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Study Guide Sling Blade Innocence KARL: They told me I was well. Had to turn me loose. FRANK: Well are you well? KARL: I reckon I feel all right. Karl has a childlike honesty in his responses, especially this one. The "are you well?" question is a loaded one that basically means, "Are you going to kill anyone again?" Karl's answer is true…in the moment. Karl also has a childlike ability not to think much about the future. KARL: You don't need to hear things like that. You just a boy. You need to think about good thoughts while you still a boy. They's plenty of time for all the other. Karl wants to preserve Frank's innocence, maybe because Karl never had any innocent years of his own. KARL: Well, I growed up an' learned that you ain't supposed to kill nobody. Karl killed his mother and her lover without any thought of the consequences, and he did it thinking that it was the right thing to do. Can murder ever be "innocent," in a way? VAUGHAN: You shouldn't say that. You were taught that, weren't you? Vaughan corrects Karl for saying he's not funny ha-ha but funny queer. However, Vaughan doesn't get personally insulted by Karl's comment. He knows that mentally, Karl is basically a child repeating something he's been told, in this case by another child—although we imagine Frank heard it from Doyle, making it less than innocent. FRANK: That makes me feel real sad. Couldn't you have done something, Karl? I would have. I wished I'd had him. He'd still be right here, now. Living. KARL: It makes me sad too. I wish there was something I could have did about it. I don't think nothing bad oughta happen to children. I think all those bad things oughta be saved up for the folks that done growed up, that's the way I see it. Mmhmm. I shouldn't have told you about that. Boy your age ought not to hear such things. It just kind of come out. Karl is attempting to do for Frank what many fathers try to do for their children: shield them from bad things. But is attempting to protect children from the realities of the world a parenting method that is itself childish? KARL: You just a boy. You ought not use language like that. Because he was raised in a Bible-loving household, Karl has a kind of Puritan innocence. He believes that Frank should have a clean mouth until he reaches an age of maturity. But considering some of the things Frank has seen in his young life, isn't he entitled to a swear word or two? FRANK: I'm real tired, you know that? A boy my age shouldn't be tired of things. This line from Frank signals that despite Karl's attempts to preserve Frank's innocence, it's all over. He's already an adult, and at a young age, that is difficult to bear. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Idioms, Encyclopedia. flush 1 v. flushed, flush·ing, flush·es 3. To flow suddenly and abundantly, as from containment; flood. 1. To cause to redden or glow. 2. To excite or elate: The team was flushed with the success of victory. b. To drive away with a rapid flow of a liquid: flush debris from a pipe. c. To remove or eliminate: "The weakness in demand and productivity will at least ... flush out some of the inflation premium that has been built into interest rates" (Fortune). a. A flooding flow or rush, as of water. b. The act of cleaning or rinsing by or as if by flushing. 2. A blush or glow: "here and there a flush of red on the lip of a little cloud" (Willa Cather). a. A reddening of the skin, as with fever, emotion, or exertion. b. A brief sensation of heat over all or part of the body. 4. A rush of strong feeling: a flush of pride. 5. A state of great vigor or development. See Synonyms at bloom1. adj. flush·er, flush·est 1. Having a healthy reddish color; flushed. a. Having an abundant supply of something, especially money: a business that is flush with profits; a crowd that was flush with excitement. b. Marked by abundance; plentiful: flush times resulting from the oil boom. a. Having surfaces in the same plane; even. 5. Designed to be emptied or cleaned by flushing: a flush toilet. 2. Squarely or solidly: The ball hit him flush on the face. [Probably from flush, to dart out.] flush′er n. flush′ness n. flush 2 n. Games [French flux, flus, from Old French flux, from Latin flūxus, flux; see flux.] flush 3 v. flushed, flush·ing, flush·es 1. To frighten (a game bird, for example) from cover. To dart out or fly from cover. [Middle English flusshen.] References in periodicals archive ? He told me FIBROX is pure herbal preparation with no toxin, he prescribes 4 months therapy for me and assure me that i will conceive and give birth to my own baby.My people after 3months of using of FIBROX and FLUSHER herbal,I conceived and delivered a bounce baby boy named ABRAHAM. The company offers medical beds, flusher disinfectors, prevention pumps, hygiene lifts and shower systems. * Change your plumbing fixtures such as your faucets, toilet flusher and showerhead. drainage of rain water,and informed that generators and flusher machines were operational at all disposal stations. that 83 de-watering sets and 12 sucker machines were ready for drainage of rain water,and informed that generators and flusher machines were operational at all disposal stations. Drainage challenges in Nairobi may soon be a thing of the past after the government and Nairobi county acquired a flusher machine for unclogging drainage systems. Biomedical device company Alcyone Lifesciences Inc revealed on Wednesday the receipt of the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) clearance for the Alivio Ventricular Catheter & Flusher System (Alivio System) for the treatment of hydrocephalus. In his "Tag-Team Chukars," Alan discusses a problem a fair number of us have come up against--how to hunt a pointing dog and a flusher simultaneously. Seventy-seven per cent use a paper towel so they don't have to touch the toilet flusher, door handle or faucet handle. You can see my reflection in the flusher. (https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Sochi&src=hash) #Sochi (https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Olympic&src=hash) #Olympic loo (http://t.co/LONZhbt6pZ) pic.twitter.com/LONZhbt6pZ
The U.S. Poultry & Egg Association has created a poultry carbon footprint estimation toolkit to assist facilities in evaluating their carbon footprint. The kit was developed in response to the Environmental Protection Agency’s greenhouse gas reporting requirements and potential GHG regulatory requirements associated with the Greenhouse Gases Tailoring Rule. It allows facilities to calculate the emission of GHGs generated by stationary sources (i.e., boilers and generators) by inputting the volume of various fuels used at the facility into a spreadsheet that has been populated with the necessary arithmetic equations. Additionally, the toolkit provides facilities with anaerobic processes operated at wastewater treatment plants with the ability to calculate and log those GHG emissions to evaluate their need to report as required by the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule.
Electorates of the Australian states and territories A State Electoral District is an electorate within the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The area of a state electoral district is dependent upon the Electoral Acts in the various states and vary in area between them. At present, there are 409 state electoral districts in Australia. State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in those states that have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together. By State/Territory Australian Capital Territory There are five electorates for the Legislative Assembly, each with five members each, making up 25 members in total. New South Wales Results of the 2007 New South Wales state election showing the state electoral districts Results of the 2007 New South Wales state election showing the districts in Sydney There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales. Northern Territory There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 17 former divisions. There are 93 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. Information about the QLD electoral districts for the 2006 elections can be obtained from the Electoral Commission of Queensland website.[1] South Australia Results of the 2006 South Australian state election showing state electoral districts Results of the 2006 South Australian state election showing metro electoral districts around Adelaide There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly. There are 15 electoral divisions in Tasmania for the upper house Legislative Council. In the lower house the five federal divisions are used, but electing 5 members each Electoral districts of Victoria Electoral districts in the Melbourne area There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. Western Australia There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state. See also 1. "2006 State General Election : 9 September 2006". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Ocean-sieving expedition reveals huge amounts of microplastic in the Atlantic A vast ocean-sieving expedition across the Atlantic has revealed that there is as much as 21 million tonnes of plastic particles suspended in the top 200m of the ocean. The findings, based on an analysis of samples and on computer modelling, highlight the largely invisible scale of the pollution clogging the world's second largest ocean.
Going Green To reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) that cause global warming, the world needs to burn fewer fossil fuels. Two thirds of global electricity is generated by them. In Canada, we produce more than 60% of our electricity from renewable sources, predominantly hydropower. There is potential for more of that and we have lots of open space for wind farms or solar arrays. Other industrialized countries, with the notable exception of France, typically have between 60% and 75% of their power from fossil fuels with coal being the biggest source. Those countries have far fewer options. Consider for example South Korea, which has a population of 50 million in an area less than twice as big as Nova Scotia. If our province was as densely populated, there would be 27 million Nova Scotians. Halifax would have about 12 million people. South Korea has little opportunity for hydro, and none for imports of electricity. Coal provides 43% of its electricity, coal and gas another quarter. Almost all the rest comes from 23 nuclear power installations. It would appear that the one viable option is to increase nuclear power, and in fact, South Korea has five more reactors under construction and a further eight planned. Accidents happen, two of which have been major. The 1986 meltdown of reactors at Chernobyl in Ukraine resulted in toxic contamination of soils near the site and in other parts of Europe. There were an estimated 4,000 cancer deaths in the area, and many observers feel that cancer rates further away were impacted, although there is no consensus on numbers. About 350,000 people had to be resettled. Many other accidents (such as at Three Mile Island in the United States) have been costly to repair, but resulted in few if any casualties. In the most optimistic scenarios, it will take decades for renewables to fully replace coal. In the meantime, nuclear power can make a valuable contribution to filling the gap and slowing global warming. Nova Scotia can help the planet and itself by providing the necessary uranium fuel. Related Articles Chasing the Jobs + Show all articles Reference Material Chasing the Jobs + Show all reference material
The Economic Perspective: “Will Wooden Buildings Make a Comeback?” perspective. Today’s program asks if wooden buildings will make a comeback. Mike, centuries ago most structures were made of wood. Then, two factors intervened. One was the problem of wooden buildings being very susceptible to fires. Second was the development of alternative materials, like concrete. Why would we go back to wood? Mike: Summary Answer a. To help the environment b. Turns out concrete is a big emitter of CO2 c. Trees actually absorb CO2 d. So could have two benefits – growing more trees to absorb CO2 while reducing CO2 emissions while using less concrete e. Also, treatments can be used to reduce the flammability of wood structures f. The past may be the future g. I’m MW
Criminals sentenced to death by the bloody code of Regency Britain still had a soul; indeed as the rope was put around their neck, their heads covered and their hands pinioned, the hope of immortality was all they had left, so it was absolutely vital that they died well. Charlotte Newman, aged about 30, died well. She was at Newgate, a place that excelled in the full ritual of execution. She was found guilty of a crime against property- forging banknotes. If she had starved her child to death, she would have had suffered two years in prison. Creating and passing fake notes was easy, too tempting for the poor and led to a capital punishment. Q Page8. Top. Hone Protest banknote. William Hone’s satirical banknote, signed by the hangman, Jack Ketch Execution was a public ceremony outside the Debtor’s Door and the criminal who was about to be ‘launched into eternity’ was supposed to play their part to produce a meaningful lesson for the audience. In Charlotte’s case, this involved a solemn procession from her cell which started an agonising forty minutes before her execution. As Charlotte was being held in Newgate, she would have been privileged to have the Reverend Horace Cotton lead the line, along with the other condemned Mary Ann James (forgery), John Attel (forgery) and William Hatchman (robbery and burglary). The newspapers reported that the ‘two women were respectability dressed in black, with white caps and frill’. They also scored highly as the newspapers reported that their sleep had been unsettled;that was acceptable, but not as convincing as a full confession of guilt. The two men had sleep well and had, according to the newspapers, a tolerably hearty breakfast; this did not bode too well for their souls. This was an excellent start for the two women, and it would not have been the first ceremony they would have ‘enjoyed’. The Reverend Horace Salusbury Cotton was four years into his job as the Ordinary of Newgate, but he was already famous for his “ fire and brimstone” Condemned Sermon in which those about to die were confronted an open coffin. It was a public, ticketed event and part of the ritual of state justice. All four of the condemned would have gone through this, and their reaction would have been part of the judgement made about them. Charlotte was a forger, not a murderer, so the level of contrition needed was moderate. As she saw the public hangman holding the rope, she fainted away a little and had to be held while the rope was put around her neck. This was still a reasonable performance- reluctance to be hanged in this case was regarded as contrition; fainting away was an acknowledgement of the punishment; struggling with the hangman would have been unacceptable as it would indicate either cowardice or a refusal to accept the justice of her execution. Weeping bitterly would have been acceptable, as long as it was not caused by self-pity. Charlotte did weep bitterly; but it was the right type of weeping. She needed two men to get here to the scaffold but she was being guided and supported, not dragged. All four were prepared for death and were to be dropped at the same time. There were prayers and handshakes and no recriminations or cowardice. However she did not receive full marks for her efforts. She did ask the mercy of the almighty and confessed to her sins, but made the mistake of claiming that she had been induced into the crime by others- she knew the other two forgers on the scaffold- in order to be transported to Botany Bay and be reunited with her criminal husband. By the Regency period, an efficient hanging was one of the public expectations. It seems that the rope slipped from the ear of all four victims and ended up under their chin, vastly increasing the agony. Hatchman particularly and one of the other three suffered great agonies as the rope did not break their necks when the platform dropped away. The crowd booed and hissed on two occasions, and some members of the audience fainted away. They would have been an intimidating audience-two women hanged at the same time was a novelty, and the crowd was huge. The audience was reasonably respectable up to that point. Two week later, Horace Cotton presided over the execution of wife murderer David Evans. On the whole he died as well as Charlotte. Most of the respectable checklist was achieved; reconciliation with his 15-year-old son, three hours unsettled sleep; acknowledgment of his guilt; melancholia but with fervent prayers; some help needed to reach the scaffold and his appeal to save his soul. He did, however, claim that his wife Elizabeth had been unfaithful to him. You were meant to accept your guilt unconditionally, not search for mitigation. He also had to suffer an audience of London lighterman (bargemen) who had popped over after a nights work to jeer at the victim. It was Horace Cotton himself he gave the single for the drop, with an appropriate Biblical reference. Evans died immediately; largely because of the outrage at the bungled execution of Newman and the rest by the same hangman earlier that month. Jack Ketch- the nickname for the public hangmen- had got his act together. Evans dangled for the legally stipulated hour and then his body was sent to St Bartholomew’s for dissection. It did not always go so well. In 1818, the murderer Francis Losch ‘went hard’ into eternity. He stabbed his wife to death, disembowelling her when she refused to continue to work as a prostitute for him. He was truculent and unapologetic at the scaffold. His only regret was that he was being hanged and he refused to admit to his real motives, claiming his wife’s actions had made him jealous. He did not go meekly to the scaffold, requiring wine to quieten him and two people to forcibly point him in the right direction. He was insufficient penitent and resigned and did not accept the justice of his punishment. After writing this, I found this excellent article by Naomi Clifford My approach is slightly different, but Naomi provides excellent background research and a different perspective. More about Georgian Britain in my book. Details here Interested in the English Civil War? Try here One thought on “A Regency guide to your behaviour when being hanged; 1818 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Arossagunticook Hunters Come To Trade Laurence Claessen’s Journal Minute Book 3: 1727-June: Construction at Oswego Continues Despite Illness and French Threats; Sachims From Detroit Condole Pieter Schuyler; the French Encourage Albany’s Slaves to Run Away By mid June Lancaster Symes was well enough to attend a meeting of the Indian Commissioners but a “Distemper” now “raged” in both the city and county of Albany., affecting some of the commissioners By the end of June, two workmen at Oswego were sick and Evert Bancker’s son had set out to help his father, who was so gravely ill that he needed to return home. Nonetheless the work on the trading house continued and the commissioners assured the governor that it was going well. The contract for providing food to the troops at Oswego went to Johan Jurch Kast and Johan Joost Petri, two justices of the peace living among the Palatines “above the falls” (present day Little Falls?). The agreement was made for the coming year, but the Palatines had no bacon, pork, or beef, so the commissioners sent up 400 pounds of bacon. They corresponded with the governor as well as with Evert Bancker (in Dutch), Captain Holland, and Captain Nicolls about progress on the building and other details of the operation, such as obtaining skins for shoes for the men at the fort, finding limestone, repairing the road and bridges at the Oneida Carrying Place, and the details of where to deliver supplies. Wood Creek was running low, making it more difficult to transport goods. Overall, progress was steady but slower than expected. The commissioners hoped that the British would succeed in convincing the French government that the French fort at Niagara violated the Treaty of Utrecht, but in reality the French had already finished Fort Niagara. There was now a real danger that they could prevent travel from distant nations to Albany. The French had also repealed their former ban on selling alcohol to Indians in order to better compete with the English. And despite Captain Bancker’s efforts to prevent them, the Six Nations had sent sachims to meet with the governor of Canada, mainly from Onondaga. Trade did fall off, both at Oswego and at Albany, where no Indians from Canada were seen. The price of rum at Oswego fell and the commissioners did not hear any news from Canada because no one from Canada came to Albany to trade. In addition to creating a surplus of trade goods, this cut off a source of intelligence. Pieter Schuyler is Condoled by the Potowatomi and Tuchsagrondie (Detroit) The exception occurred on June 16th, when Wynamack, a leader from a nation “called by the French poatami” (most likely the Potowatomi), appeared in the company of Ajastoenis, an old man who was identified as coming from Tuchsagrondie (Detroit). After finding a translator who could speak their language, the commissioners held a formal meeting with them at which the visitors condoled Pieter Schuyler, (Quider), who had died more than three years before, in February 1724. They lit a calumet pipe of peace painted blue and smoked it with the commissioners. Wynamack said that he was leaving the calumet at Albany as a token that his nation would come to trade there if he could report back to them that he was treated well and prices were cheap. He also said the French had tried to stop him from coming and told him that he would be badly received now that Pieter Schuyler was dead. He did not believe them based on former promises that “ye houses would be open here for the far Nations who are Civilly & Kindly treated.” (Likely these promises were made by one of the messengers sent west to distant nations in the name of the commissioners over the previous few years.) The commissioners welcomed Wynamack and Ajastoenis with gifts of blankets and rum, thanked them for condoling Pieter Schuyler, and assured them that the governor had appointed others in his place to treat with them. They advised them to ignore the French threats and promised that “[H]ere is Always a perpetuall Succession of Sachims as you Now See.” They said that the tree of friendship still grew at Albany to protect them from all evil. They hoped it would spread over all the “remote Indians” and that they would come to trade both at Albany and at Oswego. They explained that goods were expecially cheap because so few others had come to trade that year and invited them to test this for themselves. A Frenchman from Philadelphia is Encouraging Albany’s Slaves to Run to Canada The commissioners complained to Governor Burnet that a Frenchman had come from Philadelphia to Albany by way of New York. In their words, “we find on Examination [that he] has been pampering with Severall Negro Slaves at this place to run to Canada [which] is of Dangerous Consequence [that] our Slaves Should be Intic’d to run thither.” They ordered him to go back where he came from. The somewhat confusing of their letter wording suggests that they sent him to New York on a boat with Captain Peter Winne and “Jacobse,” but the unnamed Frenchman told them that he would wait there and return to Canada with three other Frenchmen who had recently gone to Philadelphia. The commissioners asked Governor Burnet to “secure” him to prevent his return to Albany. It appears that Governor Burnet responded by ordering him not to come to Albany again. It is interesting to speculate as to whether the runaway slave retrieved from Seneca country in May by Evert Bancker had been working with this Frenchman. In Library and Archives Canada’s digital copy of the original minutes, the first entry for June 1727 starts here on p. 186. Minute Book 3: 1727-May: The Haudenosaunee Agree to Let the English Build at Oswego; Sixty Soldiers Are Sent Up; the French Invite the Six Nations to Montreal In May the Commissioners of Indian Affairs heard that Captain Evert Bancker had managed to pursuade the Six Nations to allow the English to build a trading house at Oswego. Bancker consulted with the sachims in laying out the ground, including Teganissorens, referred to by the commissioners here as “the Kanssore.” Bancker said the sachims left the exact location for the building up to him. He still needed to find a source for limestone. The French immediately invited Haudenosaunee leaders to Montreal, presumably to try to change their minds. In the meantime, sixty British soldiers set out for Oswego in eleven boats, likely embarking at Schenectady, although this is not spelled out clearly. The commissioners oversaw the details, ordering wagons from Schenectady to transport stores and provisions there, making additional “batoes,” and providing everything required for the military detachment to reach Oswego as quickly as possible. With troops in place, it would be harder for the French to interfere with construction. The commissioners knew that the French would hear about the soldiers’ departure before they reached Oswego, but as long as the Six Nations supported the building they did not think the French could stop it. However they did realize that they might need a French translator just in case. They informed the governor that some of the traders at Oswego could fill this role, but said that if he wanted them to hire someone else for the purpose they would. Laurence Claessen was told to stay at Oswego until the building was complete and to interpret for the “King’s Officer” in charge of the soldiers as well as for Captain Bancker. This detail suggests that even though Evert Bancker was in charge of trading operations, Governor Burnet was not putting him in charge of the military, creating the potential for confusion or even conflict. Moreover, neither Claessen nor Bancker appear to have spoken English very well, and there is no mention of who would translate between the King’s Officer and Claessen or Bancker, should the need arise. The commissioners began to arrange for provisions to be delivered to Oswego for the future from whoever could supply them at the lowest cost. This required taking them past the Wood Creek “Carrying Place” from the Mohawk River to Oneida Lake. Some Palatines had already made offers for this work. It is noteworthy that the commissioners don’t mention looking to the Oneidas or other members of the Six Nations, either in buying provisions or as sources of labor of any kind. The profits from supplying the new fort would enrich Palatine and Anglo-Dutch New Yorkers, but not the Haudenosaunee, another possible source of conflict. And the commissioners’ correspondence with Governor Burnet contains one other ominous detail: Major Lancaster Symes had a “fitt of Sickness” that made him unable to travel. 1727-5-9He was probably not the only one who was already affected by illness, which would soon become a serious problem throughout the area. In Library and Archives Canada’s digital copy of the original minutes, the first entry for May 1727 starts here on p. 183. Minute Book 3: 1726-February Laurence Claessen is Sent to Negotiate (and Obtain Intelligence) Laurence Claessen Van der Volgen
What Is The Correct Treatment Protocol For Asystole? How many seconds is asystole? Absence of escape rhythm results in asystole. Does asystole have a pulse? Asystole (ay-sis-stuh-lee) is when there’s no electricity or movement in your heart. That means you don’t have a heartbeat. It’s also known as flatline. Why defibrillation of asystole is useless? Asystole means there is no electrical activity in the myocytes i.e. non-functioning of cardiac pacemakers rather than disorganized functioning of pacemakers. Electrical stimulation of heart activates or deactivates ion pumps. … – electrical stimulation will not work. Which is the correct intervention sequence for asystole? Can you recover from asystole? What happens if you defibrillate asystole? The heart’s electrical system controls the organ’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the body. If the flow of this electricity becomes disorganised or the heart muscle stops responding normally, the regular pumping action is lost. Is asystole and PEA the same? Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystole are related cardiac rhythms in that they are both life-threatening and unshockable. Asystole is a flat-line ECG (Figure 27). … PEA is one of many waveforms by ECG (including sinus rhythm) without a detectable pulse. How is Rosc treated? A team-based approach to the management of the post-ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation) patient focuses on initiation of therapeutic hypothermia, treatment of the underlying cause with transfer to the cath lab where appropriate, and management of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. What is asystole protocol? How do you confirm asystole? What are the 5 lethal cardiac rhythms? What is the treatment for asystole? Asystole is treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combined with an intravenous vasopressor such as epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline). Sometimes an underlying reversible cause can be detected and treated (the so-called “Hs and Ts”, an example of which is hypokalaemia). What does asystole feel like? How many rounds of EPI can you give? Epinephrine should be delivered IV/IO at 1 mg (which is 10 mL of 1:10,000 solution) Should be administered every 3 to 5 minutes during resuscitation. Each dose should be followed with 20 mL normal saline flush.
Implant invented to relieve pain and stimulate neurons Engineers have developed the first bioelectronic remote magnetically controlled implant that can relieve pain as well as stimulate neurons in patients with epilepsy or Parkinson’s. Existing stimulation methods, such as ultrasound, electromagnetic and optical radiation, inductive coupling, can cause tissue heating or weaken by hair, skin, bones, muscles. So researchers at Rice University have created a tiny microcircuit that has the same effect through a harmless magnetic field.. The device, named MagNI, consists of a 2x4mm film-type magnetoelectric transducer, a CMOS chip and a temporary energy storage capacitor on a flexible polyimide substrate.. This design allows you to transfer energy to the microcircuit from an alternating magnetic field outside the body and remotely adjust its operation.. Implant invented to relieve pain and stimulate neurons The team successfully tested the long-term reliability of the device as well as tested it to function correctly on the hydra, invoking contractions from the creature upon contact.. Recall that recently, scientists have also invented the first artificial neurons on low-power chips, which behave just like real ones and allow you to create medical devices for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Spine Stimulator for Pain text: Ilya Bauer, photo: Rice Universi Similar articles
Drowned City by Don Brown Book Review • Category: Books, Literature, • Words: 647 Pages: 3 • Published: 02 September 2021 • Copied: 131 Hurricane Katrina is one of the most devastating disasters to ever hit the United States of America. In the graphic novel Drowned City, written and illustrated by Don Brown, Don explains, how the hurricane's catastrophic impact left countless people vulnerable and even dead. Millions of people who where fortunate enough to have a car fled the city, but with millions of people leaving there was a big traffic jamb. One family spent ten hours on the road just to travel seventy miles. In the novel Zane and the Hurricane, written by Rodman Philbrick, the story is put into a twelve year old boys perspective who suffered through the hurricane. Zane’s dad died before Zane was even born. One day Zane’s mom goes on quest to find Zane’s grandma. She finally found where she lives and gets in touch with her. Later that day Zane’s mom gets Zane a ticket to New Orleans, Louisiana to go meet his grandma. The book Drowned City, by Don Brown and Zane and the Hurricane, by Rodman Philbrick both focus on the theme of destruction. In the graphic novel Drowned City states that on August 26, the national weather service announces that Katrina will hit new orleans in twenty-four hours. One million people where able to flee the state, but there was still two hundred thousand people remaining. The hundred thousand people who are still in New Orleans go to there attic but it just floods, families that find knifes in there attic used it to create a hole through there roof to be able to escape. Coast guards take to the air and water, hoisting people out of the floods. Over the next ten days, the coast guards rescue thirty three thousand five hundred people. In the novel Zane and the Hurricane, a twelve year old boy, Zane, is going to New Orleans with his dog to visit his grandma. He never in a million years suspected that a hurricane would happen. Hurricane Katrina hits. Like any other twelve year old kid, Zane was frightened. The storm waters down the city, shelters and food vanish. Police contribute to a dangerous, frightening atmosphere by trying to save people. Philbrick includes the ignorance and lack of government support during the disaster as well as the generosity and courage of those who risked their lives and safety to help others. Zane and the Hurricane differs from Brown’s book because readers learn about the destruction of New Orleans through a fiction novel and character. Some other differences through out the two books is that in Zane and the Hurricane it was more of a story at the beginning the way they described how dad died before Zane was born and how mom tried to find grandma so Zane could visit her. In Drowned City they got right to the point stating how the national weather service said that Hurricane Katrina will hit in twenty four hours. Lastly, in Zane and the Hurricane the government didn’t do anything to help with the situation. In Drowned City the governor was on vacation but instead of not focusing on the crisis he sent ambulances, helicopters, police, etc to help find people and take them out of the flood. On the other hand, in his novel Drowned City, Don Brown presents the theme of destruction through concrete and sometimes horrifying facts about Hurricane Katrina’s aftermath. Drowned City states the number clearly of how many people went missing, how guards where able to rescue thirty three thousand five hundred people, how many people where able to flee before things got much worse, etc. In Zane and the Hurricane it did not detail the facts very well instead of giving an exact number it would say thousands or many people went missing. The novel was told more in a child's perspective of the hurricane, rather in Drowned City it mentioned facts and gave many details. Another interesting fact one would not have learned without reading Drowned City is that people went and looted stores taking advantage that there where no security guards. That was never stated in Zane and the Hurricane and one might feel that it is a very important fact to be told.
discussion question #3 1. Berger argues that being naked is to be oneself without clothes, to be nude is to be seen naked by others this is considered an artistic representation; these differences are significant because being nude is a form of art, when you are nude you are posing for others to see you, but when you are naked you don’t expect someone is seeing you, you are with yourself without any shame so it’s awkward if someone would. I think almost every time in a painting you can identify if the artist painted someone posing (nude) or if the artist had the intention to paint someone naked, this can be recognized in the attitudes the body takes when is posing, or the sensation of vulnerability the painting conveys when someone is painted naked. Since the history of Adan and Eva, women were associated with sinfulness and desire. According to Berger, western works of art have defined women as the object to see and judge, and men seen superior and stronger than woman; the nudes being depicted for men consumption only. These paintings were like a beauty contest, and the prize of the winner was to be owned, this puts beauty as a synonym of money. Sometimes in the picture the woman was with a men lover, but she does not reply to his sexuality, because she is arranged for the spectator. Women in the European oil paintings have to be shown like they don’t have any interest as Berger said “they have to feed an appetite not to have any of their own” this is one clear example of how these depictions influenced the sexual role of the woman in society because for a long time the woman was not supposed to have any desire, it was not a characteristic of a woman, while for the men was normal to have sometimes a violent appetite towards women. 3. Berger argues that men put a mirror in a woman’s hand and that is a sign of vanity when they paint that woman for their own pleasure, all these paintings infer that a woman’s beauty is defined by men. These conventions are created to fulfill the expectations of the male. The female gaze is staring at the viewer, making him feel as he owns her gaze. Today, in magazines we can see how female gaze is also towards the viewer, looking at him looking at her, kind of hypnotizing him. idealizing women have been systematically affecting women’s life for a long time for example that woman have to be coy and women their bodies have to be curvy.
Discussion question #6 Episode 3 – According to Krukowski, what are the main differences between a microphone and a cellphone and why is this difference important? The main difference between microphone and cell phone according to Krukowski is that microphone has proximity effect and cell phone doesn’t because it have switched to digital. He mention that cell phone don’t transmit the full sound that picked up by mic, instead it eliminate the sound which pick by engineer. What do Krukowski and Gary Tomlinson, the professor he interviews, assert about the “musical” qualities of the voice and how are these changed by digital transmission? Digital help spread our word to the distance but they fail us in many ways. we tried to communicate one to one, not only we left hanging, speaking to air one hand and listening to the nothing in the other but even as all working as supposed to, the sound of digital voice is limited it is striped to that minimum we need to recognize a voice and decode its word, word don’t say everything, Gary mention that on his his term “They are musically absences at the heart of language we are at the heart of language, we are musical beings, as much as linguistic ones”. – What is the significance of Krukowski’s comments on the voice to ideas about community and interpersonal connection? Through digital our sounds has reached many communities but it has failed us with one to one communication. Episode 4 -Krukowski begins by discussing the issue of music file sharing. What is your opinion of this issue? Should music be freely available or should one have to pay? In my opinion music shouldn’t be freely available because to produce music needs lot of time and cost money. Music has become a business where some people make their living. Even paying a Quarter to play a music from machine is understandible because that machine produce a source of income to the owner. Furthermore artist has spent huge amount of money to produce music and it required labor such as music editor, videographer and many more. For an artist produce music has been there job and every job is required to pay. How does this episode represent the relationships between music, community, and culture? Music has reached many communities through digital. Music have been perform in different country with their own style. Different cultural have their own style in music and people have express their cultural through music. Widespread of music shared cultural to other community .
Even a few bots can shift public opinion in big ways Even a few bots can shift public opinion in big ways Adding bots into an online discussion can definitely affect the views of real people. Credit: Tatiana Shepeleva/Shutterstock.com Nearly two-thirds of the social media bots with political activity on Twitter before the 2016 U.S. presidential election supported Donald Trump. But all those Trump bots were far less effective at shifting people's opinions than the smaller proportion of bots backing Hillary Clinton. As my recent research shows, a small number of highly active bots can significantly change people's political opinions. The main factor was not how many bots there were – but rather, how many tweets each set of bots issued. My work focuses on military and national security aspects of social networks, so naturally I was intrigued by concerns that might affect the outcome of the upcoming 2018 midterm elections. I began investigating what exactly bots did in 2016. There was plenty of rhetoric – but only one basic factual principle: If information warfare efforts using bots had succeeded, then voters' opinions would have shifted. I wanted to measure how much bots were – or weren't – responsible for changes in humans' political views. I had to find a way to identify social media bots and evaluate their activity. Then I needed to measure the opinions of social media users. Lastly, I had to find a way to estimate what those people's opinions would have been if the bots had never existed. Finding tweeters and bots To narrow the research a bit, my students and I focused our analysis on the Twitter discussion around one event in the lead-up to the election: the second debate between Clinton and Trump. We collected 2.3 million tweets that contained keywords and hashtags related to the debate. Then we made a list of the roughly 78,000 Twitter users who posted those tweets and constructed the network of who followed whom among those users. To identify the bots among them, we used an algorithm based on our observation that bots often retweeted humans but were not themselves frequently retweeted. This method found 396 bots – or less than 1 percent of the active Twitter users. And just 10 percent of the accounts followed them. I felt good about that: It seemed unlikely that such a small number of relatively disconnected bots could have a major effect on people's opinions. A closer look at the people Next we set out to measure the opinions of the people in our data set. We did this with a type of machine learning algorithm called a neural network, which in this case we set up to evaluate the content of each , determining the extent to which it supported Clinton or Trump. Individuals' opinions were calculated as the average of their tweets' opinions. Even a few bots can shift public opinion in big ways Numbers are a relative Clinton-support score out of 100. Credit: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND Source: Tauhid Zaman et al Once we had assigned each human Twitter user in our data a score representing how strong a Clinton or Trump backer they were, the challenge was to measure how much the bots shifted people's opinions – which meant calculating what their opinions would have been if the bots hadn't existed. Fortunately, a model from as far back as the 1970s had established a way to gauge people's sentiments in a social network based on connections between them. In this network-based model, individuals' opinions tend to align with the people connected to them. After slightly modifying the model to apply it to Twitter, we used it to calculate people's opinions based on who followed whom on Twitter – rather than looking at their tweets. We found that the opinions we calculated from the network model matched well with opinions measured from the content of their tweets. Life without the bots So far we had shown that the follower network structure in Twitter could accurately predict people's opinions. This now allowed to us to ask questions such as: What would their opinions have been if the network were different? The different network we were interested in was one that contained no bots. So for our last step, we removed the bots from the network and recalculated the network model, to see what real people's opinions would have been without bots. Sure enough, bots had shifted human users' opinions – but in a surprising way. Given much of the news reporting, we were expecting the bots to help Trump – but they didn't. In a network without bots, the average human user had a pro-Clinton score of 42 out of 100. With the bots, though, we had found the average human had a pro-Clinton score of 58. That shift was a far larger effect than we had anticipated, given how few and unconnected the bots were. The structure had amplified the bots' power. We wondered what had made the Clinton bots more effective than the Trump bots. Closer inspection showed that the 260 bots supporting Trump posted a combined 113,498 tweets, or 437 tweets per bot. However, the 150 bots supporting Clinton posted 96,298 tweets, or 708 tweets per bot. It appeared that the power of the Clinton bots came not from their numbers, but from how often they tweeted. We found that most of what the bots posted were retweets of the candidates or other influential individuals. So they were not really crafting original tweets, but sharing existing ones. It's worth noting that our analysis looked at a relatively small number of users, especially when compared to the voting population. And it was only during a relatively short period of time around a specific event in the campaign. Therefore, they don't suggest anything about the overall election results. But they do show the potential effect bots can have on people's opinions. A small number of very active bots can actually significantly shift public – and despite social media companies' efforts, there are still large numbers of bots out there, constantly tweeting and retweeting, trying to influence real people who vote. It's a reminder to be careful about what you read – and what you believe – on social media. We recommend double-checking that you are following people you know and trust – and keeping an eye on who is tweeting what on your favorite hashtags. Explore further Software 'bots' distort Trump support on Twitter: study Provided by The Conversation Citation: Even a few bots can shift public opinion in big ways (2018, November 5) retrieved 24 September 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2018-11-bots-shift-opinion-big-ways.html Feedback to editors
What are the stages of bee development? What are the stages of bee development? The lifecycle of a honey bee consists of three main stages: the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Within a normal hive situation, a single queen bee lays fertilized and unfertilized eggs. Fertilized eggs can hatch worker and queen bees, unfertilized eggs hatch drone bees. What kind of metamorphosis do honey bees go through? How do honey bees grow and develop? Do bees undergo metamorphosis? As insects, honey bees pass through four distinct life stages: the egg, larva, pupa and adult. The process is called complete metamorphosis, which means that the form of the bee changes drastically from the larva to the adult. Passing through the immature stages takes 21 days for worker bees. How much queen bee eats eggs a day? Answer. Answer: A queen bee lays 1,500 to 2,000 eggs in a day which approximately comes to 1,75,000 to 2,00,000 eggs laid in a year and that is a very high number by any imagination. For creating a pound of beeswax that is about 500 grams, a bee has to eat 8 pounds.24 Do honey bees reproduce asexually or sexually? In honey bees, diploid females usually arise from sexual reproduction, while asexual reproduction gives rise to haploid males, a process known as arrheno-tokous parthenogenesis. Female Cape honey bees also have larger ovaries that activate more readily and can produce queen pheromones.15 Do bees get pregnant? The life cycle of all insects, including honey bees, begins with eggs. During the winter season, a queen forms a new colony by laying eggs within each cell inside a honeycomb. Fertilized eggs will hatch into female worker bees, while unfertilized eggs will become drones or honey bee males. How Do queen bees have babies? The queen lays a fertilized (female) or unfertilized (male) egg according to the width of the cell. Drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers. The queen fertilizes the egg by selectively releasing sperm from her spermatheca as the egg passes through her oviduct. Are Queen Bees asexual? Normally, the honeybee is no exception to this rule: the female queen bee produces new offspring by laying eggs that have been fertilised by sperm from male drones. ‘The question of why this population of honeybees in South Africa has evolved to reproduce asexually is still a mystery.7 What happens if you kill a queen bee? When the mating season is over, workers tend to get rid of all the drones, they ‘ll die of starvation and cold outside the beehives. So, please, if you really have to kill your queen-bee, do it only during the mating season or the colony will raise a virgin queen but that will get you nowhere.6 Will a Queenless hive make a new queen? While a queenless hive will pretty much always try to make a new queen it takes about 24 days more or less for that new queen to develop, get mated, and start laying eggs.19 How do you know if a beehive is Queenless? Bees who are queenless are often cranky and listless. They may make a high pitched whine when you open the hive. The population will also start to fall. First you will see less nurse bees, but eventually foragers will decrease in number as well.17 How long will Bees stay in a hive without a queen? six weeks How do you strengthen a weak beehive? 1. Reduce entrance and hive cavity. If you don’t already have an entrance reducer on your hive, put one on. 2. Feed them. Many problems in the hive are exacerbated by a lack of food. 3. Add capped brood. There are two main hurdles to a colony recovering: food and population. 4. Treat for mites? 5. Check the queen. How do you tell if your bees have swarmed? If at any time you don’t see eggs or very young larva in the hive then give it a frame of young open brood and eggs from another hive. If on your next inspection there are queen cells on that frame then the hive is queenless.3 Is it bad if your bees swarm? Bees Swarm When the Colony Gets too Large Swarming is essential to the bees’ survival. If the hive becomes overcrowded, resources will be scarce and the colony’s health will begin to decline. So every now and then, a bunch of bees will fly out and find a new place to live.10 How long will a beehive last? five to seven weeks Can a swarm have two queens? Two Queens One Swarm. It’s almost impossible to prevent some beehives swarming such is the determination for colonies to multiply at this time of the year. It’s not uncommon to come across more than one queen in an European honey bee swarm. What happens when there are 2 queen bees? However, there can (typically) only be one queen bee in a hive, so when the new queens hatch they must kill their competitors. A newly hatched queen will sting her unhatched rivals, killing them while they are still in their cells. If two queens hatch at once, they must fight to the death.4 What happens after a second queen develops in a hive? Although we are taught that two queens can’t survive in one hive, it happens frequently. It occurs most often when a supersedure cell hatches while the original queen is still alive. The virgin daughter hatches, mates, and begins to lay eggs right alongside her mother. How many queens are in a hive? one queen Is the queen bee the only female in a hive? A queen bee is the only female bee in the hive that gets to reproduce. Worker bees are all female, and are all offspring of the queen. But there are males in the hive called drones. Drones fly off to reproduce with other young queens who will start a new colony.13 Can humans eat royal jelly? Royal jelly is highly nutritious and may have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties may be responsible for many of the health claims about royal jelly. People usually consume it orally or apply it directly to the skin.4 ngày trước What does queen bee mean? 1 : the fertile fully developed female of a social bee (as the honeybee) — compare queen sense 6. 2 : a woman who dominates or leads a group (as in a social activity)
The Greater Battle Of Badr It is well known that the Battle of Badr is equal to the Battle of Bridge of the time of Constantine. This battle was fought within 100 years after Christ between the Christians and their enemies. If Constantine had been defeated, the success of Christianity would not have been possible. In the same way, if the Battle of Badr had ended in the defeat of Muslims, Islam could have been finished. We should know that no religion could be established without struggle and war. Establishment and popularity of a religion is only possible by armed struggle and war. Although Jesus Christ himself did not wage any war, it is well known that his religion spread in the world on the strength of the sword. Millions have perished in the wars that led to the dominance of Christianity. It is also well known that the Prophet undertook all military expeditions as the last resort. The conditions were such that there was no course open, except to undertake a war. In this very Battle of Badr, we see that the infidels of Mecca were the first to mobilize an army. Do you suppose the Holy Prophet (S) could have allowed the infidels to enter Medina and destroy Islam? So if he had not confronted them, what else could he have done? This battle was the natural response. If such a situation arises even today, everyone will advocate that facing the enemies in battle is a necessary thing. The infidels of Mecca were inimical to the Holy Prophet (S) to such an extent that while he was in Mecca, they tortured him and even when he fled to Medina, they left no option to pursue and destroy him. They attacked again and again. Still the enemies of Islam blame Islam in this regard. They blame the Prophet for having taken recourse to war and causing bloodshed! Now readers are requested to study the Battle of Badr carefully and decide for themselves the true causes; also how the Battle of Badr was fought and what feats the sword of Ali (a.s.) performed in this battle? History mentions that when the Meccan army arrayed itself against the Muslims, three warriors emerged from within the ranks of Meccans and challenged the Muslims. There was no response from the Muslim side except Ali, Hamza and Abu Ubaidah bin Harith bin Abdul Muttalib, who were all Hashemites. These three people first praised the Bani Hashim and performed great feats of bravery. With them, the other Helpers (Ansar) and other people of the Muslim army also participated in the battle and performed great feats of valor. Seventy infidels were killed and seventy taken captives and of the seventy killed, thirty-six were killed by Ali (a.s.) alone. Most of the others were sent to Hell by the sword of Hamza. The name of each of the slained ones is recorded in books of history. In brief, the Battle of Badr is that on which depended the future of Islam. If Islam had been defeated, it would have been destroyed completely. Then neither had there been Islam after this nor had there been Caliphs of the Holy Prophet (S). Umar and Abu Bakr were present in this battle but no historical statement proves any of their contribution. As for Abu Bakr, Suyuti writes that he was in the company of the Prophet, defending him. The fact is that Abu Bakr was not a man of battlefields. As for Umar, he also did not play any active role because in that case he would have to confront his maternal uncle, Abu Jahl. In such a situation, it was the sword of Ali (a.s.) and none else that strengthened the roots of Islam during the time of the Prophet and continued to do so in the future too. Finally, Islam became such a strong tree that even the Choesroe and Caesar of Rome could not subdue it.
Ecclesiastes 4 Pulpit Commentary Verses 1-16. - Section 5. Koheleth proceeds to give further illustrations of man's inability to be the architect of his own happiness. There are many things which interrupt or destroy it. Verses 1-3. - First of all, he adduces the oppression of man by his fellow-man. Verse 1. - So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun. This is equivalent to, "again I saw," as ver. 7, with a reference to the wickedness in the place of judgment which he had noticed in Ecclesiastes 3:16. Ashukim, "oppressions," is found in Job 35:9 and Amos 3:9, and, being properly a participle passive, denotes oppressed persons or things, and so abstractedly "oppressions." Τὰς συκοφαντίας (Septuagint); calumnias (Vulgate). The verb is used of high-handed injustice, of offensive selfishness, of the hindrances to his neighbor's well-being caused by a man's careless disregard of aught but his own interests (comp. 1 Samuel 12:4; Hosea 12:8, etc.). Beheld the tears of such as were oppressed; τῶν συκοφαντουμένων (Septuagint); innocentium (Vulgate). He notes now not merely the fact of wrong being done, but its effect on the victim, and intimates his own pity for the sorrow. And they had no comforter. A sad refrain, echoed again at the end of the verse with touching pathos. Οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς παρακαλῶν (Septuagint); they had no earthly friends to visit them in their affliction, and they as yet knew not the soothing of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter (Παράκλητος). There was no one to wipe away their tears (Isaiah 25:8) or to redress their wrongs. The point is the powerlessness of man in the face of these disorders, his inability to right himself, the incompetence of others to aid him. On the side of their oppressors there was power (koach), in a bad sense, like the Greek βία equivalent to "violence." Thus the ungodly say, in the Book of Wisdom 2:11, "Let our strength be the law of justice." Vulgate, Nec posse resistere eorun violentiae, cunctorum auxilio destitutes. It is difficult to suppose that the state of things revealed by this verse existed in the days of King Solomon, or that so powerful a monarch, and one admired for "judgment and justice" (1 Kings 10:9), would be content with complaining of such disorders instead of checking them. There is no token of remorse for past unprofitableness or anguish of heart at the thought of failure in duty. If we take the words as the utterance of the real Solomon, we do violence to history, and must correct the existing chronicles of his reign. The picture here presented is one of later times, and it may be of other countries. Persian rule, or the tyranny of the Ptolemies, might afford an original from which it might be taken. Verse 2. - In view of these patent wrongs Koheleth loses all enjoyment of life. Wherefore (and) I praised the dead which are already dead; or, who died long ago, and thus have escaped the miseries which they would have had to endure. It must, indeed, have been a bitter experience which elicited such an avowal. To die and be forgotten an Oriental would look upon as the most calamitous of destinies. More than the living which are yet alive. For these have before them the prospect of a long endurance of oppression and suffering (comp. Ecclesiastes 7:1; Job 3:13, etc.). The Greek gnome says - Κρεῖσσον τὸ μὴ ζῇν ἐστὶν η} ζῇν ἀθλίως "Better to die than lead a wretched life." The Septuagint version is scarcely a rendering of our present text: "Above the living, as many as are living until now." Verse 3. - Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been. Thus we have Job's passionate appeal (Job 3:11), "Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came forth," etc.? And in the Greek poets the sentiment of the text is re-echoed. Thus Theognis, 'Paroen.,' 425 - Πάντων μὲν μὴ φῦναι ἐπιχθονίοισιν ἄριστον Μηδ ἐσιδεῖν αὐγὰς ὀξέος ἠελίου Φύντα δ ὅπως ὤκιστα πύλας Ἀι'´δαο περῆσαι Καὶ κεῖσθαι πολλὴν γῆν ἐπαμησάμενον "'Tis best for mortals never to be born, Nor ever see the swift sun's burning rays; Next best, when born, to pass the gates of death Right speedily, and rest beneath the earth." (Comp. Soph., '(Ed. Colossians,' 1225-1228.) Cicero, 'Tusc. Disp.,' 1:48, renders some lines from a lost play of Euripides to the same effect - "Nam nos decebat, caetus celebrantes, domum Lugere, ubi esset aliquis in lucern editus, Humanae vitae varia reputantes mala; At qui labores metre finisset graves, Hunc omni amicos lauds et laetitia exsequi." Herodotus (5. 4) relates how some of the Thracians had a custom of bemoaning a birth and rejoicing at a death. In our own Burial Service we thank God for delivering the departed "out of the miseries of this sinful world." Keble alludes to this barbarian custom in his poem on' The Third Sunday after Easter.' Speaking of a Christian mother's joy at a child's birth, he says - "No need for her to weep Like Thracian wives of yore, Save when in rapture still and deep Her thankful heart runs o'er. They mourned to trust their treasure on the main, Sure of the storm, unknowing of their guide: Welcome to her the peril and the pain, For well she knows the home where they may safely hide." (See on Ecclesiastes 7:1; comp. Gray's ode 'On a Prospect of Eton College;' and for the classical notion concerning life and death, see Plato, 'Laches,' p. 195, 1), sqq.; 'Gorgias,' p. 512, A.) The Buddhist religion does not recommend suicide as an escape from the evils of life. It indeed regards man as master of his own life; but it considers suicide foolish, as it merely transfers a man's position, the thread of life having to be taken up again under less favorable circumstances. See 'A Buddhist Catechism,' by Subhadra Bhikshu (London: Redway, 1890). Who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun. He repeats the words, "under the sun," from ver. 1, in order to show that he is speaking of facts that came under his own regard - outward phenomena which any thoughtful observer might notice (so again ver. 7). Verses 4-6. - Secondly, success meets with envy, and produces no lasting good to the worker; yet, however unsatisfactory the result, man must continue to labor, as idleness is ruin. Verse 4. - Again, I considered all travail, and every right work. The word rendered "right" is kishron (see on Ecclesiastes 2:21), and means rather "dexterity," "success." Kohe-leth says that he reflected upon the industry that men exhibit, and the skill and dexterity with which they ply their incessant toil. There is no reference to moral rectitude in the reflection, and the allusion to the ostracism of Aristides for being called "Just" overshoots the mark (see Wordsworth, in loc.). Septuagint, σύμπασαν ἀνρίαν τοῦ ποιήματος, "all manliness of his work." That for this a man is envied of his neighbor. Kinah may mean either "object of envy" or "envious rivalry;" i.e. the clause may be translated as above, or, as in the Revised Version margin, "it cometh of a man's rivalry with his neighbor." The Septuagint is ambiguous, Ὅτι αὐτὸ ζῆλος ἀνδρὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑταίρου αὐτοῦ, "That this is a man's envy from his comrade;" Vulgate, Industrias animadverti patere invidiae proximi, "Lay open to a neighbor's envy." In the first case the thought is that unusual skill and success expose a man to envy and ill will, which rob labor of all enjoyment. In the second case the writer says that this superiority and dexterity arise from a mean motive, an envious desire to outstrip a neighbor, and, based on such low ground, can lead to nothing but vanity and vexation of spirit, a striving after wind. The former explanation seems more in accordance with Koheleth's gloomy view. Success itself is no guarantee of happiness; the malice and ill feeling which it invariably occasions are necessarily a source of pain and distress. Verse 5. - The connection of this verse with the preceding is this: activity, diligence, and skill indeed bring success, but success is accompanied by sad results. Should we, then, sink into apathy, relinquish work, let things slide? Nay, none but the fool (kesil), the insensate, half-brutish man, doth this. The fool foldeth his hands together. The attitude expresses laziness and disinclination for active labor, like that of the sluggard in Proverbs 6:10. And eateth his own flesh. Ginsburg, Plumptre, and others take these words to mean "and yet eats his meat," i.e. gets that enjoyment from his sluggishness which is denied to active diligence. They refer, in proof of this interpretation, to Exodus 16:8; Exodus 21:28; Isaiah 22:13; Ezekiel 39:17, in which passages, however, the phrase is never equivalent to "eating his food." The expression is really equivalent to "destroys himself," "brings ruin upon himself." Thus we have in Psalm 27:2, "Evildoers came upon me to eat up my flesh;" and in Micah 3:3, "Who eat the flesh of my people" (comp. Isaiah 49:26). The sluggard is guilty of moral suicide; he takes no trouble to provide for his necessities, and suffers extremities in consequence. Some see in this verse and the following an objection and its answer. There is no occasion for this view, and it is not in keeping with the context; but it contains an intimation of the true exposition, which makes ver. 6 a proverbial statement of the sluggard's position. The verbs in the text are participial in form, so that the Vulgate rendering, which supplies a verb, is quite admissible: Stultus complicat manna suas, et comedit carnes suas, dicens: Melior est, etc. Verse 6. - Better is a handful with quietness; literally, better a hand full of rest. Than both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit; literally, than two hands full of travail, etc. This verse, which has been variously interpreted, is most simply regarded as the fool's defense of his indolence, either expressed in his own words or fortified by a proverbial saying. One open hand full of quietness and rest is preferable to two closed hands full of toil and vain effort. The verse must not be taken as the writer's warning against sloth, which would be out of place here, but as enunciating a maxim against discontent and that restless activity which is never satisfied with moderate returns. Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun. Verses 7-12. - Thirdly, avarice causes isolation and a sense of insecurity, and brings no satisfaction. Verse 7. - Then I returned. Another reflection serves to confirm the uselessness of human efforts. The vanity under the sun is now avarice, with the evils that accompany it. Verse 8. - There is one alone, and there is not a second; or, without a second - a solitary being, without partner, relation, or friend. Here, he says, is another instance of man's inability to secure his own happiness. Wealth indeed, is supposed to make friends, such as they are; but miserliness and greed separate a man from his fellows, make him suspicious of every one, and drive him to live alone, churlish and unhappy. Yea, he hath neither child nor brother; no one to share his wealth, or for whom to save and amass riches. To apply these words to Solomon himself, who had brothers, and one son, if not more, is manifestly inappropriate. They may possibly refer to some circumstance in the writer's own life; but of that we know nothing. Yet is there no sad of all his labor. In spite of this isolation he plies his weary task, and ceases not to hoard. Neither is his eye satisfied with riches; so that he is content with what he has (comp. Ecclesiastes 2:10; Proverbs 27:20). The insatiable thirst for gold, the dropsy of the mind, is a commonplace theme in classical writers. Thus Horace, 'Caxm.,' 3:16. 17 - "Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam, Majorumque fames." And Juvenal, 'Sat.,' 14:138 - "Interea pleno quum turget sacculus ore, Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crevit." Neither, saith he, For whom do I labor, and bereave my soul of good? The original is more dramatic than the Authorized Version or the Vulgate, Nec recogitat, dicens, Cui laboro, etc.? The writer suddenly puts himself in the place of the friendless miser, and exclaims, "And for whom do I labor," etc.? We see something similar in ver. 15 and Ecclesiastes 2:15. Here we cannot find any definite allusion to the writer's own circumstances. The clause is merely a lively personification expressive of strong sympathy with the situation described (comp. Ecclesiastes 2:18). Good may mean either riches, in which case the denial to the soul refers to the enjoyment which wealth might afford, or happiness and comfort. The Septuagint has ἀγαθωσύνης, "goodness," "kindness " - which gives quite a different and not so suitable an idea. Sore travail; a sad business, a woeful employment. Verse 9. - Koheleth dwells upon the evils of isolation, and contrasts with them the comfort of companionship. Two are better than one. Literally, the clause refers to the two and the one mentioned in the preceding verse (Ἀγαθοὶ οἱ δύο ὑπὲρ τόν ἔνα, Septuagint); but the gnome is true in general. "Two heads are better than one," says our proverb. Because (asher here conjunctive, not relative) they have a good reward for their labor. The joint labors of two produce much more effect than the efforts of a solitary worker. Companionship is helpful and profitable. Ginsburg quotes the rabbinical sayings,, Either friendship or death;" and "A man without friends is like a left hand without the right." Thus the Greek gnome - "Man helps his fellow, city saves." Ξεὶρ χεῖρα νίπτει δάκτυλός τε δάκτυλον. "Hand cleanseth hand, and finger cleanseth finger." (Comp. Proverbs 17:17; Proverbs 27:17; Ecclus. 6:14.) So Christ sent out his apostles two and two (Mark 6:7). Verse 10. - Koheleth illustrates the benefit of association by certain familiar examples. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow. If one or the other fall, the companion will aid him. The idea is that two travelers are making their way over a rough road - an experience that every one must have had in Palestine. Vulgate, Si unus ceciderit. Of course, if both fell at the same time, one could not help the other. Commentators quote Homer, 'Iliad,' 10:220-226, thus rendered by Lord Derby - "Nestor, that heart is mine; I dare alone Enter the hostile camp, so close at hand; Yet were one comrade giv'n me, I should go With more of comfort, more of confidence. Where two combine, one before other sees The better course; and ev'n though one alone The readiest way discover, yet would be His judgment slower, his decision less." Woe to him that is alone. The same interjection of sorrow, אִי, occurs in Ecclesiastes 10:16, but elsewhere only in late Hebrew. The verse may be applied to moral falls as well as to stumbling at natural obstacles. Brother helps brother to resist temptation, while many have failed when tried by isolation who would have manfully withstood if they had had the countenance and support of others. "Clear before us through the darkness Gleams and burns the guiding light; Brother clasps the hand of brother, Stepping fearless through the night." Verse 11. - The first example of the advantage of companionship spoke of the aid and support that are thus given; the present verse tells of the comfort thus brought. If two lie together, then they have heat. The winter nights in Palestine are comparatively cold, and when, as in the case of the poorer inhabitants, the outer garment worn by day was used as the only blanket during sleep (Exodus 22:26, 27), it was a comfort to have the additional warmth of a friend lying under the same coverlet. Solomon could have had no such experience. Verse 12. - The third instance shows the value of the protection afforded by a companion's presence when danger threatens. If one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; better, if a man overpower the solitary one, the two (ver. 9) will withstand him. The idea of the traveler is continued. If he were attacked by robbers, he would be easily overpowered when alone; but two comrades might successfully resist the assault. And a threefold cord is not quickly broken. This is probably a proverbial saying, like our "Union is strength." Hereby the advantage of association is more strongly enforced. If the companionship of two is profitable, much more is this the case when more combine. The cord of three strands was the strongest made. The number three is used as the symbol of completeness and perfection. Funiculus triplex diffcile rumpitur, the Vulgate rendering, has become a trite saying; and the gnome has been constantly applied in a mystical or spiritual sense, with which, originally and humanly speaking, it has no concern. Herein is seen an adumbration of the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, the Eternal Three in One; of the three Christian virtues, faith, hope, and charity, which go to make the Christian life; of the Christian's body, soul, and spirit, which are consecrated as a temple of the Most High. Verses 13-16. - High place offers no assurance of security. A king's popularity is never permanent; he is supplanted by some clever young aspirant for a time, whose influence in turn soon evaporates, and the subject-people reap no benefit from the change. Verse 13. - Better is a poor and wise child than an old and foolish king. The word translated "child" (yeled), is used sometimes of one beyond childhood (see Genesis 30:26; Genesis 37:30; 1 Kings 12:8), so here it may be rendered "youth." Misken, πενὴς (Septuagint), pauper (Vulgate), "poor," is found also at Ecclesiastes 9:15, 16, and nowhere else; but the root, with an analogous signification, occurs at Deuteronomy 8:9 and Isaiah 40:20. The clause says that a youth who is clever and adroit, though sprung from a sordid origin, is better off than a king who has not learned wisdom with his years, and who, it is afterwards implied, is dethroned by this young man. Who will no more be admonished; better, as in the Revised Version, who knoweth not how to receive admonition any more. Age has only fossilized his self-will and obstinacy; and though he was once open to advice and hearkened to reproof, he now bears no contradiction and takes no counsel. Septuagint, Ὅς οὐκ ἔγνω τοῦ προέχειν ἔτι, "Who knows not how to take heed any longer;" which is perhaps similar to the Vulgate, Qui nescit praevidere in posterum, "Who knows not how to look forward to the future." The words will bear this translation, and it accords with one view of the author's meaning (see below); but that given above is more suitable to the interpretation of the paragraph which approves itself to us. The sentence is of general import, and may be illustrated by a passage from the Book of Wisdom (4. 8, 9), "Honorable age is not that which standeth in length of time, nor that is measured by length of years. But wisdom is the grey hair unto men, and an unspotted life is old age." So Cicero, 'De Senect.,' 18:62, "Non cant nee rugae repente auctoritatem arripere possunt, sod honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit aactoritatis extremes." Some have thought that Solomon is here speaking of himself, avowing his folly and expressing his contrition, in view of his knowledge of Jeroboam's delegation to the kingdom - the crafty youth of poor estate (1 Kings 11:26, etc.), whom the Prophet Ahijah had warned of approaching greatness. But there is nothing in the recorded history of Solomon to make probable such expression of self-abasement, and our author could never have so completely misrepresented him. Here, too, is another proof that Ecclesiastes is not written by Solomon himself. Verse 14. - For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is born in his kingdom becometh poor. The ambiguity of the pronouns has induced different interpretations of this verse. It is plain that the paragraph is intended to corroborate the statement of the previous verse, contrasting the fate of the poor, clever youth with that of the old, foolish king. The Authorized Version makes the pronoun in the first clause refer to the youth, and those in the second to the king, with the signification that rich and poor change places - one is abased as the other is exalted. Vulgate, Quod de carcere catenisque interdum quis egrediatnr ad regnum; et alius natus in regno inopia consummatur. The Septuagint is somewhat ambiguous, Ὅτι ἐξ οἴκου τῶν δεσμίων ελξελεύσεται τοῦ βασιλεῦσαι ὅτι καί γε ἐν βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ ἐγενήθη πένης, "For from the house of prisoners he shall come forth to reign, because in his kingdom he [who?] was born [or, 'became'] poor." It seems, however, most natural to make the leading pronouns in both clauses refer to the youth, and thus to render: "For out of the house of prisoners goeth he forth to reign, though even in his kingdom he was born poor." Beth hasurim is also rendered "house of fugitives," and Hitzig takes the expression as a description of Egypt, whither Jeroboam fled to escape the vengeance of Solomon. Others see here an allusion to Joseph, who was raised from prison, if not to be king, at least to an exalted position which might thus be designated. In this case the old and foolish king who could not look to the future is Pharaoh, who could not understand the dream which was sent for his admonition. Commentators have wearied themselves with endeavoring to find some other historical basis for the supposed allusion in the passage. But although many of these suggestions (e.g., Saul and David, Joash and Amaziah, Cyrus and Astyages, Herod and Alexander) meet a part of the case, none suit the whole passage (vers. 13-16). It is possible, indeed, that some particular allusion is intended to some circumstance or event with which we are not acquainted. At the same time, it seems to us that, without much straining of language, the reference to Joseph can be made good. If it is objected that it cannot be said that Joseph was born in the kingdom of Egypt, we may reply that the words may be taken to refer to his cruel position in his own country, when he was despoiled and sold, and may be said metaphorically to have "become poor;" or the word nolad may be considered as equivalent to "came," "appeared," and need not be restricted to the sense of "born." Verse 15. - I considered all the living which walk under the sun; or, I have seen all the population. The expression is hyperbolical, as Eastern monarchs speak of their dominions as if they comprised the whole world (see Daniel 4:1; Daniel 6:25). With the second child that shall stand up in his stead. "With" (עִם) means "in company with," "on the side of;" and the clause should be rendered, as in the Revised Version, That they were with the youth, the second, that stood up in his stead. The youth who is called the second is the one spoken of in the previous verses, who by general acclamation is raised to the highest place in the realm, while the old monarch is dethroned or depreciated. He is named second, as being the successor of the other, either in popular favor or on the throne. It is the old story of worshipping the rising sun. The verse may still be applied to Joseph, who was made second to Pharaoh, and was virtually supreme in Egypt, standing in the king's place (Genesis 41:40-44). Verse 16. - There is no end of all the people, even of all that have been before them. The paragraph plainly is carrying on the description of the popular enthusiasm for the new favorite. The Authorized Version completely obscures this meaning. It is better to translate, Numberless were the people, all, at whose head he stood. Koheleth places himself in the position of a spectator, and marks how numerous are the adherents who flock around the youthful aspirant. "Nullus finis omni populo, omnibus, quibus praefuit" (Gesenius, Rosenmüller, Volck). Yet his popularity was not lasting and his influence was not permanent. They also that come after shall not rejoice in him. In spite of his cleverness, and notwithstanding the favor with which he is now regarded, those of a later generation shall flout his pretensions and forget his benefits. If we still continue the allusion to Joseph, we may see here in this last clause a reference to the change that supervened when another king arose who knew him not (Exodus 1:8), and who, oblivious of the services of this great benefactor, heavily oppressed the Israelites. This experience leads to the same result; it is all vanity and vexation of spirit. Bible Hub Ecclesiastes 3 Top of Page Top of Page
eurel Sociological and legal data on religions in Europe and beyond You are here : Home » Ireland » Social and religious data » Religious geography Religious geography A majority Catholic population in all parts of the country Ireland is a small country but geographical distinctions are often made between the four historic provinces. These are Leinster in the east of the country, Munster in the south, Connaught in the west and Ulster in the north. Since the partition of Ireland only three of the nine Ulster counties now lie in the Republic of Ireland. The province of Leinster includes Dublin county and city. Catholics form the overwhelming majority in all parts of the country. Protestants are the largest religious minority. The percentage of the regional population accounted for by Protestants and the absolute number of Protestants in each region varies considerably. This still largely reflects the historical pattern although it may change with continued immigration. Dublin has a relatively large Protestant population and about a third of all Irish Protestants live there. However, as the Catholic population in this region is over one million, only about three percent of the Dublin population is Protestant. The whole province of Leinster accounts for over half of all Irish Protestants. In terms of absolute numbers about a fifth of all Irish Protestants live in the three Ulster counties. The Ulster counties are distinctive in the following ways. The inhabitants are predominantly rural, and the counties border Northern Ireland. Protestants here form a larger local minority than do Protestants elsewhere in the state and about half of these Protestants are Presbyterians. Protestants in Munster are concentrated in Cork while there are very few Protestants in Connaught. D 21 September 2012 ARichard O’Leary CNRS Unistra Dres Gsrl Follow us: © 2002-2021 eurel - Contact
Readers ask: What Percentage Of San Diegos Water Supply Is Imported? How much of San Diego’s water supply is imported? An adequate and reliable water supply is vital for all of us. Historically, the City of San Diego’s water needs have greatly outpaced the local supply from rain. The City purchases approximately 85% to 90% of its water, which is imported from Northern California and the Colorado River. Where does San Diego get its water supply from? Here in San Diego we get our water from 3 primary sources: 50% comes from the Colorado River (via the Colorado River Aqueduct). 30% comes from the CA State Water Project (the state-wide canal/aqueduct system throughout California, imported mostly from Northern California). How much of California’s water is imported? The San Francisco Bay Area imports more than 65 percent of its water through the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, the East Bay’s Mokelumne Aqueduct. The region also obtains water from the SWP and the federal CVP. You might be interested: Question: Places Where Fracking Ruins Water Supply? Where does most of California’s water supply come from? Ninety-three percent of Californians rely on publicly supplied water to meet their domestic water needs. Eighty-two percent of the water supplied by public water districts for domestic and other uses come from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other surface water sources (Kenny et al. Which country has the dirtiest water? More than 50 million people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo use unsafe water. It’s all they have for drinking, cooking, and washing. Dirty water leads to diseases such as diarrhea and cholera, which sap the energy and the very life from vulnerable children. How clean is San Diego tap water? On the whole, San Diego’s drinking water quality meets regulatory requirements set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This means that San Diego tap water is generally considered safe drinking water. Is San Diego going to run out of water? According to a statement released by the Water Authority, “no shortages or regional water-use mandates are in the forecast.” Where does LA water come from? The City of Los Angeles’ water is a mixture of groundwater pumped from the local area, treated State Water Project water, and water that is imported by the City of Los Angeles from the Owens Valley. Who manages water San Diego? In San Diego County, there are currently 85 public water systems regulated through the California Water Resources Control Board. What percentage of California water use is residential? Statewide, average water use is roughly 50% environmental, 40% agricultural, and 10% urban, although the percentage of water use by sector varies dramatically across regions and between wet and dry years. You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is A Water Supply Chain? What is the largest consumer of California water? While the Golden State isn’t completely out of water, it’s still using far more than it can replenish. The three biggest consumers are urban users, big agriculture and water allocated to environmental conservation. Can California run out of water? The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is now predicting that California only has enough water supply to last one year. “What I see going on is a future disaster, says Kennedy, “you are removing water that’s been there a long, long time. And it will probably take a long time to replace it. Why does California have no water? Well water is pumped into an irrigation system at a vineyard in Madera, California. California is suffering from drought, and farmers in the state’s Central Valley are pumping more groundwater from their well to make up for a shortfall in water from the state’s reservoirs. Does California get water from the Colorado River? The Colorado Aqueduct, built in the 1930s, transports water from the Colorado River to Southern California. It’s operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) and is the region’s primary source of drinking water. Does California rely on other states for water? Colorado River Systems The Colorado River is the source of 4.4 million acre-feet (5.4 km3) per year for California. Six other states along the river’s watershed (Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona) and Mexico, share allocated portions of river water. Leave a Reply
How Art is Helpful for Kids How Art is Helpful for Kids When people ask about how art is helpful for kids? We say Art is something that everyone enjoys doing. Art develops all the senses – sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste – depending on the activity. Art is medium to express imagination and technical skills. Children connect with different colors and designs quickly. Art is attractive and sensitive. It is helpful to everyone from the elderly to the young. It holds an emotional power. Exposing kids to art from an early age develops various skills within them. How can art be helpful for kids? 1. Develops creativity How Art is Helpful for Kids Creativity is the ability to apprehend the world in diverse ways. Art is something that develops creativity. Grasping power of kids is extraordinarily faster than grown-ups. They connect and relate to art sooner. Indulging them in the making of an art form develops their creativity. They are able to look at the world in multiple ways. 2. Self-Confidence How Art is Helpful for Kids One of the important skills art helps to develop is self-confidence. Believing that you can perform an art form is as important as having the technical skills to do it. Make them participate in singing, dancing, or any other local art programs. Getting up to the stage to perform, gets them out of their comfort zone. Encourage them to try again whenever they fail. Guide them. They will improve with time. It makes them realize their improvement and, will help in building self-confidence. 3. Observational skills Every art form requires the ability to observe your surroundings. At times, it helps you work on your mistakes. It even serves different ideas. In young kids, art like drawing, sculpting, or painting develops visual-spatial skills. It develops a habit of being mindful and attentive. Kids become attentive and focus on details. Arts not only help kids in creative skills but also help them in their observation skills. 4. Collaboration Art forms like a band, theater, and dance require teamwork. Such activities allow kids to work together. They learn to share and compromise to achieve a common goal. These activities develop a need to communicate with the team. Kids learn to contribute their share to the group. It also helps them learn social and effective communication skills. 5. Mode of expression Art has always been a medium of expression for every individual. Teach your child to channel their emotions through art. It is the most effective and positive way. It is also a possibility that your child might continue with a certain art form. Art will not only help your child now but also in the future. Art develops creativity, self-confidence, observational skills along with communication and teamwork. It also becomes a mode of expression for your child. Leave a Reply
Established: a method for large scale synthesis of unique and beautiful metal oxide nanoparticle assemblies with porous morphology LANGUAGE ≫ Japanese Specialized field Synthetic organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, nanoparticle science For Details Development of a super rapid method of synthesizing titanium dioxide, a typical photocatalyst Photocatalysts are catalytic substances that change their surroundings when light hits them without changing themselves. One of the most widely used photocatalysts is titanium dioxide, which is inexpensive and harmless to living organisms. When titanium dioxide is irradiated by sunlight, electrons are generated; this decomposes harmful substances and dirt, and at the same time, the surface becomes more compatible with water due to its high hydrophilicity. As a result of these excellent characteristics, titanium dioxide has attracted very strong interest from the viewpoint of energy and environmental conservation. In particular, porous materials, with their very large surface area, are expected to be utilized in a wide range of applications. In 2012, Professor Kobiro, together with Associate Professor Wang Pengyu, developed an epoch-making method for ultra-high speed synthesis of porous titanium dioxide nanoparticle assemblies. The conventional synthesis method requires complicated operations and a long reaction time; however, the new method simply adds titanium isopropoxide as a raw material and carboxylic acid as an auxiliary to methanol and heats the mixture to 300-400° C. The synthesis time is only 10 minutes. Furthermore, this synthesis method has been used to successfully create not only solid structures but also hollow structures. The key to that success was the use of methanol at high temperature and under high pressure. Prof. Kobiro and Dr. Wang Pengyu (who had been conducting research together on organic synthesis reactions using water a high temperature and high pressure water, called supercritical water) employed supercritical water, which proved successful. Since the nanoparticles created have a shape very similar to marimo (a round green alga), they named it MARIMO (Mesoporously Architected Roundly Integrated Metal Oxide). Now they are conducting applied research in their MARIMO project. Prof. Kobiro says, "Our creation of the porous spherical aggregate of titanium dioxide was not a world first; it has been done many times. However, the difference between our creation and those of others is the fineness of the irregularities on the surface. Very fine particles clustered and became spherical. That is really beautiful, and I was very happy when I first saw it. In addition, various materials can adhere to the surface thanks to its irregularities. It's obvious that this will have a wide range of applications." Collaboration with enterprise: Realization of mass synthesis, indispensable for practical applications Having discovered the possibilities of this technology, Prof. Kobiro started working toward practical applications with Associate Professor (then lecturer) Otani, first aiming at mass synthesis. In 2013 they began collaborative research with UJIDEN Chemical Industry, Co., Ltd. (Kochi Prefecture), and developed a reaction device that can synthesize porous metal oxide nanoparticles continuously. Then in 2015, their effort enabled the large-scale synthesis essential for practical use. In the case of porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles, they achieved production of 200 g per day. Prof. Kobiro explains, "Until then production was limited to 10 mg at time, but we found a way to synthesize 200 g at one go, and established stable production technology. This was not simply a matter of increasing the amount of raw material; we had a string of failures, day after day. It took us a year and a half to succeed. When we finally made it, we jumped for joy," he recalls, laughing. They succeeded in synthesizing not only titanium dioxide but also porous nanoparticles of titania, silica, zinc oxide, zirconia and ceria. Currently their process has evolved into technology that can synthesize various metal oxides as spherical porous nanoparticles. In addition, they achieved the synthesis of a combination of oxides, so it became possible to make: a) uniformly dispersed multiple metal oxides; b) domain type mixed multiple metal oxides with mottling; and c) core-shell type oxides which have a center separate from the surface. They also found a means of finishing the materials with perfect flexibility. Prof. Kobiro continues, "I think my job is to understand the feelings of substances and reactions, things that can never speak, and translate them into words. It was an accidental result to achieve that form with titanium dioxide by means of a simple reaction, but it was really just a reflection of the character of the material. So if I try to achieve this with other materials I cannot use the same method. I need to consider the feelings of the material. In fact, regarding MARIMOization of metal oxides aside from titanium dioxide, the simplicity of the reaction is the same but the things that we need to add or to combine are quite different. This turned out to be a difficult point." It is also worth noting that nanoparticles of unprecedented shape have been created one after another through the application of this synthesis method. Prof. Kobiro has synthesized nanoparticles of gold, platinum and palladium, hollow porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a nested type structure, and nanoparticles like 'matryoshka' dolls. Prof. Kobiro says, "It is thought that during the reaction process, noble metal ions penetrated the hollow porous aggregate of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and were then reduced by high temperature methanol and formed alloy particles, which were trapped inside. Small particles could then be inserted through a narrow opening. You could say that in the nano world we have created a kind of ship in a bottle, where the structure is created internally by inserting small particles through an opening in the narrow end." When measuring the density of particles obtained by cutting round cross-sections, distinct layers of gold, platinum and palladium were created in the center. It was confirmed that they were covered with a layer of titanium dioxide alloy particles, which partitioned off the space. Prof. Kobiro continues, "This is an effective way to achieve wrapping with very light materials under conditions where if the particles make direct contact with metal, they will be broken. This catalytic reaction takes place without ever contacting the outside of the particles, so it will not break them." The team also succeeded in creating all sorts of shapes of gold, platinum and palladium alloy nanoparticles separately, using a simple unit chemical process. For example, in their successful synthesis of a uniformly dispersed material, synthetic nanoparticles of gold, platinum and palladium adhered to the outer surface of the solid porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The world of MARIMO is expanding beyond the range of our imagination. New possibilities hidden beyond the humor and the beauty Prof. Kobiro is eager to further increase the variety of these unique and beautifully shaped porous metal oxide nanoparticles. That is his goal as a chemist. He says, "I find beauty greatly appealing, and it's a lot of fun to create beauty with my own hands. It might sound snobbish but just like a musician expresses himself by playing a musical instrument, for example, a chemist expresses himself by using materials to create beautiful and useful things which impress people strongly. In that sense, materials are rather like musical instruments. The beauty of shapes, concepts and reactions is fascinating." The pursuit of unique and beautiful chemistry creations will eventually lead to new discoveries that are useful to humanity. Now porous metal oxide nanoparticles are available for a wide range of practical applications such as photocatalysts, drug and gene delivery agents, high performance abrasives, and thermal barrier coatings. Prof. Kobiro says, "I'd like to do something original, something outstanding with nanoparticles of various shapes. One of my goals is to develop nanoparticles for use as catalysts. I am convinced that composite nanoparticles embedded in spherical nanoparticle porous aggregate will be high performing catalysts. If this idea turns out to be correct, chemical reactions could be much more efficient and their energy efficiency might be improved dramatically. Although it may be a bit of an exaggeration, I am expecting that we might see something close to an energy revolution that could change the world. As we pursue those goals, there will surely be many obstacles to overcome, but in principle there is no real obstacle. I am certainly sure that I can do this, so I will work on it and see what happens!"
Skip to main content Fly Through a Cracking Glacier With New NASA Video In October 2011, NASA's Operation IceBridge discovered a major rift in the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf in West Antarctica. (Image credit: Jefferson Beck/NASA.) A new video takes viewers on a stunning ride through a giant and ever-growing canyon of Antarctic ice that marks the birth of an enormous iceberg. The Pine Island Glacier ice shelf in western Antarctica is in the process of "calving" a massive iceberg that, when it breaks away, will have an area of about 350 square miles (900 square kilometers) — 15 times the size of Manhattan. A new NASA video provides a hair-raising view of the jagged-edged fissure up close. The animation uses data collected during late 2011 research flights over the Antarctic ice, when the crack was first discovered. At the time, the 18-mile (28-km) rift was about 180 feet (55 meters) across and 150 feet (45 meters) deep. A satellite image of the crack snapped in November showed it was visible from space, and still growing. Yet despite its impressive dimensions, the crack is fairly dainty in light of the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf's vast proportions. The floating front end of the Pine Island Glacier, the ice shelf is roughly 1,235 square miles (2,300 square kilometers) across and nearly a third of a mile (500 meters) thick. The recent discovery that the glacier that feeds it has markedly sped up over the last decade has provoked a flurry of research interest. The sudden changes are almost undoubtedly caused by climate change and warming oceans in the region. The Pine Island Glacier is now one of the fastest moving in Antarctica, and NASA scientists say that every year it is losing ice. The thinning and increasingly speedy glacier and several of its closest neighbors in West Antarctica are responsible for 7 percent of global sea level rise in recent years. Glaciers are essentially slow-moving rivers of ice that move frozen water from the continent's interior out to the ocean. If they accelerate, glaciers dump more ice into the sea, raising the ocean in the same way an ice cube dropped into a glass of water pushes the liquid higher. And although the nascent iceberg is quite large, scientists said its breadth isn't anything out of the ordinary. Live Science Staff
FAQ: What Time Period Is Mozart? Was Mozart in the Romantic period? Only two Classical-period composers are widely known: Mozart and Haydn. His early works are from the Classical period and are clearly Classical in style. But his later music, including the majority of his most famous music, is just as clearly Romantic. What time period was the classical music era? What was going on during the Classical period? The Classical Era took place during the years of 1750-1820. During the Classical period the industrial revolution began. The cotton gin became popular changing how clothing was made and the steam locomotive was invented. What are the 6 periods of music history? Is Mozart better than Beethoven? You might be interested: Question: Queen Of The Night Area Mozart What Is It About? Is Mozart classical or Romantic? What era of music are we in? The current period encompasses the 20th century and the 21st-century to date and includes the Modernist musical era and the Contemporary or Postmodern musical era, the dates of which are often disputed. What are the 5 basic characteristics of classical music? The Classical period • an emphasis on elegance and balance. • mainly simple diatonic harmony. • use of contrasting moods. Who are the composers of classical period? 10 Classical Music Composers to Know • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91) • Johannes Brahms (1833–97) • Richard Wagner (1813–83) • Claude Debussy (1862–1918) • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–93) • Frédéric Chopin (1810–49) What is the most important instrument in classical period? Who is the father of classical music? You might be interested: Question: How Mozart Solve Financial Issues? What is the first oldest musical period? What is the best music era? Among rock fans, two decades tie for the best music: the 1970s (26%) and the 1980s (26%). Among those who consider themselves pop fans (38% say they’re a fan of the genre), the 1980s (26%) stand out as the best decade for music. Who started the Baroque period? Leave a Reply
Often asked: What Two Genres Was Mozart Known For? How many genres did Mozart? back to beginning of document music in three stages: early 1761-1772 middle 1772-1781 late 1781-1791 best known works Mozart composed over 600 works including: 21 stage and opera works, 15 Masses, over 50 symphonies, 25 piano concertos, 12 violin concertos, 27 concert arias, 17 piano sonatas, 26 string quartets, and What are 2 facts about Mozart? 31 Facts About Mozart • He was a quick study. • He had big ambitions. • He and Haydn were friends. • His father was a composer, too. • He was small. • He loved shopping. • He composed in short bursts throughout the day. • He made friends with all kinds of people. What was special about Mozart’s music? What killed Mozart? You might be interested: Often asked: What Did Mozart Die From? What was Mozart’s nickname? The name ” Wolfgang ” means “running wolf.” The name Wolfgang was shortened to “Wolferl” when he was a child. This nickname was used by his family. Is Mozart deaf? Beethoven’s disability: He was blind Mozart went deaf though. What is Mozart most famous for? Who is the greatest musical genius of all time? Who is better Mozart or Beethoven? Is Mozart a genius? Nicholas Kenyon, the author of A Pocket Guide to Mozart, agrees that the composer’s reputation as a genius was created only after his death. The Romantic composers who succeeded him perpetuated this idea that he composed thoughtlessly, when all the evidence is that he wrote and rewrote his work. ‘ Did Salieri really kill Mozart? Salieri suffered a physical and mental breakdown in the autumn of 1823, was admitted to the Vienna general hospital, and in a deranged state of mind, accused himself of having killed Mozart. Quickly rumors spread throughout Vienna. In the long run it was not Mozart, but Antonio Salieri who had been poisoned. You might be interested: What Is The Mozart Eff? Who killed Mozart due to jealousy? At what age Mozart died? Leave a Reply
• Scott Herring How Does Web Hosting Work? If you're not super technical, you probably don't know (or care) exactly how the internet works. You may be familiar with some key terms, but the rest is a big black box that hands you answers to questions, shows funny videos, and helps you communicate with friends & family. If you're going to be a blogger, though, you're going to need a little bit more of an understanding, especially if you're plotting to make a big mark in the world of blogging. A key piece for you will be understanding how web hosting works. Devices: PCs, Mobile Devices, and Servers It seems simple. You type in a word and your browser goes to a place. Gmail.com. Boom. Apple.com. Boom. RenegadeBlogger.com. Boom. It doesn't matter if you're on a laptop or a mobile device, the same result happens. What's happening is that your device is connecting to a server, which could be anywhere in the world. The server knows what to do with your request, whether it comes from a browser (e.g., Google Chrome, Firefox, or Safari) or an app (e.g., Instagram, your email app, or Google Maps). IP Addresses The communication layers use an IP address. Think of an IP address as something like a telephone number. Every internet device gets one when connected. Some are static addresses, but others can be dynamic (they change when you reconnect). If you're curious, visit this website - WhatsMyIP - from a couple of devices and you'll see. Domain Names IP addresses get translated, in most cases, to a domain name. Think of a domain name as what the public knows you as. We wouldn't want to have to remember all those digits, right? So there's a way that IP addresses get turned into names. You may have heard the term "domain registration". That's where you pick a name - which must be unique - and pay to call it your name. We registered RenegadeBlogger.com with a "registrar", which is an officially sanctioned company (sanctioned by ICAAN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - see?). You can register a domain with a company like Godaddy, or you can use an internet service provider when you purchase website hosting. Note, when you pick a name, you may want to search and make sure it isn't somehow going to get you in copyright trouble - changing later really sucks. Internet Service Providers If you have a website, which is the root of a blog, it requires special servers to deliver a response. Although you could roll your own, we certainly wouldn't recommend it -- buying all the pieces is REALLY expensive. Instead, use an internet service provider like Bluehost (which we strongly recommend), SiteGround (owned by Godaddy), or Wix (the simplest one to set up). Most service providers include tools to set up a blog in their basic plans, so when you sign up, you're well on your way. Oh, and you can register your domain during setup too. So the ISP is a critical piece here, providing the routing and delivery of those blog requests. When you build a blog, you could write everything using a programming language called Hyper Text Markup Language - HTML - and make it look more readable using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). The wonderful display at Michael's Smart Classroom Management site is brought to you using WordPress, a content management system that lets Michael write posts, schedule them to be posted, and facilitates engagement with the audience. WordPress is super powerful for many purposes, so much so that almost a third of all websites on earth use it... Alternatively, you could use a different tool like Joomla or Drupal, which are other content management systems. Or you could use Wix or SquareSpace, which are easy turnkey systems. The bottom line is that you MUST have a suitable blogging platform, including the right software. At some point, you may want to sell something to make money (e.g., books, memberships, or t-shirts). That's called e-commerce. If you're using WordPress, there's a popular plugin called WooCommerce you can use. Or you could use one of the popular e-commerce platforms like Magento or Shopify. And Wix & SquareSpace have shopping baked into their offerings too. One other note for setting up a blog... A couple of years ago, Google made a bold change - issuing a Chrome warning if you visit a website that doesn't have encryption. You know when you're on a shopping site and see the little lock icon in your address bar? That's because the website communication is encrypted (you'll see the web address uses https instead of regular http). Security is set using Secure Socket Layers (SSL), which you can get when you set up your blog. JUST DO IT. First, the little warning can immediately send site visitors running. Second, it's recommended because, well, Google. They rank you higher if you have SSL in place. And third, it makes your site a tougher nut to crack for hackers. How Web Hosting Works To review... When you type in a web address, your "word" gets translated into an IP address. When you start your blog, you need to work with an internet service provider and perhaps a registrar to set up your domain name. You'll need security, and you may want to open a store to sell cool merch. Using the recipe here, you're well on your way. Let us know if you have questions! If you haven't done so already, please join us. Click here to receive articles like this one automatically in email. Recent Posts See All The End is Near Fighting Stress
How People Can Be Addicted To Suffering Recent studies have began to show how the chemicals in our brains can contribute to addictions to our emotions. share on facebook share on pinterest share on linkedin How people can be addicted to suffering Image Credit: Pexels Addictions are often thought of as actions and things we engage with outside of ourselves that eventually get us to crave them more. But not all addictions are external, some are internal. Emotional addictions can happen either with positive emotions or negative ones. Addictions to negative emotions often get labeled as addictions to suffering. Now, feeling emotions is not bad, in short term the use of fear can help us out of a dangerous situation through the fight or flight, and freeze response; anger can alert us that a personal boundary is being crossed, and grief can help us move on after a loved one has died. The problem comes when negative emotions are continually experienced in a loop, which then creates a vicious cycle. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) aside from creating cycles, negative emotions pose the ability to alter brain functions, which as consequence may play a role in an individual’s behavior and mental health. The APA also states that when it comes to addiction, it is not a single thing that contributes to it but a myriad of situations that can come from either outside or inside of ourselves. In this article though, we will talk about the possible chemistry and brain functions that may create and maintain addictions when it comes to the emotions of fear, anger, and grief. Fear can contribute to addiction Image Credit: Freepik Fear may maintain an addiction In an article for Fox News, Abigail Marsh, an associate professor of psychology at Georgetown University, stated that "Fear is the expectation or anticipation of possible harm.." "This expectation or anticipation usually comes from a fear that is learned or taught, but fear is also instinctual", - Dr.Theo Tsaousides Now, what happens when you experience fear? According to Marsh, the brain (amygdala) releases a chemical called glutamate that sets off other responses in the body. Glutamate plays a central role in processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addiction. Tzschentk and Schmidt's study established that the processes in which glutamate had a role were "reinforcement, sensitization, habit learning, and reinforcement learning, context conditioning, craving, and relapse." What happens in our brain when we experience fear? Glutamate, which is produced in your brain, interacts with other chemicals including dopamine, to create and maintain addiction. But, the risk of actually suffering from an addiction to fear only comes when this feeling is experienced constantly. Dr.Tsaousides explains how fear that is felt constantly impacts people, stating that chronic stress, free-floating anxiety, constant worry, and daily insecurity can quietly but seriously harm your physical and mental health over time. Take someone with social anxiety for example. One of the things a person with social anxiety worries obsessively about is being judged and watched by others. The fear of being watched and judged keeps the person in a state of wariness, which in the long run depletes the person's physical and mental energy. This is because the body is in a constant state of alertness and stress which it cannot relieve itself from. It functions in an imbalanced state and puts pressure on certain processes that it's not supposed to put pressure on. Anger rushes can become addictive When it comes to anger, epinephrine and non-epinephrine are the chemicals responsible for it. According to World of Chemicals, Epinephrine or adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands and lets the amygdala know to send signals which speed up your heart rate and display other signs of you becoming angry. World of Chemicals also states that non-epinephrine is the adrenaline rush and it monitors your heart rate and blood pressure, it is also responsible for the decision making relating to handling the situation in a positive or negative way. Ok, but how can anger become addictive? According to an article written by Jean Kim M.D., anger becomes addictive when it begins to feel comfortable and good to get the rush that comes from it to boost your ego or as a regular emotional avoidance strategy. For example, always turning to angry outbursts such as screaming, stomping away, or rolling your eyes and actively ignoring other people whenever things aren't going your way or someone tries to talk to you about something you did wrong. Grief, addicted to suffering Image Credit: Freepik Effects of constant grief on your emotional state Behind grief is a chemical called adrenocorticotrophin. PsychCentral explains how, after adrenocorticotrophin is created in the pituitary gland, it then travels to the adrenal gland and causes cortisone to be produced. Cortisone, the stress hormone, can then make the body create and feel other emotions, such as fear and sadness in an endless loop An example of negative emotions being reproduced in the body continuously can be seen through catastrophization. Catastrophization is a cognitive distortion that prompts people to jump to the worst possible conclusion usually with objective reason to despair. This "objective reason to despair" usually leads the person to keep the thought cycle going until it becomes a habit. By this time the brain is used to it and it can be said that it is already addicted. If this process extends to many months it results in very high levels of cortisol in the blood causing the immune system to weaken. Stress and dopamine can make you addicted to your emotions The fear, anger, and grief hormones don't act alone though. A common denominator created when these emotions are being felt is stress and by default, its hormone, cortisol. Another common denominator is dopamine or the "happiness hormone". What do dopamine and cortisol do to create addictive emotions? Stress to Strength, states that stress and drugs have been shown to have similar side effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and other effects. Stress can be addictive to some people because of the adrenaline rush that is created in the brain when it secretes cortisol, adrenaline, and non-adrenaline. When it comes to dopamine, an article by Crystal Raypole published in Healthline, states that dopamine's role is in reinforcing enjoyable sensations and behaviors by linking things that make you feel good with a desire to do them again. Raypole explains that these enjoyable experiences activate the brain's reward system which releases dopamine and leaves you with a strong memory of the pleasure this prompts the person to make an effort to experience it again. As with any other chemicals in our brain, if cortisol and dopamine are consistently created and produced in unbalanced ways we may end up being addicted to our emotions. Breaking Addiction to suffering Image Credit: Freepik What can you do to get out of emotional addiction? There are many things that you can do to start your journey of recovery from addiction. The list below gives a few options of what you can do to get out of emotional addiction. 1. Get help Getting help by going to a professional will help you get more insight on how to proceed if you do have an addiction. These professionals are trained with tools that the rest of us do not have or don't know about. Now, we have to admit that not all therapists are a good fit for us so, take the time to find the one that you feel understands you and can help you. 2. Journaling This is definitely a favorite among a lot of people. Journaling helps the writer express their feelings. Once you put it on paper, the energy is released and you don't feel that burden anymore. It also helps you look back with a clear mind, analyze situations, and see yourself in a different light. Through this process you can see what it is you need to work on, what's truly bothering you, you can become more aware of yourself and you can see your growth develop over a period of time. Journaling also helps you observe your thoughts and detect the triggers that make your mind or actions go to a dark place. Once you are aware of that, it is easier to catch yourself and redirect your thinking to or transform it into something more positive. 3. Meditation The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH) states that research on meditation may help with physical symptoms as well as some psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, anger, distress, and stress. People who have been meditating for a while have said that it does improve their focus, improve their memory, helps them become more aware, and helps them be calm and peaceful. Meditation comes in many different ways, so if you want to try this know that you don't have to limit yourself to just sitting in a room quietly with your eyes closed. 4. Gratefulness I'm sure you have heard how being grateful or giving gratitude can make you feel better and also make us aware of all the good things we have. Resources to Recover (RTOR), a site dedicated to helping families with mental health conditions find resources, states that "gratitude increases neural modulation in the brain which regulates negative emotions." RTOR continues by saying that gratitude can contribute to "help cure insomnia, reduce stress hormones, and positively impact bodily functions, memory, and emotions." Keep in mind that studies such as these required the participants to practice gratitude on a daily basis, if you want to try practicing gratitude or any of the other methods try to work your way up into doing them daily to get the most benefit out of them. Doing your own research and following these steps will get you on your way to overcoming your emotional addiction to live a freer and happier life. A writer with a love for hot chocolate and rainy days. Has a bachelor's degree in Journalism and is experimenting with fantasy writing. No Saves yet. Share it with your friends. Write Your Diary
Get an Estimate How Is Gold Found And Extracted From Mines A chemical blend known as flux is added to the molten mixture to allow the gold to separate from impurities afterwards the flux is drained away and the liquid gold is poured into barshaped moulds and allowed to set once the gold bar is removed from the mould it How To Separate Specks Of Fools Gold From Specks Of Real Apr 12 2017 dredge up rock water and silt into your prospectors pan swirl the water around in the pan roughly and quickly this allows the gold to separate from other sediment watch the real gold flecks and black sand sink quickly to the bottom of the How To Use Bleach On Gold Ore To Remove Gold Apr 24 2017 pour the acidandbleach mixture into the plastic bowl with the ore grains and stir allow four hours for the gold to dissolve stirring every 20 minutes the chlorine reacts with the gold inside the ore to form gold chloride filter the ore and bleach solution to remove all the impurities such as soil and rock Gold Recovery And How To Choose The Right Process Blasting crushing and grinding are necessary to liberate the gold for recovery hard rock gold deposits have three subclasses freemilling sulfideassociated and refractory freemilling gold gold ore is considered freemilling when it is easily liberated by grinding and separated from the other How To Separate Gold From Sand Compared with the rock gold the method of extracting gold from sand is simpler gold sand mining and separation are usually carried out at the same time the process of separating gold from sand mainly consists of four steps crushing and screening remove slime from gold sand separation thickening and dewatering How To Extract Gold From Rock In Home How to extract gold from rock in home apr 24 2017 allow four hours for the gold to dissolve stirring every 20 minutes the chlorine reacts with the gold inside the ore to form gold chloride filter the ore and bleach solution to remove all the impurities such as soil and rock fragments collect the filtered gold chloride solution in a How To Separate Diamonds From Kimberlite How to separate diamonds from kimberlite load the material extracted from the mine into a crusher and gently smash the volcanic rock being careful not to use enough pressure to crush the gems place the crushed rock and gem material into rotating drums filled with How To Seperate The Gold From Gold Ore How to separate gold from ore after crushed gold extraction refers to the processes required to extract gold from its oresthis may require a combination of comminution mineral processing hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes to be performed on the ore gold mining from alluvium ores was once achieved by techniques How To Separate Gold From Black Sand Complete Guide How to use a gold pan to separate gold from black sand once you have panned off most of the material and just have around half a cup of material left in the pan you do the following gold panning fill some water into the pan around one to two cups is enough amass all of the material towards the far end side of the pan and shake How Gold Is Extracted By Cyanidation Process Jun 17 2020 the chemical that is used in the separation of gold from a rock is mercury after the rock containing gold has been crushed to powder form mercury is added to get the gold from the powder gold is dissolved in mercury to form an amalgam just like the other minerals in addition to that using the cyanide solvent gold is dissolved from its How To Test A Rock For Gold Mar 13 2018 pulverize the rock by crushing it with a heavy mallet first making certain to contain the bits put the material at the top of a sluice box and add water to push the rock down the slightly angled ridged slide gold typically collects within the ridges another option is to pan the pulverized rock to remove the rock from the pan and leave the How To Separate The Gold Dust From Rock Combined Of Gold May 12 2007 swirl the two components in a gold pan filled with water the lighter sand unless its black sand will float out over the edge while the much heavier gold Cornstarch Replaces Cyanide In Clean New Gold Extraction May 14 2013 alphacyclodextrin a cyclic starch fragment with six glucose molecules is the best way to isolate gold they found zhichang stumbled on a piece of magic for isolating gold from anything in How Much It Cost To Extract Gold From Rock Nov 22 2020 easy ways to extract gold from a rock with pictures 20201122 prospecting for gold can be a fun hobby though it’s a lot of work you may be able to harvest gold flakes from rock if it contains gold among its minerals the safest way to extract gold from rocks at Mining Techniques Of The Sierra Nevada And Gold Country Panning was the oldest and simplest way to separate gold from surrounding rock it was the most basic method to obtain placer gold the basic procedure was to place some goldbearing materials such as river gravel into a shallow pan add some water and then carefully swirl the mixture around so the water and light material spilled over the Gold Recovery 8 Steps with Pictures Put the gold fingers and clean circuit boards in the coffee pot in another container mix two parts muriatic acid and one part hydrogen peroxide and add to the coffee pot until it just covers the gold fingers and wait a week giving it a stir daily since i have a week i will move 3 Ways To Identify Gold In Quartz Sep 06 2019 to identify gold inside of a piece of quartz hold a magnet against the rock if the quartz sticks to the magnet then it contains iron pyrite or fool’s gold you can also try to scratch a piece of glass or unglazed ceramic with the gold portion of the rock real gold will not scratch these How To Seperate Gold From Rock Separating gold from rock at home is a multiple step process the rock ore must be ground then mixed with liquid to froth the mixture a collection agent must more detailed get price machine to seperate gold from rocksjovcet machine to seperate gold from rocks leave a comment extracting gold from rock openlearn open How To Separate Precious Metal Step 4 observe the gold separating continue to heat the slag until you can observe the molten gold begin to dissolve away from the rest of the slag this occurs because of the melting point and the density of the gold as compared with the different melting points and densities of the other metal components of the slag the gold should slip down into the smelting How To Extract Gold From Electronics 11 Steps with Then you should remove the pcb and scrape off any gold still attached to the pcb you should be wearing gloves if performing this step by hand and fully submerge it into a cup of water then add some add some water to the existing solution full of gold i recommend doubling the Fine Gold Recovery Separating Placer Gold Particles From There are many different methods that a gold prospector can use to separate the gold out of their black sands these methods can range from as simple as carefully gold panning the concentrates several times to expensive separation equipment costing thousands of dollars for most smallmedium scale prospectors the more expensive separation methods such as shaker tables are not the best Gold Recovery 8 Steps with Pictures This is the gold i collected in a bucket over three months sort the gold into circuits that need cleaning gold plated parts gold plated pins gold fingers and solid gold large and small use a magnet to separate all gold plated steel this needs a different process than i am Extract Gold With Cornstarch To participate in the 911metallurgist forums be sure to join amp login use add new topic to ask a new questiondiscussion about hydrometallurgy or select a topic that interests you use add reply to replyparticipate in a topicdiscussion most frequent using add reply allows you to attach images or pdf files and provide a more complete input use add comment to comment on someone else How To Separate Gold From Sands Under the action of flowing water gold ore fragments are brought into the river and further shredded during the handling process slowly separating the gold out of the ore since gold is a large specific gravity mineral with a specific gravity of 1932 gcm3 fine gold will deposit at the corner of the river slow flow rate forming the Message Online Chat
Quick Answer: What Causes Horse To Start Weezing And Breath Fast? What causes rapid breathing in horses? Rapid breathing that is not associated with recent exercise is commonly seen in horses suffering from severe disease processes including heaves Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), exhaustion or heat stroke. What would cause a horse to wheeze? Equine RAO or severe equine asthma includes diseases characterized by bronchoconstriction (airway narrowing), excessive mucus secretion and obstruction to airflow resulting in reversible breathlessness, wheezing and coughing. Two forms of recurrent airway obstructive diseases of horses have been recognized for decades. What to give a horse that is wheezing? Treatments for Horses with Heaves • Turn him out as much as possible. • Provide good ventilation inside. • Feed him chest-high. • Wet his hay. • Consider pellets instead. • Moisten his bedding. • Don’t clean around him. • Avoid dusty and/or indoor arenas. What is the cause of breathing very fast? When a person breathes rapidly, it’s sometimes known as hyperventilation, but hyperventilation usually refers to rapid, deep breaths. The average adult normally takes between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Rapid breathing can be the result of anything from anxiety or asthma, to a lung infection or heart failure. You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Get A Free Horse Just By Racing In Star Stable? How do you tell if a horse has breathing problems? Horses with non-infectious respiratory disease, for example recurrent airway obstruction, often show the following clinical signs in addition to coughing, nasal discharge and reluctance to work: Increased breathing rate at exercise. Inappropriately long recovery times after exercise. Increased breathing rate at rest. What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in horses? Clinical signs include increased coat length and delayed shedding of the winter coat, laminitis, lethargy, increased sweating, weight loss and excessive drinking and urinating. The disease primarily affects those over the age of 10, with 19 being the average age at diagnosis. How do you know if your horse has heaves? Horses with the more severe form of the disease may exhibit signs of difficult breathing (nostril flaring and visible “heaving”) while at rest as well as frequent coughing, wheezing and exercise intolerance (that is, they may not be able to move any faster than a walk). How do you know if a horse has asthma? A presumptive diagnosis of equine asthma is usually made based on the history, clinical signs and findings of an examination. A more definitive diagnosis can be achieved by performing endoscopy of the airways – this allows us to visualise the upper respiratory tract and obtain samples by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). How do I know if my horse has asthma? Equine asthma can take their breath away Severe equine asthma is recognized most commonly by episodes of laboured breathing, even at rest. Horses suffering from this condition also have a chronic cough, nasal discharge and exercise intolerance. You might be interested: FAQ: Which Versein In Book Of Revelation Mentions Jesus Riding On A White Horse In The Clouds? What can you give a horse for heaves? Horses with heaves ideally should be at pasture with fresh grass as the source of roughage, supplemented with pelleted feed. If horses must be stalled they should be maintained in a clean, controlled environment and fed a dust free diet (for instance, a complete pelleted feed) to minimize dust exposure. Will a nebulizer help a horse with heaves? When large amounts of mucus are present, sodium iodide treatment intravenously helps thin the mucus so it moves out of the lung. In a veterinary hospital, the horse may be treated with a nebulizer containing medications such as Mucomyst, a drug that also liquefies mucus. What do you give a horse with asthma? The two most commonly used medications for equine asthma patients are corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Corticosteroids, administered either systemically or by aerosol, can rapidly improve lung function, but some horses require chronic administration in order to keep clinical signs of disease at bay. Is slow breathing healthy? Besides improving cardiovascular health, the slower breathing rate of six breaths per minute also seems to be optimal for pain management, according to the study by Jafari. This may be due to the psychological comfort that comes from slow breathing, as much as any direct physiological changes to the pain sensitivity. Why do I feel like Im not getting enough air? You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Catch The Great Horse In The Zelda Botw Side Quest? Can dyspnea go away? The most common causes are lung and heart conditions. Healthy breathing depends on these organs to transport oxygen to your body. Feeling breathless may be acute, lasting just a few days or less. Other times, it is chronic, lasting longer than three to six months. Leave a Reply
Do you remember fighting with your parents about eating vegetables? Do you have those battles with your own children now? Keep at it. Waiting until you’re “older” to start eating right may backfire on you. What you eat as a young adult may be as important as what you eat as an older adult. Young people tend not to associate what they put in their bodies with their future health, and they often fail to grasp that their health habits can either increase or prevent the likelihood of chronic illness or early death. Heart disease is a good example. A new study has found that people who ate the most fruits and vegetables when they were younger had healthier arteries when they reached middle-age. Researchers at the Minneapolis Heart Institute looked at health information from people participating in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study dating back to 1985. They collected information on participants’ diet, blood pressure, smoking status, weight, and other lifestyle habits and their cardiovascular risk factors at the beginning of the study. Twenty years later, each participant underwent a CT scan to look for calcium buildup in the arteries of the heart and was given a coronary calcium score. The scans revealed the presence and amount of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, the underlying cause of many kinds of heart disease. The higher the coronary artery calcium score a person had, the greater the person’s risk for heart attack and other types of heart disease. People who were eating the most fruits and vegetables (seven to nine half-cup servings a day) when the study began were 26 percent less likely to have developed calcified plaque in their arteries 20 years later compared to the people who ate the least (two to three servings a day). While other studies have shown that eating more produce is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease among middle-aged people, this is the first study to look at whether consumption of fruits and vegetables in young people led to better heart health later in life. “People shouldn't assume that they can wait until they're older to eat healthy — our study suggests that what you eat as a young adult may be as important as what you eat as an older adult,” lead author Michael D. Miedema, M.D., senior consulting cardiologist and clinical investigator at the Minneapolis Heart Institute, said in a statement. A simple, inexpensive, low-tech intervention like eating more fruits and vegetables can do a lot to reduce the rate of heart disease and the cost of medications and medical procedures to treat it. The importance of eating plenty of fruits and vegetables from an early age cannot be over-emphasized. Public health initiatives aimed at everyone from new parents to school-age children to college students should spread the message tirelessly. The study is published in the American Heart Association journal, Circulation.
You can use WP menu builder to build menus No ratings yet How can we avoid wasting those fresh herbs we’ve forgotten at the back of the fridge? And how much do we know about how food waste affects climate change? Some answers right here... Those of you who read my blog regularly, know how food waste is an issue I find extremely important. I have written about it before, and shared ideas for using up leftovers too. I have also written articles for other websites. I really hate it when I see food being wasted. Nowadays the issue has gone far beyond being “a shame” or “bad for our wallets”. Food loss and waste have become a major, complex problem with clear repercussions for the environment. The quantities in question are inconceivable. Did you know one third of all food produced is lost or wasted, somewhere between production and consumption? (1) In terms of weight, we are talking about 1.3 billion tonnes (2). Every year. Just one quarter of this food would be enough to feed the 800 million hungry people of this world (3). Reports show that households in the United Kingdom waste an estimated 77 kilograms per person per year, with the equivalent figures for the United States being 59 kilos, for Canada 79 kilos and for Australia 102 kilos per person per year! (4) What’s all this got to do with climate change you ask. A lot, when you consider how many natural resources (land, water, energy etc) are required for the production of food, and how this production affects the environment (pesticides, emissions, toxic waste etc). Same applies for its storage and transportation. And then we have decomposition of wasted food in landfills which releases methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas. Let’s see some more figures to put this all into perspective: Greenhouse gases: Lost and wasted food is responsible for about 4.4 gigatonnes of GHG emissions; that’s 8% of total human-generated emissions (5). If food waste was a country, it would be the third largest emitting country in the world after China and the USA (5). Water: The quantity of water required for the production of food that is later lost or wasted, is about equal to the amount needed for all households in the world, for a whole year! (6) Land: It is estimated that the land needed to grow all the food which never actually reaches our plates, would make up a country larger than China (6). The numbers are alarming. But what is the difference between food loss and food waste? Food loss refers to food that spoils or is lost before it reaches the consumer. It usually happens during the production, storage, processing, and distribution stages of the food chain. For example if a large quantity of milk in a factory goes bad due to improper storage temperature, that constitutes food loss. Food waste refers to perfectly good food that is thrown away after it has reached the retail or restaurant/catering sectors, or consumer households. Reasons usually include “ugly” appearance, poor planning, incorrect understanding of expiry dates, negligence etc. In developed countries waste is more prevalent than loss. Waste also has a larger footprint and negative impact on the environment as it includes the processing and transport stages of foodstuffs. For example a tomato being thrown away in the field is not the same as a prepared tomato sauce being thrown away in a supermarket or our kitchen, as harvesting, processing and transport of the sauce have already created extra emissions. The per capita food waste footprint on climate in high income countries is more than double that of low income countries (7). It’s obvious that we as consumers play a very important role and more awareness on these issues is absolutely crucial. There are many ways we can reduce food waste, most of them being obvious and requiring just a bit of common sense. Sometimes however it can be useful to be reminded with small tips; a nudge in the right direction shall we say. I’ll go over the main tips in another article but for now, I suggest we all take a look at our own mindset and habits. Do we over-order at restaurants? Do we go shopping on an empty stomach and end up with more than we need? Do we prefer to get a take-out rather than spend some time creating a new dish with our leftovers? Well it’s time to adjust our way of thinking and wake up to reality. Food waste is a huge problem that we all need to pay attention to. Starting in our own homes. {sources in notes} And now as promised, some ideas on how to use up fresh herbs such as parsley, dill, basil and spearmint. It’s these that usually end up all sad and wilted in the back of my fridge. I recently ended up with some vegan cream cheese that was pretty awful. I have drastically cut down on cow dairy and I’m in the process of looking for a good plant based alternative. This one did not make the cut. Even so, I was not going to throw it out so I looked for a way to make it a bit more palatable. Just when I thought I would have to resort to adding a whole load of sugar, I remembered to check Pinterest. And sure enough, it gave me the idea for this dip. And it meant I could use up some herbs I had lying around too… win win! (Details in the recipe section below) I also had some spearmint so I thought I’d look for a similar solution. I found this delicious chutney that is perfect with poppadoms or naan, or even homemade pitta chips (make sure they are salty, recipe here). If you eat meat you could try it with lamb. I adjusted the quantities according to what I had on hand and ended up making about half the recipe with a little less onion. You can start with small amounts and adjust as you go on (e.g. a bit more sugar, a bit more vinegar etc). See the cream cheese dip and mint chutney in the photo delow. Dips with Leftover Herbs and an Article on Food Waste www.thefoodiecorner.gr Photo description: a ceramic platter with two small bowls of dips on it. Around the bowls are some homemade pitta chips. For leftover fresh basil I urge you to make this gorgeous vinaigrette here. Drizzle it on a galette like in the recipe or mix it into a summery pasta salad with ripe tomatoes and peaches! Yum. Dips with Leftover Herbs and an Article on Food Waste www.thefoodiecorner.gr Photo description: A small bowl with a vibrant green dressing made with basil. To the left a piece of galette with a spoon full of vinaigrette lying next to it. For fresh thyme and rosemary check out my olive oil dip here. If you have lots you can double or triple the recipe without the oil and balsamic, then divide the mixture into an ice cube tray, cover with some olive oil and freeze. When frozen, pop the cubes into a freezer bag. Then whenever you feel like some dip you can defrost a cube, add evoo and balsamic, and hey presto! Dips with Leftover Herbs and an Article on Food Waste www.thefoodiecorner.gr Photo description: A small ceramic plate with olive oil dip in it, the chopped herbs in the centre are separated from the oil and there are a couple of vinegar drops on the oil surface. With a bit of imagination we don’t need to ever waste herbs! Let’s see that cream cheese dip: plant based cream cheese (or regular) parsley, roughly chopped dill, roughly chopped garlic, raw or roasted sea salt pepper, freshly ground, black or white cayenne pepper (just a bit) olive oil if necessary (just a bit so the dip doesn’t go runny) Step 1 Place the cream cheese, parsley, dill, garlic, salt, pepper and cayenne in a food processor and whizz until incorporated and spreadable. Add olive oil if desired. Step 2 Serve with vegetable sticks, pitta chips, rusks, bread or anything else you fancy. No ratings yet So, what do you think? Leave me a comment! No comments yet
Home कानून विधि Laws of business entities - iPleaders Laws of business entities – iPleaders Image source: https://bit.ly/35uJfoy This article is written by Pratap Alexander Muthalaly, from the Government Law College, Trivandrum. It analyses the functioning of corporations and other business entities. It also studies the functions of various different business entities and how they differ from each other. Simply put, business entities are legal structures that facilitate the functioning of a business. That is, business entities refer to the type or structure of a business rather than what service it provides or what sector it is based in. The structuring of a business affects how it pays taxes and also how liabilities are determined. Types of Companies A company is a business organization, formulated by law. In India, companies are formulated through the Companies Act, 2013. Simply put, the main function of a company is to generate profits for its investors by carrying out its various business activities. Companies can be primarily classified on the basis of a few select parameters including members, liability, special status, and control. On the Basis of Members • One person companies: One person companies (OPC) are a relatively new company type introduced with the intention to encourage startups and young entrepreneurs, a single person on their own is enough to incorporate the entity. OPCs have proved to be crucial in recent times. Especially in promoting the concept of the corporatization of business. One point to keep in mind is that OPCs differ from sole proprietorships, given that OPCs have additional features like a separate legal existence and also limited liability. • Private Company: A private company is one in which two or more persons have a company registered under the ambit of the Companies Act. In the case of such companies, securities are not listed on the stock exchange, and there is no provision to invite the public to subscribe or avail of shares/debentures. The members of a private company are restricted from transferring shares and there is also a maximum cap on the number of members in a private company (200). • Public Company: A company formed by a minimum of seven members with a lawful object is termed as a public company. Such companies also have their shares listed on a recognized stock exchange, furthermore, there is an option to transfer the shares freely as well. Moreover, there is no cap or limit placed on the maximum number of people who can become members of such a company. Based on liability • A company limited by shares: A Company that is limited by shares is one where the company’s memorandum of association specifies that the liabilities of shareholders are limited to the amount unpaid on shares which they own. As a result, the shareholders are liable only with regard to the amount that is not paid on their holdings. • A Company limited by guarantee: This is in reference to companies where the liability of members is limited to a definite sum as stated in the company’s memorandum of association. This essentially means that the member’s liability is limited by the MoA to a specific sum. This is because there is a definite guarantee by members to contribute to the company’s assets, in the event of the company being wound up. • Unlimited Company: A company whose liability does not have any set limit is classified as an unlimited company. In this sort of company, the liability ends when they are no longer a member of the said company. Unlimited Companies • Government Company: A company wherein out of the total share capital, a minimum of at least 51% is owned by Central or State Government, or otherwise partly by central and partly by the state government comes under the classification of what we call a government company. This status is also extended to any holding companies under the government company. • Foreign Company: This is in reference to any company that is registered outside the country in question (in this case India) that has an office or place of business operations in that specific country or in any other sense undertakes business interactions and transactions within the country in question. • Public Financial Institution: Companies that are engaged in the financial and investment sector and whose paid-up share capital in excess of 51% is held by the Central Government and for all purposes is considered to be a public financial institution. Notable cases of this include LIC, ICICI, IDFC, IDBI, and UTI. • Section 8 Company: Companies that are formed for charitable purposes usually fall into this classification. Essentially Section 8 companies are formed to encourage commerce, scientific development, sports development, progress in the arts, research into a variety of topics, educational arenas and also social welfare, environment protection, and religion to name a few. Notably, section 8 companies are given a special license by the Central Government. Also, since the profits they earn are in theory used for the positive promotion of their cause, there is no provision for dividends to be paid to members. On the basis of control • Holding Company: This refers to the arrangement wherein one company, usually dubbed a parent company, has ownership and control over the management and composition of the Board of Directors of another company that is the subsidiary company, here the parent company is called the holding company. • Subsidiary Company: A company wherein more than 51% of its total share capital is controlled and under the ownership of another company or holding company is called a subsidiary company • Associate Company: A company wherein another company has a substantial amount of control and influence over the said company is called an associate company. Considerable influence essentially means that the other company controls a minimum of 20% of total share capital, or has significant control over the business decisions taken by the associate, as stipulated in the agreement between them. A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a unique business entity that allows individuals to organize the internal structure of their company like that of a traditional partnership, while simultaneously enjoying the added benefits like limited liability and separate legal status that are associated with companies. The notable features of an LLP are: • As stated earlier, an LLP is a unique business entity that allows individuals to enjoy benefits like limited liability which are commonly associated with a company while simultaneously enjoying the flexibility of a partnership. • An LLP can continue existing irrespective of internal movements like partnership change. Furthermore, it can enter into contracts and hold property in its name. That is, it is essentially a separate legal entity. • As mentioned earlier an LLP is a separate legal entity, basically, it is liable with regard to the full extent of its assets however it must be noted that the liability of a partner is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP. • The mutual rights and duties of the partners within the ambit of an LLP are governed by an agreement between the partners or alternatively between the partners and the LLP as the case may be. It should be noted however that in this case too an LLP, is not exempt from the liability from obligations as it is for all purposes a separate entity. Furthermore, LLPs must be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) after following the provisions specified in the LLP Act. That is every LLP must have a registered office. Furthermore, an Incorporation Document signed and agreed to by at least two of the partners must be filed with the Registrar in a stipulated form. The Contents of LLP Agreement, as stipulated, must be filed with Registrar. If there are any changes to the LLP agreement it must be filed in Form 3 and details of partners/designated partners can be filed in Form 4 according to the provisions stipulated in the LLP Rules, 2009. All the legal framework and laws governing the day to day working of the different kinds of NGOs including, Societies, Trusts, and Non-profit Companies are all enumerated in the Societies Registration Act 1860, and also in The Indian Companies Act 1956. A Society is formed via a Memorandum of Association which also contains the Articles of Association with the rules and regulations specific to that institution. All of this falls within the jurisdiction of the Registrar Of Societies. Furthermore, it is the Societies Registration Act, 1860 that oversees the affairs related to Societies. The object of a society can vary quite a bit, the object could be anything ranging from literary schemes to charitable and social work purposes. The objects of a society can be amended by utilizing the stipulated legal procedures in place. Also, to create or form a society a minimum of two people are needed. However, there is no upper limit with regard to the maximum number of people who are members of society. Moreover, there is no need for stamp paper drawing up the Memorandum of association or for the rules and regulations. Also, there is no need to get the approval of a competent authority prior to choosing or deciding on a name, as opposed to LLPs and other corporate entities. The management of the Society comprises its Members under the ambit of what is called “Governing Body”, with a periodic election process. Annual meetings of the society and the governing body steadily take place as per the rules of the society. A major advantage of a society is that its legal status is limited and also it is subject to very few regulations. However, it must be noted that transfer of membership is not permitted, In spite of this, a new member can be admitted at any time keeping in mind the rules of the society of course. Another aspect is that a society can be Dissolved or even taken over by the government. A Trust is formed through a document called a trust deed. A trust Deed contains the objects of the trust most notably its bye-laws. All issues regarding trusts are within the jurisdiction of the Deputy Registrar / Charity Commissioner. In India, the laws pertaining to the affairs of trusts tend to show variation with each state. Theoretically speaking the primary objective of a trust is to partake in and provide funding to social and charitable causes. A notable feature of trusts is that only the founders are permitted to amend the objects of a trust, likewise alteration only be done by the Founders or settlers. In the situation that the founder is discovered to be deceased, the alteration of the trust objects is for all purposes just not possible. To form a trust the minimum number of people that is required is two. Furthermore, there is no cap on the maximum number of people who sit on the board of trust. Also, there is a stamp duty of 4% levied on everything that constitutes a trust property. Also like societies membership cannot be transferred and there is very little regulation in forming a trust. Furthermore, elections can be conducted if required. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) are essentially those companies registered under the ambit of the Companies Act which is engaged in the process of giving out loans and advances while also simultaneously playing a part in the acquisition of shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, and also securities issued by Governments, local bodies or other organizations that operate in a similar sphere. Chit funds, hire purchases and lending businesses are some examples of NBFCs. • They work as an alternative service to banks, which also provide loans and credit facilities. • They are actively involved in trade centered around money market instruments. • They provide diverse services to customers including various wealth management schemes like the management of portfolios of both stocks and shares. • They also underwrite stocks, shares, and other obligations. • The process that is involved in taking out money from an NBFC is relatively simple and far less complicated when compared to banks • Also, NBFCs are not constantly being monitored by the RBI and as a result, the process of managing them is simpler. In recent times there has been a gradual increase in the number of registered corporations, especially One Person Corporations (OPCs). Such business entities are crucial for the further growth and advancement of our country. The concise structures of various corporations ensure that promising companies do not fold up easily. It also prevents owners from being overburdened with liability, through the formation of Limited Liability partnerships and companies. 1. https://www.thebalance.com/business-entities-3193420 2. https://businessjargons.com/types-of-companies.html 3. http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/natureoflimitedliabilityparterneshipllp.html 4. https://www.hellocounsel.com/society-trust-ngo/ 5. https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=92 Source link Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here Most Popular Recent Comments
Modern business requires a range of digital components to communicate effectively when transferring data and delivering critical messages. Application programming interfaces, or APIs, are sets of rules that regulate exactly how certain apps or machines connect. If you work with data at all, you’ll have heard of REST or RESTful, and REST APIs — but what is REST API design? We explain below. Table of Contents 1. What is REST API? 2. REST API Use Cases 3. REST API Design Basics: 4. Managing REST API Resources: 5. How Xplenty Can Help Enjoying This Article? Receive great content weekly with the Xplenty Newsletter! What is REST API Design? You now know that APIs allow different apps, devices, or systems to interact with one another effectively. APIs provide a collection of protocols and functions while defining commons sets of commands to achieve successful communication. The API is the interface that lets you easily obtain the data you need without having to understand how the apps are connecting and communicating. REST API design is the skill set required to create effective REST APIs that provide the right functionality for all users. REST APIs follow a specific architectural style known as RESTful. REST is an acronym for "Representational State Transfer." REST architecture takes advantage of existing protocols, and when talking about web services, REST uses HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the standard protocol used across the World Wide Web. This makes RESTful APIs widely accepted and supported, which is why large entities like Google, Facebook, and PayPal all use REST APIs. REST API Use Cases REST APIs connect a range of services, sending requests and making calls via URIs to ensure that web services work effectively. Examples include when your e-shop has a “Pay Now” button that easily connects the user to a financial service like PayPal or Apple Pay. Those annoying Twitter bots? They’re powered by APIs triggering messages when specific content gets posted on Twitter. And travel sites that display the prices from a range of accommodation options are using APIs to connect to the relevant services at all the competing hotel websites, providing a single interface for the user to browse. REST APIs are ideal for businesses that need to get data from their SaaS or other business apps, as most cloud-based services will have a REST API to connect to. This allows organizations to collate business-critical data from CRMs like Salesforce, social media accounts, and company blogs. Rest API Design Basics So, you need a REST API for your data retrieval purposes. But how do you go about designing one? The great news is that you can use any programing language to create your API. All you need to understand is the architectural constraints, which you can split into six basic principles. 1. REST APIs Should Have a Uniform Interface Whenever an API requests data from a resource, those requests should look exactly the same. You can achieve this by using uniform resource identifiers, which we explain in greater depth in the next section. The resources' access should include any data required by the API and the client. 2. Client and Server Independence Client-Server decoupling is a term that means the apps at either side of the request chain must function in complete independence from each other. The client needs to know the URI of the required resource and that’s all. There shouldn’t be any further interaction between client and server. 3. Stateless APIs REST API requests are self-contained. They already include all the information required to process the request, so they don’t require any data to be stored or any other server interaction. Self-contained requests like this are stateless. Integrate Your Data Today! Try Xplenty free for 14 days. No credit card required. 4. Cacheable Resources Where appropriate, cacheability of resources on either the server or client-side should be possible. This improves scalability, speed, and/or performance. 5. Layered API System Architecture As we’ve touched on, because APIs create a communication interface that hides the interactions beneath them, users don’t get to experience exactly how the services connect. REST APIs send calls and responses through various layers to make the end-user experience smoother. 6. Optional Code on Demand As well as gathering data from requested resources, designers may include an instruction to have a REST API deliver executable code that can run on demand. An example of this is a deliverable Java applet. Managing Rest API Resources “A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities, not the entity that corresponds to the mapping at any particular point in time.” ~ Roy Fielding, 2000 APIs are mechanisms that allow an app or service to access particular resources within other apps or services. URIs, or uniform resource identifiers, define what resources the API should connect to. Just like a URL is the exact web address that takes you to the web page you want to visit, a well-designed URI will help API consumers retrieve the data they require from the apps and services they connect to. URI design usually follows the following format: scheme "://" authority "/" path [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] This should not include trailing forward slashes, which you may sometimes see within web URLs. These will change the syntax and disrupt the unique identity of the resource the API is trying to connect. A URI may connect to more than a single resource. It may connect to a collection of data classed as a single resource. Resources might have sub-collections within them, so understanding the resources your API needs to connect to is vital to effective REST API design. It’s also important to consider how many API requests a single user might make and if that number will put a strain on the network resources. For example, a consumer interacting with a blog may be able to leave a comment, "like" the post, share the post on social media, or link it to their own blog. Each of these user requests requires an API request. The app or web service has to determine, perhaps via a JSON property or XML element within the request, what resources each request requires and deal with it appropriately. On the other side, the company copywriter will also use an API to update the blog and post new content or add additional tags. The API must be capable of dealing with the required number of resources and sub-resources without creating lag or latency issues for the end-user. How Xplenty Can Help Enjoying This Article? Receive great content weekly with the Xplenty Newsletter! Combining your business data in one secure destination is desirable if you want to analyze and operationalize that data at scale. Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) tools like Xplenty help companies create effective data pipelines using services like REST API. Xplenty’s REST API connector helps you connect to a large number of popular business SaaS and other digital services, including Shopify, HubSpot, and MailChimp. This lets you focus less on detailed REST API design, and more on your business. Get in touch with Xplenty today and book a 14-day demo to find out how ETL can support your business data integration needs.
Number of residues is incorrect. Reverting to default values: 1-6 Available topologies for 1-6 residues Number of residues or the range: Widespread topologies only 36 oligomers: 83 polymers: A topology is a directed graph, which reflects the linkage of residues to each other, ignoring the nature of residues themselves. At this stage, all residues are considered as identical objects (nodes), which can have one or no outgoing linkages and any number of ingoing linkages. Every node is depicted by a black dot in the icons. The order numbers are used to address nodes in string representation of topologies (together with "0", which means absence of a node). Arrows depict linkages connecting a donor (substituting residue, "child" in a graph) and an acceptor (substituted residue, "parent" in a graph). Square brackets indicate that a topology relates to the repeating unit of a regular polymer, while oligomeric topologies do not have square brackets. The inter-repeat linkage is assumed; it does not have an arrow in the icon. To update the list of topologies for a given number of residues, edit this number in the first line of the form and press Show. By checking Widespread you can display only widespread topologies used in simple modes of structure generation. This omits topologies with branched nodes having more than two substituents, and polymers having equal or more residues in side chains than in a backbone. CSDB home Bacterial home Plant & fungal home
This morning on the news they mentioned that Applebee’s is going to place a tablet at every table so that customers can peruse the menu, order additional items and pay bills. This will not replace the server, but act as additional customer service. Of course this got me thinking about schools and our use of technology in the classroom. I would never propose to replace teachers with tablets, but there is value in students taking more responsibility for their own learning. Montessori schools typically have a list of activities that children are expected to master, but they do so at their own pace. Once mastered, one can move on to the next item. What if we combined these two ideas? What if we laid out our curriculum on a tablet and had students work more or less at their own pace? Would students take more of an initiative when they were entrusted with their own schooling? And how would the role of a teacher change? Would this be beneficial? Would this be the “silver bullet” in student achievement? I don’t know about “silver bullets”, but I do know that balance is key. Although kids need to take more responsibility for their learning, having a qualified intelligent teacher in the classroom is what makes the difference. A tablet could act as a reference for students so that they know where they are and where they need to be, but it is the teacher that will help them get there. A typical class with tablet users could look something like this: students working hard independently, while a teacher walks around and steps in where necessary. At some point, there would need to be a whole group activity where students discuss what they are learning and where a teacher can give a lesson to everyone, regardless of where they are. As far as workload for the teachers, the curriculum would be already built into the tablet along with assignments and projects for each concept, so planning would be devoted to checking in with students and how to help them get to the next level. A lot more needs to happen before this can be debated, but it is a good start. Any time we can come up with ways for kids to take more of an initiative in their learning is time well spent. It is always worth exploring! Tell us what you think! Would you like to have tablets in your classroom?
Alternative History List of Roman kings of the HRE Nations that joined the HRE later: Poland \| Prussia Nations that left the HRE: Bohemia \| Florence \| Switzerland Nations that became defunct Alpenbund \| Baltic League \| Hanseatic League \| Süddeutscher Städtebund Carinthia was a duchy in the southeast of the HRE. As in OTL, in 1268 the childless duke Ulrich III of Carinthia and nearby Carniole (German: Krain) made a secret contract with Otakar Przemysl, that the latter one would inherit his lands after his death (which comes next year). Since then, Carinthia was under the Przemyslids. Until 1336, it was governed together with Moravia; since then, with Austria and after the Bavarian-Austrian War, Styria too. After Austria proper had been conquered by the Rum-Seljuks in the Austrian-Seljuk War, Carinthia came to new prominence as a bulwark/retreat. In 1511, it fell to the Eberhardiner dynasty of Württemberg after the Przemyslids died out. After Austria was reconquered in the first French-Seljuk War, Carinthia stayed with it.
What was the Battle of Bagradas River (240 BC)? The Battle of the Bagradas River or the Macar (c. 240 BC) was fought between Carthaginian forces and part of the combined forces of Carthage’s former mercenary armies during the Mercenary War which it used to conduct the First Punic War and those of rebelling Libyan cities. After the forces of Hanno the Great were defeated at Utica, and failed to engage the mercenaries afterwards despite favourable conditions, Carthage raised a new army under Hamilcar Barca in Carthage. Hamilcar managed to leave Carthage despite the rebel blockade of the city and cross the Bagradas River (the ancient name of the Medjerda). Rebel armies from besieging Utica and the camp guarded the bridge on the Bagradas River. Hamilcar Barca, by brilliant manoeuvring, defeated the combined rebel army. This was the first major Carthaginian victory of the war. A description of the battle forms one of the grandiose set-piece scenes of Gustave Flaubert’s novel, Salammbo. Matho divided the rebel army into several detachments. Matho took two armies to cut off the cities of Utica and Hippacritae, while an army took up position along the only bridge over the River Macar linking Carthage and Utica. Spendius cut off Carthage from the mainland while rebels made Tunis their main base. The rebels had no siege weapons and decided not to assault the besieged towns, but they would from time to time advance on Carthage to terrorise the city. With their navy shattered in the First Punic War and their mercenaries in revolt, Carthage could do little but man the walls as an immediate response to the revolt. Carthage raised an army from citizens and mercenaries, trained their cavalry, and refitted their navy, which probably took until the spring of 240 BC. Hanno the Great was put in command of the army, which included 110 elephants, but the exact number of troops is unknown. Hanno chose to relieve Utica, since rebels had cut off Carthage from the mainland; Hanno and his army were probably ferried to Utica by the Punic fleet, which was also under siege by the rebel army under Spendius. The exact size of the rebel force is not known. Hanno initially defeated the rebels encamped near Utica and captured the rebel camp, but his negligence and the lax discipline of the Carthaginian army enabled the rebels to regroup, launch a surprise attack, capture the Carthaginian camp, and drive the Carthaginian survivors into Utica. Hanno’s army later left Utica but failed several times to engage the rebels under favourable conditions. Carthage decided to raise a new army and recalled Hamilcar Barca to command. The rebels continued their blockade of Carthage, Utica, and Hippo Acra. Hamilcar Barca given a Command While Hanno the Great was campaigning against the rebels, Carthage had cobbled together another army raised from citizens, rebel deserters, and newly hired mercenaries, numbering 8,000 foot, 2,000 horse and 70 elephants. Hamilcar Barca was given command of this force, and he spent some time training his soldiers. Carthage made no fresh move against the rebels. Hanno and his army continued watching the two rebel camps at Hippo Acra. The rebel army under Spendius, numbering 15,000, was blockading Utica. Another 10,000 strong rebel army was encamped near the only bridge across the River Bagradas, the exact location is not known. Note that the course of the Bagradas river changed numerous times since the 3rd century BC, therefore the battle likely took place south of the current mouth of the river. Once his army was properly trained, Hamilcar did not attack the rebels blockading Carthage head on. Instead, he sought to gain the freedom to manoeuvre and fight the rebels on his own terms. The rebel base at Tunis and rebel dispositions, which probably barricaded the passes on the hills between Djebdl Ammar and Djebel Nahli, cut Carthage off from the mainland. Hamilcar had observed that, when the wind blew from a certain direction, a sandbar was uncovered on the river mouth, which made the Bagradas River fordable. Hamilcar marched his army out of Carthage at night along the north shore of the isthmus towards the mouth of the Bagradas River. His movement was not detected by the rebels and at the first opportunity he crossed the Bagradas River along the sandbar. Hamilcar’s army was free to manoeuvre in the African countryside. The Forces Carthaginian citizens normally wore armour, greaves, and Greek style helmets, carried a round shield, long spear, and sword, and fought in phalanx formation. Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well-trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and round shields. Any mercenaries in Hanno the Great’s army may have resembled the rebels they were facing. Carthage also used elephants, probably African Forest and Indian elephants as shock troops. The elephants were ridden by specially trained riders, some of whom may have come from ancient India or Syria. The rebel army had Libyans, Iberians, Gauls, Greeks, and probably Thracians and Scythians present, along with Campanians and Roman deserters. The Libyan heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, same as Iberian light infantry. The Iberian infantry wore purple bordered white tunics and leather headgear. The heavy Iberian infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with heavy throwing spears, long body shields, and short thrusting swords. Campanian, Sardinian, Sicel, and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear, but often were equipped by Carthage. Sicels, Sardinians, and other Sicilians were equipped like Greek Hoplites, as were the Sicilian Greek mercenaries. Balearic Slingers fought in their native gear. Numidians provided superb light cavalry armed with bundles of javelins and riding without bridle or saddle, and light infantry armed with javelins. Iberians and Gauls also provided cavalry, which relied on the all out charge. The Battle Hamilcar’s army completed the river crossing unmolested and undetected by the rebels, and then moved towards the rebel camp near the bridge. Spendius led 15,000 troops from Utica to confront Hamilcar, while 10,000 rebels from the camp near the bridge also advanced towards Hamilcar’s position. Caught in a pincer movement, Hamilcar started to march north. The two rebels forces joined up and began to march north on a parallel course. The army of Spendius outnumbered Hamilcar’s army two to one, so he could afford to form his army in two lines, although the rebels had no elephants and nothing is known of their cavalry. Spendius extended his left flank to the north in an attempt to outflank the Carthaginians. His intention was to have his right flank stop the Carthaginian movement north while his main force attacked and pushed the Carthaginian army towards the river. Hamilcar’s Manoeuvre Spendius’ plan was foiled by Hamilcar Barca’s brilliant counter-manoeuvre, which enabled his outnumbered and seemingly outmanoeuvred army to emerge victorious in the ensuing battle. Exactly what Hamilcar did is not clearly known and the issue has been much discussed. It is known that Hamilcar pretended to retreat, which caused the rebels to launch a disorderly attack, while Hamilcar got his soldiers in battle formation to crush the rebels. About Turn According to one line of thought, the Carthaginian army’s order of march had the War Elephants leading the column, with the light troops and cavalry behind the elephants. Heavy infantry formed the rearguard, and the whole army marched in a single file in battle formation. When Hamilcar observed Spendius extending his battle line to outflank the Carthaginian right flank and cut off the Carthaginian army’s line of advance, he ordered his elephants to turn right, away from the rebel army. The cavalry and light infantry did the same after the elephants, while the heavy infantry continued to move forward. The rebels mistook this for a withdrawal and rushed forward to engage. This wild charge disordered their battle line, some rebel units moving ahead of others. The elephants then again turned right, followed by the Carthaginian light infantry and cavalry, so they were now moving south. Parallel to the heavy infantry in the opposite direction The Carthaginian infantry, moving northwards, stopped, turned left and formed a battle line, facing the onrushing rebels. The elephants, light infantry and cavalry are now positioned behind the Carthaginian heavy infantry battle line. The Carthaginian elephants, light infantry and cavalry again turned right, divided into two divisions, and took their position on both flanks of the Carthaginian heavy infantry. The rebel formations no longer outflanked the Carthaginian army, and a solid battle line now confronted a disorderly rebel army. Triple Column According to another line of thought, Hamilcar’s army marched in three separate columns, The war elephants were placed nearest the rebel army. The cavalry and light infantry was in the middle, while the heavy infantry was posted furthest from the rebel army. As the three Carthaginian columns moved north, Spendius extended his left flank to overlap the Carthaginian formation and outflank and cut off the Carthaginians. Hamilcar’s army halted its march seeing this development. The cavalry and light infantry, and the elephants turned right, then moved through gaps in the heavy infantry formation. The rebels mistook this as a Carthaginian withdrawal and rushed forward to attack. The Carthaginian heavy infantry next turned right, closed gaps and formed a battle line to face the rebels. The elephants, cavalry and light infantry split into two divisions, and moved into position on the flanks of the Carthaginian heavy infantry. The rebel formations no longer outflanked the Carthaginian army, and a solid battle line confronted a disorderly rebel formation. A Punic Victory As the numerically superior but outgeneralled rebels closed and confronted the solid Carthaginian battle line, pandemonium ensued. Instead of hitting the Carthaginians with an orderly formation of infantry en masse, some rebel units engaged the Carthaginians before other units could arrive in support, while others stopped to regroup. As a result, some rebel units were thrown back by the Carthaginians, or as some of the units stopped their charge, the units following them ploughed straight into their back. Battle cohesion was lost and, before the rebels could reorder and regroup, Carthaginian cavalry and infantry charged the entangled rebel units. Scores of rebels were killed, and as the Carthaginian infantry followed up the cavalry and elephant charge, the rebel army broke and scattered, having lost 6,000 of their number. Carthaginian pursuit secured 2,000 prisoners. Aftermath and Legacy The surviving rebels fled either to Utica or to their camp beside the bridge. Hamilcar, after mopping up the battle field, advanced on the rebel camp, forcing the rebels to flee to Tunes, where they were reunited with their commander Spendius. Hamilcar then moved towards Utica, forcing the rebels to flee to Hippo Acra. The rebel blockade of Utica was broken. Hamilcar had the choice to join up with Hanno and try to lift the rebel blockade of Hippo Acra as well. Instead he began to mop up the lands beside the Bagradas River, by force or diplomacy asserting Carthaginian authority over the rebel Libyan towns, thus cutting off the rebels from sources funds, recruits and provisions and ensuring Carthage can tap the same resources. Leave a Reply
LEA GAME is a method for teaching, sided by a set of online tools, theoretical references, guide for teachers and concrete board games. It is a creative effective method to be used for CBL – Competence Based Learning approach and is a ‘live’ bank of resources to support it’s Open Community of Trainers. LEA GAME aims to fight the inefficacy of VET methods not centred on CBL approach and/or obsolete. leagame adulti LEA GAME METHOD has been developed by Giovanni Crisonà – CSCS and is a based on the creation process and on the use of “Snakes and ladders” or “Chutes and ladders” boardgames (in Italian “Gioco dell’Oca” – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_ladders). LEA GAME METHOD helps and drive the teachers in identify lessons topics and in prepare and organize the classes making students / trainees play, exchange, interact, reflect and learn on the chosen subject. Currently, LEA GAME RESOURCES already include various subjects like quality assurance, career counselling, selling techniques and more. Within LGM, the teachers are asked to reflect on a specific subject and are helped with online tools to identify the key concepts and the glossary terms necessary to produce a specific board game related to the chosen argument. Using the board game and the relative rules, the students / trainees, organized in teams, while rolling the dices and moving forward through the game path, are requested to interact between themselves, give definitions and explain specific concepts on the given subject, take information, discover solutions and concretely act for learn the chosen arguments. The trainers, during the game phases, have then the opportunity to reinforce concepts and information previously presented within traditional lessons context, or introduce and explain brand new concepts related to the specific area of interest that the players can develop during the game process. In the existing versions of LEA GAME for career counselling and selling techniques, the progression of the game, as an example, corresponds to the counselling / selling process, phases and actions. LEA GAME is based on the collaborative learning approach and on the PhyEmoC method (The Physical-Emotional and Cultural method) and additionally to help the concrete learning of concepts and astracts, it stimulates the development of a wide range of competencies such as, among others, team work, public speaking, cognitive learning. Leave A Reply
Answers to 7 Questions on Islam Since 2012-12-22 1. What is Islam? The word "Islam" is an Arabic word that means "submitting and surrendering your will to Almighty God". The word comes from the same root as the Arabic word "salam", which means peace. Unlike the names used for other religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity, the name for the religion of Islam was both revealed by God and carries a deep spiritual meaning - only by submitting one's will to Almighty God can one obtain true peace both in this life and in the life hereafter. Islam teaches that all religions originally had the same essential message - which was to submit whole-heartedly to the will of God and to worship Him and Him alone. For this reason, Islam is not a new religion but is the same divinely revealed Ultimate Truth that God revealed to all prophets, including Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. 2. Who are Muslims? 3. Who is Allaah? Very often one will hear the Arabic word "Allaah" being used in regards to Islam. The word "Allaah" is simply the Arabic word for Almighty God, and is the same word used by Arabic speaking Christians and Jews. If one were to pick up an Arabic translation of the Bible, one would see the word "Allaah" being use where the word "God" is used in English. Actually, the Arabic word for Almighty God, "Allaah", is quite similar to the word for God in other Semitic languages - for example, the Hebrew word for God is "Elah". For various reasons, some non-Muslims mistakenly believe that Muslims worship a different God than the God of Moses and Abraham and Jesus. This is certainly not the case, since the Pure Monotheism of Islam calls all people to the worship of the God of Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and all of the other prophets. 4. Who is Muhammad? 5. What are the Teachings of Islam? The foundation of the Islamic faith is belief in the Unity of God. This means to believe that there is only one Creator and Sustainer of everything in the Universe, and that nothing is divine or worthy of being worshipped except for Him. Truly believing in the Unity of God means much more than simply believing that there is "One God" - as opposed to two, three or four. There are a number of religions that claim belief in "One God" and believe that ultimately there is only one Creator and Sustainer of the Universe. Islam, however, not only insists on this, but also rejects using such words as "Lord" and "Savior" for anyone besides Almighty God. Islam also rejects the use of all intermediaries between God and Man, and insists that people approach God directly and reserve all worship for Him alone. Muslims believe that Almighty God is Compassionate, Loving and Merciful. 6. What is the Qur'an? It is the final revelation of the will of Almighty God's to all of mankind, which was conveyed through the Angel Gabriel, in Arabic, to the Prophet Muhammad in its sounds, words and meanings. The Qur’an, sometimes spelled Koran, was relayed to the Prophet's companions, they memorized it verbatim, and it has been publicly and continually recited by them and their successors until the present day. In short, the Qur’an is the book of guidance from God par excellence. The Qur’an is still memorized and taught by millions of people. The language of the Qur’an, Arabic, is still a living language to millions of people, so unlike the scriptures of other religions, the Qur’an is still read in its original language by countless millions of people. The Qur’an is a living miracle in the Arabic language; and is known to be inimitable in its style, form and spiritual impact. God's final revelation to mankind, the Qur’an, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years. The Qur’an, in contrast to many other religious books, was always thought to be the Word of God by those who believed in it, i.e. it wasn't something decreed by a religious council many years after being written. Also, the Qur’an was recited publicly in front of both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities during the life of the Prophet Muhammad. The entire Qur’an was also completely written down in lifetime of the Prophet, and numerous companions of the Prophet memorized the entire Qur’an word-for-word as it was revealed. The true balance of an Islamic life is established by having a healthy fear of God as well as a sincere belief in His infinite Mercy. A life without fear of God leads to sin and disobedience, while believing that we have sinned so much that God will not possibly forgive us only leads to despair. In light of this, Islam teaches that: {certainly no one despairs of Allah's Mercy, except the people who disbelieve.} [Yusuf 12:87] {...إِنَّهُۥ لَا يَا۟يْـَٔسُ مِن رَّوْحِ ٱللَّـهِ إِلَّا ٱلْقَوْمُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرُونَ} يوسف: 87 Transliteration: innahu layayasu min rawhi Allahi illaalqawmu alkafiroona Courtesy Of: Islamic Awareness With little modification • 10 • 0 • 25,309
Wang Mang Wang Mang (Chinese: 王莽) (c. 45 BC – 6 October 23 AD), courtesy name Jujun (Chinese: 巨君; pinyin: Jùjūn), was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Chinese Xin dynasty.[note 1] He was originally an official and consort kin of the Han dynasty and later seized the throne in AD 9. The Han dynasty was restored after his overthrow, and his rule marked the separation between the Western Han dynasty (before Xin) and Eastern Han dynasty (after Xin). Some historians have traditionally viewed Wang as a usurper, while others have portrayed him as a visionary and selfless social reformer. Though a learned Confucian scholar who sought to implement the harmonious society he saw in the classics, his efforts ended in chaos. Wang Mang Wang Mang.jpg Emperor of the Xin dynasty Predecessornone, Ruzi Ying as Emperor of Western Han dynasty SuccessorDynasty abolished, Gengshi Emperor as Emperor of Eastern Han dynasty Born45 BC Yuancheng, Wei Commandery, Han Empire Died6 October 23 AD (aged 67) Chang'an, Han Empire SpouseEmpress Wang Empress Shi Zhenzhi, concubine Huaineng, concubine Kaiming, concubine IssueWang Yu (王宇) Wang Huo (王獲) Wang An, Prince of Xinqian (王安) Wang Lin, Prince of Tongyiyang (王臨) Wang Xing, Duke of Gongxiu (王興) Wang Kuang, Duke of Gongjian (王匡) Lady Wang, Empress Xiaoping of Han (孝平皇后) Wang Jie, Lady of Mudai (王捷) Lady Wang, Lady of Muxiu Era dates Shi-jian-guo 始建國 (9–13) Tian-feng 天鳳 (14–19) Di-huang 地皇 (20–23) Posthumous name Temple name DynastyXin Dynasty FatherWang Man (王曼) MotherQu (渠) Wang Mang Wang Mang (Chinese characters).svg Wang's name in Chinese characters In October 23 AD, the capital Chang'an was attacked and the imperial palace ransacked. Wang Mang died in the battle. The Han dynasty was re-established in either 23 AD when the Gengshi Emperor took the throne, or in 25 AD when Emperor Guangwu of Han took the throne after defeating the Red Eyebrows who deposed the Gengshi Emperor. Early life and careerEdit Born in 45 BC, Wang Mang was the son of Wang Man (王曼), the younger brother of Empress Wang Zhengjun, and his wife Qu (渠, family name unknown). His lineage can be traced back to the kings of Qi, whose descendants changed their surname to Wang (lit. 'king; royal') as Qi locals referred to them as the "royal family".[1] Wang Man died early when Wang Mang was still young, before Emperor Cheng took the throne and his mother Empress Wang became empress dowager. Unlike most of his brothers, Wang Man did not have the opportunity to become a marquess. Empress Wang took pity on his family, and after she was widowed, she had Qu moved to the imperial palace to live with her. While Wang Mang was well-connected to the imperial family, he did not have the luxuries that his cousins enjoyed. Indeed, unlike his relatives who lived expensively and competed with each other on how they could spend more, Wang Mang was praised for his humility, thriftiness, and desire to study. He wore not the clothes of young nobles but those of a young Confucian scholar. He was also praised on how filial he was to his mother and how caring he was to his deceased brother Wang Yong (王永)'s wife and son Wang Guang (王光). Wang Mang befriended many capable people and served his uncles conscientiously. When Wang Mang's powerful uncle, Wang Feng (王鳳, commander of the armed forces (33–22 BC) grew ill, Wang Mang cared for him day and night and attended to his medical and personal needs. Wang Feng was greatly touched, and before his death, he asked Empress Dowager Wang and Emperor Cheng to take good care of Wang Mang. Wang Mang was therefore given the post of imperial attendant (黃門郎) and later promoted to be one of the subcommanders of the imperial guards (射聲校尉). In 16 BC, another of Wang Mang's uncles, Wang Shang (王商) the Marquess of Chengdu, submitted a petition to divide part of his march and to create Wang Mang a marquess. Several well-regarded officials concurred in this request, and Emperor Cheng was impressed with Wang Mang's reputation. He therefore created Wang Mang the Marquess of Xindu and promoted him to the Chamberlain for Attendants (光祿大夫). It was described by historians that the greater the posts that Wang was promoted to, the more humble he grew. He did not accumulate wealth, but used the money to support scholars and to give gifts to colleagues which gained him much praise. Wang Mang had only a single wife, Lady Wang, and no concubines. (She had the same family name as Wang Mang which is seen as strong evidence that at this point the taboo against endogamy based on the same family name was not firmly in place in Chinese culture.) However, as later events would show, Wang was not completely faithful to his wife, even at this time. Emperor Cheng appointed his uncles, one after another, to be the commander of the armed forces (the most powerful court official), and speculation grew as to who would succeed Wang Mang's youngest surviving uncle, Wang Gen (王根, commander 12–8 BC). Wang Mang was considered one of the possibilities, while another was his cousin Chunyu Zhang (the son of Empress Dowager Wang's sister), who had a much closer personal relationship to Emperor Cheng than Wang Mang. Chunyu also had friendly relations with both Emperor Cheng's wife Empress Zhao Feiyan and his deposed former wife Empress Xu. To overcome Chunyu's presumptive hold on succeeding Wang Gen, Wang Mang took action. He collected evidence that Chunyu, a frivolous man in his words and deeds, had secretly received bribes from the deposed Empress Xu and had promised to help her become "left empress", and that he had promised his associates important posts once he succeeded Wang Gen. In 8 BC, he informed Wang Gen and Empress Dowager Wang of the evidence, and both Wang Gen and Empress Dowager Wang were greatly displeased with Chunyu. They exiled Chunyu back to his march. Chunyu, before he left the capital, gave his horses and luxurious carriages to his cousin Wang Rong (王融), the son of his uncle Wang Li (王立), with whom he had a running feud. Wang Li, happy with Chunyu's gift, submitted a petition requesting that Chunyu be allowed to remain at the capital. However, this request was treated with suspicion by Emperor Cheng because he knew of the feud between Wang Li and Chunyu. He ordered Wang Rong to be arrested, and Wang Li, in his panic, ordered his son to commit suicide. This dramatic action only made Emperor Cheng more suspicious. He therefore had Chunyu arrested and interrogated. Chunyu admitted to deceiving Empress Xu and receiving bribes from her, and he was executed. In 8 BC, Wang Gen, by then seriously ill, submitted his resignation and requested that Wang Mang succeed him. In winter 8 BC, Emperor Cheng made Wang Mang the commander of the armed forces (大司馬), at the age of 37. First tenure as the commander of the armed forcesEdit After Wang Mang was promoted to this position, effectively the highest in the imperial government, he became even better known for his self-discipline and promotion of capable individuals than before. As a result, the general perception of the Wang clan as arrogant, wasteful, and petty, began to be reversed. In 7 BC, Wang's cousin Emperor Cheng died suddenly, apparently from a stroke (although some historians have suggested the possibility of an overdosage of aphrodisiacs given to him by his favourite, Consort Zhao Hede). Emperor Cheng's nephew Crown Prince Liu Xin (劉欣) (the son of Emperor Cheng's brother, Prince Kang of Dingtao (劉康)) became emperor (as Emperor Ai). For the time being, Wang remained in his post and continued to be powerful in the imperial court, as his aunt became grand empress dowager and was influential. However, that position soon changed. Emperor Ai's grandmother, Princess Dowager Fu of Dingtao (concubine of Grand Empress Dowager Wang's husband Emperor Yuan) was a domineering woman who was able to control her grandson. She greatly wanted the title of empress dowager as well. Initially, Grand Empress Dowager Wang decreed that Princess Dowager Fu and Emperor Ai's mother, Consort Ding, see him every 10 days. However, Princess Dowager Fu soon began to visit her grandson every day, and she insisted that two things be done: that she receive an empress dowager title, and that her relatives be granted titles, just like the Wangs. Grand Empress Dowager Wang, sympathetic to the difficult situation facing Emperor Ai, first granted Prince Kang the unusual title of "Emperor Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇) and then, under the rationale of that title, granted Princess Dowager Fu the title "Empress Dowager Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇太后) and Consort Ding the title "Empress Gong of Dingtao" (定陶共皇后). Several members of the Fu and Ding clans were created marquesses. Grand Empress Dowager Wang also ordered Wang Mang to resign and transfer power to the Fu and Ding relatives. Emperor Ai declined to agree to this request and begged Wang Mang to stay in his administration. Several months later, however, Wang Mang came into direct confrontation with now Empress Dowager Fu. At a major imperial banquet, the official in charge of seating placed Empress Dowager Fu's seat next to Grand Empress Dowager Wang's. When Wang Mang saw this, he rebuked the official and ordered that Empress Dowager Fu's seat be moved to the side, which drew great ire from Empress Dowager Fu, who then refused to attend the banquet. To soothe her anger, Wang Mang resigned, and Emperor Ai approved his resignation. After this event, the Wangs gradually and inexorably lost their power. Retirement during Emperor Ai's reignEdit After Wang Mang's resignation, Emperor Ai initially requested him to remain in the capital Chang'an and periodically meet with him to give advice. However, in 5 BC, Empress Dowager Fu achieved success in her quest for titles. Emperor Ai removed the qualification "of Dingtao" from his father's posthumous title (thus making him simply "Emperor Gong"), and then gave his grandmother a variation of the grand empress dowager title (ditaitaihou (帝太太后), compared to Grand Empress Dowager Wang's title taihuangtaihou (太皇太后)) and his mother a variation of the empress dowager title (ditaihou (帝太后), compared to Empress Dowager Zhao's title huangtaihou (皇太后)). The prime minister Zhu Bo (朱博) and vice prime minister Zhao Xuan (趙玄), at Empress Dowager Fu's behest, submitted a petition to have Wang demoted to commoner status for having previously opposed Grand Empress Fu . Emperor Ai did not do so, but sent Wang back to his march in Xindu (in modern Nanyang, Henan). While in Xindu, Wang was careful not to associate with many people (to prevent false accusations that he was planning a rebellion). In 5 BC, when his son Wang Huo killed a household servant, Wang Mang ordered him to commit suicide. By 2 BC, there had been several hundred petitions by commoners and officials requesting Wang Mang's return to the capital. Emperor Ai, who also respected Wang Mang, summoned him and his cousin Wang Ren (王仁), the son of Wang Gen, back to the capital to assist Grand Empress Dowager Wang. However, Wang Mang was to have no official post and was to exert little influence on politics. Regency and building of a personality cultEdit Emperor Ai died suddenly in 1 BC, without an heir. Taking decisive action, Grand Empress Dowager Wang seized power back from Emperor Ai's male favourite and likely lover Dong Xian (who was the commander of the armed forces by this point) and summoned Wang Mang back to the imperial government. She put him in charge of the armed forces and the government. They summoned Prince Jizi of Zhongshan (the last surviving male issue of Grand Empress Dowager Wang's husband Emperor Yuan) to the capital to succeed Emperor Ai, and he ascended the throne as Emperor Ping. Wang Mang became his regent. In 1 BC, Wang Mang, now back in power, took drastic action to attack actual or perceived political enemies: • Grand Empress Dowager Fu and Empress Dowager Ding were posthumously demoted to the titles of "the mother of Prince Gong of Dingtao" and "Consort Ding" respectively. (In 5 AD, Wang disinterred Consorts Fu and Ding's caskets and stripped their bodies of jade burial shells and then returned the bodies to Dingtao to be buried there. Their tombs were then completely flattened and surrounded with thorns.) • Wujiang Long (毋將隆), the governor of the Nan Commandery (modern Hubei), who had rejected Wang Mang's advances to serve as a political ally, was charged with having falsely accused the innocent Princess Dowager Feng Yuan of Zhongshan of witchcraft in 6 AD (even though he was not involved). Wujiang Long, along with the actual co-conspirators against Princess Dowager Feng, were exiled. Wang Mang, having thus consolidated his power, began to further build up his personality cult, encouraging others to submit false prophecies in which he was mentioned as the second coming of Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou and the regent for King Cheng of Zhou, or other great mythical personalities. He also began a regime of modifying the governmental structure to recall the governments of the Zhou Dynasty and the even more ancient Shang Dynasty. This included numerous changes to officials' titles and even to geographical locations. To prevent Emperor Ping's maternal Wei clan uncles from becoming powerful, he ordered that they, along with Emperor Ping's mother, Consort Wei, not be allowed to visit Emperor Ping in the capital. In 1 AD, after bribing the distant Yueshang tribes (probably in modern southern Vietnam) to submit offerings of an albino pheasant (considered a rare sign of divine favour), Wang Mang was successful in having his followers persuade Grand Empress Dowager Wang to create him the Duke of Anhan (安漢公). This was despite the Han nobility system not including dukes and no duke had ever been created in Han history up to that point. This action gave Wang Mang a title parallel to that of the Duke of Zhou. Believing her nephew to be truly faithful, Grand Empress Dowager Wang transferred more of her authority to him. In 2 AD, Wang Mang issued a list of regulations to the ally-vassal Xiongnu, which the Xiongnu chanyu Nangzhiyasi (囊知牙斯—later shortened to Zhi in response to Wang Mang's request) obeyed, but Wang Mang's tone of treating Xiongnu as a subordinate state rather than an ally offended Nangzhiyasi, which would foreshadow the eventual breakdown of relationships with the Xiongnu. In the same year, Wang Mang decided to marry his daughter to Emperor Ping to further strengthen his position. Initially, he started a selection process of eligible noble young ladies (after declaring, in accordance with ancient customs, that Emperor Ping would have one wife and 11 concubines). However, in an act of false modesty intended to create the opposite result, he then petitioned Grand Empress Dowager Wang that his daughter not be considered. Wang Mang then started a petition with the aim of having the Chinese people have his daughter selected as empress. The petitioners stormed the outside of the palace, and Grand Empress Dowager Wang, overwhelmed by the display of affection for Wang Mang, ordered that Wang Mang's daughter be made empress. In 4 AD, Emperor Ping officially married her and made her empress. Wang Mang's son, Wang Yu (王宇), disagreed with his father's dictatorial regime and program to build up his personality cult, afraid that in the future the Wangs would suffer a popular backlash once Emperor Ping was an adult. In response he formed friendships with Emperor Ping's Wei uncles, and told Consort Wei to offer assurances to Wang Mang that she would not act as Emperor Ai's mother and grandmother did, trying to become an empress dowager. Wang Mang still refused to let her visit the capital. In 3 AD, Wang Yu formed a conspiracy with his teacher, Wu Zhang (吳章), his brother-in-law, Lü Kuan (呂寬), and the Weis, to try to break Wang Mang's dictatorial hold. They decided that they would create what appeared to be supernatural incidents to make Wang Mang concerned, and then have Wu Zhang try to persuade Wang Mang to transfer power to the Weis. Wang Yu instructed Lü Kuan to toss a bottle of blood onto Wang Mang's mansion door, but Lü was discovered by Wang Mang's guards. Wang Mang then arrested Wang Yu, who committed suicide, and his wife (Lü Kuan's sister) Lü Yan (呂焉) who was then executed. Wang Mang subsequently executed Wu Zhang and the entire Wei clan, except for Consort Wei. It is not known what happened to Lü Kuan, but it is unlikely he could have escaped death. Wang Mang took this opportunity to wipe out other potential enemies. Wang Yu and Lü's co-conspirators were tortured with anyone who they mentioned being arrested, and then either executed or forced to commit suicide. The victims of this purge included Emperor Yuan's sister, Princess Jingwu (敬武長公主), Wang Mang's uncle, Wang Li, and his cousin, Wang Ren. He falsely advised Grand Empress Dowager Wang that they had died of illnesses. Many other officials who were not willing to follow Wang Mang were victimized in this purge. After this, Wang Mang's hold on power became absolute. In 5 AD, Wang Mang revived an ancient ceremony intended for those who had made great contributions to the state, and had himself given the nine bestowments (九錫). (The "nine bestowments" would, after Wang Mang, become a customary step for usurpers to receive before they usurped the throne.) Around 5 AD, Emperor Ping, appeared to grow out of the heart condition from which he had suffered as a child. It soon became clear that he resented Wang Mang for killing his uncles and not allowing his mother to visit him in Chang'an. Wang therefore resolved to murder the emperor. In the winter of 5 AD, Wang submitted pepper wine (considered in those days to be capable of chasing away evil spirits) to the 13-year-old emperor, but had the wine spiked with poison. As the emperor was suffering the effects of the poison, Wang wrote a secret petition to the gods, in which he offered to substitute his life for Emperor Ping's, and then had the petition locked away. (Historians generally believed that Wang had two motives in doing this: firstly, in case Emperor Ping recovered from the poisoning, to use the petition to try to absolve himself of involvement in the poisoning and, secondly, to leave for posterity evidence of his faithfulness to the emperor. After a few days of suffering, Emperor Ping died. As acting emperorEdit Because the young Emperor Ping had not had any children by his wife Empress Wang or any of his concubines, there was no heir. Also, there were now no surviving male issue from Emperor Ping's grandfather, Emperor Yuan. The progeny of Emperor Ping's great-grandfather Emperor Xuan were therefore examined for possible successors. There were 53 great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan then still living by this stage and they were all adults. Wang Mang disliked that they were all adults as he wanted a child whom he could control. Therefore, he declared that it was inappropriate for members of the same generation to succeed each other (even though Emperor Ping had succeeded his cousin Emperor Ai several years earlier). He then examined the 23 great-great-grandsons of Emperor Xuan—all of whom were infants or children. While the examination process was proceeding, the mayor of South Chang'an submitted a rock with mysterious red writing on it. The message on the rock was "Wang Mang, the Duke of Anhan, should be emperor." In May, Wang had his political allies force Grand Empress Dowager Wang to issue an edict granting him the title of "Acting Emperor" (假皇帝),[2] with a commission to rule as emperor until a great-great-grandson of Emperor Xuan could be selected as the new Emperor. To further bolster his claims, Wang also created a false genealogy, declaring himself a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, a legendary emperor revered in Chinese culture.[3] In the spring of 6 AD, acting Emperor Wang selected the child Ying, then just one year old, as the designated successor to Emperor Ping, claiming that soothsayers told him that Ying was the candidate most favoured by the gods. He gave Ying the epithet Ruzi, the same epithet that King Cheng of Zhou had when he was in his minority and under the regency of the Duke of Zhou. This was intended to support Wang Mang's claim that he was as faithful as the Duke of Zhou. However, Emperor Ruzi did not ascend the throne, but was given the title of crown prince. Empress Wang was given the title empress dowager. As acting emperor, Wang reinstituted the Zhou system of five grades of nobility—duke (公, gong), marquess (侯, hou), earl (伯, bo), viscount (子, zi), and baron (男, nan). Several members of the imperial Liu clan were naturally suspicious of acting Emperor Wang's intentions. They started or were involved in several failed rebellions against Wang: • In 6 AD, Liu Chong (劉崇), the Marquess of Anzhong, launched an attack against Wan (宛, in modern Nanyang, Henan). His attack failed. It is not known what happened to him, other than that as a punishment, Wang had his house filled with filthy water. • In 7 AD, Zhai Yi (翟義), the governor of Dong Commandery and Liu Xin (劉信), the Marquess of Yanxiang (and the father of Liu Kuang (劉匡), the Prince of Dongping (modern Tai'an, Shandong)) started the largest of the rebellions. They were joined by agrarian rebellion leaders Zhao Peng (趙朋) and Huo Hong (霍鴻) from the area immediately west of the capital Chang'an. They declared Liu Xin emperor. Wang responded by sending messengers all around the nation to pledge that he would in fact pass on the throne to Emperor Ruzi once he was an adult. Wang's armies defeated Zhai and Liu's armies in the winter, and Zhai was captured and executed. Liu fled and was never captured. Zhao and Huo were also eventually defeated and executed. • In 9 AD (after Wang Mang had usurped the imperial throne), Liu Kuai (劉快), the Marquess of Xuxiang, attacked the Duchy of Fuchong, of his brother Liu Ying (劉殷), the former Prince of Jiaodong. He was defeated and died while fleeing from the battle. After Zhai and Liu Xin were defeated, Wang was satisfied that the empire was entirely under his control. So he decided to finally seize the throne and start a new dynasty. In the winter of 8 AD, after receiving a false prophecy written by a criminal named Ai Zhang (哀章) which pretended to be a divine decree from Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang) stating that the throne should be given to Wang, and that Grand Empress Dowager Wang should follow this divine will, Wang issued a decree accepting the position of emperor, establishing the Xin dynasty. Early reignEdit Territory of Xin Dynasty Early in his reign, Emperor Wang Mang self-confidently sought to implement his ideals of restoring the legendary golden age of the early Zhou Dynasty. To those ends, he modified the governmental structure to better conform with Zhou standards. He also continued the regime of modifying geographical names to fit with ancient names (or more euphemistic names). This meant that even imperial edicts discussing the locations by their new names were forced to include notes on the old names so that the recipients of the edicts could tell what locations he was referring to. As part of this regime, the capital Chang'an's name was changed , involving the change of a character—長安 (eternal peace) to 常安 (constant peace). The characters are now homophones in Standard Mandarin, though they had distinct pronunciations at the time. In 9 AD, Wang Mang made his wife, Lady Wang, empress. By this point, only two of her four sons were still alive. The older, Wang An (王安) was described as lacking in talent, so Wang made the younger, Wang Lin (王臨), crown prince, and made Wang An the Lord of Xinjia (新嘉辟). He selected many Confucian scholars to serve as advisors for Crown Prince Lin. Wang, grateful to his aunt Grand Empress Dowager Wang (who, however, resented him for deceiving her and usurping the throne), continued to honour her as empress dowager, but also gave her an additional title of Wangmu (王母), the same title carried by the mother of King Wen of Zhou, implying that she was also his mother and had helped establish a new dynasty. She died in 13 AD. Economic policiesEdit A knife coin issued by Wang Mang In 9 AD, Wang Mang instituted a revolutionary land redistribution system, ordering that all land in the empire become legally the property of the empire, to be known as wangtian (王田), in a system similar to the Zhou well-field system. All further land transactions were banned, although property owners were allowed to continue to possess the property. However, if a family had less than eight members but had one "well" or larger property (about 0.6 km2), it was required to distribute the excess to fellow clan members, neighbours, or other members of the same village. Criticism of the wangtian system was punishable by exile. Eventually, faced with resistance to both of these policies, Wang was forced to repeal both of them in 12 AD. In 10 AD, Wang set up a state economic adjustment agency, seeking to control fluctuations in the prices of food and textiles by purchasing excess goods and then selling them when the price went up. The same agency also became responsible for loaning money to entrepreneurs, at the rate of three percent per month. Six offices were set up: in Chang'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi (modern Zibo, Shandong), Wancheng (modern Nanyang, Henan), and Chengdu. In the same year, Wang Mang instituted a "sloth tax": if landowners left land uncultivated, city dwellers left their houses without trees, or citizens refused to work, there would be penalties to be paid, with textile tributes. Those unable to pay the penalties would be required to work for the state. In addition, Wang also instituted an unprecedented tax, an income tax at a rate of 10 percent of profits, for professionals and skilled labour. (Previously, all Chinese taxes were either head taxes or property taxes.) He also instituted a state monopoly on liquor and weapons. Another economic change instituted by Wang, which turned out to be disastrous, was to issue 28 types of coins, made of gold, silver, tortoise shells, sea shells or copper. Because there were so many kinds of coins (versus the one kind that Han used), people were unable to work out which coins were genuine or counterfeit, and the money-based economy came to a halt. Eventually, Wang was forced to abolish all but two kinds of coins—the small coin that had the same value of a Han coin, and the large coin that had the value of 50 small coins. However, the people, despite fairly severe penalties, lost faith in the Xin coins, and continued to use Han coins in an underground trade economy. In 13 AD, during Emperor Wang Mang's rule, the Heavenly Stems were incorporated to number the years and replaced the previous system which used only the Earthly Branches. In 17 AD, in an attempt to refill the depleted imperial coffers, Wang instituted six monopolies on liquor, salt, iron, coinage, forestry, and fishing. However, because of rampant corruption, the imperial treasury received only limited benefit, while the people were greatly burdened. Also, in the same year Wang abolished slavery to limit the power of the landowning families, but following Wang's assassination in 23 AD, slavery was reinstituted.[4] Deterioration of the relationship with Xiongnu and other vassalsEdit Problems with XiongnuEdit The first sign of irritation came sometime before 10 AD when the Xin director of Wuhuan affairs informed the Wuhuan tribes not to pay further tribute to Xiongnu. In response, Xiongnu carried out a punitive military raid against Wuhuan, capturing about 1,000 women and children to serve as hostages. Later, on Wang Mang's orders, Xiongnu was forced to return the Wuhuan hostages. Wang sent his ambassadors to Xiongnu to inform Chanyu Zhi that he had become emperor and that Xin had replaced Han, and requested that the great seal of the chanyu, which Han had issued, be exchanged for a new seal issued by Xin. The old seal read, "the Great Seal of the Chanyu of Xiongnu" (匈奴單于璽, Xiongnu Chanyu Xi), while the new seal read, "the Seal of the Shanyu of Gongnu of Xin" (新恭奴善于章, Xin Gong-nu Shan-yu Zhang), changing the meanings "ferocious slave" 匈奴 to "respectful slave" 恭奴, "Chanyu" 單于 to "Shanyu" 善于, and "seal" 璽 to "badge" 章,[5] implying that Xiongnu was clearly a vassal of Xin. This contrasted with the Han who had been somewhat ambiguous about whether Xiongnu was a vassal. Without examining the new seal, Chanyu Zhi agreed to the exchange. The ambassadors, apprehensive that the Chanyu, once he realized what had happened, would demand the old seal back, destroyed the old seal. Indeed, the next day, the Chanyu realized that the seal text had changed, and requested that the old seal be returned. However, upon being informed that the old seal had been destroyed (which the ambassadors claimed falsely to be an act of the gods), he acquiesced. Chanyu Zhi, however, began to prepare for confrontation with Xin. He built defensive bulwarks some distance from the Xin outpost of Shuofang (朔方, modern Ordos, Inner Mongolia). He also began to accept Xiyu ("Western Regions", in modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdoms' pledges of allegiance, an action that had been banned by Wang. Wang, irritated, declared war against Xiongnu. The strategy that he set out was to divide the Xin forces into 12 armies to divide and conquer Xiongnu. Under this scenario, Chanyu Zhi would be attacked and forced to retreat to the Dingling tribes (around Lake Baikal), and Xiongnu would be divided into 15 small kingdoms to be ruled by 15 descendants of Chanyu Huhanye, who had first established friendly relations with Han. Under this plan, 300,000 men would be gathered for the attack. However, Wang did not follow his generals' recommendations to start the campaign as soon as a critical mass of men were gathered, but wanted to attack with overwhelming force. This placed pressure on the border regions as they strained to accommodate, over what turned about to be a lengthy period, the men who had arrived, while fruitlessly waiting for the full support of 300,000 to be gathered. In the first stage of this plan, one of the local commanders kidnapped one of Chanyu Zhi's brothers, Xian (咸), the Prince of Zuoliwu (左犁汙王), and his sons Deng (登) and Zhu (助), by trickery. Xian and Zhu were made Chanyus, the first two of the planned 15. Chanyu Zhi became enraged and launched massive attacks against Xin border regions, causing the border regions much distress and economic and human loss. Eventually, Xian escaped back to Xiongnu, but his sons were kept as hostages. After Zhu died, Deng succeeded him. However, in 12 AD, after hearing reports that Xian's other son Jiao (角) had been a successful Xiongnu strategist in military actions against the Xin, Wang, in anger, executed Deng and his attendants. In 13 AD, Chanyu Zhi died. The powerful official Xubu Dang (須卜當) and his wife Yun, the Princess Yimuo (the daughter of Chanyu Huhanye and Wang Zhaojun), who advocated peaceful relations with Xin and who were also friendly with Xian, supported Xian as the new Chanyu. Even though Xian was unaware that Wang Mang had executed his son Deng, relations between Xiongnu and Xin remained tense. There was a temporary détente in 14 AD, when Xian returned Xin defectors Chen Liang (陳良) and Zhong Dai (終帶), who, as junior army officers in Xiyu, had killed their superiors and surrendered to Xiongnu (perhaps seeking to have Xiongnu help them re-establish Han) so that Wang could execute them. In response, Wang recalled the forces located in the northern regions which were intended to be used to attack Xiongnu (but were never given the full support that Wang envisioned). However, after Chanyu Xian found out late in 14 AD that Deng had been executed, he resumed raids against the border regions but maintained a façade of peace. Problems with southwestern tribesEdit When Wang Mang first became emperor, his ambassadors visited the southwestern tribes (in modern Guizhou, Yunnan, and southwestern Sichuan), whose chieftains Han had largely granted the titles of princes. Wang's new seals demoted them to the titles of marquesses. One of the more powerful chieftains , Han (邯), the Prince of Juting (句町王), responded by angrily cutting off relations with Xin. Wang instructed the local commandery governor, Zhou Xin (周歆), to arrange for the killing of Han. In response, Han's brother Cheng (承) started a rebellion, killing Zhou, and starting a campaign of harassment against Xin borders. By 16 AD, the Commandery of Yizhou (modern northeastern Yunnan) had become corrupt while Juting remained powerful. So Wang commissioned two generals, Lian Dan (廉丹) and Shi Xiong (史熊), to attack Juting. They were initially successful, but soon became caught in problems with food supply and disease. However, Wang continued to refuse to reinstitute the Han system of using awards to buy the submission of southwestern tribes. Problems with GoguryeoEdit When Wang started his campaign against Xiongnu, he requisitioned the forces of Goguryeo within Xin borders. Goguryeo refused to cooperate and marched out of the Xin borders. The Xin army that Wang sent against them was defeated by them. The general Wang sent, Yan You (嚴尤), used humble words to trick their leader, Zou (騶), who was a marquess of Goguryeo, into a meeting with him where he treacherously killed Zou. Wang then changed Gaogouli to the derogatory term "Xiagouli" (gao means "high", while xia means "low"), and reduced their king's rank to marquess,[6] which further enraged Goguryeo, causing them to attack the Xin northeastern regions with great ferocity. Problems with Xiyu kingdomsEdit The troubles for Xin with the Xiyu kingdoms started in 10 AD. In that year, Xuzhili (須置離), the King of Rear Cheshi (後車師, now part of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture) became concerned about the great cost of hosting Xin ambassadors and considered abandoning his kingdom and fleeing to Xiongnu. Xin's Xiyu commissioner Dan Qin (但欽) summoned Xuzhili and executed him. Xuzhili's brother Hulanzhi (狐蘭之) fled to Xiongnu and then attacked Dan, inflicting severe casualties, before withdrawing. In 13 AD, the dual kingdom of Wusun (which, under a system set up by Han, had two kings: the greater king was a descendant of a Han princess and her husband the king of Wusun, while the lesser king was a descendant of her brother-in-law) sent ambassadors to Chang'an to offer tributes. Because Wang Mang knew that the people of Wusun actually had greater affinity for the lesser king, he placed the ambassador of the lesser king in a higher position than the ambassador of the greater king, which greatly insulted the greater king. In response, the Xiyu kingdoms joined forces and attacked the Xiyu commissioner Dan, and managed to kill him. The Xiyu kingdoms then decided to no longer pledge allegiance to Xin. In 16 AD, Wang made another attempt to intimidate the Xiyu kingdoms back into submission, but the Xin armies were divided and cut off from each other. One army was entirely wiped out. The other was forced to withdraw to Qiuzi (龜茲, in modern Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang) with its way back to Xin proper cut off, and the army settled there and was unable to return for the rest of the Xin Dynasty's duration. Paralysis and corruption of the governmentEdit In addition to these wars, a major problem plaguing Wang Mang's administration was that Wang Mang was so committed to implementing the ancient governmental structure, believing that once things were restored to Zhou Dynasty standards, the government would be efficient. He and his officials spent inordinate amounts of time carrying out research of legends, but leaving important affairs of the state undecided. A large number of counties lacked magistrates for years. The local officials, without supervision, became highly corrupt and oppressive towards the populace. Because of the way Wang came to power, he also became suspicious of allowing his subordinates to have too much power. Therefore, he made all important decisions himself and did not delegate. This meant that many important decisions were delayed or never made. Further, he entrusted eunuchs to screen the reports from local governments for him, but those eunuchs would decide to relay or not relay those reports based on their own personal likes and dislikes, and many important petitions went unanswered. An even more serious problem was that the officials lacked salaries. Han had a well-defined system of official salaries, but when Wang became emperor, he ordered that the salary system be overhauled and recalibrated. However because a new system took years to be established, officials went without salaries in the meantime. In response, they became corrupt and demanded bribes from the people, causing much distress. In 16 AD, Wang finally issued the new salary system, which was dependent on how prosperous the state was in determining what the salaries were. However, because the prosperity of the state was a highly subjective matter, officials continued to go salaries for the rest of the Xin Dynasty's existence. Middle reignEdit Agrarian rebellionsEdit For a while, despite the failures of Wang's policies, the people were generally obedient, and his reign as Emperor looked to be on a firm footing. However, in 11 AD, the Yellow River overflowed its banks, flooding much of the surrounding land in the process. The ensuing famine led to prophecies that Wang had lost the Mandate of Heaven and that the Han dynasty would be restored. About 17 AD, as the burdens from the wars and the corruption continued to increase and famines occurred (there was a major famine in Jing Prefecture (modern Hubei, Hunan, and southern Henan)), several agrarian rebellions started and took hold. The more significant rebellion and rebellion leaders included: • Guatian Yi (瓜田儀), who occupied territory in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu. • Mother Lü, whose son was a minor civil servant who was wrongly killed by the county magistrate. She gathered a group of desperate young men and killed the county magistrate, and then went out to the sea to become pirates, but later returned to land when her forces increased in size. • Zhang Ba (張霸), who occupied territory in modern Jingzhou, Hubei. • Yang Mu (羊牧), who occupied territory in modern Xiaogan, Hubei. • Diao Zidu (刁子都), who roved through what is modern western Shandong and northern Jiangsu. • The Lülin Mountain (綠林山, in modern Yichang, Hubei) rebels, who were led by Wang Kuang (王匡) and Wang Feng (王鳳, not to be confused with Wang Mang's uncle of the same name). Because both Wang Kuang and Wang Feng were from Xinshi (新市, in modern Jingmen, Hubei), these rebels were also known as Xinshi rebels. • The Chimei (赤眉, "red eyebrows") rebels, who were led by Fan Chong (樊崇), who roved through large swaths of territory in modern southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu. Wang Mang sent messengers issuing pardons with the aim of encouraging these rebels to disband. Once the messengers returned to Chang'an, some honestly reported that the rebels had gathered because the harsh laws made it impossible for them to make a living and therefore they were forced to rebel. Some, in order to flatter Wang Mang, told him that these were simply evil troublemakers who needed to be killed, or that this was a temporary phenomenon. Wang listened to those who flattered him and generally relieved from their posts those who told the truth. Further, Wang made no further attempts to pacify the rebels, but instead decided to suppress them by force. Problems with Xiongnu relationsEdit Around this time, Wang made another strategic mistake involving Xiongnu. In 18 AD, Chanyu Xian died, and his brother Yu (輿) became chanyu. He wanted to consider peace with Xin, and he sent one of his key officials and a nephew of his to serve as ambassadors to Chang'an. In response, Wang Mang sent Wang Zhaojun's brother, Wang She (王歙), to meet with Princess Yun and her husband, Xuyu Dang. At the meeting, however, Xin forces surprised and kidnapped the princess and her husband and took them to Chang'an. Wang Mang created Xuyu chanyu and envisioned placing him on the Xiongnu throne by force. This ended any hope of peace with Xiongnu. Change of heirEdit In 20 AD, Wang Mang made a sudden change to his presumed heir. He deposed Crown Prince Lin based on the rationale that trouble would come from the fact that Crown Prince Lin was younger than his brother Lord An, and thus Lin should not have been crown prince in the first place. He then created Lord An the Prince of Xinqian and Wang Lin the Prince of Tongyiyang. In 21 AD, Empress Wang died. After her death, Wang Mang discovered that one of Empress Wang's ladies in waiting, Yuan Bi (原碧), with whom he had an affair, had also had an affair with Crown Prince Lin, and that she had conspired with Crown Prince Lin to kill Wang Mang, because of Wang Lin's demotion. Wang Mang ordered Wang Lin to commit suicide by poison, but Wang Lin refused, and killed himself using a sword. Later that year, Wang An died as well. Wang Mang then announced that he had in fact two sons by female servants, whom he then created dukes. Late reignEdit Agrarian revoltsEdit In 22 AD, Wang Mang finally realised (as many of his officials had been trying to tell him) that the agrarian rebellions were posing a much greater threat to his rule than the Xiongnu. He commissioned two of his key officials, Wang Kuang (王匡, not to be confused with the Lülin leader of the same name) and Lian Dan to launch attacks against the agrarian rebellions, with the Chimei being their first target. Wang and Lian had some initial successes, but Wang insisted on having them keep fighting without resting, and the fatigued forces eventually collapsed. In the same year, the Lülin forces suffered the effects of a major plague which killed about half of the rebels. This caused them to divide. One branch headed west to the region of modern Jingzhou, Hubei, while the other headed north to the region of the modern Nanyang, Henan. Liu's revolt merges with Lülin agrarian revoltEdit Around this time, the most ambitious of the rebels emerged. Liu Yan, a descendant of a distant branch of the Han imperial clan, who lived in his ancestral territory of Chongling (舂陵, in modern Xiangyang, Hubei), had long been disgusted by Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han throne, and had long aspired to start a rebellion. His brother Liu Xiu, by contrast, was a careful and deliberate man, who was content to be a farmer. Around this time, there were prophecies being spread in the community that the Lius would return to power, and many men gathered about Liu Yan, requesting that he lead them. He agreed and joined forces with the branch of the Lülin forces which were in the same area. Together they began to capture territory rather than just simply roving and raiding. In 23 AD, under Liu Yan's leadership, the joint forces had a major victory over Zhen Fu (甄阜), the governor of Nanyang Commandery, killing him. They then besieged the important city of Wan (the capital of Nanyang). A new imperial pretenderEdit By this point, many other rebel leaders had become jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities, and while a good number of their men admired Liu Yan and wanted him to become the emperor of a newly declared Han Dynasty, some of the rebel leaders had other ideas. They found another local rebel leader, also of Han imperial descent, Liu Xuan, who was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "Prince of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gao). The other rebel leaders refused, and in early 23 AD, Liu Xuan was proclaimed Gengshi Emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister. The Battle of KunyangEdit In the spring of 23 AD, a major military confrontation sealed Wang Mang's fate. He sent his cousin Wang Yi (王邑) and his prime minister, Wang Xun (王尋), with what he considered to be overwhelming force, some 430,000 men, intending to crush the newly reconstituted Han regime. The Han forces were at this point in two groups. One group was led by Wang Feng, Wang Chang (王常), and Liu Xiu, which, in response to the arrival of the Xin forces, withdrew to the small town of Kunyang (昆陽, in modern Pingdingshan, Henan). The other group was led by Liu Yan, which was besieging Wancheng. The rebels in Kunyang initially wanted to scatter, but Liu Xiu opposed that strategy. Rather, he advocated that they guard Kunyang securely, while he would bring together all other available troops from the surrounding areas and attack the Xin forces. After initially rejecting Liu Xiu's idea, the Kunyang rebels eventually agreed. Liu Xiu carried out his action, and when he returned to Kunyang, he began harassing the besieging Xin forces from the outside. Wang Yi and Wang Xun led 10,000 men to attack Liu Xiu and ordered the rest of their troops not to move from their siege locations. Once they engaged in battle, however, after minor losses, the other units were hesitant to assist them, and Liu Xiu killed Wang Xun in battle. After that, the Han forces inside Kunyang burst out of the city and attacked the other Xin units leading to the much larger Xin forces suffering a total collapse. Many of the Xin soldiers deserted and headed to their homes. Wang Yi had to withdraw with only several thousand men back to Luoyang. This was a major blow to Xin and marked the beginning of the end for the Xin dynasty. Conquest of the capitalsEdit Gengshi Emperor then established two armies, one led by Wang Kuang, which targeted Luoyang, and the other led by Shentu Jian (申屠建) and Li Song (李松), which targeted Chang'an. Many of the populace on the way gathered, welcomed and then joined the Han forces. Shentu and Li quickly reached the outskirts of Chang'an. The rebels sacked the capital on 4 October, 23.[2] In response, the young men within Chang'an also rose up and stormed Weiyang Palace, the main imperial palace. Wang died in the battle at the palace (by Du Wu (杜吳)), as did his daughter Princess Huanghuang (the former empress of Han). After Wang died, the crowd fought over the right to have the credit for having killed Wang, and tens of soldiers died in the ensuing fight. Wang's body was cut into pieces, and his head was delivered to the provisional Han capital Wancheng, to be hung on the city wall. However, the angry people took it off the wall and kicked it around, and someone cut his tongue off. Eventually, the head was preserved and kept in a court vault, until it was destroyed in a fire during the Jin dynasty. Personal informationEdit • Father • Wang Man (王曼), the early-deceased brother of Empress Wang Zhengjun, second son of Wang Jin, Marquess of Yangping and his wife Li Qin • Mother • Qu (渠) • Wives • Empress Wang (created 9, d. 21), mother of Wang Yu, Wang Huo, Wang An, Wang Lin, and Princess Huanghuang • Empress Shi (created 23) • Major concubines • Zengzhi (增秩), originally a female servant, family name unknown, mother of Wang Kuang • Huaineng (懷能), originally a female servant, family name unknown, mother of Wang Xing • Kaiming (開明), originally a female servant, family name unknown, mother of Wang Jie • Children • Wang Yu (王宇) (d. 2), opposed Wang Mang and was thus killed along with his wife Lü Yan and Lü Kuan brother of Lü Yan • Yu had six sons named Wang Qian, Wang Shou, Wang Ji, Wang Zong, Wang Shi and Wang Li (王千、王寿、王吉、王宗、王世、王利). Wang Zong, born Wang Huizong (王會宗), would succeed Wang Mang as Marquess of Xindu, but when his conspiracy against Wang Mang was discovered, he committed suicide in 8. • Wang Huo (王獲) (d. 5 BC), forced to commit suicide by Wang Mang • Wang An (王安), initially created the Lord of Xinjia (created 9), then the Prince of Xinqian (created 20) (d. 21) • Wang Lin (王臨), initially created the Crown Prince (created 9), then the Prince of Tongyiyang (created 20) (b. 9 BC, d. 21), forced to commit suicide by Wang Mang • Wang Xing (王興), the Duke of Gongxiu (功修) (created 21) • Wang Kuang (王匡), the Duke of Gongjian (功建) (created 21) • Princess Huanghuang (Empress Xiaoping of Han) (created 10), initially created the Duchess Dowager of Ding'an (created 9) (d. 23) • Wang Jie (王捷), the Lady of Mudai (created 21) Xin dynasty sovereigns Personal name Period of reign Era names (年號) and their according range of years Wang Mang 9–23 Shijianguo (始建國 shǐ jiàn guó, "The beginning of a nation's establishment") 9–13 Tianfeng (天鳳 tiān fèng, "Heavenly Feng") 14–19 Dihuang (地皇 dì huáng, "Earthly Emperor") 20–23 Wang Mang in popular cultureEdit • Wang Mang is a character in the 2011 historical fantasy novel, The Ghosts of Watt O'Hugh, where he is treated admiringly and heroically. He was "the one for whom we'd been waiting," one character says of Wang Mang, after his death, "the one for whom we still wait." • Wang Mang is one of the main characters of the Chinese television series Love Weaves Through a Millennium. Wang Mang is played by Chen Xiang. 1. ^ Early Chinese dynasties were typically named after the fief of their founding dynast, and this reading is consistent with Wang Mang's pre-imperial position as Marquess of Xin. In 1950, C.B. Sargent suggested that the name of the dynasty should be read as meaning "new", which J.J.L. Duyvendak rejected out of hand. Chauncey S. Goodrich later convincingly argued that it may be possible to assign a semantic reading to Xin, but that it ought to be read as renewed or renewal, not simply new. See Goodrich, Chauncey S. (July 1957). "The Reign of Wang Mang: Hsin or New?". Oriens. Leiden: Brill. 10 (1): 114–118. doi:10.2307/1578760. 1. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 98 2. ^ a b Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4. 5. ^ Taskin V.S. 1984. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", p. 15, Moscow, Science) 6. ^ Book of Later Han, Chapter 85. Sources citedEdit • Steven S. Drachman, "The Ghosts of Watt O'Hugh", Chickadee Prince Books, 2011. ISBN 978-0-578-08590-6. • Loewe, Michael. "Wang Mang 王莽 (2)". A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24). Leiden: Brill. pp. 536–45. • Rudi Thomsen, Ambition and confucianism : a biography of Wang Mang, Aarhus University Press, 1988. ISBN 87-7288-155-0. • Yap, Joseph P. "Wars with the Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian" Chapters 13–17, AuthorHouse (2009) ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4 • Book of Han (Full text) – Chinese Text Project • Book of Han 《漢書》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary • Book of Later Han 《後漢書》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary External linksEdit Emperor of the Xin Dynasty Born: 45 BC Died: 6 October 23 AD Regnal titles Preceded by Emperor of China Xin Dynasty 9–23 AD Succeeded by
Jump to content Memorizing to Music--free online resources--Can someone help? Recommended Posts I love learning song mnemonics. I learned the functions of the cranial nerves this way, so it definitely helps adults as well :) What are you wanting to memorize? I usually just search for " song" and see what comes up. I try to preview the results on my own first to check what is likely to be appropriate and helpful for the kids. Lately we've found some good ones for beginner music theory, but there's just about anything you want. Link to comment Share on other sites I can't tell what age you are looking for. Classical Conversations has a timeline set to music for history. There are a lot of products that do geography to music or skip counting to music. We like off-beat stuff like history teacher's songs (french revolution - graphic content warning), science stuff (Mr. Parr is our current favorite - 5 yr old sings his "Rock cycle" song whenever "Life is a Highway" comes on the radio), and quite a bit of They Might Be Giants stuff (science mostly). Link to comment Share on other sites I don't know of any free ones but we use Classical Conversations CDs, they have a timeline song, history songs, multiplication songs, and some for Latin. They are religious though... I also like Kathy Troxels, she has a large selection of subjects. I bought Lyrical Life Sciences this year but the kids and I don't like it, it's not actually good for memory work. The songs aren't very easy to remember. There's another one I can't remember now, I'll have to go look it up... Link to comment Share on other sites Join the conversation Reply to this topic... × Pasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead Only 75 emoji are allowed. × Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor • Create New...
"King of kings of Iran and Aniran" Coin showing Balash and a fire altar with two attendants. Reign 484–488 Predecessor Peroz I Successor Kavadh I Born Unknown House House of Sasan Father Yazdegerd II Religion Zoroastrianism Balash (Persian: بلاش یکم), (in the Greek authors, Balas; the later form of the name Vologases), was the nineteenth king of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 488. He was the brother and successor of Peroz I (457484),[1] who had died in a battle against the Hephthalites who invaded Iran from the east.[2] Balash was made King of Persia following the death of his brother Peroz fighting the Hephthalites at the Battle of Herat. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sought peace with the Hephthalites, which cost the Sasanians a heavy tribute. Little is known about Balash, but he is perceived by eastern sources as a mild and tolerant ruler. He was very tolerant of Christianity, which earned him a reputation among Christian authors, who described him as a mild and generous monarch. Nevertheless, it would seem that Balash was only a nominee to the powerful nobleman Sukhra.[3] At the announcement of the death of Peroz, the Iranian nobles of Persian Armenia became eager to go to Ctesiphon to elect a new sovereign. This allowed the Armenians under Vahan Mamikonian to liberate Armenia from the Sasanians. Given the situation of the weakness in Persia, Balash did not send an army to fight the rebels, which forced him to conclude peace with the Armenians. The conditions of the peace were as follows: (i) All existing fire-altars in Armenia should be destroyed and no new ones should be constructed.[4] (ii) Christians in Armenia should have freedom of worship and conversions to Zoroastrianism should be stopped.[4] (iii) Land should not be allotted to people who convert to Zoroastrianism (iv) The Persian King should, in person, administer Armenia and through the aid of Governors or deputies.[4] In 485, Balash appointed Vahan Mamikonian as the marzban of Armenia. A few months later, a son of Peroz named Zarir rose in rebellion. Balash, with the aid of the Armenians, put down the rebellion, captured and killed him.[4] In 488, Kavadh, another son of Peroz, revolted; although he was initially unsuccessful, he sought the assistance of Hephthalites and arrived in Ctesiphon at the head of a large Hephthalite contingent. As a result, Balash was deposed by Sukhra,[5] and Kavadh was installed as emperor.[6] 1. The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians, R. N. Frye, The Cambridge History of Iran, volume 3, Ed. Yarshater, 149. 2. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Balash". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 239. 3. Schindel (2013), pp. 136-141 4. 1 2 3 4 The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians, R. N. Frye, 149. 5. Pourshariati (2008), p. 78 6. Touraj Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, (I.B.Tauris, 2010), 25. Preceded by Peroz I Great King (Shah) of Persia Succeeded by Kavadh I
Athens OpenStreetMap Challenge OpenStreetMaps is a collaborative mapping project, built by communities. For example, cyclists add cycleroutes, people adopt the task of mapping whole towns, and volunteer mappers place and edit objects like schools, hospitals, and bus stops, making the maps hyperlocal. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers used available satellite imagery to map the roads, buildings, and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in two days, aiding relief efforts. The Challenge 1. In 2012, Google Maps started charging high-volume users. Although the charges don’t apply to most users, Google can change the terms at any time 2. As an alternative to Google Maps, this challenge requests the creation of an Athens OpenStreetMap containing the following information (feel free to deviate and add your own if you think it will make for a better solution): 1. Athens Transit Bus Routes 2. Bike lanes 3. Emergency call boxes 4. Fire departments and police statements 3. Identify other vital resources that you feel would benefit the community if added to the OpenStreetMap, and get them in if you still have time!
Ultrasound Case 032 View 2 View 3 Describe and interpret these scans Image 1: The linear transducer is placed over the right lower abdomen. A fluid filled distended loop of aperistaltic small bowel is seen. The valvulae conniventes are beautifully outlined by luminal fluid, this is called the keyboard sign – the image is thought to evoke the image of a piano keyboard. Image 2: The curvilinear transducer is placed over the right iliac fossa and the small bowel followed searching for a transition point. A round luminal mass is seen causing the obstruction. This has a rounded shaped and casts a dense and dark acoustic shadow. It is a large gallstone that has eroded through the gallbladder wall into duodenum and passed distally until the smaller ileum where it causes obstruction – gallstone ileus. Image 3: The left upper quadrant. A nasogastric (NG) tube is passed to empty the fluid filled stomach. Ultrasound confirms the intragastric position of the NG tube. Swirling fluid is seen filling the stomach, soon to be drained! Gallstone ileus Ultrasound can be very useful in detecting bowel obstruction but often the cause is more elusive and CT is more reliable. Fluid filled distended bowel loops with varying degrees of peristalsis are typical. Early intestinal fluid can be seen to flow too and fro as peristalsis pushes it forward, then as relaxation occurs it flows back. Later aperistalsis occurs. Air fluid levels can be seen but are more difficult to interpret. Sometimes a transition point and cause for obstruction is seen. Hernia, tumour, intussusception and gallstone ileus are some of the causes that can be sonographically identified. Leave a Reply
{{ this.years[FYWD] }} Now Showing: {{ this.years[this.y] }} Sweden: 97.8% low-carbon power Low-carbon power ranking: 10 97.8% of the electricity in Sweden is generated from low-carbon energy sources. This is based on data compiled by {{ source }} for the year {{ YEARS.getYear() }}. The primary low-carbon power source is Hydropower. Average emissions from electricity in Sweden is 42.4 to 48.3 gCO2eq / kWh. This has been calculated using estimates from the Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters report from the IPCC. Significant changes of low-carbon power in Sweden Years Change Main cause 2003 → 2008 85 → 96.1% Increase of Hydropower Low-carbon power in Sweden compared to selected regions Power sources in Sweden Hide minor power sources Sep 08, 2021 Misleading claims about renewable power generation share in Denmark May 10, 2021 What can we learn about decarbonization from past experiences? Jan 21, 2021 Why are we not talking about hydropower? Low-Carbon Power.org on Twitter
@article {Narcisi649, author = {Narcisi, Biancamaria and Petit, Jean Robert}, title = {Chapter 6.2 Englacial tephras of East Antarctica}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {649--664}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1144/M55-2018-86}, publisher = {Geological Society of London}, abstract = {Driven by successful achievements in recovering high-resolution ice records of climate and atmospheric composition through the Late Quaternary, new ice{\textendash}tephra sequences from various sites of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) have been studied in the last two decades spanning an age range of a few centuries to 800 kyr. The tephrostratigraphic framework for the inner EAIS, based on ash occurrence in three multi-kilometre-deep ice cores, shows that the South Sandwich Islands represent a major source for tephra, highlighting the major role in the ash dispersal played by clockwise circum-Antarctic atmospheric circulation penetrating the Antarctic continent. Tephra records from the eastern periphery of the EAIS, however, are obviously influenced by explosive activity sourced in nearby Antarctic rift provinces. These tephra inventories have provided a fundamental complement to the near-vent volcanic record, in terms of both frequency/chronology of explosive volcanism and of magma chemical evolution through time. Despite recent progress, current data are still sparse. There is a need for further tephra studies to collect data from unexplored EAIS sectors, along with extending the tephra inventory back in time. Ongoing international palaeoclimatic initiatives of ice-core drilling could represent a significant motivation for the tephra community and for Quaternary Antarctic volcanologists.}, issn = {0435-4052}, URL = {https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/55/1/649}, eprint = {https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/55/1/649.full.pdf}, journal = {Geological Society, London, Memoirs} }
I don't understand why would an organization aside from an ISP even use routing protocols. Let's say there is a big company with 5000 employees, and they want to have a network throughout their building. Aren't switches enough for their network? Why would they install many routers and configure OSPF for example? • Imagine a broadcast storm with 5000 hosts on a single broadcast domain switched network. It would be a nightmare to try to resolve. Even with chassis switches that have 240 host interfaces that is over 20 switches, and you need to isolate each switch until you find the one with the problem. That takes a lot of downtime from the storm and trying to resolve it, and businesses can lose millions of dollars per minute of downtime. Routers will break up the broadcast domains so such problems are much smaller and easier to resolve, not affecting the entire company. – Ron Maupin Sep 22 '20 at 13:58 – Ron Maupin Dec 17 '20 at 21:32 A good, if basic question. A single LAN or layer 2 domain can be defined as having the following characteristics: 1. All hosts can directly address each other, using their layer 2 protocol address (In the case of Ethernet, it's called the MAC address). 2. Any host can send a broadcast to all other hosts on the network. As the number of hosts increases, this begins to cause problems. 1. Switches need to keep track of all the MAC addresses on the network, so they know which port to send the dat out of. 2. If a switch doesn't know the MAC address of the destination, it finds it by broadcasting the data frame to every host on the network. 3. Every time a host moves, disconnects, or connects to the network, all the switches need to update their information about the host. 4. A network problem, like a loop or misbehaving host, affects all the other hosts on the network. A host in one building will affect every other building in the network. This is why a LAN is sometimes called a "failure domain." To increase reliability, reduce the amount of broadcast traffic (that affects every host), and to reduce the amount of memory and processing power a switch needs, organizations will break up their network into smaller networks, and use routers to interconnect them. When there are multiple routers, they use a routing protocol to learn which networks each others are connected to. • But this broadcast problem is caused by ARP, right? Are there any other ways to fill up the MAC table without using ARP? – Noob_Guy Sep 19 '20 at 3:44 • @Noob_Guy no there's many protocol that use broadcasts, DHCP, for example, by its very nature. – JFL Sep 22 '20 at 11:13 • There's also a huge security dimension to the network segmentation. – JFL Sep 22 '20 at 11:16 To build secure , optimise. , reliable network we should use routers , switches and firewalls devices by connecting accordinglly to our design and as per business requirement we can secure our networks from threat hackers and moreover we can fullfill our business requirements as required ISP will provide internet connectivity feasibility .But its our responsibility to distribute this ISP among 5000 employees in building for establishing this requirement we requires layer2 switches where as each employee workstation is connected with each layer2 switch port. Assume for 5000 employee 5000 switch ports are used . Layer3 device router is used to interconnect all layer2 switches . Routing protocols are configured in router for forward outbound and inbound traffic from and towards ISP. we can choose any routing protocols like static , RIP, EIGRP ,OSPF as per our business requirements .. Nating is enable in router to hide private subnet of LAN and natting and access-list is used to translated public to private ip address and to control traffic for all this configuration router is must . A routing protocol is a protocol between routers to exchange their routing information/tables. OSPF is one of those protocols that's very popular for internal route exchange (an interior gateway protocol IGP). Running a routing protocol is only necessary on a larger network where it becomes impractical to manually configure routes. ISPs need to exchange routes on another level and with more control. They use an exterior routing protocol EGP, must prominently BGP. Routers use no special protocol for their forwarding - routing is a mechanism in IP. Switches create segments on the data link layer. All nodes share a common broadcast domain and everyone can directly talk to anyone else. Usually, you'd want some control over your network: Put IP phones in one network, normal users in another and security-sensitive devices in yet another. Traffic between those networks - across a router - can be controlled by policies. Also, a single, giant broadcast domain doesn't scale well. It's very common to limit each segment to roughly 200 devices (a /24 IP subnet). Anyone building a network for 5000 users (across numerous buildings and probably several geographic locations) with just a single segment seriously needs to be fired. Your Answer
The way the Injection Moulding Machine works Injection molding is the world’s most widely used production method when it comes to creating plastic products and parts. But how does an injection molding machine actually work? How do the different machines differ from each other? And how big does your production series need to be before injection molding becomes cost effective? The way the injection moulding machine works An injection molding machine works like a large-scale press. After liquid plastic has been injected into the mold, the injection molding machine keeps it closed and stable at full force. The cycle starts when the machine is filled with granules. The granules are sprayed into the cylinder, where they are heated until the material is liquid. The screw located in the cylinder compresses the material at the front of the cylinder. The compressed liquid polymer is then injected into the mold cavity. When it is completely full, the machine maintains the strong pressure. This is an essential step to compensate for material shrinkage. The screw then reverses for another shot of granules in the cylinder. The product in the mould cools down, and when the temperature of the product is low enough, pens push the product out of the machine. Now the machine is ready for the next product. How do injection molding machines differ from each other? The big difference between injection molding machines is the amount of closing pressure they can deliver. This pressure keeps the mold closed during the injection molding process. The pressure can range from 5 tons to more than 3000. In order to produce without problems, the pressure must be high enough to keep the mold closed while the liquid plastic is sprayed into it. Want to know how much pressure you need for your product? This is determined by the size of the product and the number of cavities in the mold. As a rule of thumb: closing force = injection pressure x projected surface of the product x safety factor. The safety factor is often set at 1.5. But remember: the raw material also plays an important role in determining the optimal closing pressure. When the material is very rigid, then it will need a little more pressure to successfully fill the mold. injection molding construction site What production volume is needed to take advantage of injection molding? Injection molding is a production method to produce high volumes of identical products at high speed. Although the building of tools (such as a mold) requires an investment, you benefit from a low cost per product. Fortunately, nowadays some injection molding companies have optimised their production process so that the method is profitable for lower volumes as well. These days it is possible to produce a series of only a 1000 pieces efficiently. Are you in any doubt? Your injection mold partner will help you select the right mold, design and suitable material for the production quantity you need. Let us help you to produce your plastic product
Lighting up the Ideal Home \| Episode 2: What are the specific applications for distributed PV power generation? As of now, more than one million households in China have installed distributed Solar PV applications. LONGi’s distributed solar PV solutions have been deployed worldwide, ushering in an era in which solar energy is accessible to everyone. In this second of a series of articles, we focus on specific applications for distributed PV. 1. Grid-connected application Grid-connected distributed PV power generation refers to a system that is installed near its users and generally runs in parallel with MV and LV distribution networks. Users can make use of the electricity generated themselves, sell surplus electricity to the grid or buy from the grid when they have insufficient power. (Schematic of grid-connected distributed PV for industrial and commercial purposes) 2. Off-grid application Off-grid distributed PV power generation refers to a system which uses its own power generation and energy storage systems to directly supply power to users, with no connection to a large power grid. It is mostly used in remote and island areas. (Schematic of off-grid distributed PV) 3. Multi-energy complementary microgrid application A multi-energy complementary microgrid refers to a system composed of a mixture of distributed PV and wind energy, hydro power or other energy generation modes. In this form, the distributed PV system can either be operated independently as a microgrid, or connected to a power grid. (Schematic of multi-energy complementary microgrid) Where does the application of distributed PV apply? The application of distributed PV is flexible, from city to country and from factory to villa. 1. Industrial plant: Because of the large electrical load, energy generated by a distributed PV grid-connected system will mainly be consumed locally, saving electricity costs. 2. Commercial building: similar to industrial parks, with cement roofs more advantageous for installing PV arrays. 3. Agricultural facility: located at the end of the public power grid, the construction of a distributed PV system in a rural area can improve power security and quality. 4. Municipal public building: suitable for centralized parallel construction of distributed PV, with relatively reliable user loads and commercial behaviour. 5. Remote farming, pastoral areas and islands: far from the power grid and with difficulty in accessing electricity. Off-grid photovoltaic and complementary microgrid systems are particularly suitable for these areas. (Industrial Plants – Guangzhou Alibaba Cainiao Logistics Park) (Commercial Buildings – Hong Kong Oceanic Industrial Centre) (Agricultural Facilities – Duqu Town Project, Chang’an District, Xi’an) (Municipal Public Buildings-Australian Hospital Rehabilitation Center Project) (Remote Farming, Pastoral Areas and Islands – Hainan Baisha Poverty Alleviation Project) Source: LONGi Note to readers: • Please click the share buttons below and make a comment. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The Mathematics Puzzle Cover Up It is crucial to point out at this phase, that though we’re concentrating here on mathematical problem solving, lots of the strategies and techniques that are employed in mathematics are employed in any sort of problem. In the event the mathematical vocabulary inside the dilemma is of specific concern, then key terms ought to be revised. Finally, you should know whatever math is beneath your domain of programming. Regarding the middle part, it’s up to the reader to work out. The notion of collective comprehension and the part of society in individual understandings is hinted at too. This produces better understanding and offers a good base for later learning. Your aim is to determine which options are linked together based on a collection of given clues. Particular emphasis is put on company and societal applications. If you can’t compete at Stanford, you can see the problems and solutions online shortly after the decision of the contest. What You Should Do About Mathematics Puzzle Beginning in the Next 8 Minutes The point is to carry out this mental addition as fast as you can while remaining accurate. Every application example throughout the remaining part of the text follows the measures provided in this outline to be able to clearly model the problem-solving procedure. For instance, when trying to find a puzzle piece for a particular position of a puzzle, the youngster is going to learn how to reason up the form and color of the piece needed. Math crossword puzzles can incorporate math vocabulary, story complications, or even equations. Because of the way that it works, no worksheet is the exact same, which usually means you truly have unlimited number of worksheets you could download. The printable algebra worksheets will supply you with tons of math difficulties. It does seem to have a while for the two teachers and children to find the feel of how it works. Puzzles to help children enhance their language ability in a detailed way. Hopefully after doing a great deal of examples the children will begin to find some patterns. You are able to also use the reward and punishment method to create the kids’ spirit higher. Growing up was an amazing fun. Surely the kids are going to adore the learning activities. Actually there’s just one rule, The Tilt Rule. Solutions are included at the rear of the PDF. Sign In Instructions If you’re a first-time user of Submittable, click the category that you want to submit to. Please, please, please don’t email me in case you have any issues with the Tarsia Jigsaw software. On this page you’ll find links to all my Tarsia files, together with hints and strategies for making the most out of this remarkable bit of completely free software. You are able to open the printable PDF files in lots of completely free programs. In each puzzle you’re given a string of categories, and an equal number of alternatives within each category. Those games utilize the very same rules as with frequent playing cards below but with little modifications for Blink cards. The 2 numbers in the blanks can’t be just any number. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Mathematics Puzzle Quite simply, though a question is all about an academic subject, ultimately, it is not testing your understanding of that topic. Suppose you have to pause for some time period, say to tie your shoe. A few replied with the incorrect answer. You just need to give it a go. Becoming good at math is very good, but not crucial. It’s possible to spend days and weeks or maybe a whole lifetime exploring them. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Mathematics Puzzle Simply take a look on time is operating. There isn’t any time limit, therefore a careful and measured approach is definitely the best way to go here. Extensions A big extension of the issue, which can turn it into a prolonged investigation, comes from noticing a link in the important numbers of the issue. The Importance of Mathematics Puzzle You will also learn that behind even the easiest games lies proof of precisely how beautiful and far-reaching mathematics is in your daily life. After the jigsaw was completed, then they have a lovely record of their work. So pick colorful and exciting on-line jigsaw puzzles and receive the little ones started. It is possible to become as many hints as you require, but you should make an effort to fix the puzzle yourself. If you are totally stumped, it is possible to simply ask to display the right solution, and attempt to play the game again. Don’t neglect to explore this website, to figure out the other games out there. This statement rings true in the event of students solving math problems in today’s classroom. Very little encouragement was given to cooperation in the conventional didactic approach to teaching mathematics. While modeling a math problem, consider using the following strategies to help they learn a wide range of ways to solve problems. Homeschooling parents will find that if it comes to deciding on the curriculum for math, there’s an enormous variety available. Most teaching resources available on the internet are in a format that is simple to use and access. If multiple backers request exactly the same number, the first backer has priority. It’s meant for students who have taken a calculus program, and are considering learning what higher mathematics is about. One of these is that a lot of teachers don’t actually understand what problem solving is. The degree of preparation is amazing.
Editorial Feature How are Nanobiosensors Used in Plant Biology and Agriculture? Image Credit: MrDDK/Shutterstock.com The rapid increase in the world’s population has subsequently increased the demand for food supply. Farmers often lose their agricultural produce due to pathogenic infestations, poor soil conditions, water, and environmental factors. Scientists believe nanobiosensors can play a crucial role in revolutionizing the farming system by determining threats to prevent agricultural loss. What are Nanobiosensers? Nanobiosensors are chemical sensors that are highly sensitive to a physical or chemical stimulus. Minor changes in bioactive compounds, metabolism transformations, heat and pH concentrations activate them. These changes are indicative of the vital processes or physiological changes in a plant. For example, changes in phytohormone concentrations, which are signaling molecules of a plant, act as biomarkers. These sensors detect such signals and convert them to standardized signals (e.g., electrical) to be subsequently analyzed in a digital platform. Advantages of Nanobiosensors and their Applications Nanobiosensors determine the shelf life of fruits, seed viability, nutrient deficiency, and biotic and abiotic stresses. The main benefits of nanobiosensors are as follows: • Rapid • Low-cost diagnostic system • Portable • Real-time monitoring • Remote control Several nanobiosensors have been designed for agricultural diagnosis and are based on the transduction mechanism. The biosensors are activated with minor changes in the analytes and display as optical or electrical outputs. The sensors' specificity increases using biospecific recognition factors such as antibodies, DNA oligos, enzymes, and aptamers. The efficiency of the nanobiosensor can be improved by using surface plasmon resonance (optical properties). The use of graphene or electron-conductive nanosized materials called carbon nanotubes also enhances the sensor's sensitivity as these materials act as transducers. Different types of nanobiosensors are helpful for plant development. Some of the nanobiosensors used to monitor plant development (directly or indirectly) are discussed below. Plant Wearables Scientists have developed different types of plant wearables that are based on lightweight and ultra-thin nanobiosensors. They have become the new frontier of crop diagnostics and are flexible devices attached directly to plant tissues (e.g., leaves) for real-time monitoring. There are several types of wearable nanobiosensors available such as a graphene-based wearable nanosensor that can monitor water evaporation from plant leaves. This nanosensor works on the mechanism based on changes in graphene's electrical resistance in varied humid conditions. Another type of lightweight plant wearable nanobiosensor monitors a plant's local microclimate, humidity, and temperature, indirectly promoting plant growth. A butterfly-shaped multipurpose sensor, which measures temperature and humidity, prints 180 nm-thick gold electrodes onto flexible polyimide (PI)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives Metal or Metalloid Nanoparticles based Nanobiosensors Nanoparticles, such as Au, Ag, Si, Pt, and many other metal oxide nanoparticles, are commonly used to develop biosensors. They recognize signal transducers and ligands such as antibodies or DNA oligos to detect and quantify molecular targets. Some of the commonly used metal/metalloid nanoparticles used in nanobiosensors are discussed below: • Ag nanorods are used for the identification of various plant pathogens. These nanoparticles can also detect toxins using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. • Researchers use Pt nanosensors to detect bacterial infection in soil and vegetables. This nanobiosensor can be functionalized with IgG antibodies using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. • Fluorescent Si nanoparticles conjugated with a secondary antibody to detect plant pathogens such as Xanthomonas campestris. This bacterium causes bacterial spot disease in the nightshade plant. • Au nanoparticles conjugated with a specific single-stranded DNA detect Ralstonia solanacearum. This bacterium causes bacterial wilt disease in potato. Quantum Dots-Based Nanobiosensors Quantum dots (1–10 nm) are semiconductor nanocrystals extensively used in the development of optical nanosensors. These sensors are used for disease identification and biosensing because of their unique phytophysical properties. Quantum dots are less cytotoxic and are highly biocompatible. These characteristics make them highly advantageous for bacterial and fungal imaging. Researchers have developed a paper-based quantum dots biosensor attached with an appropriate probe to detect plants’ response to extreme environmental conditions. Array-Based Nanobiosensors Array-based nanobiosensors are particularly advantageous in distinguishing highly similar analyte mixtures due to their cross-reactivity and ability to measure molecular fingerprints. Scientists have profiled the diseased plant's metabolic activity, especially the production and concentration of the characteristic volatile compounds. This observation is used for the detection of various other plant diseases and abiotic stress. The volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as ethylene and terpenes, act as biomarkers. A nanoplasmonic sensor array that consists of Au nanoparticles and a molecularly imprinted sol-gel selectively detects terpenes. The plasmonic nanoparticles are used for the early detection of tomato late blight. This sensor identifies the particular type of fungal pathogen. This is important because many fungal pathogens show a similar kind of symptom and incorrect identification can become misleading regarding the determination of treatment. When this Au nanoplasmonic sensor comes into contact with a specific leafy VOC, it produces unique patterns of color changes for each VOC. A smartphone microscope scans the sensor's output and identifies the plant pathogens and abiotic stresses such as drought and nutrition deficiency. Commercially Available Nanobiosensors NT Sensors NT Sensors is a Spanish startup company involved in developing nanotube-based sensors that can quantify the agricultural field's ion concentration in real-time. This nanosensor can also determine the ionic strength of the drainage and identify the waste points. The NT nanosensor monitors macronutrients and water content, which is especially useful during poor agricultural seasons. Lack of proper and sufficient fertilizers, nutrients, and water could bring about a massive decrease in agricultural production. This sensor ensures appropriate nutritional conditions and water content required for crop production. NanoLabs is a Spanish engineering nanotechnology-based company. The company has designed a technology named ASAR that aims to reduce water consumption in agricultural fields. NanoLabs also focuses on reducing the number of fertilizers and pesticides used by determining the soil type and water content. This ensures enhanced crop production. References and Further Readings Dar F.A., Qazi G., Pirzadah T.B. (2020) Nano-Biosensors: NextGen Diagnostic Tools in Agriculture. In: Hakeem K., Pirzadah T. (eds) Nanobiotechnology in Agriculture. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39978-8_7 Zheng, L. et al. (2020). Agricultural nanodiagnostics for plant diseases: recent advances and challenges. Nanoscale Adv. 2,8. 3083-3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00724E NanoLabs [Online] Available at: http://www.nanolabs.es/index_EN.html NT Sensors [Online] Available at: https://www.ntsensors.com/ Dr. Priyom Bose Written by Dr. Priyom Bose • APA Bose, Priyom. (2020, October 20). How are Nanobiosensors Used in Plant Biology and Agriculture?. AZoNano. Retrieved on October 20, 2021 from https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5568. • MLA Bose, Priyom. "How are Nanobiosensors Used in Plant Biology and Agriculture?". AZoNano. 20 October 2021. <https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5568>. • Chicago Bose, Priyom. "How are Nanobiosensors Used in Plant Biology and Agriculture?". AZoNano. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5568. (accessed October 20, 2021). • Harvard Bose, Priyom. 2020. 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Pin It space asteroid Good news! Asteroid Bennu increases chances of crashing into Earth Go off Bennu! If mass wildfires and flooding weren't enough to get your existential cogs turning, there’s now a new threat to keep you up at night. Asteroid Bennu, the half-kilometer space rock hurtling through the solar system, is more likely to crash into Earth than previously thought. But don’t spiral just yet: Scientists reported that the odds are still low that Bennu will hit us in the next century. The chances of the asteroid clobbering into Earth have risen from 1-in-2,700 to 1-in-1,750 over the next century or two. But scientists now have a much better idea of Bennu’s path because of data gathered by NASA’s Osiris-Rex spacecraft. “So I think that overall, the situation has improved,” he added. Osiris-Rex is currently headed back to Earth after collecting samples from Bennu – which is considered one of the two most hazardous known asteroids in our solar system. The samples will arrive in 2023 and will help scientists in predicting the asteroid’s orbital path. Bennu will have a close run-in with Earth in 2135 when it passes within half the distance of the moon. Earth’s gravity could alter its future path and put it on a collision course with Earth in the 2200s. But this is less likely now based on Osiris-Rex findings. If Bennu did come crashing down into Earth, NASA maintains that it wouldn’t wipe out life dinosaur-style, but rather create a crater around 10 to 20 times the size of the asteroid. The area of devastation would be 100 times the size of the crater. According to Lindley Johnson, NASA's planetary defense officer, scientists are already ahead of the curve with Bennu, which was discovered in 1999. This increases the chances of pushing them out of Earth’s orbit. “One hundred years from now, who knows what the technology is going to be?” he said. In November, NASA plans to launch a mission to knock an asteroid off-course by hitting it. The experimental target will be the moonlet of a bigger space rock. Elsewhere, NASA is currently looking for people to spend a year pretending to live on Mars in the name of science. If that seems like something you’d be interested in, applications are now open.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA, is what makes up your biological self. DNA can also provide information about your health, growth, and aging. Given the increase in at-home DNA testing kits — typically done with saliva samples — many wonder whether home urine testing could offer the same results. Urine does contain small amounts of DNA, but not nearly as much as blood or saliva. DNA also deteriorates more quickly in urine, making it difficult to extract and produce reliable test results. Keep reading to learn more about the DNA in your urine, and what clues it can offer to your overall health. DNA is made up of nucleotides, including 2-deoxyribose, nitrogen bases, and phosphate groups. The exact markers in each strand of DNA are measured through the blood with the help of white blood cells and epithelial cells, which are found in the surface layers of your skin. In addition to blood, DNA can also be found in saliva, hair follicles, and decomposing bones. While DNA can be found in urine, it’s directly related to the presence of epithelial cells, and not the urine itself. In fact, DNA can often be better detected in female urine because women may have higher epithelial cell counts that enter their urine from vaginal walls. It’s difficult to detect DNA in urine. Low white blood cell and epithelial cell counts can affect DNA in the urine. DNA can also deteriorate quicker in urine, making it more challenging to extract biomarkers before they lose their integrity. Some research suggests that there could be promise with DNA extraction from urine, but there are some caveats: • First- or second-morning urine may contain the highest yield, and the sample tends to be best preserved at temperatures of -112°F (-80°C). Sodium additives may also be used for further preservation. • The researchers also found differences in DNA yield based on gender. First-morning urine had the most DNA in males, while afternoon urine produced higher DNA yields in women. While it’s possible to extract DNA from urine, the conditions aren’t ideal. Other more reliable sources, such as blood, can produce higher yields without the risk of biomarker degradation. However, some studies suggest that a urine DNA sample may be helpful if other types of samples aren’t available. Urine tests may be able to detect DNA fragments, but the results may not be as clear as they could be in blood tests. Urine samples can, however, be used to detect certain diseases and health conditions, including: When considering DNA extraction, a urine sample isn’t the best source to use. Blood is the most reliable source of DNA, followed by saliva and hair follicles. If you’re interested in DNA testing, talk to a doctor about these options. Still, urine samples shouldn’t be disregarded entirely. They can offer clues to your overall health, and may even help your doctor diagnose certain diseases and conditions. As research continues, it’s possible that we will see more urine-based DNA tests in the future. If you’re suspicious about any potential health concerns, your doctor will likely start with blood and urine tests. If you’re interested in DNA markers for potential future diseases that you may be genetically predisposed to, consider seeing a specialist for a blood test.
The right to be forgotten provided under Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was found by the Swedish Data Protection Authority (DPA) to be violated by the famous search result giant Google. What is 'right to be forgotten'? For the first time, the right to be forgotten appeared in 2014 in the EU. found for the first time in the case of Google Spain v Mario Costeja Gonzalez (Case C-131/12) (the Google Case), which was reinforced in 2018 under Article 17 of GDPR1. Right to be forgotten gives individuals the right to have their personal data erased/deleted without undue delay, however, this right is not absolute and can be qualified under certain circumstances as specified in GDPR. What was the result of Swedish DPA's inspection? It all started in 2017 when Swedish DPA initiated an inspection in relation to the way Google handles individuals' rights to have their search result listings for searches which include their names removed from Google search engine, provided under the GDPR. Throughout the inspection the Swedish DPA found out that Google in several cases failed to fulfill its obligations to delist certain names of individuals from its search engine and ordered it to do so. After some indication received by the Swedish DPA in relation to Google's failure to comply with previous orders, the Swedish DPA decided to initiate another inspection in 2018. As a result, it was found that Google did not follow the previous order to delist certain names of individuals from its search engine and issued a fine of approximately 7 million Euros for failure to comply with GDPR. How are search results being removed? In common practice, organisations that collect and process personal data such as Google, they notify the webmaster when removing a search result in order for the webmaster to know which webpage link was deleted to republish the webpage that was removed. When Google removes a search result listing, it notifies the website owner to which the link is directed in a way that gives the site owner knowledge of which webpage link was removed, as well as who was behind it. This permits the site owner to re-publish the web address that will then be displayed in a Google search, thereby republishing the same information without correction and undermining the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten. Google appears to have no lawful basis to inform websites' owners when search results were delisted. Since they used personal data to inform the site owners, this can be regarded as using the personal data beyond its original purpose which is a violation of GDPR. How is the right to remove search result listings exercised? Since 2014 when the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ECJ) in the case of the Google Case ruled that individuals may request search engine provider to remove search listing that contains the name of an individual in case the listing is inappropriate, irrelevant, no longer relevant or excessive, millions of requests were received by Google for removal of search result listings but not all of them were removed. The right to have search results removed is not absolute. The exercise of this right stops when processing of personal data is necessary for one of the following purposes: • In order to comply with a legal obligation; • For the performance of task carried out in the public interest; • For the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims; • For archiving purposes in scientific research historical research or statistical purposes where erasure is likely to render the achievement of that data processing; • To exercise the right of freedom of expression and information. What was the judgment of Google Case? In the Google Case, the ECJ weighted the protection of privacy against the freedom of speech and concluded that the protection of privacy is more important than the search engine providers interests and the wider public interest in accessing information. The ECJ held that Google should de-index that specific search query for searches made from Sweden. Furthermore, it concluded that the Swedish DPA cannot request Google to de-index this result in respect of countries other than Sweden. It can be concluded from the judgment that the right to be forgotten is not a right that can be exercised worldwide, it only applies to countries within the EU. European data regulators are not in the position to determine the search results that internet users around the world get to see, they should only be able to delist websites within their country's jurisdiction. The obligation to regulate global searches as per the order of the DPA with a place of establishment within a member state would mean that national legislation of all Member States would be applicable. This may ruin the legal certainty and result in chaos where organisations will not be able to foresee or predict whether they can be responsible for processing personal data. 1Article 17 of the GDPR provides that "The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay and the controller shall have the obligation to erase personal data without undue delay". Full Article 17 on the right to be forgotten can be found here.
Between 5% and 10% of lung cancer tumors have a hereditary origin \| \| May 31 is celebrated on World No Tobacco Day, a day in which it is necessary to remember the tumor that causes the highest number of deaths in Spain: lung cancer. This is one of the most harmful because it has high figures both in frequency of occurrence in the population and in mortality. And on many occasions it could be avoided by just leaving the tobacco aside. For example, a button: according to the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), the increase in tobacco consumption among women, started decades ago, is closely linked to the increase in lung cancer deaths among them. Between 2003 and 2012 it has gone from 7.6 to 11.6 deaths per 100,000 women. The SEOM also estimates that between 80% and 90% of lung cancers develop in smokers or in people who have stopped smoking recently. The World Health Organization (WHO) agrees and assures, in addition, that about a third of deaths from cancer are due to avoidable causes, among which is included smoking. That is, the facts show that one of the best ways to prevent the onset of the disease is to stop smoking. Prevention measures While there are hereditary factors that would determine the genome and lead to the development of cancer, most cancers respond to a genetic factor, but not a hereditary one: only between 5% and 10% of tumors have a hereditary origin. So, what is in our power to do to prevent, as far as possible, this pathology? • Give up smoking: significantly reduces the risk of developing this pathology. The person should do a tobacco cessation treatment, on the one hand, and take medical control and drug treatment against nicotine addiction through patches and some drugs such as varenicline and bupropion. • Avoid radon: a radioactive gas that is found in rocks and soil. It is invisible and odorless, you can only determine its presence by measuring its levels. Exposure to radon combined with smoking increases the risk of lung cancer even more significantly. • Living in areas without pollution: It is preferable to live in areas that contain abundant green areas because they offer a cleaner and oxygenated air. • Avoid carcinogens Asbestos and other substances present in industry or mining related to lung tumor. This group also includes arsenic, uranium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates and some petroleum and coal products. • Pay attention to other minerals: People with silicosis and berylliosis, who suffer from lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain minerals, have a higher risk of lung cancer. Individual protection measures are needed, such as masks, and collective, such as filters and air purifiers in the work areas, which remove harmful particles from the environment. • Eat a healthy diet: it is advisable to eat antioxidant and anticancer vegetables and fruits such as broccoli, cabbage, red cabbage, cauliflower, mushrooms and mushrooms, red fruits, citrus fruits, pomegranate, apples, purple grapes and custard apple. Also spinach, which are rich in mineral salts and trace elements, contain vitamins A and C and are a good source of iron. • Perform physical exercise: it must be constant and regular, preferably in walks through green areas due to the greater amount of oxygen. • Pay attention to recurrent inflammation: Tuberculosis and some types of pneumonia often leave scars on the lung. These increase the risk that the person develops a specific type of lung cancer; the adenocarcinoma. • Use talcum powder as little as possible: Studies carried out on miners and millers of talc suggest that they have a higher risk of developing the pathology due to exposure to talc of industrial quality. In addition, in its natural form this powder can contain asbestos. On the other hand, lung cancer patients can take advantage of the benefits of genomics and precision medicine to find an optimal treatment customized for each case. To date, there are more than 10 genetic mutations associated with lung cancer that regulate determining processes such as the proliferation and survival of tumor cells, which are decisive in the development of the pathology. There are mutations in genes such as EGFR, ALK or ROS1 that predict the sensitivity and efficacy of new targeted treatments that directly attack tumor cells, producing fewer side effects in the patient, therefore, improving their quality of life and saving costs to the patient. system in general. Adriana Terrádez is the director of OncoDNA for Spain and Portugal (formerly BioSequence), she is a born entrepreneur and the pioneer in Spain of the introduction of advanced genomic diagnostic tools for the personalized treatment of cancer patients. Osvaldo Batocletti, legend of Tigres, dies Bacterial resistance could overcome cancer as a cause of death by 2050 Leave a Comment
Bald Eagles California Trail In the Zoo 30-36 inches 35-38 inches 7-14 pounds 7-14 pounds 5-6 years 5-6 years Geographic Range Canada, Mexico, Saint Pierre & Miquelon, United States (Vagrant in Belize, Bermuda, Ireland, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Virgin Islands) Scientific Information Scientific Name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus Lifestyle and Lifespan Activity Time Frame: Sexual Dimorphism: 35 days Lifespan in the Wild: 15-25 years Lifespan in Captivity: 50 years Least Concerned Habitat Loss Adults are identified by the white head and tail with a large, yellow bill. Juveniles are mostly dark, with blotchy white on underwing coverts, axillaries and tail. Often confused with Golden Eagle juveniles, but they have a more sharply defined pattern. Bald eagles also have a larger head and shorter tail. Species Specifics There are 59 species of eagles; bald eagles fall under the 'sea eagle' grouping. Physical Characteristics Powerful feet with sharp talons & spicules (bumps on bottom of feet that help to grip food), and strongly hooked beaks for tearing up their food. They also have the stamina and ability to migrate (though they take advantage of updrafts whenever possible). Mostly near water, including rivers, lakes, and coastal sites to an altitude of 6,500 feet Home Range: Minimum territory size (defended part of home range) is estimated at ~150 acres. Entire home ranges are known to be about 5,000 acres, though vary depending on area, season, food availability, and breeding status. Carnivorous, Mostly fish and carrion Ecological Web Considered an apex predator in their food web, though they are also scavengers. They remove disease and chemicals from the ecosystems by eating carrion (and build up high levels of chemicals in their own bodies). Activity and Behavior Activity Pattern Diurnal; move out in early in the morning to forage. They frequently sit in a favored perch tree away from disturbance and after a meal they will spend most of the day sunning, preening, and, if the weather is too warm, they may perch in the shade under the crown of a tree. In winter, large numbers of bald eagles gather at the spawning grounds of salmon. Hundreds of salmon die shortly after spawning, which makes it easy for the eagles to feed on dead or dying fish on the shore, without entering the water. They also steal food from other predatory birds and often fight among themselves for food. Regularly pirates prey from conspecifics and other raptors, especially Osprey Social Behavior Solitary or in pairs when breeding, though nests are sometimes in very loose, small colonies. Winter roosts can hold 1,000+ individuals where there are abundant food sources. Reproductive Behavior Courtship displays commonly involve the male diving at the female flying below. She rolls and raises her legs to him and they can grasp talons and fall toward the ground. They nest in mature or old-growth trees, snags, cliffs, rock promontories, and artificial structures (such as power poles and communication towers). Usually nests are about 4-6 feet in diameter and 3 feet deep and frequently return to the same nest every year. Each season they add more material and nest can weigh half a ton. The largest nest measured was nearly 10 feet wide and over 19.5 feet deep. Generally 1-3 (though 4 have been recorded). Approximately 70% survive their first year of life. Listed as Least Concern by IUCN; CITES Appendix II, protected under Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Bald & Golden Eagle Protection Act; Population Trend: Increasing The Bald Eagle is the national animal of the United States of America. It was also chosen in 1782 as the emblem of the United States of America, because of its long life, great strength and majestic looks. The bald eagle plummeted from abundance to endangered status; only 417 pairs were left in 1963. DDT was the main reason for the decline, causing non-viable eggs, but the Bald Eagle story is one of SUCCESS and shows that recovery is possible when we have the Endangered Species Act and local institutions that can help. Bald Eagles are breeding once again in Central California Coast Region, thanks to a successful re-introduction project conducted by Ventana Wildlife Society, in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish and Game. While their goal was to get to 4 breeding pair, there are now over 30 and counting! This was the biggest Bald Eagle rebound in California. Current Threats Our Role Oakland Zoo supports Ventana Wildlife Society who has successfully worked to increase bald eagle populations. Oakland Zoo works to spread the word about rat poison and its deadly effect on raptors. No items found. How You Can Help Fascinating Facts The golden eagle is the only North American member of a large worldwide group of 'true' eagles, thought to be closely related to buteos. Conversely, the bald eagle is a member of a group known as fish-eagles, which are thought to be more closely related to kites. Chosen as the national bird of the United States on June 20, 1782. Several people opposed this idea, including Benjamin Franklin. A century later, ornithologist Arthur Cleveland Bent said bald eagles "hardly inspire respect and certainly do not exemplify the best in American character." Bald eagles are considered 'lazy' because they pirate food so often and eat carrion. What we consider as laziness is actually competence. Inept birds waste energy searching for food; adult eagles are free to sit and conserve energy precisely because they can secure food at will. The scientific name translates to sea (halo) eagle (aeetos) with a white (leukos) head (cephalus) National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (4th Edition) Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide Audubon 2007 BLM Bald Eagle A Grosset All-Color Guide: Birds of Prey 1970 Encyclopedia of Birds: A Comprehensive Illustrated Guide by International Experts (2nd Edition) 1998. Raptors of the World. James Ferguson-Lees ad David A. Christie 2001 Reader's Digest Book of North American Birds. 1990. US Fish and Wildlife Service Bald Eagle Fact Sheet The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour. Chris Elphick, John B. Dunning, Jr., David Sibley 2001
Can Service Dogs Help STEM Professionals? a STEM professional with her service dog at orlando science center Learn how service dogs can help people with disabilities breakdown barriers! Have you ever seen a person using a service animal? Why do some people have animals that help them complete tasks? When most people think of service animals, what probably comes to mind is a person who is blind using a seeing-eye dog, but there are a wide variety of disabilities and medical conditions where a service animal can be used to help people. People who have disabilities sometimes use service animals, like dogs, to help them complete day-to-day tasks easily. Service dogs are specifically trained to help their owners complete tasks they would not be able to do independently; like open a door, bring them their car keys, and even guide a person who is blind across a street. Some dogs can detect when a person’s heart rate lowers, or when they are showing signs of anxiety from previous trauma. The dogs can alert their owners, and they can then take medications they need, prevent an anxiety attack, or get to a safe space away from people. Service dogs are “tasked trained” meaning there is a specific task or behavior they have been trained to perform to help their owner. This is what separates them from just your average pet dog. Not every person with a disability needs a service dog, but some people can’t imagine trying to live their life without one! Sierra Middleton was an animal care intern at Orlando Science Center where she helped to clean enclosures, walk animals outdoors, provide a science learning experience for guests, performed water chemistry testing, and learned how to train exotic animals, accompanied by her loyal service dog, Duke. To me, Duke is more than just my service dog - he’s my lifeline in a lot of ways. He means an increased quality of life; helping me with things every day as simple as picking up my dropped phone to as great as alerting me to an impending medical episode. The many ways I have trained him to help mitigate my disabilities have certainly helped me in more ways than I can count, but in all honesty it was the mere existence of his unconditional love that acted as a light at the end of a long, dark tunnel. Sierra Middleton OSC Intern & Volunteer a STEM professional with her service dog Learn More!
Diabetes xmas recipes What is type 2 Diabetes? All of us need insulin to live. It does an essential task. It permits the glucose in our blood to enter our cells and sustain our bodies. When you have type 2 diabetes, your body still breaks down carbohydrate from your food and drink and turns it into glucose. Due to the fact that this insulin can’t work appropriately, your blood sugar levels keep increasing. Is type 2 diabetes major? Handling type 2 diabetes Knowing how to cope with type 2 diabetes can be challenging, however we’ll assist you to find what works for you. Some individuals can handle it through healthier consuming, being more active or reducing weight. Ultimately a lot of people will need medication to bring their blood sugar down to their target level. Can type 2 diabetes be treated? There is no treatment for type 2 diabetes, however some people are able to put their diabetes into remission. This suggests that your blood glucose levels are healthy and you don’t require to take diabetes medication any more. Remission can be life-altering, however it’s not possible for everybody. Treatments for type 2 diabetes There are a variety of various methods you can deal with type 2 diabetes, such as making healthy way of life choices, using insulin or taking medication. Your health care group will help you to discover the right treatment for you. This can decrease your danger of developing complications and assist you to live well with diabetes. Indications and symptoms of type 2 diabetes. When you have type 2 diabetes your body can’t get enough glucose into your cells, so a typical sign is feeling really tired. There are also other symptoms to watch out for. These include feeling thirsty, going to the toilet a lot and reducing weight without trying to. Some individuals also do not think the symptoms are essential, so don’t request assistance. This suggests some people can live for approximately 10 years with type 2 diabetes before being detected. Danger aspects of type 2 diabetes. There are a number of aspects that can impact your danger of establishing type 2 diabetes. It’s actually crucial to be conscious of these risk elements due to the fact that the symptoms of type 2 diabetes are not constantly apparent. They can include: • your age • Bro, sibling or kid with diabetes if you have a parent • your ethnicity • hypertension • being obese Newly identified with type 2 diabetes. Understanding where to begin following a type 2 medical diagnosis can be an obstacle. You might feel overwhelmed, but it’s crucial to know there isn’t a one-size fits all method to managing the condition. Preventing type 2 diabetes Did you know that around 3 in 5 cases of type 2 diabetes can be avoided or postponed? Our details about avoiding type 2 will show you the steps you can take to minimize your risk of developing the condition. Inspecting your blood glucose levels And we’ve also got more information about what happens your blood sugar level levels get too low, called a hypo, or expensive, called a hyper, so that you understand the signs and indications to watch out for. Living with type 2 diabetes Having type 2 diabetes can bring up lots of concerns about your lifestyle, but we’re here with the answers. From nutritional advice and dishes to help you know what to consume when you have type 2 diabetes, to guidance about keeping active and remaining fit– we’re here to support you. We have actually likewise got more information for different age groups, such as young individuals and older people, in addition to practical school advice for parents of children with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with other health conditions, such as thyroid illness and dental problems. It is essential to be familiar with these, so make sure to read our info about diabetes associated conditions. Your feelings Type 2 diabetes is a complicated condition, and it may appear like there’s a lot of info to take in. If you’re feeling worried or stressed out, we’ve got psychological support and recommendations that you may discover valuable. Diabetes innovation Research into type 2 diabetes
Cheraw Chronicle Complete News World Should men cry more? Showing feelings is not a weakness Should men cry more? Showing feelings is not a weakness Research from Tilburg University reports that women shed tears on average two to five times a month. This is less common for men: once every two months or less. If it were up to theater maker Harpert Michielsen, the guys would let the hikers come a lot. “The crying cycle is actually a call to men that showing emotion is not a weakness,” Michelsen told EditieNL. He drew his inspiration from Noah Valentine’s photo gallery “Crying Boys,” which depicted 21 crying men. crying helps According to the theater maker, crying is quite natural: “Since the Middle Ages there are stories of men who fight, but who also cry because of the suffering they are going through.” But Michaelsen himself has the idea that crying is no longer acceptable. “It’s a shame, because showing emotion is not a weakness, and crying helps when you’re sad. It’s a real expression of emotion, one that you can see from the other: I’m sad, affected and need support,” he says. “I also hear people say it’s comforting, and it’s possible too.” Is crying good? He will work in the course with different techniques of crying. “You start to think about something that really hurts you. You take those feelings with you and trigger them,” he explains. “But there’s also a more physical approach: Let your shoulders drop, your stomach droop, your eyes sink into their sockets, and if you take a deep breath, you’ll also feel an emotion.” But is it really necessary for men to cry more? “You can’t say in general that crying is good for men or for people,” psychology professor Sander Cole of VU University Amsterdam told EditieNL. “It’s really different from person to person.” It is not clear what crying does to humans. “It can be a social signal that something is not right,” says Cole. “You can also feel good about it. But that’s not true for everyone.” See also Friday is getting a little warmer, and Saturday is downright summer Biological differences It is true that there are biological differences between men and women when it comes to their feelings. “For example, women in general are more sensitive to negative emotions and show them more often. So there are definitely biological factors at play,” says the professor. “This difference increases puberty, possibly under the influence of hormones.” But there are also plenty of men who express their negative feelings the same way women do. “That’s why you can’t say men should cry more,” Cole believes. “Some people don’t even cry when someone important to them dies. It’s not because they don’t mind, but because there are huge differences in how people deal with something like this.” Not a perfect picture In his opinion, so there is no suitable model for everyone. “Men who come into this crying cycle may want to learn how to better manifest their negative emotions, and there’s nothing wrong with that at all. But putting this as a picture perfect for all men makes no sense.”
Python: Frozensets - w3resource Python: Frozensets Python sets: Exercise-13 with Solution Write a Python program to use of frozensets. Note: Frozensets behave just like sets except they are immutable. Sample Solution: Python Code: x = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) y = frozenset([3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #use isdisjoint(). Return True if the set has no elements in common with other. #use difference(). Return a new set with elements in the set that are not in the others. #new set with elements from both x and y print(x \| y) Sample Output: frozenset({1, 2}) Note:- Frozensets can be created using the function frozenset(). This datatype supports methods like copy(), difference(), intersection(), isdisjoint(), issubset(), issuperset(), symmetric_difference() and union(). Being immutable it does not have method that add or remove elements. Pictorial Presentation: Python Sets: Frozensets. Visualize Python code execution: Python Code Editor: Previous: Write a Python program to remove all elements from a given set. Next: Write a Python program to find maximum and the minimum value in a set. What is the difficulty level of this exercise? Test your Python skills with w3resource's quiz Python: Tips of the Day While-else construct: i = 5 while i > 1: print("Whil-ing away!") i -= 1 if i == 3: print("Finished up!")
Examples for Thermodynamic Cycles Thermodynamic cycles consist of a sequence of thermodynamic processes. These processes transfer heat and work into and out of the system. Use Wolfram\|Alpha to analyze the thermal efficiency, time evolution and state changes through idealized work cycles such as the Carnot, Rankine and Diesel cycles. Thermodynamic Cycles Compute the properties of the thermal cycles of heat engines, heat pumps and refrigerators. Analyze an Atkinson cycle: Analyze a Brayton cycle: Analyze a Bell–Coleman cycle: Analyze a Carnot cycle: Analyze a Diesel cycle: Analyze an Ericsson cycle: Analyze a Lenoir cycle: Analyze an Otto cycle: Analyze a Rankine cycle: Analyze a Stirling cycle: More examples
136 Famous and Cute Seal Names Famous and Cute Seal Names Seals are pinnipeds that generally look like dogs with no ears. They belong to a group of animals known as pinnipeds that evolved from a single ancestor over 25 million years ago. These animals can either be classified in their own order or the order of the Carnivore. Unlike other sea animals, seals have not severed their links with the land. Once in a while, they return to the ice or land to give birth. Highly synonymous with the cold Arctic and Antarctica waters, seals can also be found in tropical climates with seas and oceans. Interesting Seal Facts Did you know there are over 30 species of seals? Well, now you know. Examples include Harp seal, Harbor seal, Mediterranean monk seal, Northern elephant seal, Ross seal, Hawaiian monk seal, Leopard seal, Crabeater seal, Bearded seal, Galapagos seal, Weddell seal, Spotted seal, among many others. Here are a few other interesting facts about these marine mammals: • In as much as seals spend most of their time underwater, they come on the shore to mate, breed and feed their offsprings. • In order to wade off cold, seals have a protective fur covering as well as blubber (thick mass of fat beneath the skin). However, the blubber is more useful in keeping them warm. • Seals are valuable for their oil and fur. The protective fur is highly valuable and is used in luxury designer coats. The oil is used as a source of fuel, soap manufacturing as well as in nutrition – it contains rich Omega-3 fatty acids. Seals are therefore considered an endangered species due to poaching activities. • Seals can sleep underwater. To prevent drowning, they will close their nostrils when sleeping underwater. • Their whiskers act as antennas that detect vibrations underwater. This helps them to detect prey as well as predators. • Female seals outlive male seals and can live up to 35 years, while male seals 25 years. • The barrel-shaped body of a seal makes it an excellent swimmer and diver. The flippers come in handy to enable the seal wade through the water currents. Do not let their fin-like limbs confuse you into thinking that seals are from the fish family. Seals are actually mammals commonly referred to as pinnipeds (mammals with fins). They are also popular in the world of entertainment and some species are usually trained to do live performances in zoos and conservatories. Besides live performances, animated movies and cartoons are notorious for adapting pinniped characters. Or you have not yet come across a seal character? Well, look no further. Let me enlighten you on several famous and cute seal fictional names as well as pet names you can use on seals, in case you come across one by the seashore. 20 Famous Seal Names Famous Seal Names Jaguar is a name given to the seals that originate from the bearded seal species. These types of seals tend to visit the bays where their solitary fellows look for fish in the shallow waters. Unlike other seals, these are some of the largest. These seals mating songs are also so loud that they can be heard as far as 20 kilometers away. The Monk This name is meant for seals that are classified in the Phocidae family. At birth, these seals grow to about 2.6 feet in length and an average of 7.9 when they are adults. These seals previously had a wide range of habitats including the Atlantic, offshore islands, and even the islands. Their current habitat range has also reduced a great deal and currently includes the Cabo Blanco region. This name simply means to strive for excellence. The name is usually given to seals since they tend to strive for excellence as animals. While this name is suited for the male seals, it can also be given to female seals. Mr. Morton Slumber Although in the film Bond Universe, Mr. Slumber was part and parcel of the diamond smuggling chain; the seal type or version of this does not lead such a life. They are said to be one of the largest seals that have ever existed. They have also transitioned to living in the outdoor pools which are considered huge progress. Lupe Lamora In the film license to kill, Lamora was the girlfriend of the key villain. However, it’s known that she had a thing to bond with others. The characteristics and habits of this woman have, therefore, been used to name this seal. The name Siarl means free man and is originally from welsh. This name is meant for free seals that originally inhabited the shores of the North Atlantic. These seals are large, and therefore they can grow up to 10.8 feet long with the females being approximately 5.2 feet. Apart from fish these seals also prey on sand eels, lobsters, herring, gadids, flatfish, and skates. This name is given to seals with a silverfish kind of skin. As compared to other seals out there, these seals are usually healthy enough hence are capable of surviving even on their own. Currently, so many seals have been named silver. Although this seal prefers to stay on the water, it also spends a fair amount of time on land. While they are quite social, they can also be a bit noisy. With the name coming from its color, this seal is gray in color. Since these seals are large, they can reach even up to 10.8 feet long. Its pups have a sport silky white fur, and they fatten fast due to their mother’s rich milk. As some of the most valuable seals, they are protected both in the US and the UK. Sea Lion The name lion simply means lion. A lion is a figure in art that symbolizes not only courage and grandeur but also kingliness. It’s a name given to seals that are courageous and strong. These seals tend to fight when conventions and rules restrict them. They are also optimistic, intelligent, and make friends easily. Further, these seals may also be restless and changeable. The seal name malachite is derived from the Greek word malachite that means mallow. It’s one of the most preferred names since it’s sweet and memorable. It also has brilliance and a positive vibe. Falling into the mineral and gem category, it’s also a popular name among seals. The name Vivien originates from the Latin word Vivianus. Although it has been used as a popular muscular name for long, nowadays it’s being used as a feminine name. It’s, therefore, mostly meant for female seals. It’s one of the most famous and cute seal names that are being used. This is perhaps the reason why many people love it. There are also certain species of seals known as Baikal. They are given this name because they are the only pinniped seals that are limited to freshwater habitats. Their torpedo-shaped bodies make them some of the greatest swimmers. Their skin furs also have a dark silver grey on the upperparts and yellowing grey on the lower parts of the body. More so, they only inhabit Russia’s lake, which is conserved the oldest and most famous. Ringed seal These are perhaps the smallest type of seals living in both the subarctic and arctic regions. As the smallest of the arctic seas, they have a small head, plump body, and short cat-like snout. They are known as ringed seals since their coat has silver rings on the back and the sides. Apart from resting a lot on an ice floor, they also regularly relocate further north in search of denser ice. Alani is an Irish baby name that means the orange tree. Since those with this name tend to initiate events, it’s a name given to seals that are adventurous and outgoing. They also tend to focus on a specific goal that they need to achieve. They are blessed with a wealth of creative ideas with determination and efficacy that they require to succeed. As unique creative seals, they also tend to resent authority and are sometimes proud, stubborn, and impatient. Chaton is a name that is popularly used for boys. It is, therefore, one of the cutest names that can be given to male seals. Although in some instances it may be used to name female seals, which is quite rare. The seal’s name snow is a girl’s name from the English origin. Since it’s meant for the girls, it’s mostly used for naming female seals. It’s actually a name that feels not only brisk but also pure evocative, fresh and magical in nature. Although it’s a bit rare there a number of seals that have been given this name in the past. This name denotes seals with a very white hair that almost resembled snow. Hooded seal name This seal’s name is generally inspired by the inflatable hood that is present on the head of the adult make seals. This type of seal tends to inhabit deep waters in the north of the Atlantic Ocean. This seal also has a bluish or silver-grey coat with scattered black spots and botches. The hooded seals tend to stay alone hence are antisocial. They are also born in uniquely advanced forms and are weaned within four days. Once their mothers abandon them on the ice they tend to survive on their reserve fats. The seal name Palomina is a girl’s name. Although it may also be used as a males name it’s not commonly used. According to the name, it means that the creature can potentially help. It associates well with people and also has the potential to inspire their creative ability. Their artistic talent and imagination are also of the highest order. The seals named this way may be capable of using and developing their talents throughout their lives. Further, they have a strong awareness of their own feelings as well as the feelings of others. Bearded seal There are also seals named as bearded. They majorly inhabit the shores of the Arctic Ocean. These seals are as bearded since they have abundant and prominent whiskers. The seals normally feed on small prey such as clams, fish and squid. Their whiskers also act as feelers in the sediments. The name Osian is derived from the old Irish Os plus the suffix in which means young dear. Traditional Osian was regarded as one of the greatest poets of Ireland. Since this name means a young dear it’s a name given to seals that resemble young deer in their characteristics and physical features. Did you know that there are seals named leopard? Well, these are the types of seals that appear muscular and large. While their backs are dark grey their stomachs are light grey in nature. Also, their molars are fashioned like those of crabeater seal since they can lock together. They tend to live in the cold waters around the Antarctic and are believed to be some of the most dangerous predators. As a male name, Hedwyn originates from welsh. It’s a name that means fair peace. Although it’s not a common thing, it may sometimes be used as a girl’s name. It’s a name given to seals that tend to be peaceful. 18 Famous Seal Names Inspired From Cartoons and Movies Seal names from cartoons and movies 1. Fluke: Pixar’s sequel to Finding Nemo – Finding Dory, introduced 3 pinnipeds. One of them was Fluke. Truth be told, he was fluked to the sea on a daily basis. 2. Rudder: Fluke’s sunbathing mate in Finding Dory. Rudder and Fluke wanted nothing more than to lounge all day in the sun. 3. Gerald: The third pinniped in Finding Dory. 4. Chip: From the 1987 Japan – American animated series, Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theater. Chip was a white male seal protagonist, synonymous with his tank top with red and yellow stripes. 5. Stefano: In Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted – Stefano comes out as a comical, bubbly character wearing a clown’s frill. When you think of seals, I bet the last thing on your mind is “funny character,” Huh! 6. Hunter: In Penguins of Madagascar, a young leopard seal by the name of Hunter, saves the life of a major character and they end up being close friends. 7. Andre: A 1994 movie by the name Andre, depicts an unlikely friendship between a girl and an ailing seal. The seal is nurtured back to health by the girl’s family. 8. Slappy: In the family-friendly movie – Slappy and the Stinkers, Slappy is a pinniped confined to a circus and goes through mistreatment. A group of concerned children try to rescue and set him free. 9. Sophie: Appearing in both Dr. Dolittle and Doctor Dolittle’s Circus, Sophie is befriended by Dolittle who tries to set her free from the circus life, into her natural habitat – the ocean. 10. Pup: A baby seal who was separated from its mother, is rescued by a Princess in the movie In Search of Santa. It retains the name Pup throughout the movie. 11. Flynn: In the animated series Ice Age, Flynn is a giant elephant seal who portrays the role of a pirate in Ice Age 4: Continental Drift. He is looked upon as the crew’s leader. 12. Sandy: In Sandy the Seal, a lonesome seal is rescued by a lighthouse keeper who takes her home for protection. 13. Wolfgang the Seal: Wolfgang is a stuffed seal muppet who appeared in Sesame Street. He depicts a hyper and excited friend to one of the characters, Zoe. 14. Sneezly: In the cartoon series Breezly and Sneezly, the two main characters are a polar bear called Breezly and his friend Sneezly – a seal who has perpetual bouts of flu causing him to sneeze all the time, hence the name Sneezly. 15. Robby: In Pingu, the penguin Pingu ends up having a seal best friend called Robby. Their friendship is unique since they started off as rivals. Robby used to steal Pingu’s bait while fishing. Robby is also the name of a seal character from the animated cartoon – The Little Polar Bear. Lars (the little polar bear) is Robby’s best friend. 16. Romeo and Juliet: Sealed With a Kiss – In this animation movie, two seal characters named Romeo and Juliet fall in love. Their love is forbidden since their families do not get along. 17. Kotick: Based on Rudyard Kipling’s The White Seal, Kotick is the white seal in the animated movie of the same name. Kotick is depicted as a hero who looks out for other seals. 18. Skaeg: A famous character from the popular Danish comical series – Rasmus Klump. 13 Cute Male Seal Names Cute Male Seal Names 1. Jumbo: A name befitting a male seal. Male seals (bulls) are known by their humongous size compared to female seals. 2. Slouchy Sid: yeah! There is nothing quite as slouchy as a male seal dragging itself across the sandy beaches, am I right? 3. Peeping Joe: Who can resist those big, black eyes that touch your soul? 4. Mr. Flipper: Mmm! Quite an appropriate name for a fin-footed mammal. 5. Willy the Whiskers: Do not be tempted to pluck off those cute protruding whiskers from the seal’s upper lip. 6. Sloppy: There is no better word that describes a seal. 7. Seamus: Seamus the seal depicts the macho male seal species such as the elephant seal. 8. Rusky: For the furred seals, the name Rusky comes in handy! 9. Cecil: Well, Look! Here we have Ce-SEAL! 10. Snoofy: Do not underestimate a seal’s blunt snout. It is very capable of snoofing around for prey! 11. Boogie Woogie: Seals are heavyweights. Male seals can weigh up to 375 pounds. That’s quite a boogie train. 12. Snorky: A popular pastime for seals is snorkeling around in the water! 13. Bulldog: Not a bad name, considering the facial features of a seal resemble those of a dog! You can compare them. 12 Interesting Female Seal Names 1. Bulbous Betty: Well, no one can dispute the rounded figure! 2. Miss. Lazy: Yeah! Today I just want to sunbathe! 3. Blurby: Look at all this belly fat! Blurb! Blurb! 4. Twinkle: Aaaw! Have you ever seen a seal blinking its eyes? They look like twinkling little stars! 5. Cecilia: Hey! Is that you, Ce-SEAL-ia? Nice to see you! 6. Harper: Mmm! I bet Miss. Harper just wants to floss her white furry coat! Do not confuse with Harbor seal, one of the many seal species! 7. Lucille: When you are lost for names to call your female seal, Lu-SEAL will suffice! 8. Smiling Sally: Is it just me or does a seal’s face appears to be smiling all the time? 9. Coco: A female seal is called a cow! You can drop the ‘w’ and oomph it up with ‘coco’. 10. Dorea: Quite a motherly name for a mother seal, don’t you think? 11. Nami: You have to agree that seals are peaceful mammals! Nami sounds peaceful too! 12. Fluffy: You cannot get enough of the warmth given out by this furred and blubbered fluffy mammal. 62 Interesting Seal Names 1. Spotty 2. Mondo 3. Bulky 4. Crabby 5. Wooly 6. Tainty 7. Flusky 8. Patchy 9. Monk 10. Laysie 11. Namaste 12. Sly 13. Hermes 14. Bosco 15. Sifty 16. Channel 17. Bianca 18. Shorty 19. Missy 20. Windy 21. Crusty 22. Streaky 23. Mr. Jaws 24. Raffy 25. Goatee 26. Loner 27. Ringo 28. Miss. Vee 29. Hardy 30. Rocky 31. Harb 32. Robin Hood 33. Flippy 34. Miss. Paley 35. Baikal 36. Plumpy 37. Casper 38. Torpy 39. Sunny 40. Creamy 41. Happy 42. Cuty 43. Atlantis 44. Terry 45. Medi 46. Hawi 47. Troppy 48. Carla 49. Miss. Gray 50. Earl 51. Weddell 52. Padre 53. Trudy 54. Hooky 55. Stella 56. Ferro 57. Flash 58. Horse head 59. Solo 60. Ross 61. Bladdernose 62. Ribbon 7 Cute Baby Seal Names Cute Baby Seal Names 1. Lil’ Huggy: I just want to hug one right now! 2. Squishy: Baby seals are like little masses of jelly that you can squish between your fingers! Do not try that, though! 3. Pup: Baby seals are pups! Don’t go any further if you are looking for a pet name! 4. Sleepy: Have you ever seen a seal lazing around by the seashore? It may not be asleep but it gives off a sleepy look? 5. Snow: Don’t Harp seal pups look like snowballs? Sure, their snow-white fur can easily be mistaken as snow. 6. Cuddle: You cannot resist a seal coming your way. The mass of blubber makes it so cuddly! 7. Peek-a-boo: A perfect playmate for hide and seek. I can guarantee you that those big, black eyes will find you soon. 4 Famous Stuffed Seal Names stuffed toy seal names 1. Flopsie: Oops! I can’t keep still! I am so flopsie! 2. Travel tails: With my wagging tail, I will sail the high seas! 3. Pillow: A huge stuffed seal looks like a pillow! This gives you many options when sleeping. 4. Hug Ems’: Who wouldn’t want to hug a stuffed animal? Our flippered friends are very interesting. Next time you come across one at your local zoo or circus, stop for a while and befriend it. Use one of the many famous and cute seal names as outlined above.
Difference Between Bloating and Pregnancy (With Table) Bloating and Pregnancy are two confusing states that are quite difficult to differentiate. Bloating comes naturally to an individual who has PMS due to excessive fluid retention. A woman may be pregnant if she has light vaginal bleeding and spotting. The major symptoms of pregnancy may also be morning sickness and vomiting. Bloating vs Pregnancy The difference between bloating and pregnancy is that bloating is a state of fullness of the stomach that comprises abdominal distention, whereas pregnancy is a state which may cause bloating in women. If a woman is sexually active, there may be chances that she may be pregnant. Bloating is feeling and state of tightness or fullness, which results in protrusion of the abdomen. It may result in your stomach being larger as compared to the original size of the stomach. It is not definitely caused by excess fat. It may be a result of eating excessive fatty and oily foods. Pregnancy occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg released from the ovary during the process of ovulation. On average, the pregnancy period lasts for around 40 weeks. Many factors affect the health of the baby, like the care which the woman takes of her body during pregnancy. Comparison Table Between Bloating and Pregnancy Parameters of ComparisonBloatingPregnancy MeaningIt basically refers to the distention of the abdomen that can cause a person’s belly or stomach to look larger than its usual state.Pregnancy refers to a condition in women where the egg released from their ovary combines with the sperm to form a fetus. CravingsA person in the state of bloating may possess cravings for salty foods and chocolates.One may start hating foods that they liked previously and may like the taste of various unconventional foods. CrampingYou may experience deadly cramps during this state that may come to an end after a few days.A woman experiences mild cramping during the period of pregnancy. SymptomsThe major symptom of bloating is the increased size of an individual’s stomach.The main symptoms of are missed periods, headaches, spotting, and weight gain. NauseaAn individual should not feel this state during the stage of bloating.During the period of pregnancy, one may feel nauseated and feel like vomiting during the morning and night. DepressionA woman during the state of bloating should not undergo the phase of depression.A woman during a state of pregnancy may go through a phase of depression for few weeks. What is Bloating? Bloating is a result of eating excessive oily, and unhealthy food that builds up digestive gases, or one of the main reasons may be menstruation that results in the accumulation of fluids during periods. It can be prevented by changing and updating our diet patterns. The major causes of bloating are:- • Overeating is one of the main causes of bloating that results in the expansion and stretching of the stomach. • Eating food continuously without any pause may also be a reason for bloating. • Constipation leads to stool being backed up in the bowels causing distention of the abdomen. • Drinking alcohol of any kind may result in temporary bloating due to irritation in the stomach lining. The major symptom of bloating is the enlargement of the stomach and abdomen area that’s visible and noticeable easily. The most effective and well-known ways of dealing with bloating are:- • One must avoid any kind of food that makes their stomach gassy and uneasy. • An individual must avoid consuming carbonated beverages and cold drinks that may result in intense bloating. • An individual must eat food slowly and chew properly to prevent any sort of accumulation of fluids. What is Pregnancy? Pregnancy occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg released from the ovary during the process of ovulation. A woman must take care of her own health and the health of the baby during the entire duration of pregnancy that lasts almost 9 months. The major symptoms of pregnancy are:- • The hormonal changes in the body may result in you feeling constipated. It may also weaken your digestive system temporarily. • A woman may have excessive back pain during the early stages of pregnancy. • A woman may notice changes in breast size during the initial days of pregnancy. • Vomiting is also one of the main symptoms that usually appear in the first four months. A woman may feel uneasy during the morning time. If a woman is experiencing symptoms of pregnancy, she must, first of all, do a pregnancy test on the next day of missed period day. If she tests positive, she must immediately schedule an appointment with a doctor the next day. The doctor then would proceed with further tests and ultrasounds. She must only eat healthy food and follow a healthy pattern of lifestyle. Main Differences Between Bloating and Pregnancy 1. Bloating refers to the distention of the abdomen that causes the belly or stomach to look larger, whereas pregnancy is the state where the sperm combines with the egg released from the ovary. 2. A person in the state of bloating may possess strange cravings for salty and sweet food. On the other hand, a pregnant woman may not like the taste of various foods. 3. A person may possess deadly cramps during bloating, whereas a pregnant woman experiences mild cramps. 4. A person who is in a state of bloating does not suffer from depression, whereas a pregnant woman suffers from depression. 5. The major symptom of bloating is an enlargement of the abdomen, whereas the major symptom of pregnancy is missed periods and weight gains. Bloating and pregnancy are two states which have the same characteristics and features. Bloating refers to the distention of the abdomen, whereas pregnancy refers to the combination of sperm and egg to form a fetus. A person who has to prevent bloating must avoid eating unhealthy and oily foods, whereas a woman who wants to avoid pregnancy may use the recommended pills by the doctors. A person must properly plan his family before trying for babies as nowadays raising kids is very expensive. 1. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19641406901 2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001650850501348X 2D vs 3D
How To Kill Garden Ants Introduce beneficial nematodes – these are tiny “worms” enter the body of the ants and excrete bacteria into the digestive track killing the ants in 24-48 hours. Encourage insectivorous birds by hanging bird houses and feeders near the garden. Early in the morning, place a metal can over the hill. via How do I permanently get rid of ants outside? • Boiling water. Rake open the nest and pour in boiling water (add liquid soap for extra killing power). • Vinegar. Mix equal parts vinegar and water. • Water. Soak the nest for 15 to 30 minutes with water from a hose, saturating soil. • Boric acid. • Chemical ant killers. • via How do I get rid of ants in my garden without killing my plants? • Use Hot/Cold Water. • Drop Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth Close to Ant Nest. • Introduce Beneficial Nematodes. • Use Orange Seed Spray. • Cinnamon. • Liquid Soap and Oil. • The Borax and Sugar Combination. • via Why do I have so many ants in my garden? Some ants, including yellow meadow ants, also farm aphids on the roots of plants. Q Why are ants often seen on plant stems? A If a plant is infested with insects that excrete honeydew, ants can often be seen collecting it and protecting the insects that produce this sugary substance. via What can I spray on my garden for ants? While you can purchase insecticidal soaps to kill ants in your garden, make your own instead, using simple dish soap. Add 1 teaspoon of dish soap to 1 pint of warm water and stir. Spray the soapy water directly on plants and around your garden to eliminate ants. via What is the best homemade ant killer? A mixture of dish soap and water: Make a mixture of dish soap or dishwashing liquid, put in a spray bottle and shake it well. Spray it on the ants. The solution will stick to the ants and the dish soap suffocates the ants to death. via Why are there so many ants this year 2020? Warmer temperatures during the summer months mean that many ant colonies take flight on the same day, according to the Royal Society of Biology. This is why they were seen in such large numbers on Sunday, with people across the country complaining that parks and gardens had been invaded by the insects. via How do I stop ants from eating my plants? • Boiling water. The most widely known natural ant extermination method is using boiling water. • Dish washing liquid and oil. • Boric acid and sugar. • White vinegar. • Nematodes. • Diatomaceous earth (DE). • Insect-repelling plants. • via What home remedy kills ants on plants? * A soap solution is one of the easiest ways to make ant repellent. Mix a teaspoon of dishwater liquid or any soap liquid in a pint of warm water. Spray it on and around the plants. If you have peppermint oil then add a few drops of this super-effective. via How do I get rid of ants in my plant pots? The most effective way of getting rid of ants in potted plants is a combination of baiting and using insecticidal soap. Buy some ant bait and place it along any trails you see leading away from the plant. Odds are the ants have a larger nest outside. via Is having ants in your garden bad? Are Ants Good Or Bad For The Garden? Ants are generally considered one of the good bugs, but the verdict is still out for some gardeners. These prevalent little critters don't normally cause problems on their own, and most species won't eat or harm your plants. But sometimes they can become a nuisance. via What eats ants in the garden? Here are some of the insects and small animals that eat ants on a regular basis: Other insects such as beetles, caterpillars and flies. Spiders, such as black widow spiders and jumping spiders. Snails and other hard-shelled organisms. via How do I permanently get rid of ants outside UK? • Ants hate the smell of mint. • Mix a 50/50 solution of vinegar and water and spray around windows, doorways and any other areas you notice ants. • Ants aren't keen on citrus either so mix one-part lemon juice to three parts water and spray around the home. • via Leave a Comment
Blueprint MCAT Formerly Next Step blog image 1 GRE Math Basics: Circles Circles: knowing that all measures of a circle are related through the radius is very helpful for Test Day. In circle problems, we should always mark the radius and write down the relevant formulas. There are only a few formulas to memorize for GRE circle geometry. However, being able to apply these formulas and switch
Skip to main content Research Highlight: Kanatzidis First demonstration of all-solid-state solar cells using halide perovskite TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells also known as Graetzel cells we reported in 1991 by Professor Graetzel and co-workers and was the premier low cost easy to fabricate solar cell. Up to 2012 state of the art TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells had an efficiency of over 10% but faced serious bottlenecks for further progress because they used a 10-micron thick hole-conducting layer which was a corrosive iodide/triiodide organic solution (eventually causing cell failure). The Chang-Kanatzidis idea eliminated the entire liquid layer with a solid perovskite film which was 20 times thinner. This was a first spark that helped to ignite what became the halide perovskite revolution. Both Chang and Kanatzidis were ANSER co-PIs and sought to find synergistic ways to work together. The key contact to enable the breakthrough came when Chang gave a talk on his work on Ti2-based dye-sensitized solar cells at an ANSER monthly research update meeting in the fall of 2011. Chang explained in detail why dye-sensitized solar cells, despite being so important, faced a grim future because of the necessity of the corrosive hole-transporting solution. The photovoltaic community was clamoring for a solid-state version of the solar cell, but no materials were available to perform the function of the iodide/triiodide solution. Kanatzidis had knowledge of just such a material from work in his lab and proposed that Chang use CsSnI3perovskite to produce hole conducting films made by a simple technique. Not only did the idea work, it turned out that the perovskite material itself worked as a solar absorber, leading to record-breaking efficiency. The organic liquid layer in TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells is an ionic solution which enables the transport of photo-generated holes to the opposite side of the device. The cells suffer from severe performance instabilities because the organic iodide/triiodide solution slowly dissolves the dye from the TiO2surface and leaks from the device. The Chang-Kanatzidis cell replaced the entire liquid layer with a solid perovskite film which accomplished the same job. This created an all-solid-state device with an efficiency of over 10%. Chang and Kanatzidis showed that one we use a solution-processable inorganic semiconductor to deposit a solid film over the solar absorber layer of dye-sensitized solar cell to act as an efficient hole transport layer? Kanatzidis discovered that CsSnI3 perovskite can be deposited from organic solvent solutions to give black hole-doped p-type conductive films of the material. Analysis of the Chang-Kanatzidis cell showed that CsSnI3 functioned not only as a hole transport layer, also as a solar absorber, further boosting device efficiency. Further controlled doping of the CsSnI3 perovskite transformed the perovskite material into a true semiconductor, allowing the perovskite to be used in the first lead-free CsSnI3 and MeNH3SnI3 solar cells. Scientific image Back to top
The History of the Modern Tennis Shoe Tennis shoes, also called athletic shoes or sneakers (which are called so because wearers of these shoes are able to sneak silently), aren’t just for tennis. There is a wide misconception that most of the Best Tennis Court Shoes For Women and men can only be used for playing the game. However, that is not quite the case. As we all know, they’re used for just about every aspect of life, from a fashion statement to playing several major sports. The Origin of Tennis Shoes The tennis shoe can actually trace its origins back to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. The discovery of canvas and vulcanized rubber, along with the advent of mass production, meant that shoes were now more commercially available. The rubber shoes or sneakers were also much cheaper compared to individually hand-made footwear. About Plimsolls Plimsolls (or plimsoles) are said to be the precursors of the tennis shoes. Like tennis shoes, plimsolls are made of canvas on the upper part, with a rubber sole underneath. They’re also lightweight compared to other kinds of footwear, which could be chunkier, heavier, or simply less comfortable. It was at the Liverpool Rubber Company in England where plimsolls were first created and developed. At one point, they were even used as a form of beach footwear. However, plimsolls were quite crude versions of the tennis shoe as we know it today. For one thing, like most early shoes, they were crafted in the same manner, with no curving for a right or left foot. rismart Womens Wedge Casual Hook&Loop Fabric&Suede The Spread of Sneakers By the late 19th century, more rubber companies were engaged in the production of sneakers. One of them was a small shoe company named Goodyear, which used to manufacture rubber and canvas shoes. Now, of course, Goodyear has become a corporation principally known for its rubber tires. Another rubber shoemaking firm, Keds, was established in 1916 and became the first company to manufacture and sell more affordably-priced sneakers for the masses. In 1920, the German shoemaker Adi Dassler started producing handmade athletic shoes at his home. When his business grew, Dasslerestablished his new company, Adidas. Eleven years later, Adidas has become one of most internationally-recognized shoe brands today. In fact, some sources even say that Adidas came out with the most coveted athletic shoe around the world. Jessie Owens, the renowned track star, wore a pair of Adidas sneakers at the historic moment of winning no less than 4 gold medals during the 1936 Olympic Games. The success of Adidas and competition between brothers caused the company Puma to rise up in its stead. The brother of Adidas’ founder, Rudi Dass, started this company, which also specializes in athletic shoes. In 1908, Converse was established to make rubberized sole footwear for customers of any gender and age. But it was only in 1915 that the company began to manufacture tennis shoes. Twenty years later, Converse introduced a new style of shoes. These were originally made for the tennis champ Jack Purcell. Since then, these shoes have found their way to the feet of Hollywood stars as well as the “bad boy” gangs, breaking well beyond the shoes’ athletic purpose. One example is James Dean in “Rebel Without a Cause”. This movie actually sparked the sneakers fad among the young viewers. The Rapid Rise By the 1950s and the “baby boomer” era, the popularity of the sneakers rose at an unprecedented rate. Sneakers were becoming more popular, especially among children and young adults. In fact, this particular kind of footwear was often criticized as a symbol of rebellion. Matinee idol James Dean represented those rebellious youths in his way of living and also his preferred style of clothing. He was often photographed wearing jackets, a pair of denim jeans and white sneakers. The face of the athletic footwear took a different turn in the 1970s. Because of the development of sports medicine, particularly in podiatry, companies began manufacturing athletic shoes designed for a specific sport. Now, we can find a wide range of shoes with features specially designed for sports such as tennis, basketball, football, jogging, etc. Tennis Shoe Endorsements Since the late 20th century, tennis or athletic shoes have become wildly popular, largely due to glittering endorsements by famous sports personalities. Michael Jordan, Roger Federer, and Ronaldinho have all been part of some brilliant marketing campaigns by competing for athletic footwear companies such as Nike, Reebok, and Adidas. These three brands hence became more cutting edge in the world of sports shoe fashion. Rather than just shoes which are basically adapted for athletic purposes, tennis (or athletic shoes or sneakers) have also become a fashion statement. They have even caused riots, such as when the latest Air Jordans are released. In fact, Nike is even said to have played up the rule-breaking that Air Jordan cause on the NBA court. They paid the fines that would allow Michael Jordan to keep wearing the shoes, and then cashed in on the distinctive red/black coloring becoming something like forbidden fruit. The Price of Innovation While sneaker sales were increasing at a rapid rate during the 1980s, the competition was also in full force. Nike had the endorsement of Michael Jordan, which meant the Air Jordans were a hit even after the player retired. Adidas, Puma, Reebok, and other companies were all striving to get their own share of the market, adding wild prints, all sorts of colors, and even eliminating the signature laces. Hence, sneakers were produced for almost every kind of physical activity, from jogging to skateboarding. There was also a lot of research on sneaker technologies, where companies patented their secrets for long-lasting material, springy soles, etc. These innovations were quite impressive, but they also drove up the price. Even now, many professional athletic shoes can easily cost $100 per pair and more. Sneakers might be looked upon as casual footwear, but they can actually be quite flashy. Their rich history makes them quite an interesting accessory. Many people who wear sneakers now do so because of the comfort they provide, even if they don’t play a particular sport. Of course, the fact that sneakers or tennis shoes are a staple in movies and TV shows doesn’t hurt their popularity either. No matter what reason anyone has for wearing a comfy pair of sneakers, it’s safe to say that this type of footwear is a wise choice and you can even find option for the Best Tennis Shoes For Wide Feet Womens as well. When we buy a pair of tennis shoes from a decent brand, we can look forward to excellent grip, steadiness, and overall great performance no matter what kind of activity we choose.
Brexit, Globalisation and De-Industrialisation by Jim Tomlinson (Glasgow University) brexit downloadIn seeking to understand the economic basis of the Brexit vote, we should concentrate not on globalisation but on the long-term impact of de-industrialisation. The evidence is certainly strong that economic disadvantage played a significant part in the patterns of voting in the referendum (though age and educational qualifications seem to have played a large, independent role). But this disadvantage seems best linked to de-industrialisation, which has left a legacy of a much more polarised service sector labour market, with large numbers of people condemned to poorly paid and insecure jobs. Globalisation has contributed to de-industrialisation, but it is only one contributor, and historically not the most important. De-industrialisation began in Britain in the 1950s. It was driven by shifts in patterns of demand and technological change, most strikingly in increasing the growth of productivity (and lowering the relative price) of manufactured goods. (Total industrial output has not fallen, but grown slowly on trend.) These broad trends have affected all industrial countries, so that industrial employment has fallen substantially even in successful industrial countries with a manufacturing trade surplus, such as Germany. Industrial employment as a share of the total has more than halved in that country since its peak in 1970. The long-run nature of these trends is illustrated by the fact that many more coal-mining jobs were lost in Britain under Harold Wilson’s government of the 1960s than under Margaret Thatcher’s government of the 1980s. Similarly, the big collapse of industrial jobs in Lancashire began in the 1950s and accelerated in the 1960s; across the country, textiles and clothing lost 123,000 jobs between 1964 and 1969. Proportion of workers in industrial employment in the UK 1957 48% 1979 38% 1998 27% 2016 15% Serious errors of policy have undoubtedly accelerated this process, and compressed it into short time periods (most obviously, the extraordinary appreciation of the pound in 1979-81 as a result of the Thatcher government’s policies). But overall the process has not mainly been policy-driven. In responding to the economic problems that underpinned the Brexit vote, it is important to be clear that globalisation is only one part of the story. To put it crudely, if globalisation were somehow reversed, it would not return Britain to having anything like the number of industrial jobs that existed in the 1950s. While there are certainly powerful arguments for seeking to offset the impact that globalisation has had on particular groups of workers, the biggest challenge is how to make a service-dominated economy deliver much better outcomes for those who currently occupy the lousy jobs in the service sector.
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that results in unpredictable hair loss. Your hair growth begins at the follicles, but the immune system attacks them. This condition is not contagious and does not make a person feel sick per say. However, the inflammation can lead permanent damage to some people. What Causes Alopecia Areata? There are numerous autoimmune diseases in which the body mistakenly attacks itself. In this case, white blood cells attack hair follicle cells. As the cells shrink, it slows down the hair production process. Alopecia areata is more severe more some people than others. However, there is no particular reason as to why the immune system damages the hair follicles. causes of Alopecia Areata Who Is More Prone? Although it is not proven, hereditary seems to be a reason for a more severe case of alopecia areata. You may be more prone to lose your hair entirely to this autoimmune disease not only if you have a family history of alopecia areata, but if you have allergies or another autoimmune disease. Developing the condition before puberty or having episodes that last longer than a year can also increase the chance of baldness. Nevertheless, it is unknown precisely what causes the body's immune system to target hair follicles in this way. In general, it is more common in people younger than 20 years of age, but kids and adults can be affected as well as men and women. who is prone Alopecia Areata What Are the Symptoms of Alopecia Areata? symptoms of Alopecia Areata Can the Hair Grow Back? Alopecia areata is not a permanent condition. If the inflammation of your hair follicles subsides, and they are not already destroyed, your hair can grow back. People who lose just a few patches randomly often experience a full recovery just as spontaneously as it left. In other cases, alopecia areata can either become more severe or fall into a continuous pattern of hair loss and growth. You may overcome alopecia areata within a year, but most people deal with multiple episodes. hair Alopecia Areata Does Alopecia Areata Affect Other Body Parts? Although this autoimmune disease involves patchy hair loss, it can also affect the eyelashes, fingernails, or toenails. In fact, noticing the changes in your nails may be some of the first signs of alopecia areata. If you notice your nails becoming rougher, losing their shine, or splitting easier you might have an underlying ailment. Alopecia areata also causes white spots and lines to appear on your nails as well as pinpoint dents. body parts Alopecia Areata How is Alopecia Areata Diagnosed? Based on the noticeable symptoms, your doctor can diagnose this condition fairly easily. After a clinical exam, your doctor might want to examine affected areas closer using a microscope. A skin biopsy is also common. To ensure you are not sick with another autoimmune disease, you may have to undergo blood testing. Since the symptoms are obvious and the diagnosis pretty straightforward, you can begin treatment right away. diagnosis Alopecia Areata What Treatments Are Available for Alopecia Areata? There is no cure for alopecia areata, but there are several treatments that can help your hair grow back quickly. Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids, which is a drug that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response. Corticosteroids are the most common treatment for alopecia areata. The potent drug comes as a pill, local injection, or topical ointment. The shots are very popular. Minoxidil and Anthralin are two other medications that can help. medication Alopecia Areata Are There Any Holistic Treatments for Alopecia Areata? People have tried a range of at-home remedies for hair growth related to alopecia areata. Alternative treatments include aromatherapy, acupuncture, and Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet Light Therapy (PUVA). Also known as photochemotherapy, PUVA is a type of medicine that uses ultraviolet A (UVA) light to treat certain conditions, especially those dealing with the skin. You can always wear wigs, hats, and other more traditional coverings to manage hair loss. holistic treatments Alopecia Areata What is Alopecia Totalis and Alopecia Universalis? Depending on the severity of alopecia, it may develop into either of these forms. Alopecia totalis is when you experience complete hair loss on the scalp. Alopecia Universalis is an extreme case of the condition, which results in complete hair loss on the entire body. Alopecia Areata What Can You Do If You Have Alopecia? After being diagnosed with alopecia areata, you will learn more about the symptoms and treatments. Living with this autoimmune disease can be difficult. Whether you have just a few patches of hair missing or you are dealing with a complete loss, it can be hard to adjust. If you feel unattractive, make sure you confide in a close friend, relative, or counselor. There are support groups and ways to cope with the dramatic difference. Not only that, but you will have to take extra precautions to shield your skin and eyes from sun damage and exposure. Whether you decide to take prescribed medications or try holistic treatment, there are ways to manage this disease. what do i do Alopecia Areata More on Facty Health Popular Now on Facty Health
Quick Answer: What was the South African independence movement? The South African liberation movement inspired and assisted freedom movements in all neighbouring countries. … After the Second World War, a Southern Rhodesian Youth League was formed and performed a similar function as the African National Congress Youth League of South Africa in revitalising the parent body. How did South Africa gain independence? 1934 – The Union of South Africa parliament enacts the Status of the Union Act, which declares the country to be “a sovereign independent state”. The move followed on from Britain’s passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which removed the last vestiges of British legal authority over South Africa. What caused the African independence movements? Attracted by the promise of wealth from gold, diamonds, exotic hardwoods, and other natural riches, European nations claimed large portions of Africa for their colonial empires. Besides seizing the land of Africans, the Europeans also destroyed many of their freedoms and their institutions of government. IT IS INTERESTING: How many game stores are there in South Africa? Was the independence movement in South Africa violent? Great political unrest, violence, burning of villages, and segregation of blacks and whites led to boycotts and riots. To control the violence the white minority government created Apartheid, which segregated the non-white population from the white minority (Davis). When did South Africa gain independence? Who ruled South Africa before independence? Who was in South Africa first? How did World War 2 affect African independence? The Second World War was a catalyst for African political freedom and independence. The war helped build strong African nationalism, which resulted in a common goal for all Africans to fight for their freedom. … Nazi Germany was trapped on both fronts and eventually stopped fighting after May of 1945. Why was Africa colonized so late? Large parts of the continent were essentially uninhabitable for Europeans because of the high mortality rates from diseases such as malaria. They preferred to maintain coastal trading posts. After it was discovered that quinine could also be used preventatively for malaria, internal exploration became easier. IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: What is a size 18 in South Africa? Who led African independence movements? Jomo Kenyatta was an important leader of the independence movement in Kenya. ) in which 70 Europeans were killed and 18,000 black Africans were killed. Does the story of South African struggle? Answer Yes, the story of South African struggle for freedom reminds me of the Indian National Movement. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied South Africa forcibly in the same way that they had occupied India. What ideals fueled the African fights for independence? The spread of education and urbanisation of Africans led to the growth of ideas about independence. The people began to question colonial rule and challenged their exclusion from the governmental process. It was because of these developments that the process of decolonisation in Africa began. How were people of South Africa divided before independence? At a time when much of Africa was on the verge of independence, the South African Government was devising its policy of separate development, dividing the African population into artificial ethnic “nations,” each with its own “homeland” and the prospect of “independence.” Forced removals from “white” areas affected … Was South Africa a first world country? The truth is that South Africa is neither a First World nor a Third World country, or rather that it is both. South Africa’s rich whites make up 17 percent of the population and account for 70 percent of the wealth, and those figures make it an exact microcosm of the world at large. What country owns South Africa? IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What are some traditions in Middle Africa? Does South Africa belong to England? From 1910 until South Africa declared itself a republic on 31 May 1961, South Africa fought in support and as a part of the British Empire in both World War I and II. When South Africa was pulled out of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1961, the United Kingdom opposed monetary and economic sanctions. Across the Sahara
Question: What Medications Make Your Eyes Dilate? Can caffeine make your pupils small? According to the outcome of this study, caffeine has paradoxical effects on the intrinsic muscles of the eye: dilating the pupils and increasing accommodative amplitude. This may account for the changes in some visual functions or vision-related task associated with caffeine intake.. Does sleeping improve eyesight? So how does sleep benefit your eye health? As well as being a long period of time that your eyes don’t need to focus, during sleep your body replenishes the supply of natural tears that keep them feeling hydrated. This means that you’re more likely to avoid dry eyes during the day if you get 7+ hours a sleep per night. What happens when they dilate your eyes? Pupil dilation occurs when the opening in the center of your iris grows bigger to let in more light. Under normal circumstances, pupils can dilate to let in more light or in response to a variety of stimuli. During an eye exam, a doctor will administer eye drops to increase the size of a patient’s pupils. Can medicine make your eyes dilate? The following prescription and non-prescription medicines can cause your pupils to dilate and affect their ability to react to light: Antihistamines. Decongestants. Tricyclic antidepressants. Can an eye doctor tell if you do drugs? All of the major drugs of abuse, including cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine, phencyclidine, heroin, and alcohol, may produce typical eye signs that can be easily detected by a rapid eye test. These signs include ptosis, abnormal pupil size, nonreactivity of the pupil to a light challenge, nystagmus, and non-convergence. What does it mean when your pupils get smaller? When you’re in bright light, it shrinks to protect your eye and keep light out. When your pupil shrinks (constricts), it’s called miosis. If your pupils stay small even in dim light, it can be a sign that things in your eye aren’t working the way they should. Does Adderall make your pupils big? Stimulants, such as Ritalin and Adderall, are common in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both Ritalin and Adderall cause pupils to dilate. SSRIs enhance the effects of serotonin in the brain. They’re the most commonly prescribed treatment for depression. Why can’t I sleep even though I’m tired? Do pupils dilate during a seizure? Generalized tonic-clonic seizures In the clonic phase, the child resumes shallow breathing; their arms and legs jerk quickly and rhythmically; their pupils contract and dilate. At the end of the clonic phase, the child relaxes and may lose control of their bowel or bladder. What medications cause mydriasis? Drugs that can cause mydriasis include:Stimulants (typically monoaminergics) such as amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, and mephedrone.Anticholinergics such as diphenhydramine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine antagonize the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the eye.More items… Does lack of sleep cause big pupils? Moreover, your pupils’ overall size will shrink, perhaps reflecting fatigue in the task of maintaining the larger size. The muscles themselves may tire and the ability to keep the pupil open may fade. Therefore, both pupil size and stability can objectively identify sleepiness and sleep deprivation. Why do eyes dilate on drugs? Some substances trigger the body’s fight or flight adrenaline response by interacting with serotonin and adrenergic receptors in the brain. This chemical reaction leads to mydriasis, the muscle relaxation that allows the eye’s pupil to expand and let in more light. Can dilating eyes cause problems? Dilating drops cause vision to be blurred for a period of 4 to 8 hours and induce photophobia, lack of accommodation, glare, and decreased contrast threshold and high-contrast visual acuity. For elderly patients whose vision and mobility are already compromised, these visual changes can be dangerous. What are enlarged pupils a sign of? Pressure that builds inside your brain after a head injury, stroke, or tumor can damage the muscles in your iris that normally make your pupils open and close. One or both of your pupils can become fixed in the dilated position and can’t react to light. If that happens, you should see a doctor right away. How long does it take for dilated eyes to return to normal? From the time your pupil dilation has peaked, it can take between four and six hours for your pupils to return to their normal size. You may even experience longer periods of pupil dilation depending on your age, eye color and prescription medications. Can mydriasis cause blindness? Optic nerve or end-stage retinal disease can also lead to mydriasis. For causes of these conditions, see the Blindness section later. Mydriasis is a consistent sign of glaucoma, and intraocular pressure should be measured in all patients with dilated pupils.
I've read that some people attribute it to influence from the Slavic languages. But it doesn't just appear in Slavic loans — it also shows up in obviously Latin-derived words like câine 'dog' (from CANEM). On the other hand, not all words with a in Latin have â in Romanian — e.g. FRATER went to frate rather than *frâte. So was this a sporadic sound change, or a regular change conditioned by some environment, or what? • Turkish also has a similar sound in ı (dotless i) and Romania was part of the Ottoman Empire, so I wonder if this is also an influence. An important thing not to forget about Romanian though is that â/î contrasts with ă which is like a schwa in English and French. Its's particularly strange for an Indoeuropean language to have two contrasting central vowels. Nov 9 '11 at 12:35 • 2 And while we're counting, Albanian and Armenian also have phonemic schwa -- even in stressed syllables, not just as a result of vowel reduction. Seems like it cropped up in IE languages all through Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Nov 9 '11 at 18:21 • 1 Those sounds are not abnormal in a Romance language. Similar ones can be found in Portuguese and many Italian dialects/languages. That doesn't exclude a possible Balkan connection, especially through Albanian. – cipricus Nov 19 '19 at 13:12 wrt. the other answer: 1. Romanian sfânt does NOT come from Latin sanctum, but from Slavic svętъ (compare with Polish święty); most Romanian (and Hungarian) Slavic borrowings turned the nasal vowels (which were de-nasalized in most Slavic languages) into vowel + n (vz. luncă, rând, mândru, muncă, smântână, etc). 2. Romanian /ɨ/ may also come from any vowel + /n/ [1], not just /a/; off the top of my head: /e/ (pavimentum -> pământ, tener -> tânăr, fenum -> fân), /u/ (aduncus -> adânc). Neither of those are later loans. 3. The same process from 2) also happened extensively with borrowings from other languages (e.g. gond -> gând). Taken all together, it may be probable that the /ɨ/ (which btw, sounds more like /ɯ/ with most speakers) evolved by merging a series of nasal vowels that existed at some point in time; a hint in that direction is that /ɨ/ was written with Cyrillic ѫ in the old Romanian alphabet (the letter used for ǫ /õ/ in Church Slavonic). Once established, the /ɨ/ became an euphonic alternative for almost any vowel, depending on the consonants surrounding it. [1] I'm pretty sure that it also happened with vowel + /r/, though I cannot think of any example right now ;-) In words of Latin origin, Romanian /ɨ/ arises from a few different places: • Latin /a/ followed by /n/: cânt < canto, sfânt < sanctum. The diphthong in pâine, câine is due to assimilation to the following vowel. • The Latin word /in/. This is not a regular sound change in that not all Latin instances of /i/ followed by /n/ are centralized, but all forms of the preposition "in" have /ɨ/. • The vowel /i/ preceded by /rr/ or initial /r/: râu < rivum, urî < horrire. Other instances of /ɨ/ are generally loans. Also, there are numerous words of Latin origin which appear to violate the rules above, but these are usually later reborrowings from Latin or sometimes French. • 1 sfânt is not from Latin sanctum, it's from Slavic. But sânt is. Jun 19 at 20:18 Your Answer
You asked: Was ancient wine sweet or dry? How did ancient wine taste? What Did the Wine Taste Like? In ancient Rome, immediately after the grapes were harvested, they were stomped on, often by foot. … That’s why ancient Romans mixed seawater with the wine before drinking it, making it taste more like a spiked punch (which, of course, reduced public intoxication). What was wine like in the ancient world? Ancient wine would scarcely be recognizable to us as wine. Yes, it was made from the fermented juice of grapes, but what Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and others drank, was not wine as we know it. … It was mixed variously with beer, fruit and berry wines, herbs, spices, sea-water, and other substances. What did ancient Egyptian wine taste like? A typical wine from ancient times would have had a nose redolent of tree sap, giving way to a salty palate, and yielded a finish that could only charitably be compared to floor tile in a public restroom. What did wine taste like in ancient Greece? How did Ancient Greek wine taste? Ancient Greek writers referred to wine as ‘sweet‘, ‘dry’ or ‘sour’. … Sour wines were most likely produced with unripe grapes and had heightened acidity. Sweet and dry wines were exactly like wines today made with either white or red wine grapes. THIS IS FUNNING: How can you tell if an unopened bottle of wine is bad? Why did ancient people drink wine? It is my understanding that ancient Greeks and Romans usually drank their wine mixed with water. … Back then, wine was seen as a way to purify and improve the taste of the (often stagnant) water source. Why did Romans drink so much wine? The Romans didn’t know about fermentation, but they understood the cleansing properties of wine. Ancient Roman water wasn’t exactly spotless, so wine was added as a purifying element. … Pliny the Elder even recommended using salt water with wine, which was also the Ancient Greek way of drinking it. How did wine affect history? Wine was originally associated with social elites and religious activities. Wine snobbery may be nearly as old as wine itself. Greeks and Romans produced many grades of wine for various social classes. The quest for quality became an economic engine and later drove cultural expansion. Did the Pharaohs drink alcohol? An examination reveals that alcohol consumption was an extremely part of ancient Egyptian culture and went far beyond just drinking for leisure. The Egyptians enjoyed drinking alcoholic beverages as part of their leisurely activities, but alcohol played an important role in their daily lives and religion. Where did ancient Egyptians drink water from? Most ancient Egyptians did not want to drink water directly from the Nile. The Nile River offered fresh water, but the ancient Egyptians had observed that people became sick after drinking the water. So they drank beer made from barley. … They made a non-alcoholic fruit drink from dates. THIS IS FUNNING: You asked: What happens if you drink wine on an empty stomach? What was the alcohol content of ancient wine? The main difference between Roman and modern wines was likely their alcohol content, as both Greek and Roman wines likely had as high as 15% or 20% ABV, compared with 10-12% or so in most modern wines. Did Greek gods drink wine? Wine played an important role in Greek culture, and the cult of Dionysus was the main religious focus surrounding its consumption. Wine, as well as the vines and grapes that produce it, were seen as not only a gift of the god, but a symbolic incarnation of him on earth.
Quick Answer: Why Is Adaptability A Strength? What are the types of adaptability? Why is adaptability important in communication? Adaptability enables you to interact more productively with difficult people and helps you to avoid or manage tense situations. With adaptability, you can communicate with other people the way THEY want and need to be communicated with. Why is adaptability and flexibility important? Being adaptable in the workplace is important for a number of reasons. … In addition, the more adaptable you are, the more productive you’ll be overall. This is important because being able to handle change with ease frees up the time you might have normally spent being stressed out when a new challenge presented itself. How do you show adaptability? Learn to acknowledge and accept change.Be aware of changes in your environment. One key method that can help you develop your adaptability skills is to stay cognizant of changes in your work environment. … Develop a growth mindset. … Set goals for yourself. … Ask for feedback. … Learn to acknowledge and accept change. What are positive strengths? Strengths are tasks or actions you can do well. These include knowledge, proficiencies, skills, and talents. People use their traits and abilities to complete work, relate with others, and achieve goals. … Also, a good resume is built upon core strengths and skills. What is a personal weakness? Some examples of weaknesses include: Disorganized. Self-critical/sensitive. Perfectionism (note: this can be a strength in many roles, so be sure you have an example of how perfectionism can be a problem to demonstrate that you’ve thought deeply about this trait) Shy/Not adept at public speaking. How do you describe adaptability on a resume? Adaptability fundamental skill set: Ability to think creatively and develop new and innovative solutions. You thrive in ambiguous environments and are confident in your decision-making ability. You learn new things quickly and aren’t afraid to try new ways of doing things. You’re flexible when new things are asked of … Is being flexible a strength? Flexibility is an important skill to master, whether it means having the ability to overcome stress or simply to adjust to changes quickly. … While flexibility is important, many people struggle to achieve it for a variety of reasons. Fortunately, improving your flexibility is possible. Is adaptability a skill or trait? What are examples of strengths? Some examples of strengths you might mention include:Enthusiasm.Trustworthiness.Creativity.Discipline.Patience.Respectfulness.Determination.Dedication.More items… What is an example of an adaptability skill? Adaptability as a skill refers to the ability of a person to change his actions, course or approach to doing things in order to suit a new situation. That is an example of adaptability. … Adaptability is not just about changing something or adjusting to a situation. How do you describe an adaptable person? 3 Answers. The most obvious answer is adaptable, and adjective for someone who is able to adapt quickly and are good at it. … Versatile is also a word, though it doesn’t just describe something that can adapt quickly. It can also describe something that has a lot of different things to offer. How do I determine my strengths? What is adaptable thinking? Adaptive Thinking is the ability to “recognize unexpected situations, quickly consider various possible responses, and decide on the best one” and is an essential ingredient in the ability to perform at high levels of mastery. Why is adaptability an important skill? Adaptability is a soft skill that means being able to rapidly learn new skills and behaviours in response to changing circumstances. … Someone demonstrating adaptability in the workplace is flexible and has the ability to respond effectively to their working conditions – even if things don’t go as planned. What are adaptability skills? Is being adaptable a strength? What does adaptability mean? Adaptability (Latin: adaptō “fit to, adjust”) is a feature of a system or of a process. … In ecology, adaptability has been described as the ability to cope with unexpected disturbances in the environment. How do you teach adaptability skills? Adaptability: 5 Strategies to Teach This Skill of the FutureFocus on Interdisciplinary Learning. Jobs are transforming thanks to technological advancements, and the number of cross-functional roles are increasing. … Teach Resilience. … Promote Self-Regulation. … Dispel the Fear of Failure. … Encourage Continuous Learning. How do you show adaptability in an interview? Example: “I have no problems with change. I am sure in my ability to regulate my actions of behaviors as needed, and take up myself adaptable to all situations – not just change.”
Posts tagged “Ice Antarctica, The crew of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition playing a game of football (or soccer), with the Endurance in the background; ca. 1914-1917) Captain John Franklin’s ill-fated 1845 expedition to find the Northwest Passage. The loss of Franklin and his men was a huge mystery, how could so many men and two state of the art ships just disappear? Search parties scoured the arctic (and in the process charted most of the up til then unexplored regions of the arctic archipeligo, and McClure even technically made it through the passage in his “search” for Franklin) for more than a decade before any real traces of the expedition turned up. Many other expeditions suffered and lost men in the same era of arctic exploration, but none disappeared completely! To this day, there’s a lot we don’t know about how such a well equipped and large expedition could fail so completely and quickly. Here’s what we’ve found and what we know at this point: The ships spent their first winter at Beechey Island, and all seemed well. The next summer, they travelled south, and were frozen in near King William Island that Fall. They wintered here, and the next summer the ice failed to melt, trapping them for a second winter on King William Island. This alone is not out of the ordinary for arctic expeditions, many ships were frozen in for several years without a great loss of life. In the summer between the first and second winters at King William Island, in 1847, the crew leave a note in a cairn on King William Island saying “all is well”. After the second winter stuck in the ice, the note is dug up and in the margins someone writes that 24 men have died, including Franklin, and that the crew is abandoning their ships and marching south towards the mainland of North America. It’s important to point out this second note contained several errors, but we’ll get to that. The crew’s march is a death march, the local eskimo later report seeing dozens of white men dying in their tracks. Some men may have made it all the way to the mainland, but none survive. By the early 1850s it’s likely that all or almost all of the expedition is dead. McClintock in 1859 finds the note in the cairn on King William Island, a single skeleton, and finally a life boat with two skeletons in it. The contents of the lifeboat add to the mystery- “a large amount of abandoned equipment, including boots, silk handkerchiefs, scented soap, sponges, slippers, hair combs, and many books, among them a copy of The Vicar of Wakefield.” The lifeboat was being man-hauled, but was pointing north, not south. A decade later Hall finds more graves and campsites, all on the King William Island. This is pretty much the extent of the evidence known up until contemporary scientific expeditions. So, the mysteries- Scurvy, starvation, and cold had killed men on previous and subsequent expeditions, but many expeditions had survived much longer than Franklin’s without anything so catastrophic. In all, the Franklin’s men had spent only three winters in the arctic before abandoning their ships. They were equipped for five. The mysterious contents of the lifeboat and the inconsistencies in the note point to a deteriorating mental situation. Why would dying men man-haul heavy books and silverware? Why was the boat facing north, were the men trying to return to the abandoned ships? So, what could the ships tell us? When scientific autopsies were conducted on the bodies on King William’s Island, it was found that lead poisoning contributed to the deaths of those men. It’s believed the solder on the tins of food was the source, but there are other theories- perhaps the ship’s water system was the source. The men also were suffering from TB and Pneumonia. Finding the ships could finally help resolve the issue, for instance if there are more bodies on or near the ships then we know some men may have turned around from their march and made it back. Plus finding more bodies would inevitably help our understanding of what killed the men. We could also get more insight into why the men were carrying such strange items in their lifeboat, by seeing the things they chose not to take. And obviously examining more of the food tins, as well as the ship’s water system, might better explain the presence of lead. More than anything, we don’t know exactly what the ships might tell us, but there’s so little we know as it is, it’d be amazing to find any new bits of evidence. [*History got a little breaking news this morning that one of the ships of the lost Franklin Expedition has been discovered in the Canadian arctic.] British ship found Heading out to hunt for German weather stations set up on the coast of Greenland, a member of the ‘Sledge Patrol’ leaves base at Sandodden; ca. 1940’s. The Weather War By far one of the least heralded campaigns of World War II was the hunt for Axis weather stations set up in remote parts of Greenland. The United States actually began doing this in 1940 at the behest of the Danish Government following the German occupation of the country. The job fell principally on the shoulders of the Coast Guard at that point, who patrolled with ships and aircraft, looking for German weather ships, or supply boats attempting to reach weather stations the Germans had set up on land. The reason Greenland was so important in this regard was that a weather station set up on Greenland’s eastern coast – which is immense and hard to patrol – offers an excellent window into the weather fronts as they move towards Northwest Europe. Obviously weather plays a huge part in military planning, and this being before satellites allowed such easy predictions to be made, the extra day of forewarning offered by a station in Greenland was of incredible value to military planners. So Germany wanted to set them up there, and it fell to the United States to protect Danish interests in not allowing this to happen. The first direct combat between Germans and Americans (and by direct I exclude convoy contact with U-Boats) occurred during one of these patrols when a Coast Guard cutter, the USS Northland, boarded and captured the Norwegian flagged ship Buskoe. A landing party went ashore and captured three German soldiers operating the weather station the ship had been resupplying. This all happening three months before America entered the war! Aside from the Coasties though, the “Sledge Patrol” – a 15 man, mixed force of Norwegians, Danes and local Eskimos, all supported by the US – spent much of the war patrolling the coast hunting Germans as well. Only, doing it on land in subzero arctic weather instead of in a comparatively warm and cozy boat. On dog sleds, 2 and 3 man patrols would head out for a few months at a time and attempt to find German weather stations (As many as four teams were operating in Greenland at a time) in a cat and mouse game. Although the teams were to small to assault the German stations they could radio the positions to the Coast Guard who would send a landing party. Generally, the Germans were the mice and had to pack up their stuff and flee if discovered, but the Germans did strike back and attack the Sledge Patrol’s base-camp at Eskimonaes, killing one member of the team, Eli Knudsen (the only loss they endured). The last land-based weather station of the Germans was knocked out in October of 1944. Based on Little Koldeway island, the German station was spotted by the USS Eastwind during a coastal patrol. A landing party of Coast Guardsman trained in special raiding tactics by commandos made a nighttime landing and caught the Germans by total surprise, and were able to get most of their documents intact even! No more land-based stations were attempted after that, although off-shore trawlers were still utilized (The USS Eastwind would take the Externsteine as a prize only a week after the raid on Koldeway). All Photos from Time-Life Feeding polar bears from a tank; ca. 1950 Russian tanks were designed to be driven with one arm. This is quite possibly the most Russian photograph ever taken. “Ascension d’un sérac,” Ascent of a glacial column on Mount Blanc, ca. 1899 Link to original source from the Central Library of Zurich. Mississippi River frozen solid, February 1905 Even crazier, the Niagara Falls frozen solid. Iceberg in Pleneau Bay, Antarctica Ice diver, ca. 1930. Drake Passage, Palmer Peninsula, Antarctica "I know way too many penguins here right now that I didn't know last winter, who the honk are y'all?" “I know way too many penguins here right now that I didn’t know last winter, who the honk are y’all?” Photo by Yva Momatiuk and John Eastcott. The rest of the gallery is pretty awesome as well. Antarctica has rivers made from Powerade’s ‘Mountain Blast’ flavor Even though my brain knows its hella cold, I still really want to tube down that like an epic lazy river. Antarctica is amazing. You know what’s crazy? Antarctica used to be covered by (near) tropical rain forests. It’s the least-studied continent on earth, there’s probably all sorts of ancient species’ fossils underneath the ice that will blow our minds if/when we discover them.
Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on Star nicknames! Below you'll find name ideas for Star with different categories depending on your needs. According to Wikipedia: A star is an astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at night, but due to their immense distance from Earth they appear as fixed points of light in the sky. The most prominent stars are grouped into constellations and asterisms, and many of the brightest stars have proper names. Astronom ... You can read more on Wikipedia. Common Star Nicknames Creative 🎨 Rhyming 🎶 Fancy 🎩 Aesthetic 🍉 Random 🎲 Unique 🐰 Please note that this site uses cookies to personalise content and adverts, to provide social media features, and to analyse web traffic. Please click here for more information.
Response 9- Viral Videos, Attention Structures, Visual Rhetoric Every day when you log onto any social media platform you’ll see whats currently in the news, the weather and you’ll also see the current viral sensation. In some cases these are memes in others they’re videos. Take for instance the viral parodies of Drake’s song Hotline Bling over the course of a week these videos have been remixed with all sorts of intent, other dances, pizza making and more. They’re widely known now and every discourse community has had their hand in making a unique one. So how do these things take off? Why do they take off? In the case of the Drake videos its because they’re funny and people loved to remix them, in other cases like the UC Davis incident of Lt. Pike pepper spraying peacefully protesting students for no reason, the videos go viral out of anger and support for those wronged. Very often on social media we see viral videos of excessive police force, animal abusers and other social justice issues. By sharing the video we show support, solidarity or complete opposition adding our two cents in with the share. This is the case surrounding the visual component of the Trayvon Martin case. Lisa Lebduska goes through the viral web of images used to play the case out in the media in Racist Visual Rhetoric and Images of Trayvon Martin. “Power and inequality themselves have long been mediated by visual practices across and array of media” (page 1) she introduces the idea that racism, like many other global issues, is amplified and reinforced with the use of social media. When the Martin case hit the media it was met with a firestorm of circulation, prosecution and outrage. Battle lines were drawn and some virally reposted images of Martin as a wholesome family kid who was judged because of what he looked like, while others, including Zimmerman’s defense team, took typical teenage myspace images and blew them out of context in an attempt to make Martin a villain. One of the most circulated images was the one of Martin and Zimmerman juxtaposed. It shows Martin smiling at the camera, the image of Zimmerman was a 2005 mug shot (page 2). This image was created to push public cry for the indictment of Zimmerman painting Trayvon as cherubic (page 3) and honest, using an image of him in a Hollister brand shirt which is often associated with middle class (page 2). Carefully choosing the image was everything as Lubduska points out it was “a martyred child is easier to convey than the nuanced complexity of a human teen…..” (page 4). That then ties in to the statement made by Trayvon’s mother Sybrina “People want to make this a black and white issue, but i believe that this is about right and wrong. No one should be shot just because someone else thinks they’e suspicious” (page 3). In the media the story was pitched from as racial standpoint which is why the media in favor of indicting Zimmerman chose images of Martin smiling, with family and doing things like snowboarding over “human teen” behavior photos because doing so would only amplify the stereotypical images also circulating. Whenever we see an image it is often always accompanied by a story, that story however does not always accurately depict the picture and vice versa. “…Images are not things. They are relationships that we create.” (page 6), this powerful closing is everything. Images are what we propagate them to be, when made viral they can have a lasting and dangerous effect. One thought on “Response 9- Viral Videos, Attention Structures, Visual Rhetoric Leave a Reply to MariahRajah Cancel reply
Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Vertigo, also referred to as dizziness, is a family member term to the a lot more acquainted vertigo, also known as nausea. A sensation that your whole body is dizzy and also relocating an odd way. The wooziness begins suddenly, without alerting as well as is typically for short amount of times. Vertigo, like dizziness, is really frightening as well as is the primary symptom of various problems that impact the mind, from high blood pressure to fainting. Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is possibly one of the most usual reason for vertigo, the feeling that the interior of your head or that your entire body is rotating oddly. Usually this is accompanied by light-headedness, nausea or vomiting, throwing up, passing out, and a feeling of detachment from your surroundings. BPV normally creates just quick episodes of lightheadedness, typically no greater than 10 mins. It is commonly brought on by muscle spasms or by a lack of blood flow to the nerves in the internal ear. Some individuals have no signs and symptoms at all. Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Most cases of dizziness are brought on by several of the problems that impact the brain and also interfere with its capability to work properly. If you are experiencing signs and symptoms that you believe are vertigo, your medical professional will certainly most likely suggest antihistamines or tricyclic antidepressants as treatments for these conditions. Antihistamines reduce the activity of the chemicals in the body that create the reaction that creates vertigo. Tricyclic antidepressants are used to treat allergies, stress and anxiety, and other similar conditions. Common Causes Of Slight Dizziness Specific medicines might also trigger vertigo. Doxycycline can lower the toughness of your muscle mass that sustain your balance. This reduces the amount of liquid in your brain that triggers your lightheadedness. Various other medications that might consist of doxycycline are Prednisone, Acetylcholine, Phenytoin, as well as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications). Vertigo that does not improve with non-prescription therapy can be dealt with by your doctor. These therapies consist of prescription medicines, surgical treatment, as well as antihistamines. If your wooziness is extreme, your physician might recommend you to have a dedicated echocardiography system or VASER (vesicular stentibular shutoff stimulation) treatment. This procedure uses a laser to open up the narrowed capillary that create the lightheadedness. The laser might additionally reduce the amount of liquid buildup in your mind that triggers lightheadedness. Some individuals have problems with wooziness without treatment. In these cases, it is necessary to determine why you experience the signs and symptoms. Your physician might need to perform examinations such as an MRI or CT check to determine the underlying issue. He might likewise execute some easy lab tests in order to rule out or validate the medical diagnosis. Several of the reasons that might result in lightheadedness consist of a condition called sensorineural hearing loss. This condition occurs when there is damage to the internal ear. This can be brought on by an ear infection, an injury, or an adverse effects of particular medicines. Various other reasons can be high fevers, ear infection, meniere’s condition, Meniere’s disorder, or vestibular nerve cells. If you are experiencing lightheadedness, you should make note of where your lightheadedness is influencing your equilibrium. You ought to likewise understand if the modifications in equilibrium are occurring for a long period of time or if they are just happening in a short period of time. This will assist your doctor to determine the root cause of vertigo and likewise the correct treatment. If you think that your lightheadedness is due to a lack of balance, you should consult your doctor. Your health care professional will certainly have the ability to offer you with useful details regarding vertigo and exactly how you can manage the signs. In order to figure out the precise reason for vertigo, your health care professional will probably have you undertake a complete evaluation to dismiss any underlying physical causes. Among one of the most common reasons for wooziness is low blood pressure or high blood pressure. If you have been identified with either of these conditions, you need to follow your physician’s orders as well as stick to your routine drug. By decreasing your high blood pressure, your dizziness could be gotten rid of. Your condition might need treatment to reduce your blood stress normally. One more common reason for vertigo is experiencing hearing loss. As we age, our hearing becomes less reliable, which might result to vertigo. If you have been experiencing lightheadedness with no other signs, it may be challenging to pinpoint the problem. As soon as you start experiencing any kind of type of sound or sound in your ear, you ought to quickly contact your physician. Some signs that can recommend the existence of a vestibular migraine headache include: nausea or vomiting, throwing up, impaired thinking, as well as fainting. Since these signs can be incorporated, your doctor may do tests to confirm the presence of vertigo. If your signs and symptoms correspond, your physician may execute additional examinations such as catheterizations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and also computerized tomography (CT) scan.
When are the object pronouns le/les replaced with se? • 1 I have removed the second sentence from your question... it would make for a better question all on its own. – Flimzy Aug 4 '14 at 10:30 The indirect object pronouns le & les change to se when preceding the direct object pronouns lo, la, los & las. I give it to him- Se lo doy. (can't be Le lo doy) She tells her mom the truth--She tells it to her. Se la dice. Se is also used "impersonally" when it means "one" (in general). One can buy milk here= Se puede comprar leche aquí. • To say "se" means "one" is inaccurate. "Se puede" is the reflexive construction. "Milk is sold here" would be "La leche se vende aquí" which is the same verb construction, but there's obviously no "one" to be translated in this case. – Flimzy Aug 3 '14 at 19:53 • 1 @Flimzy Se puede comprar leche aquí it's perfect valid, and for me what I'd use in a normal conversation, I think is a differences between cultures Aug 4 '14 at 1:46 • @Toni thanks for answering. Can you also tell more about passive voice usage like in the sentence Flimzy mentioned "Milk is sold here" or "The door is being opened by me" etc? – Amit Dash Aug 4 '14 at 5:05 • @EmilioGort: Of course it's valid. I'm not saying it's not. I'm saying that 'se' doesn't translate to 'one'. – Flimzy Aug 4 '14 at 9:26 • @Curious: What do you want to know about such sentences? – Flimzy Aug 4 '14 at 9:27 As @toni mentioned the use of le/les or se depends on the type of the Object Pronouns (direct vs. indirect ): DO Pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las IO Pronounce: me, te, le, nos, os, les When both are used in the same sentence, like here: Ella te los dan. She gives them to you. IO: te DO: los Él me lo dice. He tells it to me. IO: me DO: lo change the first pronoun to 'se' if both start with an 'l': Incorrect: No le lo tengo. Correct: No se lo tengo. I don't have it. Incorrect: Él le los muestra a ella. Correct: Él se los muestra a ella. He shows them to her. In such cases you should always try to avoid ambiguous meanings, like: Él se los muestra. To whom??? - "a ella" Here se can refer to Él, Ella or even Ellos or Ellas. Additional examples (mind I'm not native and can be wrong): Mi gato está loco por su cola. Siempre se le persigue! My cat is crazy about its tail. It always chases it! IO: le DO: se Mi gato tiene un pelaje bueno. Los cazadores lo persiguen para matarlo. My cat has a nice fur. Hunters chase it to kill it. DO: le DO: matarlo • Or even usted or ustedes, adding to the potential confusion. Aug 2 '14 at 13:54 • @Nat thanks for answering. Can you also tell more about passive voice usage like in the sentence "The door is being opened by me", "The mouse is chased by it (a cat)"? etc. – Amit Dash Aug 4 '14 at 5:06 • @Curious I would rather translate the two sentences you gave with Present Participle (Gerund): "El gato está persiguiendo al ratón. (El ratón está persiguiendo por el gato.)", because they imply continuous actions. You could actually use DO/IO by saying "The cat chases it" -> "El gato se le persigue.", but you'll need to have "the mouse" mentioned and defined earlier in the speech. Aug 4 '14 at 14:21 • Note for anyone reading this old thread: Nat's comment has problems (but his answer looks good to me). Oct 25 '17 at 2:43 • Except for "No se lo tengo," which makes no sense to me. Better: "No se lo doy." Jun 29 '18 at 4:19 Your Answer
Monday, October 11, 2021 It’s Indigenous Peoples' Day President Joe Biden has designated October 11th as Indigenous Peoples' Day and acknowledged, in a Columbus Day proclamation, that European explorers harmed Native Americans. America's indigenous people, of course, predate Columbus by at least 23,000 years. The native peoples of the US (many tribes, each distinct in terms of language, culture, history, and politics) had dogs, of course. In fact, prior to the arrival of the Spanish horse, the dog was the largest pack animal in the United States. The native people saved the first Europeans to the New World by showing the lazy and incompetent British how to plant corn and hunt deer. And what did the British illegal aliens do to thank them? Why they turned around and declared biological war. Ever hear the story about “smallpox blankets”? It’s true. The fellow that was intentionally spreading disease to native Americans was a British General by the name of Lord Jeffrey Amherst — the fellow that Amherst College and the town of Amherst, Massachusetts are named after. In a letter to General Amherst on July 13, 1763, Colonel Henry Bouquet suggests the distribution of smallpox blankets to "inoculate the Indians" with disease. Amherst’s reply of July 16, 1763 approves the plan and suggests as well they “try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race." These same letters discuss the use of dogs to hunt and kill the Indians, the so-called "Spaniard's Method” detailed in a previous Columbus Day post. Amherst approved of the practice, but says he cannot implement it because there are simply not enough dogs. Indigenous Peoples' Day? Only about 500 years too late! No comments:
The Land Stewards of Texas The Land Stewards of Texas By Rick Machen, Ph.D. & Clay Mathis, Ph.D. According to the latest tally, there are over 4,000 ranches and farms registered in the Texas Department of Agriculture’s Family Land Heritage Program, each having been in agriculture for at least 100 years. What makes those ranches successful? In 1939, John Nye’s thesis Factors Contributing to Success and Failure of Montana Ranches outlined five factors of successful ranches: 1. Long-term plan of operations for each enterprise 2. High productivity, high quality and advantageous prices for commodities 3. Complete, accurate records and budgets 4. Minimum death loss of livestock 5. Advantageous relationship between commodity prices and production cost Almost eight decades later, these factors are still critical to the success of ranching operations, but they are not the “end all, be all.” Many experts have identified anywhere from three to twelve characteristics common to successful ranches; some have taken a much simpler approach. As fifth generation Texas rancher, Donnell Brown, frequently says, “Success is keeping the ranch in the family and the family in the ranch.” How can today’s rancher define success, with so many criteria to choose from? Here are five components of one trait common to thriving ranches. The Common Trait: Stewardship The people who own or manage sustainable ranches are stewards — overseers, custodians and caretakers — of the resources entrusted to them. Stewards manage resources holistically for the long-term good of the land, livestock, wildlife, people and finances. Following are five components and resources stewards must nurture for the long-term success of a ranch. 1. People: The Management Team Agriculture is a vital, but difficult profession. The work environment is often adverse, the hours long and the profit margins slim. Successful ranches require management by competent, motivated people with integrity, strong work ethic and passion for the land and animals. The business is ever-changing and the successful realize they must continually adapt and progress. 1. Resources Natural: Stewards understand ranching begins at the soil-water-plant interface. Natural resource conservation must be the primary concern of every rancher; maintaining natural resources, a career-long effort. • Bare ground is a vulnerability. Soil must be covered by plants that hold it in place to protect from erosion. • Managers cannot control the amount of precipitation, but stewards work diligently to capture every drop. • Stockmen must nurture soil and grass by controlling graze and rest periods. As consecutive growing seasons are seldom identical, grazing management is a dynamic strategy. • Successful ranches realize the war against invasive species will never end. Prescribed fire, herbicides and mechanical and biological management options are available, but consideration must be given to cost, efficacy and return on investment. Livestock: Beef breeds continue to increase mature weight, milk production potential and carcass merit, leading to increased nutrient demand. Successful ranches match cow size and productivity with the productivity of the pasture, and pair periods of greatest nutrient demand with times of best forage quantity and quality. They also employ moderate stocking rates – pounds per animal to acres of pasture – to sustain the soil and forage resources, and minimize non-pasture feed costs. Successful ranches keep a close watch on key animal performance indicators and evaluate achievements in relation to their goals. Sustainable ranches generally strive for a weaned calf crop – the percentage of cows exposed to a bull that deliver calves – above 90 percent, a calving interval less than 365 days and an annual cow maintenance cost well below calf market value. Wildlife: Wildlife is an inherent component of the landscape and deserves consideration in the natural resource and management plan. In some regions such as South Texas, wildlife enterprises are a larger and more dependable revenue generator than livestock. Wildlife use can be either consumptive (hunting) or non-consumptive (photography, observation). Looking to the future, diversification from traditional livestock ventures will be critical for ranch sustainability. 1. Finances Ranches that do not generate long-term profit will eventually fail. Put simply, profit or loss is calculated by subtracting direct and indirect costs from revenue. Successful ranches constantly focus on both sides of this equation. Managing Costs: Beef producers often think of cattlemen in other countries as their competitors, and in the global marketplace this is true. Beef producers have limited control over the price of their commodity, though aggressive marketing efforts may increase revenue. However, their primary competitor is the cattleman across the fence. If their cost of production is consistently lower, their chances of sustainability and success are greater. The greater opportunity for successful operations is to manage production cost. The big three direct costs are typically labor, supplement/hay and depreciation. Moderate stocking rates and selection of easy keeping, easy calving beef females allow ranches to stretch labor across a greater number of cows; strategic grazing minimizes the need for supplemental feed and hay; depreciation is a function of replacement female value, longevity and mature cow value as they exit the productive herd. Investing Wisely: Proceed with caution when adding to overhead costs such as insurance, loan payments, utilities, maintenance and licenses. As a savvy old cattleman says, “Never buy what you can lease or rent. Never rent or lease what you can borrow.” Successful ranches limit the purchase of “stuff” to absolute necessities. Saving When Possible: Like growing seasons, consecutive fiscal years are rarely the same. For example, returns over variable cost for Kansas cow/calf enterprises from 1975 through 2014 ranged from $76.40 to $589.50. During this period, no two consecutive years were the same. Successful ranches expect and prepare for the tough times. 1. Customers Successful businesses focus on the customer. For the ranch manager, the customer can be any combination of cattle buyer, feedyard, packer, hunter, hiker, photographer and eco-tourist. Ultimately, however, the customer is the consumer, and consumer expectations have changed appreciably over the past two decades. Consumers take the safety, wholesomeness and nutrient benefit of beef for granted. Their concerns center around where their food is grown, who grew it and the environmental sustainability of the enterprise. Consequently, meeting customer expectations involves more than producing a tender, juicy, flavorful eating experience. 1. People: The Next Generation What about the next wave of managers? Ranches that have remained intact for a century or more are perfecting the process of renewing ownership, leadership and management of the ranch and associated resources. Succession planning is an active, ongoing responsibility, and agriculture cannot be learned in the classroom or online alone. Experience is an irreplaceable instructor. Successful ranches foster an environment wherein successful people raise and mentor their successors. Every mistake is a lesson, and knowledge and wisdom come from observation and participation. Work ethic is taught by example, and the passion for land, livestock and lifestyle is inscribed in DNA. Ranches are not successful by default, but by the design of people passionate to “keep the ranch in the family and the family in the ranch.” Dr. Rick Machen and Dr. Clay Mathis are professors at the King Ranch® Institute for Ranch Management at Texas A&M University, Kingsville. Related posts Leave a Reply
The Consolation of Trees The Consolation of Trees In midwinter, When the sap begins to rise The cycle begins With the change in sun and light Seasons of growth A swelling of bud and bloom Then fruit and seed With the turning of the earth The light dims And the release of leaves A letting go Does the tree grasp and cling to flower and fruit? Does it grieve the last leaf to fall? Does it weep in the knowledge Of life to death to life again? The tree knows only The newness of eternal spring That with each turn of the earth The cycle begins again And again A letting go
Boys and girls have an equal aptitude for math - so why are there are so few women in higher paying STEM jobs? November 20, 2019 New research suggests that the gender gap in so-called STEM careers -- science, technology, engineering and mathematics -- may be more due to nurture than to nature. A study published in the peer-reviewed journal Science of Learning found that the brains of young boys and girls react the same to mathematics problems, and yet women make up 26% of people in computer and mathematical occupations, 21% of computer programmers and 16% of those in architecture and engineering, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Sugar intake should be halved to prevent cavities Sugar intake should be halved to prevent cavities We understands that planning a healthful diet involves multiple factors. One factor is sugar as total caloric intake and sugar’s effect on body weight. But sugar intake also impacts the prevalence of cavities. In the United States, around 92% of adults aged 20-64 have experienced cavities in at least one of their permanent teeth. To tackle the growing problem of tooth decay, researchers say the World Health Organization’s recommendation of a maximum of 10% total daily calories from free sugar should be reduced to 5%, with 3% as a target. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines free sugar as any monosaccharides and disaccharides that a manufacturer, cook or consumer adds to foods. Sugars naturally present in honey, syrup, and fruit juices are also classed as free sugars. Why the focus on sugars? Because sugar feeds bacteria in the mouth, and those bacteria produce byproducts that cause plaque buildup and acids that remove tooth enamel. Fending off bacteria means limiting its food supply: sugars. If you have questions about your diet and your dental health, contact Dr. Maryam Brazdo for more information today! Whiteman, H. (2014, September 16). “WHO’s recommended sugar intake ‘should be halved to combat dental cavities’.” Medical News Today. Retrieved from
Instructional Video: Anatomy of the Great Financial Crisis Getting Up to Speed on the Financial Crisis: A One-Weekend Reader’s Guide is a 35-minute instructional video analyzing the following concepts: • Distinguish between triggers and vulnerabilities that led to the financial crisis and their contributions to the crisis. • Describe the main vulnerabilities of short-term debt especially repo agreements and commercial paper. • Assess the consequences of the Lehman failure on the global financial markets. • Describe the historical background leading to the recent financial crisis. • Distinguish between the two main panic periods of the financial crisis and describe the state of the markets during each. • Assess the governmental policy responses to the financial crisis and review their short-term impact. • Describe the global effects of the financial crisis on firms and the real economy. Shop Courses
Readers ask: Which Continent Ethiopia Is Found? What is Ethiopia called now? Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia show Name in national languages Capital and largest city Addis Ababa 9°1′N 38°45′E Official languages Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Regional languages Harari Sidama Languages of Ethiopia Where is the location of Ethiopia? Ethiopia is located in the North Eastern part of the African continent or what is known as the “Horn of Africa.” Ethiopia is bounded by Sudan on the west, Eritrea and Djibouti on the northeast, Somalia on the east and southeast, and Kenya on the south. How many countries are in Ethiopia? Ethiopia’s population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups. Most people in Ethiopia speak Afro-Asiatic languages, mainly of the Cushitic and Semitic branches. The former includes the Oromo and Somali, and the latter includes the Amhara and Tigray. What is Ethiopia known for today? Ethiopia is famous for being the place where the coffee bean originated. It is also known for its gold medalists and its rock-hewn churches. Ethiopia is the top honey and coffee producer in Africa and has the largest livestock population in Africa. You might be interested: FAQ: When Did The Protest Start In Ethiopia? Is Ethiopia poor or rich? With more than 112 million people (2019), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and the fastest growing economy in the region. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita income of $850. Why is Ethiopia so special? It has the largest population of any landlocked country in the world. With mountains over 4,500 meters high, Ethiopia is the roof of Africa. The painting and crafts are especially unique, and are characterized by the North African and Middle Eastern traditional influences combined with Christian culture. Is Ethiopia a First World country? Within decades, many Asian countries made the transition from Third World status to First World status. Some countries in Africa are well placed to make this transition. These include Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire Gabon, Mozambique, Angola and South Africa. How old is Ethiopian? Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and one of the world’s oldest – it exists for at least 2,000 years. The country comprises more than 80 ethnic groups and as many languages. Primarily their shared independent existence unites Ethiopia’s many nations. Which region is largest in Ethiopia? The 2011 census reported the population of Oromia as 35,000,000; this makes it the largest regional state in population. It is also the largest regional state covering 286,612 square kilometers. Oromia. Oromia Oromiyaa Map of Ethiopia showing Oromia Country Ethiopia Official language Oromo Capital Addis Ababa Is Ethiopia Islamic country? Ethiopia has close historical ties to all three of the world’s major Abrahamic religions. Christians form the majority of the population. Islam is the second most followed religion, with 33.9% of the population being adherents. You might be interested: Often asked: How Many Orphans In Ethiopia 2015? Which language is spoken in Ethiopia? Amharic is one of the country’s principal languages and is native to the central and northwestern areas. Gurage and Hareri are spoken by relatively few people in the south and east. The most prominent Cushitic languages are Oromo, Somali, and Afar. Is Ethiopia a beautiful country? Ethiopia offers some of the most extraordinary landscapes anywhere in Africa. From the jagged-peaks of the Simien Mountains, the thick afro-alpine forests of the Bale Mountains, or the kaleidoscopic acid springs of the Danakil Depression – it’s one of the most beautiful countries in the world. What foods do they eat in Ethiopia? Below are 10 more essential Ethiopian dishes: • Injera (sourdough flatbread) • Tibs (sautéed meat chunks) • Shiro be Kibbe (legume stew) • Berbere (typical spice blend) • Kitfo ( Ethiopian beef tartare) • Coffee. • Tej (an alcoholic honey beverage) • Juices. Is Ethiopia mostly desert? The climate of Ethiopia and its dependent territories varies greatly. It is temperate on the plateau and hot in the lowlands. The Somali Region and the Danakil Depression in the Afar Region have a hot, sunny and dry climate producing fully desert or semi- desert conditions. Why Ethiopian are so proud? Ethiopians are proud of their beautiful and varied country because they alone among African nations were never colonized. But Ethiopia also has a heritage of natural disasters, mostly in the form of drought, that has caused it to be the focus of international aid for decades. Related posts Leave a Comment
ISSN 2330-717X Françafrique Is A Blunt Tool For Explaining Foreign Policy – Analysis By Paul-Simon Handy and Felicite Djilo* French President Emmanuel Macron held a new kind of France-Africa summit in Montpellier on 8 October. He invited no African heads of state. Instead he met with non-institutional delegates, including civil society, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. This welcome change from previous approaches is among the new steps taken by the French president to renew his country’s relations with Africa. Many African observers criticised the summit and its format as a new version of ‘Françafrique’. Senegalese president and poet Léopold Sédar Senghor used the term to describe the shared history of France and Africa. The idea later acquired a negative connotation, leaving little room for fact-based analysis that provides a nuanced understanding of the complex links between France and African countries. The term Françafrique is based on deeply rooted preconceived ideas about France’s relations with Africa: financial servitude, military interventionism, corruption of African leaders, and an over-estimation of France’s economic interest in the continent. At the heart of all this lies a profound ignorance of bilateral and contextual dynamics in favour of outdated generalisations. One example of the gap between perception and reality is that none of France’s former sub-Saharan colonies is among its top five trading partners in Africa. The same goes for foreign direct investments. The notion of Françafrique doesn’t acknowledge the agency of African actors except when they oppose the colonial power. In this sense, the continent’s post-colonial history is often reduced to a string of martyrs whose fate is attributed more to ‘neo-colonialism’ than their own flawed political strategies. There is no denying the role played by France in the post-independence authoritarianism that gripped French-speaking Africa after the 1950s. But why are leaders of former English colonies – Tanzania’s Julius Nyerere and Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe – acclaimed as pan-African heroes while Côte d’Ivoire’s Félix Houphouët-Boigny and Gabon’s Omar Bongo are vilified, even though they were no less democratic or economically efficient? Africa needs more robust political analysis of countries’ internal dynamics and their relations with world powers. This approach is more empirically sound than resorting to ‘Françafrique’ which adopts a moralising and infantilising approach to African actors. And the notion is misleading for four reasons. First, the Françafrique concept is hardly a true reflection of contemporary French-African relations. France no longer plays the central role it once did in most Francophone African political systems. This is largely due to the youthfulness of the continent’s people and generational changes among political and administrative personnel. Africa’s economic importance for France – already dwindling at the time of colonisation – has been steadily decreasing due to the French economy’s orientation towards services rather than the production of low-cost secondary products. The latter constitute the bulk of African imports from China, for example. Second, the neo-Marxist influence of the 1970s continues to shape the thinking of many African intellectuals. Rooted in the concept of dependence, this world view sees African countries as dominated by world powers like France, who support their alleged puppet governments. In reality, the vision is becoming obsolete. Over the years, Francophone political systems have acquired their own logic and historicity, and some heads of state have distanced themselves from France. Third, the term ‘Françafrique’ glosses over individual African states’ characteristics and dynamics, reducing their relations with the former colonial power to a common denominator of paternalism and domination. After all, what similarities are there between Congo-Brazzaville, whose political scene was dominated by trade unions and a Marxist party led by the military, and Chad, whose North-South geographical and cultural divide continues to shape political competition and relations with France? The diverse bilateral relations between specific countries and France are often reduced to a dominant-dominated configuration unsupported by facts. Finally, France has recently made efforts to address various dimensions of its colonial past. The opening of selected historical archives, the numerous testimonies and other investigative work are helping uncover previously concealed information about the nature of relations between France and its former colonies. Several African states are currently showing the same logic of dependence with countries like China that they did with France. It’s therefore time to declare the death of Françafrique as a relevant framework for analysing the internal and external dynamics of French-speaking African countries. More than ever, empirical studies based on knowledge of local contexts – as advocated by the Cameroonian sociologist Jean-Marc Ela – must become the norm. Information is needed about what guides states’ interests and the dynamics between different groups within society. The continued use of the notion of Françafrique shows a poor understanding of African countries’ foreign policies. The starting point in analysing nations’ trajectories must be that African societies and their leaders have agency in the choices they make. *About the authors: Paul-Simon Handy, Acting Regional Director, ISS Addis Ababa and Félicté Djilo, Independent Analyst Source: This article was published by ISS Today Leave a Reply
Skip to content ↓ Fawbert & Barnard's Primary School Learning for Life Y2 Curriculum Y2 Curriculum Autumn 2021 Our topic for this term is Travel and Transport. Use historical enquiry skills to find out about different modes of transport and how they have changed over time, as well as thinking about future transport. In Geography, use map work skills to look at travel in our local area. We will also use our DT skills to design, plan and make a wheeled vehicle including axles and axle holders. Reading - re-read books to build fluency and confidence, read Year 2 texts with expression and at good pace. Check that the text makes sense as they are reading and correct inaccurate reading. Build comprehension by retrieving basic information from a text. Writing - writing about own experiences using bikes and scooters. We will look at the story of Mrs Armitage on Wheels and write similar stories, poetry based around trains and journeys, information texts on different types of transport, stories based on boats and mythical travel such as magic carpets and broomsticks! We will focus on correct punctuation and sentence structure along with making sure we use the correct tense consistently. Add detail to sentences using carefully chosen adjectives and extending sentences using a range of conjunctions. Phonics/Spelling - we will revise all the phase 5 phonemes from Letters and Sounds and make sure we can write them as well as read them within words. We will also investigate the different spellings of known graphemes such as the different ways to spell the 'ay' sound. Recognise the place value of 2 digit numbers; identify the tens and ones, add and subtract 2 digit numbers, multiply and divide facts for the 2s, 5s and 10s multiplication tables, name some basic fractions, recognise and use symbols for pounds and pence and combine amounts together, identify and describe the properties of 2D shapes, interpret and construct simple pictograms, tally charts, block diagrams and simple tables. Science - identify and compare the suitability of a variety of everyday materials. Carry out investigations to find out the best material for a specific purpose and understand why certain objects are made of certain materials e.g. would a chocolate teapot be successful?! Art - develop drawing skills through producing different patterns and textures and using a range of tones with a single pencil. Computing - use technology safely and respectfully and know that it is important to keep personal information, like passwords, private. Know how to search for specific topics by selecting keywords carefully. Music - listening to different pieces of music and responding to the different moods created. Think about the changes in sound and use words such as soft, loud, high, low to describe the music. PE - In gymnastics, learn a variety of basic gymnastic movements such as balances, rolls and jumps and develop a short sequence involving examples of these movements. In games, focus on throwing a ball with control and catching from shorter and longer distances. Wellbeing - thinking about how to develop safe relationships and understanding what bullying is. Knowing how to get help and how to resist pressure to do something unsafe or uncomfortable. RE - understand the meaning of belonging.
Protection for Brazil's coastal biodiversity [Translate to English:] Strand The IKI supports Brazil with the project 'Integrated coastal zone management and marine biodiversity (TerraMar)'. Photo: Studio Lumix/GIZ The unique biodiversity of the Brazilian marine and coastal zone is threatened by intensive use, settlement and pollution. Dörte Segebart from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) is project manager of the IKI project 'Integrated coastal zone management and marine biodiversity (TerraMar)' and talks in an interview about integrated environmental spatial planning, the involvement of local communities in Brazil and why plastic waste can be a source of income. The biological diversity of Brazil's coast is unique. However, it is increasingly at risk. What are the most serious threats? Dörte Segebart: The biodiversity of Brazil's more than 8000 kilometres of coastline is threatened by human activities, such as oil and gas drilling and industrial fishing. But threats also come from the land. The input of chemical water pollution from agriculture, for example from sugar cane, eucalyptus and fruit cultivation, from urban centres (industry and private households) and from deep-shaft and open-cast mining, endanger the sensitive ecosystems and lead to such consequences as mass fish mortality, to name but one. The 2015 disaster in Mariana/Minas Gerais is an example of this. In this case, the dam-burst of a reservoir, containing contaminated sludge from a mining company, poisoned 600 kilometres of the Rio Doce as well as several hundred kilometres of coastline and marine area around the estuary. Which ecosystems are particularly affected? Strong erosion processes due to the conversion of forest land into pasture land, especially the deforestation of the gallery woods on the banks, lead to a high sediment load in the rivers. Meaning that, among other things, more sand and mud is carried into the sea, resulting in a devastating effect on the corals, which are additionally threatened by increasing tourism and global climate change. One known effect is coral bleaching, for example. The deforestation of mangroves due to urbanisation processes, especially in the tourism sector, for example in the construction of beach resorts, is also worrying. The expansion of aquaculture, predominantly for conventional shrimp farming, also contributes to the deforestation of mangrove woods as well as severe water pollution. What is being done about this so far? Brazil has already placed over 25 per cent of its marine and coastal areas under protection, but often under a relatively low protection status. However, the increasing weakening of environmental institutions and the lifting of existing protection mechanisms and regulations indicate the fragility of the biodiversity policy. Your project team is also contributing with support from the International Climate Initiative (IKI). One of the measures is an integrated approach to environmental spatial planning. But just what does that mean in concrete terms? In order to find solutions to the problems mentioned, different policy fields must be better coordinated and pursue common aims. This requires a decidedly improved cooperation between various institutions. For example, fishing, agricultural and industrial policies need to be coordinated with the targets of environmental policy and aligned with common goals for regional development. The concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management incorporates these principles. In a pilot region in the south of the state of Pernambuco, for example, the economic activities of the tourism sector were reconciled with those of traditional fishing through the establishment of use zones and regulations in a participatory spatial planning process. Why is the involvement of the local population so important in the protection of marine and coastal biodiversity? A large proportion of traditional populations, such as indigenous peoples and local fishing communities, derive their livelihoods directly from the use of the coastal and marine biodiversity and are therefore directly affected by its destruction or pollution. For example, in 2019, an oil slick polluted the coast of Brazil for several months, having an immediate negative impact on animals and plants and subsequently leading to a ban on catching and selling fish products. The local population could no longer earn an income or ensure their self-sufficiency. They also had no reserves or insurance for this crisis situation. These groups are directly dependent on natural resources, are particularly vulnerable and therefore have a long-term interest in preserving natural resources. How does the project support these groups? In order to ensure the long-term conservation of biological diversity, the project focuses not only on protection but also on the sustainable use of natural resources. Groups of traditional users play a central role here. The project supports the participatory preparation of management plans for sustainable fishing in particular coastal and marine protected areas where sustainable use by traditional population groups is permitted. One particularly affected group are women who are still struggling for recognition and social security as fisherwomen. Strengthening fisherwomen's networks and supporting them in building up alternative sources of income through further training and the use of digital solutions are therefore also part of the project activities. The project also works to combat ocean waste, among other things with a pilot project. What approach does this take? The pilot project "Renda para Catadores" (income for waste collectors) in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas is about expanding the income opportunities of people who collect waste in the city, but also on beaches and riverbanks. The current focus is on processing plastic waste into pellets and, in a further stage, into recycled plastic products. Waste removal from the environment and thus protection of biological diversity, income generation and environmental education go hand in hand here. The activities also include an analysis of municipal waste management and the regional and national recycling value chain, providing impulses for strengthening them, for waste prevention and for combating ocean waste. Interview partner Dörte Segebart
Expert explains potential security risks of wearable tech Expert explains potential security risks of wearable tech Estimated read time: 5-6 minutes LEHI — This holiday season, trendy wearable devices are flying off the shelves. While fitness trackers, smartwatches and even smart clothing can make for fun presents, experts say consumers should keep the devices' potential security weaknesses in mind while shopping. Most wearable devices connect to the Internet or are Bluetooth enabled, meaning they could be vulnerable without safeguards like data encryption and authentication. Jason Sabin is the chief security officer at Utah-based Digicert, which provides SSL certificates — recognizable as the padlock that shows up on secure websites — for organizations that include Facebook, PayPal and NASA. He said that as an avid runner he likes the idea of a lot of wearable devices, but that as a security expert the lack of protection scares him. "A lot of these companies are trying to produce these devices, these features on top of their wearables, and a majority of the time they're actually not thinking about security or privacy for the individual at all," he said. "For example, there was a recently published study in July that went and actually found that the top 10 smartwatches all had significant security problems." Below are some points people who are interested in wearable devices should keep in mind, according to Sabin. Hackers could steal personal information With fitness trackers monitoring people's activities 24-7, some companies are collecting massive amounts of data. This provides a ripe opportunity for hackers to target health-related data like the information collected by wearable devices, according to Sabin. He said that since credit card companies have improved methods of cutting off funds once an account is compromised, hackers are shifting their focus and instead finding it is easier to gather and monetize health care records. Even though there haven't been significant problems reported with hackers and wearables just yet, Sabin said it might just be a matter of time. He likened it to people thinking credit cards were safe to use online without protective measures. "A lot of people were using credit cards online and not realizing the security implications at the time — it wasn't until there actually was big, massive data breaches," he said. "So you're starting to see some of those data breaches (with health information), but a lot of people, they're not paying attention to them or they don't know how to go read about them. A lot of these people will buy their wearable device for a specific purpose, not realizing that there could be a problem later." Companies could sell info Another potential threat to privacy comes not from hackers, but from the device manufacturers themselves, according to Sabin. He said that because many people don't pay attention to end-user license agreements — the legal fine print people are supposed to read and agree to before using a device — consumers could inadvertently give manufacturers permission to share their information with third parties. "They could actually be selling a lot of their information just by clicking a little button really fast," he said. Sabin speculated that one third-party group that could be interested in health information is insurance providers. He said if insurance companies obtained data from fitness trackers to see whether or not customers are maintaining an active lifestyle, there is a danger that the information could be misinterpreted. "For example, let's say that if you go to an annual checkup you do pretty well in those, but then you're also wearing a FitBit. If the insurance companies can get access to that they can actually use that to say, 'Well, you did a good job in your annual health check up but your daily activity is not so swell,'" Sabin said. "So you could actually see health insurance premiums rise because of data that was collected for years and years because there was no privacy or security around those devices." Buy from reliable companies For those who want to buy a wearable device, Sabin said shoppers should avoid buying the cheapest device but instead find a reputable brand. In general, larger companies are better at paying attention to protecting customers. He said low-budget wearables where companies stamp their brand on generic devices tend to have little to no security. "It's important to buy from a company that actually cares about security," he said. "A lot of times, you have people who are just trying to make a quick buck with these products and are mass manufacturing a quick device to see if they can sell it and not actually caring about security and privacy, versus if it's bought from a larger company, typically they've actually invested time and capabilities within security to say is this good or is this bad." Being choosy about brands is the best way for consumers to let companies know they want their information to be protected, according to Sabin. "I think the most important thing is that consumers are really voting with their pocketbooks," he said. "The consumer dollar really is the ultimate factor that decides whether companies are going to take security and privacy seriously. You only want to buy products that can guarantee that they will actually protect your data." Related Links Natalie Crofts KSL Weather Forecast
As the liquid fertilizer gets used up how can I maintain the right levels of nutrients in it? By Eric Hopper \| Last updated: May 25, 2021 EC Meter A: Maintaining the optimal nutrient concentration in a hydroponic system will allow your plants to continue to perform to their full potential. Each nutrient manufacturer has its own suggested nutrient concentration for hydroponic applications. This is usually expressed in either parts per million (PPM), total dissolved solids (TDS), or electrical conductivity (EC). Most hydroponic growers use a monitoring device that expresses the nutrient concentration in the form of PPM or TDS. Parts per million is a form of measurement used to determine the concentration of diluted substances. One PPM is equal to one milligram of substance per liter of water. In hydroponic gardening, PPM or TDS is used to express the amount of nutrients in the nutrient solution. In fact, PPM and TDS are just different terms that actually express the same thing. Even meters that express PPM/TDS measurements rely on electrical conductivity that is automatically converted into a PPM/TDS format. Some of the older meters do not automatically convert the EC values into a PPM or TDS value. If a grower is using an EC meter that expresses the nutrient concentration in EC form, he or she may need to convert the value to a PPM or TDS value in order to compare it to the manufacturer’s PPM or TDS recommendation. As the plants grow and use the individual elements in the nutrient solution, most hydroponic growers simply replace the used solution with a premixed nutrient solution based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. This is totally acceptable for the short term. However, because nutrient meters express the total nutrient concentrations and not individual elements, the actual ratio of nutrients to one another may get out of whack over time. If an individual nutrient concentration becomes too low, the plants will not receive all that they need to sustain accelerated growth rates. If a particular individual nutrient gets over-concentrated, it may cause serious burning or lock out issues, which can also lead to nutrient deficiencies. Perhaps the best safeguard against a nutrient solution with an undesirable ratio of individual elements is to do a complete reservoir change every two weeks or so. A periodic, complete reservoir change removes the unbalanced nutrient solution and replaces it with a fresh, balanced nutrient solution. In summary, hydroponic gardeners should invest in a decent nutrient meter to compare PPM or TDS values to the manufacturer’s recommendations. To safeguard against an unbalanced ratio of nutrients that naturally occurs as the plants feed, a hydroponic grower should do a periodic reservoir change. I hope this answers your questions. Keep on Growing, Eric Hopper Share this Q&A • Facebook • LinkedIn • Twitter Plant Nutrition Plant Growth Growing Methods Metering & Monitoring Ask a Grower Written by Eric Hopper \| Writer, Consultant, Product Tester Profile Picture of Eric Hopper More Q&As from our experts Related Articles Term of the Day Potable water is water that is safe for consumption. It has typically undergone some sort of cleaning process such as water... Read Full Term Don't Miss the Latest News From Maximum Yield! Go back to top Maximum Yield Logo Please confirm your date of birth: This feature requires cookies to be enabled
Nurses of today need to be trained in a variety of disciplines as they have a multidisciplinary role, keeping in view their significance and importance in current health care. Nurses not only have to deal with patients, but they also need to inform and update the physicians and the family of the patient about their condition. Moreover, they need to educate and empower patients also to learn self-care and able to become self-dependent as soon as they are discharged from hospitals. Nowadays, nurses are not only involved in providing effective services, but they also need to improve their education and to learn about different kinds of roles and leadership positions, so that they can advocate and support the profession of nursing on different platforms. The nurses are learning towards bsn to msn online program in which they are effectively learning various skills of nursing to become an efficient and effective healer. The Master of Science in Nursing provides the nurses with effective skills of screening, diagnosing, and providing care to several patients suffering from stroke, Injuries, Mental illness, along with any kind of disability in which they need advanced and individualized care. It is carried out so that the patient can become self-empowered and self-sufficient for leading a healthy life. Significant Areas and Skills needed for Nurses There are various basic as well as advanced skills and areas where the nurses of today need to work on to deliver the best of care to their patients as well as improving their profession with continuous learning and development. Empathy and Compassion As nurses need to deal with extremely vulnerable and suffering humans, therefore they need to understand the condition of the patient empathetically as it is crucial for the healing process. The nurses are considered to have a noble profession for helping and assisting the patients to recover from their illness, therefore sometimes patients are not willing and cooperating towards their treatment process, or they become cynical about their condition. During this time, the nurses need to deal with them empathetically and with compassion so they may become cooperative and compliant towards taking medication, and hence healing process can be improved significantly. Effective communication Communication is the heart of the healing process. Whether it is the communication over the changes of shift with other nurses, with the physicians or with the patients, the nurses need to have effective communication skills so that they can communicate effectively with the people. Moreover, the role of nursing is as a bridge between the patients and their families, so the families need to know the condition of their loved one. Hence, they need to inform every important detail of the patient’s health so that they can get informed about their patient’s health. Time management Time management is the key to success in any profession nowadays. From the timely delivery of medication to the presence of the nurse on time at shift changing, effective time management is crucial for the nurses to lead and succeed in their roles as effective carers in the modern health care. Moreover, as they are the ones who are having close contact with the patient during the time of medication or infusion, therefore, they need to ensure the timely delivery of the medication, which is possible only through effective time management. Delivering Individualized Patient Care The nurses of today need to deliver individualized patient care to the patients as every patient has some unique ability to heal; therefore, as nurses, we must understand that our patients need extra and personalized attention. Every patient is not able to respond similarly, nor can they express their needs and desires in the same fashion. Therefore today’s nurses need to teach critical thinking and observation skills to learn effective strategies for providing effective and individualized patient care to their patients. Empowering towards self-care Patient care has become significantly advanced during the last few decades. Therefore the nurses need to not only care for patients but also make them enable to learn self-care along with encouraging them to live their life to their fullest by believing in their potential. A person who is dependent upon others is prone to have low self-esteem and less energetic towards their healing process, and they might not feel able to become independent again. But as primary and effective health care providers, nurses need to motivate and encourage the patient through the shared decision making and positive communication with the patient so that their low esteem can be changed toward self-empowerment and confidence. Advocating for their rights Nurses of today need to educate and improve their roles, not primarily as carers. Still, they also need to educate and influence the system of health care and government authorities about their effective needs and rights as a distinct profession. The nurses need to understand their basic rights, and they must educate themselves about how to advocate about these rights at various platforms. Various Nursing agencies and organizations such as American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) provides effective resources and regulations about the effective role of nursing in today’s health care and how the services of the nursing profession are integral to the process of providing care towards the patients. Leadership roles Nurses need to work effectively in several social and philosophical disciplines along with management areas to empower themselves towards leadership positions. It is essential for the nurses, along with providing effective primary care to the patients to empower themselves with continuous learning and development in various disciplines of leadership and management so that they can promote effective advancement in their roles. The procedures are followed not only by a primary health care provider but also as a respectable and dignified professional. Continuous learning This is understood as crucial nowadays for every profession. Nurses also need to learn and educate themselves continuously to get updated with the novel and modern kinds of treatment and healing procedures as well as educating themselves through constant education. This continuous learning is not only related to traditional learning from books or institutions, but this can happen anywhere from attending seminars to taking various lectures and certificate programs that are offered online so that they can learn from their own pace and comfort. This is essential for the nurses so that they can effectively update themselves with all the modern and latest kinds of treatment and healing procedures. Therefore it can be concluded that the nursing profession has become significantly advanced during the last few decades; therefore, there are multiple disciplines and areas where the nurses need to improve themselves to get along with the current requirements and needs of this profession. With the above-given areas and skills such as empathy, compassion, time management, continuous learning, and critical thinking, nurses can gear themselves with various effective skills and expertise through which the health care delivery can become efficient and advanced. Moreover, they need to advocate and learn about their rights and privileges so that they can effectively advocate for their rights, whenever they come across any kind of inequality and injustice with their profession as well as dignity. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
The Origin and Mechanism of External Objectives by Elias Jacob Singer The sensory inputs experienced by our mind in addition to other perceptions such as feelings, balance, orientation, and stress are called somatics. Our combined present moment somatics are the somatic trace. The movement of somatic traces through time is called the somatic sequence. We also experience single distinct thoughts in a sequence and refer to the smallest unit of thought as a semantic trace and similarly the chain of these semantics as the semantic sequence. Semantics are symbolic interpretations of meaning imposed on somatic experience which exist as patterns of neural activity in the brain. Semantics index of the entirety of our experience and it is through them we retrieve traces from the somatic sequence. Similarly, somatics index the semantic sequence allowing the recall of semantics based on remembered and experienced somatics. Somatic traces are encoded to semantics and semantics in turn are translated to language. Language itself is stored as a somatic sequence since it involves visual, auditory, and motor sensory experience. For example, you see a plant sitting on your desk and think, "There is a plant sitting on my desk." You don't see the plant and directly create the words, somewhere between the somatic trace and the language used to describe it is the encoding of semantics. It's natural to think of semantics as words, but they are not words. While many semantics easily suggest words, others are subliminal in the sense that they do not directly index words. They may however be connected strongly with other behaviors, modes of perception, or even particular emotional states. The chaining of semantics in the mind allow for complex control of the body and its apparatus. It is also the control center of being and for that reason can cause the entire system to involuntarily execute complex orders. The force which calls up semantics in the mind is agency and the source of this agency is consciousness itself. Herein lies the danger of releasing agency to an external operator. A control circuit laid in place while in a hypnotic state can index semantics directly and in turn control the mental apparatus of the individual. The mechanism by which individuals are controlled are rogue circuits created within our own minds. These circuits are implanted via posthypnotic suggestion (PHS) and operate independently, manipulating our objective hierarchy, distorting our knowledge of the world, and corrupting wisdom gained through our life experience. These circuits subvert heuristics and the evaluation process and thereby influence the choices we make with their ultimate goal being the actualization an external objective hierarchy at the cost of individual actualization potential. The mind has the ability to build automated circuits which are triggered by semantic cues. Upon close examination, the modern human mind is operating on autopilot much of the time, with the controls handed over to implanted constructs operating to fulfill their own agendas. If you are not aware of this fact or find this idea absurd, you are likely under the control of a circuit right now. Contrary to the opinion of modern psychology, the hypnotic state is real and can be brought about consciously or via external agency through a previously implanted posthypnotic suggestion. While the mind is disengaged or otherwise occupied, an external agency can take control of the machinery of the human mind. Surprisingly, all that is needed to regain this control is a complete awareness of the process of evaluation, bringing to light these implanted circuits lurking in the darkness. We have all experienced moments of clarity in our lives and it is in these rare moments when we are fully in control of our actions. The deactivation of rogue circuits is the ultimate goal of actualization in order to return the individual to a state of pure agency. These rogue circuits are constructed from artificial memories encoded directly to long term memory. They are activated via a posthypnotic suggestion, which is in essence a hidden memory. One common way these hidden memories are created is during a traumatic event. Because trauma itself is a hypnotic state wherein an individual is focused intently on a somatic while semantic activation is happening via an external agency. Again, all that is needed to retake control of your individual agency is to maintain complete awareness of evaluation. In other words, when one is observing the somatic and semantic sequences directly, this is when the individual is maintaining control of agency. We define cognitive bundles as the combined somatic and semantic trace held in the mind in the present moment. Memories are sequences of cognitive bundles which trigger each other in a cascade from one to the next. Memories, and therefore cognitive bundles, can be recalled via a semantic index or can be activated while in a somatic state similar to the one under which the memory was created. Normal experiences are stored in short term memory and then moved to long term memory, or consolidated, at a later time during a period of meditation or sleep. Trance States and the Creation of Unconscious Memories When subsystems are overloaded and stop communicating or narrow their communication with other subsystems a trance state can come about. Trance states follow a continuum from sleep to just below the state of full awareness. The trance state is entered when neural subsystems fail to communicate and coordinate. One way for this to come about is to simply relax certain activities of the mind. Sit still, fix your attention, close your eyes, and quiet the semantic sequence. However, this state can also occur under the opposite conditions of confusion, distraction, and sensory overload. Examples of Trance States Drug Induced Sleep Deprivation A hypnotic state is a trance state where the individual has given over, in trust, direct control of their semantic sequence. With this control the operator can create, alter, conceal memories, and create posthypnotic suggestions. Posthypnotic suggestions are semantic sequences which enter the sequence via an unconscious triggered memory. The memory is triggered via the somatic state since the memory cannot be recalled directly, or at least not easily. Because the entire bundle is not recalled, there is a danger that the individual will insert their own present time experience, existing bundles, or new semantic links into the covert memory thereby giving the posthypnotic suggestion a new conscious avenue by which to be triggered while still working covertly. In fact, for the most part people are not even aware how much their agency over their semantic sequence is being compromised. They will either be entirely unaware of the posthypnotic suggestion or mistake it for their own agency. Examples of Hypnotic States Lucid Dreams Social Media An experience had under a trance state is semantically encoded and stored directly to long term memory using a process called consolidation. This is in stark contrast to how long term memories are typically formed after an event. These experiences can also immediately combine with existing memories. While it's bad enough that subversive memories move directly to long term storage, the worst part is that some of these memories may be covert and contain the semantic raw material to generate a posthypnotic suggestion. The memory of an experience created in a state of stress is hidden from the mind, it is only the index of the original somatic state which activates the memory. The index can also be blocked via a PHS in a phenomenon known as posthypnotic amnesia. The operator can simply tell the subject that they will not remember and later on the subject does not remember even when questioned regarding the events which took place under hypnosis. It is not the individual that prevents the memory from being recalled, the mind simply does not retrieve the information, much in the same way a traumatic memory is avoided. The amnesia of the subject can be removed via a second posthypnotic suggestion in which a command is given to remove the amnesia. After the removal, the subject is able to remember the events which took place under hypnosis. Traumatic memories can also contain unintentional posthypnotic suggestions. For example, when in a heated argument someone says, "You always ruin everything." Later under a period of similar somatic state, the memory of the events where this was said will be suppressed but the suggestion will directly enter the semantic chain giving the command to "ruin everything". It is now understood that some memories are stored in our DNA through meta information in the form of methylation. These memories are constructed in the very wiring of the brain during its early development and are the cause of many universal human fears and common phobias. And it is fantastic to think, if our DNA is extraterrestrial in origin does it mean we have memories from other planets? Is it possible that DNA was sent into space purposely in order to colonize additional planets with the buried instructions to build a sentient being? Or, is it simply the design of the universe itself which allows for such a conscious entity? Faulty semantic decoding of these prenatal genetic memories is also responsible for strange dreams, irrational fears, and other enigmatic experiences. These underlying semantics can then become the foundation for new cognitive bundles as additional trauma is reconsolidated into these ancient memories. The ultimate goal of the individual is to enter a state of total awareness of evaluation in order to extinguish the control of external objectives. External objectives have origins that extend deep into human history in the unfulfilled objectives of individuals. We must become aware of and remove these repressed objectives and take control of our own destiny. We must move toward a state of increased actualization potential and in turn toward universal actualization with which we are so inextricably intertwined. © 2021 Elias Jacob Singer. All Rights Reserved.
There are a myriad of reasons why getting out of the house and spending time outdoors are beneficial to your physical and mental health but we’ve chosen our top three to inspire you to open that door and step outside. Sweet Sunshine We know, we know. . . you just spent all summer lathering yourself up with SPF to protect yourself from the damaging rays of the sun and we applaud you for that healthy choice. That said, there are benefits to soaking up some of those rays. What usually comes to mind is the absorption of Vitamin D, which is actually a hormone created in the body via sunlight and it is essential for a healthy immune system. It’s linked to protection against osteoporosis, autoimmune disorders and heart disease and getting it naturally is far superior to Vitamin D supplements. Something else to think about? While it’s true that most of the time we should be wearing UV protective sunglasses outdoors, some sunlight is essential for optimum eye health. Just a bit of time in natural light, will help to alleviate the effects of our modern habits of spending too much time in front of screens which can cause serious eye strain. Also, new research indicates that too much time in artificial light can bring on myopia, also known as nearsightedness. Fresh Air Where would we be without oxygen? Just one mature tree can produce 260 pounds of oxygen a year, which is enough to support the needs of two people. So while you’re hanging out in nature, hug a tree and thank it for helping your white blood cells work optimally at killing and fighting germs and bacteria. Nature’s fresh air assists your lungs to dilate more fully and improves their ability at cleansing the body of airborne toxins, including the slew of indoor pollutants we are exposed to, and aids in digestion and relieving stress. So take those deep cleansing breaths in the great outdoors! Engage Your Senses Nature is a playground of exciting sounds, smells and other ways to engage our senses. Step outside, whether it be in the city or country, and the air is full with the songs of birds. Julian Treasure, with The Sound Agency, believes these special songs help to relax people physically but stimulate them cognitively, “People find birdsong relaxing and reassuring because over thousands of years they have learnt that when the birds sing they are safe, it’s when birds stop singing that people need to worry. Birdsong is also nature’s alarm clock, with the dawn chorus signalling the start of the day, so it stimulates us cognitively.” When it comes to scent, it is our sense of smell that is most directly linked to areas of the brain responsible for processing emotion. This is why we link certain time periods of our lives or events with specific smells. Phytoncides are organic compounds emitted by trees and plants and inhaling them causes humans to slow down their breathing which in turn reduces anxiety. To get the benefits of phytoncides, some Japanese partake in what is called Shinrin-Yoku or “forest bathing” where quality time is spent walking through forests to promote improved mood, cognitive function, creativity and to relieve stress.
The banking industry was presented with numerous challenges as the pandemic spread across the nation and the world. Many banks learned just how capable their staff was to work from a location outside of the bank’s walls. When the right technology and safeguards are in place, telework can be a good compromise for many workers to be able to continue their important jobs while also having access to a safe work environment. Digital banking provides faster processing of financial transactions, more convenience, and a model that allows for the continuation of a financial industry even in the face of a pandemic. However, digital banking makes banks vulnerable to cyberattacks. Banks are now facing fresh security challenges that were brought on or affected by COVID-19. Here is what you need to know about them and how to protect yourself. Banks must learn how to properly train their staff on how to identify potential cybersecurity risks and how to respond to them. An emergency plan should also be in place at every financial institution that provides a blueprint to workers. First, however, security leaders must understand the potential threats: The threats Some of the most prolific cyberthreats banks are facing in light of the pandemic include identity theft, account takeover, malware automated threats and teleworking. Identity theft In 2018, there were 651,000 reports of identity theft. Identity theft is easier to commit online because there are fewer obstacles to this crime. For example, a person with a stolen credit card can often purchase products online that he or she would not be able to purchase in person because of EMV security (EMV is a set of international standards that defines interoperability of secure transactions across the international payments landscape). By being able to hack into a bank, a criminal may be able to steal the identities of several customers without ever coming into personal contact with the victim, making this a particularly attractive type of crime for a criminal during a pandemic. Account takeovers Account takeover occurs when a criminal accesses another person’s account and changes information about it, such as the address or email address associated with it. The real owner of the account does not receive updates about the account because the communication is rerouted to the criminal. Account takeover statistics show that this particular form of fraud has increased significantly over the last several years. Malware automated threats Another cybersecurity risk for banks is malware automated threats. These input malicious code through automated tools like internet bots. They complete many repetitive tasks and do not cost much to execute, making them particularly attractive to cybercriminals who can often reap significant financial benefits with a little associated cost. Teleworking is another cybersecurity risk to banks. As more people must stay home to comply with government orders and to slow the spread of COVID-19, many bank workers are working remotely. If they do not have a secure network, criminals may be able to access sensitive data from these workers. What can the banking industry do? Have security procedures in place and communicate that to your customers. Before customers ever have to reset their password, be sure that you have communicated security procedures in place for customers to educate themselves. Encourage customers to: 1. Verify they are using the correct app or website before signing in. 2. Educate themselves on spotting and preventing phishing scams. 3. Avoid using public Wi-Fi to access online or mobile banking 4. Use of multi-factor authentication. 5. Regularly update passwords and avoid using one password for all banking sites and sign ins.
Four Great Inventions – The Oldest And The Most Useful When talking about the oldest inventions man has made, there are so many to choose from. A lot of inventions have been made since then and some people may even be surprised to know about them. Take for example the wheel. People have been using the wheel to make all kinds of things such as tools and even weapons for hundreds of years. The wheel is considered to be one of the oldest inventions as people have been using a wheel to make things such as corn to grind. Invent Help The wheel has also been used to create machines such as plowing or harvesters and these types of equipment have been in existence for hundreds of years already. If you were to count the inventions made since the wheel was first invented, it would actually reach over two thousand five hundred. This makes the wheel one of the oldest inventions. One of the oldest inventions still around today is the sewing machine. Sewing machines have been around for a very long time, but the early ones were not very effective and weren’t that practical. However, with improvements in technology, these devices became very reliable and well-made. With the introduction of the 20th century, new features were added to some of these machines making them more efficient, as well as more reliable and practical. An obvious choice as the oldest invention is the stove. The first stoves were very basic and weren’t very effective, however they paved the way for more advanced types of stoves. There have been many major advancements in the stove’s design since its invention, allowing people to enjoy greater benefits from using one. One of the most important inventions of the 20th century was the electric stoves, which allowed people to cook different types of food without cooking them over open flames. Some stoves even burned wood to burn calories and fat, making them extremely efficient. Another one of the most important inventions of all time would have to be the television. People were astonished by the quality of the first televisions, which revolutionized the entertainment industry forever. Since the invention of television, there have been several major breakthroughs in the industry including the development of plasma screens. Another television that was considered a minor invention would have to be the computer. Computers were greatly growing in popularity before the invention of the internet, which made it easier for people to store large amounts of data and information online. Guns were another product that was considered a creation of man. Specifically, they were invented to fight wars, since they were very effective weapons. The first known gunpowder explosion took place in England in the year 870. Prior to that, gunpowder had been used mainly as a method of creating cannon balls. Throughout the years, gunpowder technologies continued to improve, until finally it became a major source of energy. At this point in time, gunpowder had also become the oldest invention in history. The next four inventions mentioned above were all considered major innovations, but only gunpowder was actually the first to completely revolutionize how humans lived. Throughout the centuries, new inventions were made with gunpowder as an element. While the others were either invented to make them more effective or simply to be able to use them in different situations. Regardless, gunpowder was the most useful of all the four great inventions. The final invention on the list, which was considered a minor invention, was the wheel. In fact, without the wheel, some cultures would not be able to produce basic implements such as hoes or shovels. Wheels were invented by man’s great grandfather, which gave man the chance to more easily control any type of tool.
March 19, 2021 PDF Comparison by Brian We’ve received several requests for assistance on how to create a test that compares the contents of a PDF file generated by the target application to a baseline. Because PDFs often contain some lines that have variable information, the ability to mask out lines from the comparison is imperative. It turns out to be a fairly easy exercise and the result is a step that can be reused to compare any PDF to its baseline. Here is an image that displays the solution. The description follows below: The step, ‘ComparePdfFileToTemplate’ takes four parameters: 1. PDF_FileName – the name of the PDF file 2. PageAppObjectName – the AppObject Name of the PDF Page. 3. bCapture – a flag that indicates whether to capture a new baseline 4. SkipLines – a list of the line numbers to skip when comparing The PDF file is loaded into a buffer. Then the name of the pdf file is stripped from the path. If the user indicates that a new capture is required, the step gets all the text from the PDF file and writes it to a new baseline file in the ‘Run\Project\Other’ folder. The baseline file name is comprised of the original file name plus the AppObject page name to accommodate multiple page PDFs. If bCapture is false, the step writes out the baseline to the results file, assigns the actual contents of the target PDF file to a list of string and then performs a line by line comparison between the expected results store in the baseline and the actual results, skipping the lines that are listed in the SkipLines list. As you can see in the image above, the step is quite simple. Here is the data table used to provide the parameter values to the step. Each of the two pages that were compared in this example had two lines that needed to be skipped because they contained data generated at runtime that would differ from run to run. The variable data was handled by a separate step. As noted above, the baselines are generated in the Run folder when ‘bCompare’ is set to true. The user needs to copy the baselines to the ‘Other’ folder in the AscentialTest Project path: Finally the files must be added to the ‘Other Files’ section of the Project Explorer so that they will be available to the executing test at runtime: If you would like to receive a copy of ‘ComparePdfFileToTemplate’, send a request and we will be happy to provide it.
Test-Driven Development: a Cost-Effective Approach to Developing Software The main goal of software developers is to create high-quality products with the required functionality. At the same time, this product creation shouldn’t cost a fortune. One of the effective methods used to speed up the process of creating software and reduce its cost is test-driven development, which offers a pool of benefits to both programmers and customers. TDD or Test-Driven Development: What Is It? Test-Driven Development is an approach to software or mobile app development that relies on cycling. Its mechanism of action is the following: • a QA engineer writes a test that covers the desired change; • developers write a code, which must pass this test; • the code is refactored to the existing standards; The benefit of the TDD approach is that both tests and code can be written by a single specialist. However, it’s recommended to engage two programmers or a programmer and a QA engineer. HowTDD Works Benefits of Test-Driven Development Developers opt for the TDD approach for several reasons. Let’s single out the key benefits of this methodology. • Creating modular code. When using the TDD approach, programmers have to write code in small blocks to test it properly. This helps create good software architecture and understand how to work with a modular structure better. • Transparency and ease of refactoring. The modular code writing process is transparent and secure. Also, when the code is tested immediately after it was written, it is easier to refactor it when needed. When you test a large piece of code that has been written for months, it is more difficult to improve if any problems arise. • Increased productivity of the developer team. Tests let us see the problems with the code immediately, and all the team members can work together at its improvement. • Preventing bugs. The test-driven development lets detect bugs immediately and fix them before writing the next piece of code. Most bugs stand no chance. • Increasing accuracy and specifying the requirements. The TTD approach lets clarify the requirements at every single stage once again. As you see, the TDD methodology offers quite a lot of benefits. However, there is at least one more important thing we can’t but mention. Test-driven development helps reduce project costs. TDD Advantages How the TDD Cuts off the Costs When you just start using test-driven development, it can seem you too time-consuming. Actually, when you have to test every small piece of code, fix all the bugs immediately, and then test it again until it is perfect, you lose much time. However, it’s important to understand that by doing so, you create a clean copy that needs no further corrections. This is why in the long-term perspective, you save much time (and money). Another benefit here is the possibility of automatizing tests. After every single code modification, it will be tested automatically once again. This will help you make all the necessary improvements immediately and avoid the need for rewriting several hundred code lines in the end. How to Implement the TDD: Four Main Steps The effectiveness of any approach depends on how wisely you use it. When it comes to test-driven development, it is implemented in several steps. Here are the main of them. • Prepare all the tests you will need in the process of developing. This is a crucial and very responsible step. For a starter, you may create the tests needed for software refactoring. It’s a good idea to visualize everything by writing down or drawing all the tests you will need on every stage. The more complicated and challenging the project is, the more detailed and accurate the test scheme should be. • Clarify all the requirements. This task is closely connected with the previous one. To make a test scheme you need to understand clearly what particular result you need to get at each stage and how you are going to reach it. When every stage is clearly described, and proper tools are chosen for its implementation, the development process is fast and seamless. • Divide the development process into implementation and testing. In fact, there can be more directions if the project is large and complicated but developing and testing are the two mandatory ones. It’s important not to mix them up. • Think of the naming. In order not to get confused, you need to attribute proper and relevant naves to each text and implementation step. Try to name them by categories, classes, and subclasses and keep to a unified order. For example, if the implementation stage is called MyPageOne, then it’s a good idea to name the corresponding testing stage MyPageOne.test. The bug-fixing stage, in turn, will be called MyPageOne.fix.test, and so on. The quality of the preparation work determines the efficiency of all future activities. So don’t be lazy to double-check every point before you begin coding and testing. The Bottom Line: Why Choose the Test-Driven Development The test-driven development approach has some weighty advantages if compared to conventional software development. It requires serious preparatory work; however, in the long run, it helps speed up the development process, minimize the number of mistakes and bugs, and reduce the overall project cost. Automated testing shows all the problems immediately and let us improve them early, without the need for rewriting large pieces of code afterward. Vitaly Kuprenko is a technical writer at Cleveroad. It is a software development company located in Eastern Europe. His mission is to provide people with interesting material about innovations in the world of IT. You can read him via his twitter.
May 31, 2018 The Roots of Russian Aggression (JAMES KIRCHICK, May 24, 2018, National Review) Long before the collapse of their empire, Soviet leaders endorsed this conception of state sovereignty by signing the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, which committed signatories to respect one another's "sovereign equality," the "inviolability of frontiers," the "territorial integrity of states," "non-intervention in internal affairs," and the "peaceful settlement of disputes." Collectively, these resolutions constituted the act's "first basket" of agreements. The second basket incorporated trade and scientific cooperation, while the third committed states to uphold human rights, freedom of emigration, and freedom of the press. At the time, the Soviets were eager for such an agreement because it essentially legitimized their post-war domination of Central and Eastern Europe, where they had installed Communist puppet regimes (which, along with the United States and its Western allies, were also party to the Helsinki accords). While the Eastern Bloc governments had no intention of actually upholding the act's "third basket," their formal recognition of it came back to haunt them in the form of dissidents who cited these written commitments in making their case for great political freedom. So, too, were the Soviets and their allies taken by surprise when national independence movements referenced the act's sovereignty provisions to expose the fundamental illegitimacy of the Warsaw Pact, all along a façade for Russian colonialism. That the Soviets (and, later, Russians) never intended to take the human-rights and sovereignty provisions of the Final Act seriously is a repudiation not of the Final Act itself but of the leaders who disingenuously signed it. Soviet leaders again endorsed the principle of national sovereignty when, in 1989, they supplanted the Brezhnev Doctrine, which permitted Warsaw Pact countries to intervene militarily against "forces hostile to socialism" in other member nations, with the "Sinatra Doctrine," whereby Eastern Bloc states could do it their way. Though it was not Gorbachev's intention, this momentous decision ultimately led to the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first post-Cold War conflict to erupt between Russia and the West was in the Balkans, where the United States and its allies intervened militarily to avert ethnic cleansing carried out by Moscow's traditional ally, the Serbs. Confronting internal economic and political instability, and prosecuting a scorched-earth war in Chechnya, Russia was in no position to challenge NATO in the former Yugoslavia. This inability to contest Western intervention in what Moscow considered its imperial backyard bred feelings of resentment among a rising generation of Russian nationalists, who would later choose to fixate on the Western military alliance as the greatest threat to Russian security. The subject of NATO's post-Cold War enlargement, and more specifically the false claim that Western leaders promised their Soviet counterparts that NATO would refrain from incorporating new members, has won credibility of late. Particularly after the Ukraine crisis, Russia's Western sycophants, seeking to justify Putin's aggression, trotted out the claim that NATO's "encircling" of Russia had somehow forced Putin into invading his neighbors. It is remarkable how pervasive this narrative has become. Touring the United States over the past year to promote my book about Europe, I have never addressed an audience in which someone did not mention, if not endorse, this argument. Assertions of Western "triumphalism" with regard to NATO enlargement gained strength in December when an outfit called the National Security Archive at George Washington University selectively published a series of recently declassified U.S.-government documents purporting to show, once and for all, that Western leaders had indeed offered their Soviet interlocutors a "cascade of assurances" that NATO would not expand. Despite its official-sounding name, the National Security Archive is a left-wing organization committed to exposing the Cold War sins, real or alleged, of America through the highly selective publishing of tendentiously presented documents, and nothing in the latest dump tells us anything new. As is already known, James Baker, then the secretary of state, promised Gorbachev that NATO would not expand "one inch eastward." The archive attempts to embellish this statement by releasing some extraneous once-classified documents. But Baker made that pledge solely in the context of East Germany, a country that, like the Soviet Union, would soon cease to exist. At the time, it was inconceivable that places such as Poland or Czechoslovakia (another state not long for this world), never mind the soon-to-be independent Soviet Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, might one day join NATO. Russia and its Western apologists can offer no evidence of a promise not to enlarge NATO, because such a promise was never made. Gorbachev should have the final word on this matter: "The topic of 'NATO expansion' was not discussed at all, and it wasn't brought up in those years," he said in October 2014. "I say this with full responsibility. Not a single Eastern European country raised the issue, not even after the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1991." Only years later would the prospect of former Warsaw Pact states' joining NATO become a subject of more than academic discussion, when the alliance offered membership to Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. In 1997, all three joined. But relitigating what assurances the West did or did not make to the collapsing Soviet Union about NATO's future status is a distraction from the more fundamental question: What right does Russia have to decide whether its former satrapies can join a defensive military alliance of their own free will? In the words of the former State Department official Kirk Bennet, "NATO enlargement was driven by demand, not supply." The newly independent countries of Central and Eastern Europe all desperately wanted to join NATO, and given their histories with Russia, it's not hard to understand why. The practice of invading European neighbors because they stray from the true socialist path -- employed by the Russians in Hungary and Czechoslovakia in 1956 and 1968, respectively -- is a model of interstate behavior that was supposed to have been forever discredited with the collapse of the Soviet Union. (As events in Georgia in 2008 and Ukraine six years later demonstrate, however, it has unfortunately been revived.) The principles of state sovereignty and territorial integrity initially laid out in the Helsinki Final Act were later enshrined in the 1990 Charter of Paris for a New Europe, agreed to by the Soviet Union and, following its dissolution, its legal successor state, the Russian Federation. In 1994, Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum with Ukraine, Great Britain, and the United States, which saw Kiev surrender its ample nuclear-weapons stockpile to Moscow in exchange for guarantees of its territorial integrity. As with practically every understanding it signed in the post-Cold War period, Russia later violated this pledge. [...] Our present-day problems with Russia stem from two utterly different, and fundamentally irreconcilable, understandings of what the end of the Cold War meant. It wasn't just a side that lost but a whole understanding of how the world should work. From the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand to the Sudeten crisis to the division of Germany, most of the 20th century's major conflicts erupted over border disputes in Central and Eastern Europe. Vladimir Putin's refusal to acknowledge that small countries have the same rights as larger ones has pitted a rules-abiding West against a rules-flouting Russia. Faced with neighbors wishing to break free of their post-imperial yoke, Russians have not paused to consider that maybe it's their behavior, past and present, that has led the former "captive nations" to be wary of Moscow's designs. Rather, Russians have internalized, in the words of former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine Steven Pifer, the attitude that "nobody likes us, what's wrong with everybody?" For Western policymakers to endorse such myopia is like giving car keys to a drunk. No one asked if Russia wanted to redefine sovereignty and no one cares that they don't. Posted by at May 31, 2018 4:44 AM
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