegetables. To get the best variety, try to eat a bunch of different vegetables each week. The main types of vegetables are dark and leafy greens, red and orange vegetables, beans, peas and lentils, starchy, and other.
Five Favorite Vegetable Recipes:
Sometimes it's tough to determine where to start, so I've rounded up five of my most popular vegetable recipes! Which will you try first?
1. Berkeley Burrito Bowl
2. Cauliflower Torte
3. Kale is the Star Salad
4. Lentil Quinoa Salad Bowl
5. Pasta with Roasted Tomato Sauce
And that brings us to the end of our first installment in the Building Blocks of Health series. Later this week, we'll bring you another amazing post, this time about fruits. Stay tuned!
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Wondering if there is a Link? thoughts?
CMT, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, affecting an estimated 126,000 individuals in the United States and 2.6 million people worldwide. Nearly all cases are inherited. It is possible to have two or more types of CMT, which happens when the person has mutations in two or more genes, each of which causes a form of the disease. CMT is a heterogenous genetic disease, meaning mutations in different genes can produce similar clinical symptoms. CMT is named for the three physicians who described it in 1886. There is currently no cure for CMT but it can be managed with supportive therapy. CMT isn’t usually life-threatening and rarely affects muscles involved in vital functions like breathing. People with most forms of CMT have a normal life expectancy.
“A demyelinating disease is any condition that results in damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibers in your brain, optic nerves and spinal cord. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow or even stop, causing neurological problems.”
I have type 1A CMT. I have always wondered about a possible link to it causing the stress that made me diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and others have said bipolar…often the psychiatrists are confused by how to treat it because I dont exhibit symptoms or they assume the medication is treating it…three years ago I was diagnosed with Bipolar with a good prognosis and I was taking Hydroxizine which is an anti-histamine and I was not taking Abilify or any anti-psychotics for over one year with no relapse.
CMT causes the wirings within the neurons that control synapses to deteriorate over time. Im not saying I think Charcot Marie Tooth is the direct cause of all people with schizophrenia, but that it could likely be the cause of my mom’s and mine. One link says Multiple Scerosis can be a link to neurological disorders, so Im thinking its possible that stress and issue with the brain impulses caused it in me.
This is actually giving me hope though, because thats just one cause a duplicate PMP22 Gene affecting and pronouncing stress levels…I think some of these findings are new so not from 10 years ago and people know more about treatments.
which also makes sense because if your nerves were already stressed or blocked maybe thats why it helps?
Screenshot 2021-09-15 003247
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Dad just told me at dinner that a psychologist at Johns Hopkins told him it wasn’t likely that Myelin deterioration over time caused my “schizophrenia” and that there is no myelin in the brain…but there definitely is and he only talked to that one person 10 years ago I remember it. Johns Hopkins was founded by someone who “owned” four slaves.
Cement Answers
Is there myelin in the brain? - Cement Answers
Is there myelin in the brain? In the central nervous system (CNS) — the brain and spinal cord — cells called oligodendrocytes wrap their branch-like
Psychology Today
Brain Regeneration
Myelin repair is one of the most robust ways the brain can regenerate.
Mayo Clinic
Find out more about demylinating disease like multiple sclerosis
Understanding the causes and types of demyelinating disease, like multiple sclerosis, can help guide treatment decisions and manage symptoms.
My parents have asked one psychologist from Johns Hopkins about it who shrugged off a possible link. I plan to see a neurologist and explore this further as I am unsatisifed with my current treatment. I went back the psychiatrist for an addiction and ended up being pathologized once again about the label I had previously had of schizophrenia. It hasn’t helped with the pandemic and not being able to leave the house much. Losing my car, ability to drive for work, etc.
Please don’t persist with this. I can’t varify this research tonight or spend the time on your links. You get some time to think about this approach as I’ve shut down a previous effort.
Why can’t I post this topic?
Hi. I’m going to go ahead and reply, and then relist this topic. So, basically, demyelination does cause a lot of issues. Those issues have to do with muscle coordination and pain signals. MS is a well-funded area of research, and studies have found that mood swings/depression are much more common in folks with MS. So far, it seems like there is debate over whether that is directly because of demyelination or because living with a chronic, painful, and degenerative disease is very stressful.
But the depression/mood swings in MS are treated with the same meds that we take. So, while it might be interesting to speculate on possible causes for your psych symptoms, the available treatment won’t change. This is a good question,and i hope researchers can find a definitive answer that leads to better treatment.
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I will say that, in the case of CMT,it appears that symptoms remain localized in the extremities, particularly the feet. I can’t find any research linking CMT to psychological issues, or even anything saying that psych issues are more common in people with CMT.
This nonprofit seems to be the leading researcher in treatments for CMT. They are currently recruiting for a clinical trial. You can sign up here
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Most of this is over my head, and not just because I’m turkey-sized.
Myelin is known in layman’s terms as white matter. Gray matter = nerve cells. White matter = myelin sheath (think the insulation on electrical cords). Loss of the white matter is like an electrical cord getting stripped.
Nerves send electrical signals. When the cord is stripped, the signals end up leaking out before they reach their destination, so the message gets distorted and the area around might suffer electrical damage.
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Mmm turkey :drooling_face:
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We taste like chicken.
Charcot Marie tooth and schizophrenia
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I don’t get why ppl try to diagnose themeselves. They 're not even Drs and even Drs don’t diagnose themeselves, they have other Drs diagnose them. You are much prone to errors when diagnosing yourself.
Interesting thank you for citing those articles! @ninjastar thanks for re-opening the topic for discussion. I know that Abilify helps me and that was what I had originally been searching for online was a possible link between Apriprozole and helping with CMT type 1A. I found that anti-histamines one OTC one was mentioned are thought and have been studied to be able to help slow the degeneration of myeline and the medication is an H1 antagonist which I think is similar to anti-psychotics.
" Highlights
• Remyelination is the regeneration of myelin—a substance that makes up about a third of the brain.
• Scientists are honing in on drugs that promote remyelination that could be used to treat conditions like multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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Criticism of Malthusian Theory of population
1. The Malthusian theory is based on law of diminishing returns because he could not foresee the future. Presently the food supply is being increased by using advanced scientific methods.
2. It is wrong to presume that the sexual urge in human beings remains unchanged. The fact is that the urge is reduced as a result of education, entertainment and rise in living standard.
3. The Malthusian assumption that there is a direct relationship between sexual instinct and child bearing is wrong.
4. Statistics regarding the growth of world population reject the Malthusian assumption that the world population doubles after every 25 years.
5. The Malthusian notion that the population increases in geometrical progression every where is wrong because in several European countries the growth rate has become negative.
6. The natural calamities do not occur only in countries with large population.
7. The increase in population is not harmful if there is an increase in the resources of a country.
8. Increase in population is the result of decline in death rate.
9. China has proved that manpower can be a blessing for the country if deployed properly. According to Cannan, ” A baby comes to the world not only with a mouth and a stomach but also with a pair of hands.” Similarly, Seligman says that “the problem of population is not merely one of mere size but of efficient production and equitable distribution.”
10. Karls Marx does not agree with Malthusian view that the poor people are themselves the cause of their poverty. According to Marx unequal distribution of wealth and exploitation of labour class by the rich are the cause of poverty.
11. According to Henry Villar and W. Charchill a time would come when the increase in population of the world would be automatically checked.
12. According to Marex, Thomas Robert Malthus had borrowed his nonsense thoughts from earlier writers such as Rev Townshed.
13. Malthusian Theory was based on the wrong assumption that all the people were vegetarians but a large portion of population eats fish and meat.
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Interesting facts about Shetland sheepdogs
Despite their smaller stature, the Shetland Sheepdog is a hardy breed that has adapted over time to thrive within the harsh conditions of its native islands.
The Shetland Sheepdog is an extremely intelligent, energetic breed that’s easy to train, which is why they are world-class competitors in agility, herding, and obedience.
Shetland sheepdogs are incredibly trustworthy to their owners to the point where they are often referred to as “shadows” due to their attachment to family.
The average lifespan of the Shetland sheepdog is 12 to 13 years.
For show purposes the American Kennel Club recognizes only those dogs that are 33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 inches) high at the shoulder.
Shelties have a double coat, which means that they have two layers of fur that make up their coat. The long, rough guard hairs lie on top of a thick, soft undercoat. The guard hairs are water-repellent, while the undercoat provides relief from both high and low temperatures.
The English Kennel Club describes three different colors: “tricolor, blue merle, and sable (ranging from golden through mahogany), marked with varying amounts of white and/or tan.” Essentially, however, a blue merle dog is a genetically black dog, either black, white, and tan (tricolor). In the show ring, blue merles may have blue eyes – all other colors must have brown eyes.
Though these dogs may remind you of the famous TV Collie, Lassie, the Shetland Sheepdog is not actually a direct descendant of the Collie, unlike some other miniature breeds that resemble their larger relatives.
Shetland Sheepdogs were originally bred on the rocky Shetland Islands, the United Kingdom’s northernmost point. They were employed by farmers to herd sheep, ponies, and poultry. (“Toonie dog” was an old slang name for Shelties, “toon” being a Shetland word for farm.)
The original sheepdog of Shetland was a Spitz-type dog, probably similar to the modern Icelandic Sheepdog. This dog was crossed with mainland working collies brought to the islands, and then after being brought to England, it was further extensively crossed with the Rough Collie, and other breeds including some or all of the extinct Greenland Yakki, the King Charles Spaniel, the Pomeranian, and possibly the Border Collie. The original Spitz-type working sheepdog of Shetland is now extinct, having been replaced for herding there by the Border Collie. Shelties were used for herding until commercial livestock farming required larger breeds.
Exactly when Collies were imported to the island from the Scottish mainland and bred down to Sheltie size is a detail lost to history, as the islands’ breeders left behind no written records. And, because the islands were so inaccessible, Shelties lived in virtual isolation from other breeds and were nearly unknown in the rest of Britain until the early 20th century.
Shelties still participate in sheepdog trials to this day. Herding dogs conduct livestock from one place to another by causing fear-flocking and flight behaviour. The instinct to herd is primarily a product of breeding. No amount of training can substitute this trait.
Shelties can also be great therapy dogs for those who need comfort during hard times such as natural disasters or severe illness. This breed is rarely aggressive and tends to do well with children and being handled by them.
In their size group, the breed dominates dog agility, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Shelties
According to Dr. Stanley Coren, an expert on animal intelligence, the Shetland Sheepdog is one of the brightest dogs, ranking 6th out of 138 breeds tested. His research found that an average Sheltie could understand a new command in fewer than five repetitions and would obey a command the first time it was given 95% of the time or better.
One of the more vocal breeds, owners should be prepared to teach the Shetland Sheepdog when barking is and is not appropriate. Because it’s a herding breed, Shelties like to chase moving things—including cars—so they ideally need a fenced yard and leashed walks for their safety. They can become especially suspicious with strangers, even children, and without proper training and socialization, may resort to noisy, persistent barking.
A Shetland Sheepdog puppy will cost anything between $850 and $2,000. This is the average price for a Shetland Sheepdog purchased from a reputable breeder.
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Salt Dip Procedure
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Warning: A salt dip can be dangerous for a small fish or a weak fish. If you have not done a salt dip before, get the assistance of a member of the moderating team before starting the treatment.
The procedure below uses 3% salt, the maximum level we recommend. A dip using as little as 1% salt can help, but the higher the salt concentration the more effective the dip. We usually do a series of dips, so you can use low salt for the first dip and increase it with succeeding dips. Fish typically become more tolerant of the salt with repeated dips.
For greatest safety, start with 1% salt. If the fish tolerates that level of salt for 5 minutes without tipping over, you can use 2% salt for the next dip, (usually the next day). Do 2% dips until the fish tolerates that level for the full 5 minutes, after which you can do 3% dips.
1. The dip container only needs to be big enough to hold the fish. A small bucket works fine.
To prepare the dip solution, dissolve 30 teaspoons of aquarium salt/gallon of water in the dip container (30 grams/Liter, or 113.7g/gallon). If you are using a fine salt like Mortons Canning and Pickling Salt, use 23 teaspoons or weigh the salt. This concentration is 3%. Let it match the temp/pH of the tank, and make sure to add de-chlorinator. You can also use tank water, but because you are adding a lot of salt per gallon, you will need to heat up the water. Hence, it's crucial that you cool it back down.
2. Prepare a holding tank. This is a tank that is pH/temp matched with the main tank, and has been de-chlorinated. This can be a 5 gallon tub, with bubblestone, or something bigger.
3. Make sure you have some sort of timer
4. Gently lift the fish out of the tank, and place into temp/pH matched salt solution.
5. Start timer.
6. If the fish stays continues to stay upright, or tilts over but can get back up, keep him/her in the salt solution for exactly 5 minutes.
7. If at any time the fish tips over and cannot right itself, remove the fish immediately.
8. Remove fish from the salt, and place in holding tank. The reason why we do this is to: 1) give the fish a place to recover by him/herself, and 2) let the fish purge out ammonia/wastes in a place that is not the main tank.
9. After 1-2 hours, the fish can be moved back to the main tank or hospital tank. It might still be disoriented, but should be fine.
Edited by shakaho
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Understand the genetic vaccine design
Prof. Shima Gyoh
If you have been following my posts on vaccine production, you would be familiar with the earlier methods used in the history of vaccination. You would also know what I have referred to as the genetic engineering methods. One of the most advanced has been used for the first time, bypassing the longer stages of the others in our hurry to control the pandemic. This method uses “messenger-Ribo-Nucleic-Acid, or mRNA for short. Here are the basic principles.
If you want to build a house, you must first make a mould for your bricks. If you want to use big bricks, you make a big mould, if small bricks, then a small mould. If you need a decorative wall at the front, you make a mould for the decorative bricks. Moulds enable rapid production of many bricks of the same size, shape and design. No matter how elaborate the decorative brick might be, once you’ve got its mould, anyone who can mix concrete will produce the bricks very accurately, anywhere, any time!
Proteins constitute the walls of the house, and mRNA is the mould. There are thus different types of mRNA for producing different types of protein. Pfizer and Moderna used the mould (mRNA) SARS-CoV-2 uses to produce its Spike Protein (SP), the spear it uses to pierce and enter a human cell during infection. Inject this mould into the human cell, and cell will also produce the SP accurately, anywhere, any time!
Even though SP is produced within the human body, the body’s immune defence still recognises it as hostile unwanted material and attacks it, using the products of its digestion as a template to produce accurate neutralising compounds we call antibodies against the SP. If therefore, a greedy, hungry and wild corona virus comes calling, lands on a cell and tries piercing it with its Spike Protein, the antibodies against the SP blunt and twist the spear into a useless tangle, killing the virus. Mind you, the brave cell also dies, but only these two combatants are lost.
If this did not happen, the virus would enter the cell and its mRNA would cause the body cell to produce thousands of baby viruses, each with an SP. They would rupture the cell and emerge only to enter thousands of new body cells. This process is repeated, resulting in an exponential multiplication of the virus, with corresponding exponential slaughter of hundreds, thousands and millions of human body cells. War! It often causes the body to understandably panic! The survival siren is sounded, the body pours out profuse defensive hormones (cytokine storm), resulting in mass production of immune cells and a lot of blood and fluid to flood the area of infection, the only way the body knows how to take defence soldiers and their weapons to the war front. In the respiratory system, however, it results in the flooding of the lungs, obstructing the exchange of gases so necessary for life, and the patient tends to drown in his own body fluids. This is a dangerous obstruction to breathing called severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
It therefore makes sense to inject the “mould” into body cells to produce the SP, when it automatically attracts the making of antibodies against it. This is how Pfizer and Moderna have used “genetic engineering” to produce their vaccines. But financial and political exigencies have forced the companies to rush and announce their products TOO SOON. Both products need further development before they can be more conveniently deployed.
Comparing the two vaccines, the Pfizer product, requiring storage at minus 70 degrees Centigrade would be difficult to administer in rural areas, as no ordinary refrigerator can attain that temperature. One deep freezer of that quality would cost about 4 million naira! Even glass containers disintegrate at those extra low temperatures, and special very tough glass has to be manufactured to contain the vaccine. On the other hand, the Moderna product would be easier to handle because it requires storage at only minus 20 degrees Centigrade. This temperature is within the scope of cheaper deep freezers and ordinary glass containers. I have little doubt that both companies would further develop their products to retain potency under more user-friendly conditions.
Remember that neither vaccine has reached the stage of formal approval, though both may receive Emergency Use Authorisation. Even then, they are more likely to become available to the public in developed countries during the second, more probably the third quarter of 2021. Unless there are drastic changes in circumstances, we are unlikely to have these vaccine in developing countries by the end of next year.
When the vaccine does eventually arrive our shores, we should follow the professional recommendations about who gets it first. Frontline clinical staff fighting the pandemic in hospitals and nursing homes should be the first receive it. Included on the priority list are the vulnerable, defined as those with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, the elderly above 60. In Nigeria, I would not be surprised if the political and financial heavyweights grab priority for themselves even above the clinical staff attending COVID-19 patients.
The public health specialists have stressed that, for MAXIMUM clinical benefits to society, we MUST use the vaccines WITHOUT dropping the already familiar precautions of prevention: continuing the use of masks, hand sanitation, social distancing, avoiding crowds and indoor events. Administrative authorities must continue to trace contacts and quarantine those exposed to infection, even if they have had it before, or have already been vaccinated, until we fill the present huge gaps in the epidemiology and clinical facts about the disease. We must also remember that none of the vaccines has 100% efficacy, meaning that vaccination does not guarantee immunity or the inability to be a symptomless carrier. Where it produces reasonable antibodies, we are not even sure of the effectiveness and duration of immunity, if any! We must continue to use all the arsenals we have against this pandemic until our knowledge advances sufficiently to bottle the infection.
We also face an ethical dilemma of how to deal with the superstition surrounding vaccination. Some of it is bound with religion, making it particularly difficult. While every person has the right to refuse vaccination, such refusal in this case could maintain a reservoir of infection that would continue to initiate epidemics, suffering and loss of lives. The question is, should society tolerate the individual’s right to refuse vaccination under these circumstances? My legal friend used to tell me that I had every right to swing my fist in all directions in the entire universe, but that right sharply ended where his nose began!
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The Chaldean Oracles are a product of Hellenistic (and more precisely Alexandrian) syncretism. The Alexandrian religio-philosophy proper was a blend of Orphic, Pythagorean, Platonic, and Stoic elements, and constituted the theology of the learned in the great city which had gradually, from the third century B.C., made herself the centre of Hellenic culture. In her intimate contact with the Orient, the mind of Greece freely united with the mysterious and enthusiastic cults and wisdom-traditions of the other nations, and became very industrious in "philosophizing" their mythology, theosophy and gnosis, their oracular utterances, symbolic apocalypses and initiatory lore.
The De mysteriis was composed some time between 280 and 305, yet less than a century later the emperor Julian was unsuccessful in his attempt to halt the growing influence of the "Galileans" (Christians) and hail a return to the ancestral gods; just twenty years after his brief rule, sacrifices were proscribed by Theodosius I and Christianity declared the official state religion. It was the teachings of Iamblichus that Julian hailed and used as doctrines that could guide him and other non-Christians to a greater understanding of their ancestral gods. Iamblichus, writing under the assumed guise of the Egyptian prophet "Abamon," is now widely accepted as being the author of the De mysteriis. Proclus' familiarity with the work is confirmed by his Commentary on the Timaeus which thus supports his attribution of it to the divine Iamblichus." In addition, the De mysteriis reveals numerous parallels with Iamblichean doctrine already known from other sources, and it seems more than likely that Iamblichus' well-documented belief that the soul changed and was damaged during its descent into the material world was what led to his stipulation that theurgy was the only means of re-ascent to god. Iamblichus also makes constant reference to Platonic and other philosophic and religious principles that make the identity of the author definitively Hellenic in his philosophical outlook or experience.
When it is considered that Pythagoras was the father of philosophy, authentic memoirs of his life cannot fail to be uncommonly interesting to every lover of wisdom, and particularly in those who reverece the doctrines of Plato, the most genuine and the best of all his disciples. And that the following memoirs of Pythagoras by Iamblichus are authentic, is acknowledged by all the critics, as they are for the most part obviously derived from sources of very high antiquity; and where the sources are unknown, there is every reason to believe, from the great worth and respectability of the biographer, that the information is perfectly accurate and true.
The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna contains the conversations of Sri Ramakrishna with his disciples, devotees, and visitors, recorded by Mahendranath Gupta, who wrote the book under the pseudonym of "M." The conversations in Bengali fill five volumes, the first of which was published in 1897 and the last shortly after M.'s death in 1932. The reader will find mentioned in this work many visions and experiences that fall outside the ken of physical science and even psychology. With the development of modern knowledge the border line between the natural and the supernatural is ever shifting its position. Genuine mystical experiences are not as suspect now as they were half a century ago. The words of Sri Ramakrishna have already exerted a tremendous influence in the land of his birth. Savants of Europe have found in his words the ring of universal truth. But these words were not the product of intellectual cogitation; they were rooted in direct experience. Hence, to students of religion, psychology, and physical science, these experiences of the Master are of immense value for the understanding of religious 4 phenomena in general. No doubt Sri Ramakrishna was a Hindu of the Hindus; yet his experiences transcended the limits of the dogmas and creeds of Hinduism. Mystics of religions other than Hinduism will find in Sri Ramakrishna's experiences a corroboration of the experiences of their own prophets and seers. And this is very important today for the resuscitation of religious values. The sceptical reader may pass by the supernatural experiences; he will yet find in the book enoug
In his eagerness to do good to people, Adi Shankara, while writing the book, has spared no pains in making clear the idea of the distinction between oneself and one's body, mind, etc., which, when rightly comprehended under the benevolent guidance of a Teacher, a man of Knowledge, will perfectly convince one that one is not other than the Unlimited Bliss untouched by hunger and thirst, grief and delusion, old age and death, the only real Existence, the Goal of all human beings to be realized in their life.
Scarcely any introduction is needed for a book that professes to be, as its title 'Crest-jewel of Discrimination' shows, a masterpiece on Advaita Vedanta, the cardinal tenet of which is: 'Brahman alone is real, the universe is unreal and the individual soul is no other than the Universal Soul.' Being an original production of Shankara's genius, the book combines with a searching analysis of our experience an authoritativencss and a depth of sincerity that at once carry conviction into the heart of its readers. The whole book is instinct with the prophetic vision of a Seer, a man of Realisation, and the expression, too, is so lucid and poetical that quite a new life has been breathed into the dry bones of philosophical discussion, and that, too, on the most abstruse subject ever known.
The Dao De Jing was written in China roughly 2,500 years ago at about the same time when Gotama Buddha expounded the Dharma in India and Pythagoras taught in Greece. Due to its freuqent translation, the book has been made subject to some heinous translations, that anyone regardless of their knowledge of the Chinese language could recognize, on the basis of its quality, the translation's inadequacy. The Tolbert McCarroll translation is the best I've read. The Dao De Jing states clearly what most philosophical documents state obscurely.
This book provides episodes from Zhuangzi's life. Zhuangzi's best friend was Hui Shi (Huizi), who understood Zhuangzi best and was best understood by Zhuangzi. They often exchanged views while they wandered over hills and rills. For instance, travelling with Huizi over a bridge in the Hao River, Zhuangzi said, "The fish is swimming at ease. This is how the fish enjoy themselves." Huizi said, "You are not a fish. How do you know the fish are enjoying themselves?" Zhuangzi said, "You are not me. How do you know I don't know about the fish?" Huizi said, "I am not you and I certainly don't know about you; you are certainly not a fish and you will not know the fish. That's for sure." Zhuangzi said, "Let's trace back to your original question. You said, 'How do you know the fish are enjoying themselves?' This question shows that you know about the fish. Since you know about me, why can't I know about the fish? I got to know it over a bridge on the Hao River." ("Autumn Floods") In this way, they fonned a firm friendship in their discussion over scholastic issues. It was only natural for Zhuangzi to say in front of Huizi's grave, "Since Huizi died, I have no one to talk with! I have no one to argue with!" ("Xu Wugui")
The Secret of the Golden Flower is a lay manual of Buddhist and Taoist methods for clarifying the mind. A distillation of the inner psychoactive elements in ancient spiritual classics, it describes a natural way to mental freedom practiced in China ror many centuries. The golden flower symbolizes the quintessence of the paths of Buddhism and Taoism. Gold stands ror light, the light of the mind itself; the flower represents the blossoming, or opening up, of the light of the mind. Thus the expression is emblematic of the basic awakening of the real self and its hidden potential. In Taoist terms, the first goal of the Way is to restore the original God-given spirit and become a self-realized human being. In Buddhist terms, a realized human being is someone conscious of the original mind, or the real self, as it is in its spontaneous natural state, independent of environmental conditioning. |
Training and knowledge in autism among speech-language pathologists: A survey
Heatherann Schwartz, Kathryn D R Drager
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
62 Scopus citations
Purpose: The current study was designed to answer the following questions: (a) What knowledge do school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have concerning autism? (b) What educational and clinical training do SLPs receive in autism? (c) Do SLPs have confidence in their ability to provide services to children with autism and their families? Method: An original 52-item survey was designed to answer the research questions. Participants were recruited through e-mail and were asked to respond to a Web-based survey. Results: Sixty-seven school-based SLPs practicing in 33 states across the United States responded to the survey. Most participants had accurate knowledge about the characteristics of children with autism; however, they had mixed perceptions of diagnostic criteria for autism. Although most participants did address autism at some level of their educational training, little time was spent discussing the topic. Additionally, some SLPs lack confidence in their abilities to provide services to children with autism. Conclusion: The return rate for participants was small, and it is difficult to generalize the results. However, the majority of respondents reported that they could have benefited from additional training in the area of autism. As a result, it may be necessary to consider strategies for providing this training.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)66-77
Number of pages12
JournalLanguage, speech, and hearing services in schools
Issue number1
StatePublished - Jan 2008
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Language and Linguistics
• Linguistics and Language
• Speech and Hearing
Dive into the research topics of 'Training and knowledge in autism among speech-language pathologists: A survey'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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October 27, 2020 +
Limitations and Dangers of Social Media
If you ask almost any social media user today, they will tell you that the incredible potential of social media is often not fully realized—sometimes as a result of the nature of the medium itself, and sometimes as a result of the way we use it.
In this post, we will examine some of the difficult realities of social media in our society today.
The early, lofty promises of social media have changed over the years. In some cases, the promises have been abandoned, and in other cases they have simply been tempered.
Global Connectivity
Take, for example, the promise of global connectivity: social media delivers on its promise to make it possible for an individual to connect with far more people online than they could in person. On Facebook, a normal person can have up to five thousand “friends.” On Twitter, a person can follow an unlimited number of others.
In the early years of social media, people clamored to make as many connections as they could. The breadth of the networks quickly became a problem, though, because there was far more information being shared than could possibly be consumed.
If a person had a relatively meager two hundred online connections, and each of those connections posted twice each day, that would be four hundred potential conversations to filter through. This created cognitive overload for users, which became a barrier to the very promise of engagement—if logging into Facebook was not a rewarding experience, users would discontinue logging in, and Facebook would not be able to monetize that user.
To prevent this disengagement, different social media platforms have taken different tactics, but all have made some use of programmatic algorithms to determine which content is most likely to generate engagement for an individual.
These algorithms examine a person’s history on the platform, cataloguing every interaction (such as comments, “likes,” and shares) the person makes with other posts and generating an engagement profile that knows the types of posts the person prefers (such as videos, inspirational quotes, and text) and what topics they are most likely to respond to (such as political statements, jokes, and life updates). Based on that data, the platform filters the posts that it shows the person, prioritizing the posts it thinks will create an engaging experience for that individual.
Each social media platform approaches these algorithmic filters differently—some allowing users to directly influence them more than others—but they all function to fundamentally limit the user’s exposure to the overwhelming volume of content in their network, thus counteracting some of the potential for unlimited online connection.
Recent research has actually suggested that the human mind has a limited capacity for social connections and that those limits are neither erased nor expanded for social groups that connect online.
Segmenting into Smaller Groups
As our society is starting to mature in our use of social media, we are beginning to use platforms that allow us to connect in smaller groups rather than promising us unlimited connectivity.
For example, Facebook has begun to minimize their focus on users’ ability to add new friends, and is now emphasizing the more personal relationships that can be developed in Facebook “groups,” which are smaller communities with a shared interest of some kind. The early idea of the internet as a global village has been redefined. As Patricia Wallace describes,
Though I like the ‘global village’ metaphor, the Internet is not really like that most of the time. With respect to human interaction, it is more like a huge collection of distinct neighborhoods where people with common interests can share information, work together, tell stories, joke around, debate politics, help each other out, or play games.
Patricia Wallace, The Psychology of the Internet
The size limitation of an individual’s network is not the only way in which social media has failed to deliver on its promises, though. While that one was largely unforeseen when the medium was birthed, other limitations have been more predictable, such as the incapacity for a digital medium to meet physical needs.
Virtual Reality & Meeting Physical Needs
No one seriously believed that the digital would entirely replace the physical, but that has not prevented technological optimists from trying to conceive of ways in which it could.
For example, entire platforms have been created based on the idea that virtual worlds should exist side-by-side with the physical world, and that users can use these worlds as an escape from reality. These virtual worlds are simulated (that is to say, digital) universes where users create avatars to represent themselves and live entire lives—building homes, developing relationships, attending church services, and so on—all while the users themselves sit in chairs at their computers.
These types of immersive, alternate reality worlds have frequently appeared in popular culture, often negatively.
• The film trilogy The Matrix was one early, popular example of this kind of digital existence. In it, the nature of reality is questioned as the film expresses that the world as we know it could be a digital projection on our minds.
• Similarly, in the New York Times bestselling book Ready Player One, which was adapted into a blockbuster film in 2018, almost the entire dystopic narrative takes place within a virtual world built as an alternative to a crumbling American society.
• Also in 2018, the British television network Channel 4 partnered with Netflix to create a television show called Kiss Me First, based loosely on a book of the same name. This show is different than the others in that it deliberately explores the interaction between alternative reality and physical reality. In the end, it challenges the idea that a virtual would can truly be distinguished from a physical one.
The trajectory of social media adoption has followed a similar trendline as that suggested by Kiss Me First. While the idea of an alternate reality was lauded by many early technology enthusiasts, the most dramatic growth has come in platforms that integrate the digital world into our day-to-day physical reality. Rather than building immersive worlds to replicate or replace the physical, the future of social media appears to be in creating digital tools that make social connection easier.
Thus, within the social media landscape, there is a growing self-awareness that social media cannot and should not completely replace the physical. To state it differently, there are some human needs that can never be replaced by a digital world. The feeling of human touch, face-to-face conversations, and other kinds of physical interactions can be augmented by digital connectivity, but the digital tools are fundamentally there to enhance and extend human relationships.
The Dangers of Social Media
In addition to recognizing the limits of social media, the maturation of the digital world is allowing us to understand some of the dangers of this new medium. As with the limitations of social media, some of the dangers are inherent to the medium itself and some are a result of the ways in which we have tended to use it.
In Marshall McLuhan’s classic work on media theory, he makes the case that any medium necessarily transforms society and, consequently, society comes to rely on that medium to function. The example he uses is the medium of electric light.
Before the light bulb existed, our daily habits were built around the availability of daylight; as the light bulb became commonplace, our habits were extended beyond the limitations of daylight and we could work, socialize, and so on at all hours of the evening. Now, with light bulbs a common resource, our society needs human-made light in order to function.
The medium, which began as an extension of human functioning, has become a leash to which we are now tethered.
The same principle applies to our adoption of social media. What began as a tool that extended our capacity to connect with one another is in the process of redefining our society. As we have used it, it has shaped us.
Dehumanizing "Friends"
One evidence of this is found in the way we interact with others online. As discussed previously, the promise that the internet could be a “global village” has now been tempered into definitions of smaller groups, or “neighborhoods” of online connection.
In practice, though, those groups are still far larger than what we are accustomed to interacting with on a daily basis. For us to process the information we are given in our social media feeds, our brains simplify our perceptions of the humanity of the people who are posting, causing us to see them as one-dimensional avatars rather than complex persons.
Turkle describes this effect, saying:
[T]he connected life encourages us to treat those we meet online in something of the same way we treat objects—with dispatch. It happens naturally: when you are besieged by thousands of e-mails, texts, and messages—more than you can respond to—demands become depersonalized. Similarly, when we Tweet or write to hundreds or thousands of Facebook friends as a group, we treat individuals as a unit. Friends become fans.
This kind of dehumanization does not typically occur when we are face-to-face with individuals, but it almost seems inevitable online. Across social media channels, conversations seem to consistently transform into bitter, unproductive disputes, and this tendency is intensified by the use of algorithms.
Since social media platforms want to show us the content with which we are most likely to engage, their algorithms tend to prioritize two types of content:
• Posts with which we enthusiastically agree, and
• Posts with which we adamantly disagree.
We tend not to interact with posts which we passively support, are mildly disapproving of, or are indifferent toward. When we agree with a post, we are likely to share it, “like” it, or discuss it positively (or, if we see that someone else disagreed with it, we may defend it). When we disagree with a post, we are likely to initiate a conversation with the person who shared it to argue against it.
The algorithms, then, encourage us to separate the digital world—and the friends we have within in it—into a binary, split between those who think like us and those who do not.
The simplicity of this binary of in-groups and out-groups allow us to more quickly filter our perception of individuals and their place in our constructed worldview so we can continue scrolling through our social media feed, but it is not helpful in the task of authentic connection, precisely because it encourages us to displace our own fears, anxieties, and dislikes onto others. We reduce the humanity of those persons to either a friend or a foe, damaging our capacity to have nuanced communication or find commonality in the midst of our differences.
Not all of this dehumanization is attributable to algorithms, though. Social media makes it easy for us to portray a version of ourselves that is filtered, a fantasy of who we want to be. As Turkle has found, “At the screen, you have a chance to write yourself into the person you want to be and to imagine others as you wish them to be.”
In face-to-face communication, we can be somewhat selective with how we present ourselves—we can dress in a certain way, cover blemishes with makeup, and reveal particular parts of our personality and story—but there is something fundamentally honest about being with someone in person.
The nuances of those interactions—their immediacy, the richness of visual and audible details, and the permanence of responses—reveal a lot about a person’s character. But on social media, we can intimately control the ways in which we present ourselves. If we are bored of a conversation, we can leave it without consequence; if we do not know the answer to a question, we can look it up and present it as if we knew it all along; if we feel an emotional response, we can hide it behind a wall of text; if we feel a photo of ourselves is unflattering, we can take it again.
The nature of social media today encourages us to present an entirely favorable depiction of ourselves online, and that creates a disconnect from reality. It does not allow others to see in us all the complexity of our humanity, and our fantasized self-presentation is a barrier to authentic community.
Social media, with its vast potential, but also with its significant limitations and dangers, gives us a platform that can be used as a medium for the development of genuine Christian community.
Through a close examination of how the apostle Paul used the technology of his day as a medium for uniting, organizing, equipping, and challenging the church in Corinth, we can build an understanding of how Paul believed a church ought to function as it embodies Christ.
To see the footnotes for this chapter, please download the full ebook.
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Secrets of the Brain Power Unlocked
The brain is the most powerful organ humans possess. Although we all have a hugely powerful potential offered by our brain, we spend very little practicing our thinking skills. We believe that thinking is either a natural function or that the great thinkers among us are gifted. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Everyone has the ability to improve our brains’ under-used potential.Presenting here Secrets of the Brain Power Unlocked to know more about brain and memory power boost.
brain secret
A Different Way of Thinking- Train your Brain
Brainpower is : “Intellectual capacity.”It is also understood as “The effective use of one’s brain.” Power, after all, is defined as, “The ability or capacity to perform or act effectively,” and “Strength or force exerted or capable of being exerted.” Power is not the mere possession of things that have potential, but the ability to use them. Maximum use of brain is the best way to improve memory
Exploding the brain myths
It is estimated most human beings only use 10 percent of the brain’s capacity. Imagine if we could access 100 percent. One of the reasons we fail to make the most of our brain and, therefore, our thinking skills, is that we hang on to a range of inherited assumptions about our brain and our capacity to think. It is believed that we are only as intelligent as our measured Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and that this is fixed throughout our lives. We think that, as we age, our brain declines and with it, our abilities to remember things. The only one of these assumptions that is true is that it is only our thinking that limits the power of our brains.Apart from this there are vital vitamins brain booster to boost brain power
Increase IQ power
The human brain is the most complex part of our body and commands the human nervous system. This 3.3 pounds mass of one hundred billion neurons has a mind boggling potential to control every aspect of our lives. We think, breathe, move and remember things all through our brain, yet it remains a deep mystery to us. Our brains make decisions and analyze a situation. It is so easy to remember certain things such as our favorite songs, but we forget important passwords.
Harnessing Your Brain Power- Natural Ways
Just like working out your muscles helps your musculoskeletal system stay strong, any activity that involves practice causes the brain to transmit signals in a specific pattern over and over again, allowing for connections between neurons to strengthen. That means your brain gets stronger, too.
Practicing meditation to decrease stress, cognitive training exercise, nourish your brain with antioxidents.
More than anything else, brain power increase is about habits, and habits take time to build.
The best approach is to focus on one or two things at a time. Giving your life a complete makeover is going to prove much more challenging, and the habits you attempt to develop may not stick but will definitely contribute to boost brain power. |
Ruby Pryde - Feb 16 2021
Organic VS Non Organic. Is one really better than the other?
Organic foods are those that are free from herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, antibiotics, artificial hormones and genetically modified organisms - grown in nutrient dense and mineral rich soil.
A quick history on the beginning of conventional farming.
After the use of gunpowder on humans in the second World War, it was adapted as a means to control insects and animals from eating agricultural farming crops.
Whilst at the time it was no doubt a revolutionary feat for farmers and their ability to keep up with demand. Had they unknowingly invested in an unmeasured experiment on the health of humans, wildlife and our eco systems?
The chemical cocktail today.
Over the years, a host of chemicals have made it in, and out of conventional farming practices. Herbicides, pesticides, fungicides and genetically modified organisms just to name a few.
One of particular popularity, glyphosate (otherwise known as Roundup), has been of major interest to those that are questioning the safety of today’s agricultural processes. The use of glyphosate, in many parts of the world and in some parts of Australia, has been banned.
Defined by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research on Cancer as a probable carcinogen, glyphosate is under the microscope for potentially contributing to, or causing cancer in humans through endocrine disruption and risking cellular mutation at high levels of exposure.
With much of the research done on high level exposure, this might not seem all that bad . But, that might just be the problem. There is little research on safety (or lack there of) when it comes to prolonged, low level exposure to chemicals that are used in our agricultural systems.
Because the body’s endocrine functioning is sensitive, and frequently undergoes small changes in hormone levels, there are growing concerns that endocrine disrupting chemicals, even at low amounts, is enough to interfere with hormonal balances, and the potential effect that can have on us at a cellular level.
As well as humans, the potential catastrophic effects on animals, insects and our overall ecosystems as a result of the use of chemicals is proving more and more prevalent. Are movements like ‘Save The Bees’ a direct result of the effects of the chemicals we are using to keep these little guys away?
Some food for thought: Animals and insects don’t consume the crops that are sprayed with conventional farming chemicals. These animals are not versed (factually) on the potential harm associated with these sprays. Whilst most of them just instinctively ‘know’ not to consume them, those that do, face a premature death.
What are we getting at you ask? Well, if other beings don’t consume these chemicals for fear of death, should we?
Then there's the nutritional component.
Research on whether or not nutrient content is higher in organic produce tends to vary in results, largely due to differences in farming processes, soil quality and a range of growing conditions across the globe.
Some studies suggest that organic food may contain more nutrients and valuable antioxidants than conventional produce, however it’s important to remember that the evidence here is mixed. Where we’re really benefiting from organic farming processes is in the consumption of artificial chemicals, hormones and antibiotic resistant bacteria.
When it comes to organically grown produce, the soil that it grows in plays a pretty major role. High quality soil is nutrient and mineral rich, providing plants with an array of essential nutrients which in turn, is higher quality for those who consume it.
Unfortunately, with over farming and over spraying of conventional farming methods, the soil is closer to brown dirt rather than the nutrient dense mixture needed for the high quality produce we thrive on.
So why is non organic more popular than organic?
Meeting organic certification standards involves a lengthy and costly process, making it difficult for farmers to justify. Particularly when it comes to family run farms.
It’s important to note however, that this doesn’t necessarily mean farmers aren’t following organic farming practices, so when shopping around, doing some extra research on the origins of your fruit and veg doesn’t hurt. Especially if you’re trying to support local small businesses.
Minimal Loss Due To Insect Damage
Chemicals are incredibly effective when it comes to protecting crops from insects, learning non organic producers are much less likely to see big losses from insect damage to their produce. This allows them to accurately measure and manage the produce that is delivered to their providers, and imposes less risk upon the incomings and outgoings of their business.
Higher In Demand
Due to the cost of organic farming often being passed on to customers, demand for non organic produce is often higher. Whilst there has been a shift since the original organic movement beginning in the 1990’s, much of the population is still unaware of the potential threat that non organic produce poses to the health of themselves, and the planet.
Shelf Life
Have you ever thought about why conventional supermarket fruit and veg looks so damn good on the shelf? Non organic foods have a much longer shelf life, largely due to the preservatives that are used in the growing process.
This aside, why else should you consider organic?
Aside from our own health, there is the health of our planet. Organic farming encourages healthy biodiversity, helps to slow the effects of climate change and supports a healthier and more sustainable farming and growing practice in the long term.
But don’t just take our word for it!
Interested in a little at home experiment? Try a taste test. Some say that organic farming creates much more flavourful, water dense and sweeter produce.
Now whilst all this might seem a little overwhelming, particularly if you’re in the beginning stages of looking into the benefits of organic produce. Take your time to work out what works best for you.
Article credit :,Omega%2D3%20fatty%20acids.,in%20nitrates%20and%20pesticide%20residues. |
Common Driver Platform for 12V and 48V Systems Simplifies EV Starter Generator Designs
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Belt-driven starter generators are an integral part of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems as they help reduce carbon emissions generated by internal combustion engines. Starter generator systems play multiple roles in electrified vehicle architectures. They are responsible for starting the engine, supplying electrical boost to the engine, and generating charge voltage during deceleration or coasting, which reduces wear on mechanical braking systems while improving overall system efficiency.
No matter their architecture or where they are located, starter generator systems have proven to be an integral part of vehicle electrification. A starter generator can be used in multiple locations within a vehicle. Figure 1 shows the locations of primary starter generator systems. P0 and P1 locations are typically less than 20 kW. P0 systems are becoming very common as they are the easiest to implement, require fewer redesigns and are cost-effective. P1 locations have similar benefits while eliminating belt losses, resulting in higher performance and less wear.
Figure 1: Starter generator and eBoost locations in an electrified vehicle.
Starter Generator Circuit Implementations
A starter generator system is composed of multiple electrical and mechanical components. An inverter provides electrical boost and a DC-DC converter to convert mechanical energy in the rotor to electrical energy in an energy-harvesting mode. The system is also responsible for crank position in idle stop systems as well as the high starting torque required for cold start. Mechanically, a starter generator comprises the stator, which is connected to a three-phase inverter, and the rotor, which generates a field by passing DC current through the rotor windings via a slip ring and brushes. Newer designs using permanent magnet machines can eliminate the need for field coils, but this approach presents other safety challenges since magnetization cannot be turned off during failure conditions. Figure 2 shows a typical circuit implementation for a five-phase machine.
Figure 2: Example of a five-phase starter generator drive.
Common Drivers, Current Sensors, and Motor Position Angle Sensor Solutions for 12V and 48V Systems
Belt-driven starter generator (BSG) systems are used on both 12V and 48V power rails. A 12V BSG system is not able to provide the same power advantage as a 48V starter generator. Typically, the 12V systems are limited to < 10 kW while 48V systems can generate up to 25 kW or more. As power increases, so do the demands on the gate drivers, as well as the current sensors. For P0/P1 locations, it is advantageous to use a common architecture for both 12V and 48V batteries with minimal additional components or redesign required. Using a common architecture reduces design time and bill-of-material (BOM) cost and enables a single platform for bolt-on BSG systems in both 12V and 48V systems.
The AMT49502 half-bridge gate driver from Allegro MicroSystems can operate from 5.5 V to 80 V, making it a versatile platform for BSG applications that run on a 12V rail or a 48V rail. The device’s charge pump regulator provides the gate drive for two N-channel MOSFETs. Figure 3 shows a functional block diagram for a half-bridge design. Requiring only a single supply, all internal logic is created by an on-chip logic supply regulator powered by a charge pump regulator. The regulator is responsible for providing regulated 11 V to the floating bootstrap capacitor, which ensures the high-side MOSFET has 11 V on the gate with a battery voltage of 5.5 V. The charge pump regulator also supplies the internal logic, which reduces the chip’s overall power dissipation. Minimizing power consumption is key to operating at 48V without requiring buck regulation. In addition, a small integrated charge pump is responsible for holding the high-side switch on at 100 percent duty cycle.
Allegro also offers a wide range of options for current sensing, which all have similar analog interfaces that can be fed back to a microprocessor, allowing for full field-oriented control (FOC) with redundancy. For lower power systems, the AMT49502 has an integrated, high-performance current sense amplifier that measures current through a low-side current shunt. As the power increases, Hall-effect-based current sensors provide much lower power dissipation and smaller size than the necessary shunt resistor. Their galvanic isolation also means they can be placed on the high side, low side, or in phase, providing flexibility at the system level for both control and short-circuit detection. For the typical currents seen in the rotor coils, Allegro’s integrated conductor ACS71240 provides an accurate, efficient, and small solution. For the much higher currents seen in the motor phases, the most common solutions are the ACS70310/1 inside a C-core or the ACS37612/10 coreless solution. All of these solutions provide means for redundancy, as well as built-in diagnostics. The ACS71240 and ACS37610 both provide built-in overcurrent detection, and the ACS37610 provides overtemperature detection. Each MOSFET in the AMT49502 can be independently controlled using the logic inputs along with a secondary ENABLE input, which provides an independent path to disable the bridge or to activate sleep mode. Then, a serial peripheral interface (SPI) port is available to read out diagnostics and set functional parameters.
Further supporting starter generator designs, Allegro offers a complete portfolio of magnetic angle sensors for a wide variety of motor position sensing applications. The high-resolution A1333 and AAS33001 angle sensors provide rotational motor position information which can be used as part of a sinusoidal commutation motor control scheme. This type of motor control scheme brings high efficiency and improved torque performance to the starter generator. Additionally, Allegro can also support traditional block commutation motor control approaches with a full magnetic Hall sensors portfolio.
Overall, a BSG designed using the AMT49502, Allegro current sensor ICs, and motor position sensors can work for both 12V and 48V systems and be easily scaled for power.
Figure 3: Functional block diagram for the AMT49502 gate driver.
Designed for Demanding Environments
Starter generator systems can produce high voltages on the inverter bridge. When in generator mode, the inverter’s purpose is to convert three-phase currents into DC voltage and current that can be applied to the 12V or 48V battery system as charge. Ultimately, the voltage created by the motor is based on rotational speed. It is important for the inverter bridge to survive voltage transients that exist during high-speed rotation and during the transitions from drive and generator modes. The gate drivers must be robust enough to handle the high currents and voltage transients that exist in the system. By designing the gate drivers to survive these transients, the developer saves valuable design time and minimizes the additional cost of adding high-voltage clamps to protect the system. When a high-side MOSFET turns off in generator mode, the voltage transients on the bridge can produce negative voltages of more than 5 V on the low-side driver and more than 10 V on the phase node.
The AMT49502 gate driver can survive –8 V on the low-side gate and –18 V on the high-side drive with respect to the phase node, as shown in Figure 4. A combination of robust transient performance and an intelligent control algorithm can ensure that even high-power systems do not damage the inverter. EV components must be robust enough to handle both negative voltage transients and pass manufacturers’ electromagnetic emission requirements. Starter generator inverters need to switch quickly to maintain efficiency while providing the best emissions reduction possible. They also must limit the magnitude of electromagnetic emissions to meet strict OEM requirements.
To satisfy the tradeoff between high efficiency and low electromagnetic emissions, the AMT49502 driver features a piecewise programmable current gate drive topology that allows controlled turn-on and turn-off of all the MOSFETs in the system. MOSFET off-to-on and on-to-off transitions are controlled as detailed in Figure 5. All parameters are programmed through an SPI port.
Figure 4: Typical transient performance for a 48V architecture.
When a gate drive is commanded to turn on, a current, I1, is sourced on the high-side or low-side gate terminal for a duration, t1. These parameters typically should be set to quickly charge the MOSFET input capacitance to the start of the Miller region as drain-source voltage does not change during this period. Thereafter, the current sourced on GH or GL is set to a value of I2 and remains at this value while the MOSFET transitions through the Miller region and reaches the fully on state.
Figure 5: Depiction of a programmable piecewise gate drive.
MOSFET on-to-off transitions are controlled as shown in Figure 5. When a gate drive is commanded to turn off, a current, I1, is sunk by the high-side or low-side gate terminal for a duration, t1. These parameters should typically be set to quickly discharge the MOSFET input capacitance to the start of the Miller region as drain-source voltage does not change during this period. Thereafter, the current sunk by the high-side or low-side gate terminal is set to a value of I2 and remains at this value while the MOSFET transitions through the Miller region and reaches the fully off state.
Full control of MOSFET switching increases efficiency and reduces EMI. Reducing deadtime and the time required for the MOSFET to reach its Vt enhances inverter performance by minimizing the time for high-side and low-side MOSFET switching and improves the fidelity of the sinusoidal current. Programmable current during the Miller region controls the MOSFET slew, which limits emissions while maintaining efficient switching times.
Allegro’s AMT49100 three-phase gate driver with ASIL D certification is available for purely 48V systems. Using a three-phase driver onboard shrinks package content, enabling even smaller system designs. The AMT49100 offers additional diagnostics and the ability to verify each diagnostic with built-in test circuitry. For single-driver designs, this additional diagnostic and verification function provides a level of functional safety that can notify the engine control unit (ECU) of a variety of failures.
Some 48V designs may benefit from ultra-small gate drivers. For example, the 10 to 100 V A89500 half-bridge gate driver in a 3 mm × 3 mm DFN package is so small, it can reduce overall printed circuit board (PCB) space. The device can be used in a field coil drive, as well as the inverter with proper safety analysis. The driver is suppled directly with an 8 to 13 V gate supply, and the field effect transistor (FET) bridge connects directly to a 48V battery. See block Figure 6 for details.
Figure 6: A89500 gate driver functional block diagram and package.
Designed for Safety
Starter generator failures can result in overcharge of the lithium-ion battery pack, which can be dangerous should cells short. Therefore, starter generator circuits must comply with the ISO 26262 standard, typically requiring a “B” level certification. For example, a failure in the inverter bridge while the generator is still spinning at high speed can cause overcharge condition. In a five-phase system, one solution is to effectively remove the magnetic field on the rotor by disabling the field coil driver. In this implementation, the design is paramount to developing a failsafe system. The gate drivers in this system can make the requirement easier to achieve if they are designed for safety. The AMT49502, for example, was designed on an ISO 26262-certified development process, and the device is certified as ASIL B compliant.
Featuring a suite of advanced diagnostics, each half-bridge driver contains nearly twenty diagnostic functions, including load dump detection, MOSFET short-circuit protection, gate drive undervoltage, bridge supply overvoltage, temperature warning, and other conditions. IC diagnostics provide the system controller with necessary information to monitor operation and make decisions on actions taken by the system to ensure failsafe operation. Figure 7 shows the diagnostic features supported by the AMT49502 gate driver.
Similarly, the Hall effect current sensing and motor position solutions provided by Allegro are designed with safety in mind. From the current sensor portfolio, the ACS71240, ACS70310/1, and ACS37612/10 are QM, have safety-related documentation available, and are used in applications with system-level ratings as high as ASIL D. From the angle sensor portfolio, the A1333, and AAS33001 can function as safety elements out of context with an ASIL B or D rating for the single and dual die products respectively.
Figure 7: Diagnostic functions on the AMT89502 half-bridge gate driver.
BSG systems are becoming more common in HEV motor control designs due to their easy implementation, similar footprint to existing alternator systems and the elimination of major modifications to the powertrain (in P2 – P4 locations). As starter generator systems continue to evolve, further integration may impact the role of BSGs over time. Going forward, 48V systems will likely dominate in P3 – P4 locations.
As the electrical revolution continues to transform the automotive industry, electrification will continue to gain market share, and 12V solutions will give way to higher battery voltages. Using a common platform for both 12V and 48V systems will simplify and ease the transition to 48V solutions. Starter generator systems will also benefit from industry-leading safety diagnostics, redundancy offered by independent bridge control, current sensing, and motor position sensors with robust transient performance.
This article was adapted from the article Common Driver Platform for 12V and 48V Systems by Dan Jacques, published in Power Systems Design’s January 2021 publication. The original article can be found here. |
History of Dominoes (Game): From China to Europe to Worldwide …
Vintage Ivory Old Domino Game
Cyrsiam / Shutterstock.com
Surely everyone in the world is familiar with the game of dominoes! Well, maybe not everyone, but many are and have enjoyed playing it since childhood. Right now, you may be asking yourself, ‘what is the history of dominoes’? Well, let’s find out…
The earliest known reference to dominoes dates back to the Yuan Dynasty in China in the 1200s AD. The modern game appeared in Italy in the 18th century. Yet, it’s still a mystery how the Chinese version of dominoes developed into the actual game; it’s believed Italian missionaries brought the game to Europe from China.
Now that you know a little bit about the history of dominoes, let’s explore this fascinating game in more detail. We will discuss how it originated, how to play it, and what the rules. So, if you’re ready to learn all you need to know about the fascinating game of dominoes, then let’s get started!
Dominoes: The History
As mentioned above, the oldest known form of the game originated in China during the Yuan Dynasty. A man named Zhou Mi wrote about it in his text entitled Former Events in Wulin somewhere between 1232 and 1298. In it, he mentioned both the ‘pupai‘ (dominoes) and dice as items being sold by peddlers during the time of Emperor Xiaozong’s reign between 1162 and 1189.
China traditional tourist boats at Shanghai Zhujiajiao town dominoes
Patrick Foto / Shutterstock.com
Zhang Pu (1602-1641) also wrote about the game in the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures stating that it involved the laying out dominoes or ‘pupai‘. Other traditional forms of the game include Tien Gow, Pai Gow, and Che Deng. The thirty-two piece traditional domino set was designed to represent all possible combinations (or faces) of two thrown dice, thus containing no blank faces. This differs from the twenty-eight piece Western set which was created in the mid-18th century.
From China to Europe
When the game arrived in Europe in the 18th century, it was first seen in Italy (Venice and Naples). This modern version saw the traditional Chinese game change to better suit Western culture. European game sets contain 7 additional dominoes, 6 of which represent the values attained from throwing 1 die with the other half of the tile left blank. The 7th piece represents the blank or 0-0 combination.
After arriving in Italy, the game made its way to France, where it became quite popular. Then, in the late 18th century, Dominoes appeared in Britain; it’s believed French war prisoners brought the game with them.
Antique old map Europe dominoes
Yoshi0511 / Shutterstock.com
Dominoes the game was unknown in Europe until the 18th century. One theory suggests it developed into its modern form somewhere in the Dominican Republic first. The dark markings on the white faces apparently reminded people of masquerade ball masks (the eyeholes were often called ‘dominoes’). Thus, giving the game pieces their current name.
Another theory implies that the game got its name from the French word “Domino,” which refers to the black and white hoods that were used by French Christian priests during the winter.
Nowadays, different versions of the game Dominoes are played all over the globe. Although it originated in China, the game is quite popular in Latin America, especially in the Caribbean region.
Local Cubans enjoying the popular game of dominoes
Linda Hughes Photography / Shutterstock.com
Descendants of dice
Dominoes are often called the descendants of dice. The original Chinese dominoes contained 2 ends which illustrated 1 of the possible 21 combinations that take place when the 2 dice are thrown. Modern (western) dominoes, on the other hand, have blank ends as well, which account for the 28 pieces.
How Do You Play Dominoes?
The most common way to play dominoes is often referred to as ‘Straight Dominoes’. All you need is a set of tiles and a few friends to join in the fun! The eight necessary steps to play (with two to four people) include the following:
Step One
Set-up the game by shuffling the dominoes face down on a hard surface such as a table. Have each player choose one tile. The player that has the highest double goes first. If a double wasn’t drawn, then the person with the heaviest tile (or most black dots, also known as ‘pips’) goes first.
Step Two
Get each player to choose seven dominoes from anywhere in the shuffled pile. After a tile is picked, it cannot be put back into the pile. Place the seven dominoes in front of you so only you can see them.
Step Three
To begin the round, the person who drew first puts down any tile he/she wants. It’s a good idea to lay a tile you know you can match and build off of when it’s your turn again.
Step Four
Going counter-clockwise around the table, continue laying down tiles to build off of. The tile must have a side that matches the open end of any previously played piece. Continue playing until one person no longer has any tiles left.
domino traditional game players in cuba
MZeta / Shutterstock.com
Step Five
If you cannot play a tile, pick a new one up from the pile. If this new tile matches something on the already on the table, play it. If not, add it to your hand, and the next player takes his/her turn.
Step Six
The round is over (and won) when a player no longer has any tiles left in his/her hand. This should take at least seven turns, or more if all players end up picking up extra tiles from the draw pile.
Step Seven
Following the round, each player must tally their score by adding up the total number of pips on the tiles that are left in their hand, or not played. On a sheet of paper, add those numbers to the winner’s score.
Step Eight
Continue the game with a second round played the same way as the first. Play until someone reaches one hundred points, thus winning the game.
What are the Basic Rules of Dominoes?
The basic rules of dominoes fall into two main categories. These include blocking games and scoring games. The four key points include the following:
dominoes game on wooden background
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• In blocking games, the object is to completely empty one’s hand while at the same time, blocking other player’s moves.
• In scoring games, the object is to be the first player to get one hundred points. Instead of setting up your next move (or blocking your opponent’s move), getting the most points is the principal objective.
• Hector’s Rules (a popular version in Singapore) allows a person to play double tiles on his/her opponent’s previous hand, which results in a bonus play (of an additional tile) immediately following the double tile placement.
• If a player lays down all tiles on a single turn, the game is ruled a tie.
How Many Types of Dominoes Games are there?
There are many variations of dominoes being played today. These mostly include layout games (such as blocking games and scoring games). Let’s take a closer look at a few of these variations below.
Blocking Games
Basic Trains
This variation is usually played with double-nine or double-twelve sets. The number of tiles drawn from the pile depends on both the number of players as well as the size of the set. If a player doesn’t end up with a double, then the tiles must be reshuffled.
The game begins with each person playing a double. This starts a private line or train. As the game continues, a player must add a tile to his/her own train. If this is not possible, then he/she forfeits a turn. The first person to empty their hand is the winner (and adds 120 points to his/her score as well as 5 for each tile that still remains in his/her opponent’s hand).
This version was created by James and Edna Graham and uses the standard double 9 set with an additional eleven tiles. These tiles represent various combinations of the typical values 0-9 but with the added ‘spinner’ and ‘double spinner’ symbols similar to a wild card.
The game starts with each person choosing either 14 tiles (if there are only two players) or 7 tiles (if there are three or more players). It begins with the double 9 or double ‘spinner’. The second and third tile played must match the double 9 or the spinner. A player who cannot make a match must draw a new tile from the pile and play it immediately if it is a match. The next begins with double 8, followed by double 7 and so on all the way down to double 0.
Scoring Games
This version does not include spinners; therefore, the line of play does not branch off. A person scores 2 points by playing a tile that matches the values appearing at both ends of the line and 3 points for a double. An additional 2 points are awarded to the player who empties his/her hand, thus ending the game.
This variation is also known as All Fives or Fives Up. Players can score on each turn if the total pip count at the end of each line of play is divisible by 5. This is in addition to the final scoring at the end of the game. The first double (or all doubles depending on which variant is being played) can also be used as a spinner, enabling the line of play to branch off and continue.
In Summary
Old domino stones
Klaus Rademaker / Shutterstock.com
The game of dominoes originated in China in the 12th or 13th century long before its arrival in Italy around the 18th century. This European version is what gave rise to the modern version we all know today. There are many variations of the game that are based on the two main types, including blocking and scoring games. Why not get the family over for a fun game of dominoes tonight! Good luck! |
Accessibility Tools
Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury
What is a Lisfranc Injury?
The tarsometatarsal joint or Lisfranc joint is the region in the middle of the foot formed by the articulation of the tarsal bones (a cluster of seven bones) and metatarsal bones (a group of five long bones). This region supports the arch of the foot. Lisfranc or midfoot fractures are breaks in the bones of the midfoot. They also involve torn ligaments that support the midfoot. The injury can be simple or complex, involving many bones and joints of the midfoot. A Lisfranc injury is sometimes mistaken for a sprain in the foot when you twist your leg and fall.
A Lisfranc injury can occur due to the twisting of the foot (low-energy injury), a fall from a height or a traumatic motor accident (high-energy injury).
The early stages of injury can be treated with rest, application of ice, elevation of your foot, NSAIDs (to help with pain and inflammation) and immobilization. The bones may be surgically aligned in their correct position and held with screws and pins, or a tarsometatarsal joint fusion may be recommended if all nonsurgical procedures fail to show efficacy in treating the injury. |
1. Vanessa Woods
2. Francine Patterson
Francine "Penny" Patterson began an experiment as a graduate student in 1972. Almost 40 years later, the experiment is still going! Patterson received permission from the San Francisco Zoo to work with a one-year-old gorilla on language acquisition. So Patterson began training little Koko to use American Sign Language. The gorilla began using words within a couple of weeks, and now has a vocabulary of over a thousands words in "Gorilla Sign Language", a slightly modified form of American Sign Language. Work with Koko led Patterson to found The Gorilla Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of the lowland gorilla.
3. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
4. Claudine Andre
5. Sarah Hrdy
6. Sally Boysen
Sally Boysen is a psychology professor at Ohio State University. She studies cognitive development in great apes, particularly the mathematical abilities of chimpanzees. She began teaching chimpanzees to count in 1984. She later worked on teach several chimps to read, including one named Sheeba, who lived with Boysen for almost all her life.
7. Mireya Mayor
Mireya Mayor is an anthropologist who studies primates and other wildlife in Africa. In 2000, she discovered a mouse lemur that is the world's smallest primate, a find that led to the establishment of a national park in Madagascar to conserve the tiny animal. A former Miami Dolphins cheerleader, Mayor received her PhD from Stony Brook University in 2008. She is a host at Nat Geo Wild where her show Mystery Gorillas is now running. Mayor's new series Wild Nights will premiere in August. Her adventures will be chronicled in a forthcoming book.
8. Birute Galdikas
9. Dian Fossey
Dian Fossey was another of Leakey's Angels. Fossey lived in Rwanda for 18 years studying the mountain gorilla in its natural habitat. She approached and befriended a colony of gorillas, gaining their trust over time, and was even accepted as a member of their group. Over the years, Fossey wrote about her relationship with the gorillas, which led to the supporting of her work through the Digit Fund (named after her favorite juvenile gorilla), which later grew into the organization The Gorilla Fund. Fossey's conservation efforts were not welcomed by Rwandan poachers, whom she fought tooth and nail. She was found murdered in her cabin in 1985. The crime was never solved. Fossey had already written the book Gorillas in the Mist, which became a major motion picture in 1988.
10. Jane Goodall
|
Research News
A 'bang' in LIGO and Virgo detectors signals most massive gravitational wave source yet
Binary black hole merger likely produced gravitational waves equal to the energy of 8 suns
Gravitational Wave
September 2, 2020
The scientists detected the signal, which they have labeled GW190521, on May 21, 2019, with two instruments: the U.S. National Science Foundation's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), a pair of identical, 4-kilometer-long interferometers in the United States; and Virgo, a 3-kilometer-long detector in Italy.
The signal, resembling about four short wiggles, is extremely brief, lasting less than one-tenth of a second. From what the researchers can tell, GW190521 was generated by a source that is roughly 5 gigaparsecs away, when the universe was about half its age, making it one of the most distant gravitational wave sources detected so far.
Almost every confirmed gravitational wave signal to date has been from a binary merger, either between two black holes or two neutron stars. This newest merger appears to be the most massive yet, involving two black holes with masses about 85 and 65 times the mass of the sun.
The merger created an even more massive black hole, of about 142 solar masses, and released an enormous amount of energy, equivalent to around eight solar masses, spread across the universe in the form of gravitational waves.
The researchers reported their findings in Physical Review Letters and in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
-- NSF Public Affairs, researchnews@nsf.gov |
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1. Duckett, Kathy MSN, RN
Gaining patient trust has been shown to improve health outcomes. Trust between the patient and the clinician starts with the clinician demonstrating empathy and positive attributes such as kindness and approachability. The advent of COVID-19 and the need for clinicians, patients, and caregivers to wear masks at all times has unintentionally limited nonverbal communication and potentially affected the ability of clinicians to quickly gain patients' and caregivers' trust. With so much time being spent on reeducating clinicians on infection control and donning and doffing personal protective equipment, agencies must not lose sight of the need to ensure that clinicians understand how to improve their communication skills while wearing a mask. This article provides tips on ways to use verbal and nonverbal communication to demonstrate empathy and to build trust in patient interactions to offset the difficulties wearing a mask can impose. |
ADHD prevalence in general population is about 8%. Unfortunately only about 4% of ADHD is detected. Left undetected the children stand the risk of facing considerable challenges conducting their academic and social affairs eventually leading them to be socially inept.
Having gained extensive experience in the treatment of ADHD, Dr. Dass emphasizes greatly on following a systematic and scientific approach to the treatment of this condition.
(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) refers to a chronic biobehavioral disorder that initially manifests in childhood and is characterized by problems of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention.
Symptoms of ADHD have been associated with difficulty in academic, emotional, and social functioning. The diagnosis is established by satisfying specific criteria, and the condition may be associated with other neurological conditions, significant behavioral problems (for example, oppositional defiant disorder) and developmental/learning disabilities. Therapeutic options included the use of medication, behavioral therapy, and adjustments in day-to-day lifestyle activities.
Download the NICHQ_Vanderbilt_Assessment_Scales document to learn more. |
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? ? ?
IPA triangular half-colon modifier letter middot hyphenation point
An interpunct, ·, also known as an interpoint,[1] middle dot, middot and centered dot or centred dot, is a punctuation mark consisting of a vertically centered dot used for interword separation in ancient Latin script. (Word-separating spaces did not appear until some time between 600 and 800CE). It appears in a variety of uses in some modern languages and is present in Unicode as · MIDDLE DOT.
The multiplication dot (Unicode DOT OPERATOR) is frequently used in mathematical and scientific notation, it may differ in appearance from the interpunct.
In written language
Various dictionaries use the interpunct (in this context, sometimes called a hyphenation point) to indicate where to split a word and insert a hyphen if the word doesn't fit on the line. There is also a separate Unicode character, HYPHENATION POINT.
Bradford's transcription of the Mayflower Compact
In British typography, the space dot is an interpunct used as the formal decimal point. Its use is advocated by laws and in some academic circles such as the Cambridge University History Faculty Style Guide[2] and is mandated by some UK-based academic journals such as The Lancet.[3] When the British currency was decimalised in 1971, the official advice issued was to write decimal amounts with a raised point (for example, £21·48) and to use a decimal point "on the line" only when typesetting constraints made it unavoidable. This usage has been declining since the mid-1970s because the standard UK keyboard layout (for typewriters and computers) has only the full stop. The space dot is still used by some in handwriting.
In the early modern era, full stops (periods) were sometimes written as interpuncts (for example in the handwritten Mayflower Compact).
Metro station Paral·lel in Barcelona.
The punt volat ("flying point") is used in Catalan between two Ls in cases where each belongs to a separate syllable, for example cel·la, "cell". This distinguishes such "geminate Ls" (ela geminada), which are pronounced [?:], from "double L" (doble ela), which are written without the flying point and are pronounced . In situations where the flying point is unavailable, periods (as in col.lecció) or hyphens (as in col-lecció) are frequently used as substitutes, but this is tolerated rather than encouraged.
There is no separate keyboard layout for Catalan: the flying point can be typed using + in the Spanish (Spain) layout. It appears in Unicode as the pre-composed letters ? (U+013F) and ? (U+0140), but they are compatibility characters and are not frequently used or recommended.[4][a]
The interpunct is used in Chinese (which generally lacks spacing between characters) to mark divisions in transliterated foreign words, particularly names. This is properly (and in Taiwan formally)[5] a full-width partition sign (Unicode code point U+2027, Hyphenation Point), although sometimes narrower forms are substituted for aesthetic reasons. In particular, the regular interpunct is more commonly used as a computer input, although Chinese-language fonts typically render this as full width. When the Chinese text is romanized, the partition sign is simply replaced by a standard space or other appropriate punctuation. Thus, William Shakespeare is signified as ·? or (p W?ilián Sh?shìb?yà), George W. Bush as or (p Qiáozhì W. Bùshí) and the full name of the prophet Muhammad as ···?··?··?· (p ?bù K?x?mù Mùh?nmòdé B?n ?bùdùl? B?n ?bùdùlè-Mùt?lìb? B?n H?x?m?). Titles and other translated words are not similarly marked: Genghis Khan and Elizabeth II are simply and or without a partition sign.
In Pe?h-?e-j? for Taiwanese Hokkien, middle dot is often used as a workaround for dot above right diacritic because most early encoding systems did not support this diacritic. This is now encoded as ͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT (see o?). Unicode did not support this diacritic until June 2004. Newer fonts often support it natively; however, the practice of using middle dot still exists. Historically, it was derived in the late 19th century from an older barred-o with curly tail as an adaptation to the typewriter.
In Tibetan the interpunct , called ? (tsek), is used as a morpheme delimiter.
The Ge?ez (Ethiopic) script traditionally separates words with an interpunct of two vertically aligned dots, like a colon, but with larger dots: ? (U+1361). (For example ). Starting in the late 19th century the use of such punctuation has largely fallen out of use in favor of whitespace, except in formal hand-written or liturgical texts. In Eritrea the character may be used as a comma.[6]
• ch·, pronounced [?], versus ch, pronounced [ts]
• , pronounced [?], versus j, pronounced [dz]
• before e, i, pronounced [?], versus g before e, i, pronounced [dz]
In modern French, the interpunct is sometimes used for gender-neutral writing, as in « les salarié·e·s » for « les salariés et les salariées ».
Ancient Greek did not have spacing or interpuncts but instead ran all the letters together. By Late Antiquity, various marks were used to separate words, particularly the Greek comma.[7]
The modern Greek ano teleia mark ( , án? teleía, lit. "upper stop"), also known as the áno stigm ( ), is the infrequently-encountered Greek semicolon and is properly romanized as such.[8] It is also used to introduce lists in the manner of an English colon.[7] In Greek text, Unicode provides a unique code point--· GREEK ANO TELEIA[9]--but it is also expressed as an interpunct. In practice, the separate code point for ano teleia canonically decomposes to the interpunct.[7]
The Hellenistic scholars of Alexandria first developed the mark for a function closer to the comma, before it fell out of use and was then repurposed for its present role.[7]
Interpuncts are often used to separate transcribed foreign names or words written in katakana. For example, "Can't Buy Me Love" becomes (Kyanto·bai·m?·rabu). A middle dot is also sometimes used to separate lists in Japanese instead of the Japanese comma ("?" known as t?ten). Dictionaries and grammar lessons in Japanese sometimes also use a similar symbol to separate a verb suffix from its root. Note that while some fonts may render the Japanese middle dot as a square under great magnification, this is not a defining property of the middle dot that is used in China or Japan.
However, the Japanese writing system usually does not use space or punctuation to separate words (though the mixing of katakana, kanji and hiragana gives some indication of word boundary).
In Japanese typography, there exist two Unicode code points:
• KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT, with a fixed width that is the same as most kana characters, known as fullwidth.
The interpunct also has a number of other uses in Japanese, including the following: to separate titles, names and positions: ? (Assistant Section Head · Suzuki); as a decimal point when writing numbers in kanji: ; as a slash when writing for "or" in abbreviations: ; and in place of hyphens, dashes and colons when writing vertically.
HANGUL LETTER ARAEA () is used more than a middle dot when an interpunct is to be used in Korean typography, though araea is technically not a punctuation symbol but actually an obsolete Hangul jamo. Because araea is a full-width letter, it looks better than middle dot between Hangul. In addition, it is drawn like the middle dot in Windows default Korean fonts such as Batang.
The interpunct (interpunctus) was regularly used in classical Latin to separate words. In addition to the most common round form, inscriptions sometimes use a small equilateral triangle for the interpunct, pointing either up or down. It may also appear as a mid-line comma, similar to the Greek practice of the time. The interpunct fell out of use c. 200 CE, and Latin was then written scripta continua for several centuries.[]
• s·h, pronounced [s.h], versus sh, pronounced [?], for example, in des·har 'to undo' vs deishar 'to leave'
• n·h, pronounced [n.h], versus nh, pronounced [?], for example in in·hèrn 'hell' vs vinha 'vineyard'
Old Irish
In many linguistic works discussing Old Irish (but not in actual Old Irish manuscripts), the interpunct is used to separate a pretonic preverbal element from the stressed syllable of the verb, e.g. do·beir "gives". It is also used in citing the verb forms used after such preverbal elements (the prototonic forms), e.g. ·beir "carries", to distinguish them from forms used without preverbs, e.g. beirid "carries".[10] In other works, the hyphen (do-beir (do- prefix), -beir) or colon (do:beir, :beir) may be used for this purpose.
Runic texts use either an interpunct-like or a colon-like punctuation mark to separate words. There are two Unicode characters dedicated for this: RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION and RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION.
In mathematics and science
Multiplication dot
In Unicode DOT OPERATOR (HTML ⋅ · ⋅)
Bullet operator
Up to the middle of the 20th century, and sporadically even much later, the interpunct could be found used as the decimal marker in British publications, such as tables of constants (e.g., "? = 3·14159"). This made expressions such as 15 · 823 potentially ambiguous: does this denote 15 × 823 = 12345, or 15823/1000?. In situations where the interpunct is used as a decimal point, the multiplication sign used is usually a full stop (period), not an interpunct.[]
In publications conforming to the standards of the International System of Units, next to the multiplication sign (×), the centered dot (dot operator) or space (often typographically a non-breaking space) can be used as a multiplication sign. Only a comma or full stop (period) may be used as a decimal marker. The centered dot can be used when multiplying units, as in m · kg · s-2 for the newton expressed in terms of SI base units. However, when the decimal point is used as the decimal marker, as in the United States, the use of a centered dot for the multiplication of numbers or values of quantities is discouraged.[11]
In mathematics, a small middle dot can be used to represent product; for example, x ? y for the product of x and y. When dealing with scalars, it is interchangeable with the multiplication sign, × such that x ? y means the same thing as x × y. However, when dealing with vectors, the dot product is distinct from the cross product. For the scalar product of vectors, only the dot operator is used.
Another usage of this symbol in mathematics is with functions, where the dot is used as a placeholder for a function argument, in order to distinguish between the function itself and the value of a function evaluated at a specific point.[12][13] For example, f(·) denotes the function x ? f(x), and ?(s, a, ·) denotes a partial application, where the first two arguments are fixed and the third varies.
The bullet operator, ?, U+2219, is sometimes used to denote the "AND" relationship in formal logic.
The middot as a letter
A middot may be used as a consonant or modifier letter, rather than as punctuation, in transcription systems and in language orthographies. For such uses Unicode provides the code point LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT.[14]
In the Sinological tradition of the 36 initials, the onset ? (typically reconstructed as a glottal stop) may be transliterated with a middot ⟨?⟩, and the onset ? (typically reconstructed as a null onset) with an apostrophe ⟨'⟩. Conventions vary, however, and it is common for ? to be transliterated with the apostrophe. These conventions are used both for Chinese itself and for other scripts of China, such as 'Phags-pa[15] and Jurchen.
In Americanist phonetic notation, the middot is a more common variant of the colon ⟨?⟩ used to indicate vowel length. It may be called a half-colon in such usage. Graphically, it may be high in the letter space (the top dot of the colon) or centered as the interpunct. From Americanist notation, it has been adopted into the orthographies of several languages, such as Washo.
In the writings of Franz Boas, the middot was used for palatal or palatalized consonants, e.g. ⟨k?⟩ for IPA [c].
In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, a middle dot indicates a syllable medial ?w? in Cree and Ojibwe, ?y? or ?yu? in some of the Athapascan languages, and a syllable medial ?s? in Blackfoot. However, depending on the writing tradition, the middle dot may appear after the syllable it modifies (which is found in the Western style) or before the syllable it modifies (which is found in the Northern and Eastern styles). In Unicode, the middle dot is encoded both as independent glyph CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL MIDDLE DOT or as part of a pre-composed letter, such as in CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWI. In the Carrier syllabics subset, the middle dot Final indicates a glottal stop, but a centered dot diacritic on [?]-position letters transform the vowel value to [i], for example: CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SE, CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SI.
Keyboard input
On computers, the interpunct may be available through various key combinations, depending on the operating system and the keyboard layout. Assuming a QWERTY keyboard layout unless otherwise stated:
• on Apple macOS, an interpunct can be entered by pressing ++ (or ++ on the Norwegian and Swedish keyboard layouts, + on the Danish keyboard layout, ++ on the French keyboard layout and on the French Canadian keyboard layout ++ );
• on Linux computers with the X Window System and on Chrome OS it can be inserted by pressing +; it can also be inserted via the Compose key sequence +. Alternatively, using the generic Unicode input method, it may be obtained by pressing ++ and then typing (B7 Is the Unicode hexadecimal codepoint for the interpunct);
• on Microsoft Windows with codepage 1252, it can be inserted by pressing + or + (on the numeric keypad). The default shortcut using AZERTY Greek polytonic keyboard layout (EL) is ++.
Similar symbols
Symbol Character Entity Numeric Entity Unicode Code Point LaTeX[16] Notes
· ·
· U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT \textperiodcentered The interpunct
? ˑ U+02D1 MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON IPA interpunct symbol: the triangular middot.
· · U+0387 GREEK ANO TELEIA Greek án? stigm?
? ּ U+05BC HEBREW POINT DAGESH OR MAPPIQ Hebrew point dagesh or mapiq
? ᛫ U+16EB RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION Runic punctuation
o • • U+2022 BULLET \textbullet bullet, often used to mark list items
? ‧ U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT hyphenation point (dictionaries)
? ∘ ∘ U+2218 RING OPERATOR \circ ring operator (mathematics)
? ∙ U+2219 BULLET OPERATOR \bullet bullet operator (mathematics)
? ⋅ ⋅ U+22C5 DOT OPERATOR \cdot, \cdotp dot operator (mathematics)
? ⏺ U+23FA BLACK CIRCLE FOR RECORD black circle for record
? ● U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE
o ◦ U+25E6 WHITE BULLET hollow bullet
? ⚫ U+26AB MEDIUM CIRCLE BLACK medium black circle
? ⦁ U+2981 Z NOTATION SPOT symbol used by the Z notation[17]
? ⸰ U+2E30 RING POINT Avestan punctuation mark
? ⸱ U+2E31 WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT word separator (Avestan and other scripts)
? ⸳ U+2E33 RAISED DOT vertical position between full stop and middle dot
? ・ U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT fullwidth katakana middle dot
? ꞏ U+A78F LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT as a letter
? ･ U+FF65 HALFWIDTH KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT halfwidth katakana middle dot
? 𐄁 U+10101 AEGEAN WORD SEPARATOR DOT word separator for Aegean scripts[18] (Linear A and Linear B)
See also
1. ^ The preferred Unicode representation is a succession of three characters, that is: ⟨L·L⟩ (U+004C + U+00B7 + U+004C) and ⟨l·l⟩ (U+006C + U+00B7 + U+006C).
1. ^ Catich, Edward (1991). The Origin of the Serif: Brush Writing and Roman Letters. Des Moines, Iowa: Saint Ambrose University Catich Gallery. ISBN 978-0-9629740-1-4.
2. ^ "Cambridge University History Faculty Style Guide 2010". Retrieved .
3. ^ "The Lancet - Formatting guidelines for electronic submission of manuscripts" (PDF). Retrieved .
4. ^ Unicode Latin Extended A code chart p.13
5. ^ "CNS11643 -?" (in Chinese). Cns11643.gov.tw. Retrieved .
6. ^ "Ethiopic Wordspace". Retrieved 2020.
7. ^ a b c d "Thesaurus Linguae Graecae". www.tlg.uci.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06. Retrieved .
8. ^ ? [Ell?nikós Organismós Typopoí?s?s, "Hellenic Organization for Standardization"]. ? 743, 2? [ELOT 743, 2? Ekdos?, "ELOT 743, "]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. (in Greek).
9. ^ Unicode. "Unicode Greek code chart", 36.
10. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1946). A Grammar of Old Irish. trans. D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 25. ISBN 1-85500-161-6.
11. ^ Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (March 2008). "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 37. Retrieved 2021.
12. ^ "· - Wiktionary".
13. ^ Adams, Michael D. (2020). Signals and Systems (PDF) (3.0 ed.). p. 12. ISBN 978-1-55058-674-9. Retrieved 2021.
14. ^ Some discussion of the inappropriateness of a punctuation mark for such use, as well as the near equivalence of the triangular half colon, can be found here:
Bibiko, Hans-Jörg (2010-04-07), On the proposed U+A78F LATIN LETTER MIDDLE DOT
Hill, Nathan (2010-04-14), Latin letter middle dot
15. ^ West, Andrew (4 April 2009). Unicode Technical Committee (ed.). "Proposal to encode a Middle Dot letter for Phags-pa transliteration (UTC Document L2/09-031R, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 Document N3567)" (PDF).
16. ^ Pakin, Scott (9 November 2009). "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2015. Retrieved .
17. ^ Bowen, Jonathan P. (May 1995). "Glossary of Z Notation". Information and Software Technology. University of Reading (UK). 37 (5-6): 333-334. doi:10.1016/0950-5849(95)90001-2. Retrieved .
18. ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2001-10-03). "N2378: Final proposal to encode Aegean scripts in the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved .
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Music Scenes |
empty toilet paper roll
How wipes and other nonflushable items are impacting wastewater systems amid COVID-19 concerns.
by Amy Cash
Local supermarkets are seeing a shortage of toilet paper as the world responds to the coronavirus and shoppers stock up on household products in preparation for staying home. This could mean an increase in usage of "flushable" wipes, tissues and paper towels as an alternative, which ultimately can have catastrophic effects on wastewater systems.
We spoke to Stacy Belanger, product manager for JWC Environmental, about the threat this poses to wastewater treatment and how companies are responding.
Pumps & Systems: What kinds of problems should the industry anticipate from these products being flushed?
Belanger: Actually, we are already seeing indications of the problems due to flushing wipes. There has been an increased number of news reports and posts on social media about sewer pump clogs since the toilet paper shortage. The assumption is people are using alternates such as baby wipes, wet wipes, paper towels and even shredded clothing. Wipes, paper towels and clothing do not disintegrate in the sewer like toilet paper. Rather they collect on pumps causing clogs and also mix with fats, oils, grease and other sewage to form fatbergs in pipes.
P&S: Will you breakdown what products should be flushed versus what products should not be flushed?
Belanger: It’s very simple. Only the 3Ps should be flushed—pee, poo and (toilet) paper. Of course, we recognize what actually gets flushed is whatever one can flush down the toilet without immediate consequences, whether its wipes, cotton swabs, hair, or the occasional children’s toy. That is why we developed our Wipes Ready technology. It effectively shreds the materials that our wastewater systems were not designed to handle.
Image 3. This normal wastewater hydraulic of 4-inch pumps faced too many so-called
P&S: How quickly do you anticipate seeing the impact of an increased usage of products that should not be flushed?
Belanger: As mentioned earlier, we’re already seeing the impact. There have been more news reports and social media posts of fatbergs and pump clogs since the toilet paper shortage. With a shortage of toilet paper, people will use alternate materials that do not disintegrate in the sewer system like toilet paper is designed to do. Pumps in the sewer system are not designed to pass these large solids, which leads to accumulation of material and an eventual pump clog.
P&S: Do we have the labor in place to make repairs for systems that are negatively impacted by these materials?
Belanger: Wastewater treatment is an essential service by any definition. Therefore, the utility crews who normally clear pump clogs and remove fatbergs will remain on the job even as cities, counties and states encourage people to limit interaction, and in some areas, shelter in place. Here in California, a statewide order has been issued to help slow the spread of COVID-19. The order directs all individuals living in the state of California to stay home but excludes people who work in 16 federal critical infrastructure sectors, including wastewater.
P&S: How is JWC Environmental preparing to respond to these concerns?
Belanger: JWC has implemented social distancing and increased sanitation cleaning at its facilities. Many of our employees are telecommuting. With these practices, we are able to continue to support our customers and manufacture grinders and other equipment that are important lines of defense against pump clogs and fatbergs. Our grinders with Wipes Ready technology are suited to shred wipes to prevent sewage clogs. During our development of Wipes Ready, we learned that shredding wipes into long strips was not always enough to prevent clogs. These long strips could re-weave into clumps when mixed with hair and grease, therefore still clogging pumps and pipes. Our grinders shred wipes into a confetti cut that is too small to re-weave into clumps, allowing equipment to continue to run more effectively.
P&S: Is there anything else you would like to add?
Belanger: We want everyone to follow safe practices—practice good hygiene, maintain social distancing, stay home if you feel unwell and seek appropriate medical help. And make our wastewater treatment crews jobs easier by flushing only the 3Ps so they do not need to unclog pumps and clean out fatbergs. |
What’s Wrong With Common Core T? An Introduction to What Is Wrong With Shared Core Math
What’s wrong with ordinary core math? You probably’ve heard of the frequent Core, if you examine math
It’s an unfamiliar name for a system of mathematics teaching expectations designed from the office of example term paper also the countries along with schooling.
Math has become more and more essential as computer systems take over therefore a lot of our pursuits. Your child’s education is going to be enhanced by training him math from the typical Core.
The frequent Core is based on National Governors Association standards for mathematics, that might be tasked with country and regional principles. The goal is always to enhance all pupils’ academic performance and prepare them for college and livelihood.
One of those difficulties for mathematics is it has been viewed through not one of these mathematical principles that are relevant to everyday life and also a identity. For instance, a buddy of mine that http://www.bu.edu/gwise/files/2010/09/Previous-Research-Experience.pdf grew up at the Midwest said that a narrative in regards to the sentence with this nation blossom.
It turned out to be a narrative concerning a moth which was missing and needed to get its way back. The website samedayessay.com issue? There were not any indicators of the moth everywhere about town and its own tails had vanished from its physique.
Its final location has been a puddle around the purple grass. The student wrote the phrase”moth” on a object of paper. And then he turned out to a friend of his to inquire how many points he received for this merchandise.
The thing that was wrong with this particular story? Almost all of us understand how difficult it’s to know before you reach it where something is. At the very least, it may possibly take your son or daughter for quite a long time.
My friend said his along with his buddies would make use of what”moth”purple grass” in their conversations in dinner tables in Indianapolis and speak about whether the moths choose to go missing or just disappeared out of view. Put simply, mathematics was not being used by us as the basis for understanding the world.
The ordinary Core doesn’t mandate using a”assignment” called”what is incorrect with common core math?” It is a instruction system that assists all pupils comprehend and use math concepts.
Here is what is known as”innovative instruction” In a school environment, the educator looks at the words and letters on a typical page and characters outside exactly what they mean.
He or she employs the letters to produce a significance. But how often does this sound right? In a far more creative feeling, the student is able to consider the letters and words and connect them in some way to something he sees or hears.
What is wrong using core math is really that the educator is not establishing a lesson program or curriculum. Alternatively he or she’s using principles like percentage and improvement and subtractions to establish whether an object comes with a value that is particular.
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Centerless Grinder
Centerless grinders are one of the more unique types of grinders that are used in the fabrication industry. It utilizes a spinning blade to grind continuously in a counterclockwise direction for a continuous grind, similar to the way a blender works. Although they look like an alien machine, it is actually very simple to use. They are commonly used for precision surface grinds, fine burrs and other types of grinding.
The work piece to be ground is put into the top of the chuck, and the work blade spins in a counterclockwise direction. The material to be printed passes through the grinding device, while the blade gently grinds the workpiece to create an evenly ground product. The reason this type of grinder is called centerless is because it doesn’t use the cutting edges to create the grind perimeter. Centerless grinders are typically used for precision surface and flat grinding, but they can also be used on larger pieces of metal that have a high roundness to them.
A centerless grinder consists of two major components: the chopping wheel and the workpiece. The wheel is attached to the machine with an arm that has a slot to attach to the work. This slot then fits into a notch on the cutting surface of the chuck. The arm of the cutting wheel has a slot to secure the workpiece while it is being printed.
Because of their unique design, a centerless grinder requires some very precise machine setup in order to ensure consistent and reliable operation. To ensure a clean, even surface, the machine setup must always start in the same position as the diamond in the middle of the grinding wheel. To provide a consistent grind, the wheels should be turned at exactly the same speed each time the blade is engaged in turning. Machine setup should also ensure that the work is properly grounded.
Centerless grinders are particularly suited to producing extremely low roundness diamond parts because the design eliminates the need for a grinding wheel lock. Because of this, the grinding surfaces of the centerless grinder can be designed to produce extremely low chatter and minimum surface finish erosion. Unlike other types of diamond cutters that use a locking action to secure the work, the centerless grinder utilizes a sliding motion to secure the workpiece against the grinder. The sliding action will not only reduce chatter but also create a smooth workface finish. Because the centerless grinder has no moving parts, it requires minimal cleaning and maintenance.
Centerless grinders are also preferred for applications where the operator needs to quickly alter the workpiece or cut the workpiece to an alternate direction without changing the grinding angle of the machine. For example, it may be necessary to move the workpiece to the right for cutting a square, but to the left for the purpose of making a rectangular shank. In this case, the distance between the two cutlines on the shank is greater than the distance between the two cutlines on the end of the piece so the workpiece is moved to the right by the addition of a rotation to the machine. These rotations are typically performed at high speeds and with a large amount of manual work. Although these units are used frequently in applications that require speedy temperature changes, they do not require a large amount of maintenance. A small amount of oil is usually sufficient to lubricate and protect the moving parts during normal operation. |
Chic African Culture Blog
Death by Measles in South Sudan
The anti-vaccine movement in South Sudan, Africa, is by force, not choice. Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available.
Measles outbreak Africa mothers wait to vaccinate their babies
Measles outbreak Africa mothers wait to vaccinate their babies
Death by Measles in South Sudan
South Sudan is being wracked by severe humanitarian health emergencies. The destruction of health facilities and displacement of health workers have stretched an already vulnerable health system to breaking point. Despite being preventable, measles is still common in many parts of South Sudan Africa.
Measles is an extremely infectious disease caused by the rubeola virus. In 1980, before widespread vaccination, measles caused an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year worldwide. Measles starts with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat followed by a rash that spreads over the entire body.
In February 2014, WHO categorized South Sudan’s health crisis as a “Grade 3” – the highest level of humanitarian emergency. More than 3500 cases, and 170 deaths were reported in 2015. Almost all were recorded in displaced people’s camps or refugee camps. Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children throughout Africa even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available.
Almost all Measles cases were recorded in displaced people’s camps or refugee camps in South Sudan 2015
Most measles-related deaths are caused by complications associated with the disease. Complications are more common in children under the age of 5, or adults over the age of 20. The most serious complications include blindness, encephalitis (an infection that causes brain swelling), severe diarrhea and related dehydration, ear infections, or severe respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Severe measles is more likely among poorly nourished young children, especially those with insufficient vitamin A, or whose immune systems have been weakened by HIV/AIDS or other diseases.
In the U.S., many parents started refusing to vaccinate their children from the measles and decide to raise their children without vaccines. In 2015 officials in 14 states grappled to contain a spreading measles outbreak that began near California’s Disneyland. The anti-vaccine movement can largely be traced to a 1998 report in a medical journal that suggested a link between vaccines and autism but was later proved fraudulent and retracted. Throughout South Sudan, infectious diseases such as measles pose a major public health challenge and cause significant levels of illness, disability and death for a country also caught in conflict. The country’s weak public health systems aggravate the situation to effectively respond to largely preventable disease outbreaks.
Child given an oral polio vaccine in South Sudan
Child given an oral polio vaccine in South Sudan
War, measles, and overcrowding causes measles outbreaks in South Sudan
Frequent disease outbreaks are driven by multiple factors, including conflict leading to the displacement of people and overcrowding and poor environmental conditions.
Armed conflicts seriously affect health services and the environment. Health staff is reduced because of flight, death or conscription in the military. Health care infrastructure, medical supplies, equipment, sanitation, and water supplies are often destroyed.
Delivery of health services, especially preventive immunization such as the measles vaccine and mother and childcare are obstructed. At the same time, displacements, war trauma and physical injuries increase people's needs for health services and medical care.
The almost complete absence of health services worsens the situation of families whose living conditions, food supply, and consumption are inadequate; consequently, a vicious complex of malnutrition and poor resistance to infectious diseases is initiated.
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease and large-scale population movements and the concentration of people in transit camps further aggravate the risk of susceptibility to infection. Overcrowding and lack of adequate sanitation and water supplies in camps can lead to the rapid spread of measles.
Mass measles immunization campaigns in South Sudan
Due to insecurity, the population of entire villages fled overnight and staff of non-governmental organizations were evacuated, leaving no access to basic services. In March 2014, to reach internally displaced people and those most affected by the ongoing conflict with lifesaving humanitarian assistance, and to re-open humanitarian space, the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) initiated an Integrated Rapid Response Mechanism (IRRM).
This was designed to address critical gaps in the provision of lifesaving humanitarian coverage and to meet the needs of those who might otherwise be inaccessible by responding to the rapidly changing environment on the ground.
By 2016, using general food distribution registration as a platform for beneficiary identification, WFP, and UNICEF had jointly deployed more than 90 joint IRRM missions, mostly in the Greater Upper Nile region.
In 2017, the UNICEF health section participated in IRRM missions providing preventive and curative health services and supporting local partners through mass immunization campaigns single dose of oral poliomyelitis vaccine, measles, tetanus toxoid mobilization of the communities during general food distribution registration.
Over 1.4 million people in hard-to-reach and isolated areas of South Sudan were given lifesaving food and nutrition rations, paired with other critical services. The mass immunization campaign results were:
· 92,900 children 6 months–15 years immunized against measles
·109,800 children 0–15 years immunized against polio
· 17,300 pregnant women provided with tetanus toxoid vaccine
· 28,800 therapeutic consultations
·43,300 mosquito nets distributed
Mass immunization campaigns in South Sudan
Mass immunization campaigns in South Sudan
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代写essay：联合国儿童基金会概况 A Profile of United Nations Children’s Fund
时间:2017-11-13 14:55来源:www.ukthesis.org 作者：英国论文网 点击联系客服: 客服：Damien
United Nations Children’s Fund
“We believe in a world where ZERO children die of things we can prevent."
The United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, is an intergovernmental organization (IGO) that was started by the United Nations in 1946. UNICEF is non-profit and works to prevent childhood death by improving the healthcare, education, and nutrition of children around the world. They also provide emergency relief to those in need. Their reach is international and their goal is to have zero children die from preventable causes (UNICEF).
On December 11, 1946 the “United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund” was started by the United Nations General Assembly. Its creation coincided with World War II in order to bring food and medical care to war-torn children in Europe, the Middle East, and China. The name was shortened to United Nations Children’s Fund in 1953 when it was made a permanent fixture of the United Nations System (UNICEF USA). Despite its name change, the fund kept the acronym UNICEF; which is still in use today. In 1965, the United Nations Children’s Fund won the Nobel Peace Prize for ‘the promotion of brotherhood among nations.” (UNICEF). In its 68 year history there have been many famous UNICEF Goodwill ambassadors including Sarah Jessica Parker, Susan Sarandon, Jackie Chan, Shakira, David Beckham, Audrey Hepburn, Danny Kaye (first celebrity ambassador), and the entire Manchester United Football Club (Borgen Project).
UNICEF focuses its energy in more than 190 countries, including the United States (UNICEF). In order to conduct their humanitarian operations they have established offices worldwide. Major operations are carried out through these offices in the event of a natural disaster or emergency. Additionally, there are programs and trainings there year-round. The United States Fund for UNICEF is located in New York City, and is the main U.S. office for UNICEF. The U.S. Fund works in cooperation with the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help UNICEF achieve the goal of zero preventable child fatalities (UNICEF USA). The United Nations Foundation in DC, Friends of UNFPA in New York, and the International Peace Institute in New York are other associations in the United States that help fund UNICEF projects (UNICEF).(责任编辑：BUG)
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Monday, November 14, 2011
No, it's not a particularly severe strain of rabies (of which one of the symptoms is hydrophobia, so named because 'the victim has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench his or her thirst'). Instead, it's a new technological development that promises all sorts of revolutionary possibilities. reports:
Metal corrodes when it comes into contact with liquid such as water, so Ross [Technology Corp.] engineers set about coming up with a coating to keep liquid away from ... steel. What they ended up with is a silicon-based spray that not only kept steel dry, it could also be applied to many different surfaces and materials.
The spray actually uses nanoparticles and is superhydrophobic. That means it repels water and keeps a surface completely dry and stain free. While it may keep steel dry, Ross also realized it could be sprayed on products to keep them clean, and also keeps objects free of bacteria and ice.
There's more at the link, and in this report from Lancaster, PA (near Ross Technology Corp.'s facilities). Here's a video clip from the latter site, showing NeverWet's effects.
A separate company, also named NeverWet, has been set up to market the new product. Its Web site offers much more information for those interested.
This has all sorts of fascinating implications. Many commenters have focused on consumer-oriented uses such as clothing that repels water (and dirt, for that matter), but I'm looking at the larger picture. Consider the following:
• Car bodies coated with NeverWet might never rust or corrode, no matter how much salt was on the roads;
• Ships and boats coated with NeverWet might greatly improve their ability to cut through the water, increasing their speed and/or improving their fuel economy (or perhaps needing a smaller engine and propeller combination to achieve the same performance);
• Aircraft coated with NeverWet might be much more resistant to ice forming on their lifting and control surfaces, making them much safer to fly in severe weather (in other words, the ice would not be able to adhere to the surfaces, and would simply fly off);
• Military gear (tents; covers for vehicle loadbeds, weapons, and supplies; any steel structures; etc.) would probably last a whole lot longer, and offer much greater protection from the elements, if coated with NeverWet. Weapons coated with it might never rust, no matter how severe the elements to which they're exposed.
The possibilities are almost endless! This stuff could become as ubiquitous as Velcro or Teflon. Congratulations to Ross Technology Corp. for having the vision to develop it.
trailbee said...
Wow! That looks like great stuff. Could you pray it on a dog before it goes out in the rain? :)
Jesse said...
The Man in the White Suit (1951) Directed by Alexander Mackendrick
I think this invention is doomed!
Wayne Conrad said...
That looks like good stuff!
I got a square on "buzzword bingo" when they referred to their spray as a "system."
Mikael said...
Here's my question though: How durable is the coating? It's usefulness diminishes greatly if it can't handle wear and tear.
joe said...
I think Mikael is reading my mind. One of the problems with hull coatings, for example, isn't ineffectiveness at corrosion prevention, but resistance to wear and tear.
Dirk said...
Wow. Truly amazing stuff! |
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All protein actually came from plant. Only plant has the ability to take nitrogen from the air.
That nitrogen breaks those molecules apart and incorporate that nitrogen into amino acid, and then make protein.
This means any protein you get from an animal is simple recycled plant protein.
Now question comes, what happened to those believers, who does not eat meat as they think, they are not plant based. Now belief in question. Hypocrates should watched, get facts and clarify by science before make up conspiracy theory.
Human brain constantly searching for truth, either we want it or not. as DNA of our body with 30 to 40 trillion cells is controlled by higher being, the Almighty.
You can create double standard in religion. Similar like cow is scarce animal for some religious group, but on the other hand they are the biggest exporter of cow meat on earth.
Same goes to cow meat made up of a plant, but eating plant a live being, deny eating animal meat.
Let’s go back to the bulk part is that human should decide as all proteins are made up of amino acids, although the amount and type of each amino acid varies based on the protein source.
There are around 20 amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins. Our body only product non-essential amino acid. In order us to survive we need essential amino acid. Essential amino acid only can be obtained through our diet.
Balance or right ration of amino acid in oud body is the key to maintain optimal health.
Plant protein sources, such as beans, lentils and nuts are considered to be incomplete, as missing one or more of the essential amino acids that your body needs.
Human consumption and uses of all good chain should be based on facts and science.
Same like we use medicine by the doctor’s recommendation.
True conclusion based on science and facts is that “Animal based (recycled plant) foods are the highest quality protein sources.
Plant sources lack and missing one or more amino acids, which makes it more difficult to get all the amino acids that your body needs.
Animal protein contains vitamin B12, vitamin D, the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, heme-iron and zinc, which is lacking in plant based protein. |
Psycho-vegetative syndrome: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment features
Psycho-vegetative syndrome is characterized by the fact that it can include a large number of different symptoms arising from many systems and organs. Such signs are so diverse that a person can go to doctors for a long time to find out the diagnosis. But most of the time, numerous studies are not able to detect any pathology, and in this case, doctors recommend the patient to consult a psychoneurologist, suspecting the presence of psycho-vegetative syndrome. So what is it?
Features of the manifestation of psychovegetative syndrome
psycho-vegetative syndrome
This pathology is manifested by heart ailments, headache, increased sweating, nausea, dizziness, heaviness in the stomach, violation of urination, sensitivity to cold. All this is accompanied by an anxious, depressed and irritable state, internal anxiety, various phobias, apathy and insomnia. A thorough examination shows that all organs are perfectly healthy, and all symptoms are false.
Reasons for
Psycho-vegetative syndrome is manifested due to the constitutional features of a person, mental and somatic disorders, under the influence of hereditary factors, and also as a result of organic damage to the nervous system.
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This disease can be manifested due to hormonal changes in the body, psychosomatic diseases( bronchial asthma, hypertension, etc.), psychophysiological changes( acute and chronic stress), diseases of the nervous system, neuroses, mental disorders, certain occupational diseases.
psycho-vegetative syndrome symptoms
These causes lead to autonomic dystonia, which is often accompanied by panic attacks.
Symptoms of
If there is a suspicion of psycho-vegetative syndrome, its symptoms may be different. They can appear in the presence of a variety of syndromes, which are treated only in a complex way.
Cardiovascular syndrome is usually manifested by cardiac dysfunction( tachycardia, bradycardia), increased blood pressure, chilliness of the extremities, tidal flashes, discoloration of the skin( cyanosis, pallor).
Cardiological syndrome is characterized by the appearance of pain of a different nature or a feeling of discomfort in the precordial region. Sometimes it is thought that angina is manifested in this way, but in this case the pain does not pass even after taking nitroglycerin.
psycho-vegetative syndrome treatment
Also, in hyperventilation syndrome, a person may suffer from a feeling of lack of air, shortness of breath, coughing. Because of rapid breathing, the body begins to lack carbon dioxide, which is manifested by muscle spasms and paresthesia in the perioral region and distal parts of the extremities. Lack of air causes the patient to have a pre-fainting condition - it starts to darken in the eyes, weakness and dizziness appear.
There are pains in the heart and abdomen due to impaired motility of the gastrointestinal tract. At the person the appetite disappears, there is a syndrome of the irritated intestine. In some cases, vomiting occurs, there is a disorder of the stool, a severity in the epigastrium.
Psychovegetative syndrome with cerebrovascular disorders is accompanied by headaches, a tendency to fainting, noise in the ears and head, and dizziness. They arise because of cerebral angiodystonia, the basis of which is considered the dysregulation of the tonus of the vessels of the hypotonic, hypertonic or mixed character.
Psycho-vegetative syndrome manifests as sexual dysfunction. In men, in this case, erectile dysfunction or ejaculation, and in women there is anorgasmia or vaginismus. The body temperature may rise or fall, chills occur.
What is a panic attack?
A lot of people suffer from panic disorders from time to time. Most often, this pathology develops at the age of 20-30 years and mainly in women.
Psycho-vegetative syndrome with panic attacks has the following symptoms:
• respiratory, vascular reactions;
• changes thermoregulation, sweating;
• increases blood pressure;
• there is a tachycardia, the heart rhythm is broken.
Such symptoms, which occur suddenly and without any reason, lead to the formation of emotional-affective disorders. In this case, there is an unreasonable fear, which reaches the point of panic. It happens that the first panic attack develops later in a concrete fear - there is a fear of stroke, myocardial infarction, falling, loss of consciousness, madness, etc.
psychovegetative syndrome with cerebrovascular disorders
Between the attacks in patients usually develop secondary psycho-vegetative syndromes. A person can not be in a crowd, a store, too far from home or, conversely, one in an apartment. This leads to depression, social activity decreases, the patient loses interest in the world around him, fatigue, weakness, appetite decreases, sleep is disturbed.
Diagnosis of the disease
To diagnose the psycho-vegetative syndrome, a comprehensive examination is required. First and foremost, the physician should exclude all somatic diseases that manifest themselves in this way.
psycho-vegetative syndrome with panic attacks
Qualitative diagnosis requires consultation of several doctors of different profiles. It is very important to interview a patient. The doctor is obliged to ask him about all the sensations and learn all the subtleties of the manifestation of the disease.
In the process of examination, an electrocardiogram, computer tomography, MRI, dopplerography of vessels is often prescribed.
Treatment of
If a psycho-vegetative syndrome occurs, treatment should be carried out as far as possible without the use of medications. The patient is prescribed sessions of massage, reflexotherapy, therapeutic physical training. To reduce the manifestation of hyperventilation, it is recommended to perform respiratory gymnastics.
In case of acute manifestations of the disease, the patient is prescribed benzodiazepine preparations. When anxiety-depressive state with sleep disturbances, antidepressants with sedative effect are prescribed. Such drugs as beta-blockers are used for arterial hypertension, pain in the heart, and tachycardia.
psycho-vegetative syndrome in children
It is important to lead a healthy lifestyle, temper the body, apply treatment that strengthens the body. In many cases, a positive effect comes after rational psychotherapy, during which the patient is trying to convey that he does not have a disease that threatens his life.
Sanatorium treatment is also practiced, which effectively affects the patient's body due to climate change.
Psychovegetative syndrome in children
In childhood, this disease is characterized by a combination of autonomic and psychoemotional disorders that arise due to various pathologies of the nervous system. The instability of vegetative parameters such as temperature and arterial pressure, as well as poor tolerance of mental and physical labor, contribute to the development of the disease. The syndrome is quite often observed with hormonal reconstruction during the period of growing up. The disease is treated with medicamentous and non-medicamentous methods.
Thus, psycho-vegetative syndrome is a serious enough pathology, which can be accompanied by panic attacks, exhausting the person. In addition to medical treatment, the patient should eat properly, normally rest and seek to receive more positive emotions. |
Quick Answer: What Is A Time Conjunction?
What is a time conjunction ks2?
Time connectives are words or phrases which are used to tell a reader WHEN something is happening.
They are sometimes called temporal connectives.
For example: This morning, I ate fried bananas for breakfast.
Connectives can be conjunctions, prepositions or adverbs..
What are the powerful verbs?
Top 10 Powerful Verbs1Said2Walked3Ate4Saw5Looked5 more rows
What are the connectors in grammar?
What is conjunction give 10 examples?
Subordinating Conjunctions1. BecauseShe usually eats at home, because she likes cooking.2. AlthoughAlthough he speaks seldom, he says meaningful words.3. WhereasShe is very funny whereas he is boring.4. ButI am very hungry, but the fridge is empty.5. BesidesShe speaks three languages besides Spanish.5 more rows
What are conjunction words?
Conjunctions are words that join together other words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. The main coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but.
What are time connectors?
What is a bossy verb?
Imperative verbs (often called bossy verbs) usually to command or order something. They can be found in imperative sentences. … In this sentence, ‘turn’ is the imperative verb. It is very important for children to recognise imperative verbs so that they are able to write instructions and form command sentences.
Is Donta a bossy verb?
Imperative verbs command others to do something, so many people playfully call them, ”bossy verbs. ” They come at the beginning of imperative sentences in the present, simple form – the base form of a verb. Imperative verbs can also be paired with the word ”don’t” with the same use of the verb.
What type of word is must?
Must is a modal verb. It is followed by the base form of a verb. You use must to indicate that you think it is very important or necessary for something to happen.
What does connectives mean in English?
What are connectives? A connective is a word that joins one part of a text to another. Connectives can be conjunctions, prepositions or adverbs.
What are first then next called?
We use the sequence adverbs “first”, “next”, “then” and “finally” to describe the order in which two or more actions happen.
What’s an example of a conjunction?
Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, actions, and ideas as well as nouns, clauses, and other parts of speech. For example: Mary went to the supermarket and bought oranges. Conjunctions are useful for making lists. For example: We made pancakes, eggs, and coffee for breakfast.
What are the 7 conjunctions?
The 7 Coordinating Conjunctions. The good news about coordinating conjunctions is that there are only seven you need to remember. They are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Together, they spell the acronym FANBOYS.
How many types of verb are there?
What is a conjunction word list?
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The verification code SCAM
There has been a lot of recent news about cyber-attacks. Scammers, hackers, and other cyber-criminals attack corporations and cause huge losses of millions every day. Data breaches leave the personal information of a huge number of users exposed. Individuals suffer from identity theft. All of these are proof enough of how important security is for any website. While the people who make these attempts seem like they use state-of-the-art methods to execute them, most of the time they only need to target the weakest links in a corporation.
In most cases, the weakest link of a system is the human component. People can be manipulated, bribed, or blackmailed into giving away important information. The oldest trick in the scammer's book is to fool the victim into giving away important information. This is known as phishing and it is a threat as old as the internet.
While phishing is an extensive subject, today's article focuses on a modern approach. This is called the verification code scam. In its simplest form, this scam consists of a malicious party sending a code to a victim's cell phone. These codes usually come from services like Google, Facebook, Twitter, or Amazon. If the scammer gets access to it, they can act as if they were another person on these sites.
One example of this scam has to do with Google Voice, a US-based service that supplies virtual numbers. To create these, a user needs to provide their number. After putting their number in, the user receives a verification code to confirm their identity. Since this is the only confirmation needed, anyone who has the user's code can create a virtual number on their behalf.
This has become a common strategy in websites like Gumtree, Craigslist or Facebook Marketplace, because users make their cell phone numbers public. The scam starts when the perpetrator sends a code to the seller to confirm that "they are a real person". When the scammer receives the code, they use it to create a Google Voice virtual number. This way, they get a number that is linked with the victim's phone. Another awful situation arises when the scammer uses that code to reset the password on an email or in other accounts.
Another commonplace scam involves WhatsApp's six-digit verification. The victim receives a text message from WhatsApp containing an authentication code. The scammer then asks for that number, posing as a friend who accidentally sent it to the victim. When setting up a new account, WhatsApp will send a verification code to the user’s device. While this may be someone typing their number by mistake, it may also be someone who wants to register a device on their name. As WhatsApp states on their site, no one should ever share authentication codes with others. This is a good practice for all web services.
There is an older-fashioned style of scam where the victim receives a text from an unknown number. The message says that the receiver's number once belonged to the scammer and that they are trying to access an old account — often leaving the service unspecified. Again, this is usually a scammer who wants to create a virtual number on the victim’s behalf or even steal their passwords.
How to protect against SMS scams?
The SMS verification scam is one of the simplest ways of cyberattacks. Almost no technical knowledge is required to execute it. This means that it's easy to get fooled by it, but also that protective measures against it are surprisingly simple.
For example, a lot of websites have started implementing two-factor authentication. With this system, personal accounts are protected both with a password and with some phone-based verification. The use of SMS as an authentication factor has been criticized, as it's easy to misuse it. Because of this, alternative ways to get verification via phone have been developed. One great example is Google Authenticator, which implements one-time, time-based passwords.
However, not all web services support these authentication methods at the moment. Here are a few other methods to protect against SMS scams:
While two-factor authentication is better than none, SMS verification using a personal number may not be the best option. That's why using a virtual UK phone number to verify online services is a great option.
Never open any links sent by text messages. Often than not, if a user is requesting a verification code, they already have the webpage handy.
Be aware of how scam messages look like. Having someone with horrendous grammar asking for a code is usually a red flag. Other scammers employ extremely polite messages.
Never share verification codes with anyone.
protect yourself again scammers
The bottom line is that scammers and hackers often employ simple methods for their attacks. The best defense is to be mindful of them. While these seem so simple that nobody could fall for them, a scammer's strength comes from the ignorance of their victims. Stay informed, and educate others to prevent cyber-attacks!
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What is War Communism?
War communism or military communism (Russian: Военный коммунизм, Voyennyy kommunizm) was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.
According to Soviet historiography, the ruling Bolshevik administration adopted this policy with the goal of keeping towns (the proletarian power-base) and the Red Army stocked with food and weapons since circumstances dictated new economic measures as the ongoing civil war exposed old capitalist market-based system as unable to produce food and expand the industrial base.
War communism began in June 1918, enforced by the Supreme Economic Council (Russian: Высший Совет Народного Хозяйства), known as the Vesenkha. It ended on 21 March 1921 with the beginning of the New Economic Policy, which lasted until 1928.
War communism included the following policies:
• Nationalisation of all industries and the introduction of strict centralized management.
• State control of foreign trade.
• Strict discipline for workers, with strikes forbidden.
• Obligatory labour duty by non-working classes.
• Prodrazvyorstka: Requisition of agricultural surplus (in excess of an absolute minimum) from peasants for centralized distribution among the remaining population.
• Rationing of food and most commodities, with centralised distribution in urban centres.
• Private enterprise banned.
• Military-style control of the railways.
Because the Bolshevik government implemented all these measures in a time of civil war, they were far less coherent and coordinated in practice than they might appear on paper. Large areas of Russia remained outside Bolshevik control, and poor communications meant that even those regions loyal to the Bolshevik government often had to act on their own, lacking orders or coordination from Moscow. It has long been debated whether “war communism” represented an actual economic policy in the proper sense of the phrase, or merely a set of measures intended to win the civil war.
The goals of the Bolsheviks in implementing war communism are a matter of controversy. Some commentators, including a number of Bolsheviks, have argued that its sole purpose was to win the war. Vladimir Lenin, for instance, said that “the confiscation of surpluses from the peasants was a measure with which we were saddled by the imperative conditions of war-time.” Other Bolsheviks, such as Yurii Larin, Lev Kritzman, Leonid Krasin, and Nikolai Bukharin, argued that it was a transitional step towards socialism. Commentators, such as the historian Richard Pipes, the philosopher Michael Polanyi, and economists such as Paul Craig Roberts or Sheldon L. Richman, have argued that war communism was actually an attempt to immediately eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange, and in that way to implement communist economics, and that the Bolshevik leaders expected an immediate and large-scale increase in economic output. This view was also held by Nikolai Bukharin, who said that “We conceived War Communism as the universal, so to say ‘normal’ form of the economic policy of the victorious proletariat and not as being related to the war, that is, conforming to a definite state of the civil war”.
War communism was largely successful at its primary purpose of aiding the Red Army in halting the advance of the White Army and in reclaiming most of the territory of the former Russian Empire thereafter.
In the cities and surrounding countryside, the population experienced hardships as a result of the war. Peasants because of the extreme scarcity were beginning to refuse to co-operate in giving food for the war effort. Workers began migrating from the cities to the countryside, where the chances to feed themselves were higher, thus further decreasing the possibility of barter of industrial goods for food and worsening the plight of the remaining urban population, economy and industrial production. Between 1918 and 1920, Petrograd lost 70% of its population, while Moscow lost over 50%.
A series of workers’ strikes and peasants’ rebellions broke out all over the country, such as the Tambov rebellion (1920-1921). A turning point came with the Kronstadt rebellion at the Kronstadt naval base in early March 1921. The rebellion startled Lenin because Bolsheviks considered Kronstadt sailors the “reddest of the reds”. The nature of these uprisings and their leadership were also of significant concern because they were generally left-wing uprisings led by oppositionist leftists, thus creating competition with the Bolsheviks. According to David Christian, the Cheka, the state Communist Party secret police, reported 118 peasant uprisings in February 1921.
Christian, in his book Imperial and Soviet Russia, summarises the state of Russia in 1921 after years of War communism:
A government claiming to represent the people now found itself on the verge of being overthrown by that same working class. The crisis had undermined the loyalty of the villages, the towns and finally sections of the army. It was fully as serious as the crises faced by the tsarist government in 1905 and February 1917.
Bolshevik officials were paralyzed by the Russian famine of 1921-1922 which coincided with the catastrophic crisis of the war and economic difficulties faced by the new regime. These militarisation efforts were taken to sustain the Red Army for the war effort and the defence of the new state, for proper logistics, and to distribute the scarce supplies to people that the regime considered needed it more than others, such as the Red Army.
A black market emerged in Russia, despite the threat of martial law against profiteering. The rouble collapsed and barter increasingly replaced money as a medium of exchange and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money. 70% of locomotives were in need of repair, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths. Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).
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In the belief that more could be done to improve the quality of neighborhood life by working together, FNC was formed in 1906 as a voluntary, nonprofit association by Philadelphia’s settlement house community. For more than 100 years, these neighborhood centers have been critical to the well-being of inner city children, youth, adults, seniors and families. Over the years, the centers have helped thousands of families find and keep homes, learn English, be trained to gain and keep employment, enhance their children’s educational achievement, recognize and encourage many exceptional young people, and work towards having safer and more nurturing environments for all their fellow neighbors. Through the FNC’s support and fostering of collaboration, much has been accomplished in building and rebuilding safer, healthier neighborhoods where families have a better chance at flourishing.
—Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch, 1938
The story of the Federation of Neighborhood Centers (FNC Philly) is not only the story of an individual organization but a story of various social movements as a whole, and the individual settlement houses and community centers that came together to form the Federation of Neighborhood Centers.
FNC Philly emerged out of the progressive era of the late 1800s. This era was marked by rapid industrialization and economic depression, as well as waves of immigrants coming to the United States in search of the American Dream. In response to the poor living conditions of the expanding industrialized cities, many private philanthropists and social activists searched for ways to respond. One of the initial responses was the creation of “Charity Organizations” which focused on the individual as the cause of the social ills that afflicted these poor industrial cities. The Settlement Movement emerged from, and in opposition to the Charity Organizations, and while people committed to the Settlement Movement continued to attempt to serve these populations they also looked beyond the individual and to the environmental factors that contributed to these issues.
The first settlement house was founded in 1884 in England; the settlement concept quickly made its way to the United States, with the first settlement being Neighborhood Guild (University Settlement) in New York City. In 1889 possibly the most famous settlement house was founded in Chicago, Hull House. This settlement was founded by Jane Adams, one of the most well-known leaders of the movement (and founder of the United Neighborhood Workers Association in 1911) and a trailblazer in a movement that would be strongly led by a large number of progressive women.
The late 1880s also saw the emergence of the settlement movement in Philadelphia, with the founding of several settlement houses throughout the city, including Friends Neighborhood Guild and The Lighthouse. Like their British counterparts, Philadelphia settlements were located in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of poverty and recent immigrants. The settlements were privately funded and were operated by a staff that took up residence within the settlement houses.
While the movement was based on autonomy of settlement houses in their decision making, there was also a recognition that there needed to be a stronger ability to share ideas between settlement workers, and to have a stronger, collective voice both locally and nationally. The result of this need was that on April 17, 1906 the Philadelphia Association of Settlements (the Association) was created, the precursor to the Federation of Neighborhood Centers. The PAS originally had seven members, and by 1907 it has changed its name to the Philadelphia Neighborhood Workers. Over the next 40 years the Association went through a number of name changes, but its primary mission remained: building strong neighborhoods by strengthening families and civic life.
During the early years of the Association, regular meetings were held and committees formed to address the issues that were most pressing to the settlements of the city. In addition, interagency programs were created and speakers (such as W.E.B. Dubois) were brought in to share their expertise on the pressing issues of the time. All of these activities not only helped to inform, but they strengthened the coalition, fostered the feeling of involvement in a movement and gave voice to the agencies at a citywide and at times national level.
From the 1920s to the early 1960s, several significant things occurred that would drastically change the way that settlements operated, and eventually changed the role of the Association. The late 20s saw the emergence of the Great Depression and from it came New Deal Programs which made federal money available for settlements; in addition, the United Fund (the United Way) had grown and began to strongly contribute to and influence settlements throughout the country. The result of this was a shift from private funding for settlements to federal and United Way funding. Along with this came more of a professionalization of the service providers and case workers that worked in settlements. There began to be a shift from local volunteers living in settlements to a more professional set of workers who were less acquainted with the neighborhoods they served.
In the shadow of all of these changes, a new era for the settlement movement began to emerge in 1963. Under the pressures of (and the suggestion of the United Neighborhood Centers of America (UNCA)), a more formal organization began to emerge. Seven Settlements formed the Greater Philadelphia Federation of Settlements (the Federation), also known as the Delaware Valley Settlement Alliance and the Federation, which was incorporated in 1964. This organization differed from previous incarnations in that members paid significant dues, and the organization hired an Executive Director and a Secretary. By 1964, the United Fund (United Way) began funding the organization independently and the organization was incorporated. In many ways, this was the birth of the Federation as a professional organization and the beginning of a new era for the Federation. This organization was poised to deal with the new funding landscape that had been emerging in response to a stronger shift from private funding of agencies to federal funding and a need to move into underserved areas throughout the city and to better explain the movement to the general public.
Securing funding for the Federation was always difficult, and by 1968, the organization had gone through some reorganizing. Some of the results of that reorganizing were further centralization of key support services, independent alliance funding, budget allocation responsibility for United Way funded agencies and an increased proportion of at large members serving on the Board. The Federation also focused on helping with capacity building internally among settlements. In its quest to help bring programs to multiple agencies, the Federation helped to develop literacy programs such as Operation Alphabet, the MOVE program, and the Language Arts and Reading Camps. Over the years the Federation continued to expand on this foundation and has continued to look for ways to better serve its partner (formerly member) agencies.
By its 100-year anniversary, 14 Settlements and Community Centers were a formal part of the Federation. These agencies served 45 neighborhoods and 75,000 people throughout Philadelphia. These agencies, while they maintained a common mission, were each as unique in the approaches to serving their communities—some incorporating Community Development Corporations (CDCs), others developing programs to address specific community needs such as Home Heating—as the Federation had to be to serve their member agencies. As the member agencies continued to adapt to the needs of their constituents, the Federation continued to adapt to serve its members.
By 2008, there were few settlements house left in Philadelphia, and even those had become what we think of today as community centers or neighborhood centers. With this change, the Federation was re-branded as the Federation of Neighborhood Centers (FNC Philly) and transformed from a membership organization to a partnership organization. Membership dues were no longer collected, and contracts were more equitably split between agencies based upon the amounts of actual programming and administration/management provide by each.
For a much more in-depth history of the Philadelphia settlement house movement, please click this link to view Rosina McAvoy Ryan’s article in The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.
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The Miracle of the Hailstones
Scripture: Joshu.10:7-11
Hello "Fan" - tasting Passengers,
Whenever there is a rainstorm of some sort, where there is fallen hail, if I am caught in it outside, then I personally quickly run for cover because of its impending danger. In Joshua 10 we are given the description of a hailstorm which characterized the battle of Beth-horon. This battle is often referred to as “the day the sun stood still.” The battle is a strategic one for the program of conquest under God's servant Joshua. Jericho had fallen, Ai was subdued, and now the south west part of Canaan was next on the route of casting out the squatters and Israel taking possession of the Promised Land. The Gibeonites, realizing that their territory was in imminent danger from the highly successful invaders, sought and succeeded in making a treaty with Joshua (Josh.9:1-15).
As a result of the Gibeonites treaty with Joshua and the Israelites, the other Canaanite cities in the area—Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon—thought of Gibeon’s action as that of a traitor. Therefore, the kings planned to attack Gibeon, which is today called el-Jib. The Gibeonites immediately appealed to the obligations of the treaty saying to Joshua, “...Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us" (Josh.10:6).
Subsequently, Joshua came upon them (i.e., Gibeon’s attackers) suddenly, having marched up all night from Gilgal. Scripture tells us how the Lord threw them into a panic before Israel, who slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them by the way of the ascent of Beth-horon, and smote them as far as Azekah and Makkedah. In addition, as they fled before Israel, while they were going down the ascent of Beth-horon, Scripture describes a scene where, “...the Lord cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword" (Josh.10:11).
What are hailstones?
Hail is comprised of frozen raindrops. They are often much larger than any single raindrop, sometimes reaching three or four inches in diameter and a pound or more in weight. It usually falls in the spring or summer during severe thunder storms, when raindrops are carried upward by rising air currents and freeze in the cooling air. When the hailstones fall, they often cohere, forming solid masses, which can do great damage to crops and even endanger life.
Hail as used in Scripture
Hail is often mentioned in the Bible, and always as an instrument of God’s judgment, when He fights on behalf of His redeemed (Isa.28:2, 17. It is sometimes used as a symbol of God's anger (Ezek.38:22; Hag.2:17; Rev.8:7; 11:19; 16:21). For example, a severe hailstorm was the seventh plague in Egypt (Exod.9:13-34). It probably occurred at the beginning of February, when the flax was in bloom and the barley in the ear (Exod.9;31
The hailstones that God miraculously cast down from heaven upon the enemy were real. Note their: 1) source, God; 2) size, large; 3) slaughter, more by stones than by sword; 4) selectivity, only on the enemy; 5) swath, “as far as Azekah” (Josh.10:11). In this battle, God defended His people; while simultaneously, defeating and embarrassing the enemy before Israel.
In conclusion, the big question is the following: Can God cast great hailstones on His and your enemies today (Psa.17:8; Eph.6:12). The answer lies in this. While God is faithful and He promises to repay them that hate Him, we must leave all vengeance to Him (Deut.7:9-10; 32:35; Rom.12:19). Scripture says, Therefore, no matter what method He chooses, God will avenge you of your adversary (Psa.18:47). Finally, the Bible tells us that God promise to deliver His anointed and his seed forevermore from the striving of the people. Therefore, David best sums it up when he testified saying, "Great deliverance giveth he to his king; and sheweth mercy to his anointed, to David, and to his seed for evermore (Psa.18:50).
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15 Photos Of Birds So Fascinating And So Special That They Seem To Come From Another Planet
Nature offers us landscapes and living beings of surreal beauty and, with her creations, she is able to amaze us day after day. Birds are perhaps among the most unique works that nature offers us: according to different classification criteria, there are around 10,000 species of birds. and 20,000 subspecies. The main method of classifying them takes into account their physical appearance: their body shape, beak, colors, and size. Not everyone is fortunate enough to observe these species up close: many are rare and many are found in remote parts of the world, but we are fortunate to be able to observe photos taken by people who have decided to share this beauty. There are birds with incredible eyelashes, those that look like small cotton balls, birds with a long muzzle, colored feathers, or shades of the same color. We offer you a selection of birds of surreal beauty.
#1. Gorgeous eyelashes.
image credit: CanadianFriedChicken/reddit
#2. bleu
image credit: SmallPocketLibrary/reddit
Based on the head and body size, it might look like a pigeon, but the color, crest, and tail put an end to that assumption.
#3. With her baby.
image credit: eggonmyface/imgur
#4. A colorful bird.
image credit: IllTryToKeepItInteresting/imgur
#5. A very funny expression.
image credit: IllTryToKeepItInteresting/imgur
#6. Majestic.
image credit: IllTryToKeepItInteresting/imgur
#7. Bright purple.
image credit: Rahnan/imgur
#8. Shades of blue going to white.
image credit: santisuukp/instagram
#9. Red Bengali
image credit: KhanZadi_home/reddit
#10. A large beak.
image credit: migueldavid.deleon/instagram
#11. A careful look.
image credit: praveen g nair/instagram
#12. Beautiful shades of color.
image credit: daniel.eom/instagram
#13. A beautiful combination of colors.
image credit: dbirqmtl/reddit
#14. A majestic parrot.
image credit: locebala/reddit
#15. The blue head and body with different shades of color.
image credit: GrayBuffalo reddit
Birds have always fascinated researchers and enthusiasts of the animal world. These animals arouse many curiosities and some are able to refute some of our beliefs. For example, did you know that not all birds have wings? There is a bird, called Kiwi, which does not have wings or tail: it is a species that is mainly found in Oceania. In the category of birds, we also find ostriches and penguins: they are large birds that, although they have wings, are not able to fly. If the ostriches are one of the largest species of birds, among the smallest there is undoubtedly that of the hummingbirds: it weighs only 1.6 grams and can reach 70 wing beats per second. Have you ever had the opportunity to see such a beautiful bird with your own eyes? |
Education, study and knowledge
Gerontophobia: what it is, characteristics and causes
We can learn a lot from our elders. Their experiences, their values and their wisdom are treasures that the elderly can share with the new generations.
We should all value this stage of the life cycle, since if luck is on our side We will all reach our senior years one day, and we don't want to be treated badly when we are elderly.
Unfortunately, today there are still certain attitudes and behaviors that are anything but respectful of our older people. The fear of getting older and discrimination towards people in old age is called gerontophobia, a problem that we will delve into next.
• Related article: "The 9 stages of the life of human beings"
Gerontophobia: rejection of the elderly
The third age is natural, a period that most of us want to reach since it is synonymous with having had a long life. Everyone can consider reaching one age or another as old age, but it is usually agreed that we begin to be elderly when we surpass the magical age of 65, an age at which in many countries coincides with that of the retirement.
Living to that age implies having lived many experiences, acquired a lot of knowledge and having reached a high level of reflection and maturity. All older people have something to teach their youth, knowledge that we should not underestimate. As much as they may seem like “little battles” to us, the exploits and stories of the elderly can be a great source of knowledge for us and a great relief and sense of being useful to them.
However, the attitude of many people towards the elderly is a mixture of fear and boredom. Many young they treat older people with animosity, seeing them as individuals who are no longer useful and who all they do is annoy. Others see old age as a disease, a period when everything declines, and they make all kinds of efforts to look young forever. These behaviors are behaviors typical of gerontophobia, the rejection of everything related to elderly people.
But growing old is not a disease, but a privilege that life grants us. Reaching old age is something we should all aspire to, wanting nothing to happen to us before it ends our lives. And of course, we also want to be treated with the same respect when we are older than when we were young. Emmanuel kant He defended that all human beings, including the elderly, deserve special and dignified treatment for being who they are, for being human beings like any other.
• You may be interested in: "What are the differences between chronological age and biological age?"
Gerontophobia: specific phobia and discriminatory attitude
In a clinical sense, gerontophobia can be defined as the pathological fear of aging, in addition to an excessive, irrational and persistent fear of elderly people or everything related to them. Defined in this way, this phobia would meet the characteristics to be considered a specific phobia and, therefore, an anxiety disorder as they appear in the DSM-5.
People who suffer from gerontofobia first show an intense anguish towards the passage of time and the fact of growing old. This fear goes beyond simple physical change, but includes a series of fears of various kinds and complexity:
• Fear of physical weakness
• Phobia of the appearance of diseases associated with old age
• Fear of cognitive decline
• Fear of physical pain and excessive worry about its appearance
• Fear of having to depend on other people
• Idea that old age is synonymous with disability
People with this type of specific phobia associate the passage of time on their body with the absolute loss of attributes, among them beauty, intelligence and independence. They deeply fear that they cease to be valid people on their own and have to be helped to move on. In order to avoid seeing how old age takes a toll on your body, those who suffer from this specific phobia are capable of compulsively undergoing surgical operations to pretend eternal youth.
But although it has the characteristics of a specific phobia, gerontophobia is better known as a social attitude in the form of discrimination towards the elderly and what is associated with them. That is, we say that a person is gerontóphobic when rejects old people, discriminates against and looks down on people who have reached a certain age or have an aged appearance. This attitude is closely related to ageism, which is discriminating against people according to their age, whether they are younger or older than the person who discriminates.
Causes of gerontophobia
• Related article: "How do you help someone who is bored in retirement?"
Where does this fear of old age come from?
The stereotypes associated with the elderly abound. Germanophobic prejudices are nourished by the social image of the elderly as a person with gray hair and wrinkles who cannot stay standing without his cane, he needs a walker to walk and even requires the help of a caregiver to eat and relieve himself. From a young age, we are instilled with the stereotype that this is how elderly, fragile and annoying people are.
We do not learn these stereotypes explicitly, but through references in the media and in the family environment.. We attribute old age as a bad thing based on what we see in movies, books, television and we even find them in the form of very bad jokes on birthday cards. Our language is a reflection of this, since words like "old", "old man" or "grandfather" are often accompanied by a multitude of negative connotations.
Old age is seen as an irreversible state of decline, older people as beings who have lost their human condition and value, becoming a burden for society, while youth is seen as indisputable synonymous with beauty, happiness and productivity. This stereotypical and negative view of people reaching the third age is undoubtedly a social attitude that encourages and feeds gerontophobia, serving as a breeding ground for them to suffer more discrimination and victimization.
There are several beliefs in which a person with gerontophobia believes in the sense of social discrimination.
• Thinking that the young is good and the old is bad.
• Attributing a lot of creativity to youth and not having new ideas to old age.
• Assume that youth is gain and maturity is loss
• Thinking that youth is always fun and older people are unpleasant
• In youth there is sexual life and in old age there is none
• The young are useful and the old are not
• Older people do not deserve dignity.
But It is not necessary to have this specific phobia and / or discriminatory social attitude to engage in gerontophobic behaviors. Germanophobia is the result of a series of behaviors and beliefs extended in collective thinking about how older people are and how they should be treated. These attitudes manifest themselves in subtle ways, such as not hiring qualified people from seniors, ignoring complaints somatic symptoms of elderly patients in medical consultations attributing their ailments to aging or speaking with a paternalistic tone to a person old woman.
At its most serious, gerontophobia is hatred towards the elderly, a pathological rejection of old age that comes from ignorance and that is as serious for western societies as sexism, the racism, xenophobia and LGTBIphobia. The gerontóphobe can even have supremacist behaviors towards the elderly, which among all the types of discrimination that there is this is the makes less sense since, unless you do something to avoid it, sooner or later it will become what you fear most, since everyone we grow old.
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Etymology & Historical Origin of the Baby Name Franklin
Franklin is the transferred use of an English surname originating from the Middle English “frankelin” which was borrowed from the French “franc” meaning “free”. The first recorded spelling was rendered Frankelein dating back to the late 12th century when the feudal system was alive and well in medieval Europe. This particular surname identified a “free man” or holder of land as opposed to the laborers who worked the land. They were gentlemen of society but ranked below the nobility. Probably the most notable surname bearer was American statesman and man of many talents, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), whose father had immigrated to Boston from England in the 1680s. Adding additional currency to the name was Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945), 32nd President of the United States.
All About the Baby Name – Franklin
Given the current trendiness of surnames as first names, we were surprised to see that Franklin has actually been on the decline. From the late 19th century through the mid-20th century, Franklin was always a moderately popular choice. Not surprisingly, the height of the name’s usage came in the 1930s and early 40s as Franklin D. Roosevelt decisively guided this nation through its greatest economic crisis only to be followed by World War II. Winston Churchill said of FDR: “Meeting Franklin Roosevelt was like opening your first bottle of champagne; knowing him was like drinking it.” It’s no wonder American parents would want to pay homage to Roosevelt by naming their sons after him. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, the name Franklin saw a slow and steady decline on the male naming charts. Now that we’ve crossed the threshold into the 21st century, Franklin is experiencing his lowest point on the graphs right now (which is low-moderate popularity). Surnames like Franklin have been replaced with the trendier Connor, Logan and Mason type surnames. Yet Franklin (like Jackson) has a more dignified and old fashioned sensibility than these others. And Franklin still feels modern and cool without sounding pretentious. Plus, between Ben Franklin and Franklin Roosevelt, the name carries major historical value in the United States. In an interesting pop-culture reference, Franklin is the name of the first African-American character in the “Peanuts” comic strip first introduced in 1968 by Charles M. Schulz. His appearance in the popular comic is notable for its time, a period of racial and civil unrest, and the same year that Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. Even some southern newspaper editors demanded that Franklin was not to be shown in the same classroom as the other white characters. Of course Schulz sat Franklin squarely behind Peppermint Patty at school in his own act of defiance! Let’s be “frank” here; Franklin is a cool name.
Quick Facts
Free man
Cultural References to the Baby Name – Franklin
Literary Characters
The Franklin is the narrator of his own “The Franklin’s Tale” in Geoffrey Chaucer’s 14th century masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales. As he describes himself in his prologue, he is a simple man, a plain speaker, a man for whom, as they say, “what you see is what you get”. He excuses himself for his “vulgar speech”, and then goes on to tell a tale elegant in its very simplicity of presentation and theme. The tale he tells is that of the happy and equitable marriage of the knight Arviragus and his lady, Dorigen, a state of happiness which is tested by Arviragus’ absence and Dorigen’s wooing by another, Aurelius. Dorigen makes a foolish promise to Aurelius based upon a test she believes he can never pass. Aurelius enlists the help of a magician for an enormous fee, performs the deed, and restates his case to Dorigen. In horror, she confesses her misstep to Arviragus, whose own noble response causes Aurelius to forgive the promise he had extracted from Dorigen. When Aurelius offers to pay the magician anyway, that fine fellow erases the debt, impressed as he is with Aurelius’ own nobility. This is a case of generosity begetting generosity, and speaks to the ethereal quality of the highest nature of good intentions. This is a tale of the shining possibilities of life as it could be lived, were we all to adhere to such lofty behavior. As the Franklin himself poses it at the end of his tale: “This question would I ask you now: which was most generous, do you think, and how (?)” The very choice of subject that the Franklin took inclines us to think of him as a modest practitioner of that of which he tells.
Subtitled: A Magnificent Saga of Courage, Betrayal, Devotion, and Destiny. The rightful-born queen of Lyrnessos, Briseis watched helplessly from the battlements as her husband and brothers were crushed by the invincible army of King Agamemnon. Taken into slavery, the proud, beautiful seer became the prize of Prince Achilles, the conquering Greeks' mightiest hero. But passion forged chains stronger than any iron, binding the hearts of captive and captor with a love that knew no equal, and when Troy fell, great Achilles promised his beloved Briseis would reign at his side as queen of Thessaly. Yet the jealousy of a ruthless king and the whims of the capricious deities would deny the lovers their happiness. As the flames of war rose higher around them, the prophetess vowed to save the beloved warrior for whom her dark gift foretold doom -- even if it meant defying the gods themselves.
Childrens Books
We cannot find any childrens books with the first name Franklin
Popular Songs
Pride of Franklin County
a song by Tanya Tucker
Lord Franklin
a song by Sinead O'Connor
a song by Paramore
Famous People
Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S. President)
Franklin Pierce (U.S. President)
Franklin Graves (member of the Donner Party)
Franklin Dixon (author of the Hardy Boys)
Franklin Edwards (basketball player)
Franklin Graham (religion)
Franklin Gutiérrez (baseball player)
Franklin Morales (baseball player)
Franklin Pangborn (actor)
Franklin J. Schaffner (director)
Franklin Stubbs (baseball player)
Children of Famous People
We cannot find any children of famous people with the first name Franklin
Historic Figures
Aretha Franklin is an extremely gifted African-American singer popularly dubbed “The Queen of Soulâ€. As with so many of her ilk, she got her start singing gospel in church and made her breakthrough in the late sixties with such monumental hits as “Think†and “Respectâ€. Aretha is one of the best-selling female vocalists of all time, and has won numerous awards, including 17 Grammys, and has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. She also did a hilarious turn as a singing waitress in the Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi comedy hit movie, “The Blues Brothersâ€, in 1980. In 2005, Aretha was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, but perhaps her crowning accomplishment to date is her singing “My Country, ‘Tis of Thee†at President Barack Obama’s 2009 inaugural ceremony.
One of the most celebrated American figures of all time, Ben Franklin was a jack of all trades. He represented the essence of what it means to be an American. A printer. A publisher. A scientist. An inventor. A postmaster. A legislator. A diplomat. A social activist. A Founding Father. Even with only a 5th grade education, Ben Franklin pulled himself up by the bootstraps and became a celebrated, intelligent, wealthy and important figure even during his own time. The man embodies the American ideals. He led both an ambitious life and a virtuous one. Benjamin Franklin was also one of the earliest abolitionists and a protector of Native American rights. His life alone is one of the most profound statements on what all Americans strive to be.
Franklin Pierce served as the 14th President of the United States between 1853 and 1857. "Handsome Frank" was loved by everyone. So much so, the presidency was practically handed to him on a silver platter. Unfortunately for this charming, out-going and charismatic guy, he was also an indecisive leader and a heavy drinker. Franklin Pierce's big boo-boo was known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, designed to repeal the Missouri Compromise and let Nebraska and Kansas decide for themselves on the slavery issue. In fact, Abraham Lincoln was so outraged, he created the Republican Party in retaliation, bringing himself squarely into the political narrative (phew). Once loved, Pierce ended his term reviled and ruined. He died an alcoholic recluse; a victim of cirrhosis.
FDR served as the 32nd President of the United States and had the longest term in history (1933-1945). Franklin Delano Roosevelt is another one of the "great" presidents. He was a public charmer and a brilliant politician. With his "It'll Be Better Tomorrow" slogan, FDR had the American public at "hello". He was born into wealth, pampered as a child, a Harvard graduate (and C student), and the 5th cousin to the ever-memorable Teddy Roosevelt. FDR was also struck with polio and crippled at the age of 39 (the severity of which he carefully kept hidden from the public). He had a strong personality and an infectious charisma, but he was elusive and hard to know. FDR had a rather unorthodox even chaotic management style but this didn't stop him from effecting so much change in a fast-changing landscape. His "New Deal" was a set of initiatives designed to impart a new degree of security and safety upon the American people. He joined the citizens every week in their living rooms during his "Fireside Chats" (he was a master radio broadcaster). Although ultimately it was the industrial mobilization for the war effort which brought America out of its depressed economy. At first, FDR aided allies but maintained a position of neutrality. Then came December 7, 1941 ("a day which will live in infamy") when Pearl Harbor was attacked thrusting the U.S. into war. Roosevelt and General Eisenhower orchestrated the greatest logistical effort and massive assault on mainland Europe known as "D Day" (June 4, 1944). FDR was easily re-elected to a 4th term, but at this point his health was failing and he would die soon after. FDR is remembered for having the longest and one of the greatest presidencies in history - all future presidents would have to live in the enormity of his shadow. He was challenged with two of the largest crises in American history: the Great Depression and World War II - but as he said once: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself!"
One of the most celebrated American figures, Benjamin Franklin was a jack of all trades. He is the essence of what it means to be an American. A printer. A publisher. A scientist. An inventor. A postmaster. A legislator. A diplomat. A social activist. A Founding Father. Even with only a 5th grade education, he pulled himself up by the bootstraps and became a celebrated, intelligent, wealthy and important figure even in his own time. The man embodies the American ideals. He led both an ambitious life and a virtuous one. Benjamin Franklin was also one of the earliest abolitionists and a protector of Native American rights. His life alone is the most profound statement of what an American strives to be. |
Religious To Excess Beyond Any Other Nation Herodotus
1146 words - 5 pages
"The Egyptians are religious to excess beyond any other nation"- Herodotus.The Ancient Egyptians were in existence over 4000 years ago. They were average people, much like us in the sense that they had a set of morals and a belief structure. For a nation that lived long ago they were remarkably advanced in their technology and knowledge. However as Herodotus stated they were excessively religious. This has been proven through the ampleness of their gods, superstitions and religious practices. Religious practices influenced their lives greatly and undoubtedly changed the way in which the Egyptians as a civilization grew. There were hundreds of gods that went by many different names and rei ...view middle of the document...
Atum emerged from Nu as the sun god at the beginning of time and is the creator of the world. Since Atum was all alone he chose to mate with his shadow. The god Atum was known as the 'Great he-She', and a bisexual. The ancient Egyptians found this act acceptable, as they found sexual orientation acceptable. Sexuality and sexual practices differed greatly in Egyptian Society. Atum the creator, used masturbation as a technique to create other holy beings. Since mating with his shadow Atum gave birth to two children by spiting out his son (shu) and vomiting out his daughter (Tefnut). Shu represented the air and the principles of life and Tefnut represented rain and the principles of order. The three of them remained in the watery chaos of Nu and after sometime Atum was separated from his children. When they were finally reunited Atum wept tears of joy. When his tears hit the ground men grew and began to create the world. The Egyptians believed in gods to explain things that they could not understand. The Egyptians did not know how the Nile rose each year.They created a god to explain how the Nile rose each year. When they could explain something, there was no need for a god for it. If the Egyptians did not understand something and they realized how it was explained, the god of that thing became less important. A god also became important in how the area it was important to became more powerful or less powerful. The Egyptians believe that the gods would make the sunrise and set and make evil stay away from them. Egyptians wanted to please the gods so they built huge temples in their honor. If the Egyptians did not please the gods the Nile might not rise high that year. The Egyptians did everything that they could to please the gods. A pattern seems to be developing showing that the ancient Egyptians may have had an obsession with bodily secretions and functions.The Egyptians had a very influential religion that can be analyzed using the five elements of religion: authority, faith, rituals, moral code, and concept of the deity. First, the authority of the Egyptian religion. The main authority of the Egyptian religion was the Pharaoh; he had divine right over the people and ...
“Evaluate the ways history is constructed” - Year 12, History Extension - essay
1992 words - 8 pages Free “the father of history” constructs his history with the use of eye-witness accounts; however some historians argue that he is the “father of lies” through the use of the supernatural. K.H Waters states although gods do not directly determine events “This is not to say that supernatural control, and evidence of the concern of the divine powers for human affairs, have been entirely excluded by Herodotus; oracles and other superhuman manifestations
Fun facts about the Great Pyramids of Giza - Class - Essay
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5315 words - 22 pages the year 600 BC the Greek geographer Herodotus writes of the Celts dwelling beyond Spain and the Upper Danube.5From the Halstat period they moved into La Tene period around 450 B.C. .La Tene meant more decorative burials, better decoration on swords, helmets, brooches, more people lived in the cities. 'La Tene time is when the Celts changed from a bunch of tribes to more of a civilization.. They had mobility, style, trade, power. In this time they
421 words - 2 pages Free (Brock, 2002). In Chapter 6 of the textbook, Norton highlights the growing tensions between the US and England as the country heads for war with its mother-country when Thomas Jefferson began writing the Declaration of Independence (2015). 3. The two articles relate to each other through two major themes: taxes and religion. In both instances, the population of this time period were opposed to paying taxes. While religious persons sought more
2273 words - 10 pages To Create"). Whatever the opinion, it is certain that ! Gabalac 4 America has been enriched beyond description by the creative contributions of immigrants ("Freedom To Create"). By 1933, thousands of artists, musicians, writers, scientists and academics fled from Germany and other countries who did not allow people’s freedom of expression and thoughts ("Freedom To Create"). Many of the refugees had trouble gaining citizenship in America from
Can Terrorism Ever BE Justified? - Helen Detwiler Elementary School - Speech
884 words - 4 pages Terrorism is probably the most dangerous and deadliest issue that the world is facing at the present time. A lot of innocent people die and some get severely hurt as a result of multiple terrorist attacks. The physical, emotional and moral damages are oftentimes beyond repair and people are left screaming for justice. However, it is hard to understand the reasons behind their agenda whether it is for the common good of mankind or merely for
Title: The Appalling Affects Of Cloning Author: Roy Arthur
2071 words - 9 pages growth (399). Though the science involved in cloning is relative theory for anyone in the field, implementing them on humans is not as easy as cloning the bovine or any other species. The results could be catastrophic.According to an article in the scientifically well-known magazine Nature, a statement expands upon the fact that in the near future, the United States Senate will vote on a bill to ban the research on therapeutic cloning. The term
Chapter 5 - Ancient Greek society - Art History 114 - Assignment
921 words - 4 pages others. If an athlete was found to be cheating or bribing, then they would be fined, and the money was used to make a statue of Zeus. The Greeks tried to keep some aspects of politics out of the Olympics, but their efforts met with limited success. The Olympic truce was meant to end the hostilities throughout Greece, to allow competitors to travel and participate safely, but it was not always practiced. · Have any of the ancient examples
1114 words - 5 pages tangibly upset the school's instructive mission and exercises. “Personal religious activity may not interfere with the rights or well-being of other students, and the threat of student harassment and pressure must be carefully monitored.3 It is also critical to ensure that the religious activity is actually student-initiated, and that no school employee supervises or participates in the activity. Any school promotion or endorsement of a student's
List and explain 3 causes to the Great War?
268 words - 2 pages List and explain 3 Causes of the Great War? Some of any causes to a war happen with time. One of the causes of the Great War was Nationalism. Nationalism was a tension created in the world by imperialism, which was strongly linked to nationalism. Many people in each nation of Europe felt themselves to be superior to the peoples of other nations. This convinced leaders of various nations that their country had the right to rule territory beyond
What It Means To Be An American Today
807 words - 4 pages so proud to be an American in today's age and know I am blessed beyond measure. Although there are other countries that are as industrialized and modern as America, we are still unique in many ways. While other countries must face the intolerable acts of a dictator or general we get to elect whom we want to run our country. It is amazing the things we have overcome as a nation that make us who we are. We have built this great nation from
574 words - 3 pages Free because they feel more comfortable with Jesus watching over them every day which makes Christians feel safe and secure. In the Bible God put ten commandments that stated the things that you shouldn’t do. For the 1st commandment God says, "I am the Lord your God, you shall not have any other gods before me". This commandment means that God doesn't want you to worship and false idols and profits and you should only worship God and believe in Him. By
ap human geography module 5 lesson 8 essay - virtual school - essay
909 words - 4 pages . A personal experience with technology that made me confirm that technology is a great way for any religion to reach global stage is when I was researching the cultural practices in an area close to my hometown in India. I have never been to this part of town, however my parents were closely acquainted with the area. Since a school project relied on research in this area, I was able to find significant documents and articles regarding a religious
Emerging Multipolarity
4786 words - 20 pages very comfortable margin of superiority over other nations in both military power and the economic underpinnings that make those capabilities possible. Additionally, America has the global diplomatic and mili- tary presence-and the diplomatic and military skills-necessary to manage and sustain a truly global foreign policy, if not always successfully. No other nation-state can do so at this time. It is dif- ficult for the moment to envision a
Comparative Essay: “Republicans vs. Democrats: A quick glimpse of the divide” - WRI1001 - Essay
1000 words - 4 pages -civil rights. However, in the 1950’s and beyond, Democrats are viewed as the party to champion the cause of racial justice. Over the years, the stances and core beliefs of both the parties have changed multiple times, on various issues. Party representatives themselves came out in the open exclaiming that they don’t support the party’s ideologies on certain issues. Below are several comparative examples of Democratic and Republican ideological |
You might feel helpless when someone you know experiences a manic episode. Here’s how you can confidently step in if they ask for help.
A bipolar disorder manic episode is a period of heightened energy that lasts at least several days. It may include an unprompted sense of euphoria, confidence, or irritability.
Both mania and its less severe form, hypomania, are key components of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a neurocognitive condition characterized by shifts in mood. It’s categorized into several diagnostic types.
When someone is experiencing mania, their behavior may be difficult to understand from the outside. Neighbors, co-workers, friends, or family may feel alarmed, confused, or frustrated with not knowing how to help.
By recognizing potential warning signs of a manic episode, the loved ones of those with bipolar disorder can empower themselves and respond productively to these difficult situations.
We intend to provide you with the facts, guidance, and encouragement to do just that.
Leading up to a manic episode, you may notice a loved one with bipolar disorder exhibiting energy levels or giddiness not typical for them.
Maybe they’ve become increasingly obsessive about a project, really impatient, or super chatty. This unpredictable behavior may start negatively affecting their relationships and interfering with work or home life.
There’s a common myth that mania is mostly positive, but it can be uniquely exhausting and is serious.
Manic episodes are primarily associated with bipolar I disorder, while hypomania and its symptoms are associated with bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia.
Here’s a quick breakdown of the different types of bipolar disorder and their main characteristics for diagnosis:
disorder type
bipolar I disorder
bipolar II disorder
cyclothymiaonly some symptoms needed for diagnosisonly some symptoms needed for diagnosis
Preparation starts with upfront communication.
If the person you know who has bipolar disorder — or any mental health condition, for that matter — has not first communicated a clinical diagnosis, or asked explicitly for your eyes and ears in managing public-facing manifestations, it’s not recommended to step in.
It’s that person’s choice to disclose their condition or not. It’s not up to our prerogative to step in, uninvited.
If they’ve asked you in advance for help if an episode of mania or hypomania escalates, learning to identify the warning signs and symptoms of an oncoming manic episode can provide context for perhaps uncomfortable or harmful behavior and help you two customize a strategy.
Here’s more guidance on how to talk with someone about their mental health condition in general.
In a high-stress situation like responding to a manic episode, you may feel at a loss.
We know asking questions like these can be difficult in the moment, so below are some flexible tips on how to talk with someone during a manic episode:
• “How has your medication maintenance been going? Are there any recent changes you feel comfortable sharing with me?”
• “I’m learning that routine is super helpful for reducing symptoms. And you mentioned you wanted to make some everyday improvements. How can I help?”
• “I think you should talk with your doctor about how you’re feeling. They would probably appreciate the update.”
• “Is there anything going on around us this time of year that’s triggering to you?”
• “You’re in a support group, right? Is there someone in addition to me who you trust and can reach out to today?”
Some manic episodes are more serious than others and may require you to seek professional help right away.
Remember, your safety and well-being comes first. If you believe your loved one is a threat to themselves or others, get immediate medical help.
In a severe manic episode, a person may experience what’s called an episode of bipolar disorder psychosis, where they have trouble deciphering what is reality and what isn’t.
During an episode of psychosis, people may experience:
Episodes of psychosis may lead to injury or self-harm if not handled by healthcare professionals right away.
Do not try to manage a possible bipolar disorder–induced episode of psychosis on your own. Get help without delay at a nearby emergency room or psychiatric facility.
Manic episodes may also tip directly into depressive episodes, which can include suicidal ideation.
While family, friends, or partners are not responsible for another’s mental health, you can be priceless members of their support network and advocates in their journey.
Educating yourself on bipolar disorder can help give you the means and opportunities to safely and productively navigate someone’s manic episodes alongside them.
By following the tips above, you can be best prepared for future manic episodes while maintaining boundaries and reinforcing your relationship. |
Neurophysiology of nerve impluses review sheet exercise 3
What physiological systems are known as integrative systems? What is the reason for this designation? Both nervous system and the endocrine system are considered integrative systems. This designation stems from the fact that both systems control and regulate biological functions and act at distance, receiving information from organs and tissues and sending effector commands nervous impulses or hormones to organs and tissues, thus integrating the body.
Neurophysiology of nerve impluses review sheet exercise 3
Tuszynski and Nancy Woolf Summary. This chapter provides an introduction to the rest of the book, which has a multidisciplinary approach to the physics of consciousness. We favor a proposal that considers some aspects of quantum-mechanical operations among molecules involved with neurotransmission and mechanical transport of synaptic proteins.
In our view, the wiring of the brain is not as complex, and certainly not as integrated, as commonly assumed. Instead, the wiring pattern redundantly obeys a few general principles focused on high resolution rather than crossmodal integration.
3: Neurophysiology and Nerve Impulses
We discuss the potential problems of quantum computing, such as decoherence, and also present counterarguments, as well as recent empirical results consistent with the notion that quantum computing in the interiors of neurons, in particular, within the interiors of dendrites may indeed be possible.
How do the elemental feelings and sensations making up conscious experience arise from the concerted actions of nerve cells and their associated subcellular, synaptic and molecular processes?
How can this seemingly intractable problem possibly be investigated experimentally and what kind of theory is appropriate? This multiauthor book seeks answers to these questions within a range of physically based frameworks.
In other words, the underlying assumption is that consciousness should be understood using the combined intellectual potential of modern physics and the life sciences. We have gathered contributions from a number of scientists representing a spectrum of disciplines taking 2 Jack A.
Tuszynski and Nancy Woolf a biophysics-based approach to consciousness. Thus, we have attempted to provide the reader with a broad range of vantage points to choose from. There are a number of theories of consciousness in existence, some of which are based on classical physics while others require the use of quantum concepts.
Quantum theory has invoked new perspectives of consciousness almost since its inception. Neuroscientists widely accept that cognition, and possibly consciousness, are correlated with the physiological behavior of the material brain for example, membrane depolarizations and action potentials.
Quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter known thus far; as such, it appears likely that quantum theory can help us to unravel the mysteries of consciousness. Therefore, a general introduction into quantum phenomena needs to be presented in this context to better understand detailed discussions presented in the chapters that follow.
The status quo or the currently accepted view is that the substrate of consciousness emerges as a property of an ever-increasing computational complexity among neurons. This framework envisions neurons and synapses as the fundamental units of information processing hardware in the brain, acting much like chips manipulating information bits in a computer.
While this appears to be the currently accepted approach to explaining consciousness, it may fall short, especially in cases where the apparent randomness of neural processing is represented simply as white noise. The brain contains both electrical and chemical synapses, named according to the type of signal they transmit [30].
Although relatively sparse in the brain, electrical synapses, which are also called gap junctions, literally connect the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron with that of the 1 The Path Ahead 3 postsynaptic cell.
Although gap junctions conduct electrical impluses according to the laws of classical physics, these structures may be important for transmitting quantum states from neuron to neuron [73]. Chemical transmission is the much more prevalent type in the mammalian brain, but also operates much more slowly than electrical transmission.
In chemical transmission there is release of a chemical neurotransmitter, such as glutamate or acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are sequestered in presynaptic vesicles, which bind docking proteins that cause the vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and then release their contents.
This results in the opening or closing of ion channels or in the initiation of signal-transduction cascade, some of which act on the cytoskeleton.
Although these steps operate according to classical physics, quantum processes can come into play. As will be detailed later, a physical model developed by Beck and Eccles [6] proposes that quantum tunneling among vesicles occurs, which in turn regulates quantal neurotransmitter release and subsequently determines the state of consciousness.
In an approach based solely on classical physics, Flohr [14, 15] suggests chemical synapses using NMDA receptors are critical to perception and consciousness because NMDA receptors are involved in developmental plasticity and learning.
That anesthetic agents block NMDA receptors and consequently lead to a loss of consciousness supports his theory to some extent.Review Sheet Exercise 3 Neurophysiology Of Nerve Impulses EXERCISE 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses ACTIVITY 1: The Resting Membrane Potential Answers 1.
The nervous system contains two general types of cells: neuroglia cells and a. REVIEW SHEET LAB #6 Exercise 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses 1. Match each of the definitions in Column A with the appropriate term in Column B.
Column A Column B __ D __ term that refers to a membrane potential of about mv __ F __ reversal of membrane potential due to influx of sodium ions __ B __ major cation found outside of a cell __ A __ minimal stimulus needed to elicit an .
I am looking for answers to the Review Sheet portion of Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve the lab book these questions start on page PEx and end on page Pex The first question: Q:Explain why increasing extracellular k+ reduces the net diffusion of k+ out of the neuron through the k+ leak channels.
Neurophysiology Of Nerve Impulses (Module 1) STUDY. PLAY. Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses.
The Nervous System
Physioex 3. 57 terms. PhysioEx 3- Neurophysiology. 32 terms. Anatomy Practical 3. 87 terms. Exercise 3: Activity OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR.
The Nervous System
20 . BIO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I LECTURE OUTLINE. Prepared by David T. Corey, Ph.D.
Neurophysiology of nerve impluses review sheet exercise 3
Science Department Midlands Technical College P.O. Box Columbia, SC Mar 26, · Hey wldhrt You said it sister right back at you I think we both read the same source LOL, and you really don't want to end up there LOL.
Far better places to .
Health Explainer – The Conversation |
TY - JOUR AU - Mahendra Singh Bhamu, Dr.Mandaar Pande, PY - 2020/11/27 Y2 - 2021/09/24 TI - A review of Quantum Computing use cases in the Banking, Retail and Health sectors JF - International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology JA - IJAST VL - 29 IS - 06 SE - Articles DO - UR - https://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/33764 SP - 9197 - 9207 AB - Quantum machine learning is advanced and highly capable of technological applications that have high potential in the coming years to become a huge trend in the industry. Quantum computing or machine learning algorithms help the improvement of classical machine learning methods by using the advantages of quantic computing. Intelligent methods, technology, and resources are built for improved performance, productivity, and power. Quantum machine learning can play a vital role in many fields, including finance, medical science, health care, retail, and safety. Quantum can improve machine learning based on quantum algorithms, which provide better solutions for machine learning tasks than classical approaches to machine learning. Quantum algorithms can be effective in discovering technological solutions and challenges such as data processing and interpretation, computer vision, social networks, big data analytics, medical data sources, predict customer behaviour to name a few. This paper presents the impact of quantum machine learning on various sectors such as banking, healthcare, and retail and its algorithms. It shows a comparative assessment between classical and quantum computing algorithms in solving problems and results. Keywords— quantum computing, Quantum machine learning, banking, health, retail, quantum theory ER - |
What is the prevalence of plant-related dermatitis?
Updated: Jun 10, 2021
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The risk of acquiring plant-related dermatitis is influenced by host susceptibility and exposure. Impairment in the barrier function of the skin may increase the propensity for sensitization. Chronically immersed hands (eg, florists' hands) may be particularly predisposed to plant-related dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis requires exposure and sensitization to the causative plant products. In patch-testing conditions, more than 70% of the population in the United States reacts to poison ivy and poison oak allergens, whereas roughly 50% of the population has such reactions in nature.
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Question: What Opera Written By Mozart Was Banned In Vienna?
Why was Marriage of Figaro banned in Vienna?
Why was Figaro banned?
This first of three collaborations between composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte almost perished at birth. The Beaumarchais play from which it drew inspiration had been banned in Paris for its volatile political content, considered dangerous in pre-Revolutionary France.
What part of the opera did Mozart have to remove?
Da Ponte, one of the poets of the imperial court, removed political content and faithfully translated the rest into Italian—the appropriate language for the opera buffa that Mozart intended to compose. The emperor allowed the project to go forward without objection.
Who banned the play Marriage of Figaro?
Figaro explores territory that many found worrisome when it was written in the mid-1780s — the often contentious relationship between the classes. That’s why the original play, by Beaumarchais, was banned by ruling authorities in France, and why Mozart’s opera made the Austrian monarchy more than a little bit nervous.
You might be interested: Often asked: What Mozart Song Do You Like?
What happens to Don Giovanni at the end of the opera quizlet?
What happens to Don Giovanni at the end of the opera? He is dragged down to his death by the Commendatore. Don Giovanni makes amends with Donna Anna and Donna Elvira.
What is the language of Singspiel opera?
What does Figaro mean in English?
What does the word Figaro mean?
What is the story behind The Marriage of Figaro?
The Marriage of Figaro Synopsis. Figaro, servant to Count Almaviva, is about to marry Susanna, the Countess’s maid. Count Almaviva caught him alone with the gardener’s daughter, Barbarina, and he is now to be sent away. He is besotted by all women, he explains, and cannot help himself.
What Really Killed Mozart?
What did the Emperor say about Mozart’s opera that made him angry?
He says “to displace one note would be a diminishment. ” It is a divine music. He is angry that God has allowed an undisciplined brat to be the instrument through which He would create such a divine beauty. What is the emperor’s reaction to The Marriage of Figaro?
You might be interested: Question: What Era Was Mozart?
Why was The Marriage of Figaro considered controversial quizlet?
What was considered controversial about Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro? It made fun of the aristocracy. Mozart combined elements of serious and comic opera in his Don Giovanni.
Who is the composer of Don Giovanni?
What type of opera is Marriage of Figaro?
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What is a Kubernetes cluster?
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At a minimum, a cluster contains a control plane and one or more compute machines, or nodes. The control plane is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster, such as which applications are running and which container images they use. Nodes actually run the applications and workloads.
The cluster is the heart of Kubernetes’ key advantage: the ability to schedule and run containers across a group of machines, be they physical or virtual, on premises or in the cloud. Kubernetes containers aren’t tied to individual machines. Rather, they’re abstracted across the cluster.
A desired state is defined by configuration files made up of manifests, which are JSON or YAML files that declare the type of application to run and how many replicas are required to run a healthy system.
The cluster’s desired state is defined with the Kubernetes API. This can be done from the command line (using kubectl) or by using the API to interact with the cluster to set or modify your desired state.
Kubernetes will automatically manage your cluster to match the desired state. As a simple example, suppose you deploy an application with a desired state of "3," meaning 3 replicas of the application should be running. If 1 of those containers crashes, Kubernetes will see that only 2 replicas are running, so it will add 1 more to satisfy the desired state.
You can also use Kubernetes patterns to manage the scale of your cluster automatically based on load.
Discover Red Hat OpenShift.
How does a cluster relate to a node, a pod, and other Kubernetes terms?
We’ve defined a cluster as a set of nodes. Let’s look at a few other Kubernetes terms that are helpful to understanding what a cluster does.
Pod: A set of 1 or more containers deployed to a single node. A pod is the smallest and simplest Kubernetes object.
Service: A way to expose an application running on a set of pods as a network service. This decouples work definitions from the pods.
Volume: A directory containing data, accessible to the containers in a pod. A Kubernetes volume has the same lifetime as the pod that encloses it. A volume outlives any containers that run within the pod, and data is preserved when a container restarts.
Namespace: A virtual cluster. Namespaces allow Kubernetes to manage multiple clusters (for multiple teams or projects) within the same physical cluster.
With modern cloud-native applications, Kubernetes environments are becoming highly distributed. They can be deployed across multiple datacenters on-premise, in the public cloud, and at the edge.
Organizations that want to use Kubernetes at scale or in production will have multiple clusters, such as for development, testing, and production, distributed across environments and need to be able to manage them effectively.
Kubernetes cluster management is how an IT team manages a group of Kubernetes clusters.
Red Hat is a leader and active builder of open source container technology, including Kubernetes, and creates essential tools for securing, simplifying, and automatically updating your container infrastructure.
Red Hat® OpenShift® is an enterprise-grade Kubernetes distribution. With Red Hat OpenShift, teams gain a single, integrated platform for operations and development teams. Red Hat OpenShift offers developers their choice of languages, frameworks, middleware, and databases, along with build and deploy automation through CI/CD to supercharge productivity.
The tools you need to get started with Kubernetes
Control Kubernetes clusters and applications from a single console, with built-in security policies.
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What is the frequency of 3 phase?
What is the frequency of 3 phase?
The windings are arranged such that the currents are at the same frequency but with the peaks and troughs of their wave forms offset to provide three complementary currents with a phase separation of one-third cycle (120° or 2π⁄3 radians). The generator frequency is typically 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the country.
Where is 60Hz used?
Only a handful use 60Hz. The standard in the United States is 120V and 60Hz AC electricity. The standard in Australia is 220V and 50Hz AC electricity. The standard in Canada is 120V and 60Hz AC electricity.
What is the frequency of a three phase rectifier?
Figure 14.14 shows the schematic of three-phase controlled rectifier connected with highly inductive load. The thyristors are fired at an interval of 60˚. The frequency of the output ripple voltage is 6 f ( f is the frequency of the AC supply). The filtering requirement is reduced as compared to a single-phase rectifier. Figure 14.14.
Read more: What do I do if my phone has no dial tone?
What is the output frequency of a 3 phase half wave converter?
The frequency of output ripple frequency for a 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER is fs, where fs is the input supply frequency. 3
How many conductors are needed for a three phase power system?
This cycle repeats with a frequency that depends on the power system. In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period.
Is there variable frequency drive for three phase power system?
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By-product information can stabilize the reliability of communication.
Research paper by H Martin HM Schaefer, G D GD Ruxton
Indexed on: 03 Nov '12Published on: 03 Nov '12Published in: Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Although communication underpins many biological processes, its function and basic definition remain contentious. In particular, researchers have debated whether information should be an integral part of a definition of communication and how it remains reliable. So far the handicap principle, assuming signal costs to stabilize reliable communication, has been the predominant paradigm in the study of animal communication. The role of by-product information produced by mechanisms other than the communicative interaction has been neglected in the debate on signal reliability. We argue that by-product information is common and that it provides the starting point for ritualization as the process of the evolution of communication. Second, by-product information remains unchanged during ritualization and enforces reliable communication by restricting the options for manipulation and cheating. Third, this perspective changes the focus of research on communication from studying signal costs to studying the costs of cheating. It can thus explain the reliability of signalling in many communication systems that do not rely on handicaps. We emphasize that communication can often be informative but that the evolution of communication does not cause the evolution of information because by-product information often predates and stimulates the evolution of communication. Communication is thus a consequence but not a cause of reliability. Communication is the interplay of inadvertent, informative traits and evolved traits that increase the stimulation and perception of perceivers. Viewing communication as a complex of inadvertent and derived traits facilitates understanding of the selective pressures shaping communication and those shaping information and its reliability. This viewpoint further contributes to resolving the current controversy on the role of information in communication. |
4 Fascinating Historical Facts from Around the World
Many may shun the past as an ancient, forgotten relic that holds no significance in today’s modern world. However, this statement couldn’t be further from the truth.
Understanding the past and learning from it allows us to better appreciate and prepare for the future. It teaches us who we are, the struggles that led up to this date, and the best course of going forward. Learning from the past allows us to avoid mistakes that may otherwise cripple us in our quest for a better future.
History is a subject trapped in a rich realm, and you can find all sorts of stories and facts to learn from. There are tales of courage, strength, and inspiration. Some are dark, chaotic, and distressing, but each account has a message to send. Not only does each account help us understand the present and prepare for the future, but it allows us to understand human nature better. If you’re interested in learning more about history, and all it has to offer, keep reading below. We’ve listed some fascinating historical facts from around the world.
There were more than 600 plots to kill Fidel Castro
After WWII, the United States undertook a series of assassination plots on international leaders and figures they believed to be threats. Fidel Castro was on top of the hit-list, with over 600 attempts on his life, ranging from the dangerous to ludicrous. These include poisoning his food, cigars, and hiring assassins.
The assassination attempts on Castro and other international political rivals held substantial repercussions for an international order. These attempts highlighted the United States’ involvement overseas and the drawbacks it had for dissenting nations.
History majors study such events that helped shape our world today. But often, many details are left out for various reasons. In particular, political events hold immense importance. They allow us to understand how different political systems function and how international relations unfold. With a bachelor of arts in history online, you can learn to analyze and research multiple historical events and understand their impact on how international relations work today.
The world’s most successful pirate was a woman
When we think of pirates, the name Blackbeard comes to mind – and Johnny Depp too!
A pirate’s world is dark, ruthless, and ferocious. Because of this, most pirate ships had strict rules against women being on deck. However, rarely do they tell you in history class that the world’s most successful pirate may have been a woman. Named Ching Shih, this pirate queen was the wife of the Red Fleet commander. However, that’s not all he saw her as. He treated her as his equal, and she shared command of the fleet alongside her husband. The crew soon came to respect her immensely, and after the commander’s death, she assumed captainship. Under Shih, the Red Fleet had over 1500 ships, and she commanded around 40,000-80,000 men, women, and children.
The Red Fleet was so fearsome that the Chinese government eventually pardoned Shih and her entire fleet so that they would stop their reign of terror. Shih’s story is important because we hear of women being relegated to the backwaters of history. While that was certainly true, many women did make a place for themselves and often outperformed men in their field – in their unique ways, of course.
Rasputin survived being shot and poisoned
Rasputin is easily one of the most sinister and controversial figures in history. He was seen by many in the Russian court as a visionary, mystic, advisor, and even a prophet. He was famed for being incredibly close to the family of the last Tsar, Nicholas II.
Rasputin’s influence was so strong that the royal family assigned him to supervise the troops during World War One. However, as Russian defeats continued to mount, Rasputin’s popularity dropped. His lechery and drunkenness won him no allies either.
Soon, there were numerous plots to assassinate the self-proclaimed holy man. One of these plots led to several nobles inviting him over to their house and treating him with wine and cakes poisoned with cyanide, all with no effect. Rumor has it that the main conspirator, Felix Yusupov, shot Rasputin in the chest, put his clothes on, and headed to Rasputin’s home to make it look like he returned home that night.
When they got back, they headed to the basement, only to find that Rasputin had somehow survived. He attacked them and escaped. He didn’t get far, though, and was shot by another conspirator before he fled the palace.
Edison didn’t invent the lightbulb
Thomas Edison is widely credited by many as having the most astonishing number of patents to his name, a total of 1093. One of these patents included the humble yet ever-useful lightbulb. While people still believe that Edison invented the lightbulb, it was a British chemist and astronomer, Warren de la Rue, who created the bulb 40 years before Edison.
In fact, many of Thomas Edison’s patents weren’t his own. The fluoroscope is one of these patents which Edison reportedly stole. Wilhelm Roentgen, a German physicist, was already working on taking x-rays many years before Edison’s patent.
Similarly, people even accredit Edison with the invention of the phonograph. However, the real man may have been Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville’s who called it a ‘phonautograph’ in the 1850s. In 1877, Edison recorded for the first time on the phonograph, but there was no mention of Scott’s contributions. Therefore, while Edison had his share of patents, he isn’t so much the ingenious inventor that we see him as- or the one he is often portrayed as in history.
Studying history in detail actually allows us to uncover hidden facts and give credit where it is due.
History is fascinating in many ways, and it has so much hidden that is lost over time. But that is what makes it even more enjoyable. Events from the past are what shape our lives today. They inherently determine how we step into the future. As deep as the subject matter is, studying history also broadens an individual’s career options. Education, law, politics; there’s a handful to choose from. If you love relishing the past, are enthralled by tales of love and war, and fancy engaging in intellectual debates, history is for you!
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Interesting Mid-Autumn Festival Trivia
By Presto
24 Aug 2021
The Mid-Autumn Festival is the second-most important festival in the Chinese community after the Chinese New Year. It is a day for families to be reunited together while eating mooncakes and enjoying the beauty of the moon 🌕
Although this is a prominent festival in Chinese culture, there are some things about it that most people might not have heard of. Without further ado, here are some interesting Mid-Autumn Festival trivia for you:
The Mid-Autumn Festival Date changes every year!
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The Mid-Autumn Festival's date is determined by the Chinese lunar calendar, so it falls on a different date every year on the Gregorian calendar (usually in September or October) 📅
The full moon does not always appear
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This is because the length of a day is determined by solar movement and the moon's phases do not always coincide, which explains why the moon can be seen during daytime hours on rare occasions. Therefore, the full moon can appear on the 14th, 16th, or 17th day of the lunar month 🌕
The mooncake's symbolism
(Image via GIPHY)
Ever wondered why mooncakes are eaten during the festival? That's because the round shape of the mooncake symbolises reunion and completeness, signifying the unity of a family 🥮
It has been celebrated for a LONG time
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The Chinese have celebrated the harvest of the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). That's thousands of years ago! 🤯
It's also China's Valentine's Day
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Single people used to pray to "the old man in the moon" — the god who unites people in marriage — to find their soulmates. Couples also take this opportunity to spend some romantic time together ❤️
As the Mid-Autumn Festival looms, it's important to stock up on mooncakes in your house! Pre-order Presto's Mini Snowy Musang King Mooncake now before it sells out! You can get them for your friends and family too!
Our Hearty Mooncake Festival is going on now, so shop now for exclusive deals, hot-selling mooncakes, and more!
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Certificate of Occupancy
What is a Certificate of Occupancy?
Updated July 8, 2021
A certificate of occupancy is a document that certifies that a building complies substantially with the plans and specifications that were approved by the local building department or zoning authority and that it is ready and safe to be occupied. It describes the legal use and maximum occupancy for a building and it certifies that the structure complies with all housing and building codes. Certificates of occupancy are issued by a government agency or a building department, and they are sometimes known as a use-and-occupancy certificate, a U&O, a C of O or just a CO.
In the U.S., the requirements and procedures for obtaining a certificate of occupancy vary widely among jurisdictions, but one is generally needed for new buildings, ones that are being substantially renovated or remodeled and for buildings where the usage is changing—for example, when a former warehouse is being converted to residential lofts or when an old church or firehouse is being turned into a single-family residence. They are also generally required whenever the occupancy of an industrial or commercial building changes or when the ownership of an industrial, commercial or multifamily residential building changes. A new certificate of occupancy may also be required after damage from a natural disaster, such as a flood, a fallen tree or a tornado. In such cases, the municipality may condemn the structure and order all residents to vacate until repairs are made and an inspector verifies that it is habitable again.
Obtaining a certificate of occupancy is a critical step in closing out a new construction project. After the builder has completed a residence, and before it can be sold and occupied, an inspector visits the building to make sure the new, or renovated, structure meets all codes, that there are no remaining safety hazards and that the home is ready for occupancy. Banks typically require that a valid certificate of occupancy be in place before they will issue a mortgage; similarly, insurance companies may require one before they issue a homeowners’ policy.
Photo: Lewis Keegan / Unsplash
Various inspections and certificates are needed before a building authority will issue a certificate of occupancy. They vary by jurisdiction but typically include a general building inspection that will review the electrical wiring, the plumbing and the overall structural integrity of the building and an additional inspection for fire safety. To get fire safety approval, a fire marshal typically will visit the building to make sure it has adequate smoke detectors and fire extinguishers and that the sprinkler systems are in good working order. The marshal will also determine the number of people who can safely be in the structure at one time.
In some cases and jurisdictions, a temporary certificate of occupancy will be granted, which gives building owners and residents all of the same rights as a certificate of occupancy, but for a limited period of time, typically 90 days. Temporary certificates are generally granted when a building is still under some construction, but a number of floors or parts of the building are finished and deemed to be habitable. In such cases, these residential units can be legally occupied or sold. A temporary certificate means the building is generally safe for occupancy, but there are still some outstanding issues that need to be resolved before a final certificate of occupancy can be granted.
In New York City, a number of inspections are required before a building is granted a certificate of occupancy. These typically include plumbing, electrical and elevator inspections as well as fire pump pressure tests and an inspection of the fire sprinkler system. An architectural inspection will be performed to ensure that the structure was built in accordance with an architect’s stamped and approved drawings. A final step in the process includes a walk-through inspection of the property from someone from the Department of Buildings to make sure that construction is complete, that all entrances and exits are free and clear and that there are no remaining safety hazards. The department will also make sure that all fees have been paid and that all relevant violations have been resolved before it issues a final certificate of occupancy. |
What is alcohol disorder
What is an alcohol addiction?
The physical dependence is characterized by physical withdrawal symptoms during drinking breaks and the emotional dependence by the compelling desire to continue consuming alcohol.
Alcohol addiction must be differentiated from both alcohol intoxication and the harmful consumption of alcohol. The transitions from repeated intoxication to harmful consumption to addiction are fluid, however.
Alcohol addiction does not arise overnight, but usually develops slowly. No one who consumes alcoholic beverages is safe from addiction.
Alcohol intoxication (acute alcohol intoxication, acute alcohol intoxication, drunkenness) occurs as a direct consequence of consuming large amounts of alcohol. Depending on the amount of drinking and the development of tolerance, different degrees of severity of alcohol intoxication develop. In the easiest stage a cheerful mood sets in. Fears and inhibitions are reduced and the need for exercise is increased.
Disturbances in language, gait, coordination, attention and judgment already begin in the medium dose range. There are gaps in memory. At even higher doses, irritability, aggressiveness, fatigue and impaired consciousness up to coma (deep unconsciousness) can finally occur.
Harmful use of alcohol is used when the consumption of alcohol leads to impairment of health. The impairment can manifest itself both in the physical area (for example as an increase in liver values, stomach ulcer, high blood pressure) and in the psychological area (for example in the form of depression, feelings of inferiority).
Alcohol addiction exists if three or more of the following criteria are present at the same time within a year:
• A strong desire or some kind of compulsion to drink alcohol
• Reduced ability to control the beginning, the end and the amount of consumption
• Physical withdrawal symptoms, for example sweating and tremors, after stopping or reducing consumption
• Tolerance development, that is, in order to achieve the desired effect, increasingly larger amounts of alcohol have to be drunk
• Progressive neglect of other amusements or interests in favor of alcohol consumption. More time is invested in procuring alcohol, consuming alcohol or recovering from the consequences
• Continued consumption of alcohol despite harmful consequences in the physical, mental-psychological or social area against better knowledge
What are the consequences of alcohol addiction?
Alcohol is a poison that basically damages all organ systems of the body as well as the psyche. Alcohol addiction is life threatening.
There are approximately 74,000 alcohol-related deaths each year. Every day there are around 200 deaths from excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol-related deaths accounted for 25 percent of all deaths between the ages of 35 and 65 for men and 13 percent for women (a total of 21 percent). The life expectancy of alcohol addicts is statistically reduced by around 15 percent. This corresponds to a shortening of the lifespan by around twelve years.
The damage that occurs differs from person to person and from body organ to body organ. Physical damage can occur with regular consumption even if the person concerned cannot be classified as alcohol-dependent.
General symptoms
• Reduced general condition
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Reddened skin on the face
• Increased tendency to sweat
• sleep disorders
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (symptoms affecting the nervous system and psyche)
A withdrawal situation usually begins four to twelve hours after drinking has stopped or has been reduced and reaches its peak on the second day. It is characterized by restlessness, irritability, anxiety, sweating, sweating, tremors, nausea and vomiting, racing heart, headache, insomnia, speech disorders, double vision and a general feeling of illness. Depressive moods and even thoughts of suicide occur. Often there are also seizures, which can be life-threatening.
Delirium is the most severe form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In addition to pronounced withdrawal symptoms, disorientation, impaired consciousness up to coma, sweating, tremors and visual and acoustic hallucinations (the famous "white mice") occur. In addition, there is a fever and a rise in blood pressure. Disorders of cardiovascular regulation and breathing can quickly become life-threatening if left untreated. The withdrawal delirium requires immediate medical treatment.
• Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord):
Nerve cells in the brain die off due to the toxic effects of alcohol. The consequences can be gait and coordination disorders, changes in personality (e.g. irritability and jealousy) as well as concentration and memory disorders up to dementia (severe mental weakness). Epileptic fits (convulsions) are also a common consequence of excessive alcohol consumption.
• Peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord):
Between 20 and 30 percent of alcoholics suffer from abnormal sensations (tingling, "pins and needles"), numbness, pain and muscle weakness caused by nerve damage (polyneuropathy). The legs are particularly affected. In pronounced cases, the ability to walk may be restricted.
Loss of interest occurs. Things that used to make the person happy move into the background. Anxiety and depression are common with alcohol addiction. They are triggered directly by alcohol and indirectly by the social consequences of the disease. Ten to 15 percent of those affected take their own lives.
Consequential damage to the digestive system
If you continue to consume alcohol, the first thing you will see is fatty liver, which usually does not cause any symptoms. Subsequently, inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis) up to cirrhosis of the liver (conversion of liver tissue into connective tissue) can develop. Liver cirrhosis is associated with an increasing loss of function of the liver tissue and ultimately leads to death from liver failure.
In addition, cirrhosis of the liver can lead to varicose veins in the esophagus. If these tear, there is an acute risk of bleeding. The risk of liver cancer is also five to 15 times higher.
A damaging effect on the liver occurs in men after consuming around 20 to 24 grams of pure alcohol (this corresponds to around 0.2 to 0.25 liters of wine or 0.5 to 0.6 liters of beer) per day. Women are much more sensitive to alcohol. For them, the critical limit is ten to twelve grams of pure alcohol (0.1 liter of wine or 0.25 liter of beer) per day.
There is an increased risk of inflammation, ulcers, and cancer. There are more tears in the mucous membrane of the esophagus.
The absorption of vital nutrients (for example vitamin B and folic acid) is disturbed, so that deficiency diseases can develop.
It can lead to a very painful and life-threatening chronic inflammation of the organ (inflammation of the pancreas, pancreatitis). This can also lead to the development of diabetes mellitus.
Further consequential damage
Some research shows that moderate alcohol consumption (less than 20 g / day for men and women) may have a protective effect against coronary artery disease. However, the greater the consumption, the greater the risk of sudden cardiac death and cardiac arrhythmias.
Furthermore, the heart muscle is damaged with a pathological enlargement of the heart (dilated cardiomyopathy), which leads to reduced performance. Alcohol also increases blood pressure and thus the risk of stroke.
The reduced blood formation results in anemia, and impaired blood clotting increases the risk of bleeding.
In men it can lead to erectile dysfunction, in women to menstrual disorders and in both sexes to a decrease in sexual desire.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can damage the embryo, which can be manifested by short stature, mental retardation and heart defects, among other things.
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing cancer. This applies in particular to tumor diseases of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, liver, colon and rectum and, in women, of the breast.
Social consequences
The social consequences of alcohol addiction include family problems, difficulties at work, loss of driver's license, and social isolation from the loss of friends and acquaintances. In many cases, alcohol addiction is associated with social decline.
The financial consequences for society due to absenteeism, declining work performance, alcohol-related accidents and direct illness costs caused by alcoholic people were estimated at around 26.7 billion euros in 2013. For this reason, too, alcohol is a major socio-medical problem.
How common is alcohol addiction?
Alcohol addiction is common. There are around 1.9 million alcohol addicts in Germany. The number of unreported cases of alcohol addiction is high.
In Germany, around three percent of adults are considered to be alcohol-dependent. Of the 18- to 24-year-olds, around six percent are now alcohol-dependent.
Another three to four percent engage in abusive alcohol consumption.
According to the Epidemiological Addiction Survey, a total of 9.5 million people consume alcohol in ways that pose a health risk. That is, their consumption goes hand in hand with the increased likelihood of future harm from alcohol. The limit value is assumed to be an alcohol consumption that is above the tolerable upper alcohol level (TOAM) of ten to twelve grams per day for women and 20 to 24 grams per day for men.
In psychiatric clinics, alcohol addicts represent the largest group of patients with around 30 percent. In general hospitals, there are also around ten to 20 percent alcohol addicts.
Alcohol consumption among children and adolescents has increased sharply in recent years. The drinking style in this age group is striking: Komatrinken is particularly popular, as it quickly leads to alcohol poisoning due to the rapid ingestion of large amounts of alcohol. According to current federal statistics, a total of around 26,600 children and adolescents between the ages of ten and 20 ended up in hospital with alcohol poisoning.
How is alcohol addiction diagnosed?
Indications of an alcohol problem are behavioral problems and the physical characteristics of the person affected as described above.
The doctor makes the diagnosis on the basis of a detailed discussion, physical examination, and laboratory findings.
In the conversation, he takes into account the current complaints, previous illnesses and the life and family history of the person concerned. In addition, the doctor asks about the development of alcohol consumption and mental illness.
Blood values that indicate chronic alcohol abuse are the mean cell volume of red blood cells (MCV), the enzyme gamma-GT and the carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT).
Any consequential damage caused by alcoholism can be determined through an extensive physical examination.
For those affected, there are short questionnaires (e.g. Lübeck alcoholism screening test, CAGE questionnaire) that allow a self-assessment of the risk from alcohol. The CAGE questionnaire consists of four questions. If two are answered with "yes", there is a high probability that you are alcohol dependent:
• Have you ever thought about reducing the amount you drink?
• Have you ever been annoyed by other people's criticism of your drinking behavior?
• Did you feel guilty about your drinking habits?
• Did you drink alcohol in the morning to wake up or concentrate?
What are the causes of alcohol addiction?
When asked why some people become addicted and some don't, there is no definitive answer. Scientists today assume that various factors contribute to the development of alcohol addiction. These include individual factors (e.g. genetic stress, life history), the social environment as well as the specific effect of alcohol on the person affected and the availability of the drug.
There are often strong familial clusters of alcohol problems. Science ascribes this phenomenon on the one hand to the fact that children in these families "learn" the behavior to consume alcohol in large quantities from their role models. On the other hand, a genetic predisposition should also be involved in the accumulation.
A specific "alcoholic personality" is no longer assumed to be the cause of alcohol addiction these days.
How does alcohol addiction work?
Even if the individual courses of the disease often differ greatly, a typical course of the development towards alcohol dependence can be sketched out.
Pre-alcoholic phase
This phase is characterized by occasional to permanent drinking for relief. Those affected use alcohol more and more to solve problems, to relieve tension and to reduce stress. After all, they seek relaxation in alcohol almost every day without becoming intoxicated. This drinking behavior lasts for a few months to years, depending on the circumstances. The body gets used to alcohol more and more. There is a development of tolerance.
Initial phase (prodromal phase)
The thoughts revolve around the alcohol more and more often. The behavior is also changing: those affected drink more often secretly and already in the morning, the first glasses greedily, and stock up on alcohol. They now clearly notice that something is wrong with their drinking behavior and develop feelings of guilt. The first memory gaps occur after even small amounts of alcohol. Those affected try hard to avoid the subject of alcohol in front of other people.
Critical phase
Typical for this phase is the incipient loss of control over drinking, i.e. those affected are unable to freely determine the beginning, amount and end of alcohol consumption. In this phase, the mind is almost entirely focused on the alcohol. Self-pity and self-reproach torment, and attempts to remain abstinent fail several times.
The personality is increasingly changing and conflicts arise in the private and professional spheres, as those affected can no longer hide their alcohol consumption from the outside world. They spend more and more time procuring and consuming alcohol and neglect other interests and social contacts. There are already clear physical symptoms as well as withdrawal symptoms with reduced consumption.
Chronic phase
Alcohol now plays the dominant role. Those affected are often drunk for days. Often they have to drink alcohol in the morning, regardless of the form. The sick can hardly resist the alcohol. You can no longer do even the simplest of activities without consuming alcohol. They are increasingly unable to stop using it, even though physical, psychological and social consequences have already occurred.
Due to the mental deterioration, memory performance as well as the ability to criticize and judge decrease. Physical damage develops and in most cases rapid social decline results.
How is alcohol addiction treated?
Basically, four phases of therapy can be distinguished. At each stage of treatment, the individual situation of the person affected must be taken into account. Diagnosing the disease as early as possible is of crucial importance.
Lifelong abstinence from alcohol is the generally recognized therapeutic goal. Many of those affected are unsure and shy away from seeking advice and treatment, especially at the beginning of an addiction. In spite of their own understanding of the necessity, many sufferers are not (yet) ready to completely give up alcohol consumption. Against this background, the new guideline for the treatment of alcohol-related disorders comes to the conclusion that reducing the amount of drinking should also be recognized as a therapeutic goal for alcohol addicts, at least in the meantime. The associated lowering of inhibitions should lead more people to counseling and treatment than before. Abstinence remains the top priority, but if the person concerned is not yet ready, then the counseling or treatment is initially aimed at a reduction.
Contact and motivation phase
Those affected make initial contact with a counseling center or a doctor. The sick - and ideally also their relatives - should receive detailed information.
In the best case, the motivation to drink turns into a motivation to abstain. The doctor can try to consolidate this motivation. He suggests an individual therapy to the patient and determines the further treatment steps.It can only be successful if the patients are ready for therapy themselves.
Withdrawal phase
During the withdrawal phase, the focus is on physical weaning. The aim is for those affected to stop drinking completely. In addition to physical and medicinal measures, motivational support and education also play a role in the withdrawal phase.
Drug-assisted alcohol withdrawal treatment is superior to non-treatment in terms of the severity of the withdrawal symptoms and the frequency of complications. Drug therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome should therefore be carried out taking into account the severity of withdrawal and withdrawal complications. Mild alcohol withdrawal syndromes can be treated with medication. Severe and moderate alcohol withdrawal syndromes should be treated pharmacologically.
Benzodiazepines, for example, are effective in reducing the severity and frequency of alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the frequency of serious complications such as delirium and withdrawal seizures.
If no severe withdrawal symptoms are expected, treatment can be carried out on an outpatient basis. However, if you experience withdrawal symptoms and the threat of delirium, the possibility of rapid medical intervention is very important. For this reason, patients with a high risk of withdrawal symptoms need to be hospitalized in an addiction medicine department of a clinic.
Weaning phase
Physical detoxification is followed by psychological weaning, as detoxification alone is usually not enough to treat alcohol addiction. Those affected can carry out the withdrawal treatment in a specialist clinic or on an outpatient basis over a period of several weeks to months.
The aim is to strengthen the desire for abstinence and to learn to live again without alcohol. In order to achieve this, various psychotherapeutic methods, sports therapy, work therapy, social care and much more are promising.
Follow-up and rehabilitation phase
There is a high risk of relapse during the transition from inpatient treatment to everyday life after discharge from the hospital. Those affected can quickly catch up with "old" problems and behaviors.
In this phase, consequent and close-knit outpatient follow-up care, which is provided by addiction clinics, addiction counseling centers or specialist doctors, is particularly important. Another important component is regular participation in self-help groups (for example Alcoholics Anonymous, Blaukreuzler, Guttempler).
Medicines are also available to support patient abstinence efforts that:
• reduce the desire for alcohol (acamprosate),
• trigger unpleasant physical reactions to alcohol consumption (disulfiram).
However, the drugs cannot replace treatment and therapy by specialist clinics or contact with self-help groups and addiction counseling centers, they can only supplement them.
Various life situations are associated with a particularly high risk of relapse for those affected. Patients should learn to recognize and prepare for such temptations during their treatment. This includes:
The availability of alcohol (supplies, house bar) or the restaurant atmosphere increase the risk of relapse.
Old behaviors break through and tempt you to have a drink at certain times or occasions or in certain places.
Stress and conflict in the relationship can lead to drinking.
Hopes, worries, social fears, depression or joy also carry a risk of relapse.
Especially when they feel well and healed, patients can relapse because they are prone to misjudging that they have overcome their illness and are able to drink alcohol again in a controlled manner.
What does codependency mean?
The term codependence expresses that alcohol addiction always takes place in a social environment. The environment is part of the disease complex. There are often close interactions between those affected and their caregivers. This creates a certain role behavior.
Although loved ones want addicts to give up alcohol, they occasionally develop behaviors that promote the path to addiction and prolong the illness. This can be the case, for example, when relatives try to solve the sick person's problems, take responsibility for him or her or apologize for his behavior, cover up or try to hide it from the outside world.
Medicine speaks of codependency in such cases. This has to be overcome. The path out of addiction can only begin when the patient is confronted with the negative effects of his illness and takes responsibility for his actions and their consequences himself.
What is the prognosis for alcohol addiction?
An exact prognosis for alcoholism is only possible to a very limited extent at the time of the start of therapy. It is very dependent on individual factors, in particular on physical and psychological damage that has already occurred.
In any case, the prerequisite for healing is sufficient self-motivation, without which therapy cannot be successful.
A medium- and long-term stable improvement of the disease (abstinent alcohol dependence) for at least one year after withdrawal treatment is achieved by 40 to 50 percent of those affected. For those who regularly attend a self-help group, the success rate is even higher at over 70 percent. Strictly speaking, however, treatment for alcoholism lasts a lifetime because of the enormous risk of relapse.
What can i do on my own?
Alcohol can basically become a problem for everyone. Precisely because alcohol is part of social life in Germany, it is often difficult to recognize the beginning of a development of dependency.
As soon as there are concerns that personal consumption is too high or that it is difficult to abstain from alcohol, those affected should consult a qualified advice center or a doctor. The addressing of alcohol addiction by relatives or friends can also be an occasion to question one's own alcohol consumption.
Relatives are often particularly dependent on support and support in order to cope with the stresses of living together with an alcoholic. In addition to those affected, relatives can also turn to counseling centers. There are also special self-help groups for relatives. |
• September 10, 2021
How do chemical gloves protect against chemical weatherings
By Tom JenkinsRead moreA chemical glove, used to wear over a long period of time, can act as a kind of protective barrier against chemical exposure, according to a new study.
Chemical gloves are designed to protect against chemicals by protecting the skin, and can be worn for several weeks.
The problem is that, unlike the protection offered by a protective cap, there is no effective barrier between the wearer and the chemical, the researchers found.
The researchers used the gloves to study the effect of a chemical agent on the skin of mice.
They found that a single application of a topical cream containing a chemical compound such as chlorhexidine or formaldehyde made the mice’s skin more sensitive to the agent.
The chemical compound in question was acetone, an irritant that is widely used in perfumes, but it has a more complex mechanism of action than what is described in the study.
The skin is made up of fatty tissue called keratin, which is composed of a protein called keratins (a type of collagen).
The skin becomes coated with the keratin and is protected by the keratin.
As the skin becomes more and more coated with keratin the kerata (a kind of tissue made up primarily of keratin) is exposed to more and less of the chemical agent.
The skin’s barrier system is weakened.
Chemicals released from the agent can damage the kerats on the surface of the skin.
This means that the skin’s keratatin is more sensitive and the chemicals can cause it to break down and become more and better protected.
The study found that when the skin is exposed directly to the chemical agents it was more sensitive than when the chemical was spread over a skin patch or on a cotton pad.
The authors said this was a strong result, but they are not sure whether the protective effect is due to the application of the chemicals or to the chemicals themselves.
However, the results did not seem to be limited to the skin surface.
The mice had significantly fewer signs of chemical exposure when exposed to a piece of cotton and a piece with a small amount of acetone.
These results suggest that the chemical protective effect of chemical gloves is not limited to skin surface but extends to other tissues as well.
Sponsorship Levels and Benefits
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How the Economic Machine Works Summary – Ray Dalio
What is an Economy
• 3 main components of the economic cycle: Productivity Growth, Short-Term Debt Cycle, Long-Term Debt Cycle
• Economy is the sum of all the transactions. Transaction is defined as the buy and sell for goods, services, and financial assets
• Total spending is what drives the economy. All cycles and forces in an economy are driven by transactions
Roles in the Economy
• Biggest buyer/seller in the market are the government: Central government and central bank
• Central government: collect taxes and spends money
• Central bank: Control the amounts of money and credit in the economy by influencing interest rates and printing money
Role of Debt
• Creditworthy borrower: has ability to repay and collateral if he can’t
• Productivity grows overtime but is steady. Therefore, productivity does not contribute to the swings in the economic cycle
• Debt allows for us to consume more than we product when we acquire it, and forces us to consume less in the future for when we must pay it back
Debt and Economic Cycle
• Short-term cycle: when credit is easily available, it produces an expansion and vice versa. Central bank controls the short-term cycle through interest rates. Debt continues to increase, but the economy continues to expand in the long-term.
• Long-term cycle: At some point, debt repayments grow faster than income and then the bubble bursts. Economy begins deleveraging, asset prices drop, stock asset crashes, income drops, credit drops. Lowing interest rates can’t stimulate economy since interest rates are already nearing 0.
• Short-term cycles: 5-8 years
• Long-term cycles: 75-100 years
• Depressions last about 2-3 years and it takes 7-10 years for the reflation period
• Credit is bad when it finances over-consumption that can’t be paid back, but is good if it efficiently allocates resources so you can pay back the debt
• Inflation: When spending increases faster than the increase in supply in goods/services, prices increase
How to Recovery from Recession
• 4 ways to recover from a recession: cut spending, reduce debt, redistribute wealth, print money
• If central bank prints money, it can only buy financial assets => stocks + government bonds
• Central government can buy goods and services and put money in the hands directly to people, but they cannot print money
• To stimulate the economy, central bank buys government bonds which is lending money to the government to stimulate the economy
3 Rules of Thumb:
1. Don’t have debt rise faster than income
2. Don’t have income rise faster than productivity
3. Do all that you can to raise your productivity |
Exactly What Do Cannabis Do On Your Behalf?
It has been verified that marijuana has lots of health benefits which include curing the symptoms of ailments for instance cancer and Aids. One of several marijuana added benefits that individuals are most serious about is when it might strengthen memory, on the other hand. Experts have found the fact that active component seen in marijuana termed THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, actually can customize the function of neurons from the human brain. This transformation leads to a decrease in the development of long term storage, which happens to be vital for folks who are afflicted by dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Scientists and medical experts are studying the different ways in which cannabis positive aspects the brain but are incredibly keen on understading about the emotional effects that marijuana has about the individual. Just about the most essential of the research projects is presently simply being carried out via the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. The studies is examining the effects of marijuana on teenagers between the ages of 20 and 18-4.
In their review, the research workers are looking into how a two various levels of THC affect the purpose of the element of the human brain that is mainly responsible for remembrance. When THC and CBD are blended with water, it could possibly lower the overall occurrence of your drinking water in the brain that is critical for recollection operate. On top of that, the professionals are trying to figure out in case the power of CBD essentially has the identical result as THC with this distinct section of the human brain. The effects are required to always be quite effective sooner or later.
There are plenty of Vancouver Weed Delivery that research workers are starting to understand. One of those is when marijuana reduces the start of Alzheimer's ailment. Preliminary studies have shown that elderly people who fumes marijuana on a regular basis do not have problems with the refuse in remembrance and convinced that is assigned to Alzheimer's disease. Other studies have shown that marijuana can in fact increase the effectiveness on consistent checks of storage and wondering together with knowing disabilities and developmental delays amid selected demographics. Additionally, there have been some preliminary research that showed evidence that kids can usually benefit from the use of marijuana.
Most people ponder just what the potential health connection between cannabis are. It may have a assortment of temporary, as well as long lasting effects on the mental faculties and recollection,. That's the answer. such a good point -term results of marijuana incorporate an increase in drowsiness which will make to get an greater potential for falling asleep, as well as decreased outcome occasions. This is caused by an raised bloodstream standard of dopamine, which offers the brain with a normal sedative. Longer term effects of cannabis can result in a whole lot worse simple and prolonged phrase loss of memory and a reduction in mental ability.
Just about the most thrilling cannabis positive aspects containing recently been discovered is just how it can help to relieve the signs and symptoms of despair. Some people which have made an effort to cure their depression with regular drugs found that they were not helpful until eventually they commenced making use of marijuana. The key reason why this really is happens because besides the cannabis contain the required degree of harsh chemicals that help to make your brain feel happy, but also has the required numbers of essential fatty acids that will be tip for producing serotonin, probably the most significant chemicals in your body, work properly. Serotonin is included in the a feeling of thoughts and state of mind and is very important for the healthful emotionally charged status.
Other popular advantages of marijuana include a diminished chance of establishing chronic soreness and various other healthcare diseases for example cancers and glaucoma. If you suffer from continual suffering, you might be shocked to learn that medical weed can actually help you to reduce the quantity of discomfort you experience. It could be extremely very helpful so as to control your accidents so that you do not have to attend the hospital frequently when you are someone who tends to get seriously hurt often. Should you be a person who has obtained cerebral vascular accidents or other kinds of head problems, then working with cannabis can help minimize many of the outcomes the mind has when these issues take place.
Despite the fact that there are many benefits which can be produced from frequent cannabis use, it is essential to note that the long run health results could be the key. just click the up coming web site will see they may have a lesser amount of pain along with other body problems than no-people and they are usually more awake and notify. https://budora.co of you understand about how exactly marijuana impacts the brain, the greater amount of you will understand how critical it is to use it responsibly and when it comes to possible to attempt to continue to be free from bad negative effects. With suitable exploration and knowledge, there is no explanation why you should not developed into a standard individual of marijuana. |
Wegener’s Disease Paper
The topic of the research paper will be any disease or condition of the body. The paper must include a thorough description of the disease/condition; current statistics of those affected; explanations on how the various body systems are affected; and any medications/treatments that are available, if any. I would suggest you use the outline of: Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Organ system(1-3 pages), Pathology leading to the disease/condition (1-3 pages), Treatment Options, to include at least one in-depth look at a lifestyle change, drug or procedure that can be utilized to fix the pathology, (find a research study or case study that demonstrates the effectiveness of this treatment) (1-3 Pages). A research paper should be 5-7 pages at a minimum not including the title page, abstract and reference page. I really want to see you go into some details on how things should normally work, how things are not working correctly leading to symptoms and then how to fix or possibly bring the anatomy and physiology back towards normal.
Your paper should be written in the THIRD PERSON taking the individual out of the writing and avoiding pronouns such as I, we, my, our (first person) and you, yours, your, us, we (second person). You should deal with facts and not opinions, thus providing citations within your paper and on your reference page. Focus on the subject itself and not on your feelings about the subject. The use of third person retains a formal tone in your writing. The use of first and second person can make a document seem more casual.
5 pages
APA 7 References
SKU: wegeners-disease-paper Category: |
Flux of Electric Current
In Electromagnetism, the electric field is defined as the measure of the flow of electric current through a given area. It is a property of an electric field that may be thought as electric field lines that intersect at a particular area. These field lines arise from +ve electric charges and cut off at -ve charges. Electric flux is the rate at which the electric field flows through a given area. The electric flux is directly proportional to the number of electric field lines going through the virtual surface. Electric field lines that are conducted out of a sealed ( closed ) surface are +ve, and the lines that are carried into on a sealed surface are considered -ve.
Suppose if there is no net charge within a sealed surface than the field line that is conducted into the surface it continues to travel inwards of the surface and then it is led outwards somewhere on the surface. The net electric flux is ‘0’ when -ve flux is equal to +ve flux in magnitude. The unit of flux is Volt metres (V m)
Let E be the electric intensity at a point in an electric field. If the normal to the area A is along the direction of the electric field, then the flux through the small area A is given as
Φ = EA
If the normal to the area is at an angle θ to the direction of the field then the flux through the area A is given as
Electric Flux
Φ = EACos θ
Zero Flux: No electric field lines will pass through a surface when it placed parallel to the electric field.
Φ = EACos θ
= EA Cos 900
= EA (0) = 0
Maximum Flux: The maximum electric field lines of force passes through a surface when it is placed perpendicular to the electric field.
Φ = EACos θ
= EA Cos 00
= EA (1) = EA
Gauss’s Law
For an electric field, the mathematical relation between an enclosed charge and electric field is given by Gauss’s Law. It is one of the core law in electromagnetism. The Gauss law states that the total electric flux through a hypothetical closed surface is always equal to (1/ε0) times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
Φ = EACos θ = q/ε0
It simplifies the calculation for electric field for the geometry of sufficient symmetry. It is an important tool has it allows the appraisal of the volume of enclosed charges by mapping the field on a surface.
Test Your Knowledge On Flux Of Electric Current! |
• Container
• Image
• Container Image
• Image Layer
• Registry
• Repository
• Tag
• Base Image
• Platform Image
• Layer
Containers 101
To understand container terminology, it’s important to understand exactly what a container is - with technical precision. A container is really two different things. Like a normal Linux program, containers really have two states - rest and running. When at rest, a container is a file (or set of files) that is saved on disk. This is referred to as a Container Image or Container Repository. When you type the command to start a container, the Container Engine unpacks the required files and meta-data, then hands them off to the the Linux kernel. Starting a container is very similar to starting a normal Linux process and requires making an API call to the Linux kernel. This API call typically initiates extra isolation and mounts a copy of the files that were in the container image. Once running, Containers are just a Linux process. The process for starting containers, as well as the image format on disk, are defined and governed by standards.
There are several competing Container Image formats (Docker, Appc, LXD), but the industry is moving forward with a standard governed under the Open Container Initiative - sometimes referred to simply as Open Containers or the OCI. The scope of the OCI includes a Container Image Format Specification, which defines the on-disk format for container images as well as the meta-data which defines things like hardware architecture and the operating system (Linux, Windows, etc). An industry wide container image format enables ecosystems of software to flourish - different individual contributors, projects, and vendors are able to build images and tooling, which are interoperable. Users want interoperability between tools for signing, scanning, building, running, moving and managing container images.
There are also several competing Container Engines including Docker, CRI-O, RailcarRKT, LXC. These Container Engines take a Container Image and turn it into a Container (aka running processes). How this happens is governed by the scope of the OCI which includes a Container Runtime Specification and a Reference Runtime Implementation called RunC. This reference implementation is open source, governed by a community development model, and commonly used by many container engines to communicate with the host kernel when creating containers.
Tools which target the OCI Container Image Format Specification and Container Runtime Specification ensure portability between a broad ecosystem of container platforms, container engines, and supporting tools across cloud providers and on premise architectures. Understanding the nomenclature, container standards, and the architecture of the building blocks of containers, will ensure that you can communicate with other architects to build scalable & supportable containerized applications and environments to productively run containers for years to come.
Basic Vocabulary
Container Image
See also Repository.
A container image, in its simplest definition, is a file which is pulled down from a Registry Server and used locally as a mount point when starting Containers. The container community uses “container image” quite a bit, but this nomenclature can be quite confusing. Docker, RKT, and even LXD, operate on the concept of pulling remote files and running them as a Container. Each of these technologies treats container images in different ways. LXD pulls a single container image (single layer), while docker and RKT use OCI-based images which can be made up of multiple layers.
Technically, it is much more complicated than a single file on a Registry Server. When people use the term "container image," they often mean to imply Repository and referring to a bundle of multiple container Image Layers as well as metadata which provides extra information about the layers.
Implicit in the concept of a container image is the concept of a Container Image Format.
Container Image Format
See Container Image and Background.
Historically, each Container Engine had its container images format. LXD, RKT, and Docker all had their own image formats. Some were made up of a single layer, while others were made up of a bunch of layers in a tree structure. Today, almost all major tools and engines have moved to a format defined by the Open Container Initiative (OCI).This image format defines the layers and metadata within a container image. Essentially, the OCI image format defines a container image composed of tar files for each layer, and a manifest.json file with the metadata.
The Open Container Initiative (OCI), which was originally based on the Docker V2 image format, has successfully unified a wide ecosystem of container engines, cloud providers and tools providers (security scanning, signing, building and moving). This will help protect users as the invest in knowledge, and tooling in their environments.
Container Engine
See also Container Runtime.
A container engine is a piece of software that accepts user requests, including command line options, pulls images, and from the end user's perspective runs the container. There are many container engines, including docker, RKT, CRI-O, and LXD. Also, many cloud providers, Platforms as a Service (PaaS), and Container Platforms have their own built-in container engines which consume Docker or OCI compliant Container Images. Having an industry standard Container Image Format allows interoperability between all of these different platforms.
Going one layer deeper, most container engines don't actually run the containers, they rely on an OCI compliant runtime like runc. Typically, the container engine is responsible:
• Handling user input
• Handling input over an API often from a Container Orchestrator
• Pulling the Container Images from the Registry Server
• Expanding decompressing and expanding the container image on disk using a Graph Driver (block, or file depending on driver)
• Preparing a container mount point, typically on copy-on-write storage (again block or file depending on driver)
• Preparing the metadata which will be passed to the container Container Runtime to start the Container correctly
• Using some defaults from the container image (ex.ArchX86)
• Using user input to override defaults in the container image (ex. CMD, ENTRYPOINT)
• Using defaults specified by the container image (ex. SECCOM rules)
• Calling the Container Runtime
For an even deeper understanding, please see Understanding the Container Standards. See also Container Runtime.
Containers have existed within operating systems for quite a long time. A container is the runtime instantiation of a Container Image. A container is a standard Linux process typically created through a clone() system call instead of fork() or exec(). Also, containers are often isolated further through the use of cgroups, SELinux or AppArmor.
Container Host
The container host is the system that runs the containerized processes, often simply called containers. This could be, for example, RHEL Atomic Host running in a VM, as an instance in the public cloud, or on bare metal in your data center. Once a container image (aka repository) is pulled from a Registry Server to the local container host, it is said to be in the local cache.
Determining which repositories are synchronized to the local cache can be done with the following command:
[root@rhel7 ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE latest 6883d5422f4e 3 weeks ago 201.7 MB
Registry Server
A registry server is essentially a fancy file server that is used to store docker repositories. Typically, the registry server is specified as a normal DNS name and optionally a port number to connect to. Much of the value in the docker ecosystem comes from the ability to push and pull repositories from registry servers.
When a docker daemon does not have a locally cached copy of a repository, it will automatically pull it from a registry server. Most Linux distributions have the docker daemon configured to pull from but it is configurable on some Linux distributions. For example, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is configured to pull repositories from first, then it will try (Docker Hub).
It is important to stress that there is implicit trust in the registry server. You must determine how much you trust the content provided by the registry and you may want to allow or block certain registries. In addition to security, there are other concerns such as users having access to licensed software and compliance issues. The simplicity with which docker allows users to pull software makes it critical that you trust upstream content.
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the default docker registry is configurable. Specific registry servers can be added or blocked in RHEL7 and RHEL7 Atomic by modifying the configuration file:
vi /etc/sysconfig/docker
In RHEL7 and RHEL 7 Atomic, Red Hat’s registry server is configured out of the box:
As a matter of security, it may be useful to block public docker repositories such as DockerHub:
# BLOCK_REGISTRY='--block-registry'
Red Hat also offers an integrated Registry Server with OpenShift Container Platform, a standalone enterprise Registry Server with Quay Enterprise, as well as cloud based, public and private repositories on
Container Orchestration
Often teams start with installing a Container Host, then pulling some Container Images. Then they move on to building some new Container Images and pushing them to a Registry Server to share with others on their team. After a while they want to wire a few containers together and deploy them as a unit. Finally, at some point, they want to push that unit into a pipeline (Dev/QA/Prod) leading towards production. This is the path towards the realization that orchestration is needed.
A container orchestrator really does two things:
1. Dynamically schedules container workloads within a cluster of computers. This is often referred to as distributed computing.
2. Provides a standardized application definition file (kube yaml, docker compose, etc)
The above two features provide many capabilities:
1. Allows containers within an application to be scheduled completely separately. This is useful if:
• Allows the utilization of large clusters of Container Hosts
• Individual containers fail (process hang, out of memory (OOM))
• Container Hosts fail (disk, network, reboot)
• Container Engines fail (corruption, restart)
• Individual containers need to be scaled up, or scaled down
2. It's easy to deploy new instances of the same application into new environments. In a cloud native world, or traditional world, there are many reasons why you might want to do this including:
• On developers laptop with a container orchestrator running
• On a shared development environment in a private namespace
• On a shared development environment in an internally public namespace for visibility and testing
• On a quality assurance (QA) environment internally
• On a load test environment dynamically provisioned and deprovisioned in the cloud
• On a gold environment to test compatibility with production
• On a production environment
• On a disaster recovery environment
• On a new production environment which has upgraded Container Hosts, Container Engines, or container orchestrators
• On a new production environment with the same versions of Container Host, Container Engine, and container orchestrator in a new geolocation (APAC, EMEA, etc)
There are many container schedulers being developed in the community and by vendors. Historically, Swarm, Mesos, and Kubernetes were the big three, but recently even Docker and Mesosphere have announced support for Kubernetes - as has almost every major cloud service provider. Kubernetes has become the defacto standard in container orchestration, similar to Linux before it. If you are looking at container orchestration, Red Hat recommends our enterprise distribution called OpenShift.
Advanced Vocabulary
Container Runtime
A container runtime a lower level component typically used in a Container Engine but can also be used by hand for testing. The Open Containers Initiative (OCI) Runtime Standard reference implementation is runc. This is the most widely used container runtime, but there are others OCI compliant runtimes, such as crun, railcar, and katacontainers. Docker, CRI-O, and many other Container Engines rely on runc.
The container runtime is responsible for:
• Consuming the container mount point provided by the Container Engine (can also be a plain directory for testing)
• Consuming the container metadata provided by the Container Engine (can be a also be a manually crafted config.json for testing)
• Communicating with the kernel to start containerized processes (clone system call)
• Setting up cgroups
• Setting up SELinux Policy
• Setting up App Armor rules
To provide a bit of history, when the Docker engine was first created it relied on LXC as the container runtime. Later, the Docker team developed their own library called libcontainer to start containers. This library was written in Golang, and compiled into the original Docker engines. Finally, when the OCI was created, Docker donated the libcontainer code and turned it into a standalone utility called runc. Now, runc is the reference implementation and used by other Container Engines such as CRI-O. At the lowest level, this provides the ability to start a container consistently, no matter the container engine. Runc is a very terse utility and expects a mount point (directory) and meta-data (config.json) to be provided to it. See this tutorial for more on runc.
Image Layer
Repositories are often referred to as images or container images, but actually they are made up of one or more layers. Image layers in a repository are connected together in a parent-child relationship. Each image layer represents changes between itself and the parent layer.
Below, we are going to inspect the layers of a repository on the local container host. Since Docker 1.7, there is no native tooling to inspect image layers in a local repository (there are tools for online registries). With the help of a tool called Dockviz, you can quickly inspect all of the layers. Notice that each layer has tag and a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID). The following command will returned shortened versions of the UUID that are typically unique enough to work with on a single machine. If you need to the full UUID, use the --no-trunc option.
docker run --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock nate/dockviz images -t
├─2332d8973c93 Virtual Size: 187.7 MB
│ └─ea358092da77 Virtual Size: 187.9 MB
│ └─a467a7c6794f Virtual Size: 187.9 MB
│ └─ca4d7b1b9a51 Virtual Size: 187.9 MB
│ └─4084976dd96d Virtual Size: 384.2 MB
│ └─943128b20e28 Virtual Size: 386.7 MB
│ └─db20cc018f56 Virtual Size: 386.7 MB
│ └─45b3c59b9130 Virtual Size: 398.2 MB
│ └─91275de1a5d7 Virtual Size: 422.8 MB
│ └─e7a97058d51f Virtual Size: 422.8 MB
│ └─d5c963edfcb2 Virtual Size: 422.8 MB
│ └─5cfc0ce98e02 Virtual Size: 422.8 MB
│ └─7728f71a4bcd Virtual Size: 422.8 MB
│ └─0542f67da01b Virtual Size: 422.8 MB Tags:
Notice, that the “” repository is actually made up of many images layers. More importantly, notice that a user could potentially “run” a container based off of any one of these layers. The following command is perfectly valid, though not guaranteed to have been tested or actually even work correctly. Typically, an image builder will tag (create a name for) specific layers that you should use:
docker run -it 45b3c59b9130 bash
Repositories are constructed this way because whenever an image builder creates a new image, the differences are saved as a layer. There are two main ways that new layers are created in a repository. First, if building an image manually, each “commit” creates a new layer. If the image builder is building an image with a Dockerfile, each directive in the file creates a new layer. It is useful to have visibility into what has changed in a container repository between each layer.
Even though a user can designate that a container mount and start from any layer in a repository, they shouldn’t necessarily do that. When an image builder creates a new repository, they will typically label the best image layers to use. These are called tags and are a tool for container image builders to communicate to container image consumers which layers are best to consume. Typically, tags are used to designate versions of software within in the repository. This is by convention only - in reality, the OCI nor any other standard mandates what tags can be used for, and they can be abused for anything that a user wants. Be careful dong this because it can create a lot of confusion in development, operations and architecture teams, so document it it well if you use it for anything other than software version.
There is one special tag - latest - which typically points to the layer containing the latest version of software in the repository. This special tag still just points to an image layer, like any other tag, so it can be abused.
To remotely view the tags available in a repository, run the following command (the jq utility makes the output a lot more readable):
curl -s | jq
"7.0-21": "e1f5733f050b2488a17b7630cb038bfbea8b7bdfa9bdfb99e63a33117e28d02f",
"7.0-23": "bef54b8f8a2fdd221734f1da404d4c0a7d07ee9169b1443a338ab54236c8c91a",
"7.0-27": "8e6704f39a3d4a0c82ec7262ad683a9d1d9a281e3c1ebbb64c045b9af39b3940",
"7.1-11": "d0a516b529ab1adda28429cae5985cab9db93bfd8d301b3a94d22299af72914b",
"7.1-12": "275be1d3d0709a06ff1ae38d0d5402bc8f0eeac44812e5ec1df4a9e99214eb9a",
"7.1-16": "82ad5fa11820c2889c60f7f748d67aab04400700c581843db0d1e68735327443",
"7.1-24": "c4f590bbcbe329a77c00fea33a3a960063072041489012061ec3a134baba50d6",
"7.1-4": "10acc31def5d6f249b548e01e8ffbaccfd61af0240c17315a7ad393d022c5ca2",
"7.1-6": "65de4a13fc7cf28b4376e65efa31c5c3805e18da4eb01ad0c8b8801f4a10bc16",
"7.1-9": "e3c92c6cff3543d19d0c9a24c72cd3840f8ba3ee00357f997b786e8939efef2f",
"7.2": "6c3a84d798dc449313787502060b6d5b4694d7527d64a7c99ba199e3b2df834e",
"7.2-2": "58958c7fafb7e1a71650bc7bdbb9f5fd634f3545b00ec7d390b2075db511327d",
"7.2-35": "6883d5422f4ec2810e1312c0e3e5a902142e2a8185cd3a1124b459a7c38dc55b",
"7.2-38": "6c3a84d798dc449313787502060b6d5b4694d7527d64a7c99ba199e3b2df834e",
"latest": "6c3a84d798dc449313787502060b6d5b4694d7527d64a7c99ba199e3b2df834e"
When using the docker command, a repository is what is specified on the command line, not an image. In the following command, “rhel7” is the repository.
docker pull rhel7
This is actually expanded automatically to:
docker pull
This can be confusing, and many people refer to this as an image or a container image. In fact, the docker images sub-command is what is used to list the locally available repositories. Conceptually, these repositories can be thought of as container images, but it’s important to realize that these repositories are actually made up of layers and include metadata about in a file referred to as the manifest (manifest.json):
docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE latest 6883d5422f4e 4 weeks ago 201.7 MB latest 6883d5422f4e 4 weeks ago 201.7 MB latest 05c3d56ba777 4 weeks ago 166.1 MB latest 05c3d56ba777 4 weeks ago 166.1 MB
When we specify the repository on the command line, the Container Engine is doing some extra work for you. In this case, the docker daemon (not the client tool) is configured with a list of servers to search. In our example above, the daemon will search for the “rhel7” repository on each of the configured servers.
In the above command, only the repository name was specified, but it’s also possible to specify a full URL with the docker client. To highlight this, let’s start with dissecting a full URL.
Another way you will often see this specified is:
The full URL is made up of a standard server name, a namespace, and optionally a tag. There are actually many permutations of how to specify a URL and as you explore the docker ecosystem, you will find that many pieces are optional. The following commands are all valid and all pull some permutation of the same repository:
docker pull
docker pull
docker pull
docker pull rhel7/rhel:latest
A namespace is a tool for separating groups of repositories. On the public DockerHub, the namespace is typically the username of the person sharing the image, but can also be a group name, or a logical name.
Red Hat uses the namespace to separate groups of repositories based on products listed on the Red Hat Federated Registry server. Here are some example results returned by Notice, the last result is actually listed on another registry server. This is because Red Hat works to also list repositories on our partner’s registry servers:
Notice, that sometimes the full URL does not need to be specified. In this case, there is a default repository for a given namespace. If a user only specifies the fedora namespace, the latest tag from the default repository will be pulled to the local server. So, running the following commands is essentially the same, each one more specific:
docker pull fedora
docker pull
docker pull
Kernel Namespace
A kernel namespace is completely different than the namespace we are referring to when discussing Repositories and Registry Servers. When discussing containers, Kernel namespaces are perhaps the most important data structure, because they enable containers as we know them today. Kernel namespaces enable each container to have it's own mount points, network interfaces, user identifiers, process identifiers, etc.
When you type a command in a Bash terminal and hit enter, Bash makes a request to the kernel to create a normal Linux process using a version of the exec() system call. A container is special because when you send a request to a container engine like docker, the docker daemon makes a request to the kernel to create a containerized process using a different system call called clone(). This clone() system call is special because it can create a process with its own virtual mount points, process ids, user ids, network interfaces, hostname, etc
While, technically, there is no single data structure in Linux that represents a container, kernel namespaces and the clone() system call are as close as it comes.
Graph Driver
When the end user specifies the Tag of a container image to run - by default this is the latest Tag - the graph driver unpacks all of the dependent Image Layers necessary to construct the data in the selected TagThe graph driver is the piece of software that maps the necessary image layers in the Repository to a piece of local storage. The container image layers can be mapped to a directory using a driver like Overlay2 or in block storage using a driver like Device Mapper. Drivers include: aufs, devicemapper, btrfs, zfs, and overlayfs.
When the container is started, the image layers are mounted read-only with a kernel namespace. The Image Layers from the Repository are always mounted read only but by default, a separate copy-on-write layer is also set up. This allows the containerized process to write data within the container. When data is written, it is stored in the copy-on-write layer, on the underlying host. This copy-on-write layer can be disabled by running the container with an option such as --readonly.
The docker daemon has it's own set of Graph Drivers and there are other open source libraries which provide Graph Drivers such as containers/images which is used in tools like CRI-O, Skopeo and other container engines.
Determining which graph driver you are using can be done with the docker info command:
[root@rhel7 ~]# docker info
Storage Driver: devicemapper
Pool Name: docker-253:1-884266-pool
Pool Blocksize: 65.54 kB
Backing Filesystem: xfs
Data file: /dev/loop0
Metadata file: /dev/loop1
Data Space Used: 3.037 GB
Data Space Total: 107.4 GB
Data Space Available: 2.56 GB
Metadata Space Used: 2.707 MB
Metadata Space Total: 2.147 GB
Metadata Space Available: 2.145 GB
Udev Sync Supported: true
Deferred Removal Enabled: false
Library Version: 1.02.107-RHEL7 (2015-10-14)
Container Use Cases
There are many types of Container design patterns forming. Since containers are the run time version of a container image, the way it is built is tightly coupled to how it is run.
Some Container Images are designed to be run without privilege, while others are more specialized and require root-like privileges. There are many dimensions in which patterns can be evaluated and often users will see multiple patterns or use cases tackled together in one container image/container.
This section will delve into some of the common use cases that users are tackling with containers.
Application Containers
Application containers are the most popular form of container. These are what developers and application owner's care about. Application containers contain the code that developers work on. They also include things like MySQL, Apache, MongoDB, and or Node.js.
There is a great ecosystem of application containers forming. Projects like Software Collections are providing secure and supportable applications container images for use with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. At the same time, Red Hat community members are driving some great cutting edge applications containers.
Red Hat believes that Application Containers should not typically require special privileges to run their workloads. That said, production container environments typically require much more than just non-privileged application containers to provide other supporting services.
Operating System Containers
See also System Containers
Operating System Containers are containers which are treated more like a full virtual operating system. Operating System Containers still share a host kernel, but run a full init system which allows them to easily run multiple processes. LXC and LXD are examples of Operating System Containers because they are treated much like a full virtual machine.
yum install mysql
systemctl enable mysql
This makes it easier to migrate existing applications. Red Hat is working hard to make Operating System Containers easier by enabling systemd to run inside a container and by enabling management with machined. While many customers aren't (yet) ready to adopt micro-services, they can still gain benefits from adopting image based containers as a software delivery model.
Pet Containers
While Red Hat certainly recommends, supports and evangelizes the use cloud native patterns for new application development, in reality not all existing applications will be rewritten to take advantage of new patterns. Many existing applications are one of a kind, and one of kind applications are often referred to as Pets. Containers built specifically to handle these pet applications are sometimes referred to as Pet Containers
Super Privileged Containers
Tools & Operating System Software
Architecture of Containers
The way a container is saved on disk (i.e. its image format) can have a dramatic affect on how it is run. For example, a container which is designed to run sssd needs to have special privileges whenever it's run, or it can't do its job. The following is a short list of patterns that are forming in the container community:
Application Images
Base Images
Builder Images
These are a specialized form of container image which produce application container images as offspring. They include everything but a developer's source code. Builder images include operating system libraries, language runtimes, middleware, and the source-to-image tooling.
Containerized Components
First, microservices are driving the use of best of breed components - this is also driving the use of more components combined together to build a single application. Containerized components are meeting the need to deploy an expanding quantity of complex software more quickly and easily. Each of these components can have different revisions, and container images help enable this. Application definitions such as Kubernetes/OpenShift deployments yaml/json, open service broker, OpenShift Templates, and Helm Charts are all making it possible to define applications at a higher level.
Second, not all pieces of software are easy to deploy as containers. Sometimes, it makes sense to containerize only certain components which are easier to move to containers or provide more value to the overall project. With multi-service application, some services may be deployed as containers, while others may be deployed through traditional a traditional methodology such as an RPM or installer script - see Pet Containers. But, other components might be difficult to put into containers because they are too tightly coupled to break up, need access to special hardware, or perhaps requires lower level kernel APIs, etc. Within a larger application there will likely be parts of the application that can be containerized, and parts that can't. Containerized components represent the parts that can and are containerized. Containerized components are intended to be ran as part of a specific application, not standalone. It’s important to understand that containerized components are not designed to function on their own. They provide value to a larger piece of software, but provide very little value on their own.
For example, when OpenShift Enterprise 3.0 was released, most of the core code was deployed using RPMs, but after installation administrators deployed the router and registry as containers. With the release of OpenShift 3.1 an option was added to the installer to deploy the master, node, openvswitch and etcd components as containers - after installation, administrators were given the option to deploy elasticsearch, fluentd, and kibana as containers.
While the OpenShift installer still makes modifications to a server’s file system, all of the major software components can now be installed using container images. What makes these containerized components is that, for example, an instance of the etcd image built into OpenShift should and would never be used to store data for your customer facing application code, because it is a containerized component designed to be run as part of OpenShift Container Platform.
With the latest releases of OpenShift, there is a trend towards more and more containerized components. The containerized component pattern is becoming more and more common and other software vendors are seeing an advantage to deploying as containerized components.
Deployer Images
As an example, the “image/container type” pattern is used to deploy the logging and metrics in OpenShift. Deploying these components with a deployer container allows the OpenShift engineering team to control start order of the different components and make sure they are all up and running together.
Intermediate Images
Intermodal Container Images
Intermodal container images, analogous to intermodal shipping containers, are images that have hybrid architectures. For example, many Red Hat Software Collections images can be used in two ways. First, they can be used as simple Application Containers running a fully contained Ruby on Rails and Apache server. Second, they can be used as Builder Images inside of OpenShift Container Platform. In this case, the output child images which contain Ruby on Rails, Apache, and the application code which the source to image process was pointed towards during the build phase.
System Containers
When system software is distributed as a container, it often needs to run super privileged. To make this deployment easier, and to allow these containers to start before the container runtime or orchestration, Red Hat developed a special container pattern called System Containers. System Containers start early in the boot process and rely on the atomic command and systemd to be started independent of any container runtime or orchestration. Red Hat provides System Containers for many pieces of software including rsyslog, cockpit, etcd, and flanneld. In the future, Red Hat will expand the list.
This design pattern will make it easier for administrators to add these services to Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Atomic Host in a modular way.
Containers are quite easy to consume, but when building a production container environment, it shifts the complexity behind the scenes. To be able to discuss architectures, and how you will build your environment, it's important to have shared nomenclature. There are a lot of pitfalls as you dig deeper into building and architecting your environment. We leave you with a couple of critical ones to remember.
People often use the words container image and repository interchangeably and the docker sub-commands don’t make a distinction between an image and a repository. The commands are quite easy to use, but once architecture discussions start, it’s important to understand that a repository is really the central data structure.
It’s also quite easy to misunderstand the difference between a namespace, repository, image layer, and tag. Each of these has an architectural purpose. While different vendors, and users are using them for different purposes, they are tools in our toolbox.
The goal of this article is to leave you with the ability to command this nomenclature so that more sophisticated architectures can be created. For example, imagine that you have just been charged with building an infrastructure that limits, based on role, which namespaces, repositories, and even which image layers and tags can be pushed and pulled based on business rules. Finally, remember that how a container image is built will have profound effect on how it is to be run (orchestrated, privileged, etc).
For further reading, check out the Architecting Containers series:
As always, if you have comments or questions, please leave a message below.
Last updated: August 24, 2021 |
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Plant Tissue Culture Pdf
advantages and disadvantages of plant tissue culture pdf
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Published: 09.05.2021
What is Plant Tissue Culture? Plant Tissue Culture is a process that uses plant material in a growing medium to grow new platelets. The initial plant material is cultured and developed in a specific and tightly controlled environment. Otherwise known as micropropagation, the Tissue Culture Process helps you to grow multiple uniform plants in quick succession.
Plant tissue culture
Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture. Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions [ 1 ] often to produce the clones of plants. The resultant clones are true-to type of the selected genotype. The controlled conditions provide the culture an environment conducive for their growth and multiplication. These conditions include proper supply of nutrients, pH medium, adequate temperature and proper gaseous and liquid environment.
Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops pp Cite as. Plant tissue culture is used to achieve many different objectives which have in common the growth of microbe-free plant material in an aseptic environment. The objective of this conference is the use of plant tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops, and my role is to discuss the principles of plant tissue culture with respect to this objective. I have interpreted this to mean, to describe which plant tissue culture techniques we use and why we use them, that is, what are our reasons for proceeding in the way we do. Willy-nilly, some of the reasons are scientific and others are economic and marketplace-wise. I will not be dwelling on the latter even though it is of considerable and underlying importance. By marketplace-wise, I mean, we should have sound, realistic marketplace reasons for contemplating the use of tissue culture for a particular species.
disadvantages of tissue culture
The production of new plants from a small piece of plant tissue or cells removed from the growing tips of a plant in a suitable growth medium is called tissue culture or culture solution. The process of tissue culture for producing new plants is as follows: 1. A small piece of plant tissue is taken from the growing point of the plant or from the tip of the plant and placed on a sterile jelly which contains nutrients and plant hormones. The callus is then transferred to another jelly containing suitable plant hormones which stimulate the callus to develop roots. The callus with developed roots is then put on a yet another jelly containing different hormones which stimulate the development of shoots. The callus having roots and shoots separates into tiny plantlets.
Principles of Plant Tissue Culture
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including:.
Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities
Biotech Articles.
Disadvantages of Tissue Culture
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Хакеры подобны гиенам: это одна большая семья, радостно возвещающая о любой возможности поживиться. Лиланд Фонтейн решил, что с него довольно этого зрелища. - Выключите, - приказал. - Выключите эту чертовщину. Джабба смотрел прямо перед собой, как капитан тонущего корабля.
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Disadvantages of Tissue Culture. Tissue Culture can require more labor and cost more money. There is a chance that the propagated plants will be less resilient to diseases due to the type of environment they are grown in.
The first method involving the meristems and induction of multiple shoots is the preferred method for the micropropagation industry since the risks of somaclonal variation genetic variation induced in tissue culture are minimal when compared to the other two methods.
Restituto P.
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The Philosophy of Religion Essay Example
For as long as Christianity and like religions have existed philosophers, scientists and all people alike have feuded over the legitimacy of the existence of God. As the years have gone by the tensions between the believers and the non-believers have grown, as well as their resonating opinions of the big question: does God exist? Since we can not see God, hear God, nor touch God, it is hard to conceive him in any way that makes sense, and therefore it is easier to assume that he does not exist. Through the use of philosophical arguments, one can decide on their own if they believe God exists or not. While even some of the greatest philosophical findings in favor of Christianity can be countered with opposing arguments that pose threats to the accuracy of these ideas, many religious people find at least some security in their faith when exploring these theories. Ontological, causal and teleological arguments, stemming from some of the greatest religious philosophers of all time, all do a sufficient job in supporting the idea that God probably exists.
One of the most convincing, and controversial, arguments in favor of Christianity is the ontological argument. The ontological argument was first introduced by philosopher, Saint Anselm, who served as an archbishop to the Church of England. Although at the time, his theories did not earn him much credit, he is now seen as the father of the ontological argument. Anselm stems his argument by first declaring a definition of God as being the greatest possible being in the world. He then explains that if this definition is accepted to be true, that God must exist because if he did not he could not be the greatest being. In other words, a perfect, all good being would fail to be either of these things without the essence of existence. As humans we imagine God in many ways, but no matter how we imagine him, he fails to be God unless he exists. His theory states that God is the greatest being, and because he is the greatest being he must be real.
Critics and skeptics would say that the biggest contradiction to Anselm’s theory is that we as humans can not simply imagine something into existence. Not to mention, if Anselm’s definition of God was not entirely true, than his reasoning behind the existence of God would fail. To counter this major argument one can look at the work of philosopher Maimonides. Maimonides was one of the most astounding Torah scholars of his time, and helped a lot in aiding the public’s understanding and acceptance of the idea of God. Maimonides would argue that God is so great, that his very being is beyond our comprehension.
This being said, as people, we have to acknowledge the fact that we will never be able to truly understand God, for we have no understanding of what the ‘perfect being’ really is. In our Earthly lifetime, we will never encounter a person or thing that even comes close to the greatness of God therefore we shouldn’t try to equate God to anything, because anything we imagine will be less than what He actually is. To counter critics arguments, Maimonides would agree with the fact that we can not imagine God, but this does not mean that he is not real. It simply means that He is beyond our understanding.
Good vs. Evil
Another argument commonly made against this idea that God is the greatest, all- good and perfect being, is the idea that if He is truly all good, then evil would not exist. This argument can be proven unfair by the work of philosopher, Augustine. Augustine was an extremely influential philosopher of his time, and although most of his theories and ideas lacked reason, some of his ideas planted the seeds for other revolutionary religious philosophers. Augustine would tell those who believed God was not good due to the presence of evil on Earth that there is a perfectly logical explanation as to why an all-good God would create a world where evil could exist. Augustine explains two ways in which a Godly world can exist with evil resonating within it. He first makes note of Plato’s Theory of Forms, which suggests that there is a hierarchy in this world which constitutes the realness and goodness of all things. Plato’s idea revolves around the idea that all Earthly things are mere imitations of the real, or ‘ideal’ things.
Augustine uses this theory and ties God to the true real, or ideal entity and believed that everything else simply fell lower on the pyramid of goodness. Augustine says that since God created the world, and God is all-good, the world, and all things in it, can not be evil-they can only be less good. Augustine also introduces the idea of moral evil, and explains that as part of God being all-good, He granted humans the ability to think and do as they please. God gave humans free will. Therefore when a human participates in an act that seems evil, it was their own choice and they were straying from God in the process. Critics and philosophers could go back and forth for centuries on the legitimacy of the ontological argument, but through time it has remained to be one of the most convincing arguments for the existence of God.
Beyond the ontological argument, another theory that has seemed to withstand the test of time and skeptics is the causal argument. The causal argument was first made by the great philosopher Aquinas. Aquinas made many claims in his time attempting to prove the existence of God, and although many lacked reason and therefore were largely discredited, one of his most outstanding arguments was that of the causal. This argument suggests that everything in this universe must have a cause. In other words, everything happened because of something else, and since it is impossible to continue backwards in time and declare the first thing that created the next thing, that in short created everything else, Aquinas declared that there was a greater being that must be responsible for starting it all. He furthers his argument by pointing out that for something to cause itself, it would have to exist prior to itself, which is literally impossible.
Now, critics argue this idea by insisting that Aquinas was contradicting himself completely. Aquinas found that no thing could exist without premise, yet at the same time insisted that God existed without premise. Since Aquinas had no logical argument for these skeptics, many found that his work was flawed, until philosopher Avicenna came along and introduced a new idea that would strengthen Aquinas’ argument. Avicenna birthed the idea that there were two kinds of beings in the world: contingent and necessary beings. A contingent being is a being that could have failed to exist. If things didn’t turn out exactly right for them, then they would have never existed in the first place. For instance, if one child’s parents had failed to meet when they did, then those parents may have chosen different paths and instead chose to mate with different partners, therefore making it completely impossible for that same child to ever come into existence. On the other end of the spectrum, there are necessary beings. Beings that could not have failed to exist. Avicenna explains that the only necessary being known to man is God. There was nothing that caused God to be, he simply was, and everything else that followed, was contingent. This idea directly counters the argument that Aquinas claims were not true because of the fact that he seemingly contradicted himself.
The final argument that seems to remain to this day, is that of the teleological argument, or the design argument. This argument also stemmed from the findings of Aquinas, but has continued to grow and change since it’s initial introduction. This argument explains that the world shows signs of order and purposeful design which could have only been produced by a greater being. For instance, things and beings in nature act in a seemingly purposeful way that all help the greater cause of life, despite the fact that these beings lack awareness or knowledge of any sort. Such a perfectly mapped out world created for sustainable life seems like it had to of been hand crafted by an all-knowing entity. Science argues that life occurs in such a way because of evolution and there is nothing holy or supernatural about it. However it is hard to believe that evolution created a world so perfect that the human race has been able to thrive for 200,000 years and counting. Aquinas would say that science and reason can only explain so much, and the rest of our conceptual knowledge relies on faith. Many people who stake claims to any sort of faith concerning a God hold true to this belief that a greater being created this world in a way so perfectly sculpted for us.
Between teleological, causal and ontological arguments, many followers of all sorts of religions have been able to stay true in their beliefs of a higher being. Assuming God is real, we understand that He has given us the power of free thought and free will, and in short the power to decide if we think he exists or not. As many religions concerning God would tell you, it is up to us as humans to seek knowledge about Him, and decide for ourselves to believe in Him.
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mouth mucous tissue heals fast
Which is the Fastest Healing Part Of The Body
The Fastest Healing Part of the Body is Our Mouth
Why Is Oral Tissue So Important?
The oral tissue repairs wounds and heals very quickly.
Oral tissue is the connective tissue that surrounds your teeth. It is made of two types of tissues, the gum tissue and the bone tissue. The gum tissue is mainly responsible for keeping your teeth and your gums healthy and prevents them from being harmed by plaque and cavities. The bone tissue surrounds your inner teeth. It protects them from the risks of cavities, erosion and decay. With this in mind it is no wonder that oral tissue tends to repair itself very quickly when you are eating or when you are taking care of your teeth.
oral tissue tends to repair itself very quickly
How to Get Rid of a Cracked Mouth Faster Than Other Parts of Your Body
Oral Tissues repair very quick compared to other parts. Most of the soft tissues are the following : gums, tongue, cheeks and inner lips.
Mucous tissue always have cells around with some fibers for connective purposes. Unlike if you are injured on the skin which is more complex since it contains layers of ectodermic tissue for healing which takes a lot longer than simple mucous tissues.
If you want to know how to get rid of a cracked mouth quickly and effectively, there are a few things that you need to consider first.
Cracked lips are not only unattractive but extremely painful too, and the area around the mouth can also be very sensitive and itchy.
One of the best ways to get rid of this pain is to apply some ice packs or frozen peas directly to the affected area of the mouth as cold air helps to reduce inflammation. Other simple things like using a wet tea bag, some mustard oil, and applying eucalyptus oil or peppermint oil can also help to reduce pain.
Mouth Heals Faster than Other Parts of Your Body
Mouth ulcers, broken teeth, and dry and cracked mouth are common problems which are not only unattractive, but they can also be quite painful too. If you are experiencing any of these problems, you should ensure that you keep your mouth moistened throughout the day with a little bit of alcohol or mouthwash. When mouth sores are present they can become very infected and this can also lead to infection in the gum and throat. This can result in painful swelling and a lot of pain. The best thing to do here would be to apply an ice pack to relieve the pain, then visit your local dentist who can advise you on the best course of action to take.
Mouth heals over time by itself, but if you want to speed up the process you can also use various natural remedies like a teaspoonful of salt, a cup of vinegar, or boiling water.
You can also cover the affected area with an adhesive tape for a couple of hours. You can also cover your mouth in Vaseline or double sided tape for a couple of hours as well. There are many more home remedies that you can try. All of these will help to bring down the healing time.
In Depth Explanation Of What is Mucous Tissue?
Mucous Tissue has a much simpler composition then mucus, and it is also more resistant to drying out.
Mucous tissue is highly vascular which means that it is connected with a lot of blood vessels and very good flow of blood which heals very fast compared to other organs or tissues.
The tissue that makes up your mucus membranes is called mucus and it is actually a very complex protein made up of different amino acids that help keep our body moist.
It also acts as a slime-type substance that helps moisten and protect the interior walls of our nasal cavities.
Mucus also has a digestive function, so it helps to regulate the temperature within the mucus.
It also regulates the flow of saliva, which serves to moisten the mucus so the bacteria inside does not have to struggle. This is why our throats always feel dry even though we are swallowing.
See also Can Humans Have Healing Powers
Mucous Tissue has a much simpler composition faster regeneration process
Small Protein in Saliva As an Antibacterial Agent
Small protein in saliva known as histamine is one of the proteins that the body needs to keep it healthy.
• This form of small protein is what we call the “antibacterial effect” because the body uses histamine as an antibacterial agent.
• We get histatin from our diet, and small protein from different sources such as fish, chicken, milk, soybeans, nuts and seeds.
• When there is an abundance of small protein in your diet, your body can make its own and use it to fight off infection.
• When there is an insufficient amount of protein in your diet, your body cannot make this small protein, and therefore you get infections.
small protein in saliva called histatin as an antibacterial agent
Your body’s ability to fight infection is also impaired when the histatin protein is low. This results to compromised immunity and contributes to chronic health problems. There are diseases that can affect those with a poor immune system such as colds, flu, and diarrhea. When your small protein in saliva is low, your body cannot fight these diseases and your body becomes prone to infections.
There are some studies that suggest that the saliva of human beings contains small protein that has the same effect as the antibiotic metronidazole. However, these tests have been inconclusive and more studies need to be done to confirm this. In any case, this small protein in saliva called histamine can help fight infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. You can get Histatin As an antibacterial agent from the natural supplement Provacyl.
How Much Saliva May Healed the Oral Cavity
The human saliva has a number of important roles.
• First, it acts as a neutralizer and eliminates excess acid from the body.
• Second, it aids in digestion by breaking down food particles that have not been absorbed through the stomach or the small intestine.
• Third, it lubricates the tissues of the oral cavity to make sure that they remain flexible.
• Fourth, it reduces and removes inflammation from injuries of the oral cavity that may have resulted from teeth or other biting objects.
• And fifth, it also may greatly influence how quickly wounds of the oral cavity heal.
Other complications that can occur are tissue damage in the oral cavity that is not immediately apparent, such as lesions.
Thus, it is important to be careful about the amount of saliva one takes in or drinks, and the frequency of cleansing the oral cavity.
Bring More Blood Nutrients And Oxygen To The Damage Site For Effective Moisture Healing
Mucous tissue is found between the lining of the mucous membrane and the cell wall, and it is responsible for bringing nourishment to the cells from the inside of the body and delivering it to the damaged sites.
In the case of mucous tissue, it actually plays an important role in repairing the damage caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. It brings the necessary nutrients to the damage sites and also prevents excessive growth of bacteria in the affected areas.
However, if this tissue is not present or there is less of it, the repair of the damaged tissue will take place slowly.
If it becomes thinner than usual, there will be insufficient blood supply to the damaged areas, which will lead to bacterial infection.
A lot of antibiotics are used to treat diseases such as sinusitis and nasal congestion. In fact, the majority of them are already derived from mucous tissue, so taking them can also mean harming the natural healing capacity of this tissue. Antibiotics will bring about the destruction of the mucous tissue lining, making it harder for the mucous to serve as a blanket for the injured or infected tissues. This will only make the area under the antibiotic more irritated and will increase the risk of infection.
See also How to Use Shungite Crystals For Good Health
On the other hand, natural therapies such as herbs and oils are considered to be safer choices for treating chronic conditions like acute infections or sinusitis. They will also bring the right nutrients and moisture to the area, preventing further damage due to dehydration. Some of these herbs and oils can even act as a lubricant, allowing the mucous tissue to heal without excessive exposure to heat. This will in effect prevent the return of the damaged area and will restore its elasticity and suppleness.
Mucous Tissue Is Highly Volatile Meaning Its Very Rich In Blood Vessels
• Mucous tissue is highly vascular meaning its very dense in blood vessels.
• Its purpose is to act as a filter and trap the debris that builds up on the inside of the eye, while allowing the nutrients from the eye itself to pass through.
• While it may seem like something that doesn’t have any real purpose, the truth is that mucous tissue has a very significant role when it comes to maintaining healthy vision.
• Without this specialized tissue, the delicate flap of tissue that allows the eye to function would soon be impaired and vision would be significantly impaired.
So what makes mucous tissue so important?
One of the most common complaints that doctors see today is dry eye syndrome, also known as xerophthalmia.
• This is where the delicate tissues in the eye become dry and begin to collect a thin, watery film which reduces or eliminates the lubricating effect the eyes are able to have.
• Without this fluid the eyes would not be able to stay open for long periods of time, as they would risk drying out and eventually becoming completely unable to function.
• Mucous is often the first diagnostic step that an ophthalmologist takes, as it is the only thing that will be able to confirm that indeed, there is a problem with the mucous cells.
• There are a number of different conditions that can cause mucous tissue to become excessively dense, such as allergies, auto-immune disorders, diabetes, and even more serious conditions like leukemia and cancer.
• However, one of the most common causes of mucous tissue overproduction is from something as simple as poor eating habits. When our diets lack moisture and essential vitamins and minerals our bodies often substitute the lack with mucus.
• As a result, mucus can build up and block the tear ducts in the eyes.
As the health of these vital organs deteriorate, vision becomes increasingly impacted and blurry until finally the patient must decide whether or not corrective eyewear is required. Otherwise, the outcome can be extremely dire.
How Easy is it to Have an Easy Access to Blood Supply Makes Healing the Oral Cavity Much Faster?
Easy access to the blood supply makes healing the oral cavity a lot faster. In fact, it’s probably more important for your dentist to make sure that you can get your blood circulating than it is for you to make sure that your teeth and other parts of the mouth are clean and in good repair.
It’s easy to forget about oral health care, but if you’re not brushing and flossing regularly, you may be allowing bacteria from the mouth to leak into your blood stream, where it can start to build up and cause an infection or chronic inflammation that will be hard to treat.
If you don’t have regular dental checkups, you may also be allowing bacteria to leak out of your gums and into your bloodstream, where it can make you more vulnerable to serious diseases like HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and others.
easy access to blood supply makes healing the oral cavity a lot faster
So how can this help you? Well, it helps because antibiotics can’t reach all the areas of the oral cavity, so they have to go where they have a better chance of fighting off any infections that may be present.
See also How to Gain Weight on Face: 16 DIY Ways
And antibiotics don’t kill everything.
Most of the bacteria in the mouth is located deep below the gum line and in the pockets and creases of the teeth. It’s these pockets and creases that can harbor bacteria and other things that shouldn’t be there, like the proteins that are produced by saliva.
These proteins help keep the oral cavity healthy, but without them, you have easier access to bacteria and other infections that can lead to serious problems that require even more serious medical attention.
But there’s more. There are several types of radontal gum grafts that can help repair and rebuild the oral cavity so that it will be protected and healthy for you to eat and live with. And when you get the oral cavity back as healthy as possible, you’ll likely notice that your breath smells better, your teeth look brighter, and you generally feel healthier overall. That’s because you’re not exposing your body to infections and other problems that can compromise your immune system, which can lead to more serious health problems.
Mucous Tissue Has a Much Simpler Compound As Compared to Mucous Membrane
Mucous tissue is a type of connective tissue that protects the membrane of the respiratory tract. The mucous tissue helps maintain the balance of bacteria and other microorganisms that live within the respiratory tract and prevent irritants and infectious particles from entering the lungs. The structure of mucous tissue is rather simple and it consists mainly of a single cell that supplies nourishment to the rest of the cells. This type of tissue is much less complex than mucous but is still very important for effective airflow within the lungs.
Mucous Tissue has a much simpler composition heals shorter time period
Mucous is a thick fluid that is produced by the lungs and mucous lining is comprised mainly of mucous glycerides that provide lubrication for the membranes of the bronchial tubes. It also contains a significant amount of protein, cholesterol and sugar. Mucous is produced in the early morning, just before your body releases air into the environment and it is expelled approximately four hours after your last breath. The exact function of mucous is not completely understood, however it seems to serve a valuable purpose in protecting the lungs against foreign matter that might cause asthma, a common disease in adults.
Mucous plays a very important role in maintaining the appropriate balance of microorganisms in your lungs. Without this protective layer there would be much greater risk of infection and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Mucous tissue is made up of a very simplistic composition which is very similar to the composition of your own skin. This makes mucous a much simpler material to manufacture and therefore it is much simpler to manufacture sufficient quantities of mucous to be able to perform its necessary function.
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Kakadu National Park, NT, Australia
Kakadu National Park, in the Top End or the Northern Territory, is a World Heritage Site and one of the planet’s great wilderness areas. Covering more than 19,840 sq km, Kakadu is the largest national park in Australia and the second largest in the world. Within its borders lie monsoon rainforests, mangrove swamps, rivers, gorges, ancient rock paintings, wetlands, and waterfalls as well as an astounding diversity of wildlife. In addition to the many mammals and reptiles, more than 300 different species of birds make their home here, and visitors may spot saltwater crocodiles prowling the wetlands. Visitors can view the park’s diverse ecosystems by car, air, on foot via the vast network of hiking trails, or by boat on the rivers or floodplains. During the wet season (Nov-April), many roads and attractions close due to heavy flooding.
Kakadu National Park is an enormous, biodiverse nature reserve in Australia’s Northern Territory. With terrain encompassing wetlands, rivers and sandstone escarpments, it’s home to some 2,000 plant species and wildlife from saltwater crocodiles and flatback turtles to birds. Aboriginal rock paintings, dating to prehistoric times, can be viewed at sites such as Nourlangie, Nanguluwur and Ubirr.
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Intel or AMD? Which CPU is Better for Programmers
intel or amd which is good at programming
If you are a programmer or developer who deals with multiple coding applications at the same time, you will need a CPU that is fast enough to tackle those tasks. A reliable processor improves the loading and execution time of the development software that you use in programming. Now there are basically two companies that you could find in the market, Intel & AMD.
If you are into assembly language programming, then both Intel and AMD use the same set of instructions. However, if you are into deep learning, data science, visual studio, C++, Python, Java, etc, having the right CPU will make things a lot easier for you.
Now the CPU requirements for new coders or programmers are different from those who are working on more complex development projects. Now the question comes that whether an expensive Intel CPU would be the right choice or a mediocre AMD CPU will get the job done?
But before that, it is important to know about the factors that affect the performance of coding
Things that Make a CPU Better in Programming?
After reading these factors, you will be aware of whether you need an Intel CPU or an AMD
CPU Cores
When it comes to cores or threads, an Intel or AMD CPU that excels in single-core performance is good enough to execute your coding demands. You can buy a multiple-core processor but it should deliver excellent single-core value as well. So having a single-core CPU with more clock speed will improve the performance of your programs without any doubt.
However, if you are a game developer, you have to go for a CPU with multiple cores. AMD offers more cores at less prices. But Intel CPUs on other hand are expensive and come with fewer cores. Again, Intel beats AMD in single-core performance, and this is something you really need in a programming processor.
Furthermore, if you are dealing with multiple applications like Visual Basics, Python, C++, etc, you will need more cores.
Selecting the Generation
To be honest, any AMD or Intel CPU can do your job when it comes to programming. However, if you are dealing with AI deep learning or data science, you should opt for a processor that is faster in executing large sets of data.
Also if your programming projects deal with graphics, AMD processors would be an ideal choice to have at this point. Intel processors from the Core i7 and i9 series show up as a great choice for programmers. And for AMD, Ryzen 7 CPUs are our favorite when it comes to top-notch performance in software development.
For new coders or students who need a CPU for basic programming tasks, Core i5 and Ryzen 5-series processors would be more than enough.
Final Lines
Coding nowadays has become more complex. From writing basic commands to machine learning, everything involves coding at the back end. Complex programming applications depend more on the single-core performance of your CPU. Intel shines in the single-core performance, whereas AMD is great at offering more cores. So, if you are a professional programmer, we suggest you to go with Intel that handles complex computing tasks way better than AMD. For students and basic coding learners, both entry-level CPUs from AMD or Intel will do the job.
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Quick Answer: Can You Go Inside The Sphinx?
Is there a chamber in the Sphinx?
Seismic readings indicated that there were chambers underneath the Sphinx.
These, however, proved to be naturally formed cavities.
The Egyptian authority responsible for ancient monuments has forbidden any further detonation or drilling..
Who broke the Sphinx nose?
The Arab historian al-Maqrīzī, writing in the 15th century, attributes the loss of the nose to Muhammad Sa’im al-Dahr, a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa’id al-Su’ada in AD 1378, who found the local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest and therefore defaced the Sphinx in an …
What damaged the Sphinx?
The Great Sphinx was eventually forgotten again. Its body suffered from erosion and its face became damaged by time as well. Though some stories claim Napoleon’s troops shot off the statue’s nose with a cannon when they arrived in Egypt in 1798, 18th-century drawings suggest the nose went missing long before then.
Why do Egyptian statues not have noses?
Claim: Europeans would break off the noses from Egyptian monuments because they resembled ‘black faces. … At the top, it stated: “When the Europeans (Greeks) went to Egypt they were in shock that these monuments had black faces — the shape of the nose gave it away — so they removed the noses.
Who built the Sphinx?
Most scholars date the Great Sphinx to the 4th dynasty and affix ownership to Khafre. However, some believe that it was built by Khafre’s older brother Redjedef (Djedefre) to commemorate their father, Khufu, whose pyramid at Giza is known as the Great Pyramid.
What is underneath the pyramids?
Has the Sphinx ever been opened?
An ancient Egyptian tomb that was discovered in 1940 was opened to the public for the first time on September 8. The most famous, the Great Sphinx of Giza, is believed to have been built next to the Nile river in about 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra, who also ordered construction of one of the pyramids of Giza.
Why is the nose missing from the Sphinx?
In 1378 CE, Egyptian peasants made offerings to the Great Sphinx in the hope of controlling the flood cycle, which would result in a successful harvest. … Outraged by this blatant show of devotion, Sa’im al-Dahr destroyed the nose and was later executed for vandalism.
Why did the Sphinx kill herself?
In Jean Cocteau’s retelling of the Oedipus legend, The Infernal Machine, the Sphinx tells Oedipus the answer to the riddle in order to kill herself so that she did not have to kill anymore, and also to make him love her. He leaves without ever thanking her for giving him the answer to the riddle.
Was the sphinx built before the flood?
Are the pyramids older than we think?
Is the Sphinx older than we think?
The great Sphinx of Egypt, one of the world’s most famous and enigmatic monuments, may be thousands of years older than archaeologists have believed, says Boston University geologist Robert Schoch, who did a novel analysis of its ancient stone.
Is there anything inside the Sphinx?
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. The Hall of Records is an ancient library claimed by Edgar Cayce to lie under the Great Sphinx of Giza, which is in the Giza pyramid complex. … There is no evidence artificial constructions of any kind exist or ever have existed underneath the Sphinx.
What color were the ancient Egyptian?
How old is the Sphinx Really?
4,514c. 2494 BCGreat Sphinx of Giza/Age
How did ancients move huge stones?
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At 9 million, adolescents make up almost a quarter of Uganda’s population. There’s hardship to life due to Poverty, HIV and AIDS, early marriages, teenage pregnancy, gender-based violence and low participation in secondary education which deter young people to fulfil their potential.
Adolescent girls, in particular, face multiple challenges like severely and unevenly risk of HIV infection – two thirds of all new HIV infections are contracted by adolescent girls. Many girls also drop out of school as a result of unwanted teenage pregnancies and early marriages. According to the Ministry of Health, 25 per-cent of Ugandan teenagers become pregnant by the age of 19. Close to half are married before their 18th birthday and continue having babies into their mid-40s, this is a critical stage in the lives of adolescents: they require empowerment to skills, guidance and information about their bodily autonomy and changes. With technology, they become explorative and may engage in unsafe sex, leading to HIV and STI infections plus unintended pregnancies. This further leads to complicated births and unsafe abortions, which often requiring emergency obstetric care. Uganda has one of the world’s highest maternal mortality rates, with 18 mothers dying every day in pregnancy, during and after childbirth as many teenage mothers do not have access to adequate reproductive health care and many times die or get serious complications while giving birth.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), teenage girls aged 15–19 years are twice more likely to die during pregnancy and childbirth compared to women in their twenties, whereas those under the age of 15 years are five times more likely to die and this is increasing due to structural barriers that are either cultural or religiously perpetuated. The Ministry of Health needs to prioritize implementation of policies, strategies, plans and programs that promote the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and youth, including training of public health providers in the provision of adolescent and youth friendly services to ensure no adolescent is turned away from hospital for seeking contraceptive services and information.
Stakeholders, especially the health and education ministries have a critical role in ensuring facilitation of comprehensive sexuality education for adolescents in and out of school to equip them with knowledge and capacity to make informed choices. And in this digital age, embracing new innovations like toll free hotlines, social media and apps that address related issues is essential to ensure access to timely, factual and quality sexual and reproductive health information for adolescents and young people.
Guest Written by SRHR Advocate Kasiita Mark Muganga. Follow him on Twitter. |
verse | engleski leksikon
1. verse
Sinonimi: verse line | rhyme
ETYM Old Eng. vers, AS. fers, Latin versus a line in writing, and, in poetry, a verse, from vertere, versum, to turn, to turn round.
1. A line of metrical text; SYN. verse line.
2. A piece of poetry; SYN. rhyme.
Arrangement of words in a rhythmic pattern, which may depend on the length of syllables (as in Greek or Latin verse), or on stress, as in English. Classical Greek verse depended upon quantity, a long syllable being regarded as occupying twice the time taken up by a short syllable.
In English verse syllables are either stressed (strong) or unstressed (weak), and are combined in feet, examples of which are: iamb (unstressed/stressed); trochee (stressed/unstressed); spondee (stressed/stressed); pyrrhic (unstressed/unstressed); anapest (unstressed/unstressed/stressed); and dactyl (stressed/unstressed/unstressed).
Rhyme (repetition of sounds in the endings of words) was introduced to W European verse in late Latin poetry, and alliteration (repetition of the same initial letter in successive words) was the dominant feature of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Both these elements helped to make verse easily remembered in the days when it was spoken rather than written.
The Spenserian stanza (in which Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene) has nine iambic lines rhyming ababbcbcc. In English, the sonnet has 14 lines, generally of ten syllables each; it has several rhyme schemes.
Blank verse, consisting of unrhymed five-stress lines, as used by Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Milton, develops an inner cohesion that replaces the props provided by rhyme and stanza. It became the standard meter for English dramatic and epic poetry. Free verse, or vers liber, avoids rhyme, stanza form, and any obvious rhythmical basis.
verse | engleski leksikon
2. verse
1. To make verse; versify
2. To tell or celebrate in verse
3. To turn into verse
4. To familiarize by close association, study, or experience
Prevedi verse na:
srpski | francuski | nemački
Da li ste možda tražili neku od sledećih reči?
Varčse | Varese | various | varus | vers | verso | Verus | very easy | vires | virose | virous | virus
Naši partneri
Škole stranih jezika | Sudski tumači/prevodioci |
Question: How Long Can A Tick Live On A Human?
Do ticks die in the washing machine?
Ticks require moisture to survive and will rapidly desiccate and die in dry conditions—and a quick spin in the dryer is all that’s needed to crisp ’em to death.
(Ticks can actually survive a hot-water run through the washing machine.).
What will make a tick back out?
What do ticks hate?
What to do if you find a tick in your bed?
A tick’s body is very hard and—despite your best efforts—it could survive. A better option is to pick it up with a piece of toilet paper and flush it down the commode. This is also the best way to dispose of ticks that are crawling on your body.
Can a tick live without its head?
No matter how long a tick is attached, it will never disappear inside the body. However, the longer a tick is allowed to feed, the higher the risk is of a disease resulting. MYTH 11 – If you leave a tick’s head in it will grow a new body! Incorrect.
Can ticks live on humans?
Ticks can attach to and feed on humans. The skin where ticks attach to humans can become red and irritated. Ticks that transmit diseases to your dog can also transmit many of the same diseases to people. It is important to realize that people do not get these diseases from their dogs.
What happens if a tick is on you for a long time?
When to see a health care provider to remove the tick This happens if the tick has been on you for several hours or even a day or two. When a tick has burrowed deep into your skin, it is very hard to remove the tick without leaving some mouth parts behind, which can cause an infection.
Can a tick survive in a house?
Some ticks prefer to set up house inside homes Although most ticks prefer the great outdoors, certain species can live and thrive indoors. … Both of these species of ticks are able to reproduce and lay eggs indoors, which is why they can settle in and live within the home environment.
Why do ticks die when they bite me?
Can you tell how long a tick has been attached?
Can a tick be dead and still attached?
Ticks transmit Lyme disease by feeding on us or our pets. … So even if you find an attached tick, it doesn’t mean they are not working! Look closely at the removed tick. Moving legs mean they are not dead yet but you may remove a tick that is still and unmoving and actually already dead.
Do ticks wash off in the shower?
Can a tick bite through clothing?
How long can a tick live inside you?
Can ticks live indoors? Yes. If you have a pet that lives indoors and out, ticks can catch a ride into your home and stay there. Depending on the species, they may last for 24 hours or up to several days.
Do ticks go in your vag?
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It’s a puzzle, it’s an algorithm, it’s deduplication
By on .
Richard Ngethe
The following is a guest post by Richard Ngethe, MBA, and Jonathan Friedman, MS
According to a study by UNAIDS of Brazil, of an estimated 140 million records in the national user database—including all health records—only 100 million unique patients were represented. The number of patients, therefore, was overstated by 40%.[1]
This is the kind of puzzle we can get our heads around. Obviously, in our field, which involves applying business intelligence strategies to curb transmission of HIV, this digital health data puzzle has to be solved, because an overstatement of 40% in clinical records is going to mask the true incidence of HIV infection in a population and skew any interventions to address the epidemic.
Jonathan Friedman
Here’s how we tackle the issue of duplicate client records at Data.FI, funded by USAID, to strengthen analysis and use of data to accelerate HIV and COVID-19 epidemic control.
As an example of how we improved digital health data through machine learning to boost HIV care in South Africa, we supported deduplication of more than 20 million records. A full index of every record in the database would have considered 200 trillion record pairs, and any deduplication algorithm would have taken years to run. But the indexing techniques reduced the number of record pairs to the millions, and the algorithm ran in a matter of days.
First, how does it happen? Imagine a person arrives at a clinic for an HIV test. A record is created, the test is positive, and antiretroviral treatment is started.
The next month, the person seeks another supply of antiretroviral treatment at a different clinic several kilometers away from her hometown while visiting family. A new record is created. Several months later, after her marriage, she visits the first clinic for another supply of medication and gives her married name. A third record is created.
One patient, three records. Clearly, we are not going to understand this person’s trajectory of HIV treatment and we likely overstate the HIV infection rate in the area because one patient equals three in the database.
One solution is to establish clear, national, standardized registration practices for all clients of a health system with processes understood and valued by all health providers. With training and good governance, a health system can institute these norms.
But, meanwhile, what about the duplicate records that are skewing the numbers and negatively affecting work to fight HIV? Consider this, if there are 10,000 patient records, you could, possibly, need to compare each record to every other record. That would mean that the possible number of comparison pairs would be close to a half million. Likewise, if there are 10,000 patient records, and you chose to compare them all to each other, the number of comparisons for the algorithm zooms to 50 million.
Obviously, these calculations would take human beings years to complete—a huge resource drain if done manually. That is why, for deduplication, we turn to indexing, blocking, algorithms, machine learning, and some strategic human input.
Deduplication takes place at the highest level where health records are pooled. There are several stages:
• Preprocessing
• Indexing
• Comparing
• Classifying
Preprocessing is the cleaning and standardization of the data fields in each record so we can compare them. It’s the labor-intensive removal of differences that requires human decision making.
Indexing and blocking arrange the data more efficiently.
• One way to index is to sort data alphabetically such that related information is arranged more closely together. Sorting alphabetically without incorporating other considerations will struggle, for example, to catch duplicates where names have spelling mistakes or are commonly spelled differently. Phonetic encoding examines client names by their pronunciations, to clean possible spelling differences.
• Blocking might reduce the search space, for example, by gender—rarely are duplicate client records recording a client as male in one instance and female in another.
The next stage is comparing. The deduplication algorithm calculates the similarity between fields such as names, locations, or birth dates and pulls likely matches among records. These numbers are what we use in the final step of classifying the likely matches identified.
For classifying, we use three main strategies:
• Deterministic matching. We call it a match if a record duplicates information exactly, such as a unique ID. An exact match has high positive predictive value that it is a duplicate.
• Probabilistic matching. This technique considers how likely is it that two fields will be highly similar for any random pair of records. It’s preferred to deterministic matching because it’s more sensitive and flexible (it casts a wider net).
• Supervised machine learning. This is less manual than the other strategies but relies on human input at the beginning. Experts review a set of candidate pairs and identify which are duplicates. The machine learning then seeks to replicate and improve upon human decisions on a new (but similar) dataset.
Of course, after the machine learning takes place, humans need to review the results of the deduplicated database to ensure accuracy. Merging, the last step, can occur at the above-site level where data are aggregated and also at the site level, where care is provided. A deduplicated database of clinic records provides a true accounting of the statistics of the epidemic in a locale and enhances understanding of what services should be provided by the clinic to meet the needs of their client base; and a merged record consolidates a patient history in one single file, fully appraising a caregiver to make the correct clinical decisions and thereby improve the patient service, and outcomes.
Richard Ngethe, MBA, is digital advisor for Data.FI, Palladium.
Jonathan Friedman, MS, is Senior Technical Advisor in Data Science, Data.FI, Palladium.
Data.FI is a global project that helps countries improve their data systems to strengthen prevention, testing, treatment, and lab services to end the HIV epidemic and to combat COVID-19.
[1] Retrieved from
2 thoughts on “It’s a puzzle, it’s an algorithm, it’s deduplication
1. Jane
Good article and the way to actually go.The challenge is when a country has different data bases handling same programme interventions.Its possible if a country has a unique patient number for use for all health interventions no matter the place.
Infrastructure has also been a big barrier to having a unified way of indentification
Challenge in training healthcare workers and their reception in adoption of the use the EMR systems available especially in public health care facilities.
Currently patients changing their unique indentification to what might suit them
2. Dr. Timur Aptekar
Very good article. I have few comments. 1) reduplication is relevant for large countries such as Brazil, Chine, India and etc . Other countries may check their database and must do it manually on a quarterly basis. 2) I disagree that reduplication needs to be done at the highest level only. Regional level has less amount of patients to be checked, duplication is more often at the regional level, manual checking will more productive, as they have access to more information and will receive additional information much faster.
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Best Answer
One important effect was that Jackie Robinson was the first african-american ballplayer to play Major League Baseball. His acceptance onto the Dodgers was not a pleasant one. The rest of his teammates despised him being on the team, and it was a battle Jackie had to overcome to be accepted. What he went through paved the way for other African-americans and other races to play baseball. In addition, his acceptance into the majors was also a major step forward in the Civil Rights Movement. Jackie Robinson is a major icon for African Americans.
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Q: What affect did baseball have on American culture?
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CSS-in-JS - myths and reality (for example, styled-components)
CSS-in-JS , being not entirely new technology and implemented in many libraries , still raises doubts and disputes over the expediency of its use. He put his points on “i” in the debate about CSS-in-JS in general, and about styled-components in particular, a year ago, (27 Apr 2017), and Gajus Kuizinas , by react-css-modules and babel-plugin -react-css-modules , in still, in my opinion, the current publication "Stop using CSS-in-JavaScript in web development . "
The following is a slightly abbreviated translation of it with some additions and conclusions:
CSS doesn't go anywhere . In many projects, the choice in favor of JavaScript styling is done in error. We will give a list of common misconceptions (myths) and their corresponding solutions through CSS.
Css and JavaScript history
CSS was created to describe the presentation of a document written in markup language. JavaScript was created as a “language-glue” for assembling components, such as images and plugins. Years later, JS grew and changed, adapting to all new areas of application. And, as a result, we today live in the era of one-page applications (SPA), applications assembled from components.
What about CSS?
Let's quote from the styled-components documentation :
The problem with regular CSS is that it was created in an era when the web was made up of documents. The Web was created to share primarily scientific documents in 1993, and CSS was introduced as a solution for styling these documents. However, today we are developing advanced, interactive, user-oriented applications, and CSS is simply not designed for this.
This is not true.
CSS already takes into account all the requirements of modern user interfaces. The number of new functions implemented in the last decade is such that it is impossible to even list them all here (pseudo-classes, pseudo-elements, CSS variables, media queries, keyframes, combinators, columns, flex, grid, computed values, ...).
From the point of view of the user interface, “component” is an isolated fragment of a document (<button /> is “component”). CSS is designed to style documents, and the document covers all components. What is the problem?
As the saying goes: "Use the right tool for the job."
styled-components allows you to write CSS in JavaScript using the so-called. tagged pattern strings . The library removes the mapping between components and styles — the component becomes a low-level styling design, for example:
// Createa <Title> reactcomponentthatrendersan <h1> whichis
// centered, palevioletredandsizedat 1.5emconstTitle = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
styled-components is now popular and is known as a new way of styling components in React, although sometimes it is even presented as “the pinnacle of the development of CSS”:
CSS Evolution: From CSS, SASS, BEM, CSS Modules to Styled Components .
But let's clarify the following: styled-components is just an add-on for CSS. This library parses the CSS styles you define in JavaScript and creates the corresponding JSX elements.
The popularity of styled-components is fraught with many delusions. An overview of the programmers' responses (found on IRC, Reddit and Discord) to the question about the reasons that prompted them to use this library, allowed us to make a list of the most mentioned. Let's call them myths.
Myth # 1: styled-components solves the problems of the global namespace and style conflict
This is a myth, because it sounds so, the allegedly mentioned problem has not been solved yet. However, CSS Modules , Shadow DOM, and countless naming conventions (such as BEM ) suggested solutions to the problem a long time ago.
styled-components (in the same way as CSS modules) removes the problem of responsibility for naming. It is human nature to err, computers err not so often.
By itself, this is still not a good enough reason to use styled-components.
Myth 2: Using styled-components allows you to get a more compact code.
In confirmation, an example is often given:
<div className={styles.ticketName}></div>
First of all - it does not matter. The difference is insignificant.
Secondly, it is not true. The total number of characters depends on the name of the style.
<div className={styles.longerStyleName}></div>
The same applies to the creation of styles that we will see later in this article
(Myth 5: styled-components facilitates the conditional styling of components). styled-components benefits in short only in cases of the most basic components.
Myth 3. The use of styled components makes you think more about semantics.
The initial message itself is wrong. Styling and semantics are different problems and require different solutions. Read, for example, this is Adam Morse (mrmrs) .
However, consider:
Semantics deals with the use of correct tags for markup. Do you know which HTML tags will be used to render such a component? No, you do not know.
Myth 4: Easier to expand styles
const Button = styled.button`
padding: 10px;
const TomatoButton = Button.extend`
color: #f00;
Wonderful! But you can do the same in CSS (or use CSS module composition, as well as SASS inheritance mixin @extend).
button {
padding: 10px;
button.tomato-button {
color: #f00;
And the simpler the first option?
Myth 5: Conditional component styling is facilitated.
The idea is that you can stylize elements using props, for example:
<Button primary />
<Button secondary />
<Button primary active={true} />
This makes sense in React. In the end, the behavior of the component is controlled through props. Does it make sense to directly bind prop values to styles? May be. But let's consider the implementation of such a component:
background: ${props => props.primary ? '#f00' : props.secondary ? '#0f0' : '#00f'};
color: ${props => props.primary ? '#fff' : props.secondary ? '#fff' : '#000'};
opacity: ${props => props.active ? 1 : 0};
Creating conditional styles with JavaScript gives you a ton of possibilities. However, it also means that styles will be much harder to interpret. Compare with CSS:
button {
background: #00f;
opacity: 0;
color: #000;
button.seconary {
color: #fff;
button.primary {
background: #f00;
button.secondary {
background: #0f0;
button.active {
opacity: 1;
In this case, CSS is shorter (229 characters versus 222) and easier to understand (subjectively). Moreover, in CSS you could use a preprocessor to get an even shorter and more grouped result:
button {
background: #00f;
opacity: 0;
color: #000;
&.seconary {
color: #fff;
&.primary {
background: #f00;
&.secondary {
background: #0f0;
&.active {
opacity: 1;
Myth 6: Code organization is improving.
Some people say that they like styled-components, because it is possible to place styles and scripts in one file. It can be understood that having multiple files for one component may seem tedious, but cramming styles and markup into a single file is awful. This not only makes the version control system more difficult to track changes, but also leads to an endless scrolling on any element more complicated than a simple button.
If you absolutely need to place CSS and JavaScript in the same file, try the css-literal-loader . The latter will allow you to build styles during the “build” by extract-text-webpack-plugin and use the standard loader configuration for CSS processing.
Myth 7: “Developer Experience (DX)” becomes beautiful. The tool is amazing!
Obviously, you didn't use styled-components.
• If something went wrong with the styles, the entire application “crashes” with a long stack error tracing. The opposite of this is CSS, where an error in the styles will simply result in the element being incorrectly displayed.
• Elements have no distinguished className, so when debugging you will have to switch endlessly between React element tree and DevTools DOM tree.
• And although plugins for linting, code highlighting, code completion, and other similar “charms” already exist for styled-components, they may still not be available for your IDE. If you work with finances at a government agency, there are chances that the Atom IDE will not be available.
Myth 8: Everything is getting “faster”, everything is becoming “easier”
• As it turned out, styled-components styles cannot be extracted into a static
CSS file (for example, using extract-text-webpack-plugin ). This means that the browser will not be able to begin interpreting the styles until the styled-components have “parsed” them and added them to the DOM.
• Combining styles and scripts in one file means that they cannot be separately cached.
• The nature of styled-components is such that they are all wrapped in an extra HOS . And this is an unnecessary decrease in performance. The same flaw led to the termination of support for react-css-modules and the emergence of babel-plugin-react-css-modules .
• Due to the same HOC , server-side rendering results in significantly larger document markup.
• Don't even try to animate components using dynamic styles, not keyframes.
Myth 9: It becomes possible to develop responsive components.
We are talking about the ability to stylize a component based on the environment, for example, the size of the parent container, the number of heirs, etc.
First of all, the styled-components have nothing to do with this.
This is outside the scope of the project. In this case, it is better to directly set the component style values in order to avoid additional processor loads.
Wait a minute, however!
Most, if not all of these problems can be solved in perspective, either by the community, changes in React or in the styled-components itself. But why? CSS is already widely supported, there is a solid community and ... it just works.
But do not always avoid using CSS-in-JavaScript or styled-components.
There is something that makes styled-components a good library - this is the best cross-platform support.
Just do not use styled-components based on erroneous views.
A couple of opinions from interested parties
Talia Marcassa : What did we find disappointing in styled-components?
Applying styled-components in our project, we found that there are some style rules that are difficult to implement in styled-components; for example, the rules that control the placement of elements on the page (margins or display property). It was hard to standardize, so we still had to pretty much rely on simple CSS to place components in the stream of elements.
... although there were difficulties in applying styled-components, the library helped us reduce the code base.
Prometheus : In the end what?
(commentary on “CSS Evolution: from CSS, SASS, BEM and CSS – modules to styled-components” )
... There is no evolution of CSS here, tools are evolving.
In my opinion, there is no problem when the typesetter is engaged in the layout, and the programmer is programming.
But when programmers do layout, this is when the whole zoo begins, which instead of SIMPLICITY with further support, gives you an extra headache.
Write in pure CSS, and give the tools the role of the namespace and the collector - then everyone will be happy ...
And in conclusion, the word author:
Gajus Kuizinas: - So, after all, use?
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What Are Emoticons?
Emoticons are textual representations of a facial expression. They may be normally used to alert the recipient of a message to the tone, bodily gestures, or sentiments behind statements. Get much more info about emoji copy
The word "emoticon" is actually a combination of two English words: emotion/emote icon.
Emoticons have become an integral part of online communication, an Internet vernacular of people chatting or communicating in instant messengers, web forums, social networking sites, emails, and online games. Normally, these Internet communication venues are programmed to replace text emoticons with corresponding graphic photos automatically. These graphic pictures (smileys) have evolved to become named emoticons too.
Emoticons are used to:
1. Protect against misinterpretation of intentions that may well arise within the absence of facial expressions that face-to-face interactions present.
2. Represent an emotional reaction to a statement or event. As an illustration, as an alternative to typing in "That's funny!", people could rather use the emoticon for laughing face, which is:-D.
Most Frequently Used Emoticons
Smiley emoticon would be the most used emoticon. It can be represented by two textual symbols: colon (for eyes) along with a left parenthesis (for smile). The smiley face is depicted as:). From time to time, a dash in between the colon (eyes) and parenthesis (smile) is in some cases also used. The smiley emoticon is used to express joking, happiness, or lightheartedness.
Other emoticons have evolved from the smiley emoticon. Many of the most common of these are:
:( frowning, not amused, sad
;-) winking
:o yelling
:-D laughing hard
: > wicked grin
>:( extremely mad
:(```` crying
History of Emoticons
The usage of emoticons dates as far back because the 19th century. Here are many of the situations in history exactly where emoticons were used:
- April 1987. The number 73 was used in Morse code to convey "love and kisses".
- 1908. The number 73 was replaced with 88 to express "love and kisses" in Morse code.
- 1862. A transcript of Abraham Lincoln's speech (published by the New York Instances) consists of a "winking" emoticon.
- 1973, teletype operators had been recorded to work with some particular notations.
The origin on the use of emoticons on the Internet, nevertheless, is being credited to Scott Fahlman.
Falhman, a personal computer scientist, was the initial to recommend the use of smile and frown emoticons on September 19,1982. The message was posted to a Carnegie Mellon University message board.
Difference in between Emoticons and Smileys
An emoticon is definitely an icon made of text symbols used to express emotions. The smiley face, on the other hand, is actually a graphic representation with the smiling human face often depicted as a yellow circle with two black dots for the eyes and an upturned semi-circle for the smile. Nonetheless, the terms emoticons and smileys are often used interchangeably around the web. Also, there's some kind of regional preference for what term to make use of. Americans are likely to call them smileys, although Americans prefer calling them emoticons.
Emoticons and smileys are now part of your Internet vernacular. They may be there to assist us relay the tone of our voice, our bodily gestures, our emotions in order that our thoughts, feelings, and intentions come to be more embodied in our Internet speeches.
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The ToneWay® Project: helping people play music
Do you know what kind of ukulele you have? Here’s an overview of the two types of ukuleles: “standard” and baritone.
Tuning Center
Note: This course was not designed to accommodate the bass fiddle. Please consider following along with another instrument, like the guitar. Alternatively, you can follow along with the guitar materials. Why?
The four strings of the bass are tuned the same as the four thickest strings of the guitar (an octave lower). These are the E, A, D, G strings.
When you're asked to play a G chord, you'll alternate between the G and D strings on the bass. These are the thinnest and second-to-thinnest strings, respectively.
Finally, our book has instruction specifically for the bass.
Buy a Tuner (Updated)
We now highly recommend the Snark® over all other tuners.
Reference Pitches
Click on a string's letter-name to hear that string's reference pitch.
Left-Handed Resources
Please download and print out the Left-Handed Instruments Supplement PDF. It was made for our Get Started Plus book, so it contains more information than you'll need for this workshop; just ignore whatever isn't relevant to you for now. |
Belief is the death of reason
To reason is to use logic to come to a conclusion, or to discover an explanation, or justification for something, by being rational and open minded to possibilities, in which decisions are considered. Reason is an act of cognition, which involves the process of gaining knowledge, and making sense of it. It’s often the core of decision making and helps you decide if something is potentially true, or potentially a falsehood.
People use reason for moral decision making. They use reason to justify if something is beneficial by applying logic, and also the other use of the word reason where you give examples of why something could potentially be good, or potentially be bad, and what the consequences of your decision could be.
Reason can be affected by emotions especially if it’s a ‘heat of the moment’, in where people are too consumed with emotion to listen to reason. To successfully apply reason you need a rational, unbiased, and sound mind, and because of this, belief is the death of reason.
Some philosophers say that regardless of whether a person is primitive, or civilised, belief or the idea of believing in something is at the core of being human. If you believe in something you’ll fight for it. Belief, or believe, are words that don’t sit comfortably with me, as I always think they are lazy words, as if you just believe something a person is accepting of it without sitting down, and logically contemplating whether it’s genuine, or false.
Belief is to have confidence that something is the truth, despite having no absolute proof, and Epistemology cover this as well as justification, knowledge, and scepticism. For me, scepticism is as equally important as knowledge, as the truth can often be discovered from doubt, or being unconvinced of something, as the more you question and search the more chance you have of discovery.
So if a person believes in God with absolute certitude, it stops you from thinking creatively, and upon accepting the religious doctrine, gives you freedom from doubt, which is a very unhealthy mindset. It’s like when people ask if you believe the glass is half empty, or half full, I’d question the process used to get it exactly half, whereas many would just accept or believe it was half, and this is where the problems start.
Question everything as it’s our right to be curious, and as a wise man once said:
“Assumption is the mother of all F#ck ups!” |
How Darknet is Using Blockchain to Regain its Immunity
The darknet or deep web has a lot of misinformation about it spreading throughout the media in part due to alarmist pseudo-documentaries and fear-mongering from certain Youtubers. Opponents of darknet claim that it is a hub of illegal and corrupt activities such as money laundering, and trading of drugs, guns and even child pornography. While those claims may have some truth to them, detractors often fail to highlight the number of benefits of the deep web. In oppressive regimes where whistleblowers are severely punished for criticising the government, the darknet can be an open platform that allows persecuted people to have a voice without the fear of retaliation. Wikileaks is one such example of using the untraceable web for the dissemination of free information about the powers. The invention of blockchain technology brought about a revolution in the world of the dark web because of its decentralised nature. Now as cryptocurrencies are gaining worldwide recognition, blockchain are helping the dark web get back on its feet.
How Does the Dark WebWork?
Darknet remains mostly hidden from the public eye because of the advanced methods of encryption that it employs such as The Onion Routing protocol used by the TOR browser. Usually, TOR is enough by itself to access the deep web; however, people who prefer an additional layer of anonymity on the web can use a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to hide all of their web activity from their Internet Service Provider (ISP). The basic idea behind Onion Routing is quite simple: the message is stripped off its sender information when it enters the TOR network and bounces around a few relay nodes before being delivered to its destination. All of the intermediate nodes are oblivious to the sender and receiver of the message and only know the next hop for the packet. This gives Onion Routing a very high degree of anonymity that is near impossible to crack.
In a world where governments do more than ever to spy on their citizens, the darknet is a necessary evil that gives dissidents a voice to raise questions against their tormentors and provides a place for like-minded individuals to organise. The dark web allows individuals to use the internet without the fear of being tracked online by governments and for-profit corporations. It gives people the right to privacy and the ability to protect their private data to be shared without their consent. That is why a lot of universities support the TOR network by running TOR relay nodes.
Blockchains and Darknet
It’s important to note how similar the architecture of Onion Routing is to a blockchain. They are both decentralised networks that help individuals transact with other individuals anonymously over the web. Being decentralised, they are resistant to outside influences such as powerful governments or businesses looking to disrupt the natural flow of information and trying to spread misinformation and propaganda. When Bitcoin first emerged on the global internet, it heralded a new age for online privacy and anonymity as people could for the first time exchange value over the internet without having to rely on centralised banks or governments. It led to the creation of the darknet market Silk Road which was used for some illegal activities such as trading of goods such as marijuana and banned books, and if some reports are to be believed, even hitmen can be hired. However, due to the transparency of the Bitcoin ledger and poor security choices made by the site’s creator, the website was finally taken down by law enforcement in October 2013. Since then, some copycats have emerged on the scene, but none have been able to reach the extent of the Silk Road.
That may finally be changing now due to the emergence of a new crop of privacy-focused cryptocurrencies such as Monero and Zcash. They both used different technologies to offer complete anonymity while ensuring security while making transactions. Monero relies on ring signatures and other methods of blockchain obfuscation to guarantee anonymity while Zcash uses Zero-Knowledge Proofs called zk-SNARKS. Additionally, fully open source and decentralised marketplaces such as OpenBazaar are also emerging that can provide an alternative to the relatively closed darknet markets such as Silk Road and its successors. OpenBazaar is a fully decentralised marketplace which uses cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange making it very resistant to being shut down or captured. Therefore, the rise of privacy-focused blockchains and decentralised marketplaces have given the dark web another fighting chance against the tyrannical power structure which aims to undermine dissenters. |
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50 Essential Facts About Music
The 50 facts that you MUST know on your way to becoming a musical expert!
There are 4 families of instrument: brass, percussion, woodwind and stringInstruments
There is now a 5th family: electronic instruments
Pianos are both a stringed and a percussion instrument
Before valves were added to instruments, tubas were "serpents"
Cellos were originally called bass violins
Mozart used to jump on tables and pretend to be a cat!Composers
Haydn was expelled from school for cutting off a boy's pigtail
Mendelssohn lost the only copy of a composition and had to rewrite it
Beethoven lost his hearing but continued to compose music
Tchaikovsky had a fear that his head would fall off if he did not hold it!
"Pop" music is short for "popular music"Pop Music
Pop music began in the 1870s with the invention of the phonograph
It wasn't until the 1950s that pop music took off with Rock 'n' Roll
Successful pop songs have certain elements
Today there are over 100 different types of pop music
"Rap God" by Eminem has over 4 words in it per second!Records
Queen's "Greatest Hits" album has spent over 1,000 weeks in the Top 40
Paul McCartney performed the first live concert broadcast into space
The Flaming Lips performed 8 shows in 8 cities in just 1 day
After Michael Jackson's death he had 13 singles in the Top 40
The word "orchestra" comes from the Greek for "dancing place"Orchestras
The Royal Danish Orchestra is the oldest, founded in 1448
The word "karaoke" is Japanese for "empty orchestra"
There is an orchestra whose instruments are made of vegetables
A symphony orchestra is made up of a minimum of 90 musicians
Western music notation was born during the RenaissanceNotation
The Ancient Sumerians had a musical notation system
The musical staff was invented by Guido d'Arezzo C. 1,000 CE
There are many music notation systems used around the world
There is even a musical notation system for blind people to use
Notes indicate pitch and durationReading Music
Notes are placed on a staff. Without this they would be meaningless
Staffs require clefs. There are five of these
If the range of music is too large for a staff ledger lines are needed
Accidentals show musicians when a pitch has been raised or lowered
The best selling musicians of all time are the BeatlesMost Popular
The best selling album of all time is the Eagles Greatest Hits
The best selling single of all time is Bing Crosby's White Christmas
Elvis Presley is the best selling solo artist
Madonna has sold more records than any other female
According to Rolling Stone, Bob Dylan is the greatest song writerWriters
The richest songwriter of all time is Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lennon and McCartney of Beatles fame are the most famous songwriters
Ed Sheeran writes songs for himself and other artists
Another song writing duo is Elton John and Bernie Taupin
The Grammy Awards are the most prestigious music awardsAwards
The British Record Industry Trust Awards are known as the BRITS
The MOBO Awards honour music of black origin
The Mercury Prize is given for the best album released in the UK
The oldest European music award is the Dutch EMA
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Which Animals Can SARS-CoV-2 Infect? Complex Cell Cultures Clarify
The full range of animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. To fill in some of the gaps, researchers used a repository of airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from twelve various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. The findings warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2. |
Drowsy Driving
There are many reasons why a car accident may occur. Sometimes negligent drivers are distracted by their cell phones, food in the car, the radio, their passengers, and sometimes they are drunk, speeding, or just not paying enough attention to traffic signals or other vehicles. One other cause of accidents is drowsy driving. According to AAA’s Christine Delise, “Driving while drowsy is very similar to distracted and drunk driving. It reduces your reaction time, impairs your vision and causes a lapse in judgment.” A recent study suggests that 28% of surveyed drivers admitted to being tired behind the wheel in the last month. According to the survey, those who drive fatigued the most are between 19 and 24 years old. Drowsy driving can be noticed especially at night and fatigued drivers may be observed drifting in and out of their lane and other driving patterns of that nature.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, drowsy driving causes more than 100,000 crashes a year, resulting in 40,000 injuries and 1,550 deaths. This numbers could be even greater as most people fail to report driving drowsy after an accident. Instead of fighting to stay awake, AAA recommends drivers find a safe place to pull over to take a quick nap and to avoid taking medications that make you drowsy before getting behind the wheel. Additionally, it is suggested to drive at times when you are normally awake and to schedule breaks every 2 hours or 100 miles on road trips. If you’ve been injured in an accident as the result of negligent or drowsy driver, call Robert Sparks Attorneys for a free consultation regarding your rights against the other driver and the insurance companies. |
Quick Answer: What Percentage Of Californias Water Supply By State Water Project?
What percentage of California’s water comes from out of state?
What fraction of Californians receive their water from the State Water Project?
The State Water Project More than two-thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP. The system was designed and contracted to deliver 4.2 million acre-feet (5.2 km3), but in an average year delivers only 2.3 million acre-feet (2.8 km3) because many of the original planned features were never built.
What is the largest state built water project in California?
Built and operated by the California Department of Water Resources, the SWP is the largest state-financed water project ever built.
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Who paid for the California State Water Project?
The project supplies about two-thirds of California’s population, and is the largest state-built water project in the nation. Capital costs, as well as operation and maintenance of the SWP is paid for by state water contractors.
Will CA run out of water?
NASA Predicts California Has One Year of Water Supply According to Famiglietti, state reservoirs have been declining steadily since 2002 and groundwater levels are so low they are on the verge of depletion. With groundwater rapidly depleting, California has no contingency plan for a persistent drought.
Why does California have a water shortage?
During a typical year, about 40 percent of the state’s total water supply comes from groundwater. The demand for water is highest during the dry summer months when there is little natural precipitation or snowmelt. California’s capricious climate also leads to extended periods of drought and major floods.
What are the 3 main categories of water use in California?
Water in California is shared across three main sectors. Statewide, average water use is roughly 50% environmental, 40% agricultural, and 10% urban, although the percentage of water use by sector varies dramatically across regions and between wet and dry years.
Who runs the State Water Project?
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Where does most of California’s water come from?
What is the largest man made lake in California?
Shasta Reservoir is California’s largest man-made lake with a gross pool storage capacity of 4,552,000 acre-feet. Shasta Dam and Reservoir are located on the upper Sacramento River in northern California about 9 miles northwest of the City of Redding. The entire reservoir is within Shasta County.
What does the California State Water Project do?
The SWP is a system of reservoirs, aqueducts, power plants and pumping plants. Its main purpose is to store water and distribute it to urban and agricultural water suppliers in Northern California, the San Francisco Bay Area, the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California.
What are the two major water projects that have been constructed in California?
Project description
• Oroville Dam and Lake Oroville on the Feather River.
• San Luis Reservoir in July 2021.
• Dos Amigos Pumping Plant on the California Aqueduct.
• Aqueduct and surrounding farms in Kern County.
Which California crop consumes the most water?
The fact is, alfalfa is the crop that consumes the most water in California. Often, new farmers are surprised to find out which crops consume the most water when they’re first starting out. If you’re looking to make your operations less water-intensive, then it may be time to look into operating loans for farms.
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Where in California does most of the rain fall?
Gasquet is located in the Smith River National Recreation Area and is reputed to be the rainiest place in California with an average annual rainfall of 95 inches (2,400 mm).
Who benefits from the State Water Project?
The State Water Project (SWP) is responsible for bringing drinking water to 25 million people and provides irrigation for 750,000 acres of farmland. Without it California would never have become the economic powerhouse it is today.
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Protecting Your Pet (And Your Family) From Ticks
Protecting Your Pet (And Your Family) From Ticks
Ticks are capable of spreading a number of serious diseases and, therefore, can be dangerous to both pets and people. Here, our Maury County vets explain how these parasites thrive, including what to look out for and how to keep ticks away from your pets and family.
What are ticks?
Ticks are an external parasite that feeds on the blood of humans and other animals. They don't' jump or fly, so they generally rely on hosts for transport (these are often wild animals like deer or birds). Once ticks are on your property, there is a danger that your pet will become a host and bring these parasites into your home.
Are ticks dangerous?
What do ticks look like in Maury County?
The black-legged tick (also known as the deer tick) is one of the most common tick species found in Maury County and has the dubious distinction as being the species responsible for most cases of Lyme disease in Tennessee. It's joined by the lone star tick, American dog tick, and Asian longhorned tick.
How do I check my pet for ticks?
After even a brief stroll through grass or brush, make sure to check your dog carefully for ticks. This includes deep within your pet's fur, behind and inside their ears, around their neck and between their toes.
How do I get rid of or prevent ticks?
To help reduce the number of ticks around you home, it can be a good idea to keep your lawn well-trimmed. This gives ticks fewer places to live and breed, encouraging them to hang around elsewhere. At the height of tick season, it would also be advisable to limit the amount of time your pet spend outdoors.
Do you suspect your pet has ticks? Our vets are experienced in diagnosing and treating many common illnesses and conditions. Book an appointment at Veterinary Wellness Clinic Of Columbia today.
New Patients Welcome
At Veterinary Wellness Clinic Of Columbia, we are always accepting new patients. Our team of experienced veterinarians are passionate about lifelong pet health client education. Contact us to book your pet's first appointment today.
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(931) 548-2523 Contact |
Latvia was Christianized in the 12th and 13th century, from the East (Orthodox) and the West (Catholic). Part of the Catholic Church adopted the Lutheran Reformation of the early 16th century. During the communist era, atheism was actively promoted. Since then, there has been a revival in the churches, and several new groups have entered the country. The Evangelical Lutheran Church is the largest Protestant church. Baptists and Pentecostals are also well represented. The Russian Orthodox Church in Latvia comes under the Moscow Patriarchate, and is therefore indirectly member of the WCC. There is an independent Old Believers church.
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Which famous people have you outlived?
Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli
Swiss agronomist
Died when: 63 years 30 days (756 months)
Star Sign: Sagittarius
Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli
Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli (16 December 1716 - 15 January 1780) was a Swiss agronomist who founded the in 1758.He was a wealthy merchant, economist and lawyer.
Johann Rudolph Tschiffeli was born in Bern in 1716, in a patrician family.He spent much of his youth in Rheineck.
His father, also named Johann Rudolpf Tschiffeli (1688 - 1747), was at first the General Secretary of Canton of St.Gallen and from 1734 on the Landvogt of Bern, when the family moved to Wangen an der Aare.
After the death of his parents, Tschiffeli took over the care of his four younger siblings, and of his own household.
In 1755 he became clerk at the superior marriage court, which position meant a steady income.He occupied this post until his death.
In 1758, Tschiffeli formed the Economic Society ("Ökonomischen Gesellschaft"), which was influential beyond the Swiss borders.Albrecht von Haller was at one time the secretary and president of it, and in its long history it had contact with people like Carl Linnaeus, Voltaire, Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière, Gaetano Filangieri, and Arthur Young.
Members included and .Activities decreased around 1800, but the society was restarted in 1838 and still exists in 2011.Tschiffeli was also an agricultural reformer, and he owned two farms, one at Kirchberg and one at Moosseedorf.
He trained educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in agriculture in 1767 and 1768.Tschiffeli was a member of the Helvetic Society.
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Voice of the Customer (VOC)
Voice of the Customer VOC
Voice of the Customer VOCVoice of the Customer, or VOC, is a process for systematically listening to the perceptions, needs, wishes, expectations, and fears of your customer or end-user. We do it to ensure that the new products, processes or services we are developing will truly reflect what they want and need.
This means we’ll be able to expect people will want what we produce, and so buy and use it.
When you listen to the Voice of the Customer, you learn what the market demands are, and can develop new products to meet them.
Why Listen to the Voice of the Customer?
The alternative to listening to the Voice of the Customer is ignoring it. And that means creating what you ‘think’ they want and need.
What if it doesn’t meet their needs, or they don’t want it? All of your development time and costs will be wasted.
It takes a brave soul (Steve Jobs was a good example) to do this and create new products that no one is yet asking for. Indeed, even Jobs’ arguably biggest innovations, the iPod and iPhone, were evolutions of existing products that customers found unsatisfactory.
What is the Voice of the Customer?
Voice of the Customer is the starting point of both the New Product Development (NPD) process, and the product upgrade cycle. It’s the combination of everything your customers have to say. They communicate with you directly, but you can also eavesdrop on their social media conversations too.
Voice of the Customer comments on both their:
• gripes, frustrations, and problems with your and your competitors’ products, and
• wants, needs, and hopes for new products or functionality
Definition of Voice of the Customer
Perhaps a formal definition of Voice of the Customer would be:
‘Actual customer descriptions, in their own words, for the functions and features they desire for the goods and services they need.’
Channels for Listening to the Voices of your Customers
We can cluster the ways of hearing your customers into four categories. These are created by considering whether:
• You are proactive or reactive in gathering the information.
Do you commission conversations with your customers (active VOC) or do you listen in on existing information they put out there (Passive VOC)?
• The information is quantitative or qualitative
Is it made of facts and data, or opinion and anecdote?
This gives us a 2 x 2 grid, as we illustrate below.
Voice of the Customer - Channels of Communication
How to Listen to the Voices of Your Customers
The basic approach has five steps
1. Establish Your Programme
Define the information you need and the channels that you will use. Think about the customers that matter most – they may not all be your customers at the moment. For active listening, determine when would be best to seek out their insights.
2. Plan Your Programme
What infrastructure do you need to build? Who will be part of your program? What are the time scales? Put together a detailed plan to follow, which you can integrate into your NPD programme.
3. Implement Your Plan
Listen hard through all of the channels you have selected. Actively involve customer-facing staff, such as salespeople, customer service and complaints teams, and maintenance and support staff.
4. Analyse what You Learn
Build a picture of the different messages you are getting from your customers. Look for
1. Common themes that suggest big demand and pressing concerns
2. Interesting insights that could lead to radical ideas
5. Feed Your New Knowledge into Your NPD Programme
There’s no point in listening if you ignore what you hear. Use the insights to craft your New Product Development programme and product upgrade pathways.
What if You Implement a Successful Voice of the Customer Programme
Offer your customers or users something they want, and they will buy and use it.
Offer them what you think they want, and you run the risk of expensive product development leading to a white elephant.
What is Your experience of Voice of the Customer?
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Sugar: America’s Socially Acceptable Addiction
Sugar Addiction
If you’re passing on cake, ice cream, or other sweets trying to avoid sugar, pat yourself on your back for your effort and restraint. Researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse tell us that sugar could be as addictive as alcohol and street drugs and that it has a similar effect on our brains.
Some research shows that sugar can be even more addictive than cocaine claims James DiNicolantonio a cardiovascular researcher. “You get this intense release of dopamine upon acute ingestion of sugar. After you chronically consume it, those dopamine receptors start becoming down-regulated — there’s less of them, and they’re less responsive… but it can also lead to a mild state of depression because we know that dopamine is that reward neurotransmitter.”1
Excess Sugar
Researchers do not entirely agree on whether sugar produces the same intensity of addiction that substances like heroin, cocaine, cigarettes, and alcohol do. But researchers do agree that sugar can cause severe health problems. Sugar elevates the risk of diabetes, obesity, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. Research also shows that too much sugar consumption can cause cancer by promoting tumor growth.2
Unfortunately, you’re very likely eating way more sugar than you realize. The American Heart Association states we Americans unknowingly eat 17 teaspoons of added sugar every day while the recommended amount is no more than six teaspoons for women and nine teaspoons for men.3 The culprits include sugary beverages, eating out, and processed foods. The truth is, most of us are entirely unaware of the amount of sugar we consume daily.
Addiction is compulsive substance usage without regard for the adverse consequences. Sugar consumption causes a rush of the chemical dopamine to the brain, releasing a feeling of intense pleasure.4 Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain’s learning, memory, and reward system that’s associated with addictive behavior. Sugar can lead to cravings that make it difficult to stop.
Certain signs indicate you may be addicted to sugar:
• Intense cravings and feelings of loss of control
• Eating large amounts despite it causing problems, such as weight gain, tooth decay, and health concerns like elevated blood sugar levels.
• Hiding the volume of your sugar consumption from others.
If you suspect you’re addicted to sugar, take steps now to reduce your sugar intake. Willpower alone may not be enough to curb your sugar habit, just as it isn’t enough to end dangerous addictions to cigarettes and drugs.
Here are a few practical strategies that may help you get control of your sugar cravings and keep your consumption within a healthy range.
Your taste buds need retraining. Who doesn’t enjoy a few teaspoons of sugar in their coffee or tea? If you add extra sugar to your food or drinks, try gradually reducing the amount each day over a couple of weeks. The gradual decrease will help retrain your taste buds so you can enjoy your favorite coffee without the extra sugar or at least with far less sugar than you are currently using.
Small changes to your lifestyle add up. Replace a little sugar each week with something healthy and delicious. If you eat ice cream every night before you go to bed, make it every other night and replace it with healthier low sugar yogurt, a fruit smoothie or fruit salad. After a few weeks, your taste buds and brain will adapt to the lower sugar levels.
Women Eating Fruit
Replace sugar with fruit. Reach for a piece of fruit the next time you have a sugar craving. The natural sweetness in berries, grapes, or a banana will satisfy your sweet tooth while simultaneously providing you with nutrients and fiber to help your body pass the fruit’s natural sugar.
More protein. High protein foods help reduce your cravings for sugar because they digest more slowly, so you feel fuller and less hungry. A piece of cheese, almonds, or an egg are excellent replacements when you crave sugar.
Fitness Couple
Move your body. Exercise is a healthy lifestyle habit that reduces your sugar cravings. Thirty minutes of exercise every day will help you choose a healthy snack over a bowl of ice cream.
Consult a professional. If you binge on sugar when you’re upset or stressed out, or if you eat excessive amounts regularly, consider talking to a therapist. Emotional eating is a common problem and dealing with the issues that underlie it may help end your sugar addiction. And imagine how the overall quality of your life will improve!
Probiotics to the rescue. Beneficial bacteria in your digestive tract has substantial positive effects on your brain, immunity system, and digestive health. Recent research published in the Journal of Scientific Reports maintains healthy gut bacteria help mitigate sugar cravings.5 One of the best ways to encourage healthful gut bacteria is to take a daily probiotic. You can reduce digestive problems that excessive sugar consumption causes like gas, diarrhea, bloating, and constipation.
1. “Is Sugar More Addictive Than Cocaine?” Wbur.Org.
2. “Insulin And Cancer – D. Barry Boyd, 2003”. 2019. Integrative Cancer Therapies.
3. “How Much Is Too Much?”. 2014. Sugarscience.UCSF.Edu.
4. Ahima, Rexford S. 2009. “The End Of Overeating”. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 119 (10): 2867-2867. American Society for Clinical Investigation. doi:10.1172/jci40983.
5. Falcinelli, Silvia, Ana Rodiles, Suraj Unniappan, Simona Picchietti, Giorgia Gioacchini, Daniel Lee Merrifield, and Oliana Carnevali. 2016. “Probiotic Treatment Reduces Appetite And Glucose Level In The Zebrafish Model”. Scientific Reports 6 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/srep18061. |
The Best Tech Tips
Six Benefits Of IPv6
What is IPv6?
IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet protocol (IP). The purpose of Internet protocols is to set specific rules for the devices to send and receive information successfully. The exchange of information is between two hosts. So, for that reason, they have to be able to be identified. IP addresses come to help in this situation to track each host’s location. Finally, the two corresponding IP addresses are acknowledged, and the route is established for the entire data exchange.
An interesting fact is that IPv6 was officially introduced in 1995. That is more than twenty years! The massive growth of devices and the Internet’s gained popularity forced the need for the new IPv6. It was decided that IPv4 could not be able to provide the required amount of IP addresses. So, that is why IPv6 got developed. However, the transition to the newer version takes time. The majority of the devices, such as computers, smartphones, and the Internet of things (IoT), request a unique IP address to connect to the web daily. Let’s talk a little bit more about the benefits of IPv6!
Effective routing
With IPv6, the size of routing tables is reduced, and routing is a lot more effective. It lets ISPs aggregate the prefixes of their clients’ networks into an individual prefix and state this one prefix to the IPv6 Internet. Furthermore, in IPv6 networks, the fragmentation is managed by the source device and not by the router. That is possible by applying a protocol to identify the path’s maximum transmission unit (MTU).
Effective packet processing
The IPv6 has a more simple packet header that produces more efficient packet processing. Furthermore, in contrast with IPv4, IPv6 doesn’t include IP-level checksum, and the checksum is not recalculated at each router hop. Most link-layer technologies already have checksum and error-control abilities, because of that, eliminating the IP-level checksum was possible. Besides, the majority of transport layers that control end-to-end connectivity also hold checksum that lets error detection.
Directed data flow
The new IPv6 supports multicast, which allows bandwidth-intensive packet flows. They can be carried to various destinations simultaneously and save network bandwidth. Hosts that are not interested will no longer process broadcast packets. Moreover, the IPv6 header has a new field. It is called Flow Label, and it can recognize packets that belong to the related flow.
Simple network arrangement
IPv6 comes with a built-in auto-configuration for address assignment.
A router is going to send the prefix of the local link in its router advertisements. Therefore, a host can produce its personal IP address via adding its link-layer (MAC) address, transformed in Extended Universal Identifier (EUI) 64-bit arrangement, to the 64 bits of the local link prefix.
New services support
Actual end-to-end connectivity at the IP layer is reconstructed by excluding Network Address Translation (NAT). Additionally were enabled brand-new and helpful services. As a result, peer-to-peer networks are much easier to make and sustain, plus services like VoIP and Quality of Service (QoS) are getting more robust.
IPv6 has a boost with IPSec. It offers authentication, confidentiality, and data integrity. However, IPv4 ICMP packets have the potential to transfer malware, so usually, they are blocked by corporate firewalls. Yet, the firewalls may permit ICMPv6, which is the new appliance of the Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6. The reason is IPSec is possible to be used to the packets of ICMPv6.
5 Tips for Choosing the Best DNS Provider
Availability is a must.
If your website can’t be reached, the risk of losing clients is big. A robust network with servers located all around the world for redundancy sounds ideal. The next step is to check that those locations are convenient for your business. Be sure those countries are your market or that they are close to it.
Uptime is a term that points to the effective operation time of a server, and therefore your website has. It’s a measurable factor absolutely linked with availability. Check the uptime records of the providers to see how much availability they really can guarantee. If you see constant outages in the service or downtime, it’s an alert not to hire the service.
Availability is really key, and providers know it. DNS professionals establish the uptime they offer in the service level agreements (SLAs) as a guarantee for clients.
DNS infrastructure faces dangerous risks. Plenty of cyber attacks keep occurring worldwide. As a result, an efficient strategy and technology for preventing, protecting clients’ websites, and guaranteeing their availability is a must.
A network with multiple points of presence distributed across the world, in addition to an efficient load balancing mechanism, DNS Failover, and anti-DDoS servers’ protection, are very helpful. Additional features like DNSSEC and two-factor authentication for the backend are a must. This can point the DNS provider will really handle traffic to avoid threats like the evil DDoS attacks. And even if a DNS server gets compromised, your website can keep safe and running due to the other servers included in the network.
Check the capacity of the DNS provider have for resolving users’ queries worldwide. An Anycast network is a good beginning for you to consider a vendor seriously. Such a network will increase your domain’s availability and speed, reducing latency, bandwidth fee, and loading time.
Customer support.
DNS management is not a simple task. The smallest mistake while adding, editing, or deleting DNS records can affect your website performance or availability. Expert support is not a minor advantage. Be sure it’s included, available 24/7, that they speak your language or a common one, and try the contact ways they offer to see if they really work. DNS issues can really impact your profits. If an issue appears, you need to fix it fast and efficiently.
Look for competency and experience.
There are many providers on the market, but there is a big difference between companies that offer DNS services as their main business and the ones that provide them as an add-on. Based on this, they can offer you a more robust or simpler infrastructure.
DNS is an online media’s key component. A proper architecture, constant monitoring, and optimization are totally needed for supplying the best results. A competent network, modern equipment, and software can provide you fast resolution for your domain, 100% uptime, capacity for handling big volumes of queries per day, and more.
DNS service will be the core of your website. Consider the previous parameters and your real business needs. Then, check the most suitable DNS service provider and price for your budget. Some DNS providers are globally recognized and expensive. But there are smaller DNS providers with good quality and lower prices.
5 of the biggest DDoS attacks in recent years
DDoS attacks are a constant problem that any business could suffer.
They are massive controlled traffic that is directed to a target (server) with the goal of taking it out of order.
Directly or indirectly, one day, you will be affected. They are getting more frequent, and we can easily expect around 10 million attacks this year. Here, we have 5 of the biggest DDoS attacks in recent years. Those who really hit strong and disrupted businesses.
2021 Gambling company and DDoS ransom attack
This year’s entry focuses on a particular strategy some cybercriminals love – a ransom attack! The attack was complex and lasted months. When it became critical was in March 2021, when the traffic reached 800+ Gbps. Akamai was the company that was in charge of defending the gambling company. It reported that the problem was in a network protocol called Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP). It led to a volumetric attack that bypassed the typical TCP and UDP traffic defenses. Still, Akamai managed to handle it.
2020 AWS DDoS attack
Amazon Web Services are getting attack constantly. What is interesting about this case from February 2020 is that the traffic was massive. At its peak, it reached an astonishing volume of 2.3 Tbps! Of course, AWS could swiftly mitigate the danger and handle the situation, but it was still an impressive attempt to bring AWS down and got a record for the strongest DDoS attack yet. The vulnerability that the hackers used was a part of the CLDAP (Connection-less Lightweight Directory Access Protocol).
2019 Imperva SYN attack
During 2019, the company Imperva had two strong attacks to stop and save its clients. One was a DDoS SYN flood attack with 500 million packets per second (PPS) and the other with 580! It got the record for the largest application layer attack, so definitely a nasty attempt. The packets’ size was significant too. They range from 800 to 900 bytes each.
2018 GitHub Memcached attack
The attack that brought down GitHub in 2018 was incredibly severe. The traffic was 1.35Tbps per second! Of course, GitHub protection was not strong enough, and after a while, it couldn’t respond anymore. The whole problem started thanks to the exploited communication port – 11211 UDP. The criminals use it to amplify the attack and send traffic, almost a hundred times the size of the original request.
2017 Blizzard DDoS attack
The game company Blizzard also has its enemies. In 2017 their servers were under attack, and this time it was a very strong DDoS attack. Many gamers couldn’t connect to the servers and play some of their favorite games like World of Warcraft, Diablo, StarCraft, and more. It left them angry and without service for several hours. Since then, there have been more attacks, and Blizzard is still a big target.
We are heaving a steady rise in the number of DDoS attacks. They also become more complex and stronger. We can see around a 10% increase each year, and we are already in the 10 million range. More news will come about new DDoS attacks, and new dark records will be made. It is inevitable. So, next time when you can’t send something through your messenger app or the email client does not work, it is probably another DDoS attack.
Domain parking: When to consider it?
The days of domain parking and earning from ads are long gone. This kind of easy profits is in the past, but do you still need domain parking services?
What is domain parking?
Domain parking is an additional feature that many of the domain registrars offer that allows the users who purchase a domain name to have a simple 1-page message (HTML) that shows when you try to open the domain. You can have it without the need for web hosting. The purpose is to show a message to the visitors, that can be a contact, information about the future of the domain, or another.
There are more reasons to use domain parking. These are the main cases when to consider domain parking.
To sell domain names (domain flipping).
One legit business that can’t function the same way without domain parking is reselling domain names for profit. You can register different domain names that have something in common – industry-related, similar names, particular keywords or keywords, etc. Thanks to the parking option, you can put your contacts. If somebody checks some of your domain names, you can show them your contacts and the price for the particular domain. This will facilitate the selling a lot.
Domain parking before you finish your site.
Consider domain parking when your site is still under construction. You can use it to put a few motivational sentences. To warm up the crowd. You can even change the message a few times from “coming soon” to “in two months”, “3 days left”, or another. If you already have a well-known brand and you are setting foot on a new market, the true fans could be ecstatic.
You moved to another domain.
Maybe you have found a more suitable domain for your business, and you moved to it. It will be a shame to waste your previous domain name and all the people who know it. Extend your old domain name’s time by at least 1 year and park it. Use a message that clearly invites the visitors to go to the new domain name.
Another reason is if the company merged with another one and now you are using just one site, but the trick with the parked domain works too.
If you moved to another domain, a web redirect that directly takes the visitors from the previous domain to the new one might be a good option too.
Get domains that you might use later.
Sometimes you are not sure about all the aspects of your business’s future development. Maybe in some years, you want to start selling on the nearby markets (countries). Perhaps you want to create a separate domain for your flagship product. We can’t know everything. But it is very cheap to get the domains in advance and sit on them. Put a message that leads to the main site and be prepared for the future. Who knows, maybe in 1 or 2 years, you will need one of these parked domains, and you already have it for the price of a few dollars per year.
So, now you know when to consider domain parking. It is a simple option that you can activate in a matter of minutes. It can show a simple message and still serve your goals. It saves money on web hosting.
5 Most popular TLDs for April 2021 according to Statista
Do you want to know which are the 5 most popular TLDs for April 2021? There is a constant battle between the hundreds of newly created generic top-level domains and all the old ones that came decades ago. But, do the old ones still standing their ground, or were they already swept away by the newcomers? Here we have data from Statista with TLD popularity ranking and their market share expressed in percentage.
5. .ir TLD 1.9%
In the fifth place in our ranking is the country code top-level domain .ir, which stands for Iran. What is great about this TLD is that people from outside of Iran can register .ir domain too. Both in English and Persian. The registry website is This domain extension has seen growth in the last months, so that it might climb even higher in the future.
Top sites with .ir include:,,,,
4. .net TLD 3.3%
On one step higher, we can find one of the old-favorite TLD – .net. Net stands for network, and it has been around for more than 30 years. Initially, it was used by network providers, but currently, there are no restrictions. Unfortunately, although it is well-known, it has been declining for a long time.
Top sites with .net include:,,,,
3. .org TLD 4.4%
.org stands for organization, is another top-level domain that has been around for a long time. All kinds of organizations used it, both non-profit and for-profit ones. It is as old as the .net, and it has the same fate as it. It is slowly declining. Still, it has a significant market share, and people recognize it from the many internationally famous sites it has under its domain.
Top sites with .org include:,,,,
2. .ru TLD 5.9%
.ru is a ccTLD of the Russian Federation. The current registry website for it is In which you can find information both in English and Russian. .ru Could be a good option if you are interested in the Russian market. The .ru offers DNSSEC for creating a chain of trust and verify DNS records of the domains. It has been on a decline since the last year, but it still has a good market share.
Top sites with .ru include:,,,,
1. .com TLD 52.3%
Are you surprised? Of course, the .com TLD is still number 1! It is dominating the market since forever. .com stands for commercial, and it was intended as an extension for all the private companies who what to be on the web. The domain is so strong that it is again on the rise in the last year. Its market position is entirely dominant, and it will most probably continue to be the first on ever most popular TLDs list out there for decades.
Top sites with .com include:,,,,
.com is still the king, but there are a few more TLDs that soon can be a part of the 5 most popular TLDs – .in (1.8%), .uk(1.6%), .au (1.6%), .ua (1.3%), .de (1.2%). The country code domains are strong. They are a great way to show which is your market and be closer to the consumer, so each of these 5 can soon climb up.
6 steps for building a successful website
Websites have multiplied by millions on the Internet. As a result, a wide variety of products and services have found market and success! And no matter the competition is really hard. Still, there are chances for new websites to succeed.
If you have a great business idea and want to try it, check these 6 steps for building a successful website.
1. Create your business plan.
Have you heard that a goal without a plan is just a wish? That’s the truth. Define a clear strategy for building, running, and growing your business website.
• Establish your target market.
• Define goals and control methods.
• Plan your resources and define your products/services and portfolio.
• Analyze your environment and competitors. What are they doing, good and bad? How are you going to differentiate from them?
• Think about cash flows and financial problems you could face.
A well-defined business plan is key to convince investors to be part of your business.
2. Register your domain name, and get a TLS certificate.
• Define a catchy and memorable domain name. Prefer something short than too long for typing.
• Before registering, you must check its availability. There are different domain name search tools you can use.
• Choose the best TLD (top-level domain) for your website. The one that provides more information about its purpose, product or service, location, scope (local or international). Some TLDs are more popular than others (.com, .org, .net, .uk, .ru, etc.), and based on that, their prices differ.
• Look for a reliable registrar.
• Get a TLS certificate from your registrar or from your web hosting provider. It protects users and authenticates your website identity for them to know they will interact with a legit website.
3. Pick a web hosting server.
You need a provider for hosting your website (all the files that shape it: database, theme, code, images, etc.) on a server connected to the Internet. It’s the way to make it available online for users. There are different types: shared hosting, virtual private server, dedicated server, etc. Prices, resources, security, etc., vary. The way to pick the more suitable for you is to identify very well your website’s needs.
Providers offer plans that include different functions and costs. Buy what you need to reach the specific goals you have, and check the conditions for future scalability.
4. Choose content manager system (CMS).
What kind of website do you want? Is it a blog or an e-shop? What kind of functionality do you require for interacting with users? What is the best way to deliver the content?
• Look for ease of use.
• Customization possibilities both for landing pages but also for the backend.
• Technical architecture, possibilities for adding third-party software (SEO, security, user management, etc.).
5. Develop your SEO strategy.
An SEO strategy will provide the guidelines for developing your content. You also will clarify the best way to organize it. Content and the objectives you want to reach with it must guide your design decisions. What should get more users’ attention? How to support the call to action visually? The SEO strategy is also important for being well ranked by search engines.
6. Execute your marketing plan.
Of course, the marketing plan must be developed before, just like the SEO one. But once you are ready to launch the website, it must be fully executed. People, your target market, must be aware of its existence. Competition online is hard. Competitors are many. So, you must attract people’s attention and generate traffic.
Building a successful website is possible! It demands permanent work and optimization. Don’t waste time! Start your plan (step 1) now!
Most frequently used DNS commands.
NSLookup command
$ nslookup -type=any
Dig command
Dig command is already built-in on macOS. For Linux and Windows, you can easily install the command. It is a very useful DNS diagnostic tool. This command can show you all types of DNS records. Also, you can probe your nameservers, traceroute both IPv4 and IPv6, or check a specific port. Troubleshooting with the Dig command is quick and simple.
If you want to see all the available information about a domain, in the command line, write:
$ dig any
You can simply replace the domain name with another one or an IP address. The Dig command is excellent because it provides complete information about the query you requested. If you want to receive a more specific result, you can use the many options that the Dig command has.
Host command
The functionality of the Host commands is very similar to the Dig command. So, with it, you can also see the available DNS records and apply it for DNS troubleshooting. Also, check an IP address or domain name, perform reverse lookup or see the domain’s nameservers or modify the DNS queries with several options. On Linux, the Host command is also built-in, like the Dig command. So, you are free to choose which one you want to use.
$ host -a
Google Admin Toolbox Dig
An excellent solution for DNS troubleshooting is also an online tool. For example, there is an online version of the Dig command from Google. You can easily check various types of records, such as A, AAAA, MX, CNAME, PTR, etc. There you can perform DNS lookup by only inserting a domain name you wish to view.
Use the suggested tools whenever you want to. For sure, they are capable of providing you the information you need.
Fundamental DNS records you should know.
DNS records explained.
DNS records set specific rules in a DNS zone. They are entirely made of text, which makes them very light. Zone files are the place where the various types of DNS records are stored.
Every time when a user makes a request, the DNS servers are searching for a particular DNS record type. As a result, there are many different records for the various kinds of requests that could be made. So, let’s make things a little bit more precise and explain some of the most fundamental DNS records.
A record
When we are talking about DNS, the first record that we should mention is the A record. Its purpose is very important and is at the foundation of DNS. The A record points a domain name/hostname to the corresponding IP address. So, for example, when a user makes a request to visit a website, it would typically type the website’s domain name. However, to find it, the user needs its IP address. To get it, the browser will search from one DNS server to another. So, in the end, it will receive the A record capable of resolving the query. The browser will know where exactly the website is and is going to load it.
SOA record
SOA stands for the start of authority record. Its purpose is to show the primary DNS server – the authoritative name server. This record also holds essential information for the DNS zone, also for the normal functionality of the DNS network, it is a necessity. Within the data inside can be found, also who is the administrator responsible for it, how frequently the DNS server has to refresh, and more.
MX record
This record is also known as the mail eXchanger record. The purpose of it is also very important, especially when you want to have accurate email correspondence. It displays the server or servers accountable for receiving emails for the domain. In case you don’t have such a DNS record, the email correspondence is going to be challenging. The sending servers won’t know to who they should send messages. As a result, you are not going to receive emails.
PTR record
Domain owners sometimes neglect this DNS record, but for sending emails without any problems is a necessity. The PTR record is also known as a pointer record. Its purpose is the opposite of the A record, and it is required for Reverse DNS. The main function is to point an IP address to a domain name. Its common use is for sending emails. The receivers need to verify that the email was sent from the actual domain, not from somebody else. If the A and PTR records are not configured correctly, your emails will end in the spam folder. Also, it is able to operate with both IPv4 addresses and with IPv6 addresses.
CNAME record
The CNAME record is showing which is the actual, canonical domain name for the domain/subdomain you want to visit. This DNS record is essential to know when we are speaking for subdomains. Creating a CNAME for each of them and pointing them to the domain name makes administrating more simple. You don’t have to modify any further DNS records for every subdomain. For example, if you make changes, for, there is no need to update these changes for For you, DNS management will be much easier. |
15 September 2021 – Today the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) launched a unique waste-to-energy (WtE) initiative in Lahj governorate. The first of its kind, the plant is a new method of producing energy that may revolutionize the governorate’s approach to addressing waste management. As part of a comprehensive solid waste management system that encourages community members to recycle and reduce waste, the plant turns solid agriculture and municipal waste into gas that can be used to create electricity.
This initiative is the result of a partnership and collaboration between UNDP Yemen, Ministry of Water and Environment, Ministry of International Planning and Cooperation (MoPIC), Environment Protection Authority (Aden and Lahj), District Authority and Electricity Department (Lahj), the Yemeni private sector (SEHAB TECH), the European Union, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, and UNDP’s SDG Climate Facility, and is implemented by the Supporting Resilient Livelihoods and Food Security in Yemen Joint Programme (ERRY II). It will promote innovative ways of handling solid waste and renewable energy in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner to tackle climate security challenges in Yemen. The initiative will also work to raise awareness and encourage the target community and government counterparts to adopt new waste management behavioural practices through a public-private partnership business model.
“Yemen is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Among other challenges, this has led to energy shortages and poor solid waste management that have created greater human security risks. UNDP’s commitment for climate security induced by the climate change has remained a high priority,” says Mr. Auke Lootsma, UNDP Yemen Resident Representative.
The plant is expected to transform up to five tons of municipal and agricultural solid waste a day and can generate 100 kilowatts hour of electricity and 1 ton of plastic granules. This is enough to power 100 commercial shops and generate approximately 7,500 jobs for vulnerable people in rural areas. The WtE business model will help ensure access to electricity at an affordable price: US$ 2 for 12 hours verses US$ 20 for 12 hours by fossil fuel. The market value of recycled plastic granules is approximately US$ 900 a ton.
In addition to protecting the environment, reducing greenhouse gases, and supporting climate change initiatives, the initiative supports the most vulnerable groups in rural Yemen through employment and money-making opportunities. In addition to the plant employing local technicians for maintenance and operations, people can collect ‘cash-for-trash’ money by collecting trash and bringing it to select businesses that collect the waste to fuel the plant and generate electricity. Additionally, the initiative promotes the use of solar-powered tuk-tuks to facilitate easier and more environmentally friendly collection of waste for those seeking income from the cash-for-trash points.
The initiative aims at encouraging communities, private sector, and institutions to adopt innovative solutions for livelihood improvement and climate security. “Energy is at the heart of the SDGs and clean and sustainable power supply means better basic services for all members of the community. Investments in innovative technologies and processes like WtE that improve clean energy production will positively impact climate security and promote participatory green economy,” Lootsma indicated.
Press Contacts
Leanne Rios, Team Lead for Communications and Advocacy | Leanne.rios@undp.org
About UNDP
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Go to UNDP Global |
String practice 2
Submit solution
Points: 1
Time limit: 1.0s
Memory limit: 64M
Problem type
Allowed languages
C, C++, Python3
Brackets are used in many places, and in this task your job is to make sure the square brackets are syntactically correct. The rules are very simple, matching pairs of brackets are considered valid.
E.g. the following brackets are valid:
[] [ [ ] ]
[ []]
The following is invalid:
[] ]
Input Specification
Each line will contain a single test case. Each case will contain no more than 200 characters.
There will be multiple test cases, until EOF in the end.
Output Specification
The output should contain the same number of lines as input, each line either Yes or No, indicating whether the sequence is valid.
Sample Input
[] [ [ ] ]
[ []]
[] ]
Sample Output
• 0
admin commented on Sept. 22, 2021, 10:39 a.m.
In Python, to keep reading from stdin until EOF, you can do this:
while True:
try :
line = input()
except EOFError:
• 0
admin commented on July 6, 2020, 6:29 p.m. edited
In C++, to keep reading in a complete line until EOF, you can do this:
string line;
while (getline(cin, line)) {
// do your stuff |
The Chuan Tzu
Translated by Lin Yutang
Introduction [ 1 ]
1] A Happy Excursion
2 ] On Leveling All Things
3 ] The Preservation of Life
4 ] This Human World
5 ] Deformities, or Evidence of a Full Character (23)
6 ] The Great Supreme
7 ] Joined Toes
8 ] Horses' Hooves
9 ] Opening Trunks, or a Protest against Civilization
10 ] On Tolerance
11 ] Autumn Floods (64)
This Human World
Yen huei (20) went to take leave of Confucius. "Whither are you bound?" asked the Master.
"Of old, Chieh murdered Kuanlung P'ang, and Chou slew Prince Pikan. Their victims were both men who cultivated themselves and cared for the good of the people, and thus offended their superiors. Therefore, their superiors got rid of them, because of their goodness. This was the result of their love for fame.
"Gravity of demeanor and humility; persistence and singleness of purpose, -- will this do?" replied Yen Huei. "Alas, no," said Confucius, "how can it? The Prince is a haughty person, filled with pride, and his moods are fickle. No one opposes him, and so he has come to take actual pleasure in trampling upon the feelings of others. And if he has thus failed in the practice of routine virtues, do you expect that he will take readily to higher ones? He will persist in his ways, and though outwardly he may agree with you, inwardly he will not repent. How then will you make him mend his ways?"
Confucius said, "Keep fast, and I shall tell you. Will it be easy for you when you still have a narrow mind? He who treats things as easy will not be approved by the bright heaven."
"Exactly so," replied the Master. "Let me tell you. Enter this man's service, but without idea of working for fame. Talk when he is in a mood to listen, and stop when he is not. Do without any sort of labels or self- advertisements. Keep to the One and let things take their natural course. Then you may have some chance of success. It is easy to stop walking: the trouble is to walk without touching the ground. As an agent of man, it is easy to use artificial devices; but not as an agent of God. You have heard of winged creatures flying. You have never heard of flying without wings. You have heard of men being wise with knowledge. You have never heard of men wise without knowledge "Look at that emptiness. There is brightness in an empty room. Good luck dwells in repose. If there is not (inner) repose, your mind will be galloping about though you are sitting still. Let your ears and eyes communicate within but shut out all knowledge from the mind. Then the spirits will come to dwell therein, not to mention man. This is the method for the transformation (influencing) of all Creation. It was the key to the influence of Yu and Shun, and the secret of the success of Fu Hsi and Chi Chu. How much more should the common man follow the same rule?"
[Two Sections Are Omitted Here]
A certain carpenter Shih was traveling to the Ch'i State. On reaching Shady Circle, he saw a sacred li tree in the temple to the God of Earth. It was so large that its shade could cover a herd of several thousand cattle. It was a hundred spans in girth, towering up eighty feet over the hilltop, before it branched out. A dozen boats could be cut out of it. Crowds stood gazing at it, but the carpenter took no notice, and went on his way without even casting a look behind. His apprentice however took a good look at it, and when he caught up with his master, said, "Ever since I have handled an adz in your service, I have never seen such a splendid piece of timber. How was it that you, Master, did not care to stop and look at it?"
"Forget about it. It's not worth talking about," replied his master. "It's good for nothing. Made into a boat, it would sink; into a coffin, it would rot; into furniture, it would break easily; into a door, it would sweat; into a pillar, it would be worm-eaten. It is wood of no quality, and of no use. That is why it has attained its present age."
When the carpenter reached home, he dreamt that the spirit of the tree appeared to him in his sleep and spoke to him as follows: "What is it you intend to compare me with? Is it with fine-grained wood? Look at the cherry-apple, the pear, the orange, the pumelo, and other fruit bearers? As soon as their fruit ripens they are stripped and treated with indignity. The great boughs are snapped off, the small ones scattered abroad. Thus do these trees by their own value injure their own lives. They cannot fulfill their allotted span of years, but perish prematurely because they destroy themselves for the (admiration of) the world. Thus it is with all things. Moreover, I tried for a long period to be useless. Many times I was in danger of being cut down, but at length I have succeeded, and so have become exceedingly useful to myself. Had I indeed been of use, I should not be able to grow to this height. Moreover, you and I are both created things. Have done then with this criticism of each other. Is a good-for-nothing fellow in imminent danger of death a fit person to talk of a good-for-nothing tree?" When the carpenter Shih awaked and told his dream, his apprentice said, "If the tree aimed at uselessness, how was it that it became a sacred tree?"
"Hush!" replied his master. "Keep quiet. It merely took refuge in the temple to escape from the abuse of those who do not appreciate it. Had it not become sacred, how many would have wanted to cut it down! Moreover, the means it adopts for safety is different from that of others, and to criticize it by ordinary standards would be far wide of the mark."
Tsech'i of Nan-po was traveling on the hill of Shang when he saw a large tree which astonished him very much. A thousand chariot teams of four horses could find shelter under its shade. "What tree is this?" cried Tsech'i. "Surely it must be unusually fine timber." Then looking up, he saw that its branches were too crooked for rafters; and looking down he saw that the trunk's twisting loose grain made it valueless for coffins. He tasted a leaf, but it took the skin off his lips; and its odor was so strong that it would make a man intoxicated for three days together. "Ah!" said Tsech'i, "this tree is really good for nothing, and that is how it has attained this size. A spiritual man might well follow its example of uselessness."
In the State of Sung there is a land belonging to the Chings, where thrive the catalpa, the cedar, and the mulberry. Such as are of one span or so in girth are cut down for monkey cages. Those of two or three spans are cut down for the beams of fine houses. Those of seven or eight spans are cut down for the solid (unjointed) sides of rich men's coffins. Thus they do not fulfill their allotted span of years, but perish young beneath the ax. Such is the misfortune which overtakes worth. For the sacrifices to the River God, neither bulls with white foreheads, nor pigs with high snouts, nor men suffering from piles, can be used. This is known to all the soothsayers, for these are regarded as inauspicious. The wise, however, would regard them as extremely auspicious (to themselves).
There was a hunchback named Su. His jaws touched his navel. His shoulders were higher than his head. His neck bone stuck out toward the sky. His viscera were turned upside down. His buttocks were where his ribs should have been. By tailoring, or washing, he was easily able to earn his living. By sifting rice he could make enough to support a family of ten. When orders came down for a conscription, the hunchback walked about unconcerned among the crowd. And similarly, in government conscription for public works, his deformity saved him from being called. On the other hand, when it came to government donations of grain for the disabled, the hunchback received as much as three chung and of firewood, ten faggots. And if physical deformity was thus enough to preserve his body until the end of his days, how much more should moral and mental deformity avail!
When Confucius was in the Ch'u State, the eccentric Chieh Yu passed his door, saying, "O phoenix! O phoenix! How has thy virtue fallen! Wait not for the coming years, nor hanker back to the past. When the right principles prevail on earth, prophets will fulfill their mission. When the right principles prevail not, they will but preserve themselves. At the present day, they are but trying to keep out of jail! The good fortunes of this world are light as feathers, yet none estimates them at their true value. The misfortunes of this life are weighty as the earth, yet none knows how to keep out of their reach. No more, no more, show off your virtue. Beware, beware, move cautiously on! O brambles, O brambles, wound not my steps! I pick my way about, hurt not my feet!" (22)
The mountain trees invite their own cutting down; lamp oil invites its own burning up. Cinnamon bark can be eaten; therefore the tree is cut down. Lacquer can be used, therefore the tree is scraped. All men know the utility of useful things; but they do not know the utility of futility.
Translator's notes
(20) - Best disciple of Confucius.
(21) - Lit. "regarded as sons (ie. fathered) by Heaven."
(22) - The first part of this song is found in the Analects. |
Is Russia socialist communist or capitalist
October Revolution
Abraham Ascher
To person
Ph.D., born 1928; Distinguished Professor of History (emeritus), Graduate Center, City University of New York / USA
Email: [email protected]
The 20th century can be seen as the age in which revolutionary Russia sought to establish a new social, economic and political (world) order.
The (communist) movement is advancing at such a pace that we can say out of conviction: in just one year we will begin to forget that there was even a struggle for communism in Europe, because within a year all of Europe will become communist "[1] This is what Grigory Zinoviev, president of the recently launched Third Communist International (Comintern), prophesied in the spring of 1919. For someone who belonged to a political party, the 1905 - during the first Russian revolution - all rolled into one Country with 130 million inhabitants about 8,400 and in August 1917, three months before they came to power, only had 80,000 members, [2] this was a brisk prophecy.
Zinoviev was not the only optimist among the communists: in 1919 and 1920, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the undisputed leader of the party, devoted a tremendous amount of energy and time to fueling the revolution in Europe and other parts of the world. Lenin's expectations of success also seemed limitless. When he learned in early 1919 that a five-day general strike had taken place in Seattle, he persuaded himself that "Soviet-style councils" had been set up in America, "which sooner or later will take power into their own hands" ] Lenin believed that the war years had undermined capitalism and radicalized the working class.
Street scene in Petrograd (later St. Petersburg) in May 1917. People seek protection from machine gun fire. (& copy picture-alliance / AP)
Today we are inclined to smile at these predictions. Yet in the 20th century, Russia's revolutionary rhetoric and the policies of the Soviet Union were watched with great concern by many thoughtful and influential people in the West - not only on the right-hand side of the political spectrum, but also by liberal and moderate socialists. Between 1917 and 1991, the Soviet Union played a decisive role in all the important events that influenced the course of world history: when the National Socialists came to power in 1933, in World War II, in the division of Europe, in the Cold War from 1947 to the 1980s, in the Development of nuclear weapons, the independence of the colonies in Africa, Asia and elsewhere as well as in the conflicts in the Middle East. All too often the involvement of the Soviet Union resulted in unintended consequences from communist leaders. Either way, it had a tremendous impact on 20th century history. |
BSF Study Questions Genesis Lesson 19, Day 5: Genesis 25:1-18
Summary of passage: Abraham took another wife named Keturah and had more kids. He left everything he owned to Isaac but gave gifts to his other sons and sent them away to the land of the east. Abraham lived 175 years and was buried with Sarah in the cave he bought from the Hittites. God blessed Isaac who settled near Beer Lahai Roi.
Ishmael had 12 sons who became 12 tribal rulers. He lived to be 137 years old. His descendants settled near Egypt from Havilah to Shur as you go towards Asshur. They lived in hostility towards their brothers.
12a) Isaac got everything. Ishmael got gifts before he died.
b) Isaac: Map of Beer Lahai Roi:
The sons of Ishmael all settled in Arabia as did most of the sons of Keturah.
13a) Personal Question. My answer: Provided my husband with a job opportunity. He’s given me a band to play in to keep my mind busy. We are lacking for nothing for we have savings. I keep getting the message that I need to write so I keep at it.
b) Personal Question. My answer: Husband. Kids. Dog.
Conclusions: I spent a little bit of time trying to find where the descendants settled but everywhere I looked it was all speculation as to the exact location so in the end I just linked to where Isaac settled since we’re going to be seeing a lot of him coming up and left the rest to Arabia.
I think every day is special as a gift from God and everything He provides is special. So food, clothing, shelter, and another day to live and breathe are special gifts from God.
Does Beer Lahai Roi sound familiar? It should. It’s the place where Hagar encountered God in the form of “the angel of the Lord” as she was fleeing from Sarai and Abram in Genesis 16:14. The name means “well of the Living One who sees me.” Interesting that Isaac now ends up there.
Fun Fact: Abraham is mentioned 70 times in the New Testament. Only Moses is mentioned more. |
Design Considerations for High Cell-Count Battery Packs
High cell-count applications present unique battery management and thermal management challenges
Battery pack design is a complex, multi-step process with many decisions. After cell chemistry, perhaps the two most important decisions in battery pack design are the number of cells and the arrangement of the cells.
Chemistry determines, among many other properties, the nominal voltage of a cell. The size of the cell in turn determines the capacity. To double battery capacity, put two cells in parallel. To double battery voltage, put two cells in series. Pick the proper arrangement to meet the design needs.
Arranging cells in series and parallel to fit the application is battery pack design 101—uncomplicated, at least at small scales. But big-ticket applications like electric vehicles and power tools are high-voltage and high-power, and they need a lot of cells. As cell count goes up, the need for effective battery pack design increases. Likewise, the difficulty of battery pack design increases with size.
There are several reasons why design difficulty increases with cell count. First and foremost, the addition of cells increases danger to users in the event of failure. As we discussed in our article on battery chemistry, many common cell chemistries contain corrosive or flammable materials. Additionally, more cells create more opportunities for failures such as charge imbalance and over-discharge.
Preventing safety hazards and operational failures becomes more difficult with high cell counts because increased size frequently requires battery management systems and thermal management systems to become more complex.
In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the challenges involved in battery management and thermal management for large format battery packs.
Aved ensures safety and performance in your high cell-count and high-voltage applications by carefully designing and testing custom battery packs to a high standard of performance. Contact us for more information or request a quote today.
Battery management with large cell counts
Many smaller battery applications don’t require sophisticated management circuitry. But it’s different for high cell-count applications. More cells add more points of failure, which means more opportunities for safety hazards and for the battery to be ruined by malfunctions.
Thus, it is critical to have precise cell monitoring and control in large battery packs with high cell counts. Simultaneously, the increase in scale makes it proportionally more difficult to achieve these goals. As cell count goes up, the circuitry needed to monitor voltage and balance cells becomes more complex and expensive.
The challenge of monitoring and control
For instance, large battery packs are especially prone to unbalanced cells because of uneven heat distribution. It’s very easy for a cell, especially if it was already “weak,” to reach a lower state of charge relative to the other cells, even after the battery is fully charged. Then, it is prone to over-discharge, which can cause irreparable damage to the cell and battery if repeated over many cycles.
To ensure battery longevity and user safety, high cell-count batteries need voltage monitoring and SOC calculations for every cell, plus cell balancing capabilities. These functions are provided by a battery management system.
BMS printed circuit boards (PCBs) with all the necessary functionality for a BMS—FET switches, voltages and current sensors, balancing circuitry, and more—are certainly available for large-format battery packs, and can be very economical. But they can be complicated. Many (often long) wires are needed to connect all the cells to the control and monitoring circuits of the PCB.
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is models-of-bms-600.jpg
These diagrams show some alternatives to a centralized BMS layout, including modularized, distributed, and decentralized models. Image source: Reindl et al. in Architecture of Computing Systems
Alternatives exist to this centralized BMS layout, however. A distributed BMS layout has one separate controller circuit and multiple PCBs installed at the module level. A modularized BMS layout is very similar to a distributed layout, but instead of having a separate controller, one BMS PCB serves as the “master,” performing calculation and control functions in addition to monitoring. These decentralized BMS topologies decrease circuit complexity, but can add cost.
Hardware limitations
High cell-count batteries are often high-voltage batteries, and they are often discharged in quick, high-current bursts. It’s important to evaluate the demands that will be placed on BMS circuitry by high-voltage and high-current applications and make design choices accordingly.
For instance, field effect transistors (FETs) used for circuit isolation have amperage limits. It is common to have two FETs, one for charge control and one for discharge control, placed in series. This allows charge and discharge through a single set of contacts. However, in high-current applications, it can be more cost-effective to have separate charge and discharge FETs in parallel. This saves costs by allowing the charging FET to have a lower amp rating than the charge FET.
Some hardware, including microcontrollers and digital monitoring equipment, does not work well with high voltages—yet another reason that single-chip BMS systems might not be a good idea for high cell-count battery packs. It’s important to avoid exposing sensitive equipment to high voltages.
Finally, hardware redundancies play an important role in BMS. Redundant voltage, current, and temperature sensors insure the battery against failure. Hardware-only shutoffs set just above the threshold of the main protection mechanisms provide additional safety.
Thermal management for large cell-count batteries
As discussed in our article on thermal management, the consequences of temperature on battery performance can be profound, affecting voltage, self-discharge, lifespan, and more. Effective thermal management is essential for battery safety and longevity, and doubly so in high-cell count batteries.
For one, temperature differentials create challenges for high cell-count batteries by leading to SoC imbalance across cells. This can, of course, be detected and managed by a BMS. Mitigation of temperature differentials with a thermal management system is also critical for high cell-count battery applications.
Additionally, the high voltages and high temperatures often seen in large-format battery packs make thermal management a matter of safety. Avoiding thermal runaway, when a battery releases more and more heat as its temperature increases, is paramount. Thermal runaway is a big enough problem when it’s just a lithium-ion phone battery that fails. In a high-voltage application like an electric vehicle, thermal runaway could be catastrophic.
This video of the aftermath of a battery fire in a Tesla electric vehicle following a crash shows the importance of avoiding thermal runaway:
Balancing space with heat exchange
As with battery management, this need for effective thermal management and even heat distribution in large-format applications comes with its own challenges. Efficient thermal management for high cell-count batteries is often at odds with the efficient use of space.
Space is in high demand in all kinds of battery applications, and packing cells closely together can save space. One of the most space-efficient ways to arrange cells is to use a honeycomb pattern. But tight spacing can impede passive heat shedding.
Large modules or battery packs can also challenge active cooling systems with unidirectional fluid or air flow. The fluid can absorb so much heat before it completes its circuit that parts of the system receive inadequate cooling.
Fortunately, battery designers and engineers have multiple tools at their disposal to overcome the challenge of thermal management in large-format systems. For example, reciprocating fluid flow can help prevent the uneven cooling that can arise in unidirectional fluid flow.
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is thermal-modeling-600.jpg
Heat modeling (shown here), along with thermal imaging and stress testing, can help designers manage temperature in large-format battery packs. Image source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Additionally, careful selection of the number, shape, and layout of battery modules can optimize cooling. By striking a balance between use of space, efficient passive heat shedding, and active thermal management, it’s possible to strike a balance between cost, volume, and heat management.
Most important, though, is effective design, modeling, and testing. Through the use of computer-assisted design technologies, heat modeling, and rigorous testing, designers can anticipate and identify the thermal properties of a battery prototype and design an adequate thermal management system.
Large battery packs need effective battery management and thermal management solutions
Battery pack design involves many variables. One of the most important decisions in the design process is the number and layout of the cells. Arranging cells in parallel and series to achieve the required voltage and capacity involves simple calculations. But when a battery pack has many cells, careful consideration is needed to ensure safety, functionality, and longevity.
Monitoring and balancing SoC in large-format batteries is essential, but the BMS circuitry required to do it can be complex. Additionally, different hardware may be needed to handle high currents and high voltage. Hardware redundancy is always valuable.
Temperature control is also essential, but high cell-count battery packs present unique challenges for thermal management systems. Efficient use of space is often at odds with heat exchange, and large blocks of cells can impede cooling even with active temperature management measures.
For your large-format battery needs, turn to Aved. Our expert team of engineers and technicians can design, test, and manufacture custom battery packs with BMS and TMS to meet your specific needs. Contact us to learn more about the design process or request a quote today |
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May 07, 2021 3 min read
Mother and daughter sleepingIt's incredible how we can know so much about the depths of space and the smallest organisms' biological workings and yet understand so little about our minds.
Dreams are something that has long eluded conclusive study. We know that dreaming is ordinary, perhaps even universal, and we understand that awakening during specific points in our REM cycle increases the likelihood of remembering a dream. Still, we are far from closing the book on what dreams are and why some people vividly experience them.
A lot of studies, both scientific and not, have gone into just what dreams mean. Is dreaming our brain's way of sifting through the day's events? Do nightmares help us prepare for intense emotional states in the waking world? These are the questions that get the most attention, yet there's one other puzzle that needs answering.
What does it mean if you don't dream at all?
How Common is Dreaming?
Most people dream, or at least remember experiencing dreams at some point in their lives. It is not uncommon for the frequency of dreams to change as a person ages. On average, people experience 3 to 6 dreams per night¹.
Yet some people report never dreaming at all. Whether dreams truly elude them or if these people don't remember their dreams can be challenging to discern.
Dream Recall
Dream-like sceneryThere are different kinds of dreams. Some are vivid and play out almost like movies, while others are less distinct, just a mixture of feelings and sometimes images. Your recollection of a dream often has to do with when you wake up. Awakening during REM sleep typically recalls a more vivid dream than waking up during other parts of your sleep cycle.
It is possible that some people who "do not dream" merely can't recall their dreams because they woke up well after the dream finished, and their brains had entered a new part of the sleep cycle.
Dreams also frequently slip from our memories even if we do initially remember them. Dreams are the result of chemical and electrical signatures dotted around the brain². These fade quickly after waking, and it is not unusual for memories of a dream to start very clear and slowly disappear as the brain wakes up.
What Does it Mean if You Don't Dream?
Different kinds of medicines can affect ability to dreamIf you used to dream but don't anymore, it can result from many different things. Interruptions in your sleep cycle can affect your dreams. A change in your daily routine can increase or decrease your likelihood of dreaming, like switching to radically different working hours.
Your ability to dream can also be dull by certain medications. If you've lost your dreams lately, look for changes in your life related to stress, diet, or medication that may be responsible.
If you've never been one to dream, don't despair. Dreams are a fascinating peek into our brain's activities during the night. Still, there is no evidence to suggest that a lack of dreams in an otherwise healthy person indicates any mental or physical problem.
Dreams and Sleep Quality
If you feel that your sleep quality is low, it may also affect your ability to dream. If you aren't experiencing REM sleep, then you likely won't encounter any vivid dreams. REM sleep typically accounts for about a quarter of your overall sleep time¹. Not getting enough of it has been linked to multiple health problems, including obesity, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.
How Can I Better Remember my Dreams?
It can be frustrating to lose recollection of your dreams, especially if you're looking towards them for insight into your psyche. Try keeping a notepad next to the bed and make a habit of writing down as much as you can remember right away. It can help you better recall your dreams later on.
Set your Alarm Clock
Setting the alarm clockTry waking up at odd times. Set the alarm and wake up earlier than usual. Repeat this process at different intervals during the night to try and catch yourself during a REM cycle. This test can help you determine whether you're really not dreaming or just sleeping through the dreams you do have.
You may also be able to encourage dreams by practicing relaxation before bed. Reflect on the events of the day and try to imagine a dream taking form. But remember that if dreams don't come, or if you can't remember them, it isn't necessarily a sign of anything being wrong. You may be one of the many people who sleep so soundly through their dreams that there's nothing to remember in the morning.
(1) Healthline (October 2019) How Much Deep, Light, and REM Sleep Do You Need?
(2) Clifton, J (August 2020) The Chemistry of Dreaming |
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