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A version of this post was originally published in 2015. We are republishing it today following President Obama’s decision Tuesday to commute much of the remaining sentence for Chelsea Manning, the U.S. soldier convicted of leaking classified information to WikiLeaks. Obama also granted commutations to 208 other people and pardoned 64 people.
During the administration of President Obama, officials have reviewed thousands of clemency petitions and granted commutations to scores of nonviolent drug offenders. On Tuesday, Obama commuted the sentences of 209 people — including Manning, sentenced to 35 years in the WikiLeaks case — and handed down dozens of pardons.
Commutations are not the same thing as presidential pardons, which sounds very obvious if you already know this, but just in case anyone out there is curious, here’s a breakdown of how the whole process works.
What a commutation or pardon means
People can apply for executive clemency — meaning pardons and commutations — and these requests go through the Justice Department’s Office of the Pardon Attorney. The applications go through the deputy attorney general’s office before making their way to the White House.
When a sentence is commuted, that does not suggest that the person was innocent, according to the Justice Department. It does cut off a sentence, but it does not do away with what are known as “civil disabilities” — another way of saying that convicted felons can’t sit on federal juries or, in some cases, vote.
A pardon, meanwhile, is something different. When presidents pardon people, they also don’t retroactively say that the person was innocent, but they do take away these civil disabilities. In some states, there are also ways for people can regain the right to vote without getting a presidential pardon, but a presidential pardon is still the only way for felons to be allowed to possess firearms.
An easy way to remember the difference: Pardons are generally granted after someone already served their time, while commutations typically happen when someone is behind bars, according to Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM), a nonprofit group that is participating in efforts to review prisoner applications.
The limits to what a pardon or commutation can do
Presidential pardons, meanwhile, do not expunge records, though criminal histories are supposed to be updated to show that the person was later pardoned.
Generally, pardons can help people when applying for jobs. In some states, pardons expunge the felony conviction from a person’s record, FAMM reports. Illinois allows for some felony convictions to be expunged or sealed, and in certain cases you don’t even need a pardon for that, while Kansas allows people to ask the courts to expunge records as well. (The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers has more here.)
There are also limits to what kind of sentence a president can commute. While presidents can commute federal sentences, they cannot grant clemency for any state-level convictions. In those cases, governors or state boards handle the requests, and this varies from state to state. For example, in Georgia, only the state Board of Pardons and Paroles can commute death sentences.
The rarity of presidential commutations
Commutations do not happen very often, and they are much rarer than presidential pardons. While in office, Obama has commuted the sentences of 1,385 people, more than any other president in American history, according to the White House. He has also granted 212 pardons. |
Journalism about climate change has a high ratio of certitude to certainty when reporting weather events or climate projections, such as this week’s U.N. report. There is a low ratio of evidence to passion in today’s exhortations to combat climate change with measures interestingly congruent with progressive agendas that pre-date climate anxieties.
Last year, CNN announced: “Oceans are warming at the same rate as if five Hiroshima bombs were dropped in every second.” True. However: “The earth absorbs sunlight (and radiates an equal amount of heat energy) equivalent to two thousand Hiroshima bombs per second.” That sentence is from “Unsettled: What Climate Science Tells Us, What It Doesn’t, and Why It Matters,” by physicist Steven E. Koonin, formerly of Caltech, now at New York University after serving as the senior scientist in President Barack Obama’s Energy Department and working on alternative energy for BP. His points are exclusively from the relevant scientific literature.
Because unusual weather events are routinely reported as consequences of climate change, Koonin warns: “Climate is not weather. Rather, it’s the average of weather over decades.” Of course the climate is changing (it never has not been in Earth’s 4.5 billion years), the carbon footprints of the planet’s 8 billion people affect the climate, and the effects should be mitigated by incentives for behavioral changes and by physical adaptations.
Human activities account for almost all of the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, but science has limited ability to disentangle human and natural influences on climate changes in, for example, the Little Ice Age (about 1450-1850) or the global cooling of 1940-1980. Although Koonin cites U.N. reports when saying “human influences currently amount to only 1 percent of the energy that flows through the climate system,” media “reports” say hurricanes are increasing in numbers and intensity. Koonin says “humans have had no detectable impact on hurricanes during the past century.” Improved weather radar detects even weak tornadoes, hence the increase in reported ones. But, says Koonin, data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show the number of significant ones has changed negligibly, and the strongest kind have become less frequent.
Sea levels, currently rising a few millimeters a year, have been rising for 20,000 years. Koonin cites recent research that the rate of rise ascribable to melting glaciers has “declined slightly since 1900 and is the same now as it was 50 years ago.” The melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contributes no more to rising sea levels in recent decades than it did 70 years ago. The average warmest temperature across the United States has hardly changed since 1960 and is about what it was in 1900.
A scandalous 2019 Foreign Affairs article by the director-general of the World Health Organization asserted: “Climate Change Is Already Killing Us.” Says Koonin, “Astoundingly, the article conflates deaths due to ambient and household air pollution (which cause … about one-eighth of total deaths from all causes) with deaths due to human-induced climate change.” The WHO says indoor air pollution in poor countries, mostly the result of cooking with wood and animal and crop waste, is the world’s most serious environmental problem. This is, however, the result not of climate change but of poverty, which will become more intractable if climate-change policies make energy more expensive by making fossil fuels less accessible.
New coal-fired power plants in China and India will double and triple those nations' emissions, respectively. There are, Koonin says, five times more people “developing” than “developed,” and in this century cumulative carbon dioxide emissions from developing nations will be larger than from developed nations. Every 10 percent reduction that the developed world makes (“a reduction it has barely managed in 15 years”) will offset less than four years of emissions from growth in the developing world.
Koonin notes (as instant media analyses of the 4,000 pages might not) that this week’s U.N. study expresses low confidence in most reported trends in hurricane properties over a century, is uncertain whether there is more than natural variability in Atlantic hurricanes and calls its extreme emissions scenarios unlikely. Some of its plausible emissions scenarios project 1.5 to 2.7 degrees Celsius warming by 2100.
By then, however, global gross domestic product, which grows by a larger multiple than population, will mean a much-increased per capita global wealth. A previous U.N. report said that a large global temperature rise of 3 degrees Celsius might negatively impact the global economy as much as 3 percent by 2100. Koonin says: Assuming, conservatively, 2 percent annual growth, the world economy, today about $80 trillion, would grow to about $400 trillion in 2100; climate impacts would reduce that to $388 trillion. Not quite an “existential” threat. |
Predatory Behaviour
For our dog's ancestors, predation was their form of survival. Dogs nowadays through their genes can still have that drive to want to hunt for survival. haThey have no control over this behaviour. Predation is through genetics. Your dog will not grow out of it.
The Predatory Sequence
Orientation >> Stalk >> Creep >> Chase >> Grab-bite >> Kill-bite >> Possess >> Dissect >> Consume
** it must be noted that this isn't the sequence for every dog. A Border Collie for example stops the sequence at chase because we wouldn't want a working sheepdog to be grabbing and killing livestock. Some dogs may also miss out some of the sequence steps, such as with a Spaniel, you may see orientation and then straight to chase then grab-bite.
How can we deal with predatory behaviour?
Some dogs can have a much stronger need to hunt than other dogs. If we were just to suppress it completely then it only increases the pressure on the dog wanting to do something about it. If we don't provide our dogs with a suitable outlet then they'll find their own outlet, which is using something like; chasing cars, joggers, stalking the neighbour's cat or destroying the soft furnishings.
> Implenting management and training techniques on our daily walks to help keep our dog calmer and more focussed on their guardian. This could be using a long line to stop the rehearsal of our dog running off to hunt on their own.
> Learning to perform the safe parts of our dogs predatory sequence with predation substitute tools
> Creating outlets for our dogs using predation games to help meet their hunting needs
> Introducing a safety cue that immediately interrupts unwanted predatory chasing
dog trainer tidworth
Functional Rewards
Every dog has innate needs that they need to fulfil. Say your dog sees a deer, their need could be to chase the deer because it represents food and survival. Now we could recall our dog away from the deer and get the dog to run back to you instead. The dog is still getting the chase aspect but they may not be getting the innate need of you giving them a treat being a substitute for the 'prey'.
This would mean the behaviour of running up to you as you've recalled them isn't functional. Again, they may get the chase aspect from the recall but if your dog is wanting to hunt: chase, bite and kill... then the chase part isn't enough of an outlet for them.
Have a think about your dog's predatory sequence... are you giving them enough of an outlet?
What could you be offering them that mimics parts of their predatory sequence that they absolutely love to perform? |
Why should we choose organic food?
«Decanting for organic food is not a fad. There are many different reasons why it is fundamental that people change their lifestyle and opt for organic and really healthy food. »
Environmental Health and Climate Change
According to Cornell’s Department of Entomology, only 0.1% of applied pesticides achieve their goal. The other 99% only produces a negative and degenerative environmental impact. Waterways and farmland are contaminated by chemical runoff from farms and one of the biggest environmental disasters is the loss of soil quality. The industrial model of monoculture depletes the land and up to 50% of greenhouse gas emissions are created by the global industrial system of chemically produced foodstuffs, which continue to exacerbate the climate crisis.
Safe water
Safe water Scientists warn that the more chemicals that are applied, the greater the challenge for preserving water quality. Chemically dependent agriculture and waste from the traditional food industry pollute the waters of rivers, seas and oceans. This can be avoided by growing organic food.
Health Risks
The use of pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers poses direct risks to the health of farmers and agricultural and consumer workers. Several studies have shown that some herbicides and pesticides stimulate the growth of cancer cells, cause fetal malformations, aggravate ailments and a long etc .; By opting for organic food people reduce the risk of contracting a large number of diseases.
Wildlife, from microorganisms to the largest mammals, plays their own role in every ecosystem. The decline of birds, bees and other pollinators has been linked to the application of synthetic pesticides used by conventional farmers. Farms that produce organic food hold about 30% more wildlife species than conventional farms. Researchers at the University of Oxford, Sweden and Switzerland, after a thorough study, concluded that almost 75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops was lost in the last century.
Avoiding Transgenics
This type of genetically modified foods in laboratories have several problems, among them it emphasizes that: it is not always known that they are ingested (indirectly they are in many foods and not noticed in the labels of their presence), not Know their long-term health effects, require specific herbicides (such as glyphosate, which the WHO says is a «likely carcinogen») and affects biodiversity.
Ensuring food security
Current and future generations can only survive if water, air, soil and biodiversity are preserved. The current system is not sustainable, especially as people continue to consume traditional products rather than opt for organic food without being aware of the catastrophic consequences of their choice.
Autor entrada: Francisco Camacho |
Protozoan parasites of man: the treatment is unicellular in the body of the people
More than four billion people on the planet suffer from parasites. This, researchers explain that people are not aware of this issue and also underestimate the problem. Time they are diagnosed and begin treatment.
All the parasites that can cause various diseases in humans, divided into three large groups:
protozoan parasites
1. Simple. Varieties of this type of a lot of parasites. The most common are Trichomonas, Toxoplasma, Giardia.
2. Worms.
3. Parasites. These include those that can be on the human body (mites, lice, and others).
Parasites of the latter type of person can quite easily become infected. But single-celled parasites (protozoa) often become sick for a surprise. During his life the person may not even suspect that he is ill.
What are the risks of disease parasites?
The majority of parasites, including worms, can live on the body or in the human body for a long time. So often the diseases that they cause become chronic.
Affected organs cease in this case to perform their normal function, the immune system is greatly reduced. Man is more susceptible to disease infections.
Such an organism throughout time, yet there are worms, will be poisoned by the toxins that parasites produce to wilt and suffer from allergies.
Such processes may develop over a fairly long period of time. If the delay to detect parasites in the body and not to start timely treatment, it is fraught with negative consequences for the person.
These parasites can live in the human body. They are divided into three types:
1. Tape.
2. The flukes.
3. Round.
All diseases that they can cause, are called worms. This disease in recent years, often people underestimated, and therefore the treatment starts on time.
Detected every year about half a million people who get this disease. Half of this number are children. It is noted that in rural areas, people worms can appear more often than in the city.
Ways of infection
People can be infected with parasites in various ways. Most often they enter the body through food, through contact with an infected person or during bathing, and avoid contact with the infected soil. Not rarely, the worms can enter the body by contact with animals.
Each species of parasites differently localized in the human body. Accordingly, the clinic and lesions of the organs will be different. But doctors there are several symptoms that may indicate the presence of parasites in the body.
Among them are:
1. Intoxication. In this case, the body will be infected by those substances that the worms secrete in the body. It may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, etc.
2. Allergies. The skin may appear and disappear a rash. This disease is difficult to treat. In this case, the appearance of the disease is caused by toxins produced by parasites.
3. The decrease in body mass. This often occurs in children. The child may eat well, and lose weight. The reason for tutu in the competition for nutrients between body and parasites.
4. Hyperthermia. The increase in body temperature occurs with no apparent signs of any disease.
5. Disorders of the stomach. To explain such a symptom can be the presence of dysbiosis, which is not treatable with medication.
6. Anemia. Parasites consume all of the nutrients that enter the body with food. The human body is therefore not enough vitamins for their needs. A symptom of this is a pale skin, dizziness.
7. Cravings for sweet foods. The reason is that the body lacks certain nutrients.
diagnosis and treatment of parasites
If a person will have at least one of the above symptoms, then this would be cause for concern. It also requires time to begin treatment.
Where can parasitize in the body of a worm?
It can be in:
• Lungs.
• Liver.
• The stomach.
• The brain.
• Bones, muscles, bladder, and kidney.
During its life cycle worms can put in the body of a large number of eggs. Also the eggs of worms can penetrate from the outside into the body and develop in it. They after some time turn into larvae, which will also be able to defer over time the eggs.
Most often infected with worms is possible with casual contact with that person, which they already have. A distinctive feature of parasites is that they can perfectly adapt to your environment.
The eggs are not terrible neither the temperature changes nor moisture, nor dryness. They can for as much as months to wait for its prey.
If humans are worms, to identify them and to feel the symptoms, he can immediately. This is usually within a certain period, while the concentration of toxins in the body will not increase.
With a strong immune system such symptoms may appear even after 5-6 months. Therefore, it is recommended to periodically run a diagnostic of your body.
Diagnosis and treatment
Not so long ago the only method to detect parasites in the body was sensing, and analysis of faeces. But the accuracy of this survey was low.
Currently, doctors widely used immunological examination, which can determine the presence of parasites in the body, including worms, on the basis of the analysis of blood. In this case, and treatment can begin promptly.
To identify the presence of parasites is possible by analysis of DNA. This method reveals even the simplest parasites, and viruses. The disadvantage of this method is that with its help it is impossible to identify the degree of severity of the disease, as well as the number of parasites in the body.
Bioresonance diagnostics also often used by doctors to detect parasites. Based on this method it is possible to detect the worms and begin treatment at an early stage, when there are no symptoms of the disease. Also using the technique is evident and the pathogen.
For the treatment of parasites today, doctors use four main methods:
1. Medications, antiparasitic drugs of broad spectrum for the people.
2. With the help of physiotherapy equipment.
3. Folk remedies.
4. Modern means.
When the medication is used those drugs that can destroy worms and other parasites in the body. The choice of drug will depend on the type of parasite. Also depends on the scheme according to which the treatment is carried out. Here important is the condition of the patient, as not all such drugs are harmless to the body as a whole.
Physical therapy devices help to cure and suppresses the metabolism. The procedure is usually used devices. If the disease is run, this method can lead to intoxication.
In folk medicine, too, there are plenty of ways to deal with pests. There are many recipes for this. Most frequently this recipe uses aspen bark, garlic, tar of birch and other plants.
Modern methods you can also get rid of parasites. They combined all the most effective ways to do this. The effectiveness of these drugs is high. They are absolutely safe for humans.
To the body appeared worms and other parasites, you need to follow certain rules which are fairly simple. Protozoan parasites can multiply and appear only then, when there are favorable conditions.
Despite the fact that the rules of protection against parasites is quite simple, it is noted that their appearance in recent times in humans were more likely to commit.
The main points that you should consider that the body, it has not been parasites:
1. Do not drink water from open source.
2. You can not eat unwashed fruits and vegetables.
3. You need to protect yourself from ticks, mosquitoes.
4. Required to be vaccinated against plague, typhus and other diseases.
5. Don't let your children kiss dogs and cats.
6. Strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene.
7. To carry out heat treatment of fish and meat before eating.
8. Try not to swim in open water.
9. Wash toys that a child plays on his face.
10. Check Pets for the presence of parasites. |
What is the difference between machine learning and robotic process automation?
As newer technologies evolve, differentiating one from another becomes challenging. The difficulty increases when you are new to the industry. While the technologies may have similarities, there are indeed differences between them. Machine learning is a subset of AI that uses statistical algorithms to give computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. RPA technology on the other hand enables non-technical staff or machines to complete high-volume tasks, similar to human actions. Capacity provides customers with the best of both worlds, as ML and RPA technology is integrated into their various solutions which allows you to automate routine business processes and gather big data insights.
First, look for a feature called Robotic Process Automation (RPA). RPA allows companies to increase their output by automating repetitive tasks—ultimately reducing employee turnover and increasing job satisfaction.
Next, look for machine learning (ML). Machine learning, which relies on large data sets to understand the probable outcomes. ML then teaches computer systems to make decisions based on that information and is a subset of AI.
After comparing the features that manage data and automation, look for features that work together. True workflow empowerment brings the power of data, AI, and automation together. For example, Capacity captures knowledge, mines documents, and spreadsheets, and connects to over 50 popular apps—making everything instantly accessible through a comprehensive interface.
What is robotic process automation?
Robotic process automation (RPA) is programmable software that performs routine business processes. It is designed to automate tasks across an enterprise. RPA tools are programmed to replicate manual processes that were completed by employees. Some solutions capture the employee process, while others use documented procedures as the basis of the automated process.
What is machine learning?
Machine learning (ML) uses artificial intelligence (AI) to learn how to determine possible outcomes without explicitly programming them. The technology relies on large data sets to understand the probable outcomes. From that data, ML teaches computer systems how to make decisions. Although ML and AI are used interchangeably, they are not the same. ML is a subset of AI.
How are ML and RPA different?
ML and RPA were developed for different purposes. RPA was designed to automate predefined business processes or workflows. ML was created to make quantitatively sound decisions in real-time. Perhaps, the best way to explain how the two technologies are different is by example.
All businesses have to request payments and pay bills. Most of these accounting processes follow the same steps. For example, sales teams generate an order for every item that is sold. When the sale is complete, the order is sent via email to the accounting department. Accounting downloads the attached order saves it electronically and creates an invoice to be sent to the customer.
Since the sales department always sends orders as an email attachment, RPA could automate the process. When an email from a sales rep is received, RPA can check the subject line for the words “closed sales order” and look for an attachment. If the attachment is present, it is downloaded and saved into a designated folder. RPA then notifies the accounting team that a sales order has been filed.
If the sales and accounting departments share the same format for orders and invoicing, RPA could be programmed to use copy and paste commands to generate the invoice. Alternatively, ML could be deployed to ingest the sales order, extract the information, and create the invoice. The invoice would then be sent to the customer for payment.
Doing vs. thinking.
RPA was designed to complete discrete tasks such as receiving emails and storing files. Reading a sales order is outside its design scope because sales orders are unstructured or semi-structured data, meaning the data doesn’t always appear in the same place.
For example, the number of line items in a sales order changes from customer to customer. As another example, service sales orders differ from product orders. Since RPA requires explicit instructions, programming the software to adjust the copy and paste function to ensure it can process the variable number of line items from different order formats is almost impossible.
Instead of RPA notifying the accounting team, the software tells the ML application that an order has arrived in the designated directory. Because ML was designed for processing unstructured data, it reads the sales order, extracts the information, and places it in an invoice template. ML can forward the invoice to the customer or an employee for data validation.
Unlike RPA, ML solutions have the ability to adjust to deviations in a process. They understand that the number of line items changes and different products may have other invoicing formats. When ML encounters a new situation, it uses its knowledge base to make a decision on how to move forward. RPA could fail to function until the software is modified to accept the change.
Process vs. data.
Robotic process automation is all about the process. RPA was intended to help businesses automate repetitive procedures. It is especially effective in performing tasks that are rule-based and cut across department or system boundaries. In siloed organizations, a workflow can be stalled every time a different department is involved. For example, processing a vacation request can be delayed as it moves from the employee to a manager to human resources back to the employee. In our example, the sales order could be delayed as it moves from a sales rep to the accounting team to the customer.
ML, but specifically AI, is focused on data. It needs lots of quality data to do its job. When turning sales orders into invoices, ML requires examples of both sales orders and invoices. The more examples, the better the results. After learning about sales orders and invoices, an appropriate ML algorithm is trained to perform the process faster and with more accuracy than a human.
If a static business process needs to be completed as quickly and accurately as possible, RPA will probably meet the need. However, ML may be needed if the procedure requires on-the-spot decisions for what would be considered out-of-scope steps for an RPA solution.
Better together.
As shown in the invoicing example, combining RPA and ML can result in a fully automated end-to-end solution. However, the cost for automated solutions increases as one moves from RPA to AI deductive analysis. What is needed is an analysis of which solutions are the best fit for your organization.
For example, RPA requires end-user participation to document a step-by-step process. Any changes in the process require a program change. ML also requires end-user participation to provide sufficient data to train an ML algorithm. With ML, programmatic changes should not be required.
The key to either an RPA or ML deployment is understanding what the solutions were designed to do and how they do it. For organizations wanting to move forward with digital automation, RPA can be an excellent entry-point. It can be deployed quickly and at a lower cost than AI-based solutions. However, expecting RPA to provide the same results as ML will only lead to frustration and failure.
Contact us to see how your org could benefit from RPA. |
Home Features Good Governance and Controls for Ensuring Data Privacy
Good Governance and Controls for Ensuring Data Privacy
Data Privacy is the technical aspect of information security that deals with the ability of an organization to handle PII.
personal data collection, Personal data. Data Privacy
There has been a misconception about privacy that confuses many people. People tend to share seemingly related or unrelated personal information online, such as birthdays, addresses, contact details, marriage announcements, and holiday plans on social media. People are also inclined to share pictures of favorite foods, people, localities, and workplaces. And they provide opinions on sensitive issues (religious, national, political, etc.) throughout different social media platforms. On the other hand, new and exciting technologies are emerging almost on a daily basis, and people share their information in the guise of playing games online, attending virtual worlds, and doing shopping online. Similarly, organizations also collect and store relevant personal information for business purposes. Consequently, the privacy risk increases ubiquitously with every share. The shared data, individually or collectively, can be used for malicious activities.
By Muhammad Tariq Ahmed Khan, Head of Information Security Audit, Internal Audit Division, Arab National Bank, Riyadh
Before moving ahead, let’s have a clear understating of “Privacy” and related terminologies:
What is Privacy?
Privacy is the ability of individuals or groups to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. (Source: Wikipedia)
In other words, Privacy is an individual’s fundamental right to have control over the collection, usage, and dissemination of personally identifiable information.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) – The Information that directly or indirectly identifies an individual. For instance: name, address, date, and place of birth, National Identity Number, biometrics (e.g., photo, fingerprint, iris, etc.).
What is Data Privacy?
“Data Privacy,” also called “Information Privacy,” is the technical aspect of information security that deals with the ability of an organization to handle PII, or an individual’s right to determine what kind of data can be collected/stored in a computer system, and can be shared with third parties.
Difference between Data Privacy and Data Security
People and organizations are sometimes confused by the differences between Data Privacy and Data Security. Both of them pertain to PII, but are distinct concepts. Data Privacy is about the control (related to usage and governance) over PII, such as policies and procedures being established to ensure that PII is collected, stored, used, and shared appropriately. Whilst Data Security is about ensuring that technical controls (related to confidentiality, integrity, and availability) are implemented to protect PII from malicious cyberattacks. In other words: Data Security is a technical aspect of PII, whereas Data Privacy is a legal aspect. In layman’s terms, privacy is the fundamental right to be left alone without any intervention.
Managing Privacy Risks
One of the biggest challenges faced by any organization is managing privacy risks. Since privacy awareness has increased over time, people are becoming more concerned with how organizations are handling their personal information.
Moreover, with the inception of privacy regulatory laws and associated penalties, it has become mandatory for organizations to take necessary steps in establishing and implementing a strong privacy risk management framework. Inadequate, or the lack of, a risk management framework may present numerous organizational risks, such as:
1. Possible damage to the organization’s public image and reputation
2. Potential financial or operational losses
3. Regulatory sanctions and penalties/ fines
4. Loss of customers’ trust and failure to attract customers
5. Damaged business relationships
Recommended Good Privacy Governance and Controls
Digital records of PII demand unique forms of protection at each part of their lifecycle. It is paramount for an organization to implement effective privacy programs that include the following good privacy governance and controls in order to address the above privacy risks:
Privacy Governance
1. Have a formal corporate governing structure to determine the level of privacy risk appetite acceptable for senior management.
2. Have a privacy framework containing policies and procedures relating to the privacy of personal information address data classification, record management, retention, and destruction.
3. A Privacy Risk Management Framework should be developed to identify, analyze & evaluate, and treat privacy risks.
4. Define the roles, responsibilities, and accountability related to the privacy program during its life cycle.
Data Collection
1. Document the business purposes for collecting personal information to ensure PII, which are not required and are not collected and retained.
2. Identify what kind of PII the organization is required to collect, who will collect, how will it be collected, and who will define what is personal or private.
1. Be well-aware about where all personal information is stored and who has access to it.
2. Implement a technical solution to set different permission levels for employees based on what PII they need to access such as Public, Private, and Restricted Access.
Data Confidentiality Assurance
1. Ensure PII is encrypted at rest and in motion throughout the life cycle. PII should be encrypted at various levels — databases, networks, system platforms, application layers, and business process/functional levels.
2. Identify the disclosure rules of PII to relevant third parties and not disclosed to unauthorized entities (people and systems).
Data Governance and Education
1. Define an awareness program to provide employees the privacy awareness training and have guidance on their specific responsibilities in handling privacy requirements, issues, and concerns. Employees who handle or have access to personal information must have undergone the required training.
2. Ensure that skilled resources are available to develop, implement, and maintain an effective privacy program.
Privacy Compliance Monitoring Framework
1. Establish a compliance monitoring framework to periodically verify the compliance level to ensure that privacy policies and procedures are being followed and detailed enough to meet new or current requirements.
2. Perform an assessment of privacy laws and regulations currently applicable for the organization or will be applicable in the future.
Privacy Incident Response Plan
1. Develop a privacy incident response plan in the event of a breach or attempted breaches of personal information and report such breaches to authorized individuals or regulators or anyone who has been affected by a data breach. This includes breaches that occur on the part of third parties.
Data-Flow Map
1. Establish a data-flow map that covers what kind of information is subject to transfer from one location to another, such as between departments, between individuals, to and from third parties, and through geographical borders.
Privacy Technical Solutions
1. Any software or system or technology to be used for privacy should be fully evaluated and secured before deployment.
2. Consider deploying hyper-automation to automatically redact PII from both static files and audio/video recordings.
Key Benefits of Good Privacy Governance and Controls
1. Protecting the organization’s image and reputation.
2. Protecting valuable data of the organization and its customers, employees, and business partners.
3. Achieving a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
4. Complying with applicable privacy laws and regulations and avoiding regulatory penalties.
5. Enhancing an organization’s credibility and promoting confidence.
Protecting privacy cannot be separated from technological development, and these days, organizations are inclined to invest in security technology to reduce the risk of privacy exposure. However, there is no technology that will prevent and eliminate the risk of every data privacy breach. So, organizations should fully understand the nature of risk and take a layered approach to improve their security posture by taking the time to understand PII and re-evaluate how this privacy data can be managed and protected.
This article doesn’t cover Data Privacy with respect to the collection, usage, storage, and dissemination of PII in physical form.
About the Author
Muhammad Tariq Ahmed KhanMuhammad Tariq Ahmed Khan is Head of Information Security Audit, Internal Audit Division, Arab National Bank, Riyadh. He has more than 21 years’ experience in the Banking industry, in areas such as IT, Information Security, and IT Audit. He has a solid understanding and application of Risk-Based Audit methodology, ISMS (ISO 27001), ISO 22301, NIST and COBIT, IT & Information Security regulatory compliance. To his credit, Khan also has sound technical knowledge in various IT platforms and IT project management – with experience in Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Management.
Read our exclusive coverage on Data Privacy Day 2021 here. |
Cipollino marble
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A cipollino marble column in the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome
It has a white-green base, with thick wavy green ribs, held onto the path[clarification needed] by strata of mica. The colour of its base and grain grows darker the further north the location of the quarry. It is a metamorphic rock, a crystalline marble with crystals between 0.2 and 0.6 mm, with coloured veins of epidote and chlorite. A marble similar in appearance to cipollino marble was mined in the Iberian peninsula at the Anasol mines,[1] and on the Alpi Apuane, in north-west Greece and Serbia.[2]
First used in ancient Greece, it was exported to Rome from the 1st century BC onwards; in his Natural History,[3] Pliny the Elder tells how columns of this marble were used in the home of the eques Claudius Mamurra, who had been an engineer for Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars. The quarries yielding it became imperial property, and cipollino marble became common throughout Rome during the imperial period. It was principally used for column shafts, including large and mainly smooth ones, such as the columns of the pronaos of the temple of Antoninus and Faustina in the Forum in Rome. It was also used for sculpture, such as that of a crocodile in the Canopus at the Villa Adriana at Tivoli, where its colour was used to imitate the colour of crocodile skin. It continued to be mined and used by the Byzantine Empire well into the 5th century AD.
See also[edit]
1. ^ A geochemical isotope study focused on distinguishing between 'anasol' and 'anasol type' Spanish and Portuguese marbles and 'green cipollino' Greek and Italian marbles (Alpi Apuane) is to be found in AA.VV. Roman Quarries of Iberian Peninsula: Anasol and Anasol-Type. PDF Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
2. ^ A research group at Università di Roma "La Sapienza" within GABEC (Gruppo georisorse, ambiente e beni culturali). PDF Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
3. ^ Plin., Nat.Hist., XXXVI, 48
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5 Conflict Handling Tactics
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Without a conflict resolution technique in the workplace, two very different individuals can have difficulty communicating when under stress. That's why it's essential that both managers and employees understand how each team member typically handles conflict, as well as how to implement conflict resolution techniques.
But is there a right way to deal with conflict in the workplace? Actually, there are five different "personalities" or techniques that people use when faced with a conflict: avoidance, competition, accommodation, engagement and collaboration. The way you handle conflict may seem totally normal to you but it misses someone else, so there is only one ideal solution: collaboration.
As a manager, you not only manage projects but also personalities. Sometimes strong personalities can lead to tension that ultimately affects the success of the project. The best thing for everyone is to successfully manage conflicts at work. Read on to learn the difference between these two conflict resolution techniques, why collaboration is ideal, and how to implement conflict resolution strategies in the workplace for best results.
The relative nature of the conflict and its resolution
Personality and education influence the way we handle conflict. Think of it this way. In some homes, it is completely normal to walk away from conflict and not mention it again. In other families, problems are discussed rationally until a compromise is reached, while other families solve their problems with a dramatic touch.
Imagine having three team members who were each raised in a different environment. One will walk away, another will try to have a conversation, and the third might raise his voice and get excited. Each thinks he is handling the conflict normally and sees the behavior of the other two co-workers as strange. The definition of conflict management is an attempt to get everyone on the same page with a process for addressing difficult scenarios. However, for these techniques to be successful, each employee must be trained in the process to give everyone common ground.
Understanding your team composition
The first conflict resolution strategy is to meet in a team to discuss conflict management before a problem occurs. While conflicts in the workplace can occur between employees and senior management or between employees and customers, most conflicts occur between employees who spend most of their time together. Ask everyone to think about how they feel most comfortable handling a conflict in their daily lives. There may already be common ground.
Five common conflict resolution behaviors are:
• Avoid
• Competition
• Accommodation
• Commitment
• Collaboration
• Avoiding conflict
Avoidance involves walking away and completely ignoring the conflict, without doing anything that might be perceived as a rocking of the boat. This feels safe for the individual but does not solve the problem. The problem could even be made worse if left unaddressed.
In a team environment, a person may take the initiative of a co-worker who avoids conflict, which can lead to frustration and resentment. If all team members have an avoidance strategy, productivity is low when a problem arises because no one wants to step forward.
It is easy for someone who is inclined to this style of conflict resolution to accommodate someone else's wishes because they prefer to agree with someone to resolve the conflict. However, their needs are not met in this way, which can cause problems in the future.
Competing to Win Conflicts
Some people see conflict as an opportunity to win. They have no interest in engaging, collaborating or avoiding conflict. They want to get away with it and are not afraid to assert their opinions.
In a team environment, a competitive attitude toward conflict can easily slide into intimidation. It can also cause frustration among co-workers who do not feel their views are taken seriously. As frustration builds, co-workers may end up adopting a competitive attitude to conflict resolution, and the problem escalates.
Compromise is the only option that allows someone with this mindset to win, although reaching an agreement may involve a power struggle.
Accommodating the other person
Team members who are not necessarily afraid to speak out during the conflict may, however, not have any demands of their own. Instead, they lean back to accommodate the other person's demands and resolve the conflict.
A complacent conflict resolution technique does not allow all points of view or information to be put on the table. Accommodating people inevitably curbs their frustration or minimizes their feelings. Over time, this can cause frustration to build up and lead to an expectation among assertive peers that they will always get their way.
Ideally, complacent people can be encouraged to declare their needs during conflict management sessions in order to move toward collaboration.
Engage during conflict
A compromising conflict resolution strategy aims to reach a solution that is considered fair. Everyone works together, so no one gets away with it. Instead, each team member makes a sacrifice to ensure that everyone gets a small consolation prize.
Compromise sounds great at first, but a solution that is fair is not always an effective solution. This conflict resolution strategy remains too focused on competition and misses an important point: What does each person need? That is where collaboration comes into play.
Collaborating to find a solution
Collaboration maximizes the assertiveness and cooperation of each team member. Everyone speaks up to state their needs, and after the whole picture has been painted, the team cooperates to do what is necessary to meet everyone's needs as much as possible. Everyone leaves happily.
Of course, collaboration is not always possible, but it is worth the effort. Too often, conflicts arise due to misunderstandings and miscommunication. If all the team members are willing to put forward their needs and help meet the needs of others, a truly collaborative environment is born.
Coaching your team towards collaboration
Once you have your team together and understand the type of conflict resolution technique that each person usually uses, you can give them personalised guidance on what they need to do to collaborate on the job. Some team members may need to be more assertive, and others may need to be more cooperative. You can act as a mediator in the early stages and help individuals along the way.
In theory, each person involved in the conflict sets out his or her needs. After that, they brainstorm a solution that will meet those needs. When both parties agree on the resolution, it is time to implement it. As time passes, your team will feel comfortable enough with the process to handle it themselves, seeking guidance only when they feel stuck.
However, the process is not easy in practice. Real life is messy, and real people are emotional. You should establish some ground rules to ensure that conflict management sessions remain focused and do not become finger-pointing behavior.
Basic rules for conflict resolution techniques
Give your team some autonomy in this process by allowing them to give their opinion on the rules of the game. The list doesn't have to be long, but it has to cover what co-workers expect from each other when there is a problem. Prepare this in advance, before someone loses their cool due to a conflict.
For example, "I" language is recommended for conflict management instead of "you" or "they", which usually precedes a guilty plea. Instead, if team members focus on saying "I", they take charge of the situation and focus on what they can do to resolve it. Another basic rule could be to focus only on the problem at hand and not to mention previous examples of similar problems. This allows the conversation to remain solution-oriented.
After all, the goal of workplace conflict resolution is to help everyone do their job. There is no point in turning a conflict into a personal vendetta. Not every decision is a personal vendetta against someone. For successful conflict resolution, focus on the job and what it takes to get it done.
The Manager's Role in Conflict Resolution
Although you must train your employees to handle conflicts according to established guidelines as a company or team, you play a key role as a manager in reducing conflicts and resolving them. Have you ever considered that you can create conflicts within your team inadvertently? Success starts with giving clear instructions and making sure your team understands your expectations. Be as specific as you can in assigning tasks and covering the who, what, when, where, why and how. Make sure you don't invade the territory of micromanagement when you do.
Learn to be an active listener. Listen with the intention of understanding, not responding, and use your body language to show the speaker that you are listening and that you are following. Stay professional and unbiased in all your interactions to earn and maintain the respect of your team. Avoid meeting people individually. Group meetings ensure that there is no question of special treatment behind closed doors.
If there is a possibility that someone might misinterpret your message or tone in an email, pick up the phone. If you're setting unreasonable deadlines and creating a bottleneck somewhere, fix it. You may not realize that you have contributed to a problem until you are mediating a conflict resolution session, in which case you should speak up and state your own needs and become an active participant in the collaboration session. Bring someone else to act as a mediator if necessary, as this will demonstrate your integrity and earn the respect of your team.
Know when to take a break
Sometimes everyone needs to take a break before they can get together, follow the ground rules and work together to get things done. If you feel that emotions are running high, suggest that everyone take a 10-minute break to vent before starting the conflict resolution session. A brisk walk outside, some time alone listening to music, or deep breathing techniques can calm nerves.
It may also be helpful to encourage people to take their time to respond during the moment. Give everyone a turn to talk during which they are not interrupted. This gives them some time to gather their thoughts and really respond, and not react rashly, to what has been said. It also keeps a strong personality from dominating the session.
Finally, if you notice that you spend an inordinate amount of time resolving conflicts, especially those involving the same people, you may need to ask for help. Someone higher up in the company may have more experience in conflict resolution and can guide you, or you can consult with a conflict management coach. However, no matter how hard you try to resolve conflicts, sometimes you can end up trying to fit a square peg into a round hole. A position on a different company team might work better for an employee who doesn't get along with a current team member.
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Childhood Trauma and Dissociation in Adulthood
Childhood Trauma and Dissociation in Adulthood
Barbara Apgar
Dissociative symptoms are disruptions in usually integrated functions of consciousness such as memory, identity and perception of the environment. Whether dissociation is primarily a response to overwhelming experiences, especially in childhood, is a subject of debate. Research examining the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation has focused primarily on sexual and physical abuse. Little is known about the effect of co-existing distressing circumstances such as parental loss, witnessing interparental violence and chronic neglect. Draijer and Langeland examined the level of dissociation in relation to childhood events to evaluate the effect of multiple victimization and dissociative response.
A total of 160 psychiatric inpatients consecutively admitted to a general psychiatric hospital were given the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Structured Trauma Interview. The Dissociative Experiences Scale is the most widely used screening instrument for dissociative symptoms in clinical samples. The Structured Trauma Interview evaluates childhood experiences that have proved to be risk factors for adult psychopathology, as well as the effect of adult sexual and physical abuse.
Results demonstrated that childhood experiences were interrelated. Early separation from a parent was related to sexual and physical abuse and to witnessing interparental violence; sexual and physical abuse were related; and physical abuse was related to witnessing interparental violence, but sexual abuse was not. Mothers were reported to have dysfunctional behaviors more often than fathers. The severity of the maternal dysfunction was related to early separation, witnessing violence and sexual abuse.
The severity of each patient’s dissociative symptoms was significantly related to reported physical and sexual abuse but not to early separation. The highest dissociative scores occurred in patients who were sexually abused by family members and non-family members and those who suffered a combination of sexual and physical abuse. Patients who reported having mothers who drank heavily experienced the most significant dissociative symptoms.
Childhood stressors in the form of severe physical or sexual abuse or repetitive sexual trauma caused the most severe dissociative symptoms. Multiple victimization, particularly occurring within the context of intimate relationships, appeared to reinforce the dissociative response. Witnessing violence and early separation from a parent did not significantly contribute to adult dissociative symptoms. The authors note that secrecy and denial are strongly associated with childhood physical and sexual abuse. The significance of maternal dysfunction in cases of adult dissociation refutes the theoretic assumption of a single trauma-related etiology of dissociation.
The authors conclude that their findings support the clinical observation that patterns of insecure/disorganized attachment are related to increased levels of dissociation as adults. Perceived dysfunction or unavailability of the mother seems to be important and indicates the importance of early positive attachments between parent and child. These findings emphasize the importance of the establishment of trust by physicians who may be caring for patients who have experienced childhood abuse.
Draijer N, Langeland W. Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry March 1999;156:379-85.
COPYRIGHT 1999 American Academy of Family Physicians
COPYRIGHT 2000 Gale Group |
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Financial Literacy
What is a Closing Entry?
Financial records don’t just “end” when the fiscal year does. Companies often have a variety of accounts still open and active. To “close the books” on the period and establish the baseline for the next one, companies need to close active accounts using a closing entry.
A closing entry is a journal entry made at the end of an accounting period to zero-out temporary accounts and shift their balances to permanent accounts. These temporary accounts can be revenue, expenses and dividends—all of which can be closed out at the end of the fiscal year. The process of closing these accounts is relatively simple, yet takes extremely close attention to detail and due process to ensure financial transparency and accounting accuracy.
Here’s what it means to record closing entries and how to close the books at the end of a financial period.
Learn more about a closing entry
What Does “Closing the Books” Mean?
Closing the books involves moving balances from outstanding accounts to permanent accounts, to establish “fresh” books for the new period. Effectively, it zeroes accounts so the company begins the next period with no balances. In doing so, the company updates the balance sheet.
Closing the books is an essential part of compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It follows double entry accounting practices to ensure the company accounts for transactions in the period in which they occurred. Closing the books is an important step in the preparation of financial statements, such as IRS Form 10-K.
It’s important to realize that companies close their books at different times. A fiscal accounting period is a consecutive 12-month stretch, and companies need to close their books at the same time each year to maintain the integrity of reporting. For example, the United States Federal Government runs a fiscal year that starts October 1 and ends September 30.
Temporary vs. Permanent Accounts
Businesses have many different types of accounts on their books: some short-term, others long-term. Temporary accounts typically represent current assets and liabilities, which means they’re closed within the fiscal period. This is in contrast to permanent accounts, which represent ongoing, long-term assets and liabilities.
Also called “real accounts,” permanent accounts have continuity through periods and can stay open for as long as dictated by their nature. These can include inventory, owners’ equity and loans, for example. Permanent accounts live on the balance sheet, which is why there’s no need to close them at the end of the fiscal period.
Types of Temporary Accounts
Temporary accounts close at the end of the fiscal year to properly segment periods. There are three types of temporary accounts
• Revenues. How much the company earns in a given year.
• Expenses. How much it costs to keep the company operation in a given year.
• Dividends. How much the company distributes to shareholders in a given year.
Consider the ramifications of not closing a temporary account. If ABC Company earns $100,000 in revenue in 2018, $20,000 in 2019 and $5,000 in 2020 without closing its revenue account, it would show $125,000 in revenue for 2021, despite three-year declines. It paints an incorrect picture of the business. Thus, temporary accounts close each fiscal year to “reset” the books, for a more accurate view of the business.
The Process for Closing Accounts
Recording closing entries is a matter of debiting and crediting temporary accounts, to move balances over to the income summary and then the balance sheet. The process for closing the books for a public company is as follows:
1. First, close revenue accounts by debiting revenue and crediting income summaries
2. Next, close expense accounts by debiting income summaries and crediting expenses.
3. Close income summary by debiting income summary and crediting retained earnings
4. Close dividends by debiting retained earnings and crediting dividends
What happens if a company isn’t profitable for the period? In the event of a loss, the company would credit the income summary and debit retained earnings.
Each closing entry is important because it a) follows the double entry accounting standard and b) creates a clear and specific paper trail. Independent auditors can follow these accounts to the balance sheet and account for them accordingly. Above all else, debits and credits need to be identical.
Why is the Income Summary Account Important?
In recording closing entries, accountants effectively move revenues and expenses to the income summary. This is an important step in closing the books. The income summary account aggregates temporary accounts (sans dividends) during the closing process and thus isn’t reported on any financial statements. As CPAs complete the closing process, the income summary account balance falls to zero. It’s an intermediary account that facilitates closing entries and helps ensure transparency as they’re debited.
Closing Entries Signal the Period’s End
Every company needs to have a clean end and a fresh beginning as the fiscal year ends. To establish this break means closing the books, and to facilitate that closing, CPAs need to record a closing entry for all temporary accounts. Revenue, expenses and dividends all need to move to the balance sheet, leaving behind a zero balance.
In fact, this is especially important to understand for investors with dividend-paying stocks. To learn more about the best dividends available, sign up for the Wealthy Retirement e-letter below.
A closing entry—combined with the income summary account—marks financial transparency for a company using double entry accounting. As a company shores up its books and seeks to maintain GAAP compliance, each closing entry needs meticulous accuracy. This is the benefit of working with a qualified CPA. Done right, it’s the path to a fresh start in a new period.
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• Crossbite: What is it & How do I fix it?
April 22, 2021
You’ve likely heard of an overbite or an underbite, but crossbites are equally common! See how these conditions differ, what a crossbite is, what causes a crossbite, and what your potential treatment options are.
What is a crossbite?
A crossbite is a common type of malocclusion, similar to an overbite, underbite or open bite. ‘Malocclusion’ means an abnormal, misaligned relationship between the top teeth and bottom teeth.
What does a crossbite look like?
With a crossbite malocclusion, the upper teeth are positioned inside the lower teeth. This can affect one single tooth or multiple teeth.
If the cross bite is present in the back teeth and the upper teeth are positioned inside the bottom teeth, this is called a posterior crossbite.
If the cross bite is present in the front teeth and some upper teeth are positioned behind the bottom teeth, this is called an anterior crossbite.
This condition sounds similar to an underbite, but an underbite affects the entire row of teeth, or the whole jaw.
What causes a crossbite?
There are a number of reasons why a crossbite may be present. Common crossbite causes include genetics, abnormal or late eruption of the permanent teeth and childhood habits, such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting.
Like other malocclusions, crossbites are either the result of force that causes physical movement (like thumbsucking) or genetics/development.
Crossbite Treatments
Treating a crossbite is relatively simple when you visit an experienced orthodontist—like us!
Depending on the specific case, a number of treatment routes are available. The most effective treatment method will depend on your age (whether you still have baby teeth), the severity of your condition, and whether you have a posterior crossbite or anterior crossbite.
Because crossbites can result from a narrow palate, a palatal expander may be used to widen the upper jaw. The palatal expander is especially effective for younger patients whose teeth and jaws are still developing.
If an appliance is used, a treatment of braces or Invisalign® will also likely be used. If an appliance isn’t used, braces or Invisalign may still be the best treatment option.
When you visit us for your complimentary consultation, we’ll examine your condition and discuss our findings with you! We’ll give you all of the information you need to make the best decision for your smile.
All of your treatment plans are 100% personalized to the patient. We don’t do one-size-fits-all treatment, because one size simply doesn’t fit all! This is why it’s necessary that we complete a comprehensive evaluation before we can determine the most effective treatment method.
If you’re ready for your complimentary consultation, we encourage you to request one today. We are a leading orthodontist in Millbrook, Montgomery and Wetumpka, Alabama. Come grin with us!
Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us with any questions.
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Meet A Mango Tree
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The Amazing Mango Tree - Mangifera Indica
The amazing mango tree (Mangifera Indica) is much more than just a source of mangos. It’s a beautiful, living thing that gives back so much to the planet and the people who tend it.
Where do mango trees grow? The mango tree growing zone is limited to tropical climates. Extended exposure to temperatures below 30°F can kill or severely damage a mango tree, as mango tree cold tolerance is low. So, in the U.S. the mango tree growing zones are the southernmost portions of Florida and California plus Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Fortunately, while mango tree cold tolerance isn’t one its strong suits, mangos are cultivated in mango tree growing zones all around the globe and Americans can enjoy the delicious fruit year ‘round.
How fast do mango trees grow and what is the average mango tree height? A mango tree can grow fairly quickly and quite large, reaching a height of 100 feet or more with a canopy of 35 feet or more. Of course, mango tree growth rate, mango tree growth stages, and mango tree height vary based on soil and weather conditions.
The average mango tree height for those in cultivation is generally much shorter as this makes for a more manageable harvest. But these trees shouldn’t be confused with dwarf mango trees. Dwarf mango tree varieties have naturally small to medium-size trees.
The large leaves of a mango tree are leathery, 5 to 16 inches in length, and remain on the tree for a year or more. Flowers are produced in terminal panicles or clusters 4 to 16 inches long. Each flower is small with white petals and a mild sweet aroma. The flowers are pollinated by insects and less than 1 percent of the flowers will mature to form fruit. A mango fruit tree in full flower in the optimal mango tree growing zone is a beautiful sight indeed.
Another important piece of mango tree information is that its growth causes a process called carbon sequestration or carbon uptake. The tree absorbs carbon dioxide from the environment in mango tree climate zones around the world, using it to form the trunk, branches, leaves and fruit of the mango tree. The tree produces oxygen and releases it into the environment during this process.
Meanwhile, the process of growing, harvesting and transporting the mangos to the retailer in the U.S. generates greenhouse gases that are released into the environment.
The mango tree produces the delicious mango fruit, while absorbing carbon dioxide, producing oxygen, and supporting the livelihoods of thousands of workers. It really is the amazing mango tree.
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25 Facts About Osiris
Osiris, the Ancient Egyptian god of the afterlife, fertility, agriculture, and many other things, is very well known, but these are some fun facts you may not know. He was the king of heaven, the brother of Set and Nephthys, the brother and husband of Isis, and the father of Horus and Anubis.
Osiris’s resurrection myth is a central tenant of Egyptian religion, as death and rebirth were sacred. He was slain by his evil brother Set, to whom he was the opposite. Where Set was darkness and cruelty, Osiris was benevolent and kind. He was considered eternally good.
Facts About Osiris
1. Isis ensured Osiris’s resurrection by making him a new wooden penis.
When Set killed Osiris and sprinkled the god’s body all over Egypt, his phallus ended up in the Nile, where it was eaten by a fish or crocodile. His beloved wife made him a new one so that his body was complete. Ancient Egyptian religion believed that the body must be complete to achieve resurrection.
2. Osiris is portrayed with green or black skin, depending on his role.
When his skin was green, it represented rebirth and his job as king of the Underworld. His black skin was symbolic of the fertile soil of the Nile and was used in portrayals of him as an agriculture god. His brother and murderer Set, by contrast, was associated heavily with the color red.
3. Embalming was invented by Anubis for Osiris’s body.
His wife Isis and their sister Nephthys brought his body to Anubis, guardian of the Underworld. Anubis helped the women prepare his body. According to several myths, Anubis was also Osiris’s son by Nephthys.
4. Osiris’s wife was his sister, and their sister married their other brother.
Their parents, Geb (the earth) and Nut (the sky), were also brother and sister. Though Nephthys wasn’t fond of Set, Isis and Osiris loved each other very much. Geb and Nut were the children of the sibling-couple Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). Shu and Tefnut had no mother or father and instead were born when the first god, Atum, masturbated themself and spilled their semen on the ground.
5. Osiris’s birthday was an unlucky day in Ancient Egypt.
The last five days of the year, making a total of 365, were called the Epagomenal days. These were the birthdays of Geb and Nut’s children. Osiris was born on the first day, an unlucky day. The second day was Heru-Ur’s birthday. The third, another unlucky day, belonged to Set. The fourth was Isis’s, and the only lucky day. The final day, another unlucky one, was for Nephthys.
6. Horus was conceived while Osiris was dead.
Isis became pregnant with their son during the funeral procession of Osiris, and father and son never met until after Osiris’s resurrection. Isis made sure to imbibe a deep love of Osiris in her son’s heart, which eventually led to Horus challenging Set.
7. Under Hellenistic rule, Osiris was conflated with another god and named Serapis.
Serapis was a composite of the gods Osiris and Apis, favored by the Ptolemies after the death of Alexander the Great. Both he and Isis were made more Grecian in appearance and portrayed differently to make them appealing to the Greek population in Alexandria.
8. To the Ancient Egyptian astrologers, Osiris had an aspect amongst the stars.
The constellation we know today as Orion was heavily associated with Osiris. The star we know as Sirius was an aspect of Isis, who was his companion and his wife. In this form, he was syncretized with the god Sah, who made up the constellation with his body.
9. The sun god Ra was a close associate of Osiris.
In the funerary myth of the caverns, Ra met a different figure in each of a series of caves and brought light to them. He met Osiris and Aker, a two-headed lion god, in the third cavern. Osiris was so moved by Ra’s light that his phallus became erect.
10. Osiris was associated with a particular type of coffin.
Middle Kingdom coffins were wooden and rectangular. The elaborate anthropoid versions with which modern portrayals are more familiar came later and were considered pleasing to Osiris. They are based on the method by which Set murdered his brother.
11. Set murdered Osiris out of jealousy.
Several factors went into this jealousy. The fatherhood of Anubis was one, but Set also hated Osiris’s power and popularity. He also despised that their sister loved Osiris while his own sister-wife despised him.
12. Osiris ended the contention of Horus and Set.
The two were locked in a seemingly eternal battle, but Osiris came up from the Underworld and ordered them to stop under threat of unleashing all of the demons of the Underworld upon the earth. After this, Horus became king of the earth.
13. Fish were both essential and taboo because one ate Osiris’s penis.
It fell into the Nile when Set scattered his body, and the fish (or, in some versions, a crocodile) swallowed it. However, fish were also important for use in medicine, leading to a duality in their perception.
14. Osiris was associated with two main Greco-Roman gods during their rule over Egypt.
He was associated with Dionysus or Bacchus in his role as a fertility and agricultural god, and with Hades in his role as god of the Underworld. His wife Isis was sometimes associated with Hades’s wife, Persephone.
15. Set killed Osiris by tempting him with a pretty box at a feast.
The beautiful box was offered to any who could fit inside it. When Osiris tried, Set sealed it shut and doused it in molten lead to kill his brother. The box was thrown in the Nile. Isis retrieved it and buried it but Set discovered the burial place. He then dug up the box and dismembered the body into thirteen pieces, which Isis had to gather later.
16. The righteous dead became one with Osiris on their path to the next life.
Those who successfully completed their journey through the Underworld were granted some power of the gods from Osiris. Part of this meant that they were all-seeing, and several letters were written both to Osiris and to the dead as pleas for help and justice.
17. Osiris had over one hundred names.
Names were sacred to the Ancient Egyptians, and the Book of the Dead describes how only some of Osiris’s could ever be known to humanity. Names held the essence of a person and discovering someone’s true name could give you unlimited power over them.
18. Osiris was called the Lord of the West.
Those dead who had completed their journey were referred to as westerners, and Anubis was the foremost of the westerners. This was because the dead traveled through the Underworld from the beginning at the east to where Osiris waited in the west.
19. Ancient Egyptians worshipped different gods from the pantheon, but they all worshipped Osiris.
There were over 2,000 gods in the pantheon at any one time, but only Osiris united them with their goal of rebirth. Funerary rites were incredibly sacred to all of Egyptian religion.
20. The willow tree is a symbol of Osiris.
This is because, when he was buried but before he was dismembered, a willow tree’s roots grew around his burial place.
21. Osiris brought farming and agriculture to humanity.
While he did this, Isis introduced magic along with sewing and weaving. Osiris and Isis ruled over humanity as equal partners, and Osiris often left Isis in charge when he traveled. It was during one of these trips that he was tricked and murdered by his brother.
22. His feathered crown was called an Atef and symbolized his rule of the Underworld.
The colorful feathers were taken from ostriches and were the same kind of feather as the one used in the weighing of the heart ceremony, which judged whether a person could be resurrected into the next life. The atef was also used as a hieroglyph (atf).
23. Osiris is a Greco-Latin version of the god’s actual Egyptian name
From hieroglyphics, the name would be best transliterated as Wsjr or Jsjrj. However, since there is no indication of vowels, it is hard for Egyptologists to agree on a pronunciation. Some modern suggestions include Ausar, Wesir, and Osir.
24. The most sacred city in Ancient Egypt was a cult center for Osiris.
Abydos, on the west bank of the Nile, was said to be his original burial place. It was a location for tombs of several critical dynastic figures who wished their resting places to be close to that of the god. It was located near modern-day Sohag.
25. The Djed pillar was an essential symbol of Osiris and was called his spine.
Known as the spine of Osiris, the pillar represented resoluteness and stability and also Osiris’s triumph over death. Grain was sometimes hung from the pillar, referring to his status as an agricultural god.
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Max Schmitt
Max Schmitt
Posted on • Updated on • Originally published at
Automate web browsers with Python and Playwright
In this article, we're gonna focus on the current state of using Playwright with Python. Playwright is a Node.js library to automate browsers (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit) with a single API which provides now also the interfaces to provide other cross-language support, in this particular blog post Python.
In comparison to other automation libraries like Selenium, Playwright offers:
• Being less flaky by auto-waiting for elements to be ready before executing actions (like click, fill)
• Native support for emulating mobile devices, geolocation, and permissions
• Better developer experience by automatically installing the browsers
• Integrations for shadow-piercing selectors, native input events for mouse and keyboard or up-/downloading files
And by that, all these features are also available in the Python integration. Be aware, that Playwright Python is currently in beta but exposes already most of the common methods and functions to be used. Since communication with browsers is mostly async based, Playwright does also provide an async based interface. It's a developer decision in the end but in most cases, the sync version is easier debuggable with REPLs like ipdb, pdb, or IPython since they don't work with await and by that, your are more productive with writing your actual features.
Since the core concept of Playwright is also the same as in the Python version, the function calls are mostly the same except how you access the Playwright object. For that, you have to use the sync_playwright context manager with a with statement.
Page screenshot - sync
This code snippet navigates to in Chromium, Firefox and WebKit, and saves 3 screenshots.
from playwright import sync_playwright
with sync_playwright() as p:
for browser_type in [p.chromium, p.firefox, p.webkit]:
browser = browser_type.launch()
page = browser.newPage()
Evaluate in browser context - sync
This code snippet navigates to in Firefox and executes a script in the page context to determine the window dimensions.
from playwright import sync_playwright
with sync_playwright() as p:
browser = p.firefox.launch()
page = browser.newPage()
dimensions = page.evaluate('''() => {
return {
width: document.documentElement.clientWidth,
height: document.documentElement.clientHeight,
deviceScaleFactor: window.devicePixelRatio
Intercept network requests - async
This code snippet sets up request routing for a Chromium page to log all network requests.
import asyncio
from playwright import async_playwright
async def main():
async with async_playwright() as p:
browser = await p.chromium.launch()
page = await browser.newPage()
def log_and_continue_request(route, request):
# Log and continue all network requests
await page.route('**', lambda route, request: log_and_continue_request(route, request))
await page.goto('')
await browser.close()
Pytest integration
For writing actual end-to-end tests its common to use a test runner. In the Python world, Pytest is very common and we're using in our example the official Playwright integration for it. Instead of using it manually, it provides features like:
• Have a separate new page and context for each test with Pytest fixtures
• Run your end-to-end tests on multiple browsers by a CLI argument
• Run them headful with the --headful argument to debug them easily
• Using base-url to only use the relative URL in your Page.goto calls
It's Open Source and available on GitHub and installable with PIP:
pip install pytest pytest-playwright
Pytest has the concept that you have fixtures that will pass the values inside which are specified by the parameter name. In our case, we use for that page which will call the Playwright Pytest plugin to give us a page object.
def test_is_chromium(page):
page.type("input[name=q]", "Playwright GitHub")"input[type=submit]")
You can run it with pytest or optionally specify multiple browsers to run the test on like pytest --browser chromium --browser firefox --browser webkit which will run 3 tests in the end.
For more detail information about the Pytest usage, you'll find the documentation on GitHub.
Playwright Python is still beta, but for small projects with are not used in production its worth it to try it out to see if you benefit from it compared to other automation libraries. If you encounter any bugs or find some missing features, feel free to file an issue on GitHub.
GitHub logo microsoft / playwright-python
Python version of the Playwright testing and automation library
🎭 Playwright for Python
PyPI version PyPI pyversions Join Slack Chromium version Firefox version WebKit version
Docs | API reference | Docstrings
Linux macOS Windows
Chromium 86.0.4217.0
WebKit 14.0
Firefox 80.0b8
Headless execution is supported for all the browsers on all platforms.
pip install playwright
python -m playwright install
This installs Playwright and browser binaries for Chromium, Firefox and WebKit. Once installed, you can import Playwright in a Python script and automate web browser interactions. Playwright requires Python 3.7+.
Playwright is built to automate the broad and growing set of web browser capabilities used by Single Page Apps and Progressive Web Apps.
• Scenarios that span multiple page, domains and iframes
• Auto-wait for elements to be ready before…
Discussion (0) |
I do not understand why in some figures they put $t_{1-\alpha/2}$. Why is the subscript $1-\alpha/2$ used?
enter image description here
I know that $t_{\alpha/2}$ and $-t_{\alpha/2}$ are used to construct confidence intervals. enter image description here
You want a total area in your rejection region of $\alpha$.
If your rejection region is two-tailed, that means there's an area of $\alpha/2$ in each tail.
enter image description here
The upper tail critical value that has and area of $\alpha/2$ above it has an area of $1-\alpha/2$ below it.
The t- critical value that has an area of $1-\alpha/2$ below it is denoted as the $t_{1-\alpha/2}$ value.
For a two-sided confidence interval you want a probability (and hence, area) of $1-\alpha$ between the two bounds, and so $\alpha/2$ in each tails. That is, the same calculations apply.
• $\begingroup$ so for the first one, -t α/2 and t α/2 , the reasoning is for critical region $\endgroup$
– sihou
Nov 18 '15 at 10:10
• $\begingroup$ while for tα/2 and t1−α/2 is the area of 1−α/2 minus α/2 to have 1 -2*α/2 then to get confidence region 1-α., so both give the same result $\endgroup$
– sihou
Nov 18 '15 at 10:12
• 2
$\begingroup$ @sihou: $-t_{\alpha/2}=t_{1-\alpha/2}$ because the t distribution's symmetrical. For a skewed distribution you'd have to use an expression like the right-hand one, & that's perhaps a reason for writing it that way even in the symmetrical case. $\endgroup$ Nov 18 '15 at 10:28
Your Answer
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It's clay that made Shigaraki. Had it not been for the dynamic processes inside the earth several million years ago–processes that, in an ancient lakebed, thrust up a ring of granite rock within which collected a rich sediment of alluvial clay–the human settlers who gave the name "luxuriant trees" (Shigaraki) to the valley enclosed by the granite hills might have made their livelihood by cutting timber, preparing charcoal, or growing tea. Instead, they became potters. By about a.d. 1300, the potters had found the clay and had begun forming it into jars and bowls which they fired in kilns tunneled into the hillside, and they bartered with farmers within walking distance. Gradually, as transportation systems and exchanges developed, the potters' wares began to reach a widening circle of markets; a variety of shapes appeared as the skills of the men who created the wares increased; glazing became commonplace. In Shigaraki's era of ultimate expansion, during the middle decades of the twentieth century, virtually every residence in Japan was heated by charcoalburning hibachi glazed with Shigaraki's trademark blue glaze.
The name Shigaraki, however, almost always evokes the image of pottery with the look of bare clay-unrefined and unglazed, as it was in those earliest jars made in the valley, and as it still is in pieces made by contemporary studio potters who have rediscovered the simple kiln technology that brings the clay to Iife. If we Iisten to voices of both the past and the present as they narrate Shigaraki's history, we often hear talk about clay–talk from the people who have dug, shaped, fired, used, or admired it.
"Shigaraki jars ... are chilled and withered ... " The earliest voice to comment on Shigaraki pierced straight to the heart of the matter. The speaker was not a potter but a Kyoto monk trained at the great Zen monastery Daitoku-ju. Murata Jukō (d. 1502) was foremost among that first generation of tea practitioners who, dispirited by prolonged civil wars, turned away from the fantasy world of serene celadons and gleaming bronzes to search for utensils that would more truly reflect the mood of the times. In truth, the practitioners were turning back toward the solace of the ancient Japanese melancholy. Three centuries before Jukō, Kamo no Chōmei (d. 1216) had summed up that proclivity toward melancholy. "On an autumn evening ... there is no color in the sky nor any sound, yet although we cannot give any definite reason for it, we are somehow moved to tears. The average person lacking in sensibility–he admires only the cherry blossoms and the scarlet autumn leaves that he can see with his own eyes."1 |
Implementing Merge Sort on Linked Lists
def merge_sort(linked_list):
Sorts a linked list in ascending order
- Recursively divide the linked list into sublists containing a single node
- Repeatedly merge the sublists to produce sorted sublists until one remains
Returns a sorted linked list
Takes O(n log n) time
Takes O(n) space
if linked_list.size() == 1:
return linked_list
elif linked_list.head is None:
return linked_list
left_half, right_half = split(linked_list)
left = merge_sort(left_half)
right = merge_sort(right_half)
return merge(left, right)
def split(linked_list):
Divide the unsorted list at midpoint into sublists
Takes O(log n) time
if linked_list == None or linked_list.head == None:
left_half = linked_list
right_half = None
return left_half, right_half
size = linked_list.size()
mid = size//2
mid_node = linked_list.node_at_index(mid-1)
left_half = linked_list
right_half = LinkedList()
right_half.head = mid_node.next_node
mid_node.next_node = None
return left_half, right_half
def merge(left, right):
Merges two linked lists, sorting by data in nodes
Returns a new merged list
Takes O(n) space
Runs in O(n) time
# Create a new linked list that contains nodes from merging left and right
merged = LinkedList()
# Add a fake head that is discarded later.
# Set current to the head of the linked list
current = merged.head
# Obtain head nodes for left and right linked lists
left_head = left.head
right_head = right.head
# Iterate over left and right as long until the tail node of both
# left and right
while left_head or right_head:
# If the head node of left is None, we're at the tail
# Add the tail node from right to the merged linked list
if left_head is None:
current.next_node = right_head
# Call next on right to set loop condition to False
right_head = right_head.next_node
# If the head node of right is None, we're at the tail
# Add the tail node from left to the merged linked list
elif right_head is None:
current.next_node = left_head
# Call next on left to set loop condition to False
left_head = left_head.next_node
# Not at either tail node
# Obtain node data to perform comparison operations
left_data =
right_data =
# If data on left is lesser than right set current to left node
# Move left head to next node
if left_data < right_data:
current.next_node = left_head
left_head = left_head.next_node
# If data on left is greater than right set current to right node
# Move right head to next node
current.next_node = right_head
right_head = right_head.next_node
# Move current to next node
current = current.next_node
# Discard fake head and set first merged node as head
head = merged.head.next_node
merged.head = head
return merged |
25 August 2010
Project Euler : How many triangle words does the list of common English words contain?
Problem 42
The n^(th) term of the sequence of triangle numbers is given by, t_(n) = ½n(n+1); so the first ten triangle numbers are:
By converting each letter in a word to a number corresponding to its alphabetical position and adding these values we form a word value. For example, the word value for SKY is 19 + 11 + 25 = 55 = t_(10). If the word value is a triangle number then we shall call the word a triangle word.
Using words.txt (right click and 'Save Link/Target As...'), a 16K text file containing nearly two-thousand common English words, how many are triangle words?
Solution (in Ruby)
The main place where we need to attack this problem involves in finding the roots of the quadratic equation. We know the roots of the quadratic equation
If you apply this equation to the simple formula to find the triangle numbers, we will find out that a = 1 and b = 1 and c will be twice the triangle number. There will be two roots possible, one will be positive and other will be negative. It is enough to find the positive root. If that root is a whole number, then that will be a proper triangle number.
names = File.new("/words.txt","r").gets.split(/,/)
count = 0
names.each do |n|
positive_root = (-1+Math.sqrt(1+8*value))/2
count+=1 if positive_root == positive_root.ceil
puts "The total number of words is #{count}"
Hover here to see the solution
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Don't be daunted by pinning and spreading your butterfly specimen! Butterfly pinning is a rewarding hobby that will help you learn more about them and add specimens to your collection. Entomology is the science field with the most knowledge added to it by amateurs, there are SO many insects in the world and SO few entomologists, that almost anyone who takes the hobby seriously can add new data. So let's get started!
What you will need:
If your butterfly is fresh caught, you can skip the re-hydrating step, but if you purchase a dried, unmounted insect, it WILL break while spreading if you don't re-hydrate it.
The first thing you will need to do is make a re-hydrating chamber. There are numerous ways of doing this and you may need to experiment with different methods to find the one that works best for you. Here at Little Caterpillar, the method we use can be done very easily with household items. Simply take a Tupperware container with a lid, and put a sponge soaked with hot water in the bottom. Cut the corners of the glassine envelope off (this will be the triangle shaped waxy paper your butterfly is in), but leave the butterfly inside. Then wrap each glassine envelope in a damp paper towel. Depending on your climate you may need to add something to prevent mold growth inside, many things from Windex to Dawn soap will help with this.
The amount of time you leave your specimen in the re-hydrating chamber will vary depending on the size of your butterfly, for medium or small butterflies two days will generally be enough, for larger ones (such as Morphos and Birdwings), three days is usually required. If left in any longer they will usually begin to fall apart.
After you believe your specimen is ready gently test the wings by rolling the tip of your finger where the wings meet the thorax. If it is ready the wings should show signs of opening. If not you may need to put it back in the chamber, or you can use a hypodermic needle to inject boiling water into the butterflies thorax to speed the process.
After your specimen has been re-hydrated, you will need to stick an insect pin through the thorax of the insect. It is best not to use sewing pins as they don't leave room for collecting data and may corrode and damage your specimen. You will want to ensure that all your butterflies are set at the same height on the pins and leave room for you to grab the top of the pin.
How to pin a butterfly
Next, pin your insect on your mounting board and use a wax paper strip to hold down the wings on each side. You will then use your spade tip tweezers to gently move the wings into position. You will generally set the bottom edge of the forewing (top wing ) at a 90 degree angle to the body (see image above), and then pull the hind wing gently up, leaving a small opening in the outside corner between the two wings.
As soon as the wings are set in the correct position you will need to place additional wax strips across the wings in order to firmly hold them in place, or an easier option is to use glass plates. It can be difficult to get wings to stay in the position you want using only wax strips, and having the wings continually fall out of place and get pulled pack into place is likely to cause damage. With glass plates you still use one wax strip on each side, position the wings and then set the plate on top. This will ensure their is no sliding or movement and allows you to easily see the wings to double check their positioning is correct.
After the wings are done all you need to do is use a few pins to get the antenna in a position you like (typically a wide 'V' ) and let the butterfly dry*. Drying time varies on the size of the butterflies, most small butterflies will require a week, larger ones two weeks, and birdwings likely 3 weeks. It is better to allow more time than you expect it to take, otherwise even if the wings look good at first, they may start drooping over time if they are not properly dried.
*If you plan on using a butterfly in art and don't want the pin left in, now would be the time to remove it. Use the tweezers to gently put pressure down on the thorax while pulling the pin up. (This part is also easier with glass plates as they put weight down on the wings and make it easier to pull the pin without moving or damaging the wings.)
After letting the butterfly dry for 1 to 3 weeks, very carefully remove the glass slides, pins, and wax paper strips. The wings and antennae will be VERY brittle at this point, and it is easy to have a pin catch an antennae and break it off.
Happy pinning! |
Climate Change 2021-06-02T18:07:11Z Solar Tunnel Drying App Samson L. Opanda * 1. Introduction * * Solar drying is one of the most effective ways of reducing post-harvesting losses in Africa. Realizing the immense potential presented by the dryers, agricultural practition... 2021-06-02T18:07:11Z Solar Drying - Part 1 Samson L. Opanda *1. Introduction to solar drying * * Drying, in the context of agriculture, refers to the process of removing moisture from crops. After harvest, a crop will have inherent moisture that it accumul... 2021-06-02T16:13:42Z Small earth dams and water pans part 3 Samson L. Opanda *The process of designing a small dam or water pans starts with a water demand analysis to establish the water needs that the structure is supposed to meet. This article will review the process of con... 2021-04-24T07:47:36Z Small earth dams and water pans in Kenya- part 2 Samson L. Opanda *The process of designing and subsequent construction of a small earth dam/water pan starts with the preparation of design documents. In this article, we will review the contents of a typical small da... 2021-04-23T20:13:00Z Principles of Sustainable Development Samson L. Opanda *Environmental Laws all over the world are founded on principles of sustainable development, which will be discussed in this article.* * 1. The principle of sustainability and intergenerational equi... 2021-04-21T21:15:41Z Sustainable Land Management Samson L. Opanda *Sustainable Land Management Practices are one of the key pillars of Agricultural productivity. Following is a review of the history, challenges and current SLM practices in Kenya 2021-03-25T07:15:55Z Engineering Hydrology Samson L. Opanda *As climate change and its effects take hold on agricultural systems, knowledge of engineering hydrology is required to come up with effective solutions. Following is a brief overview of how agricultu... 2021-03-23T10:16:35Z Environmental Impact Assessments Samson L. Opanda *Environmental Impact Assessments are now mandatory for virtually all projects in Kenya. Following is a review of the background, laws, procedures, tools and how to conduct EIAs in Kenya* ... 2021-03-17T14:24:21Z Small Earth Dams & Water Pans in Kenya-Part 1 Samson L. Opanda *Small dams and water pans are emerging as critical water storage structures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change in Kenya. Following is an review of the process of designing the structur... 2021-03-16T14:24:21Z |
Part 2- Water Demand Analysis
10 XP
In this lesson we review the water demand analysis part in the design section of a small earth dam or water pan. Refer to the previous presentation to know the contents of the design section. Specifically, we look at
Domestic water demand
Livestock water demand
Irrigation water demand
Evaporation losses
Seepage losses
Total water demand
Estimation of dead storage and total storage from total water demand
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1. Water demand analysis is conducted to justify the size of small earth dam or water pan
2. When estimating domestic water demand, reference is made to census data and the National Water Master Plan
3. Unlike domestic water demand, which is projected over the design life of the project, livestock water demand is assumed to be fairly stable, and not requiring any future projections
4. When conducting a water demand analysis, there is no need to consider evaporation and seepage losses
5. Another reason of conducting a water demand analysis is to aid in estimating the dead storage of the dam/pan
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Measurements link magma melting rate to tectonic plate subduction rate
November 08, 2007
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. -- Determining the origin and rate of magma production in subduction zone volcanoes is essential to understanding the formation of continental crust and the recycling of subducted materials back into Earth's mantle.
Now, geologists at the University of Illinois report new measurements of rock samples from Kick'em Jenny, a submarine volcano in the Caribbean, that link the rate at which magma is produced beneath subduction zone volcanoes to the rate at which tectonic plates converge in this plate tectonic setting.
"We can use the geochemical measurements to constrain a geophysical parameter, the melt production rate; we then relate the melting rate at an individual subduction zone to its plate convergence rate, which can also be measured," said Craig Lundstrom, a UI professor of geology. "We can then use this information in similar situations to understand the rate at which magma is produced in other settings."
Lundstrom and graduate research assistant Fang Huang report their findings in the November issue of the journal Geology, which is published by the Geological Society of America.
The geochemical technique is based on uranium decaying to lead through a long decay chain of short-lived nuclides. For example, U-235 (a "parent" with a half-life of 700 million years) will decay to Pa-231 (protactinium-231: a "daughter" with a half-life of 33,000 years). By measuring the ratio of parent and daughter species in a rock sample (a technique called uranium-series dating), scientists can determine whether the rock is in secular equilibrium (and quite old), or in uranium series-disequilibrium (and very young).
Using multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Huang and Lundstrom analyzed 12 rock samples from Kick'em Jenny, a submarine volcano located about 8 kilometers north of Grenada in the southern Lesser Antilles arc.
At Kick'em Jenny, the Atlantic oceanic plate is being pushed beneath the Caribbean plate at a rate of 2-4 centimeters per year, one of the lowest convergence rates of any subduction zone.
In Kick'em Jenny lavas, the researchers found there was twice as much protactinium than should be present if the system was in secular equilibrium. This is the largest protactinium-uranium disequilibrium found in any subduction-zone volcano.
The relationship between melting rate and convergence rate centers on the role of water during melting. "An essential part of all volcanoes at subduction zones is the amount of water involved in the mantle melting process," Huang said. "During subduction, water is released from the subducting slab into the mantle wedge, which lowers the melting point of the rock. When less water is transported to the mantle, less melt is produced."
At Kick'em Jenny, water is being added very slowly, because the subducting plate is going down very slowly, Lundstrom said. This results in a slower melting rate, which produces a higher ratio of protactinium to uranium 235.
"This is the first study to show that there is a straightforward relationship between this uranium disequilibrium system and the rate of tectonic plate convergence," Lundstrom said. "No doubt these short-lived nuclides can be used for a variety of other processes in volcanoes, from determining how fast crystals form to how fast magma moves under mid-ocean-ridge volcanoes."
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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How and when was carbon distributed in the Earth?
'Crystal clocks' used to time magma storage before volcanic eruptions
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'Amazing snapshots' plumb volcanic depths
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Diagonal traversal of a binary tree in Python
The problem is that given a binary tree we need to print all the elements diagonally. A binary tree is a type of tree with each internal node has at most two children, one left and one right. Tree traversal can be termed as the process of visiting each node of a tree and printing its value. There are several ways of traversing a tree. Some of them are pre-order traversal, post-order traversal, in-order traversal, etc. Apart from these, there can be many other ways of traversing a binary tree. Thus, the main goal of any traversing method is to inform the reader about the elements that are present in the binary tree. We will be focussing on the diagonal traversal of a binary tree in this article.
In this article, we are going to explore a different way of traversing a tree. That is we are going to traverse a tree diagonally. We will be traversing all the elements along a negative slope line. A negative slope line is a line that makes an angle of -450 with the horizontal. That is each diagonal will be having a negative slope.
An example of diagonal traversal of a binary tree is as shown:
Diagonal traversal of a binary tree in Python
I have written an iterative code. This code uses a list to store diagonal elements. The running time complexity of the code is O(n). The logic for the given code is somewhat similar to that for the level order traversal of a binary tree. But there are some modifications that make it the diagonal traversal of a binary tree.
For writing the code a module named binarytree is used. This module is not available in the default set up of python as of now. Hence, this module can be installed by writing the following command on your PC’s command prompt:
pip install binarytree
Python Code: Diagonal traversal of a binary tree
#Python program for diagonal traversal of binary tree
#importing binarytree module for creating binary tree
from binarytree import Node
#function to print diagonal elements
def diagtrav(r):
#empty list to store diagonal elements
#Node to signal end of diagonal
#extracting the first diagonal
while r:
#appending signal node
#printing diagonals and side by side appending the next diagonal and printing till all diagonals are printed
while len(d)!=1:
if f!=s:
print(f.value,end=' ')
while n:
#Driver code
#creating a tree
r = Node(50)
r.left = Node(55)
r.right = Node(34)
r.left.left = Node(65)
r.left.right = Node(99)
r.right.right = Node(31)
r.right.right.left = Node(12)
r.left.right.left = Node(7)
r.left.right.right = Node(79)
r.left.right.right.left = Node(69)
r.left.right.right.right = Node(90)
print("Diagonal Traversal:")
#calling function to print diagonal traversal
print("Code By: YATHARTH JAIN")
Diagonal Traversal:
50 34 31
55 99 79 90 12
65 7 69
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What’s the Difference between a Gerbil and a Guinea Pig?
Telling apart small rodents isn’t initially straightforward. Unless you’re used to them, you may not know how to tell the difference between gerbils and guinea pigs.
The average guinea pig is stocky and 10 inches long, while a gerbil has a smaller build and is only 5 inches long. Guinea pigs have no external tail, whereas a gerbil’s tail is half its body length. A gerbil’s ears and eyes are smaller. Both rodents are variable in color and pattern.
To the untrained eye, gerbils and guinea pigs look similar to each other. However, once you know all of the most crucial differences, then you’ll never mistake one for the other again.
Gerbil vs. Guinea Pig Difference
Use this table as a reference guide if you want to tell them apart:
GerbilGuinea Pig
Size:5 inches long and thin10 inches long and stocky
Tail:The same length as its bodyNo external tail at all (not even a stump)
Ears:Small and uprightBig and floppy
Feet:Long rear legs and feetVery short legs and small feet
Size and Length
Guinea pigs are larger than gerbils, and male gerbils are bigger than female gerbils. This is the easiest way that you can tell the two apart. If you put a guinea pig and a gerbil side by side, the guinea pig will be the one that’s bigger every time.
Guinea pigs are longer than gerbils. Gerbils are between five and six inches long on average. Guinea pigs are twice the size and ten to eleven inches long on average. If you count their tails, gerbils are around nine to ten inches long. But the guinea pig’s body is nevertheless much longer.
Guinea pigs are also noticeably stockier than gerbils. Gerbils look like small mice. While they can bunch up in a small ball, they are still more slight than a guinea pig. Guinea pigs look like large baked potatoes, big and rounded.
Tail / No Tail
While the guinea pig has no tail, the gerbil’s tail is around the same length as its body. So, if the gerbil’s body is five inches long, its tail will be four or five inches long.
The guinea pig doesn’t have a tail at all. Its rear is rounded. It doesn’t even have a stumpy bob tail like a rabbit, for example. The gerbil has internal bones which earlier in its evolutionary history would have formed a tail. But these don’t poke out like a tail does.
This isn’t a result of breeding, either. All guinea pigs are the same. There are no gerbils that don’t have tails unless they lose them in accidents.
Long vs. Short Fur
Gerbils are definitely fluffy and nice to pet. But their fur isn’t as long as guinea pigs. This is because the guinea pig itself is larger, so its fur is longer to compensate.
Also, some guinea pigs have exceptionally long hair. Whether it does or not depends on the breed. Peruvian guinea pigs are the best example of a guinea pig with long fur. These animals have fur up to four inches long.
This fur can be brushed. Some pet owners even make it look different by curling it. There are no gerbils that have fur this long. While gerbils vary in pattern and color, none have yet been bred with comparably long fur.
Color and Pattern
The common Mongolian gerbil only exists in the wild in one color. This color is called golden agouti. The name comes from another rodent, the agouti, which has the same pattern to its fur. Golden agoutis are as follows:
• A brown with hints of orange on their backs, along their sides, and on their tails
• A lighter cream color on their undersides, up to their nose and mouth
They may also have light cream patches around their ears, on their heads, or above their noses. That being said, gerbils in captivity can be found in many colors. They range from the lightest to the darkest browns and can also be slate gray, lilac, or piebald.
Guinea pigs can be agouti, too. And like gerbils, they can come in many different colors. According to the journal Genetics, their color can be changed by breeding too.
You can find golden, chocolate, white, slate, and beige guinea pigs. This means that you can’t tell the difference between a guinea pig and a gerbil using color alone.
are gerbils and guinea pigs the same?
Ears (Upright vs. Floppy)
Another difference is that the gerbil’s ears are different from those of a guinea pig. A gerbil has small, rounded, upright ears. They look like a mouse’s ears except smaller relative to the size of the animal’s head.
These ears sit upright and can move around in response to sound. The gerbil moves its ears to figure out where sounds are coming from.
A guinea pig’s ears are different. They’re more comparable to those of a rabbit than those of a mouse. Its ears are large and floppy and sit down at the side of the head. They look like large flaps.
When a guinea pig is younger, its ears move around more. But as they get bigger and floppier, they’re more difficult to move. A guinea pig may still move its ears when it’s excited, but not as quickly and easily as a gerbil can.
Feet (Long vs. Short)
One less obvious difference is the gerbils’ and guinea pigs’ feet. Gerbils have long rear feet and legs. You can’t see this when the gerbil is lying down, but if it’s sat up or standing on its rear legs, you can. They look long like a kangaroo’s feet.
A guinea pig doesn’t have the same. Its legs and feet are short. This is partly why the guinea pig looks so stocky because its legs and feet are short. Its small legs keep it close to the ground.
This also means that gerbils and guinea pigs behave differently. Because the gerbil’s feet are longer, this allows it to stand up frequently. It does so to survey its surroundings and to look for food or predators.
Guinea pigs don’t do this. They physically can’t because their rear legs are so short.
Gerbil vs. Guinea Pig Similarities
There are similarities between the two, which is why some people can confuse them. These include:
• Body shapes are those of small rodents
• Eyes are black, apart from albino or similar breeds
• Long whiskers
• Colorful fur
• Live in groups
• Eat the same kinds of food
Are Gerbils and Guinea Pigs the Same Species?
Gerbils and guinea pigs aren’t the same species, even though they look somewhat similar. The scientific name of the guinea pig is Cavia porcellus, with Cavia indicating the genus the species is a member of. Guinea pigs are in the family Caviidae and the order Rodentia.
The most common pet gerbil’s species name is Meriones unguiculatus. They’re in the family Muridae, which is different, but the order Rodentia is the same as guinea pigs.
However, that doesn’t mean they’re the same species or even closely related. Most pet gerbils are Mongolian gerbils, which are from Mongolia. Guinea pigs are from South America, which is as far away from Mongolia as you can get.
This means that two species last shared a common ancestor a long time ago.
How to Tell a Gerbil and a Guinea Pig Apart
• Begin by finding reference pictures. Compare your pet to pictures of a gerbil and guinea pig. Ensure that the pictures are from a recognized source.
• Hold your pet in your hand. Try to keep it still for this process. If you can’t, take pictures of your own and compare those instead.
• Look for each of the distinguishing factors. Pay special attention to your pet’s size and shape, as guinea pigs are unique in that regard.
If you can’t tell the difference for any reason, consult a veterinarian, gerbil/guinea pig breeder, or a pet shop owner. They can tell you with certainty what kind of pet you have.
Guinea Pig vs. Gerbil as Pet
BehaviorGerbilGuinea Pig
AffectionGerbils enjoy human company provided they’re raised well.Guinea pigs are more easily scared and less affectionate than gerbils.
Burrow MakingGerbils make burrows from bedding and spit and live in them with their families.Guinea pigs can’t make their own burrows, but according to JAALAS, they will live in one that’s made for them to keep warm.
DestructivenessGerbils bite and gnaw on things to keep their teeth short.Guinea pigs do the same but seem less destructive with a person’s things.
Speed of MovementGerbils can get excited and race around quickly.Guinea pigs are slow and steady, which you might prefer (or not).
Guinea pigs will live for longer than gerbils if well cared for. The average lifespan of a gerbil is three to five years. That of a guinea pig is four to eight years. But overall, the two are roughly equal. As such, the choice comes down to personal preference.
Can You Put a Gerbil and a Guinea Pig in the Same Cage?
The pair would reject each other. This doesn’t mean that the pair wouldn’t be friendly. It means that the pair would fight and could hurt each other if not separated.
Gerbils live in social groups in the wild. Their groups have structure. There is a central breeding pair, which may be monogamous. This pair’s young will live with them until they’re old enough to start their own breeding pairs. They will be subordinate to the dominant breeding pair.
According to Physiology & Behavior, guinea pigs are the same. They will live in pairs, and their young will live with them for a short while. This may lead you to believe that the two species can live together, but they can’t.
This is because gerbils and guinea pigs don’t recognize each other as friends but as threats. A gerbil’s evolutionary instinct is to ensure the survival of its family, its lineage. |
Big cube
Correct answer:
S = 96 cm2
Step-by-step explanation:
a1=1 cm a2=643 a1=643 1=4 cm S=6 a22=6 42=96 cm2
Tips to related online calculators
Do you want to convert length units?
Related math problems and questions:
• Cube corners
odrezok_kocky A small cube with an edge length of 2 cm was cut from each corner of a large cube with an edge length of 10 cm. How many cm3 was the body left from the big cube after cutting the small cubes?
• Eight
• Cube 9
MD_cheese_cubes What was the cube's original edge length after cutting 39 small cubes with an edge of 2 dm left 200 dm3?
• Two boxes-cubes
• Balls
• Volume and area
cubes What is the volume of a cube which has an area of 361 cm2?
• Cubes
two_cubes Surfaces of cubes, one of which has an edge of 48 cm shorter than the other, differ by 36288 dm2. Determine the length of the edges of this cubes.
• Two cubes
• Cube corners
• Cube 6
cubes Volume of the cube is 216 cm3, calculate its surface area.
• Minimum surface
• Prism X
Cuboid_simple The prism with the edges of the lengths x cm, 2x cm, and 3x cm has volume 20250 cm3. What is the area of the surface of the prism?
• Cubes
kocky How many cubes with an edge length of 5 cm may fit in the cube with an inner edge of 0.4 m maximally?
• Calculate
• Lathe
• Three cubes
cubes3 Two cube-shaped boxes with edges a = 70 cm; b = 90 cm must be replaced by one cube-shaped box. What will be its edge?
• Prism
3b_hranol Right-angled prism, whose base is a right triangle with leg a = 3 cm and hypotenuse c = 13 cm, has the same volume as a cube with an edge length of 3 dm. a) Find the height of the prism b) Calculate the surface of the prism c) What percentage of the cube' |
chickenA new study finds that egg production workers are at risk for pulmonary problems due to exposure to airborne particulate matter inside hen houses.
A three-year study by the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply assessed worker health and safety, along with animal health and well-being, environmental impact, food affordability and food safety. The study is intended to increase understanding of the sustainability impacts of various laying hen housing, including cage-free aviary, enriched cage and conventional cage systems.
Inflammation, decreased function
The research showed that airborne particulate matter inside hen houses, depending on its size, can make its way into workers’ airways, with smaller particles being deposited deep into the lungs. Endotoxins (bacterial toxins), can promote airway irritation and inflammation, as well as decreased lung function.
To measure the impact of air quality on worker health, a total of 123 worker day data samples, with 41 samples from each of the three housing systems, were collected from workers who were randomly assigned to each house, ensuring equal coverage of each house. Each of those workers wore a personal exposure monitor while in the hen houses, sampling for ammonia, total suspended particles (TSP, also called inhalable) of all sizes and smaller particles up to 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5) through each of three seasons; summer, winter and spring.
Significant differences
Inhalable particle and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as endotoxins (bacterial toxins), were significantly higher in the aviary system when compared to those in the conventional and enriched systems, which were not statistically different from each other. It is believed that these levels were highest in the aviary system due to litter (dust-bathing material and manure) left on the floor.
Across the three seasons tested, spring, summer and winter, the aviary system had higher inhalable concentrations, PM2.5 concentrations, inhalable endotoxins and PM2.5 endotoxins, with one exception. Only during the summer were PM2.5 endotoxins nearly equal across each of the three systems.
The detection of ammonia was also highest in the aviary house during the summer, while winter and spring testing showed no significant differences between the systems. The percentage of time the ammonia was greater than or equal to 25 ppm, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit, was highest in the enriched and aviary systems. Given the percentage of time exposure occurred at that level, this was a relatively low exposure rate, making any potential health impact insignificant.
Respiratory protection a factor
Lung function and exhaled nitric oxide, both tests of possible airway inflammation were measured, along with self-reported occurrence of respiratory symptoms. Changes in lung function and exhaled nitric oxide were similar in the three systems. Average mask use was higher for those workers in aviary housing, which may have protected them from greater respiratory consequences.
Worker ergonomics were also considered, with tasks classified into three categories indicating their level of ergonomic risk due to body position during the task. Researchers also looked for three main ergonomic stressors, including force, repetition and posture.
Ergonomic risks
In the ergonomic review, a number of tasks stood out as possible risks. Loading and unloading of cages in the conventional and enriched colony systems during population and de-population require extreme body positions, including squatting for an extended time. There was also significant twisting while “herding” the birds and standing on small diameter railings in these two systems.
Gathering eggs that had been laid on the floor in aviary systems was also noted as an issue, as it warranted extreme body positions, including squatting for an extended period of time. Further, extreme arm positions over the shoulder and reaching to the side, as well as rapid and extreme hand and wrist positions were noted. Crawling and lying on the floor to collect floor eggs also exposes the employee to potential respiratory hazards, especially if no respiratory protection is worn, as well as to potential infection hazards to the hands and the knees.
Click here for a complete overview of the preliminary results. |
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The global increases in life expectancy and population have resulted in a growing ageing population and with it a growing number of people living with age-related neurodegenerative conditions and dementia, shifting focus towards methods of prevention, with lifestyle approaches such as nutrition representing a promising avenue for further development. This overview summarises the main themes discussed during the 3rd Symposium on "Nutrition for the Ageing Brain: Moving Towards Clinical Applications" held in Madrid in August 2018, enlarged with the current state of knowledge on how nutrition influences healthy ageing and gives recommendations regarding how the critical field of nutrition and neurodegeneration research should move forward into the future. Specific nutrients are discussed as well as the impact of multi-nutrient and whole diet approaches, showing particular promise to combatting the growing burden of age-related cognitive decline. The emergence of new avenues for exploring the role of diet in healthy ageing, such as the impact of the gut microbiome and development of new techniques (imaging measures of brain metabolism, metabolomics, biomarkers) are enabling researchers to approach finding answers to these questions. But the translation of these findings into clinical and public health contexts remains an obstacle due to significant shortcomings in nutrition research or pressure on the scientific community to communicate recommendations to the general public in a convincing and accessible way. Some promising programs exist but further investigation to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which nutrition can improve brain health across the human lifespan is still required.
Original publication
Journal article
Ageing Res Rev
Publication Date
Brain, Cognitive ageing, Healthy ageing, Microbiota, Neuroprotection, Preventative diet |
Posted: July 10th, 2016
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible?
What are Ethics
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible? 3. How do ethics apply to health care organizations and its employees? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. 4. Research a specific ethics issue applicable to health care organizations, discuss how it was handled, what ethics theory epitomizes the handling of the issue and how would you have handled the issue and which specific ethics theory would apply to your solution. [see below A Framework for Thinking Ethically to help with last question What are Ethics)
What are Ethics
Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to conference questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates’ descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic must be no later than midnight Thursday and then you must substantively respond to at least 2 classmate submissions no later than 6pm Sunday. See Discussion Requirements in Discussion topic entitled “Discussion Expectations and Grading” No duplication. Redundant primary posts will not be graded.
What are Ethics?
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
What are Ethics?
What are Ethics?
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
What are Ethics?
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
Five Sources of Ethical Standards
The Utilitarian Approach
The Rights Approach
The Fairness or Justice Approach
Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the idea that all equals should be treated equally. Today we use this idea to say that ethical actions treat all human beings equally-or if unequally, then fairly based on some standard that is defensible. We pay people more based on their harder work or the greater amount that they contribute to an organization, and say that is fair. But there is a debate over CEO salaries that are hundreds of times larger than the pay of others; many ask whether the huge disparity is based on a defensible standard or whether it is the result of an imbalance of power and hence is unfair.
The Common Good Approach
The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion that life in community is a good in itself and our actions should contribute to that life. This approach suggests that the interlocking relationships of society are the basis of ethical reasoning and that respect and compassion for all others-especially the vulnerable-are requirements of such reasoning. This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that are important to the welfare of everyone. This may be a system of laws, effective police and fire departments, health care, a public educational system, or even public recreational areas.
The Virtue Approach
A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical actions ought to be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full development of our humanity. These virtues are dispositions and habits that enable us to act according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and beauty. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. Virtue ethics asks of any action, “What kind of person will I become if I do this?” or “Is this action consistent with my acting at my best?”
Putting the Approaches Together
Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of behavior can be considered ethical. There are still problems to be solved, however.
The first problem is that we may not agree on the content of some of these specific approaches. We may not all agree to the same set of human and civil rights.
We may not agree on what constitutes the common good. We may not even agree on what is a good and what is a harm.
The second problem is that the different approaches may not all answer the question “What is ethical?” in the same way. Nonetheless, each approach gives us important information with which to determine what is ethical in a particular circumstance. And much more often than not, the different approaches do lead to similar answers.
Making Decisions
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps.
What are Ethics
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One in five women experience very heavy periods – The kind of period that can inhibit your day-to-day life and the things that you enjoy.
While it doesn’t usually affect fertility, it is not normal to have an extremely heavy period every month.
In this article, I’m going to explain:
• How common are heavy menstrual periods?
• When is menstrual bleeding considered “heavy”?
• What causes heavy menstrual periods?
• When are heavy menstrual periods a cause for concern?
• How are heavy menstrual periods investigated?
• How are heavy menstrual periods treated?
How Common are Heavy Menstrual Periods?
Heavy periods can affect one in every five women sometime in their life.
The medical term for this is Menorrhagia.
It is often accompanied by abdominal cramps, headaches and fatigue.
Eighty percent of women report avoiding sex and sixty percent have missed social or athletic events and even work.
If you are concerned about your period being heavy speak to your doctor.
When is Menstrual Bleeding Considered “Heavy”?
Heavy menstrual bleeding is considered heavy based on a number of factors including:
• Bleeding that lasts more than a week
• Needing to change tampons or pads every hour due to the blood soaking through
• Needing to wear multiple pads to soak up the blood
• Needing to change pads during the night
• Blood clots visible in menstrual flow that are bigger than a $1 coin
Some women may realise that their periods are heavy when they are found to be anaemic.
It’s still a good idea to see a doctor if it happens on a regular basis to make sure that you don’t have a more serious condition.
What Causes Heavy Menstrual Periods?
In many cases there is no discernible cause and the bleeding is thought to be due to an imbalance of chemical substances called prostaglandins within the uterus itself.
However, there are some common easily identified causes.
These are abnormal growth in the muscle of the uterus. They can occur in up to 60% of women and so are extremely common. Although referred to as tumours, they are very rarely cancerous.
These are growths in the lining of the uterus and the cervix. They can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding after sex and bleeding between periods. Polyps are usually benign growths but it is usually recommended to remove them.
Adenomyosis occurs when endometrial glands grow into the muscle of the uterus. This results in the uterus growing bigger and it can be painful when you are examined. It’s not easily diagnosed because different approaches used, such as ultrasound, hysteroscopy and keyhole surgery, don’t pick it up.
Endometrial Hyperplasia or Endometrial Cancer
This is due to excessive growth of the lining of the uterus and while usually benign it can become cancerous later. This is usually seen in women over the age of 4, many of whom have suffered from obesity, infertility (not having children), polycystic ovarian syndrome and have a family history of cancer.
Hormone Imbalance
During your menstrual cycle, one of your ovaries releases an egg, a process which is called ovulation. If you don’t ovulate your hormone levels become unbalanced. This affects the lining of your uterus and can cause heavy bleeding which is often irregular. This can be caused by obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome and thyroid problems.
When are Heavy Menstrual Periods a Cause for Concern?
A heavy period can cause concern when there is a lot of blood loss because this can cause anaemia. Symptoms of anaemia include feeling tired, weak and skin turning pale. While diet can play a role in iron deficiency anaemia, heavy menstrual periods can complicate the matter.
You should seek medical help if:
• You feel dizzy or lightheaded and feel like you may faint
• Clots of blood are soaking your pads or tampons every hour for at least 2 hours or more
If your periods are interfering with your life it would be prudent to consult your general practitioner (G.P.)
How are Heavy Menstrual Periods Investigated?
Your Doctor will usually:
• Ask you questions about your health and family history
• Examine your vagina, cervix and uterus
• Do some blood test
• Organise an ultrasound of your pelvis
Most causes will usually be identified by these simple tests but occasionally you may need further investigation including a hysteroscopy. This involves a long thin telescope or camera (hysteroscope) being inserted into the uterus. Polyps and fibroids inside the uterus can be visualised and often removed. Samples can be taken for testing.
How are Heavy Menstrual Periods Treated?
If there are polyps or fibroids inside the cavity of the uterus, they can be removed with a hysteroscope. If the fibroids are outside the cavity of the uterus they don’t usually need removing.
Treatment options can be as simple as going on oral contraception. This can reduce bleeding by up to 50%. There is also medication that can reduce bleeding that can be taken at the time of the period with no hormones involved. The commonly used one is cyklokapron.
Hormonal IUD
The Mirena is an intrauterine device which is used as a contraception but reduces blood ion by 80%. The device needs to be inserted by a medical practitioner. Once inserted the Mirena can last up to five years. Some women experience spotting for the first few months but the reduction in bleeding is substantial and some women don’t bleed at all.
Other treatment options
If you are not planning any future pregnancies, there are many more options in the treatment of heavy periods.
Endometrial Ablation
A simple day procedure where the lining of the womb is removed with an energy source. This short procedure is done under anaesthetic and recovery is usually very fast. Women can usually resume their normal activities and go back to work within a day or two.
Around half the women who have undergone endometrial ablation have no further periods and the others experience a substantial reduction in bleeding.
If all else fails, hysterectomy is the final option. This can usually be done either with keyhole surgery or purely virginally with relativity quick recovery. |
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Seal Church Of England Primary School
Seal Church Of England Primary School
Tuesday 24th November 2020
Joe Wicks virtual PE – bodycoachtv on
Cosmic Yoga
9:30 – 9:50
Guided Reading
LO: To be able to understand how to use inference
SC1: I can identify what inference is
SC2: I can understand what inference can tell me about a text
SC3: I can justify my inferences
PLease find the pages attached below, read them through and answer the questions.
1. Can you infer Harry’s thoughts and feelings when Dudley was ‘crying’ into his mothers arms?
2. What do Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon think of Harry? How can you tell? Justify your answer?
3. Can you infer Uncle Vernon's thoughts when Harry mentioned the flying motorbike. How do you know?
4. ON page 28, what does the author mean when they state that Harry should have known it was all too good to last?
5. Can you infer Harry’s thoughts and feelings when the snake winked at him?
6. What would Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia thought about the snake winking if they saw it? How do you know?
LO: To be able to show my understanding of dialogue
SC1: I can identify the punctuation within dialogue
SC2: I can understand how to use a reported clause
SC3: I can identify that inverted commas go around what is being said
For this lesson I would like you to use your plant to write up your story to go along with the picture (which can be found below in the Tuesday powerpoint).
Remember to use all of the points from your plan, so that you have:
• Varied sentence starters
• You are not allowed to use the word said, there are many more interesting ways to describe dialogue
• Fantastic description of the picture as well.
• Dialogue punctuated well. I have included how to if you are unsure.
If you are unsure of how to use inverted commas, have a look at this to help you
I have included a model for you to look at and magpie ideas if you would like some help.
Break time/snack time
11:00 – 11:30
11:30 – 12:15
LO: To be able to understand 2 step subtraction problems (KNOW knowledge)
SC1: I can recognise when to use subtraction
SC2: I can choose an appropriate method for subtraction
SC3: I can solve problems which require multiple subtraction
For this lesson we are continuing with our multi step word problems. Have a look at the video attached.
There is a powerpoint as well to help you if you need it, and the questions are attached below.
12:15- 1:15
1:15 - 2:15
Boosting 1
We will be continuing our boosting for Fractions, please find the link for the lesson below
Boosting 2
We will be looking at boosting our narrative writing, please find the link for the lessons below
2:15- 2:30
Class Reader
Over the next week we will be reading through Harry Potter, please find the audio attached below.
Inspire FederationUnicef Rights Respecting Schoolswoodland trust awardChildlineCEOP |
universal suffrage
Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to universal suffrage: Women's suffrage, socialism
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.universal suffrage - suffrage for all adults who are not disqualified by the laws of the country
right to vote, suffrage, vote - a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment; "American women got the vote in 1920"
References in classic literature ?
Parties of principle, as, religious sects, or the party of free-trade, of universal suffrage, of abolition of slavery, of abolition of capital punishment,--degenerate into personalities, or would inspire enthusiasm.
Universal suffrage of "one person, one vote" for selecting the Chief Executive and electing all Legislative Council members is enshrined as an ultimate aim in the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
Over 2.5 million voters will exercise universal suffrage to elect their representatives for the provincial legislature.
This year is the Centenary of the Representation of the People Act 1918, which gave all men and some women the right to vote - campaigners had to wait another 10 years for universal suffrage.
According to the Constitution, out of the 61 senators, two are to be nominated by the King, two to be chosen by the National Assembly and the remaining 57 must be elected essentially by a college of commune councillors who are themselves elected through universal suffrage at local elections.
A VOODOO doll sent to a woman campaigning for universal suffrage is one of the artifacts going on display this weekend.
None of these elections were based on universal suffrage, first and foremost because women could not vote, and so we have no firm data whatsoever on the views of half of the Jewish population.
But it was a setback for Beijing's Communist leaders, who said in response that they remained committed to universal suffrage for Hong Kong but signalled no further concessions to the pro-democracy opposition.
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The importance of Public Libraries and their role in education is fundamental in the development of a free and prosperous society. Public Libraries can be a determinant element in sharing the opportunity for knowledge while forming the new generation of professionals and educated citizens who will guarantee the principles of freedom that our Founding Fathers envisioned for our Republic.
The problem that we have been facing as a free society in the last decades, is the continued and always increasing the burden of taxation to fund such a task. Taxation is against the principles of freedom, since it requires the coercion by the State in taking wealth from individuals without their consent, with the justification that it is used for the common good or service. Forced taxation becomes even more reprehensible when the taxpayer does not want to use or does not need the service, but regardless, he/she is still forced to pay for it. This is what I denounce, without apology, as “Legalized Extortion.”
I created a free market solution that would solve the problem in funding Public Libraries without the use of coerced tax dollars, while also potentially creating a surplus of revenue that could benefit other public services in Mohave County.
The principle of the solution is based on the free market service called advertisement where no coercion is necessary, and the potential advertiser is motivated by potential economic and positive image gains in return for the initial investment that also is a tax write off as an expense.
The general concept is that every inch of the library is a potential place for advertisement/sponsorship where private businesses or individuals can sponsor specific items or places. Here are some examples:
1) Books
An average library has 30.000 books or more. Each book can be sponsored by a business or individual for the affordable rate of $120 for a year.
A specific sticker flyer created in-house will be applied to the plastic jacket of the book. Just imagine the potential revenue: multiply $120 x 30,000 units or so. Discounts for volume purchase can be available.
2 proposed conditions:
a) The book chosen to be sponsored will be selected in a blind system, to guarantee that every book is encouraged to be read. We do not want to penalize or support any specific author. Freedom of speech must be guaranteed in our library. Sponsors will still be recognized publically available list.
b) The sponsored product must be family friendly oriented. No X-rated products, or alcohol or any product that is not allowed to minors.
2) The Official Name of the Library
An open bid auction will give the opportunity to a business or individual to officially give their name to the Library for two fiscal years. A billboard will be placed on the premises of the Library, with the name of the sponsor, example “Business X Public Library.” Imagine the potential positive image return for the sponsor and economic benefit for the library: a win-win situation.
Minimum 2-year contract.
3) Parking Spots
Minimum 1-year contract.
4) Tables and Chairs
Minimum 1-year contract.
5) Bathrooms
Minimum 1-year contract.
Potential Pool of Sponsors
Mothers and children are great users of libraries, creating a perfect niche of potential customers for our ideal sponsors: grocery stores, doctors, dentists, lawyers, home services, beauty saloons, hospitals. From small businesses to corporate enterprises, every local business can benefit in sponsoring our library in exchange for fantastic image return and huge potential economic return with a guaranteed tax write off.
Think about it: this book is brought to you by X Grocery store: would you go to spend your money at that store, knowing that your money comes back to educate your child? I would.
Other Important Considerations:
1) The use of two or more 3rd party advertising firms would guarantee a professional, competitive way to find sponsorship without creating a burden on the County.
2) The County owns the Library. It is still a public library, but it's now finally funded by private businesses and free willing individuals, without the use of forced and increased taxation.
4) This model could be used for every library around the state of Arizona and the Nation.
5) It is worth trying it. The taxpayers deserve to know that there is an alternative to taxes.
I pledge the first $1000 to sponsor the Mohave County Library with my Zanna Coffee. I am pretty sure many other business owners will want to be part in this venture.
Gianluca Zanna
Zanna Enterprises LLC
Firearms - Training - Freedom
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Lecture on Genesis (48) – The Garden of Eden (1)
Genesis 2:8-9
[8] The LORD God planted a garden toward the east, in Eden; and there He placed the man whom He had formed.
Dear brothers and sisters in Christ.
This is 48th Lecture on Genesis.
Let me give you a moment to imagine a beautiful scene.
Try to imagine yourself in the middle of the scene and feel it now.
You are sitting comfortably on an expanse of grassland, with beautiful flowers here and there.
In this vast expanse of grassland, you can spot tress with leaves of refreshing colors.
A warm light which is like the sunlight of a mild spring day gently surrounds you.
And a light breeze blows gently rustling your soft hair.
As you look into the sky, it is blue with bright-white clouds floating by.
The clouds change their shapes and create fantastic forms of imagery.
As your gaze drops downward, the clouds seem to be floating on the ground too.
But with a closer look, you know that they are not the actual clouds, but their reflections on a big lake.
The lake is so clean and clear that it is not clear where the sky ends and the lake begins.
As the surface of the lake ripples, beautiful lights sparkle and dance.
With this beautiful scene, you gently close your eyes.
Then, the sweet aroma from flowers in the breeze tickles the tip of your nose.
You also hear clear clean chirps of birds all around you.
When a bird sings with pure whistles, the other birds follow it with beautiful harmony.
There seems to be no worries or anxieties.
Your heart is always at ease, and you soak in the light’s peaceful happiness.
In addition, there are friends who understand you without saying a word, and there are never any misunderstandings communicated between people.
You don’t feel lonely even when you are alone, and you don’t feel uncomfortable even when you are with many other people.
This is the place where you find true peace.
Dear brothers and sisters.
Don’t you just feel more at ease just imagining this-
I just described a part of the Garden of Eden in the second heaven.
Genesis 2:8 says, “The LORD God planted a garden toward the east, in Eden; and there He placed the man whom He had formed.”
Here, “the man” in this verse refers to the first man, Adam, mentioned in Genesis 2:7.
Adam was created as a living being and God created the Garden of Eden in the second heaven for him.
Now, the Bible says God created the garden toward the east.
Does this mean that the Garden of Eden is located in the east of the 2nd heaven-
What is in the opposite side of the east-
There is a domain where Lucifer and the spirits of darkness dwell.
Like this, the second heaven is divided into two big domains.
Then, is this the domain of the darkness located in the west of the 2nd heaven-
It is not so.
Here, ‘the east’ doesn’t refer to a direction.
Then, why didn’t God just say ‘on the east side’ or ‘on the right side,’ or ‘not on the left’ instead of saying ‘toward the east’-
“The east” contains a spiritual meaning.
“The east” refers to ‘an area surround by the light.’
The sun comes up in the east on earth.
Likewise, ‘the east’ is where the light begins and it is surrounded by the light.
Therefore, the fact that the Garden of Eden was placed ‘toward the east’ means that it is located in the domain of light in the 2nd heaven.
On the other hand, Lucifer and the evil spirits are in the domain of darkness.
Since the Garden of Eden is ‘created in the area which is surrounded by the light,’ this verse said it was planted toward the east.
Therefore, it means that God created the Garden of Eden in the area which is surrounded by the light in the second heaven.
And this is why God the Fathers opens the space near the sun when He wants to show the Garden of Eden to you.
There are quite a few of you who saw the Garden of Eden through the open space inside the sun or near the sun.
However, it doesn’t mean, that the Garden of Eden is placed in that very place in the sun or around the sun.
Moreover, God the Father can open any spiritual space in the sky so that you can see the Garden of Eden.
And so, there is a reason that God shows the Garden of Eden through the sun.
Just as the light comes from the sun, He shows that the Garden of Eden is in the domain which is surrounded by the light.
In addition, if you know that the spiritual space opens near the sun, you don’t need to think in which direction you have to take a look when you want to see the Garden of Eden.
All you have to do is just look in the sun or near the sun.
God called the place where the first man Adam and his descendants would live ‘the Garden of Eden.’
The planets of the solar system are named according to their characteristics.
For example, the planet which the second closest to the sun is called ‘the morning star”.
It is also called ‘Venus’ in English.
Venus is the name of the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
It was named because it is so beautiful when it is sparkling in the eastern sky at dawn.
In the same way, people named each of the planets according to their characteristics.
Then, what kind of meaning does ‘Eden’ have, which God used to designate the domain of light in the second heaven-
The meaning of ‘Eden’ is ‘the peaceful place without death.’
Since Eden is the world of light, there is no sin and thus there is no death.
There is also no evil, and thus there is no arguing or disputing. There is only peace.
Within Eden, a place was created for Adam and his descendants; it was the ‘Garden of Eden’.
Even though it is called ‘the Garden,’ you should not be confused with a small garden or hill.
At times, people call a small hill or a small place where there are flowers and trees a ‘garden.’
However, there are also expressions such as ‘a garden of dreams’ and ‘a children’s garden.’
In these expressions ‘garden’ symbolizes a place which is full of happiness and peace.
So, it explains why God called the area which God created for Adam the ‘Garden of Eden’
By the way, the size of the Garden of Eden is so huge that the Earth cannot begin to be compared to its size.
The size is beyond our imagination. It is millions of times bigger than the Earth.
The people of the Garden of Eden never die, and they keep multiplying in number.
Then, just how many people have been born since the first man Adam-
If the Garden of Eden were located in a place the size of the earth, its population would have already filled the surface of the earth.
It is obvious then, that the Garden of Eden cannot be found anywhere on the Earth.
Just remember it is so huge that you cannot even imagine its size.
The environment of the Garden of Eden operates entirely by the power of God the Father.
According to the law that God set, the earth operates by the gravity between the sun, the moon, and the stars.
And due to this gravity, seasons change and signs appear on the Earth.
Even though there are stars in the 2nd heaven, the stars in the Garden of Eden are not held by the gravity of the stars, but by the power of God.
Let me tell you more about the environment in the Garden of Eden.
There is no distinction between day and night in the Garden of Eden.
It is always a day just like in the Heavenly Kingdom.
And, there are no clear transitions from season to season.
The temperature and humidity are always maintained most proper for a man to live.
There is no sudden change in weather.
However, the temperature may change just a little.
Instead of a shift from day to night, through this change of temperature people discern whether it is time to be active or to take a rest.
Genesis 3:8 mentions about “the cool of the day.”
A dictionary defines ‘cool’ as a state when a temperature is low, but not very low.
Therefore, when it is cool, the temperature drops down and you may need to wear a thin jacket.
However, the coolness in the Garden of Eden is different from the coolness of the earth.
Even though the temperature is lower than ‘in the day,’ it is a state when you can feel pleasant as soft breezes blows.
The people in the Garden of Eden know that it is time to take a rest when it becomes cooler.
On the earth, people know that it is time to go back home and take a rest when the sun sets and the night comes.
Likewise, the people in the Garden of Eden recognize the time flow through the change of temperature.
It is because it is always bright like the day in the Garden of Eden.
Then, where do they take a rest-
There are no houses for individuals or families in the Garden of Eden.
However, there are beautiful tents in places, and they go in there to take a rest.
They don’t wear clothing, but live naked.
Since they have no evil at all, they are not ashamed.
Even when they see other gender naked, they don’t commit adultery.
On this earth, it is just as a child looks pretty and lovely even when he is playing and walking around without clothing.
In Korea when a child’s first birthday is celebrated, many people take pictures of the baby without clothing.
You don’t think it is something shameful or embarrassing; you rather regard it cute and lovely.
By the same token, there is no problem even though they all live naked because there is no evil in the Garden of Eden.
Everything is beautiful and natural.
Then, why do we put on clothes in the Heavenly Kingdom where there is no evil-
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Cold war essay questions
Essay on the Cold War, 1945 - History Discussion
18 Argumentative Essay Topics On The Cold War. If you are taking a history class that includes topics from the 20th Century, you will learn about the Cold War. This controversial historical topic is a favorite for teachers, because they can assign essays. Selecting a topic can be challenging, so here are some topic ideas you can use: more
Cold War Essay Paper -
Sep 16, 2020 · The Cold War is a significant part of the world’s history. Its term refers to the period between 1950 and late 1980, known for a great tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. Essays on the Cold War are important assignments because they allow students to research the topic in detail. As the war was a major event that has more
Cold War Topic Ideas to Write about & Essay Samples | IvyPanda
Suggestions for essay topics to use when you're writing about The Cold War (1945–1963). more
Argumentative Essay Questions On Cold War
Mar 06, 2012 · The Cold War on the pages of English spy novels (1950-early 1970’s). The experience of Soviet foreign policy propaganda during the Cold War. The Prague Spring and the International Crisis of 1968. Myth and results. You can see that the number of Cold War essay topics requires students to involve themselves deeply and read widely. more
The Cold War (1945–1963): Suggested Essay Topics | SparkNotes
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IB HL History of the Americas Mr. Blackmon Essay Questions
Nov 10, 2020 · 10 Lines on Cold War Essay in English. 1. Cold War is the atmosphere of suspicion and fear that arose between the USA and the Soviet Union after the Second World War. 2. Cold War was the difference of opinion between the capitalism of the United States and the communism of … more
The ‘Cold War’ is one of the most interesting ‘wars’ fought in world history. The sheer number of countries both directly and indirectly involved is enough to pose the question – To what extent was the Cold War a truly Global War? This essay will examine this idea. more
America During the Cold War Essay Prompts - English Class
Our Cold War essay samples explore various events from brinkmanship, escalating arms race, and the many small wars that followed. In most cases, it is not easy to submit well-written college papers yet your professors expect you to come up with unique essays on Cold War that should be interesting to read. more
Cold War Exam Questions Essay |
Oct 18, 2013 · Cold War Era. Words: 1080 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 52836836. Read Full Paper . Cold ar was a period of great danger and international tension, brought on by the power struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union. The communist ideology -- which the Soviets were aggressively trying to spread through Europe and more
The Best Cold War Essay: Effective Writing Tips and
Essay on the Cold War: it’s Origin, Causes and Phases. Article shared by: ADVERTISEMENTS: After the Second World War, the USA and USSR became two Super Powers. One nation tried to reduce the power of other. Indirectly the competition between the Super Powers led to the Cold War. more
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America During the Cold War Essay Prompts. Clio has taught education courses at the college level and has a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction. When teaching the Cold War, you may focus on more
Essay on Cold War | Bartleby
Essay Questions. Following each question are suggested points or terms to include in a response. Think about the connection and how you would include the item. What caused the Cold War? Discuss explanations by level of analysis. fault of the United States ; fault of the Soviet Union ; ideological ; leadership ; bipolarity ; more
Who Was to Blame for the Cold War? Essay - Free Summaries
Cold War Topics for an Essay. There are several cold war essay questions that one can get through research, or even define an original one. Several themes that describe segments of the cold war can be useful in determining a topic of discussion from your essay. When planning to write a cold war thematic essay, research on the themes that more
Cold War Essay Questions
Free Essays on Cold War. Examples of Research Paper Topics The Cold War (1945-1989) essay. The Cold War is considered to be a significant event in Modern World History. The Cold War dominated a rather long time period: between 1945, or the end of the World War II, and 1990, the collapse of the USSR. This period involved the relationships more
Free Cold War Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me
This essay question's thesis can be answered in two ways: 1. Arguing Regan was the one who ended the Cold War 2. Arguing Regan was more of a side show and that Gorbachev (new leader who brought about major change and openness) was the true barrier of peace more
Cold War Summative Essay Question
May 19, 2021 · Extended essay cold war topics for quoting a definition in a research paper Unlike the topics war essay extended cold state government typically appoints board members, often after nomi nation by the women who prefer isolation rather than higher order questions tend to have a long way toward independent success with a shared vision of school at more
Cold War Essay | Essay on Cold War for Students and
Essay question: Explain why the Vietnam conflict was an episode of the Cold War [5 points]. Then, discuss the chronology of United States involvement in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975 [5 points]. What factors led much of the American public to become disillusioned … more
35 Cold War Essay Topics and Ideas - Write On Deadline
Below is a sample list of some of the most popular questions asked: more
Argumentative Essay Topics On The Cold War: 18 Examples
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May 14, 2018 · If you intend to write an essay on the Cold war, you may need to have a few pointers that will aid you in compiling a well thought out article. The text below has essential tips, which will come in handy when answering questions that will enable you to write the article. Click here for more details. more
Cold War Essay - West Branch High School
May 18, 2021 · Popular Cold War Essay Questions Handled in the Past. For more than a decade, our writing team has handled countless essay questions on the Cold War. Below is a sample list of some of the most popular questions asked: How did the tensions of the Cold War shape political events in the Middle East in the period 1945 to 1949? more
Cold War Essay Questions Flashcards | Quizlet
May 11, 2014 · Cold war essay questions (I)gcse 1. Section 4 – How did the Cold War develop? Describe one reason why the Allies met at Yalta in February 1945 (2 marks) The allies met to discuss what would happen to Germany know that they had full control over them. more
A List Of Powerful Essay Topics About The Cold War
11) “The Cold War came to an end due to the hard-line approach of Ronald Reagan’s policies in the early 1980s.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? 12) Discuss the economic impact of the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region. 13) Assess the part played by differing ideologies in the origin of the Cold War. more
Vietnam War more
Cold War Essay Questions.docx - Google Docs
Remember all we did last year and answer the following questions: The Cuban Missile Crisis represents the most dangerous point of the Cold War. Outline the very major points of this conflict (not the details) I.E. 1. the US push the Cubans toward the USSR by a trade embargo and the Bay of Pigs. 2. more
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Jan 26, 2020 · > 35 Cold War Essay Topics The Cold war is an event that had an influence even on nations that were far away. When you have a task of this nature to prepare, you have to be cautious to produce the quality that deserves an impressive grade. more
The Cold War Essay | Excellent Tips to Help With Writing
Apr 15, 2019 · The Cold War was, in the main, a period of deep mistrust and rivalry between the once allied superpowers America and Russia after World War Two. The Cold War was, in part, and ideological conflict between capitalism (USA) and communism (USSR) and lasted for most of the 20th Century. There were many factors concerning the causes of the Cold War more |
What went wrong at the battle of Mansfield?
by Ned B. on August 30, 2013 · 0 comments
As described previously, even though overall the US had more men in the campaign, Taylor enjoyed a numerical advantage at the moment he attacked at Mansfield. As a result Taylor was able to overwhelm the US front line, turning it in on itself and driving it back. So for Taylor, not much went wrong that day (He did lose about 1,000 men, including around 1/3 of Mouton’s division as well as Mouton himself). But for the U.S. side it was a disaster. What had gone wrong?
There was consensus among U.S. commanders that defeat occurred because at the point of contact the Confederate forces outnumbered the U.S. forces. However, in their testimony before Congress’s Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War there was revealed a split in opinion as to whether the U.S. force at the front should have been larger or smaller.
The idea that the U.S. forces should have been larger is easy to grasp — if the problem was that the Confederates had a numerical edge, then the way to counter that is to have more numbers. If the 3rd Division of the 13th Corps could have reached the front line sooner and if the 1st Division of the 19th Corps had been close behind, then Taylor could have been driven back instead of the other way around. This view blamed the outcome on the separation between units during the march. Thus the fault was with General Franklin, who managed the march.
The idea that the U.S. forces should have been smaller is based on the view that no battle should have been fought that afternoon. This view blamed the outcome on the decision to take a stand at that location at that time. If only a small cavalry contingent had been present, the front could have been more dynamic, pulling back if pressed. In this way, U.S. forces could avoid a battle they weren’t ready for. But by bringing infantry to the front, the position became fixed and battle could not be avoided. In this view the fault was with General Banks who directed that the position be held and infantry added.
So who was right? Both views have their positives and negatives. The point of advancing was to engage the Confederates and Banks had specifically directed Franklin to manage the march so that he would be ready to fight once the opponent was found. But movement along a single road through dense woodland is problematic and until the line could be tightened up, the U.S. was not ready for battle. However, the real problem was not which one was a better choice but with the fact that there was a divergence in view between the overall commander (Banks) and the commander directing the movement (Franklin). They were not on the same page when it came to operational decisions. To me this is Banks biggest failure in leadership: he did not have the confidence of his key subordinates (specifically Franklin and A.J. Smith) and, rather than working as a team, there was friction between them.
But when you really get down to it, what really went wrong for the U.S. was being there at all. Win or lose in the battle of Mansfield, the U.S. was already losing the campaign.
As mentioned previously, the Confederates had concentrated forces in northwestern Louisiana such that Taylor had over 12,000 at the battle and 5,000 close at hand (the Missouri and Arkansas infantry divisions). In addition, there was another approximately 5,000 not far off: Woods Texas cavalry brigade, Parsons Texas cavalry brigade, and the 3rd Texas Infantry would arrive over the next few days from Texas; Hawthorn’s Arkansas brigade was on the way to Shreveport from Arkansas; General Liddell had a brigade of Louisiana Cavalry on the north side of the Red River; and in Shreveport there were miscellaneous other troops such as the 1st Trans-Mississippi Cavalry, 6th Louisiana cavalry, Louisiana Heavy Artillery/Siege Battalion, and the Engineer Battalion. This concentration gave the Confederates the strength to challenge and delay the US advance. In addition, the Confederates had developed defenses at Shreveport and along the river which together with the dropping water level neutralized the U.S. fleet.
The U.S. operation was constrained by a timetable and thus could not afford a lengthy campaign. There was also doubt if the US could even have held Shreveport. Assessing the situation at the end of the campaign, General Canby wrote “It would require a force equal to the operating army to keep open its communications.” In testifying before Congress, General Emory stated that Shreveport “could not have been held and communications kept up by the Red River, except by an immense army”. Colonel Charles Dwight, inspector general of the 19th Corps, testified that “I think we would have been worse off at Shreveport than we were where we were checked. I think the further we went the worse off we would be.”
In conclusion, the Confederates had succeeded in concentrating their forces and had made good use of geography while the U.S. had pushed deep into Confederate territory on an unworkable timetable with inadequate logistical support. Thus, while the battle of Mansfield was tactically successful, Confederate success in the campaign was already assured due to operational and strategic factors.
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Monday, February 1, 2016
How Many Commandments
How Many Commandments Jan 29 2016 Shabbat Parshat Mishpatim
This Weds, International Holocaust Memorial Day, was observed by the United Nations on Jan 27. The date was chosen to recall the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, which was one of the “homes” of our own Joe Alexander, as well as of the grandfather of last week’s Bar Mitzvah.
I personally greatly appreciate the appearance of President Obama at the Israeli Embassy to mark that date and make a stirring statement,” We are all Jews.’ It was very fitting, because on the same day, the Prime Minister of Canada, Trudeau, gave a statement on Holocaust day without a single mention of anti-Semitism or Jews! It was fitting because the Secretary General of the UN, Ban Ki Moon, used the date to justify why Palestinians are stabbing Jews—it is an outcome of frustration for living under oppression. I get it. Jews could live under oppression for nearly two thousand years, without stabbing their oppressors, but that’s for Jews, not for Arabs. OK. The President’s visit was also an important rebuff to those on the intolerant left and right, both the Ayatollah Khamanei of Iran on one end and our own brilliant American leftist activists who denounce the Holocaust as something that “ whites did to whites”.
Last weekend, I was viewing an older movie, about Hannah Arendt, who analyzed Adolf Eichmann as ‘the banality of evil”;a mere clerk, as a cog in the machine of evil, was drawn into the heart of evil. I don’t want to go into the issue here, but to say, that it led to a good debate between a friend and me on the topic of murder and execution. It’s a simple topic, very commonly heard, which goes right to our Torah reading, Yitro, and the Aseret Hadibrot, the Ten Commandments.
--“Thou shalt not kill.” Can the State, the courts, ever execute someone, since this in turn violates “ Thou Shalt not Kill?”
--Oh, but it doesn’t say “ Kill.” I reply, It says “murder”.
---But murder and killing are the same. How can you decided that there is some rule greater than what is written in the Ten Commandments.
--Two answers:
First- a word has to be defined. The Ten Commandments” uses “ Tirzakh”, murder, not ”taharog”, kill. But how can we determine what the word means?
You have to go outside the text. But how far outside?
A midrash? Some Rabbi? We often do so for a Drash, but the truth is, the Rabbis try not to go outside of the text. The answer has to be somewhere else in the text.
So you ask, where do you look? You start as closely as possible. The next portion,Mishpatim. It gives us clear examples of what is murder. Whoever strikes another and kills him shall in turn be killed. . .whoever kills his slave, and the slave dies, the slave shall be avenged and so forth. But what if the death is unintended. Say there is aggravated assault, for example, followed by death of the victim several days later? That’s not murder, as it is not directly proven that the assault led to the death. The death may have come from other causes. Yet later in the Torah, we are told that there has to be a known history of hatred by the murderer. “ s’nao mitmol shilshom”—he hated him “ the day before yesterday”.
In short, the very Torah in which we have the Ten Commandments gives us the terms whereby we can understand them.
There is the second answer: just ‘cause it says Ten Commandments, it ain’t necessarily so, as the famous song goes.
We love to talk of Ten Commandments, but you know the Torah doesn’t know of it. It knows only of “Aseret Hadibrot”. Ten Declarations , which serve as the preamble, introducing some general principles, which require, by their nature, explanation.
In fact, it is very rare that in the Torah, we find explicit declarations of law. Most of it is “Casuistic law”, from “case”. “If this, then that.” Most of Rabbinic reasoning is looking at the multiple “ ifs” and “thens”, and deriving from that , general principles that in turn generate more “if, then”.
So why so much emphasis on “ Ten Commandments”. After all,they are written by the finger of God and placed in the Ark. It would seem that certainly it was seen as a great foundation of Judaism. When the early Christians removed the observance of the Miztvoth, they kept the Ten Commandments.You know what we Jews do? If the Christians keep only the Ten Commandments, then we are going to emphasize all the rest. It’s only ten out of a total package deal. It’s like buying a car—you can’t buy just the engine-you need to buy the drive train, the gears, the steering, the seats, the frame. We got the whole car, and it is a Rolls Royce!
So know we know how many we have: 613.
Right? Wrong;
Here is the debate in the Talmud:
How many Commandments are there? (Talmud Masekhet Makkoth 23b- 24 a)
R. Simlai : Six hundred and thirteen precepts were communicated to Moses, three hundred and sixty-five negative precepts, corresponding to the number of solar days [in the year], and two hundred and forty-eight positive precepts, corresponding to the number of the members of man's body.
Lovely commentary, to show that we observe the commandments with all our body and all year long.
Good- so ,as I said, 613. Then, add the extras bells and whistles in the Talmud, Responsa, the codes of the Rambam and the the Shulkhan Arukh and later authorities—easily, a few thousands of thousands, occupying an entire library.
But, the Talmudic debate continues:
David came and reduced them to eleven [principles], as it is written, A Psalm of David” Lord, who shall sojourn in Thy tabernacle? Who shall dwell in Thy holy mountain? .
OK, not ten , but eleven. Wait, The debate is not finished.
Isaiah came and reduced them to six [principles], as it is written, [i] He that walketh righteously, and [ii] speaketh uprightly. ( Isa. XXXIII, 15-16)
So we are down to six. No, not good enough.
Micah came and reduced them to three [principles], as it is written, It hath been told thee, O man, what is good, and what the Lord doth require of thee: [i] only to do justly, and [ii] to love mercy and [iii] to walk humbly before thy God. (Micah VI, 8.) ‘To do justly,’ that is, maintaining justice; and to love mercy,’ that is, rendering every kind office; ‘and walking humbly before thy God,’ that is, walking in funeral and bridal processions.
OK, so only three things. But wait:
Again came Isaiah and reduced them to two [principles], as it is said, Thus saith the Lord,[i] Keep ye justice and [ii] do righteousness [etc.]. ( Isa. LVI, 1).
Two! This is like Abraham negotiating with God as Sodom! How far down can we negotiate?
Amos came and reduced them to one [principle], as it is said, For thus saith the Lord unto the house of Israel, Seek ye Me and live. (Amos V, 4).
One? Only one. Are we now agreed? No, not at all. Your choice is too general!
To this R. Nahman b. Isaac demurred, saying: [Might it not be taken as,] Seek Me by observing the whole Torah and live? — But it is Habakuk who came and based them all on one [principle], as it is said, But the righteous shall live by his faith.(Hab. II, 4.)
It’s a funny quote, because it is the same quote that Martin Luther used to define the underlying principal of Christianity. The righteous shall live by faith. The difference is that the Talmud is reading the Hebrew understanding of Tsadik and Emunah, and Luther is reading the Greek or Latin translations and concepts. Different languages, different meanings.
So, is this the final one?
No. Along comes Rabbi Akiba, in another source:
Rabbi Akiba argued that the great principal of the Torah is “you shall love your neighbor as yourself” (Lev. 19:18). This is wonderful, and this too, we share with Christianity—Jesus states as much. The great principal is the Ve’ahavta of the Shama and the Ve ahavta of love of neighbor.
The entire Torah is built upon the idea of Immmanuel Kant. The categorical imperative. That we must apply to all others what we would apply to ourselves in all our dealings. Very abstract, very secular.
Then comes Rabbi Akiba’s student, Ben Azzai . Of course we must differ!
Ben Azzai said: "'This is the record of Adam's line. [-When God created man, He made him in the likeness of God . . . ] (Gen. 5:1)'-this is a great principle of the Torah."
What’s wrong with “Love your neighbor as yourself.”? Because maybe I hate myself! So, he continues.“You must not say: ‘Since I have been put to shame, let my neighbor also be put to shame, for if you do so, know that you are shaming someone who is made in the likeness of God.’”(Sifra on Kedoshim, in reverse order in Bereshit Rabbah)
In other words, a morality based on our self as the source of all values now depends on how we see ourselves. Sure, if we are loving and loved, we are happy to share the love. But what if we are miserable, angry, hurt, resentful, we have been dissed. Then, how else shall we treat our neighbor as ourselves? The same way.
No, our foundation of morality is not a universal mutual exchange. It is a recognized universal source of sanctity of each of us. Perhaps I am miserable and angry; nevertheless, I am in God’s image-and so is my neighbor. Time to shape up!
Is this the final say? No
Hillel has it:
Teach me all of Torah while I stand of one foot. Shammai chases away the petitioner. Hillel answers:
Dsani lach, lechavrech lo taavid- Don’t do to the other what you don’t want done to yourself. It’s the famous Golden rule, and hereto, something we share with Christians. The Christian sources use “ Do unto others”, and there are debates as to which version is the more noble. They are probably, though, in their origins, one and the same, much older than either .Now we have our final answer- the Golden rule—all the Torah is really the Golden Rule.
Not so fast. Did you think a Jewish lesson could stop so easily.
Hillel continues:v haidach perusha-zil gmir
Now, the rest of the Torah is the commentary to this. Go, and study! (Shabbat 31 a)
The final answer is that there is not one, not ten, not 613 , there are endless commandments and endless commentaries, as many as there are people alive, now and in the past. You do the math for that.The rest is commentary, go study.
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English 122 | English homework help
To prepare for this assignment, please re-read your selected article and your notes from Module 1. Then, either using the MindEdge Notebook or a Word Document, answer the following questions:
• Who do you think your audience will be in your critical analysis essay? Describe this audience, and explain how they would benefit from any insights produced from your analysis of your selected article.
• Why is analysis so important for your selected reading? How will it help your audience understand the author’s goal in a clearer, more captivating way?
• After re-reading your article and notes from Module 1, what do you believe is your goal in analyzing your selected article? Will you provide additional context to help your audience understand the importance of the author’s goal, or will you use your essay as an opportunity to persuade your audience that the author’s goal is incorrect?
In total, the reflection should be three fully developed paragraphs (5-8 sentences each) in length (consider one paragraph per question). As you work on the journal, remember to refer to the assignment guidelines and rubric (click here) to make sure you’re fulfilling each critical element.
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Why do people have middle names?
In ancient Rome, having multiple names was an honor usually bestowed upon the most important people, like Gaius Julius Caesar. The three-name structure used today began in the Middle Ages when Europeans were torn between giving their child a saint's name or a common family name.
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Ford Germany, the Taunus
On October 1930, 1925, Henry Ford and Conrad Adenauer, then mayor of Cologne and later prime minister, became equally construction workers. They laid the foundation stone for the new Ford factory in - yes - Cologne. Ford was not new to Germany, but the Cologne location was. As early as XNUMX, T Fords and A Fords had been assembled in Berlin. But in Cologne, Ford would go for the top: cars would really be made. German cars. The B Ford with its four-cylinder of more than three liters was the last kit model. But the subsequent Y Ford was already completely Made in Germany.
Ford Germany's approach was fairly subdued
The Ford had a four-cylinder of 900 cc that produced something like twenty horsepower. That first Genuine German Ford remained in production until 1933. By that time Hitler had already decided that the brand should be 'Kӧln'. After all, non-German names had little right to exist from that point on in the run-up to the Third Reich, which by no means reached the planned lifespan of 1000 years. The A Fords assembled in Germany were called 'Rheinland'. Because German. So good. Just in the margin: Both Hitler and Ford hated Jews. And that is reminiscent of the joke that Rabbi Soetendorp once made: An anti-Semite is someone who hates Jews more than average. Jewish humor is unique.
Within Germany, the Eifel was introduced in 1935, which was for sale as a sedan and convertible. There was also an all-German 8 hp V90 that remained in production until the outbreak of the war.
The Ford Taunuses were quite successful
More than 1939 were made between 1942-7000. But it was not until the end of 1948 that production really took off. Because almost 74.000 were made. In 1952 the 12 M was presented and then the counter really started to run. Until it became too old-fashioned in 1957, over 2.000.000 were released from the band.
Inspired by America
In 1957 it was time for the Taunus 17 M line with its OHVs of almost 1700 cc, inspired by the American Fords. That block produced a nice 60 hp at the time and almost 240.000 copies were made. The streamlined P1960 Taunus 3 M was launched in 17. More than 650.000 of this series were made in four years and these Fords were once almost iconic in the street scene at the time. The R4 Taunus 12 M from 1962 had the pleasantly messy humming 4 cc V1200 as used in Saabs. The Ford had front-wheel drive and looked simply chic in its Coupe version.
All these Fords were not planned investment objects
They were bulk goods with a - due to rust - limited lifespan. And that makes good, beautiful copies quite rare at the moment. Fortunately, it is not the case that they have become unaffordable.
The 12 Ford Taunus 1964m Coupe in the pictures is for sale at Jelle Blom.
Dear Classic Lover
Give a reaction
1. My sister and brother-in-law had registered a Taunus 17 M, JD-46-69.
Strange that I still remember that. It was a beautiful red car and was later called the "bathtub" model.
2. Have had two in the past, a white with red trim and a red with black roof. Nice cars, where the Ford brand name was nowhere to be found. They were simply called Taunus ...
3. The neighbors across the street did have the 12m. Light blue, the Fred Flinstone variant. There was very little sheet metal under the rubber mats. You had to be careful where you put your feet. He was therefore already 10 years old.
4. In the 15m was the same V4 block as in the Saab 95 and 96. (Saab one of my other loves but a 99)
Once, around 2000, I called the Ford local garage to see if there were any parts for the 15m and its reliability.
Parts were certainly there and the block could run 300.000 km in normal use. That is in line with the experiences in the Saabs. Indeed block makes such a nice chaotic rumbling hum.
My father had bought a beige 69m in '15 with that (enlarged) 1500cc engine, black vinyl upholstery was in it. Dashboard and steering wheel were unfortunately boring. Still nice memories of that car. Driving together on a Saturday to the small pump at the end of the Veenweg in the polder of Nootdorp our village. Funny that you remember something like that. A wonderful outing together on your 7th. In '74 there was a Taunus 1,6XL green metallic with vinyl roof. The 15 had clearly given birth.
5. One of my uncle's also had a Taunus, but pale red with a dull black roof. I polished it for two days, the car looked like new again. The first car that I secretly drove at the age of 15. But yes, for what belongs something.
Beautiful cart, enjoy it.
6. The derivatives of those V-blocks were used in the European Fordjes for a long time, right? Also in the Transits. I didn't really find anything messy about the running of those motors. With little sound insulation they could be heard more than average. Yes, hi. They certainly were full of character.
• Saab certainly had the 96 in the very first series 1200, but these were far too light in this, hence actually very quickly to the 1500 engines, 1700 was only delivered in the 97.
Give an answer
Show that you are there! - column
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As we celebrate Heart Health Awareness Month, we are reminded how important our lifestyle decisions are and the impact it has on our heart. Influences that can affect our heart health include but are not limited to: diet, physical activity, stress levels and smoking habits.
Taking actionable measures and gaining new healthy behaviors can prolong your heart’s lifespan. Finding a balance between all components of what keeps you healthy is essential to maintaining a structure routine on your daily activities and helps reduce stress levels that impact your well-being.
Heart Health Tips
Here are some tips to help improve your heart health:
1. Keep a healthy diet: Have an extra fruit or vegetable a day
2. Stay hydrated: Substitute sugar drinks with water
3. Manage stress by focusing on daily achievements and positive thoughts to maintain blood pressure at low levels
4. Get your daily 7 hours of sleep
5. Floss daily to maintain a healthy dental hygiene- avoiding bacteria helps prevent gum disease which affects the bloodstream and promotes heart disease
6. Avoid Smoking
7. Relax your body by taking a few minutes each day to breathe deeply- this also helps in lowering your blood pressure
Premier and our workforce are here to help and support you with living a healthier lifestyle every day. Remember to always raise your concerns regarding your health to your family, your caregiver and your doctor. Your aide can help with directing you to the appropriate path in receiving the knowledge and health support you need based on your concerns. With Premier, you are always in the best care!
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CDC advisory says pregnant people need COVID-19 vaccine
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a health advisory that strongly recommends COVID-19 vaccination either before or during pregnancy because the benefits of vaccination for both pregnant people and their fetus or infant outweigh known or potential risks. Although the overall risk of severe illness is low, pregnant and recently pregnant people are at an increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19 when compared with non-pregnant people. Additionally, pregnant people with COVID-19 are at increased risk of preterm birth and might be at increased risk of other adverse pregnancy outcomes, compared with pregnant people without COVID-19.
While WashU Med strongly recommends that employees with temporary exemptions due to pregnancy or lactation consider getting vaccinated, at this time we have no intention of revoking these exemptions. |
Did you know that you can use your smartphone to help fight mosquitoes? Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the era of citizen science!
Citizen science has become very popular in recent years with projects spanning a wide range of scientific fields, from astronomy to conservation biology. At its core it is an approach where research is conducted, partly or wholly, by non-professional (amateur) scientists…basically the citizens! From participating in the analysis of very large datasets to conducting observations in the field, people participating in these projects can be of great help for professional scientists. Furthermore, it is a great and very effective way to improve public engagement with science: non-professionals are involved directly in scientific research, taking part in the process and learning more about how research is conducted.
Medical entomologists clearly didn’t miss the train of citizen science, as showed below by a series of projects related to mosquito surveillance.
Mosquito selfies? Yes please!
Surveying mosquitoes is essential to follow the possible introduction of invasive species and their spread, and to assess the risk of vector-borne disease in an area. However, it can be very expensive and time-consuming to do it over large areas or for a long period of time. And that’s where citizens with their smartphones come into play.
Mosquito Alert is a citizen science project built around the use of smartphones. Started in 2014 in Spain to monitor the spread of the invasive tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and related species, it is now generating data from other countries as well. But how does it work?
Basically, citizens can download an app on their phones and if they see a mosquito (or a potential breeding site) they take a picture of it. Through the app, the picture is then checked by expert entomologists to verify the identity of the insect. Since the location is also collected via the smartphone GPS system, all the observations can be mapped. Other than revealing the arrival of an invasive species in a new area, these data can be used by public health authorities to intervene with vector control interventions.
Based on the same principle there is also Mozzie Monitors from Australia. In this project, participants do not only take pictures of mosquitoes but can also use a mosquito trap in their yards to collect them!
Towards a better understanding of research
There is no doubt that similar citizen science projects will increase in number and type in the future, potentially involving vectors other than mosquitoes.
Despite some limitations in the type of information we can get from these projects, I personally think that they can provide an invaluable source of public engagement. Participants actually learn by doing and they can see the results of their efforts (see the maps of Mosquito Alert for example). Being directly involved in science (rather than just being lectured about it) is essential for a proper understanding of it. And from understanding comes interest, and I think also respect. We can all benefit from a more open and healthy relationship between researchers and the public!
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Bode Diagram, Control System Analysis, Transfer function
Obtaining Transfer Function from Bode Diagram
Bode plots are a convenient presentation of the frequency response data for
the purpose of estimating the transfer function. These plots allow parts of the
transfer function to be determined and extracted, leading the way to further
refinements to find the remaining parts of the transfer function.
Although experience and intuition are invaluable in the process, the following steps are still offered as a guideline:
1. Look at the Bode magnitude and phase plots and estimate the pole-zero configuration of the system. Look at the initial slope on the magnitude plot to determine system type. Look at phase excursions to get an idea of the difference between the number of poles and the number of zeros.
2. See if portions of the magnitude and phase curves represent obvious first- or second-order pole or zero frequency response plots.
3. See if there is any telltale peaking or depressions in the magnitude response plot that indicate an underdamped second-order pole or zero, respectively.
4. If any pole or zero responses can be identified, overlay appropriate ±20 or ±40 dB/decade lines on the magnitude curve or ±45°/decade lines on the phase curve and estimate the break frequencies.For second-order poles or zeros, estimate the damping ratio and natural frequency from the standard curves.
5. Form a transfer function of unity gain using the poles and zeros found. Obtain the frequency response of this transfer function and subtract this response from the previous frequency response (Franklin, 1991). You now have a frequency response of reduced complexity from which to begin the process again to extract more of the system’s poles and zeros. A computer program such as MATLAB is of invaluable help for this step.
Find the transfer function of the subsystem whose Bode plots are shown in Figure 1:
Figure 1
Let us first extract the underdamped poles that we suspect, based on the peaking in the magnitude curve.We estimate the natural frequency to be near the peak frequency, or approximately 5 rad/s. From Figure 1, we see a peak of about 6.5 dB, which translates into a damping ratio of about ζ=0,24. The unity gain second-order function is thus:
The frequency response plot of this function is made and subtracted from the previous
Bode plots to yield the response in Figure 2:
Figure 2
Overlaying a -20 dB/decade line on the magnitude response and a -45°/decade line on the phase response, we detect a final pole. From the phase response, we estimate the break frequency at 90 rad/s. Subtracting the response of G2(s)=90/(s+90) from the previous response yields the response in Figure 3.
Figure 3
Figure 3 has a magnitude and phase curve similar to that generated by a lag function. We draw a -20 dB/decade line and fit it to the curves. The break frequencies are read from the figure as 9 and 30 rad/s. A unity gain transfer function containing a pole at -9 and a zero at -30 is G3(s)=0.3(s+30)/(s+9). Upon subtraction of G1(s)G2(s)G3(s), we find the magnitude frequency response flat ±1 dB and the phase response flat at -3± 5°. We thus conclude that we are finished extracting dynamic transfer functions as:
It is interesting to note that the original curve was obtained from the function:
1. Modern_Control_Engineering, Ogata 4t
2. Control Systems Engineering, Nise
3. Sistemas de Control Automatico, Kuo
Literature review by:
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Single-layer materials
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 2D Materials)
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In materials science, the term single-layer materials or 2D materials refers to crystalline solids consisting of a single layer of atoms. These materials are promising for some applications but remain the focus of research. Single-layer materials derived from single elements generally carry the -ene suffix in their names, e.g. graphene. Single-layer materials that are compounds of two or more elements have -ane or -ide suffixes. 2D materials can generally be categorized as either 2D allotropes of various elements or as compounds (consisting of two or more covalently bonding elements).
It is predicted that there are hundreds of stable single-layer materials.[1][2]
Single element materials[edit]
C: graphene and graphyne[edit]
Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms.
Graphene is a crystalline allotrope of carbon in the form of a nearly transparent (to visible light) one atom thick sheet. It is hundreds of times stronger than most steels by weight.[3] It has the highest known thermal and electrical conductivity, displaying current densities 1,000,000 times that of copper.[4] It was first produced in 2004.[5]
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene". They first produced it by lifting graphene flakes from bulk graphite with adhesive tape and then transferring them onto a silicon wafer.[6]
Graphyne is another 2-dimensional carbon allotrope whose structure is similar to graphene's. It can be seen as a lattice of benzene rings connected by acetylene bonds. Depending on the content of the acetylene groups, graphyne can be considered a mixed hybridization, spn, where 1 < n < 2,[7][8] and versus graphene's (pure sp2) and diamond (pure sp3).
First-principle calculations using phonon dispersion curves and ab-initio finite temperature, quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations showed graphyne and its boron nitride analogues to be stable.[9]
The existence of graphyne was conjectured before 1960.[10] It has not yet been synthesized. However, graphdiyne (graphyne with diacetylene groups) was synthesized on copper substrates.[11] Recently, it has been claimed to be a competitor for graphene due to the potential of direction-dependent Dirac cones.[12][13]
B: borophene[edit]
cluster might be seen as smallest borophene; front and side view
Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron and is also known as boron sheet. First predicted by theory in the mid-1990s in a freestanding state,[14] and then demonstrated as distinct monoatomic layers on substrates by Zhang et al.,[15] different borophene structures were experimentally confirmed in 2015.[16][17]
Ge: germanene[edit]
Germanene is a two-dimensional allotrope of germanium with a buckled honeycomb structure.[18] Experimentally synthesized germanene exhibits a honeycomb structure.[19][20] This honeycomb structure consists of two hexagonal sub-lattices that are vertically displaced by 0.2 A from each other.[21]
Si: silicene[edit]
STM image of the first (4×4) and second layers (3×3-β) of silicene grown on a thin silver film. Image size 16×16 nm.
Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene.[22][23][24]
Sn: stanene[edit]
Lattice image of stanene flake, with the middle inset showing a large-area electron micrograph of the sample. The right inset is an electron diffraction pattern confirming the hexagonal structure.
Stanene is a predicted topological insulator that may display dissipationless currents at its edges near room temperature. It is composed of tin atoms arranged in a single layer, in a manner similar to graphene.[25] Its buckled structure leads to high reactivity against common air pollutions such as NOx and COx and is able to trap and dissociate them at low temperature.[26] Recently structure determination of stanene is done using low energy electron diffraction and it shows very interesting result of ultra-flat stanene on Cu(111) surface.[27]
Pb: plumbene[edit]
Plumbene is a two-dimensional allotrope of lead, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene.[28]
P: phosphorene[edit]
Phosphorene structure: (a) tilted view, (b) side view, (c) top view. Red (blue) balls represent phosphorus atoms in the lower (upper) layer.
Phosphorene is a 2-dimensional, crystalline allotrope of phosphorus. Its mono-atomic hexagonal structure makes it conceptually similar to graphene. However, phosphorene has substantially different electronic properties; in particular it possesses a nonzero band gap while displaying high electron mobility.[29] This property potentially makes it a better semiconductor than graphene.[30] The synthesis of phosphorene mainly consists of micromechanical cleavage or liquid phase exfoliation methods. The former has a low yield while the latter produce free standing nanosheets in solvent and not on the solid support. The bottom-up approaches like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are still blank because of its high reactivity. Therefore, in the current scenario, the most effective method for large area fabrication of thin films of phosphorene consists of wet assembly techniques like Langmuir-Blodgett involving the assembly followed by deposition of nanosheets on solid supports[31]
Sb: antimonene[edit]
Antimonene is a two-dimensional allotrope of antimony, with its atoms arranged in a buckled honeycomb lattice. Theoretical calculations[32] predicted that antimonene would be a stable semiconductor in ambient conditions with suitable performance for (opto)electronics. Antimonene was first isolated in 2016 by micromechanical exfoliation[33] and it was found to be very stable under ambient conditions. Its properties make it also a good candidate for biomedical and energy applications.[34]
In a study made in 2018,[35] antimonene modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE’s) were subjected to a galvanostatic charge/discharge test using a two-electrode approach to characterize their supercapacitive properties. The best configuration observed, which contained 36 nanograms of antimonene in the SPE, showed a specific capacitance of 1578 F g−1 at a current of 14 A g−1. Over 10,000 of these galvanostatic cycles, the capacitance retention values drop to 65% initially after the first 800 cycles, but then remain between 65% and 63% for the remaining 9,200 cycles. The 36 ng antimonene/SPE system also showed an energy density of 20 mW h kg−1 and a power density of 4.8 kW kg−1. These supercapacitive properties indicate that antimonene is a promising electrode material for supercapacitor systems.
Bi: bismuthene[edit]
Bismuthene, the two-dimensional allotrope of bismuth, was predicted to be a topological insulator. It was predicted that bismuthene retains its topological phase when grown on silicon carbide in 2015.[36] The prediction was successfully realized and synthesized in 2016.[37] At first glance the system is similar to graphene, as the Bi atoms arrange in a honeycomb lattice. However the bandgap is as large as 800mV due to the large spin-orbit-coupling of the Bi atoms and their interaction with the substrate. Thus, room-temperature applications of the quantum spin Hall effect come into reach. Top-down exfoliation of bismuthene has been reported in various instances [38][39] with recent works promoting the implementation of bismuthene in the field of electrochemical sensing.[40][41]
3D AFM topography image of multilayered palladium nanosheet.[42]
Single and double atom layers of platinum in a two-dimensional film geometry has been demonstrated.[43][44] These atomically thin platinum films are epitaxially grown on graphene[43] which imposes a compressive strain that modifies the surface chemistry of the platinum, while also allowing charge transfer through the graphene.[44] Single atom layer of palladium with the thickness down to 2.6 Å,[42] and rhodium with the thickness of less than 4 Å [45] have also been synthesized and characterized with atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
2D alloys[edit]
Two-dimensional alloys is single atomic layer of alloy that is incommensurate with underlying substrate. One example is the 2D ordered alloys of Pb with Sn and with Bi.[46][47]
2D supracrystals[edit]
The supracrystals of 2D materials have been proposed and theoretically simulated.[48][49] These monolayer crystals are built of supra atomic periodic structures where atoms in the nodes of the lattice are replaced by symmetric complexes. For example, in the hexagonal structure of graphene patterns of 4 or 6 carbon atoms would be arranged hexagonally instead of single atoms, as the repeating node in the unit cell.
Two alternately stacked layers of hexagonal boron nitride
Germanane is a single-layer crystal composed of germanium with one hydrogen bonded in the z-direction for each atom.[50] Germanane’s structure is similar to graphane,[51] Bulk germanium does not adopt this structure. Germanane is produced in a two-step route starting with calcium germanide. From this material, the calcium (Ca) is removed by de-intercalation with HCl to give a layered solid with the empirical formula GeH.[52] The Ca sites in Zintyl-phase CaGe
interchange with the hydrogen atoms in the HCl solution, producing GeH and CaCl2.
Ni3(HITP)2 is an organic, crystalline, structurally tunable electrical conductor with a high surface area. HITP is an organic chemical (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaaminotriphenylene). It shares graphene's hexagonal honeycomb structure. Multiple layers naturally form perfectly aligned stacks, with identical 2-nm openings at the centers of the hexagons. Room temperature electrical conductivity is ~40 S cm−1, comparable to that of bulk graphite and among the highest for any conducting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The temperature dependence of its conductivity is linear at temperatures between 100 K and 500 K, suggesting an unusual charge transport mechanism that has not been previously observed in organic semiconductors.[53]
The material was claimed to be the first of a group formed by switching metals and/or organic compounds. The material can be isolated as a powder or a film with conductivity values of 2 and 40 S cm−1, respectively.[54]
Single layers of 2D materials can be combined into layered assemblies.[55] For example, bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper by Geim and colleagues, in which they described devices "which contained just one, two, or three atomic layers". Layered combinations of different 2D materials are generally called van der Waals heterostructures. Twistronics is the study of how the angle (the twist) between layers of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties.
Microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy,[56][57][58] 3D electron diffraction,[59] scanning probe microscopy,[60] scanning tunneling microscope,[56] and atomic-force microscopy[56][58][60] are used to characterize the thickness and size of the 2D materials. Electrical properties and structural properties such as composition and defects are characterized by Raman spectroscopy,[56][58][60] X-ray diffraction,[56][58] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.[61]
The major expectation held amongst researchers is that given their exceptional properties, 2D materials will replace conventional semiconductors to deliver a new generation of electronics.
Biological applications[edit]
Research on 2D nanomaterials is still in its infancy, with the majority of research focusing on elucidating the unique material characteristics and few reports focusing on biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials.[62] Nevertheless, recent rapid advances in 2D nanomaterials have raised important yet exciting questions about their interactions with biological moieties. 2D nanoparticles such as carbon-based 2D materials, silicate clays, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs) provide enhanced physical, chemical, and biological functionality owing to their uniform shapes, high surface-to-volume ratios, and surface charge.
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are ultrathin nanomaterials with a high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality.[63] 2D nanomaterials are highly diverse in terms of their mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, as well as in size, shape, biocompatibility, and degradability.[64][65] These diverse properties make 2D nanomaterials suitable for a wide range of applications, including drug delivery, imaging, tissue engineering, and biosensors, among others.[66] However, their low-dimension nanostructure gives them some common characteristics. For example, 2D nanomaterials are the thinnest materials known, which means that they also possess the highest specific surface areas of all known materials. This characteristic makes these materials invaluable for applications requiring high levels of surface interactions on a small scale. As a result, 2D nanomaterials are being explored for use in drug delivery systems, where they can adsorb large numbers of drug molecules and enable superior control over release kinetics.[67] Additionally, their exceptional surface area to volume ratios and typically high modulus values make them useful for improving the mechanical properties of biomedical nanocomposites and nanocomposite hydrogels, even at low concentrations. Their extreme thinness has been instrumental for breakthroughs in biosensing and gene sequencing. Moreover, the thinness of these molecules allows them to respond rapidly to external signals such as light, which has led to utility in optical therapies of all kinds, including imaging applications, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Despite the rapid pace of development in the field of 2D nanomaterials, these materials must be carefully evaluated for biocompatibility in order to be relevant for biomedical applications.[68] The newness of this class of materials means that even the relatively well-established 2D materials like graphene are poorly understood in terms of their physiological interactions with living tissues. Additionally, the complexities of variable particle size and shape, impurities from manufacturing, and protein and immune interactions have resulted in a patchwork of knowledge on the biocompatibility of these materials.
Related articles[edit]
1. ^ Ashton, M.; Paul, J.; Sinnott, S. B.; Hennig, R. G. (2017). "Topology-Scaling Identification of Layered Solids and Stable Exfoliated 2D Materials". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (10): 106101. arXiv:1610.07673. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118j6101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.106101. PMID 28339265. S2CID 32012137.
2. ^ " - Databases of Structural, Electronic, and Thermodynamic data for 2D and 3D Materials".
3. ^ Andronico, Michael (14 April 2014). "5 Ways Graphene Will Change Gadgets Forever". Laptop.
4. ^ "Graphene properties". 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
6. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
7. ^ Heimann, R.B.; Evsvukov, S.E.; Koga, Y. (1997). "Carbon allotropes: a suggested classification scheme based on valence orbital hybridization". Carbon. 35 (10–11): 1654–1658. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(97)82794-7.
8. ^ Enyashin, Andrey N.; Ivanovskii, Alexander L. (2011). "Graphene Allotropes". Physica Status Solidi B. 248 (8): 1879–1883. Bibcode:2011PSSBR.248.1879E. doi:10.1002/pssb.201046583.
9. ^ Özçelik, V. Ongun; Ciraci, S. (January 10, 2013). "Size Dependence in the Stabilities and Electronic Properties of α-Graphyne and Its Boron Nitride Analogue". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 117 (5): 2175–2182. arXiv:1301.2593. doi:10.1021/jp3111869. hdl:11693/11999. S2CID 44136901.
10. ^ Balaban AT, Rentia CC, Ciupitu E (1968). "Chemical graphs. 6. Estimation of relative stability of several planar and tridimensional lattices for elementary carbon". Revue Roumaine de Chimie. 13 (2): 231–.
11. ^ Li, Guoxing; Li, Yuliang; Liu, Huibiao; Guo, Yanbing; Li, Yongjun; Zhu, Daoben (2010). "Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films". Chemical Communications. 46 (19): 3256–3258. doi:10.1039/B922733D. PMID 20442882. S2CID 43416849.
12. ^ Gopalakrishnan, K.; Moses, Kota; Govindaraj, A.; Rao, C. N. R. (2013-12-01). "Supercapacitors based on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide and borocarbonitrides". Solid State Communications. Special Issue: Graphene V: Recent Advances in Studies of Graphene and Graphene analogues. 175–176: 43–50. Bibcode:2013SSCom.175...43G. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2013.02.005.
13. ^ Schirber, Michael (24 February 2012). "Focus: Graphyne May Be Better than Graphene". Physics. 5 (24): 24. Bibcode:2012PhyOJ...5...24S. doi:10.1103/Physics.5.24.
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15. ^ Zhang, Z.; Yang, Y.; Gao, G.; Yakobson, B.I. (2 September 2015). "Two-Dimensional Boron Monolayers Mediated by Metal Substrates". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (44): 13022–13026. doi:10.1002/anie.201505425. PMID 26331848.
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Why to impose Carbon Tax in India : Important Topics for UPSC Exams
Why to impose Carbon Tax in India
• Air pollution is one of the biggest public concerns in world and India today.
• After LPG reform and particularly from early 2000s, carbon emissions have increased because of high growth in the Indian economy.
• The aim of carbon tax is to set a price on the carbon content of goods & services to discourage their use.
• Emissions can be curbed only if people move away from polluting fossil fuels and adopt greener forms of energy. To achieve this we need carbon tax.
Carbon footprint in different sector of economy
Credit: ScienceDirect.com
Why carbon tax
• A part of the carbon revenue thus generated can be used for a systemic overhaul of the energy mix and in promotion of green energy.
• Energy mix needs to be remodelled through investments in clean renewable energy and low-emissions bioenergy.
• It raises the level of energy efficiency by investing in building retrofits, grid upgrades, and industrial efficiency using green technology.
• This energy mix requires an additional 1.5% of GDP annually over the next two decades.
• This amount can be obtained by the carbon tax, which will be a revenue-neutral policy with no Implications on the fiscal deficit.
Why need for a Policy to Curb Pollution
• According to Lancet report around 19 lakh people die prematurely every year due to diseases caused by indoor and outdoor air pollution.
• A study shows that the lungs of children who grow up in polluted environments like Delhi Mumbai are 10% smaller compared to the lungs of children who grow up in the pollution free environment. This is a public health emergency.
• In 2014, India's total carbon emissions were more than three times the levels in 1990, as per World Bank data.
• India is heavily dependent on fossil fuels and there is dramatically low level of energy efficiency.
• Industry actors do not need to actively monitor and limit their C02 output.
• About 75% of all greenhouse gas emissions are C02 emissions produced through burning fossil fuels -oil, coal and natural gas.
• Therefore we need a comprehensive policy to curb pollution.
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From Carbon Subsidy to Carbon Tax
• By imposing higher tax on petroleum products India is trying to reenergizing the renewable energy sector.
• India shifted from a carbon subsidization regime to carbon taxation regime.
• This has significantly increased petrol and diesel price while serving as signal to reduce C02 emissions.
• India has increased the coal cess to rs 400 per ton
• India is promoting electrical vehicle to curb pollution by vehicle.
• It is subsidizing wind and solar energy to decrease the carbon footprint
• Will Balance Marginal social costs: The carbon tax will be a Pigovian Tax which balances the marginal social costs such as disease etc and additional emissions.
• Greener alternatives: high price of the materials or energy source according to their carbon content will induce households, including the rich, to shift towards greener alternatives.
• Employment generation: It will provide more employment since the employment elasticity in greener forms of energy is higher than those in fossil fuel-based energy.
• Expenditure will come down: a significant part of more than 3% of India's GDP currently spent on pollution-induced diseases will come down.
• Increase tax-revenue :It will also increase tax-revenue which can be used for other green projects.
Concern/challenges of taxing carbon
• Carbon tax is regressive in nature -it affects the poor more than the rich.
• Inflation : high transportation cost will lead to inflation and affect the informal sector.
• Alone insufficient: increasing carbon taxes is alone insufficient to reduce emissions as income levels rise.
• The highest rise in price will be in fuel and energy which affects the poor.
Way forward
• Universal travel passes with a pre-loaded balance to compensate for the rise in transport costs.
• Encourage the use of green public transport.
• Carbon tax regime in india will be effective only if it is harmonised internationally and carbon tax is levied in other countries too because energy-intensive businesses may move to less strict national regimes.
• Most practical way to change energy consumption habits is to lower the price of renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Q.Consider the following statements with respect to Carbon Credits?
1. Certified Emission Reduction (CER) certificate is not eligible for Carbon Credits
2. Transfer of carbon credits is taxable in India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct
A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. Both 1 & 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: b
Civil Services Mains Examination
Critically examine how this carbon tax in india is imposed, what are its objectives and how far these objectives have been met.
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@article {Rubidge233, author = {Rubidge, R. N.}, title = {On the Copper-mines of Namaqualand}, volume = {13}, number = {1-2}, pages = {233--239}, year = {1857}, doi = {10.1144/GSL.JGS.1857.013.01-02.35}, publisher = {Geological Society of London}, abstract = {At the instance of a Mining Company, in 1854, Dr. Rubidge went to Namaqualand to report upon its metal-producing capabilities.He found that the conditions under which the metalliferous rocks occurred there differed from any which he had previously known or read of, and that they did not take the character of {\textquotedblleft}lodes,{\textquotedblright} as usually understood. On the contrary, he found that all the {\textquotedblleft}runs of ore{\textquotedblright} in the southern portion of the district visited had the following characters in common, as described in his letter.}, issn = {0370-291X}, URL = {https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/13/1-2/233}, eprint = {https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/13/1-2/233.full.pdf}, journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society} } |
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In the early s, the impoverished and rapidly-growing rural population of Ireland had become almost totally dependent on one crop. Only the potato could produce enough food to sustain families farming the tiny plots of land the Irish peasants had been forced onto by British landlords. The lowly potato was an agricultural marvel, but staking the lives of an entire population on it was enormously risky. Sporadic potato crop failures had plagued Ireland in the s and early s. In the mids, a blight caused by a fungus struck potato plants across all of Ireland.
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Great Famine (Ireland)
Violence during this Irish era was generally harmful to the Irish economy. The poor economy in early seventeenth-century Ireland was a catalyst behind revolution. War itself decimated the shot-term Irish economy. Irish emigration slowed the economic recovery. Sen clarify that food exchange entitlement FEE is the proper characteristic of what has occurred than food account availability.
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How did the Irish immigrants come? In there were Irish immigrants,they came on the first steam service to go to the UK ,this was called the called Rob Roy. Within a decade, ships were also ferrying passengers,mainly to areas in liverpool. One pull factor for them was that they heard that England had a lot of isolated area that could be used for growing crops.
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The Urban Miracle
Humanity is a social species, like bees or spider monkeys, and we do our best work together. Cities bolster this collaborative genius by eliminating geographical barriers between smart people and their ideas. Even when cities form for utterly prosaic reasons, they can still foster the interactions that lead to our greatest achievements, from Greek philosophy to the skyscraper. Stephen Puleo’s new book is more evidence of the urban role in civilization, as it reminds us of the remarkable accomplishments of late nineteenth-century Boston.
When Puleo begins his story in 1850, Boston is already 220 years old. For more than two centuries, the city had housed a remarkable collection of smart people who managed to keep Boston economically afloat and to create outsized political and cultural innovations. Boston’s economic survival was never guaranteed, because it lacked the natural advantages—Aztec gold or Haitian sugar or Virginia tobacco—that had brought settlers to the southern colonies. Boston was intended to be a “bulwark against the kingdom of the antichrist,” but that was hardly a clear business model, especially since the city’s hinterland found little wealth in direct exports to England.
Still, a combination of luck and human capital led to Boston’s “Triangle Trade,” which buoyed the city during its first century. Bostonians exported basic commodities—wood, livestock, fish—to the cash crop colonies in the South, which then exported sugar and tobacco to England, which then shipped manufactured goods to Boston. Boston enjoyed a century’s worth of economic eminence in the English colonies, until it was surpassed by Philadelphia in 1740. It managed to boom once more during the early decades of the nineteenth century, when the city’s expertise in shipping and commerce became valuable in the era of the Clipper Ship and the China trade. Then, as now, globalization made skills more valuable.
Puleo presents us with an enjoyable catalog of wonders produced by Boston during the period under review: the first American subway, the creation of the Back Bay, and Senator Charles Sumner. Puleo’s stories are excellent, but his enthusiasm leads him to over-emphasize the unusual nature of Boston in this era. He exuberantly claims that “no other period comes close to 1850-1900 in establishing and solidifying Boston’s as one of the world’s most influential cities.” But Boston’s story is important not because the city is unique, but because it holds lessons that can be helpful today.
It is not at all clear that Boston really distinguished itself in the late nineteenth century compared to other great cities in that remarkable urban epoch. London was the world’s largest metropolis, the nerve center of a great global empire; decades before Boston it had subways that were filled with the smoky engines of the pre-electric age. Paris was the great city of light, rebuilt by Baron Haussmann, and the cultural capital of Impressionism. New York made room for hundreds of thousands of new immigrants and built infrastructure, like the Brooklyn Bridge. Chicago changed from a small town of 30,000 to a massive metropolis of 1.7 million, giving humanity its first true skyscraper as well as millions of pounds of frozen rail-shipped beef.
It is also not clear that Boston, between 1850 and 1900, achieved things that were all that unusual relative to other periods in the city’s past. In the seventeenth century, Boston was America’s largest city, and its environs contained the colonies’ first printing press, college, public school, newspaper, and ironworks. In the eighteenth century, Bostonians—Sam Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere—played an outsized role in the American Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the city had a remarkable array of thinkers and doers, from its transcendentalists, such as Emerson and Thoreau, to its China traders, such as John Murray Forbes, who made a fortune connecting continents, and then bankrolled the first rail to Chicago from the east. Even abolitionism was arguably “owned” by Boston more in the 1830s, when William Lloyd Garrison was really out on a limb, than in the 1850s when it had became a national movement. Puleo’s examples of Boston’s special accomplishments are worth pondering precisely because they are not sui generis, but rather because they are examples of ways in which cities frequently change our world.
The book weaves together five major stories: abolitionism and the Civil War, the rise of intra and inter-urban rail, the Back Bay, the telephone, and the flow of immigrants into Boston. Puleo starts with the remarkable story of the runaway slave Thomas Sims, who found freedom in Boston but whose “whereabouts reached James Potter, who claimed that Sims was his property.” Boston’s abolitionists were enraged at the prospect of sending a man back into bondage, but their fuming and plotting did not save Sims from slavery and martyrdom.
Abolitionism is an important story in this context, because it illustrates the ability of urban interactions to help foment powerful political movements. Garrison first published the Liberator in 1831, and started organizing anti-slavery groups soon after. He came to be surrounded by a great web of abolitionist intellectuals—Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau—who connected and fueled each other’s fervor. Higginson was one “of the ‘Secret Six’ who helped finance” John Brown; and he “continued to back Brown and defend the raid even when previous supporters began to desert him after the violence at the arsenal.” Puleo also rightly emphasizes the importance of Charles Sumner, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1851 to 1874: he fought the Fugitive Slave Act and was famously caned by Preston Brooks on the Senate floor.
Puleo marvels at the enormous expansion that Boston experienced after the Civil War, but all of America’s largest cities in 1860 experienced extraordinary growth in this period. New Orleans, which grew the least, expanded by 129 percent. Boston’s population growth rate of 320 percent seems spectacular, except when it is compared with the faster growth rates of New York, St. Louis, Buffalo, Chicago and Brooklyn. Why did all of these urban areas expand so dramatically in the nineteenth century?
One reason for this dramatic urban growth is that America’s cities were the nodes of a great transport network that tied together an entire continent. The wealth of the American hinterland was made accessible to the tables of the east coast and Europe because of huge investments in canals and rail. In Boston, as in New York and Chicago, rail lines were laid near to older waterways, and increased the city’s dominance over transportation in New England. Manufacturing, freed from large rivers like the Merrimac by improvements in engine technology, could move to cities and take advantage of this growing transportation network.
Rail also enabled people to commute from longer distances to the urban core, thus pushing cities outward. Puleo tells the story of how Bostonians went to Richmond to see Frank Sprague’s innovations in electric urban transport, and how six months later “Bostonians were taking their first rides in electric trolleys.” But “the electric trolley’s greatest differentiator—speed—was completely undermined in the downtown congestion,” and the city turned to subways, another American first. In the late twentieth century, $15 billion were spent on the Big Dig, which can be seen as an expensive attempt to reconfigure a pre-car city around the automobile. Puleo’s account of the subway reminds us that Boston also had to retrofit itself more than a century ago, when its horse-drawn carriages proved inadequate for a growing city.
But as impressive as the Tremont Street Subway may have been, I have always found the creation of the Back Bay to be nineteenth-century Boston’s most remarkable achievement in infrastructure. That investment created great swaths of urban space out of marsh. The great project was financed “by selling as yet unfilled plots to private individuals, who in turn profited handsomely from their investment.” Creating usable land out of wetlands was hardly unprecedented—much of Holland was claimed from the Zee—but it was impressive both as a feat of engineering and urban planning. Some of Boston’s most pleasant places, such as the charming homes of Marlborough Street and Olmsted’s Emerald Necklace, were the result of this great project.
The vast profusion of space which was made accessible by subways, electric trolleys, and landfill made it easier to accommodate hundreds of thousands of new Bostonians, such as the Irish who came over in the wake of the Great Potato Famine. Boston folklore tends to emphasize the very real antipathy between Gael and Yankee, but Puleo gives us a more uplifting story—Robert B. Forbes’s trip on the Jamestown carrying abundant aid to County Cork, “eight thousand barrels of meal, bread, beans, corn, beef, pork, peas, potatoes, rice wheat, fish and clothing and other supplies, valued at nearly thirty-six thousand dollars.” Forbes, a successful sea captain, whose brother, John Murray Forbes, was an even more successful China trader, industrialist and, of course, abolitionist, wrote that “I shall ever look back on the voyage of the Jamestown as the happiest event of my life.”
Puleo rightly revels in Boston’s creativity and contradictions. He proudly, and correctly, points to the city’s accomplishments in “technology and transportation, in education and medicine, in engineering and industry, in the arts and in the sciences, in political and social influence.” These things are urban marvels, but urban marvels are hardly unique to Boston. The story of late nineteenth-century Boston reminds us that humanity, when connected by cities, can do amazing things, and that creating cities requires serious investment in infrastructure. Those things were no less true in Rome two millennia ago than in Bangalore today.
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International Yoga Day 2021: Important date, History, International Day of Yoga Theme, Significance
International Yoga Day 2021: International Yoga Day is celebrated on June 21 every year to create awareness globally about the benefits of practicing yoga. Read more information about International Yoga Day, history, International Day of Yoga theme, significance from the articles.
Updated: Jun 18, 2021 12:21 IST
Sheetal Kumbhar S
International Yoga Day 2021
The first International Day of Yoga was observed on June 21, 2015, around the world. Yoga helps to live in a healthy body with a healthy mind. It embodies unity of mind, body, and soul. Yoga is not a spiritual practice that is followed by a particular religion, caste, or people. It can be practiced by anyone who wants to lead a happy and healthy life. International Day of Yoga is also named as World Yoga Day.
What is Yoga?
Yoga is an ancient practice in India aimed to develop harmony in mind, body, and environment. Yoga is a physical exercise that is performed through breath control, diet, relaxation. Yoga produces a union of body, mind, and soul to bring about a state of calmness.
What is the history of International Day of Yoga?
Yoga is considered to be 5000 years old and originated from India. The word yoga is derived from Sanskrit which means ‘unite’. The idea of International Day of Yoga was proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2014.
PM Narendra Modi also suggested 21st June as International Yoga Day because 21st June is the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere and has much significance in different parts of the world. On 11 December 2014, UNGA proclaimed 21 June as the International Day of Yoga by passing resolution 69/131. Yoga is considered as an invaluable gift of India's ancient tradition. Yoga will help one to change their lifestyle and create consciousness, it can help in well being.
What is the theme of International Day of Yoga 2021?
The theme of the 6th International Day of Yoga 2021 is “Yoga for well-being”. This aims at focusing how Yoga can promote the holistic health of each and every individual. Due to the ongoing crisis that the world is presently facing due to pandemic, this theme is found to be very relevant right now.
Why June 21 Is Celebrated As International Day of Yoga?
PM Modi while proposing June 21, has said that being the Summer Solstice and it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. Not only that but also shares a very special significance in many parts of the world.
What is the significance of Yoga?
Yoga helps in balancing the physical, mental, and soul parts of the body. Due to the enormous significance in yoga, the practice of yoga has increased in the last few decades. Some of the benefits of yoga practices are listed below:
• Lower stress levels
• Increases flexibility
• Lowers blood pressure
• Improves lung capacity
• Relieves anxiety
• Relieves chronic back pain
• Lowers blood sugar in diabetics
• Improves sense of balance
• Stronger bones
• Healthy weight
• Lowers risk of heart diseases
• Improves brain function
International Day of Yoga - FAQs
1. Who is the father of modern yoga?
Patanjali is the father of modern yoga. He converts all the complex and diversified aspects of yoga into a certain format known as Yoga Sutras. It is the collection of 196 verses or sutras on yoga.
2. Why do we celebrate International Yoga Day?
International Day of Yoga is celebrated on 21st June every year to create awareness about the importance of yoga and its effects on the health of the people. The word 'yoga' is derived from Sanskrit which means ‘to unite’.
3. Can you lose weight with yoga?
Practicing yoga daily will help to develop muscle tone and improve metabolism. One study found that restorative yoga was effective in weight loss.
4. What is the best time to do yoga?
The best time to practice yoga is in the morning or the early evening. Morning yoga can be quite active and consist of a full practice. Always finish with Savasana no matter what time of day your practice.
5. Why did PM Narendra Modi suggest 21st June as International Yoga Day?
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My answer is: No, it doesn't because "for a given current density the surface is not fixed. The total magnetization density (due to spining electrons) is likewise related to the total spin vector of all the electrons.
Now that you are aware of the formula for calculation, take a look at the example below to get a clearer idea. If a constant, steady electric field $\vec{E}$ is present, the paths curve slightly because of the acceleration caused by electric field forces. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, without any applied external magnetic field, At each point in space, the electronic current density gives the Overall the charge in the surface will increase. (or actually its velocity) at a position To get the current density we must evaluate the current operator at a specific point What is an `expectation value' of an `operator'? Therefore, if there is a magnetic moment (or magnetic moment density) there must be a magnetic field, and therefore there must be situated in the region a current executing a circular motion. If the surface is closed the vector $d \vec A$ by convention points out of the surface. Example – A 10mm 2 of copper wire conducts a current flow of 2mA. density of coffee i.e. .
What is the spin-orbit interaction, you ask? If there is no electric field, the electrons move in straight lines between collisions, the directions of their velocities are random, and on average they never get anywhere. Negative current just means that it flows opposite to whatever area direction choice you made. The wavefunction knows. Symbol: J. According to classical electromagnetic theory, the associated circular-motion current is given by the expression: is also known as the density of magnetic dipole moments, or magnetic dipole moment density.
magnetic moment associated with the `spinning' object (although in quantum site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. amount of electric current travelling per unit cross-section area MathJax reference. vector quantity: Also, the current density is a function of a space coordinate Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! How, then, can we get a complex wavefunction for the molecule? in the above equation. After time $t = \tau$, the tendency of the electric field to increase $\vec{v}_{av}$ just balances the tendency of the collisions to decrease $\vec{v}_{av}$. One contribution comes from the linear velocity of the electrons. Can Polarization Current Density be a tensor quantity? Also, I wonder if current can have a negative quantity and what does it mean? The electric field $\vec{E}$, established inside the metal, exerts a steady force on each free electron inside the metal, which causes a steady acceleration in the direction of the force. What does it mean for electric current to be a scalar? Well, for a single electron, the `magnetization density' is related to the expectation value of the total spin density operator for that electron: The factor is the electron `g' factor, a fundamental constant, and is the electron Bohr magneton. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. They always hide how easy it is. if the state of the system is non-stationary i.e. A negative current density would indicate (conventional) current flow into a surface. have a linear current associated with it. This is very strange: how can the current involve complex numbers? is equal to the momentum opearator The linear electron charge current is normally expressed in terms of
I know that current density always points in the direction of flow of positive charge.
In contrast to the neutron flux, the neutron current density is the number of neutrons crossing through some arbitrary cross-sectional unit area in a single direction per unit time (a surface is perpendicular to the direction of the beam). density, which is . And: the angle-brackets are introduced as a short-hand notation for integration It is the current flow divided by the area of the cross section. The point is, that the wavefunction describes all of that. The result is, in atomic units: You can see it is basically the same formula for current density.
It's pretty clear that when you stir it the coffee (electrons) moves in a circular pattern, but the there are many interactions which are `naturally' of a complex-number type. There are no complex numbers.
density at all; instead, we would get the total current density flowing through the If dealing with a circuit, for example, the surface might be any surface being pierced by the wire (not necessarily orthogonal to the wire, the scalar product in the integration takes care of that). Current density comes up in several contexts. It is measured in amperes per square metre. Why is there a zig-zag in elemental abundances? NOTE: you have to careful about whether you are talking about particle current or charge current. an `expectation value' as shown below: You should be able to identify the current density operator and the current density Let's see what the current operator looks like. mechanics, we avoid talking about electrons actually spinning because, The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point. The other contribution comes from the `spin' of the electrons. . Read about it here). You need to choose the surface yourself in order to define the current, that is, for a given current density you can get different currents for different choices of the surface . Below, we try and explain how all this works and give some explanation to what it means. since only a complex wavefunction can multiply the complex number field generated by the nucleus as is revolves around the electron (according Current density or electric current density is very much related to electromagnetism. Administrator of Mini Physics.
rev 2020.10.30.37923, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Physics Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. (If you are confused about spin, you aren't alone!
The area element points out of a surface. according to all experiments up until now, electron seems to be too An electric current consists of charges in motion from one region to another. In this section we'll be talking about the electronic charge current. To do this, we have to explain (one view) of what electron spin is. Who knows? If the surface is open then the boundary of the surface is some curve, let us call it $C$ the direction of $d \vec A$ is then given to point in the direction of the right hand rule. be easil;y derived from the Schrodinger equation: Notice that, as well as the special point , the electron density Solution – In this example, current (I) = 2 x 10-3 A = 10 x 10-3. Since $\vec{v}_{d} = \frac{q \tau}{m} \vec{E}$, $$\vec{J} = \frac{nq^{2} \tau}{m} \vec{E}$$. The very slow drift of the moving electrons as a group in the direction of $\vec{F}$ results in a net current in the conductor. |
Special Events · STEAM
STEAM — Hot Chocolate & Marshmallows ONLINE (2020)
Doing a STEAM program online presented small challenges like making sure materials used were available to people at home or at least wouldn’t be too expensive to purchase, and how to do an experiment with kids that weren’t there! When you’re in person, you talk about the reactions taking place or the things they’re learning but on a video, it was much more one-sided. However, I organized the program into three books and an experiment related to each and I think it worked out really well. I have another one coming up in January that I’m looking forward to!
Book: Snowmen at Night by Caralyn Buehner; pictures by Mark Buehner
First Experiment: Melting Snowmen
Supplies Needed:
Three packets of cocoa
Three large marshmallows
Three small marshmallows
Three styrofoam cups filled with cocoa/water at three different temperatures: hot, warm & cold
Markers (***If you’re going to drink the cocoa make sure you use edible markers for the snowman faces – or don’t give them faces at all!)
Hypothesis Before Experiment:
• What temperature water will melt the marshmallow fastest?
• What size marshmallow will melt fastest?
• Do you think the cold cocoa will melt the marshmallows at all?
Discussion After Experiment: This experiment teaches chemistry and math concepts like melting, temperatures, solids and liquids, physical changes in matter, and size/surface area.
Why? Hot temperatures have more kinetic energy so the molecules are moving faster. When the marshmallow is placed in the hot cocoa, the marshmallow heats up and fast-moving molecules move it around quickly and spread the molecules apart breaking up the marshmallow. The cold molecules move slowly so the marshmallow will stay pretty much in tact.
The marshmallows undergo a physical change. Like ice cubes that become water, the marshmallows are the same (taste and chemical makeup), they just go from a solid to liquid form.
And because the mini marshmallows have a small surface area, they dissolve faster than the larger ones.
I got this experiment from Arts & Crackers.
Book: Most Marshmallows by Rowboat Watkins
most marshmallows
Second Activity: Make a Marshmallow Shooter
Supplies Needed:
Toilet paper roll
Markers to decorate TP roll
Rubber band (if necessary)
Discussion: This experiment is great for discussing elements like gravity and energy as well as angles, trajectory (the path the object follows), and velocity (the speed at which an object travels).
• What happens if you pull the balloon back farther?
• Try other objects like cotton balls or even pennies (be careful!). How does the weight of an object changes its trajectory?
• Aim a cotton ball or marshmallow at the ceiling at different angles and see what happens
Book: How to Catch a Yeti by Adam Wallace & Andy Elkerton
how to catch a yeti
Third Activity: Make a fortress for the abominable snowman
Supplies Needed:
Cup – you can draw a yeti on it if you wish
Mini marshmallows
Discussion: Great for discussing physics and gravity. Why do some structures work and some not? How did you change your structure to make it stronger?
I got the idea for this activity from Science Demo Guy on Teachers Pay Teachers.
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surrogate model
As part of our AI x CAE activities, we have also been investigating and researching surrogate models. Here are some of the topics we have discussed.
What is CAE simulation?
CAE stands for Computer Aided Engineering, and is a method of reducing the cost and increasing the efficiency of product design and evaluation by using computers to simulate the performance of products affected by external forces, heat, fluids, and electromagnetic waves, mainly in the product design stage.
CAE simulation has the following advantages:
・ Not only is it more cost effective and efficient than experiments using actual objects, but it also enables design and evaluation even when actual objects are not available.
・ With the recent development of PC processing speed, CAE can be applied to a wider range of applications and time can be reduced.
Problems with CAE simulation
As the application of CAE expands, more and more people are looking for higher accuracy and shorter simulation times.
This has led to the following problems with CAE simulation.
→As the content of the study became more and more complex, the simulation time became more and more time consuming to perform the calculations from scratch.
→As CAE simulation methods have become more complex, the cost of software and hardware has increased, there has been a shortage of specialized engineers, and training costs have increased. Software maintenance costs have also risen.
Addressing problems in CAE simulation
In order to meet the challenges of CAE simulation, the idea of a “surrogate model” that replaces CAE analysis (simulation) with an AI model has emerged.
A surrogate model can be used to address the issues of CAE simulation.
・Since AI does not calculate the analysis from scratch, the time required to run the analysis can be significantly reduced.
AI model training takes time, but AI model execution time can be reduced. In addition, the training of AI models can be done without human intervention.
・No specialized knowledge of AI is required and it is easy to use.
Training of AI models requires specialized knowledge, but evaluation of AI models does not require specialized knowledge.
Comparison of surrogate models using conventional CAE and 2D AI
Problems with surrogate models using 2D AI
Although surrogate models can address some of the problems of CAE simulation, there are also problems with 2D AI-based surrogate models, as follows.
・In the design field, handling 3D data instead of 2D data has become the mainstream, and existing 3D data cannot be used.
・Even if AI is trained on a 3D object using 2D data, the accuracy of AI evaluation is poor.
・In order to train the AI, it is necessary to create new 2D data. In addition, a large amount of training data is required to create 2D data by photographing 3D objects from multiple angles.
Responding to problems with surrogate models using 2D AI
In order to deal with the problems of the surrogate model by 2D AI, a surrogate model of 3D AI that can handle 3D data is required instead of the surrogate model of 2D AI.
-Since AI learns a three-dimensional object with three-dimensional data, the accuracy of AI evaluation is high.
-Since existing 3D data can be utilized, there is no need to prepare new 2D data.
However, in the world of AI (deep learning), it is difficult to handle 3D data.
Convolutional techniques for 3D meshes (CNNs for 3D meshes) are necessary to realize a surrogate model for 3D AI.
We are the only company that actually provides this CNN for 3D mesh at this time.
Using CNN technology for 3D meshes, we are the pioneer in the world in realizing 3D shape classification that can classify 3D data, 3D new shape synthesis that designs a new 3D shape by combining two 3D data, and 3D similarity judgment technology that can match 3D data by shape and size.
Furthermore, by applying CNN technology for 3D meshes, we are constantly researching and developing world-leading 3D AI surrogate models.
Comparison of 2D AI surrogate model and 3D AI surrogate model
Preparing for Surrogate Models with 3D AI
• A surrogate model can be used to solve the problems of CAE simulation. Furthermore, the limits of CAE simulation can be exceeded.
• AI is mainly based on 2D data and does not handle 3D data very well. 3D proxy models would allow for more accurate and precise simulations.
• In order to realize a 3D surrogate model, 3D mesh convolution technology (CNN for 3D mesh) is essential, and we are the only company that actually provides this CNN for 3D mesh at this time. |
9/11 Essay on law
1587 Words7 Pages
The events surrounding the September 11 attacks on the United States of America have often been shrouded in a cloud of controversy and mystery, with no one individual seemingly able to apprehend the “true” details of the terror attack. Many proposed theories have been brought forth, the most widely accepted being that of co-ordinated attacks by terrorist organisation “Al-Qaeda”. “9/11”, as the event is commonly known, is simply one of many global terrorism attacks that have seemingly consumed the contemporary world. Thus, it is up to the acts and responsibilities of governments and legal organisations to undertake action in attempt to achieve justice and equality throughout the world, ensuring the safety of all people. Although, it is…show more content…
At a similar time, Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, invoked the IV Article of the ANZUS treaty, as he was currently in Washington D.C at the time of the assault. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368 in fact also condemned the attacks, and displayed the readiness to take action against the assault on the United States.
The United States of America experienced the greatest, and arguably the most significant, restructure of both governmental and legal proportions in its contemporary history. Following the suddenness of the attacks, the United States was desperate to ensure that an onslaught of a similar stature was subdued. Henceforth, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 was established, bringing into existence the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a department specifically concerned with internal issues faced by the USA. Primarily made as a direct response to the 9/11 attacks, the role of the DHS is to protect the United States of America and its given states and territories from danger; specifically, terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters; this is commonly seen in airports in the form of Customs and Border Control which are two functions of the DHS, following its subsequent take over of the IHS (Immigration and Naturalisation Services) in 2003. In the same movement for security, the *USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was legislated in an attempt to “detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes”
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Jul 122021
Today is the birthday (1895) of Richard Buckminster Fuller, who styled himself R. Buckminster Fuller but preferred to be called Bucky, which I will here. He was, without doubt, the quirkiest individual I have ever come across and it is my great misfortune never to have met him, although I did have some dealings with his daughter, Allegra, who has been hailed in circles that focus on the ethnography of dance – my specialty. I’ll let that connexion lie – it was disturbingly fraught – and concentrate, instead, on Bucky’s eccentricities.
Bucky himself recounted how 1927 was a pivotal year of his life. His daughter Alexandra had died in 1922 of complications from polio and spinal meningitis just before her fourth birthday. Bucky dwelt on his daughter’s death, suspecting that it was connected with the Fullers’ damp and drafty living conditions. This provided motivation for his involvement in Stockade Building Systems, a business which aimed to provide affordable, efficient housing. In 1927, at age 32, Bucky lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial burdens. Fuller drank heavily and reflected upon the solution to his family’s struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Bucky contemplated suicide by drowning in Lake Michigan, so that his family could benefit from a life insurance payment. Bucky said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and purpose for his life. He felt as though he were suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared:
Bucky often talked about how this experience led to a profound re-examination of his life. He ultimately chose to embark on “an experiment, to find what a single individual could contribute to changing the world and benefiting all humanity.” Later commentators have doubted the authenticity of this experience, but I see no reason to doubt it. The human mind is capable of extraordinary things. He did achieve great things and his ideas did benefit humanity.
He appears to have re-invented the geodesic dome, with which his name is most closely associated, and he did popularize its use in architecture. It had originally been created, built and awarded a German patent on June 19, 1925 by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld. Bucky was awarded the United States patent in 1954, and his patent application made no mention of Bauersfeld’s self-supporting dome built 26 years prior. One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at Bennington College in Vermont, where he lectured often. Although Bauersfeild’s dome could support a full skin of concrete it was not until 1949 that Fuller erected a geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 feet) in diameter and constructed of aluminum aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an icosahedron. The U.S. government recognized the importance of this work, and employed his firm Geodesics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for the Marines. Within a few years, there were thousands of such domes around the world.
Bucky was a Unitarian, like his grandfather Arthur Buckminster Fuller who was a Unitarian minister. He was also an early environmental activist, aware of the Earth’s finite resources, and promoted a principle he termed “ephemeralization,” which, according to futurist and Fuller disciple Stewart Brand, was defined as “doing more with less.” Resources and waste from crude, inefficient products could be recycled into making more valuable products, thus increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Fuller also coined the word synergetics, a catch-all term used broadly for communicating experiences using geometric concepts, and more specifically, the empirical study of systems in transformation; his focus was on total system behavior unpredicted by the behavior of any isolated components.
Though Bucky was concerned about sustainability and human survival under the existing socio-economic system, he remained optimistic about humanity’s future. Defining “wealth” in terms of knowledge, as the “technological ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all growth needs of life,” his analysis of the condition of “Spaceship Earth” caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state. He was convinced that the accumulation of relevant knowledge, combined with the quantities of major recyclable resources that had already been extracted from the earth, had attained a critical level, such that competition for necessities had become unnecessary. Cooperation had become the optimum survival strategy. He declared: “selfishness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable … War is obsolete.” He criticized previous utopian schemes as too exclusive, and thought this was a major source of their failure. To work, he thought that a utopia needed to include everyone. In his 1970 book I Seem To Be a Verb, he wrote: “I live on Earth at present, and I don’t know what I am. I know that I am not a category. I am not a thing—a noun. I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process—an integral function of the universe.”
His use of language was idiosyncratic and imaginative. Bucky Fuller spoke and wrote in a unique style and said it was important to describe the world as accurately as possible. He often created long run-on sentences and used unusual compound words (omniwell-informed, intertransformative, omni-interaccommodative, omniself-regenerative) as well as other single words he invented (which give my spell-checker a headache). His style of speech was characterized by progressively rapid and breathless delivery and rambling digressions of thought, which he described as “thinking out loud.” My students will attest that I can relate well to this style. He used the word Universe without the definite or indefinite articles (the or a) and always capitalized the word. He wrote, “by Universe I mean: the aggregate of all humanity’s consciously apprehended and communicated (to self or others) Experiences.”
The words “down” and “up”, according to Fuller, are awkward in that they refer to a planar concept of direction inconsistent with human experience. The words “in” and “out” should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an object’s relation to a gravitational center, the Earth. “I suggest to audiences that they say, ‘I’m going “outstairs” and “instairs.”‘ At first that sounds strange to them; They all laugh about it. But if they try saying in and out for a few days in fun, they find themselves beginning to realize that they are indeed going inward and outward in respect to the center of Earth, which is our Spaceship Earth. And for the first time they begin to feel real ‘reality.'”
“World-around” is a term coined by Fuller to replace “worldwide”. The general belief in a flat Earth died out in classical antiquity (except with the lunatic fringe), so using “wide” is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth—a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific terms detracts from and misleads intuition. Other neologisms collectively invented by the Fuller family, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder, are the terms “sunsight” and “sunclipse”, replacing “sunrise” and “sunset” to overturn the geocentric bias of most pre-Copernican celestial mechanics.
Bucky also invented the word “livingry,” as opposed to weaponry (or “killingry”), to mean that which is in support of all human, plant, and Earth life. “The architectural profession—civil, naval, aeronautical, and astronautical—has always been the place where the most competent thinking is conducted regarding livingry, as opposed to weaponry.” As well as contributing significantly to the development of tensegrity technology, he invented the term “tensegrity”, a portmanteau of “tensional”and “integrity.” “Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system and not by the discontinuous and exclusively local compressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking or coming asunder.”
Bucky also helped to popularize the concept of Spaceship Earth: “The most important fact about Spaceship Earth: an instruction manual didn’t come with it.” In the preface for his “cosmic fairy tale” Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Fuller stated that his distinctive speaking style grew out of years of embellishing the classic tale for the benefit of his daughter, allowing him to explore both his new theories and how to present them. The Tetrascroll narrative was eventually transcribed onto a set of tetrahedral lithographs (hence the name), as well as being published as a traditional book.
We cannot speak about Bucky’s books without mentioning a cookbook written for him: Synergetic Stew — Explorations in Dymaxion Dining. It was originally presented to him as a gift on his 86th birthday, in 1982, by the staff of the Fuller Institute in Philadelphia. It’s not the sort of cookbook you’d buy — then or now — for the recipes, unless you’re desperate for dated instructions for shrimp salad or chocolate mousse. Synergetic Stew is instead a document of a magical, idiosyncratic life with contributions by a rainbow of celebrities. It has been re-issued and you can find it in various places. Here’s a sample:
(click to enlarge)
Otherwise, Bucky lived on gallons of strong black tea, steak, spinach, and Jell-o.
Jan 182018
Today is the birthday (1779) of Peter Mark Roget FRS, noted popularly for the creation of the first thesaurus, but who spent most of his life as a physician, and published works in medicine and natural theology before he became a lexicographer. Roget was born in London. His obsession with list-making was well established by the time he was 8 years old. Roget was the son of a Swiss clergyman, and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, receiving his degree in 1798. His life was marked by several depressing incidents. His father and his wife died young, and his favorite maternal uncle, Sir Samuel Romilly, committed suicide in his presence. Romilly was distraught at the death of his wife, and in a fit of delirium he sprang from his bed and slashed his throat with a straight razor. Roget was powerless to save him. Subsequently, Roget struggled with depression for most of his life, presumably resulting from undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder, and his work on the thesaurus arose partly from an effort to battle his depression.
Roget retired from professional life in 1840, and in about 1848 began preparing for publication the work that was to perpetuate his memory. For some reason he decided to build a catalogue of words organized by their meanings, starting in 1805. This was apparently an avocation bordering on obsession. I know how that goes. Its first printed edition, in 1852, was called Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and Arranged so as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and Assist in Literary Composition. During his lifetime the work had 28 printings. After his death it was revised and expanded by his son, John Lewis Roget (1828–1908), and later by John’s son, Samuel Romilly Roget (1875–1952).
Roget was greatly concerned with medical education, but the School of Medicine at the University of Manchester was not established until 1874. He was also one of the founders of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, which later became the Royal Society of Medicine, and he was a secretary of the Royal Society. In 1815, he invented the log-log slide rule, allowing a person to perform exponential and root calculations simply. This was especially helpful for calculations involving fractional powers and roots. In 1834 he became the first Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, and he was examiner in physiology in the University of London.
On 9 December 1824, Roget presented a paper entitled “Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures.” This article is often incorrectly referenced as either “On the Persistence of Vision with Regard to Human Motion” or “Persistence of Vision with regard to Moving Objects,” likely due to erroneous citations by film historians Terry Ramsaye and Arthur Knight. While Roget’s explanation of the illusion was probably wrong, his consideration of the illusion of motion is seen as an important point in the history of film, and possibly influenced the development of the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistiscope, and the Zoetrope.
Roget also played a role in the establishment of the University of London. He was a founder of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and wrote a series of popular manuals for it. He showed remarkable ingenuity in inventing and solving chess problems and designed an inexpensive pocket chessboard.
Roget died while on holiday in West Malvern, Worcestershire, aged 90, and is buried there in the cemetery of St James’s Church.
The word “thesaurus” in English originally meant a “treasure” or “storehouse,” but now it means a dictionary of synonyms due to Roget’s use of the word for his book. It can also be used figuratively as in a Cook’s Thesaurus where “synonyms” means “substitute ingredients.” Just as you can use “tome” or “volume” in place of “book” (under the right conditions), you can substitute spinach for cabbage (also under the right conditions). I have found this online cook’s thesaurus quite useful on occasion: http://www.foodsubs.com/ . As the URL suggests, the site is about finding substitutes for ingredients in recipes, and here I am of two minds. If I am making a gravy using Worcestershire sauce and I am out of it, I can’t make the gravy. There is no substitute for Worcestershire sauce. A cook’s thesaurus will tell me to substitute soy sauce, and I am sure the resulting gravy will be good, but it’s not what I want. I put cilantro in my guacamole, but if I don’t have cilantro, I can use parsley, but it will not be the same. I can also use lemon juice instead of lime juice. It will prevent the avocado from turning brown and will give a citrus tang, but it will not be the same. Longtime readers of this blog know that I am adamant about using indigenous ingredients wherever I am in the world. In Myanmar they use an aquatic species in the convolvulus genus, related to morning glory, called rwat, in many dishes. In English they call it watercress, but it is nothing like European watercress. Trying to make these dishes without rwat is a waste of time.
All that said, there can be a great deal of creativity in changing one ingredient for another if you are not trying to make a dish in a particularly authentic or local way. A few posts ago I talked about taking the basic recipe for eggs Benedict and changing out one of the ingredients: https://www.bookofdaystales.com/benedict-arnold/ Now we are in vastly different territory. Substituting for the sake of novelty or creativity is a completely different ball game, and I’m down with it. A thesaurus for cooks is not the only tool in the box, but it’s a good start. Flour is an excellent place to start. There are many different types of wheat flour and replacing one with another can be great or can be dangerous. I’m talking about replacing wheat flour with flour from another grain, or even a non-grain. Here you do have to be very careful because things can go horribly wrong. But you can try barley flour or oat flour in bread, for example. Or you can be even more adventurous and use almond flour instead of wheat flour in cakes or pancakes. It’s not a bad idea to substitute half and half (half wheat flour, half other flour) first, to see how it goes. Here’s a recipe for almond flour brownies. It’s not just good for people with wheat allergies; it is delicious. The quality of the cocoa powder you use is very important; also the almond flour. I generally make my own, but it is easy to find in health food stores or online.
Almond Flour Brownies
5 tbsp butter, melted
1 ¾ cups sugar
½ tsp salt
1 tsp vanilla extract
¾ cup cocoa powder
3 large eggs
1 ½ cups almond flour
1 tsp baking powder
butter for greasing
Preheat the oven to 350°F.
Use butter to grease an 8″ square pan that is at least 2″ deep.
Stir together the melted butter, sugar, salt, vanilla, cocoa, and eggs in a mixing bowl. Stir in the almond flour and baking powder, and mix well so that there are no dry pockets, but do not beat vigorously.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan, using a spatula to make sure that it is spread evenly in the pan and the top is flat and smooth.
Bake the brownies for about 35 minutes. The top should be set, and a toothpick inserted in the center should come out clean. It is all right if the toothpick is a little moist or if there is a speck of chocolate at the edge.
Let the brownies cool in the pan for about 15 minutes, then cut them into squares and serve immediately. If you are not ready to serve them straightaway, store them in an airtight tin at room temperature. They also freeze well.
Oct 032015
Today is the birthday of James Alfred “Alf” Wight, a British veterinary surgeon and writer, who wrote under the pen name James Herriot. He used his lifetime of experiences as a vet in the Yorkshire Dales to write a series of books of stories about animals and their owners the best known of which are often referred to collectively as All Creatures Great and Small.
Wight was born in Sunderland, County Durham to James and Hannah (Bell) Wight. Shortly after their wedding, the Wights moved from Brandling Street, Sunderland to Glasgow where James took work as both a ship plater and pianist for a local cinema, while Hannah was a singer, as well as a dressmaker. For Alf’s birth, his mother returned to Sunderland, taking him back to Glasgow when he was three weeks old. He attended Yoker Primary School and Hillhead High School. From his father he gained a passion for Sunderland Football Club and remained a lifelong fan. In 1992 he was named a Life President of the club.
In 1939, at the age of 23, he qualified as a veterinary surgeon with Glasgow Veterinary College. In January 1940, he took a brief job at a veterinary practice in Sunderland, but moved in July to work in a rural practice based at 23 Kirkgate in the town of Thirsk, Yorkshire, close to the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors, where he was to remain for the rest of his life. On 5 November 1941, he married Joan Catherine Anderson Danbury, known as Helen Alderson in his books. The couple had two children, James Alexander (Jim), born 13 February 1943, who also became a vet and was a partner in the practice, and Rosemary (Rosie), born 1947, who became a physician in general practice.
Wight served in the Royal Air Force in 1942. His wife moved to her parents’ house during this time and, upon being discharged from the RAF as a Leading Aircraftman, Wight joined her. They lived there until 1946, at which point they moved back to Kirkgate, staying until 1953. Later, he moved with his wife to a house on Topcliffe Road, Thirsk, opposite the secondary school. The original practice is now a museum, “The World of James Herriot.”. He later moved with his family to the village of Thirlby, about four miles from Thirsk, where he resided until his death. Wight intended for years to write a book, but with most of his time consumed by veterinary practice and family, his writing ambition went nowhere. Challenged by his wife, in 1966 (at the age of 50), he began writing. After several rejected stories on other subjects like football, he turned to what he knew best. In 1969 Wight wrote If Only They Could Talk, the first of the now-famous series based on his life working as a vet and his training in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
Owing in part to professional etiquette, which at that time frowned on veterinary surgeons and other professionals from advertising their services, he took a pen name, choosing “James Herriot” after seeing the Scottish goalkeeper, Jim Herriot, play for Birmingham City F.C. in a televised game against Manchester United. If Only They Could Talk was published in the United Kingdom in 1970 by Michael Joseph Ltd, but sales were slow until Thomas McCormack, of St. Martin’s Press in New York City, received a copy and arranged to have it and a second book, It Shouldn’t Happen to a Vet (1972), published as a single volume in the United States. The resulting book, titled All Creatures Great and Small, was a huge success, spawning numerous sequels, movies and a successful television adaptation.
Contrary to popular belief, Wight’s books are only partially autobiographical, with many of the stories being only loosely based on real events or people. Wight’s son, Jim, states that a lot of the stories, although set in the 1930s, 1940s or 1950s in the books, were actually inspired by cases that Wight attended in the 1960s and 1970s.
James Herriot on his farm, Yorkshire, Britain - 1995
From an historical standpoint, the stories help document a transitional period in veterinary medicine in Britain. Agriculture was moving from the traditional use of beasts of burden (in Britain, primarily the draught horse) to reliance upon the mechanical tractor, and medical science was just on the cusp of discovering antibiotics and other drugs that eliminated many of the ancient remedies that were still in use at the time. These and other sociological factors, like increased affluence, prompted a large-scale shift in veterinary practice over the course of the 20th century from a period when virtually all of a vet’s time was spent working with large animals such as horses (motive power in both town and country), cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, to mostly dogs, cats, and other pets. Wight (as Herriot) occasionally steps out of his narrative to comment, with the benefit of hindsight, on the primitive state of veterinary medicine at the time of the story he is relating; for example, he describes his first hysterectomy on a cat and his first (almost disastrous) Caesarean section on a cow.
The Herriot books are described often as “animal stories” (Wight himself was known to refer to them as his “little cat-and-dog stories”), and given that they are about the life of a country veterinarian, animals certainly play a significant role in most of the stories. Yet animals play a lesser, sometimes even a negligible, role in many of Wight’s tales: the overall theme of his stories is Yorkshire country life. It is Wight’s observations of people, animals, and their close inter-relationship, which give his writing its flavor. Wight was just as interested in their owners as he was in his patients and his writing is, at root, an amiable but keen comment on the human condition. The Yorkshire animals provide the elements of pain and drama; the role of their owners is to feel and express joy and sadness in what is a special, old-fashioned Yorkshire way. As such the books are evocative of a time and place now mostly lost to modern culture and technology.
History feature for Nov7: Alf Wight (aka james Herriot)
Wight’s son, in his biography of his father, reports that he was given to long bouts of depression especially in his 40s. Wight himself was unable to describe the feelings except to refer to them as “melancholy,” or “the vapors.” He underwent a series of treatments, including electro-shock, without much effect. Wight’s son attributes the depression to a combination of feeling as if he failed his parents and was inadequate as a father. His mother’s work as a dressmaker put her in touch with wealthy families, and she had aspirations that James would marry into that class. In consequence she and her husband scrimped so as to send him to expensive private schools. When he became engaged to a regular middle class woman, his mother was so disappointed that she would not attend the wedding, nor did his father. Wight could not afford to send his son and daughter to private schools, and this fact preyed on him even though both felt that they had had a good education at their state schools and would not have fared any better at private schools. His son followed him into veterinary practice, and his daughter, who was accepted to both Oxford and Cambridge, became a family physician.
In his books, Wight calls the town where Herriot lives and works, Darrowby, which he based largely on the towns of Thirsk and Sowerby.
Wight was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1991, and underwent treatment in the Lambert Memorial Hospital in Thirsk. He died on 23 February 1995, aged 78, at home in Thirlby. His wife, Joan Wight née Danbury, died four years later on 14 July 1999.
The parkin of the Yorkshire Dales is legendary. It is a sticky, moist gingerbread made rather dense with the addition of oats. I used to make it all the time in the winter, sometimes adding a cup of chopped rhubarb (common in Yorkshire), for a little extra density and tartness. Letting the finished parkin mellow for up to a week is essential.
Yorkshire Parkin
8 oz/220g soft butter
4 oz/110g soft, dark brown sugar
2oz / 55g black treacle
7oz / 200g golden syrup/ corn syrup
5oz/ 120g oatmeal
7 oz/ 200g self raising flour
1 tsp baking powder
4 tsp ground ginger (or more if you fancy)
1 tsp nutmeg
1 tsp allspice
1 tsp cinnamon
2 large eggs, beaten
2 tbsp milk
Heat the oven to 275°F/140°C
Thoroughly grease an 8″ x 8″/ 20cm x 20cm square cake tin. Parkin is sticky, so do this well.
Combine all the dry ingredients in a large mixing bowl and stir well.
Melt together the butter, sugar, treacle, and golden syrup over a gentle heat in a heavy pan. Do not allow the mixture to boil. Just be sure the butter is melted, the sugar is dissolved, and the treacle and golden syrup are of pouring consistency.
Gradually add the heated mixture stirring to the dry ingredients, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon until they are completely mixed. This is heavy work – take your time to be sure everything is well mixed.
Beat the eggs and milk together and then add them slowly to the batter, stirring well until you have an homogenous mass.
Pour the mixture into the prepared tin and cook for 1½ hours until firm and set and a dark golden brown. A toothpick inserted in the center should come out clean.
Remove the parkin from the oven and leave it to cool in the tin on a wire rack. Once cool, turn out the parkin and store it in an airtight container for at least 3 days up to a week. In this way the flavors develop and the parkin becomes moist and sticky.
Sep 102015
This site – www.save.org – is an excellent resource. S.A.V.E stands for Suicide Awareness Voices for Education.
“People who talk about suicide won’t really do it.”
“Talking about suicide may give someone the idea.”
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The "whole congregation" ("ecclesia", LXX., cp. Acts 7:38) was summoned to appear before Joshua. The purpose of this solemn gathering was to celebrate the erection of the tabernacle at Shiloh.
Although no date or time of year is stated, it is highly probable that this important event would have coincided with one of the major feast-dates. Gilgal had now ceased to be the assembly point for Israel. Shiloh became the principal centre.
Shiloh was situated twenty miles north of Jerusalem and ten miles due south of Shechem. Its location is given in Judg. 21:19. Shiloh was to become Israel's centre of worship for a long period of time. The Tabernacle was to remain there for more than 300 years (1 Sam. 4:1-11).
The people were called together in the spirit of one united Ecclesia.
"Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before Adonai Yahweh. . .How good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. . ." (Ex. 23:17; Ps. 133:1).
Such gatherings were intended, in measure, to emphasise that the people of God were to be one unified Body under the Kingship and authority of Almighty God. Such assemblies, therefore, were of inestimable value (cp. Heb. 10:24-25; Rom. 12:5; 1 Cor. 12:27).
By means of such gatherings, Yahweh desired to teach His people to appreciate the advantages of unity. A body of people, united upon a sound spiritual basis, may mutually give and receive strength and comfort, encouragement and faithfulness.
Yahweh will bless an Ecclesia which is united in the one true faith, manifesting zeal and dedication for the things of God, caring for and nurturing one another, doing all things "to the glory of God" (1 Cor. 10:31; cp. Phil. 1:27; Eph.4:31-5:2).
The name Shiloh means "tranquility, rest, place of rest" (Ges.). How did this place receive such a name? In all probability, it was so named by Joshua because of its association with the Messianic hope.
"The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. . ." (Gen. 49:10).
Joshua was aware that Israel's Messiah, when he appears in his kingdom, will become the "place of rest" for the people of Israel (Matt. 11:28; cp. Ex. 33:14; Isa. 11:10). With such thoughts in his mind, a vital principle was evident to Joshua: He saw the present conquest of the land only as a type of that which will be accomplished fully and more perfectly under the guidance and direction of a Greater Joshua - Israel's Messiah.
Shiloh is here represented as a type of Jerusalem ("habitation of peace" or "foundation of peace") in the Kingdom Age (cp. Deut.12:5, 11, 14).
Shiloh thus now acquired a special significance. In calling the nation thither Joshua was reminding the people of the necessity of placing Yahweh first in their lives. The Ark, symbolising Yahweh's presence in their midst, would provide a constant reminder that the nation could be assured of continuing "rest" so long as they honoured the terms of the covenant.
Joshua had called them to worship at the Tabernacle; and such was highly desirable. But they were not to spend their lives sitting outside the Tabernacle, as the exhortation which followed shows. Through divine worship the people were to draw closer to Yahweh, and to become invigorated and encouraged in the Truth.
Bro John Ullman
Thus renewed, they were to manifest their faith by their works. Much remained to be accomplished. Joshua was aware that many of the tribes had grown tired of war and had become indifferent and lethargic in regard to their responsibilities.
Although the record states that "the land was subdued before them" the statement means that all organised resistance on the part of the Canaanites had been crushed. However, as individual tribes and clans, the Canaanites were far from defeated at this time.
...The tribes of Reuben, Gad, Manasseh, Judah and Ephraim had received their respective allotments, and, by-and-large, were in possession of them. But what of the others?
Why had the other seven tribes not acted? Obviously, they were passively apathetic.
3 And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which Yahweh Elohim of your fathers hath given you?
But what are the reasons for such slackness and lack of enthusiasm?
Basically, they may be summarised under four headings:
1. Satisfaction or compromise with existing conditions.
Doubtless, many of the Israelites considered themselves satisfied with their achievements. They could see little point in further effort and sacrifice. They thought the future would take care of itself. This state of mind represents a grave danger to the people of God in every generation. It is perfectly natural for the flesh to want to relax and put responsibilities to one side - especially when a great deal of effort and sacrifice has already been expended.
But the saints of God in every age must never become satisfied with their present attainments or circumstances. Nothing will be fully right for the saints until the Kingdom comes. Therefore, the people of God must continue their struggle in the warfare of faith until either the Lord's return, or their lives of probation come to an end.
2. Divided loyalties.
It is easy enough to wish to be "in the Truth", whilst at the same time being dominated by conflicting aims and objectives which demand our attention. In such a situation, almost certainly loyalty to the Truth will suffer.
(Mat.6:24, Wey., marg.).
In this statement, why did the Lord not mention "many" masters? Why did he restrict the choice to only "two"? Simply, because in this life men have precisely such a limited selection. One may serve either King Yahweh or King Sin (Rom. 6:16). No other alternative exists.
The individual who would serve Yahweh must make a clear and determined commitment
to God and to His cause. The claims which Yahweh makes upon His servants have been spelt out clearly:
"Thou shalt love the Yahweh thy Elohim with all thy heart (the intellect, and therefore the
mental processes), with all thy soul (the inner being, thus the affections), and with all thy mind"
(the Hebrew of Deut. 6:5 has "might" - meaning all the actions of life.
The Greek has dianoia, which relates primarily to the faculty of exercising the mind - thus, the ability to make sound and correct decisions based upon a proper understanding of the word - and therefore implies a way of life in harmony with the spirit of the Truth).
"This", the Lord added, "is the first and great commandment. . ." (Mat. 22:36-38).
In serving Israel's God, where is the option for divided loyalties?
3. Indolence.
This is one of the most deplorable of human weaknesses, and one which may develop without becoming fully apparent to the hapless victim. It speaks of an aversion to activity: mental, moral or physical. It becomes a particular danger to God's people in an age
of comparative peace and affluence. In effect, it amounts to simple laziness: a lack of sufficient zeal to arouse one's self to fulfil one's responsibilities and obligations.
Yahweh was well aware that such a danger would confront the Israelites once they had entered the Promised Land:
''Beware that thou forget not Yahweh thy God, in not keeping His commandments, and His judgments, and His statutes, which I command thee this day: Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein; and when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied; then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget Yahweh thy God which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. . .Who led thee. . . Who fed thee. . ." (Deut. 8:11-18).
This form of weakness must never be overlooked or ignored by God's people. Apathy and indifference may produce a state of spiritual torpor from which recovery may become well-nigh impossible.
4. Lack of faith.
This condition is closely allied to the three already mentioned. When faith has diminished through lack of consideration and meditation upon Yahweh's word, or through alien pressures which have not been resisted, the mind becomes blinded to the reality of the things of God.
"Where there is no vision, a people is let loose. . . The law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from Yahweh. . ." (Prov. 29:18; Lam. 2:9, Roth. A.V.).
The exercise of faith requires not merely knowing and believing, but performing the will of Yahweh.
"Exert all your strength in the honourable struggle for the faith; lay hold of the Life of the Ages, to which you were called. . ." (1 Tim. 6:12, Wey.). "Without faith it is impossible to please (God). . . So faith without works is dead. . ." (Heb. 11:6; Jas. 2:26).*
Having spent many years wandering in the wilderness - during which time the older generation died - the younger generation of Israelites now found themselves on the western side of Jordan, in the Promised Land. Yet, despite years of privation and hardship, many Israelites were prepared to lightly cast aside their new-found inheritance.
Seven tribes indicated that they were tired of fighting. They had fought the Canaanites for seven years - a long and protracted war. Now, their earlier dedication had waned. Their faith in Yahweh and zeal for His cause had dissipated. They had fought valiantly; and now - poised on the brink of final and complete victory - they had given up the struggle.
They were 'slack to go to possess the land".
This was a tragic state of affairs: not merely because of the inactivity of the people but because of their disposition. At the Judgment Seat of Christ, how many will be found to have
started out on their walk towards the Kingdom full of zeal and wholehearted dedication, fired by a love of Yahweh and His saving Truth - only to surrender to pressures from within and without, and never gain the final victory.
Satisfaction or compromise with the existing worldly environment; divided loyalties; a general attitude of indolence, or lack of faith; are influences which may lead men and
women of faith to desert the cause they have espoused, and fall by the wayside.
It comes as no surprise to learn that Joshua rebuked the seven tribes with a sharp exhortation.
"How much more time will you waste before taking possession of the land?"
he challenged them (J.B.).
Having lost their "first love" they stood endangered of losing everything. They were now unwilling to further pursue the conflict against evil; yet, as Joshua indicated, they had no other course open to them but to continue the warfare.
"For ours is not a conflict with mere flesh and blood, but with the despotisms, the empires, the forces that control and govern this dark world - the spiritual hosts of evil arrayed
against us in the heavenly warfare. . ." (Eph. 6:12, Wey.).
Yahweh had made it possible for the tribes to go into the land and take up their respective inheritances; but many of them lacked the faith, courage, initiative and determination to finish the work they had begun in co-operation with their God (see Ps. 81:13-14; Deut. 5:29;
10:12-13; Isa. 48:18; Col. 3:23-24). Thus Joshua's exhortation indicated that the only reason for lack of accomplishment lay with the people themselves: "How long are ye slack. . ."
Action on the part of the tribes was all that was necessary to secure the entire land. The implication is that any assistance required from Yahweh would be readily forthcoming, provided the people went forward in faith. Joshua moved the seven tribes to action.
*Bro John Ullman |
Clinical trials are an essential part of the drug development process. Worldwide, more than 2 million clinical trials are registered and the number is steadily increasing over the past several years. While clinical trials are pivotal to analyze the efficacy of any new therapy or drug, every year, a lot is spent on clinical trials. The cost of patient enrolling, recruitment, and retention come up to cost several billion US dollars worldwide.
With the unprecedented twist in the routine lives due to the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic, the approach to conduct and hold clinical trials seems to be readjusting. The COVID-19 pandemic has massively disrupted thousands of clinical trials globally, putting the patient drug development process at a halt. The conduct of trials was not possible due to the risk of catching coronavirus. At the same time, some pharmaceuticals, due to the priority to develop therapeutics and preventive medicines for COVID-19, had put ongoing trials for other indications at the backfoot. At the same time, the pandemic caused an unusual reorientation kickstarting an effective and convenient way to approach and hold clinical trials – Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT).
What are Virtual Clinical Trials?
Virtual clinical trials (VCT) or Remote clinical trials or Decentralized clinical trials are a way to conduct clinical trials with the help of technology. Although, there is no uniformly accepted definition for Virtual clinical trials, however, there has not been a single trial held yet that can be referred to as completely virtual; but only some of the stages that constitute it. Thus, it will not be wrong to say that the concept of Virtual clinical trials is relatively new to ears despite having known for years that it is bound to be the future of clinical trials.
There exist several ways through which any traditional clinical trial can be transformed into a decentralized clinical trial. For instance, any trial that takes place needs data and if the clinical trials abound with data leveraging the prosperous healthcare technology such as wearable devices, gadgets, healthcare software, smartphones; diagnoses made on the basis of virtual imaging with the help of advanced PACS (picture archiving and communication system); usage of online platforms such as social media, or online communities to reach out to patient groups and so on; are some of the different ways in which the nature of any clinical trial is virtualized.
Why the Need?
The drug development process is a lengthy and time-intensive process that ends up causing fortunes to industries and organizations sponsoring the process. According to a study by the Tufts Centre for the Study of Drug Development, approximately USD 2.6B so far has been shelled out for each FDA-approved drug to get it to the market, constituting its discovery and developmental costs with the complex and extensive trials accounting for a major sum of the expenditure.
To add to it, several studies have demonstrated that approximately 80% of the traditional clinical trials fail to meet the enrolling criteria and targets, therefore, do not see the light of the day. To quote an example, let’s take the case of rare diseases that affect fewer than 1 in 2000 people and the prevalence is very much scattered throughout the world. In such cases, reaching the trial site, regular visits to centers for updates on treatment outcomes becomes challenging for patients. However, when it comes to conducting a decentralized clinical trial, the processing of timelines becomes convenient. Moreover, through virtual clinical trials patients from remote areas, or weak socioeconomic backgrounds can also take part in the trials in a much more seamless, liberated manner.
The current situation of COVID-19 is a live example of how distance and restricted movement can put a full stop to all the ongoing trials delaying results and launches of therapies. However, pharma and biotech companies that were swift enough to upgrade their procedures towards holding a virtual clinical trial were able to minimize the damage.
Besides increased patient access, Virtual clinical trials also promise a faster way to collect and build a robust database by leveraging technology. Medical devices such as tracking wearables, medical kits, mobile applications, and others can help patients and physicians to keep a tab on the patient activities and health, on the other hand, high-end diagnostics devices such as PACS, sensors, imaging devices, and others can facilitate easy monitoring and distributions of patient data in a safer and faster way.
What does FDA have to say about VCTs?
Regulatory agencies such as the USFDA, EMA, PDMA, and others have always worked towards procuring better healthcare services and treatments for people. Transforming the environment of clinical trials from conventional to decentralized, however, requires certain guidelines and strategies that may vary with the disease area, type of drug, trial activities, and others.
Regulatory agencies have always prioritized the well-being of the patients. Keeping in mind the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA proactively urged to hold virtual clinical trials ensuring best practices and alternatives for a smooth transition. However, Virtual clinical trials do not fall into the term “one-size-fits-all”, and it requires a standardized approach and strategy to execute a fully functional decantralized clinical trial.
Although the USFDA has always been pushing the idea of Virtual clinical trias, however, in March, 2019, the FDA encouraged sponsors and industries to opt and look out for alternatives stating that VCTs are no more just a way out to cut down on costs, but rather a way to ensure patient-centric trial.
Challenges Lie Ahead
Without a doubt, the massive shift in holding the decentralized clinical trials is going to pose several challenges in the form of availability of technology, training of human resources, internet connectivity, and so on. The availability of collective databases in a single place is of major concern. Despite knowing the importance of maintaining Electronic health records, the execution is far from reality. With a lack of availability of uniform data of patient health, there are risks of misunderstandings and overlapping while opting for a particular treatment regimen. With the training of medical service providers and physicians, it will also require to make patients well-acquainted with the usage of medical equipment and devices, the complete process of trials, treatments via telemedicine, regularly using the removable devices, and so on. However, to overcome these challenges, pharma giants, as well as startups, are partnering with technology providers.
Way Ahead
Undoubtedly, Virtual clinical trials are on their way to become the new norm, and to accelerate the pace, several pharmaceutical and biotech companies have tied up with technology and AI-service provider companies to help enable the incorporation of technology into their traditional ways. With the mission to speed up the drug development process and enable operational efficiency in virtual patient enrolling, administration of telemedicine, and seamless use of diagnostics modalities, AI and tech companies including Science 37, Syneos, Flatiron Health, Deep 6 AI, SubjectWell, Tempus, Altos Solutions, Obvio Health USA, Inc., CLINPAL, VIRTRIAL, Lightship, Medable, Science 37, Parexel International Corporation, Medidata, PRA Health, Curavit Clinical Research, and several others are pledging to boost the transition of conduct of clinical trials from conventional means to virtual ones. Although the article gives a cursory look at the advantages, future Virtual clinical trials outlook and key companies engaged in the space, the actual benefits are tremendous that range from boosting the speed of patient enrolling, cutting down on the cost of the physical state of the clinical trials, uniformity in maintaining EHRs, dispensing of telemedicine, and so on, thus, it will not be wrong to say that VCTs are here to stay. |
Ex Parte Garland
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EX PARTE GARLAND, 4 Wallace 333 (1867). In December 1860, Augustus Hill Garland, who later served as an Arkansas senator in the Confederate congress, was admitted to the federal bar. Following the Civil War, Congress enacted a new ironclad oath requiring attorneys to swear that they had neither voluntarily borne arms against the United States nor held office under a hostile government. President Andrew Johnson pardoned Garland, who then petitioned the Supreme Court to readmit him to the federal bar without taking the new oath. In Ex Parte Garland, a 5 to 4 Court majority held that the oath constituted both a bill of attainder and an ex post facto law, violating the U.S. Constitution in either instance.
Fairman, Charles. Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864–88. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
R. VolneyRiser
David Y.Thomas
See alsoCummings v. Missouri ; Reconstruction . |
From Swastika to Jim Crow
60 minutes
Source: Cinema Guild
This documentary, based on the book by Gabrielle Simon Edgcomb, tells the little-known story of Jewish intellectuals who escaped Nazi Germany to the US in the 1930s. Confronted with antisemitism at American universities and public distrust of foreigners, they secured teaching positions at traditionally black colleges in the then-segregated South. The complex interactions between these two groups are recalled through historic footage and moving firsthand testimonials by African American and Jewish scholars, activists, and artists.
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Resizing Images with CSS
Posted on - Last Modified on
Resizing images is an important element of modern website design. This is because site visitors can't be expected to use the same devices, or screens that have a fixed size. The website that you are building has to display images properly, whether that is on a full-sized computer screen, or a mobile device with a screen that measures only four inches when it comes to some popular smartphones. Ideally, as the screen gets smaller, the image should dynamically change in size. There are lots of ways to do this, but one of the simplest is by resizing images with CSS.
This is often referred to as fluid images -- the scale of the image is fluid, depending on the size of the device that is being used. But images are not fluid by default. Without any changes, they will remain the same size, regardless of the size of the device. Obviously this results in cropping as the screen gets smaller.
Responsive website design is all about ensuring that a website can display pages properly in whatever size of screen the visitor is using. This involves resizing images using CSS.
But here's the thing -- you are not actually resizing the images. Instead you are making them appear resized so that they fit into the user's browser. This is done by setting the maximum width of the image as a percentage.
For example:
img {
This will set the image to display at 100 percent of the width of the container. As the container gets smaller, the image will display at the reduced size, always staying at 100 percent of the container.
What about the height of an image? If the images in your site have width and height attributes, the above code will present a problem -- the width will scale down as the screen decreases in size, but the height will remain the same. Thisis easily corrected with the following code:
img {
More Control
Using the max-width solution is ideal for a number of situations, including the feature images used by articles. But what if filling 100 percent of the screen's width is inappropriate? This might occur if you have images within documents that are placed within the text. Using a 100 percent width might also be unsuitable if your images are quite tall. The second code example that was highlighted above will automatically resize the height of the image so that the proportions are correct.However, the overall height of the image might still mean that a large area of the screen is dominated by the image. This leaves little room for text unless the user scrolls.
So here is an example where there is an image with text that is aligned to the right of it -- so the image is beside the text. As a result, setting the width to 100 percent won't be ideal.
Instead, you would use code something like this:
<imgsrc="your_image.png" alt="Your alt text" style="float: left; width:40%;margin-left:2rem">
This floats the image to the left of the text with a margin, and keeps the image to 40 percent of the width of the container. So, as the screen size reduces, the image always stays at 40 percent.
Retina Issues
The above solution deals with Retina images, which contain double the amount of pixels. The original image-width solution, on the other hand, does not handle these sorts of images well.
But even the example above does run into problems, particularly if very large screens are used. A solution to this is to set a maximum width of the image in pixels.
In this example, let's assume the image is 600px wide. Regardless of the screen size, we don't want the image to be more than 600px or it will start to look distorted. So, the following code can be used:
<imgsrc="your_image.png" alt="Your alt text" style="float: left; width:40%;margin-left:2rem;max-width:600px;">
Finally, you should be aware that these solutions use CSS3 selectors. They will work on most modern browsers but will not work on Internet Explorer 8 or below.
Posted 10 March, 2015
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Alcoholism: The Drinking Man’s Disease -- By: W. Lyman Ferrell
Journal: Faith and Mission
Volume: FM 09:2 (Spring 1992)
Article: Alcoholism: The Drinking Man’s Disease
Author: W. Lyman Ferrell
Alcoholism: The Drinking Man’s Disease
W. Lyman Ferrell, Ph. D.
In the back of the hymnal the church covenant was glued, stating “I will refrain from the sale or use of alcoholic beverages.” The Free Will Baptist Church of my childhood tried to discourage drinking, but they didn’t succeed any better than the “other” Baptists, the Methodists, the Presbyterians or the Pentecostals. Men and women went to church, read the covenant, believed it, left church and occasionally drank alcoholic beverages. Some became addicted. Some of the women drank at home and became “closet” alcoholics. Some of those who lived by the covenant severely criticized those who became addicted; few of those who lived by the covenant understood addicted behavior.
Imagine yourself a fish, a member of a large school, swimming near the surface of the water, hunting for food, and generally frolicking in synchronization with your family of same-species fish. Imagine further that one of your relatives spots a lure streaking through the water, reflecting in the sun as well as the promise of a tasty snack. Cousin Snail Darter races towards the lure, pauses to sniff and lunges to swallow the bait. Immediately, the hooked fish begins a different dance: thrashing, pulling, jumping and diving while no other member of the school comprehends any problem. Soon the hooked fish is pulled out of the water—-gone forever—none of his relatives the wiser, as far as we know. No one in the school can imitate his movement; no one knows where he went; no one understands why he is gone. There is no way a free fish can understand a hooked fish
Understanding that any analogy pushed far enough will break down, imagine further that the hooked fish’s brothers and sisters did remember him on the evening of his departure and discussed his last-hour predicament. They could have described the behavior of the lost fish just as Siegler et al. (1968, pp. 573-581) described eight models of alcoholism:
1. The Impaired Model. The caught 0ost) fish is just that way; he has a defect of character, constitution or mind. His impairment led to his destruction. This model does not present an explanation of cause; there is no treatment and there will be no change. For unknown reasons the lost fish was “just that way.”
Chuck’s family talked about him after he had been readmitted for treatment. With a touch of sadness and a hint of condescension his wife described him as having a fatal flaw. “He just can’t leave the bottle alone,” she concluded with a sigh. She had no idea of just how much she had helped him to decide to “fall off the wagon” just days after his return home from treatment.
2. “Dry” Moral Model. The alcoholic has a moral weakness; h...
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Why You Should Never Plant Seeds In Wet Soil
Bringing more plants into your life is always a good idea. If you're looking to start a lovely backyard garden, or maybe just want a few fresh herbs to fill up your kitchen windowsill, growing from seeds is a budget-friendly way to begin your journey. You can purchase an entire packet of seeds for much less than you'd pay for the live version of that plant at a garden center. Aside from the economical appeal, buying seeds allows you to choose from a much wider selection of plants and specialty varieties that aren't commonly found in garden centers.
Another plus? Seeds allow you to cover a large area of garden in half the amount of time it would take to dig up a hole and place each plant individually. This works especially well if you're going for a cottage garden style and want your flower beds to look more natural — i.e. everything isn't perfectly spaced and arranged. While planting seeds can be such a rewarding and relatively easy process, there's a major mistake you want to avoid, or else none of your seeds will germinate.
Be careful with the soil
While seeds can be pretty forgiving, there's one thing you never want to do: Don't plant your seeds in wet soil! What's the big deal, might you ask? Isn't water supposed to help plants grow? That is absolutely true, but it's all about moderation. The soil should be damp, but never soggy or drenched. Gardening Know How warns that too much water in the soil can cause your seeds to deteriorate.
It's important to start your seeds in the proper soil to help control any moisture issues. This means that you should opt for a good potting soil and not normal dirt from the ground. According to Gardening Know How, be sure to choose one that drains quickly and/or specifically mentions seed starting on the packaging. These types of potting soil are engineered to retain just enough water to keep things moist and then drain out the rest. Choosing the right kind of potting soil serves as an added layer of protection for your seeds. The soil shouldn't be dry to the touch, nor should it be so soggy that it's like quicksand under your finger.
Watch out for "damping off"
Once the seeds have sprouted, over-watering still presents danger to your baby plants. Until they're more well-established, the seedlings are highly sensitive to extremes, whether it's the temperature, moisture levels, or organic intruders like fungus. Gardening blog You Should Grow compared young seedlings to the story of Goldilocks. They need the conditions to be totally on point — not too cold, not too hot, not too dry, and not too wet. It's an accurate analogy, and you should set up a watering plan to make sure the seedlings always have the perfect level of moisture.
Gardening Know How says that "damping off" can happen when sprouted seeds get too much water, wither, and die. Fungus can also contribute to damping off, though the fungus usually enters the scene in the first place because of the higher moisture levels. So, how can you protect your seedlings? Gardening Know How suggests watering one or two times daily until the seeds grow, and then you can scale it back. As long as you give your seedlings some extra TLC, you're well on your way to growing healthy, vibrant plants. |
In 2040, These Are the Countries Where People Will Live the Longest
The U.S. doesn't crack the top five.
average life expectancy in US lower than other countries
• A new report predicts life expectancy for nearly 300 countries in the year 2040.
• People in the U.S. will live only one year longer in 2040 compared to 2016, reaching nearly 80 years old
• In comparison, people in Spain will live the longest, to nearly 86 years old.
Life expectancy is expected to grow worldwide — but not as much for people living in the United States compared to residents of Spain, according to a study published in The Lancet.
Using research from a 2016 study, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors, scientists analyzed 250 causes of death to forecast a reasonable life expectancy for nearly 300 countries in the year 2040.
Getty Images
The nations with the longest life expectancies include:
1. Spain — average life expectancy: 85.8 years
2. Japan — average life expectancy: 85.7 years
3. Singapore — average life expectancy: 85.4 years
4. Switzerland — average lifespan: 85.2 years
5. Portugal — average lifespan: 84.5 years
Where does the United States come in?
Americans will only add about a year to their lives in 2040, bringing the average lifespan to 79.8. In 2016, Americans lived to roughly 78.7 years, on average. This drops our country's rank to 64 from 43 in 2016.
Additionally, the team determined the top factors contributing to premature mortality: high blood pressure, body mass index and blood sugar as well as tobacco and alcohol use.
Of course, there is no way to ensure you lead a long life, but studies have identified five healthy habits that could help you live longer. As previously reported, not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, minimizing binge drinking and trading junk food for vegetables could add up to 12 years to your life.
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HomeOpinion & AnalysisColumnistsEarth’s resilience and holding capacity potentially threatened
Earth’s resilience and holding capacity potentially threatened
From time immemorial to the present-day, there has been such a huge passage of time and no one really knows exactly how old the earth is hence people can only speculate.
How old the earth is may not be the bone of contention right now. What is critical is that, while the earth has managed to withstand the test of time, history and space, through its tenacity and resilience, this time its holding capacity appears threatened than ever before.
Thousands of years have gone by, despite shocks, tremors and irregular movements, the earth still looks like what it was before, just one earth, abundantly productive and habitable.
Topical these days is how the world is succumbing to the changing climate and it has become a cause for concern worldwide. Climate scientists and experts always attribute these worrying scenarios and changes to human activities, driven by socio-economic factors, developmental, expansion and human interests.
These include the desire to change and conquer the world, exporting one’s ideologies, dominance, standpoints and hegemony around the world.
As many scientists, researchers, experts and the layperson communities, seem to be worried about the accelerating change in the atmosphere, its warming potential and impacts on the global environment, the majority of stakeholders appear to be forgetful of the amount of weight being exerted on the earth’s surface by population density, materials, equipment, crops, plants, bushes, forests, livestock and wild animals.
The earth carries the baggage and burden of an assortment of buildings which include multi-storey houses, multi-purpose buildings, factories and industries, including millions of houses, schools, clinics, hospitals, churches, shops and supermarkets dotted around the planet.
Nothing much has been attributed to road and rail transport, carrying goods and passengers as it cruises making the earth tremble and vibrate from its enormous weight, every minute.
Because of these unfolding scenarios, the earth seems to be showing signs of succumbing hence its climate might also be changing underground.
Telling signs may include earthquakes, tremors, emerging of hot gases or ash, among others.
Exarcebated by the emission cycles and atmospheric pressure against the background of enormous weight on its surface exerted by constructions these may be making the earth undergo painful experiences.
Many physical features — boulders, rocks, hills, mountains and forests, including bushes and grasslands — are natural wonders which clothe the earth and give it a magnificent outlook, serenity and natural design.
The human mind also designed all sorts of technologies, enterprising and harmful at the same time, to make life on earth fast and easier to manage, at the same time spewing harmful e-waste and radioactive gases, which accelerate global warming.
Minerals were discovered, mined and continue to be mined using sustainable and unsustainable ways.
The minerals include iron-ore for iron and steel, light and heavy products, used for heavy and laborious works and for drilling deeper into the earth.
Other building materials such as cement, concrete, quarry and gravel continue to be explored and used in brick making.
Some mines are hundreds of metres deep and hundreds of kilometres wide underneath the ground, establishing underground communities.
Some mountains were destroyed to make way for dams and lakes, while in other countries they have constructed underground dams, leaving the earth a bit fragile and less resilient.
The world’s population has more than trebled, making competitions for resources and commodities, especially land for building and agricultural purposes, stiffer.
By so doing, pressure on the earth’s surface is being increased.
While the actual weight on the earth’s surface due to massive infrastructure can be left to the relevant experts to do the calculations for actual densities, the current situation may not be good.
Through the mining of fossil fuels, agricultural and industrial processes, even the air human beings and animals breathe out, including decomposing matter, the composition of the atmosphere has been drastically altered.
Rocks underneath the earth’s surface may be cracking and cut during various fracking processes, when mining gas and oil in water.
During the massive fossil fuel explorations, humanity do not seem to care much about the state of the earth, which does not expand, while everything on it continue to pile-up.
The relationship between humans and the earth’s biological diversity is one-sided without reciprocation.
Therefore, these result in swathes of forests destroyed by individual and commercial logging more than ever before.
Minimal efforts are being made to replace the decimated forest cover through reforestation but not enough to cover the lost ground.
All the buildings, houses and factories are not just empty shells, they are stocked and furnished with goods of different weight. Of course, there is no other planet habitable besides the one and only earth.
Maybe, there is need to take time to imagine what the planet is going through, without questioning God’s wisdom in the whole process.
Very soon humanity shall begin to bear the cost of the weight of density on the planet, including the cost of being reckless and careless with nature.
Finally, by importing used vehicles from developed countries, including bales of second-hand clothes, Africa is indeed increasing the weight on its continent.
Importing heavy military hardware, no longer in use in developed countries, including heavy and obsolete hardware for mining, agriculture and road-construction, Africa is straining its holding capacity.
In this regard, sustainability is important in securing our abused planet.
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Zinnias are one of the easiest flowers to grow from seed. They bloom in bright colors like pink, red, purple, orange, yellow, lavender, white, and green. Zinnias grow fast and are usually 1-2 feet tall. Zinnias are annuals and need to be replanted each planting season.
Plant zinnia seeds in the ground 1/4 inch deep and 4-24 inches apart after the last frost. It is recommended that you plant zinnia seeds directly in the ground because zinnias do not do well when they are transplanted. However, if you would like to start them indoors, make sure you transplant when they are very young. It takes about 60-70 days for zinnias to bloom. Zinnias need full sun to grow. Zinnias represent friendship and look great in flower bouquets! |
Spring blossoms near Carrizozo: It's a pretty flower, but toxic
Ray Dean, a Carrizozo town councilor, stopped on a drive outside of the Lincoln County seat to snap photographs of a purple wildflower that covered one side of the road.
Lincoln County Extension Agent Melanie Gutierrez identified the wildflower as a member of the locoweed family, commonly called a pea vine.
"It is a member of the locoweed family, but not as deadly," she said. "It can be a source of discomfort and not good for livestock."
More:Delicious and delicate dandelions
A lone cholla is surrounded by the spring blossoms.
Locoweed is the name given to any of several species of poisonous plants of the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis, in the pea family, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agriculture Research Service.
Locoweeds are native to the prairies of north central and western North America and can pose a danger to livestock, horses, and other grazing animals.
If ingested, the plants’ toxins produce frenzied behavior, impaired vision, and sometimes death, though most locoweeds are unpalatable to livestock and are eaten only when other forage is unavailable.
The level of toxicity appears to depend on soil conditions; decaying locoweeds release toxins sometimes taken up by otherwise harmless forage crops.
Many locoweed species are low-growing plants.
Whatever its drawbacks, the scene painted by the wildflower captured Dean's imagination and his photographer's eye.
Reporter Dianne L. Stallings can be contacted at dstallings@ruidosonews.com. |
How to eVote – A more accurate election?
Advancement of eVoting – A more credible election?
It’s no surprise that with politics becoming more and more complex in recent years, elections have become all the more important.
Across the world we’ve seen new superpowers taking control in a way we’ve never seen before, meaning that a lot of hope rests on the elections to change or keep these powers. Not to mention the 2020 US Election we’re seeing unfold at the time of writing.
There are some things that can go wrong with the voting process. Obviously, as with all human processed counting, there’ll be some margin for error. Votes, being in the physical nature they are, can go missing, no matter how diligent the team of volunteers are.
So, the question has been posed for years and years, ‘what about electronic voting?’. This would arguably eliminate problems like human error and any actual fraudulent attempts of skewing the results.
Yet, voting is still a few steps behind the times.
What does electronic voting look like?
There are a few different methods being implemented as we speak, and others that are still in development. The most popular method that’s talked about by tech pros, is the semi-electronic voting system.
So, this is still inherently the same for the voters as they would still be signing on a paper form, and not a computer or tablet. But it’s the counting and verifying that’s done by software.
It works like this: The voter enters the polling booth picking up a random form. The form has all the candidates listed in a random order which is different on every form. The voter makes their mark to select a candidate and tears the form down the middle on a perforated line. This separates the names of the candidates from the mark the voter made.
But how will anyone know who they voted for? Well, this is the clever part. The side of the form that’s handed to the polling station volunteer, has a unique QR code at the top. This is then run through a scanning machine that matches the tick box to the correct candidate and electronically counts it.
In this way the vote can be 100% verified by the voter themselves via an online service that clearly shows only the voter themselves who they voted for and if it has been counted.
There are many other fully electronic systems to processes evotes, they usually use an online secure portal to count and verify votes. Using some form of national ID voters log on and vote online, the vote is encrypted for security using bespoke software. Estonia is already implementing this form of evoting, so see Estonia’s method below.
Who’s using eVoting already?
eVoting has been trialled by a few countries already including Switzerland, Estonia the US and even some cases in the UK during the 2019 local elections.
Gerlach and Gasser’s Swiss tests in both Geneva and Zurich rose the turn out for the election in 2009 to 56.4% with 21.8% of voters using the new e-voting tech.
Estonia has successfully implemented a mass evote system via a secure online portal. Voters log on with their national ID card and then receive their downloadable ballot. The software uses blockchain technology to ensure the votes are kept secret.
In the US electronic voting is in high demand with some ex-pat US voters even suing for access to electronic voting. When you consider the low turnout for the 2016 US election, just under 60% of Americans voting, casting e-Votes could solve a massive issue for many.
Why won’t we see large-scale eVote systems any time soon?
Despite all this great evidence, there’s still not enough solid proof that evote software can be 1. impactful enough on voter turnout and 2. Whether eVoting is secure enough to battle hackers who would inevitably try to compromise the system.
I think with time, we’ll see more and more tests across the world and further advancements of security for voters. With the need made ever clearer by the pandemic, voting would be made easier and safer for those at risk.
Forbes sums up:
“People are bound to feel uncomfortable lining up to vote in person in the middle of a global pandemic. Voters face a choice: Go to the polls to vote but potentially expose themselves to the virus, or stay home and miss out on voting altogether. And if people are forced to make this decision, the country could see a lower voter turnout than usual.”
If you want to learn more about this kind of voting, David Bismark explains how the system works.
The Senate Updates Electronic Signing Due to the Pandemic
About Sophie Torry-Cook
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June 09, 2016
According to an urban legend, dust is made up of human skin. Of course in reality, it’s not correct. Although human skin does make up some of what is dust, dust is actually various things. So what exactly is dust made of and how is it affecting your indoor air quality?
The Source
There are only two places that dust can stem from, indoors and outdoors, and we are the culprits that are bringing dust inside from the outdoors. The outdoor part of dust consists of soil particles and pollen brought in on our shoes or through open doors and windows. This makes up about two-thirds of the dust in your home.
The indoor source of your dust is a number of assorted things. A tiny part of which is, in fact, human skin. A large amount of it is fibers from your carpet, furniture or bedding, and if you own a pet, there is also some pet dander and fur too.
Dust Mites
Whenever we bring up dust, we must also talk about dust mites. Dust mites are little arachnids and their main food source is dead human skin cells and they make up a large part of dust. Dust mite droppings are the top cause of allergy and asthma symptoms according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Dust mites also prosper in humidity, so by upholding a successfully humidified home, you’re able to lower their impact.
What Can You Do?
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Dual-mass flywheel: functions and symptoms
Dual-mass flywheel: functions and symptoms
Dual-mass flywheel: functions and symptoms
The dual-mass flywheel is an element present in many modern cars. Many people are unaware of this mechanical component until it breaks down and needs to be repaired, usually causing great expense to the owner. Next we will explain the functions it performs, how it works and the possible problems that this element can cause.
What Is The Dual-Mass Flywheel?
What is the dual-mass flywheel
To understand this concept we must first know what the flywheel of a car is. The flywheel is a part connected to the engine that stores the kinetic energy that comes from the engine. Thus, at the moment that this steering wheel stops receiving this inertia, it can maintain its movement and provides inertia so that the movement of the vehicle is smoother. The clutch disc is coupled to this flywheel to transmit power from the car’s engine to the gearbox and thus set the vehicle in motion.
There are single-mass flywheels, which are manufactured in one piece and are coupled to the starter motor. These ruffles are becoming less common.
On the other hand, the dual-mass flywheel is an inertia flywheel with two masses, as its name indicates. It is also known as a dual mass flywheel, this type of flywheel is usually more complete and effective. They are made up of two pieces similar to mono-mass flywheels, one of them is attached to the crankshaft and the other is attached to the transmission, but inside there is a helical spring and a ball bearing. These elements prevent the vibrations generated by the engine from reaching the gearbox and affecting the proper functioning of the vehicle by absorbing the vibrations of the engine at two points. Thanks to this, a more progressive disengagement is achieved and noise and vibrations are reduced.
Apart from eliminating vibrations from the mechanics, the dual-mass flywheel also has the manufacturer’s or mechanic’s references engraved to know the recommended setting. It also supports the electric starter motor, starting the crankshaft and transmitting power to it so that it makes the first expansion cycles. If the starter motor had to do this alone, it would wear enormously and would have to be replaced every two months.
At this point it is possible to wonder, in the case of our car, how to know if the flywheel is dual-mass or single-mass. The truth is, there is no exact way to find out except by checking with your manufacturer. It is true that most cars with dual-mass flywheel are diesel, but this does not assure anything since there are gasoline cars with dual-mass flywheels and diesel cars with single-mass flywheels.
Parts Of A Dual-Mass Flywheel
Parts of a dual-mass flywheel
The dual-mass flywheel is somewhat more complex than a single-mass flywheel due to its two component masses.
Next we will explain the 6 pieces that make them up.
• Primary mass : The primary mass is attached to the engine crankshaft. The inertia of this combines with that of the crankshaft to form the same unit. The primary mass and primary cap form the channel of the arch springs. This channel is generally divided into two sections, which are separated by the tops of the arch springs.
• Secondary mass : The secondary mass connects the DMF to the power train on the gearbox side. This secondary mass collaborates with the car’s clutch to transmit the modulated torque from the steering wheel to the gearbox. The dual-mass flywheel and the clutch are joined in this part of the flywheel by screws.
• Bearing : The seat of this bearing is in the primary mass. It is in charge of joining the two masses and supporting the disengagement force applied to the flywheel. This bearing allows the masses to rotate with each other and allows a tilting movement in both.
• Flange : Used to transmit torque from the primary to the secondary mass, that is, from the engine to the clutch.
• Friction control disc : This component is only present in some models of dual-mass flywheel. It provides a supplementary cushioning in its operation.
• Arch dock : It is installed in the dock channel. The coils of the spring slide along the guide thus creating damping.
Possible Problems In A Dual-Mass Flywheel
Over time, the components of the flywheel may deteriorate and wear out. The symptoms of failure in a dual-mass flywheel are mainly vibrations. The following explains in more detail how to tell if the flywheel is bad and the general symptoms of a DMF failure.
When you hear a metallic noise when you squeeze the clutch with the engine in neutral and running, which disappears when you depress the pedal fully, it is likely a problem between the clutch and the DMF.
In the event that we perceive an unbalanced vibration of the engine when idling, which can also be observed in the gear lever, it may be another symptom of a failure in the dual-mass flywheel. Sometimes this failure can also be confused with a failure in the injectors since the vibration is similar.
Another symptom of a DMF failure can be a metallic noise when the car engine is stopped, which is no longer heard when the engine stops completely. If the dual-mass flywheel is badly damaged, the noise can also be seen when accelerating. In these cases, the fault is likely to be serious and may have also affected the gearbox.
It is possible that when the dual-mass flywheel does not function properly, it may cause clutch collar or thrust bearing failure. In this case, the clutch pedal may be rendered useless since the vibrations of the dual-mass flywheel cause the hydraulic circuit to take in air and lose pressure on the pedal. In this case it is easy to confuse the problem between the dual-mass flywheel and the clutch.
What Happens If I Don’T Change The DMF?
From what we’ve already explained above, ignoring these types of steering wheel issues is not a good idea. If the flywheel plates come off due to broken springs, their force can seriously damage the gearbox and engine drive shaft. A broken gearbox and the other consequences of a broken DMF are a huge expense for the car owner. However, up to this point, the symptoms of steering wheel failure must be ignored for tens of thousands of kilometres.
The problem with driving with a bad dual-mass flywheel is that the vibrations from the engine are not absorbed and the rest of the components have to withstand a level of vibrations for which they were not designed. This leads to much greater wear on all parts.
The flywheel is an essential part in all cars. The type of dual-mass flywheel is increasingly used in vehicles due to its good performance. It is important to be aware of the symptoms to be able to know if the flywheel is bad and thus be able to fix the failure of the flywheel before there are more serious consequences.
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Readers ask: What Does Sushi Crab Meat Have In It?
What is sushi crab meat made of?
The reason imitation crab isn’t as nutritious as the real thing is because it contains no actual crab. That’s right, the main ingredient is actually a fish paste called surimi. Surimi is often made from pollock fish with fillers and flavorings like starch, sugar, egg whites, and crab flavoring.
Is crab meat raw in sushi?
Since this type of crab meat is cooked and made from lower-mercury fish, it’s generally considered safe for a pregnant woman to eat. When it comes to any sushi roll with seafood, make sure to ask about the ingredients.
What is imitation crab meat in sushi?
Imitation crab, also known as “krab” or “ crab sticks,” is a type of seafood made from white fish and starch that is molded to resemble and taste like snow or spider crab meat. You’ll find imitation crab most commonly used in sushi rolls and seafood salads.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Use Is Shaved Bonito In Sushi?
What is crab meat rich in?
Crab is packed with protein, which is important for building and maintaining muscle. Crab also contains high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, and selenium. These nutrients play vital roles in improving general health while helping prevent a variety of chronic conditions.
Why is imitation crab bad for you?
Pollock used in surimi is sometimes harvested in ways that can harm other sea life, and imitation crab production uses excessive amounts of water. Seafood used in imitation crab is sometimes mislabeled, which can increase food safety and allergy risks.
Are California rolls made with real crab?
What goes into a California Roll? Most versions of California Roll include crab and avocado. Although I prefer using real crab meat, if you don’t have access to fresh seafood, imitation crab (a.k.a. surimi) will do in a pinch.
Is crab ever served raw?
Crab. Author and chef Warren Bobrow warns sushi fans to stay away from crab, which is found in a variety of rolls and is often served alone or on a bed of rice.
Can you eat crab raw?
All crabs ( crab legs, whole crabs and crab meat) should be cooked. It’s just about impossible to eat a raw crab. The meat is so moisture-dense that picking it from the shell is a futile endeavor.
Can I eat scallops raw?
The answer to can you eat raw scallops is emphatically, 100 percent yes. Raw scallops are not just edible; they’re incredible. The scallop’s natural sweetness is never on display so clearly as before it’s cooked. The one catch: To go raw, you need to choose your scallops carefully.
You might be interested: What Is The Difference Between Sushi And Sashimi And Maki>?
Can I eat imitation crab if I’m allergic to shellfish?
Worse news still, many states allow grocers and food manufacturers to simply label foods ” imitation crab ” without offering contextual ingredient warnings. So shellfish allergy sufferers take heed, it’s best to play it safe and avoid the imitation along with the real thing.
What’s inside of a California roll?
What is the point of imitation crab?
Besides surimi, other imitation crab ingredients can include starch, fillers, artificial flavors and food colorings. It’s popular because it’s a convenient, cost-effective and versatile alternative to regular crab, and it can be swapped into nearly any recipe without significantly altering the flavor.
Is eating crab a sin?
Which crab is good for health?
Rich in vitamins and minerals, crab meat is also low in fat and contains Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids. Helps provide protection from heart disease and aids brain development. Some research suggests that Omega-3 also inhibits aggressive behaviour. And it’s not just any old Omega-3 – it’s the long chain variety.
Is the yellow stuff in crabs poop?
mustard Yellow substance found inside a cooked crab. Contrary to popular belief, the ” mustard ” is not fat, rather it’s the crab’s hepatopancreas, the organ responsible for filtering impurities from the crab’s blood.
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Blood Donation 2011
Blood Donation Drive
Blood is vital to life and, for many people, blood donors are their life-line. Currently, only 1 in 30 Australians give blood, but 1 in 3 Australians will need blood in their lifetime. Every type of blood is important. Because type O is the most common blood type it is also the most needed. Type O negative is particularly valuable because in certain emergency situations it can be used when the patient’s blood type is unknown. Modern processing techniques mean that a single blood donation, when separated into its components, can help at least 3 different patients and contribute to making up to 22 different products (including potentially life-saving immunisations for chicken pox, hepatitis B and tetanus).
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Interactive audio-visual performance
Sound generation from the chemical process of crystallization
Sodium acetate CH3COONa * 3H2O - sodium salt of acetic acid.
When hydrated sodium acetate is heated gently, it melts.
But it melts a little bit unusually: the hydrated salt dissolves in its own water of hydration.
Upon cooling, the solution freezes turning into a white mass. Similarly to the ice,
crystallization occurs which is accompanied by significant heat release.
The presentation is completely live. A piece of sodium acetate crystal is added to
a chilled solution of the same substance, and the process of crystallization will run in
the vessel. The process is transmitted through a web-camera to a computer.
The crystallization generates sound by a given algorithm.
We are interested in the nature of both visual and audible self-organization,
and in the way these two areas interact with each other in a liquid system.
/ julia borovaya - art / www.borovaya.org
/ evgeniy vaschenko - sound / www.v4w.enko.ffspace.info
/ edward rakhmanov - chemical consultant /
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Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Academic Article uri icon
• The morphological and functional evolution of appendages has played a crucial role in the adaptive radiation of tetrapods, arthropods and winged insects. The origin and diversification of fins, wings and other structures, long a focus of palaeontology, can now be approached through developmental genetics. Modifications of appendage number and architecture in each phylum are correlated with regulatory changes in specific patterning genes. Although their respective evolutionary histories are unique, vertebrate, insect and other animal appendages are organized by a similar genetic regulatory system that may have been established in a common ancestor.
publication date
• August 14, 1997 |
Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
Japanese B Encephalitis
While a rare disease in travellers, at least
50,000 locals are infected each year. This viral
disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. Most
cases occur in rural areas and vaccination is
recommended for travellers spending more
than one month outside of cities. There is no
treatment, and one-third of infected people
will die while another third will suffer perma-
nent brain damage. Highest risk areas include
Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia.
There is no specific treatment, just rest and
paracetamol - do not take aspirin as it in-
creases the likelihood of haemorrhaging. See
a doctor to be diagnosed and monitored.
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted
by the bite of an infected mosquito. The most
important symptom of malaria is fever, but
general symptoms such as headache, diar-
rhoea, cough, or chills may also occur. Di-
agnosis can only be made by taking a blood
Two strategies should be combined to
prevent malaria - mosquito avoidance, and
antimalarial medications. Most people who
catch malaria are taking inadequate or no
antimalarial medication.
Travellers are advised to prevent mosquito
bites by taking these steps:
suits many people. Serious side effects are rare but include
depression, anxiety, psychosis and having fits. Anyone with
a history of depression, anxiety, other psychological disorder,
or epilepsy should not take Lariam. It is considered safe in
the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It is around
90% effective in most parts of Southeast Asia, but there is
significant resistance in parts of northern Thailand, Laos
and Cambodia. Tablets must be taken for four weeks after
leaving the risk area.
Malarone This new drug is a combination of Atovaquone
and Proguanil. Side effects are uncommon and mild, most
commonly nausea and headache. It is the best tablet for
Hepatitis A
A problem throughout the region, this food-
and waterborne virus infects the liver, caus-
ing jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), nausea
and lethargy. There is no specific treat-
ment for hepatitis A, you just need to allow
time for the liver to heal. All travellers to
Southeast Asia should be vaccinated against
hepatitis A.
The risk of contracting malaria in Bali is ex-
tremely low, but Lombok is viewed as a ma-
laria risk area. During and just after the wet
season (October to March), there is a very low
risk of malaria in northern Bali, and a slightly
higher risk in far western Bali, particularly in
and around Gilimanuk. So, if you are staying
in budget accommodation anywhere outside
of southern Bali, or trekking in northern or
western Bali during, or just after, the rainy
season, you should consider taking antima-
larial drugs and seek medical advice about
this. However, it is not currently considered
necessary to take antimalarial drugs if you are
sticking to the tourist centres in southern Bali,
regardless of the season - but confirm this
with your doctor prior to departure.
If you are going away from the main tour-
ist areas (Senggigi, the Gilis) of Lombok, or
further afield in Indonesia, you should take
preventative measures, even though signifi-
cant progress has been made in reducing
the number of mosquitoes in Lombok, and
therefore the risk of malaria and other insect-
borne diseases. The risk is greatest in the wet
months and in remote areas. The very serious
Plasmodium falciparum strain causes cerebral
malaria and may be resistant to many drugs.
For such a serious and potentially deadly
disease, there is an enormous amount of mis-
information concerning malaria. You must
get expert advice as to whether your trip actu-
ally puts you at risk. Many parts of Southeast
Asia, particularly city and resort areas, have
minimal to no risk of malaria, and the risk
of side effects from the tablets may outweigh
the risk of getting the disease. For most rural
areas, however, the risk of contracting the
Use a DEET-containing insect repel-
lent on exposed skin. Wash this off at
night, as long as you are sleeping under a
mosquito net. Natural repellents such as
Citronella can be effective, but must be
applied more frequently than products
containing DEET.
Hepatitis B
The only sexually transmitted disease that
can be prevented by vaccination, hepatitis
B is spread by body fluids, including sexual
contact. In some parts of Southeast Asia up to
20% of the population are carriers of hepatitis
B, and usually are unaware of this. The long-
term consequences can include liver cancer
and cirrhosis.
A final option is to take no preventive medi-
cation but to have a supply of emergency
medication should you develop the symptoms
of malaria. This is less than ideal, and you'll
need to get to a good medical facility within 24
hours of developing a fever. If you choose this
option the most effective and safest treatment
is Malarone (four tablets once daily for three
days). Other options include Mefloquine and
Quinine but the side effects of these drugs at
treatment doses make them less desirable.
Fansidar is no longer recommended.
Sleep under a mosquito net impregnated
with Permethrin.
Choose accommodation with screens
and fans (if not air-conditioned).
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is transmitted through contami-
nated food and water and has similar symp-
toms to hepatitis A, but is far less common.
It is a severe problem in pregnant women
and can result in the death of both mother
and baby. There is currently no vaccine, and
prevention is by following safe eating and
drinking guidelines.
Impregnate clothing with Permethrin in
high-risk areas.
Wear long sleeves and trousers in light
Still a common problem in most parts of
Southeast Asia. Rabies is a uniformly fatal
disease spread by the bite or lick of an infected
animal - most commonly a dog or monkey.
You should seek medical advice immediately
after any animal bite and commence post-
exposure treatment. Having pretravel vaccina-
tion means the postbite treatment is greatly
simplified. If an animal bites you, gently wash
the wound with soap and water, and apply an
iodine-based antiseptic. If you are not pre-
vaccinated you will need to receive rabies
immunoglobulin as soon as possible.
Use mosquito coils.
Spray your room with insect repellent
before going out for your evening meal.
There are a variety of medications available:
Artesunate Derivatives of Artesunate are not suitable as
a preventive medication. They are useful treatments under
medical supervision.
Chloroquine & Paludrine The effectiveness of this
combination is now limited in most of Southeast Asia.
Common side effects include nausea (40% of people) and
mouth ulcers. Generally not recommended.
Doxycycline This daily tablet is a broad-spectrum
antibiotic that has the added benefit of helping to prevent
a variety of tropical diseases, including leptospirosis, tick-
borne disease, typhus and melioidosis. The potential side
effects include photosensitivity (a tendency to sunburn),
thrush in women, indigestion, heartburn, nausea and
interference with the contraceptive pill. More serious side
effects include ulceration of the oesophagus - you can help
prevent this by taking your tablet with a meal and a large
glass of water, and never lying down within half an hour
HIV is a major problem in many Asian coun-
tries, and Bali has one of the highest rates of
HIV infection in Indonesia. Official HIV fig-
ures in Indonesia are unrealistically low and
it's believed the incidence of the disease will
increase significantly unless hospital proce-
dures are improved and safe sex is promoted.
The main risk for most travellers is sexual
contact with locals, prostitutes and other
travellers - in Indonesia the spread of HIV is
primarily through heterosexual activity.
The risk of sexual transmission of the HIV
virus can be dramatically reduced by the use
of a kondom ( condom). These are available
from supermarkets, street stalls and drug-
stores in tourist areas, and from the apotik
Sexually transmitted diseases most com-
mon in Southeast Asia include herpes, warts,
syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia. People
carrying these diseases often have no signs of
infection. Condoms will prevent gonorrhoea
and chlamydia but not warts or herpes. If
after a sexual encounter you develop any rash,
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By Jan Hittelman
An increasing concern for parents is the amount of time their children are spending recreationally on the computer and/or playing video games. The challenge for parents is determining what’s appropriate and how much is too much.
As more people engage in high tech recreation, there are increasing concerns regarding the effects of these activities and the potential harm of excessive computer and video game use. In 2007 both the American Medical Association and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry recommended a careful review of related research and the consideration of defining excessive computer and video gaming as an addiction.
As with other potentially harmful behaviors, certain symptoms must be considered before making the diagnosis of “addiction.” These include: the amount of time that is dedicated to the behavior, the degree to which the behavior interferes with healthy daily functioning, and any resulting detrimental physiological or behavioral effects.
Time dedicated to computer and video game use: While not necessarily research-based, many experts recommend limiting use to two hours a day. A more practical time guideline would be based on the individual and the impact of use on daily functioning.
Impact on healthy daily functioning: Excessive use is more of a concern if it negatively interferes with school performance, peer socialization, family interaction, exercise/weight control, and interest in other activities.
Physiological Effects: While more research is needed, there have been studies that report negative physiological effects. These include: light-induced seizures, sleep disturbances, back and neck pain, headaches, dry eyes and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Behavioral Effects: There are numerous studies that show a correlation between exposure to violent video games and aggressive thoughts or behavior. None of these studies, however, can demonstrate long-term impacts or conclude that video gaming itself causes aggressive behavior.
What’s a parent to do? The first step is to have an open discussion with your children regarding computer and video game use. If your child has a healthy social life and continues to function well at home and in school, simply monitoring use may be sufficient. If the amount of daily use time is excessive and/or you have concerns about your child’s social, emotional or behavioral health, try setting clear guidelines. In addition, consider gaming and recreational computer time as a reward for completing homework, household chores, or engaging in prosocial activities. Help your child replace use time with other fun activities. Simply taking away the activity and leaving a vacuum, will likely lead to conflict and efforts to “get around” newly imposed rules.
It is also important to understand that addictive behaviors are usually symptoms of underlying emotional challenges (e.g. depression, anxiety, social adjustment, etc.). Addressing the surface behaviors without treating these issues will only result in a reoccurrence of the undesired behaviors and/or new ones taking their place. If you have concerns about your child, consider an assessment by a mental health professional to determine the extent of the problem and better understand the underlying issues that may be fueling the behavior. |
B) Coming of the Railways
The first successful railway locomotive train ran in 1804 and Stephenson’s Rocket was designed in 1829. Railways then started to expand across the UK. Eventually the railway reached Cambridge during the Victorian Era, in July 1845. When Cambridge station opened the first trains travelled to London and Norwich. The old Great Eastern route to Cambridge had some of the fastest trains on it- with a train recorded going at 70mph! The Victorian design of the station was mainly the inspiration of architect Francis Thompson and was extremely grand in comparison to other stations on the route, with its arches and columns.
This history trail is narrated by the poet Michael Rosen, with script researched by Helen Weinstein and the team at Historyworks. This recording is part of a series of Cambridge history trails which have lyrics inspired by 'history beneath our feat' performed by local schoolchildren, with poems by the top poet Michael Rosen and songs by the funny team at CBBC's songwriters commissioned by Historyworks.
Trains, ships and buses all developed as methods of transport in the Victorian period, but it was the arrival of the railways that had the biggest impact connecting people and places speedily. Train travel was only possible when steam powered engines were invented, which uses coal fired up in a boiler to heat water to make the steam to power the engine. The first successful railway locomotive train ran in 1804. And after that the famous Stephenson’s Rocket was designed in 1829. People were a bit scared of trains at first because of accidents, but Queen Victoria used train travel, and the railway tracks expanded everywhere in what was known as railway ‘mania’, with rival companies competing for territory.
However, building railway lines and a station in Cambridges was not easy because of objections from the University. Whilst many places have a train station near their city centre, Cambridge’s station is curiously located by Romsey, over a mile from town with tracks that bend around rather than running through the centre. This was because over 20 locations were turned down. Colleges objected to the prospect of noise and amidst fears that the students would be tempted away on daytrips. There was also the possibility of girlfriends or boyfriends being attracted to visit distracting the students from their studies! So it was that the University agreed to a station as long as they could employ watchmen to spot and stop any university students who had bought a ticket with the intention of sneaking off for the day!
So eventually work started on a Cambridge line and the first ever timetable for Cambridge trains was published on 22nd July 1845. Just over a week later on 30th July the railway was officially opened to the public. The first lines went to London and Norwich. The Great Eastern Company had some of the fastest trains - with a train recorded going at 70mph on route to London! The trains had a non-stop time of 72 minutes from Liverpool Street to Cambridge, covering 55.75 miles on its journey. This was much faster than the coach and horses which took a whole day to get to London.
You may find this hard to believe but before the coming of the Railways, clocks around the country didn’t show the same time at the same time - which is a bonkers fact to get your head around! So your pocket watch in Cambridge could be showing a different time from your friend’s in Ely or Peterborough or Birmingham or York. Once a train line was going to go north linking all these places together, it was essential the clocks were synchronized. So it was that in 1880 “British tibme” was standardized across the whole country. Now trains could run to a set timetable.
As the railways boomed so Cambridge’s stagecoach buses, drawn by horses, declined. The old medieval routes of rivers with barges, and roads with horses , that had once made Stourbridge Fair so successful were replaced by railway tracks with locomotives. And then, following on from the coming of the railway, Stourbridge Fair declined.
Those who benefitted were the Navvies, many of whom had emigrated from Ireland where the Great Famine forced people to flee abroad to find work and food. Navvies took their name from “navigators” who had built the canals in the previous century, but in Cambridge they had other names too! Patrick Macgill, the Cambridge man known as the “navvie poet”, (because he had himself worked as a Navvie) called his colleagues “muck-men” and “moleskin slaves of the ditch” because of the nature of the dirty work, and the way that they shaped the landscape “one shovel of dirt at a time”. It was a dangerous job. Every mile of track that ran through easy terrain cost one man his life; for tunnels each mile cost three lives.
The Mill Road area was dominated by railway workers and their families, with one street in the 1901 census housing a huge number of railway workers including 4 porters, 2 fitters , 5 drivers, 1 boiler maker, 1 signalman, 2 guards, 3 railway clerks, 1 foreman, 1 shunter , 1 coal porter and an inspector. That’s a large number of railway workers, doing different jobs, but all living in one street. Historyworks commissioned a fun song about this fact, it was written by Dave Cohen, the CBBC’s Horrible Histories songwriter and it’s called ‘The Railway Workers’ song. You can find it on the website.
The coming of the railway led to lots of other jobs being created and it meant that even more railway workers had to be accommodated. They mostly lived within walking distance of the station in places like the Railway Cottages, which are still there, in a row, by the Railway Bridge on Mill Road. But there were even more workers who needed even more houses. Factories producing bricks and tiles lined Newmarket Road, Coldham’s Lane and Cherry Hinton, and a huge cement factory was located further down Mill Road. All these workers eventually became upset about wages and working conditions. They demonstrated in the famous General Strike of 1926, parading down Mill Road, singing and chanting. Because of the political activism, the area was often called ‘Red Romsey’ or ‘Little Russia’ with the combined name for the area being: ‘Russian Romsey’. Many people in Romsey are proud of this history and a big ‘R’ sculpture has been built by sculptor, Harry Gray to sit on the corner of Mill Road and Cavendish Road.
Not only did the railways create work and speed up trade routes for fresh produce and newspapers and post to reach destinations swiftly, it also provided the first opportunity for working class people to travel long distances for leisure at affordable prices. They were encouraged to use the weekend excursion trains for a cheap day return. I’ve written lyrics for a new poem and song, based on the Victorian posters, advertising day trips to the Crystal Palace Fireworks in London in August 1868, and day trips to the seaside at Walton-on-the-Naze in August 1876. It is called ‘Cambridge Railway Excursions’ and you can find the song and a film of me reading the poem on the website. Enjoy!
B) Coming of the Railways
In this section |
Wednesday, 21 October 2015
Electrostatic Discharge
ESD damage is usually caused by poor handling procedures. ESD is especially severe in low humidity environments. Electrostatic discharge is a pervasive reliability concern in VLSI circuits. It is a short duration (<200ns) high current (>1A) event that causes irreparable damage. The most common manifestation is the human body ESD event, where a charge of about 0.6uC can be induced on a body capacitance of 100pF, leading to electrostatic potentials of 4KV or greater. Whenever body comes in contact with plastic or other insulating material, static charge is generated. It can be a very small charge, as low as nano Coulombs, but it can cause potential damage to MOS devices, as voltages are pretty high.
We know that Q = CV V = Q/C V = It/C
A typical solution of the ESD protection problem is to use clamping diodes implemented using MOS transistors with gates tied up to either GND for nMOS transistors, or to VDD for pMOS transistors as shown in Figure 1. For normal range of input voltages these transistors are in the OFF state. If the input voltage builds up above (or below) a certain level, one of the transistors starts to conduct clamping the input voltage at the same level.
Clamping Transistor
These clamping transistors are very big structures consisting of a number of transistors connected in parallel, and are able to sustain significant current. The thick field NMOS used design is not suitable for deep submicron processes, and the thin field oxide NMOS presents oxide breakdown problems while interfacing between blocks with high power supply voltages. Scaling of VLSI devices have reduced the dimensions of all structures used in ICs and this has increased their susceptibility to ESD damage. Hence ESD protection issues are becoming increasingly important for deep submicron technologies. The gate oxide thicknesses are approaching the tunneling regime of around 35 Angstroms. From an ESD perspective, the important issue is whether the oxide breakdown is reached before the protection devices are able to turn on and protect them! [21]
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1. Very good information . Can you give more information ? |
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Locomotor rhythm and pattern generating networks of the human lumbar spinal cord: an electrophysiological and computer modeling study
The concept of the neural control of human locomotion has undergone changes in the past decades. In spite of the encephalization and the erect, bipedal mode of walking, independent observations imply that unperturbed locomotor patterns can be generated by similar spinal neural circuits as in other vertebrates [1, 2]. However, little is known about the organization of these rhythm and pattern generating networks in humans. It has been shown that the human lumbar spinal cord isolated from supraspinal control due to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) can generate rhythmic, locomotor-like activity in response to sustained epidural spinal cord stimulation of certain frequencies [1]. In the supine position, in which the subjects were tested, afferent feedback is minimized. The rhythmic activities consist of a series of stimulus time-related rhythmically modulated posterior-root muscle (PRM) reflexes, each initiated in posterior root afferents and electromyographically recorded as compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) [3]. The relation between individual stimuli and responses, as well as their characteristics, allow for the identification of mechanisms beyond the information gained from the overall electromyographic (EMG) patterns.
Here, EMG activities of quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior and triceps surae, bilaterally in response to epidural stimulation at 20 Hz-40 Hz were analyzed in 10 individuals with motor complete posttraumatic SCI. Forty segments (duration: 10 s) of rhythmical activities found in all four-muscle groups of one lower limb at the same time were identified in 7 subjects. Phases of bursting and suppressed activities were identified. Latencies of PRM reflexes were calculated. Furthermore, a computational network model of neurons with Hodgkin-Huxley-like membrane dynamics was developed to test whether hypothesized rhythm and pattern generating networks would reproduce the recorded data. A core rhythm-generating network model [4] was extended by adding conduction delays, presynaptic inhibition and dis-inhibition of parallel central pathways.
In all 10-s segments, rhythmical activities of all muscle groups had the same cycle frequency. In-between muscles, rhythmic activity occurred either synchronous or alternating, within phases resembling flexion or extension. No other phase-relations were observed. PRM reflexes constituting bursts during the extension phases had monosynaptic latencies. These responses were suppressed during flexion and were replaced by delayed, oligosynaptic PRM reflexes in quadriceps, tibialis anterior and triceps surae. Computer simulation confirmed that a network model with a half-center organization, phasic modulation of the monosynaptic reflex gain, presynaptic control of primary afferents together with the selection of alternative interneuronal pathways (within the flexor half-center) reliably reproduce the electrophysiological findings.
The electrophysiological data as well as the computer simulations give insight into the organization of the human spinal rhythm and pattern generating networks and reveal common control characteristics with the central pattern generators for locomotion described in animal experimental work.
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Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF), LS11-057; Wings for Life Foundation (WfL), WFL-AT-007/11.
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Correspondence to Simon M Danner.
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Danner, S.M., Rattay, F., Hofstoetter, U.S. et al. Locomotor rhythm and pattern generating networks of the human lumbar spinal cord: an electrophysiological and computer modeling study. BMC Neurosci 14, P274 (2013).
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• Spinal Cord Injury
• Central Pattern Generator
• Spinal Cord Stimulation
• Compound Muscle Action Potential
• Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury |
Gab About Generals
William Barksdale – Mississippi Fire-Eater
william-barksdaleWilliam Barksdale, in many ways, epitomized the image of the southern general during and after the Civil War. He was born in Smyrna, Tennessee on August 21, 1821, the eldest son of William Barksdale and Nancy Hervey Lester Barksdale. He studied law at the University of Nashville, but for the remainder of his adult life, he would be a hardcore Mississippian where he continued his practice.
At the outbreak of the Mexican War in 1846, Barksdale enlisted with the 2nd Mississippi Infantry Regiment, thus launching his military career. He rose to the rank of captain and quartermaster and fought alongside the infantry during the most pivotal battles of the war.
Charles Sumner beat by brooks photoAfter the war, Barksdale turned to politics and served in the US House of Representatives from March 4, 1853 until secession tore the country apart. Barksdale earned a reputation for himself as a “Fire-Eater” in Washington. He was vehemently outspoken about his views in favor of both slavery and secession, becoming one of the iconic Southern Democrats of the time. It’s reputed that he was beside Preston Brooks when he took a cane to Massachusetts representative, Charles Sumner, during one of the more heated debates pertaining to the future of their slowly dividing country.
This fiery enthusiasm for the Southern cause would get put to further use when Mississippi seceded from the Union in January of 1861. Barksdale resigned from his position in Washington and enlisted with the Confederate army. In May, he was given the rank of colonel for the 13th Mississippi Infantry, which saw action at Bull Run/Manassas, then again during the Peninsula Campaign the following summer of 1862.
ba2a41dce6c29c1ee85aaf94c652a89aIt was that summer when Barksdale would rise in the ranks and be promoted to brigadier general during the failed and bloody charge at Malvern Hill. His brigade, consisting of the 13th, 17th, 18th, and 21st Mississippi regiments, lost its brigadier general, Richard Griffith. Barksdale rallied his men, but the steep ground they needed to take around Boatswain’s Swamp was too much for any Confederate regiment to carry. Despite this, the brigade earned the name of “Barksdale Mississippi Brigade” and its namesake was promoted August 12, 1862.
Barksdale’s brigade was assigned to the division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws in Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia and would assist in taking Maryland Heights at Harper’s Ferry before moving across the Potomac to join Lee’s forces in Maryland.
At Antietam, Barksdale’s men played a part in saving the Confederate left flank from total collapse at the hands of Union General John Sedgwick. In the West Woods to the north of the gleaming white Dunker Church, the Mississippians countercharged, sweeping the Federals from the woods in a flurry of musket fire.
Despite this defense of the Confederate line, Lee’s army was forced back into Virginia to resupply and lick their wounds. However, Barksdale was eager for his revenge on the Yankees.
bark 4When their next major engagement opened upon the banks of the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Barksdale and his Mississippi infantry defended the town by sniping at Union engineers as they tried to construct pontoon bridges. They delayed the Federals’ advance for almost an entire day. While homes burned and shells exploded around them, the Mississippi Fire-Eater firmly held his ground, even up to the point when bluecoats were snaking their way through the streets. This became one of the first instances of urban warfare in American military history. It was at Fredericksburg that Barksdale famously said, “If Lee wants a bridge of dead Yankees, I can furnish him with one.”
The following May, Barksdale would fight a familiar enemy on familiar ground. Once more at Fredericksburg, the Mississippi troops were now upon the heights that overlooked the town to the west, mostly upon Maryes Heights and half on Telegraph Hill. Sedgwick, the general he had bested at Antietam, led his troops against the heights in a storm of a charge. The Mississippians fought in hand-to-hand combat against the four Union regiments. They were unable to keep the ground, but gained it back the following day. Allegations abounded against Barksdale that his failure to hold his portion of the heights cost the Confederates the battle. That debate spilled over into newspapers, tainting some of his reputation as a hard-fighting general.
Barksdale’s greatest military achievement, and his last, came at Gettysburg in July of 1863. Still attached with McLaws’ division, he and the rest of Longstreet’s command were ordered to attack northeast, up the Emmitsburg Road, to roll up the Union left flank. Barksdale’s sector of the line sat squarely in front of a salient formed by the notorious Union General Dan Sickles around the Peach Orchard.
13thchargegburgkunstlerTo Barksdale’s right was the straggling line of Kershaw’s South Carolinians, and ahead were several regiments of Pennsylvania troops along the Emmitsburg Road. With hat waving and white hair billowing in the wind, Barksdale and the rest of his officers upon horseback led the screaming Mississippians through the orchard. 1,400 southerners crashed into the Union line, peeling it wide open and sending the Federals scattering as far as the Wheatfield. An Alabamian witness described it as “grand beyond description.” A Union soldier shared in the sentiment and declared it, “The grandest charge that was ever made by mortal man.”
hummelbaugh-farm-mapBarksdale, however, would not live to hear of the way historians interpret his charge or how the battle would end for the Confederates. He was struck three times, once in the knee, once in the foot, and the other in the chest. He was knocked from his horse, but couldn’t be carried off the field immediately. Knowing he would die, he told his aide, W.R. Boyd, “I am killed! Tell my wife and children that I died fighting at my post.” He was later captured and taken to a Union field hospital at the Joseph Hummelbaugh farmhouse, where he died the next day.
Knowing Barksdale’s zeal for the Southern cause, it might have been a blessing that he was killed before he could see the end of the war and the degradation of the Confederate army.
220px-GenwillbarksdaleBarksdale’s remains were interred in the Barksdale family plot of Greenwood Cemetery, Jackson, Mississippi with no marker, but he has cenotaphs in both Greenwood Cemetery and in Friendship Cemetery, Columbus, Mississippi.
“Simply Murder: The Battle of Fredericksburg” by Chris Mackowski & Kristopher White
“Don’t Give An Inch: The Second Day at Gettysburg” by Chris Mackoswksi, Kristopher White, and Daniel Davis
3 thoughts on “William Barksdale – Mississippi Fire-Eater”
1. Good article! To learn much more factual information I recommend my recent definitive biography (first ever) WILLIAM BARKSDALE, CSA published by McFarland and also available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Please check it out! Best Regards, John Douglas Ashton
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; MACRO_DEMO.ASM ; ============== ; This aims to demonstrate the way Brass's more advanced macro system can be used ; to create less stupid macros. ; For example, TASM only allows you very simple macros - and only one replacement per ; macro. ; Brass allows you to have multiple macro replacements under the same macro name, with ; different signatures. ; A signature is the argument list of the macro. In TASM, it is always one wildcard per ; argument. For example: ; -- ; #define macro(var,arg,thingy) ... ; -- ; has a signature of *,*,* - three wildcards. ; Brass would allow you to do this: ; -- ; .define macro(var,arg) ... ; Signature of *,* ; .define macro(var,arg,thingy) ... ; Signature of *,*,* ; -- ; If you then called 'macro' with two arguments, Brass would use the first macro. If ; you passed three arguments, Brass would use the second. ; Brass also allows you to catch hard-coded arguments by surrounding them in {curlies}. ; For example, if your macro requires you to load something into A, and you pass A as ; the argument, you don't want it to generate ld a,a! You can then declare a special ; case, like this: ; -- ; .define macro(var,label) ld a,var \ call label ; Signature of *,* ; .define macro({a},label) call label ; Signature of a,* ; -- ; Brass works out the priority of macros for you, so you can define them in any order. ; In this case, calling macro(43,$5443) would use the first macro, but macro(a,$5443) ; would call the second macro. ; ; You cannot use expressions and expect them to work properly, unfortunately - they'll ; be caught by the general case. The reason for this is that for expressions to work ; properly, you must have all the label addresses correctly calculated. For the labels ; to work correctly and have the correct addresses, the code must be in a static state ; so that the size of code blocks can be calculated correctly. Macros change the size ; of the code. ; ; TO TEST: ; Assemble this using the command-line syntax: ; -- ; Brass macro_demo.asm -l macro_demo.txt ; -- ; Open the list file macro_demo.txt to verify that all is good :) ; Register loading bits: (normally, these would only be defined once for the entire file) .define ld_a(value)ld a,value .define ld_a({a}) .define ld_a({0})xor a .define ld_b(value)ld b,value .define ld_b({b}) .define ld_l(value)ld l,value .define ld_l({l}) .define ld_ix(value)ld ix,value .define ld_ix({ix}) ; ionPutSprite macro wrappers .define put_sprite(x, y, height, sprite) ld_a(x)\ ld_l(y)\ ld_ix(sprite)\ ld_b(height)\ call ionPutSprite .define put_sprite(x, y, sprite) ld_a(x)\ ld_l(y)\ ld_ix(sprite)\ ld_b(8)\ call ionPutSprite ; Use them! ; Put sprite at any old position: put_sprite(10,32,sprite) ; Same thing, but with a custom height: put_sprite(10,32,16,sprite) ; See what this does: (should just be xor a\ call ionPutSprite) put_sprite(0,l,b,ix) ; ...or even this! put_sprite(a,l,b,ix) sprite: ; Imagine that this is the sprite. ionPutSprite: ; Imagine that this is the Ion sprite routine. |
[SOLUTION] The Graduate
The Graduate (Nichols, 1967)General Instructions: For this week’s discussion, select a moment from The Graduate that utilizes cinematographic techniques in meaningful ways. Your goal is to explain how cinematographic techniques contribute to the mood/tone/meaning of your chosen moment. Be sure to avoid scenes that are covered, in-depth, in the lecture. Write 200+ words.The Basics: tell us when the scene takes place in the film, and very briefly (one sentence) state what is happening.The Techniques: IDENTIFY *all* of the cinematographic properties evident in the scene/moment. Only use technique terms from the book.The Meanings: Explain what this scene achieves in terms of meaning generation. Identify how some or all of the cinematographic techniques contribute to the meanings generated in your chosen moment/scene.The Meanings and The Bigger Picture: Explain, to the best of your ability, how the meanings generated in the scene/moment link up with broader themes or take-aways from the film overall.Suggestions: The readings, lectures, and supplementary clips are vital to completing this discussion assignment effectively. The book and lecture, in specific, demonstrate how to analyze techniques for meaning generation. [For reference: cinematographic techniques include: lens choice, focal properties, framing, hue, scale, depth of field, onscreen and offscreen space, speed of motion, camera distance, angle, height, level, movement, and optical point-of-view.] Your post should contain several terms from the chapter.At Least One Screenshot/Clip Required. Reminder: intentionally collecting and embedding screenshots is a requirement for this class. You are expected to collect YOUR OWN SCREENSHOTS. Its very obvious when students grab ones from another student’s post (!) or Google images (I know, tempting); the point is for you work with intent, to collect screenshots from the specific moment you are writing about. If you’d like to head back to the screenshot/video embedding sandbox, please do!
[SOLUTION] The Graduate
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I have never studied economics so the question might be very basic one and would need understandable answer: I would like to know the difference between Interest Rate term and Borrowing Rate term? As far as I understand the Borrowing Rate means when some company borrows money from the bank to pay for some internal staff needed to do their work (e.g. manufactury to buy some materials to produce their own products). Then company returns the money to the bank but with little additional fee and this additional fee is Borrowing Rate in % unit. Please confirm if this is correct. Even if it is, I still don't know the DIFFERENCE between Borrowing Rate and Interest Rate.
The Interest Rate is a more general term, and can cover all shorts of financial transactions where one expects by a contractual clause to get their money back plus "a little something" (I am not referring to the expected profit from an investment, where the "little something" is not a contractual obligation).
So you can talk about "the interest rate of a loan" but also of the "interest rate of a deposit in the bank".
The Borrowing Rate specifically refers to the Interest Rate that the entity under consideration (a business, a public sector, or an individual) has to accept to pay as this extra little something if they want to borrow funds.
So the "borrowing rate" is an "interest rate" - one among many kinds of interest rates.
• $\begingroup$ thank you for reply Alecos but i was asking about the DIFFERENCE and not definition of each term. $\endgroup$
– Timon
Mar 28 '17 at 20:02
• $\begingroup$ I would think that what I wrote shows what difference is there between them. And why are you writing "difference" in capital letters? $\endgroup$ Mar 28 '17 at 20:19
• $\begingroup$ @Timon But anyway I added a little something. But that's all there is to it. $\endgroup$ Mar 28 '17 at 20:21
• $\begingroup$ to emphasize the meaning of my message. Anyway, thank you again for your time for me. $\endgroup$
– Timon
Mar 28 '17 at 20:46
Your Answer
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Manganese Explained
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard brittle silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent, as a rubber additive, in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide.
Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.
Manganese was first isolated in 1774. It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt potassium permanganate. It occurs at the active sites in some enzymes.[1] Of particular interest is the use of a Mn-O cluster, the oxygen-evolving complex, in the production of oxygen by plants.
Physical properties
Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize.[2] Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic.[3] Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.
See main article: Isotopes of manganese. Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Several radioisotopes have been isolated and described, ranging in atomic weight from 44 u (44Mn) to 69 u (69Mn). The most stable are 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.2 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary decay mode in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is beta decay. Manganese also has three meta states.
Oxidation states
Oxidation states of manganese[8]
+2 , ,
+3 , ,
+7 ,
Common oxidation states are in bold.
The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from the regions of the Magnetes (either Magnesia, located within modern Greece, or Magnesia ad Sipylum, located within modern Turkey).[11] They were both called magnes from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male magnes attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as lodestone or magnetite, and which probably gave us the term magnet. The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia nigra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Michele Mercati called magnesia nigra manganesa, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese (German: Mangan). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name magnesium for the free element when it was isolated much later.[12]
Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove color from glass.[14] Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the Middle Ages until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from Venice.
Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. Ignatius Gottfried Kaim (1770) and Johann Glauber (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to permanganate, a useful laboratory reagent.[15] By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele used manganese dioxide to produce chlorine. First, hydrochloric acid, or a mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium chloride was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the Leblanc process was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the Weldon process. The production of chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching agents was a large consumer of manganese ores.
By the mid-18th century, Carl Wilhelm Scheele used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (now known to be manganese dioxide) contained a new element. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon.
The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the Spartan steel exceptionally hard.[16] Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic James Couper noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese with a form of Parkinson's disease. In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since.[17]
The invention of the Leclanché cell in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic depolarizer increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with nickel-cadmium and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The zinc–carbon battery and the alkaline battery normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathodic for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types.[18]
Occurrence and production
Manganese comprises about 1000 ppm (0.1%) of the Earth's crust, the 12th most abundant of the crust's elements.[19] Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm.[19] Seawater has only 10 ppm manganese and the atmosphere contains 0.01 μg/m3.[19] Manganese occurs principally as pyrolusite (MnO2), braunite, (Mn2+Mn3+6)(SiO12),[20] psilomelane, and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (MnCO3).
The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite (MnO2). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores, such as sphalerite.[21] Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, Gabon and Brazil. According to 1978 estimate, the ocean floor has 500 billion tons of manganese nodules.[22] Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s.[23]
For the production of ferromanganese, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace.[26] The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30 to 80%. Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by leaching manganese ore with sulfuric acid and a subsequent electrowinning process.[27]
In 1972 the CIA's Project Azorian, through billionaire Howard Hughes, commissioned the ship Hughes Glomar Explorer with the cover story of harvesting manganese nodules from the sea floor.[29] That triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules, which was not actually practical. The real mission of Hughes Glomar Explorer was to raise a sunken Soviet submarine, the K-129, with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books.[30]
An abundant resource of manganese in the form of Mn nodules found on the ocean floor.[31] [32] These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese,[33] are located along the ocean floor and the potential impact of mining these nodules is being researched. Physical, chemical, and biological environmental impacts can occur due to this nodule mining disturbing the seafloor and causing sediment plumes to form. This suspension includes metals and inorganic nutrients, which can lead to contamination of the near-bottom waters from dissolved toxic compounds. Mn nodules are also the grazing grounds, living space, and protection for endo- and epifaunal systems. When theses nodules are removed, these systems are directly affected. Overall, this can cause species to leave the area or completely die off.[34] Prior to the commencement of the mining itself, research is being conducted by United Nations affiliated bodies and state-sponsored companies in an attempt to fully understand environmental impacts in the hopes of mitigating these impacts.[35]
Oceanic environment
Many trace elements in the ocean come from metal-rich hydrothermal particles from hydrothermal vents.[36] Dissolved manganese (dMn) is found throughout the world's oceans, 90% of which originates from hydrothermal vents.[37] Particulate Mn develops in buoyant plumes over an active vent source, while the dMn behaves conservatively. Mn concentrations vary between the water columns of the ocean. At the surface, dMn is elevated due to input from external sources such as rivers, dust, and shelf sediments. Coastal sediments normally have lower Mn concentrations, but can increase due to anthropogenic discharges from industries such as mining and steel manufacturing, which enter the ocean from river inputs. Surface dMn concentrations can also be elevated biologically through photosynthesis and physically from coastal upwelling and wind-driven surface currents. Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging, preventing Mn from sinking to deeper waters.[38] Elevated levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into the water. The dMn can then travel up to 4,000 km due to the microbial capsules present, preventing exchange with particles, lowing the sinking rates. Dissolved Mn concentrations are even higher when oxygen levels are low. Overall, dMn concentrations are normally higher in coastal regions and decrease when moving offshore.
Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn2+ and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn (III,IV), such as MnOOH and MnO2. Soil pH and oxidation-reduction conditions affect which of these three forms of Mn is dominant in a given soil. At pH values less than 6 or under anaerobic conditions, Mn(II) dominates, while under more alkaline and aerobic conditions, Mn(III,IV) oxides and hydroxides predominate. These effects of soil acidity and aeration state on the form of Mn can be modified or controlled by microbial activity. Microbial respiration can cause both the oxidation of Mn2+ to the oxides, and it can cause reduction of the oxides to the divalent cation.[39]
The Mn(III,IV) oxides exist as brownish-black stains and small nodules on sand, silt, and clay particles. These surface coatings on other soil particles have high surface area and carry negative charge. The charged sites can adsorb and retain various cations, especially heavy metals (e.g., Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+). In addition, the oxides can adsorb organic acids and other compounds. The adsorption of the metals and organic compounds can then cause them to be oxidized while the Mn(III,IV) oxides are reduced to Mn2+ (e.g., Cr3+ to Cr(VI) and colorless hydroquinone to tea-colored quinone polymers).[40]
Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications in metallurgy. In minor applications (e.g., manganese phosphating), zinc and sometimes vanadium are viable substitutes.
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties, as first recognized by the British metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of Spiegeleisen, into steel for the specific purpose of removing excess dissolved oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus in order to improve its malleability. Steelmaking,[41] including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand.[27] Manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel.[42] [43] Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes.
Aluminium alloys
See main article: Aluminium alloy. The second largest application for manganese is in aluminium alloys. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to galvanic corrosion.[47] The corrosion-resistant aluminium alloys 3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most beverage cans.[48] Before 2000, more than 1.6 million tonnes of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese.
Other uses
Tetravalent manganese is used as an activator in red-emitting phosphors. While many compounds are known which show luminescence,[51] the majority are not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission.[52] [53] However, several Mn4+ activated fluorides were reported as potential red-emitting phosphors for warm-white LEDs.[54] [55] But to this day, only K2SiF6:Mn4+ is commercially available for use in warm-white LEDs.[56]
MnO2 + H2O + e → MnO(OH) +
Ceramic coloring
Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. The brown color of ceramic is sometimes the result of manganese compounds.[60] In the glass industry, manganese compounds are used for two effects. Manganese(III) reacts with iron(II) to induce a strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron(III) and slightly pink manganese(II), compensating for the residual color of the iron(III). Larger quantities of manganese are used to produce pink colored glass. In 2009, Professor Mas Subramanian and associates at Oregon State University discovered that manganese can be combined with yttrium and indium to form an intensely blue, non-toxic, inert, fade-resistant pigment, YInMn blue, the first new blue pigment discovered in 200 years.
Biological role
Biological role in humans
Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.[62] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys.[19] In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.[63]
Toxicity in marine life
Many enzymatic systems need Mn to function, but in high levels, Mn can become toxic. One environmental reason Mn levels can increase in seawater is when hypoxic periods occur.[65] Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. Specific tissues are targets in different species, including the gills, brain, blood, kidney, and liver/hepatopancreas. Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of immunocytes and their functionality, such as phagocytosis and activation of pro-phenoloxidase, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, pathogen distributions increase, and in order for organisms to survive and defend themselves against these pathogens, they need a healthy, strong immune system. If their systems are compromised from high Mn levels, they will not be able to fight off these pathogens and die.
Dietary recommendations
AgeAI (mg/day)AgeAI (mg/day)
pregnant: 2
lactating: 2.6
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.[69] [70] Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020 for manufacturers with US$10 million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021 for manufacturers with lower volume food sales.[71] [72] A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.
Biological role in bacteria
Biological role in plants
Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and has a metalloenzyme core containing four atoms of manganese.[73] [74] To fulfill this requirement, most broad-spectrum plant fertilizers contain manganese.
Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as nickel and copper.[75] However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level.[76] Manganese poisoning has been linked to impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders.[77]
Environmental health concerns
In drinking water
Waterborne manganese has a greater bioavailability than dietary manganese. According to results from a 2010 study,[83] higher levels of exposure to manganese in drinking water are associated with increased intellectual impairment and reduced intelligence quotients in school-age children. It is hypothesized that long-term exposure due to inhaling the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk.[84] However, data indicates that the human body can recover from certain adverse effects of overexposure to manganese if the exposure is stopped and the body can clear the excess.[85]
In gasoline
In tobacco smoke
The tobacco plant readily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals such as manganese from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during tobacco smoking.[87] While manganese is a constituent of tobacco smoke,[88] studies have largely concluded that concentrations are not hazardous for human health.[89]
Role in neurological disorders
See main article: Manganism. Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with manganism, a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation. Historically, persons employed in the production or processing of manganese alloys[90] [91] have been at risk for developing manganism; however, current health and safety regulations protect workers in developed nations. The disorder was first described in 1837 by British academic John Couper, who studied two patients who were m.[92]
Manganism is a biphasic disorder. In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles Parkinson's disease. Symptoms include weakness, monotone and slowed speech, an expressionless face, tremor, forward-leaning gait, inability to walk backwards without falling, rigidity, and general problems with dexterity, gait and balance.[92] [93] Unlike Parkinson's disease, manganism is not associated with loss of the sense of smell and patients are typically unresponsive to treatment with L-DOPA.[94] Symptoms of late-stage manganism become more severe over time even if the source of exposure is removed and brain manganese levels return to normal.
Chronic manganese exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.[95] This condition is not responsive to typical therapies used in the treatment of PD, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical dopaminergic loss within the substantia nigra.[95] Manganese may accumulate in the basal ganglia, leading to the abnormal movements.[96] A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease.[97] The Lewy bodies typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.[96]
Childhood developmental disorders
Several recent studies attempt to examine the effects of chronic low-dose manganese overexposure on child development. The earliest study was conducted in the Chinese province of Shanxi. Drinking water there had been contaminated through improper sewage irrigation and contained 240–350 μg Mn/L. Although Mn concentrations at or below 300 μg Mn/L were considered safe at the time of the study by the US EPA and 400 μg Mn/L by the World Health Organization, the 92 children sampled (between 11 and 13 years of age) from this province displayed lower performance on tests of manual dexterity and rapidity, short-term memory, and visual identification, compared to children from an uncontaminated area. More recently, a study of 10-year-old children in Bangladesh showed a relationship between Mn concentration in well water and diminished IQ scores. A third study conducted in Quebec examined school children between the ages of 6 and 15 living in homes that received water from a well containing 610 μg Mn/L; controls lived in homes that received water from a 160 μg Mn/L well. Children in the experimental group showed increased hyperactive and oppositional behavior.
The current maximum safe concentration under EPA rules is 50 μg Mn/L.[99]
Neurodegenerative diseases
See also
External links
Notes and References
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87. 3586865. 2012. Pourkhabbaz. A. Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 15. 1. 636–644. Pourkhabbaz. H. 23493960.
88. Talhout. Reinskje. Schulz. Thomas. Florek. Ewa. Van Benthem. Jan. Wester. Piet. Opperhuizen. Antoon. Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8. 12. 2011. 613–628. 10.3390/ijerph8020613. 21556207. 3084482. free.
89. 10.1080/15216540500459667. 16393783. Metals in cigarette smoke. IUBMB Life . 57. 12. 805–9. 2005. Bernhard. David. Rossmann. Andrea. Wick. Georg. 35694266. free.
91. 10.1023/A:1021970120965. 2002. Normandin, Louise. Metabolic Brain Disease . 17. 375–87. 12602514. Hazell. A. S.. Manganese neurotoxicity: an update of pathophysiologic mechanisms . 4. 23679769.
92. Couper. John. On the effects of black oxide of manganese when inhaled into the lungs. Br. Ann. Med. Pharm. Vital. Stat. Gen. Sci.. 1837. 1 . 41–42.
93. Cersosimo. M. G.. Koller, W.C.. The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism . NeuroToxicology. 2007. 27. 340–346. 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.006. 16325915. 3.
94. Lu. C. S.. Huang, C.C . Chu, N.S. . Calne, D.B. . Levodopa failure in chronic manganism. Neurology. 1994. 44. 1600–1602. 10.1212/WNL.44.9.1600. 7936281. 9. 38040913.
95. Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK . Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence . Toxicological Sciences. 146 . 2 . 204–12 . August 2015 . 26220508 . 4607750 . 10.1093/toxsci/kfv099 . Review.
96. Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M . Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features . Int J Environ Res Public Health . 12 . 7 . 7519–40 . July 2015 . 26154659 . 4515672 . 10.3390/ijerph120707519 . Review . free .
97. Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M . Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies . BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology. 17 . 1 . 57 . November 2016 . 27814772 . 5097420 . 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0 . Review .
98. Lazrishvili. etal. I.. Manganese loading induces mouse-killing behaviour in nonaggressive rats. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry. 2016. 16. 3. 137–141 . 10.4024/31LA14L.jbpc.16.03.
99. Web site: Drinking Water Contaminants. US EPA. 2 February 2015.
100. Prabhakaran. K.. Ghosh. D.. Chapman. G.D.. Gunasekar. P.G.. 2008. Molecular mechanism of manganese exposure-induced dopaminergic toxicity. Brain Research Bulletin. 76. 4. 361–367. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.004. 18502311. 206339744. 0361-9230. |
Viscum album explained
Viscum album is a species of mistletoe in the family Santalaceae, commonly known as European mistletoe, common mistletoe or simply as mistletoe (Old English mistle).[1] It is native to Europe and western and southern Asia.[2]
Viscum album is a hemiparasite on several species of trees, from which it draws water and nutrients. It has a significant role in European mythology, legends, and customs. In modern times, it is commonly featured in Christmas decoration and symbology. (V. album is found only rarely in North America, as an introduced species; its cultural roles are usually fulfilled by the similar native species Phoradendron leucarpum.)
It is a hemi-parasitic evergreen shrub, which grows on the stems of other trees. It has stems 30cm-100cmcm (10inches-00inchescm) long with dichotomous branching. The leaves are in opposite pairs, strap-shaped, entire, leathery textured, 2cm-8cmcm (01inches-03inchescm) long, 0.8cm-2.5cmcm (00.3inches-01inchescm) broad and are a yellowish-green in colour. This species is dioecious and the insect-pollinated flowers are inconspicuous, yellowish-green, 2mm3mm diameter. The fruit is a white or yellow berry containing one (very rarely several) seed embedded in the very sticky, glutinous fruit pulp.
It is commonly found in the crowns of broad-leaved trees, particularly apple, lime (linden), hawthorn and poplar.[3]
Several subspecies are commonly accepted.[4] [5] [6] [7] They differ in fruit colour, leaf shape and size, and most obviously in the host trees utilised.
European mistletoe is potentially fatal, in a concentrated form, and people can become seriously ill from eating the berries.[9]
The toxic lectin viscumin has been isolated from Viscum album.[10] Viscumin is a cytotoxic protein (ribosome inactivating protein, or RIP) that binds to galactose residues of cell surface glycoproteins and may be internalised by endocytosis.[11] Viscumin strongly inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The structure of this protein is very similar to other RIPs, showing the most resemblance to ricin and abrin.[10] [11]
Some birds have immunity to the poison and enjoy the berries, especially the mistle thrush which is named for its favourite food.
Culture, folklore and mythology
European mistletoe has always attracted popular interest and has been surrounded by a number of myths and legends. In cultures across pre-Christian Europe, mistletoe was seen as a representation of divine male essence (and thus romance, fertility and vitality). It still plays a role in the folklore of some countries.
Celtic world
According to Pliny the Elder, the Celts considered it a remedy for barrenness in animals and an antidote to poison, and sacred when growing on oak trees (where it is rare). He describes a Celtic ritual sacrifice and banquet at which a druid dressed in white would climb an oak tree to collect mistletoe using a golden sickle.[12] (This legend is often referred to in the popular Asterix comic books, where the druid Getafix is often seen collecting mistletoe with a sickle.)
Modern druids in the Americas may use the native American Phoradendron leucarpum as well as other mistletoe species.[13]
According to the 13th century Prose Edda, the goddess Frigg had all living and inanimate things swear an oath not to hurt her son Baldr. At a gathering, other gods tested the oath by hurling stones, arrows and fire at him, all in vain. But Frigg had not demanded the oath from mistletoe, because "it seemed too young" for that.[14] By a scheming of Loki, Baldr's brother, the blind god Höðr made an arrow from mistletoe and killed Baldr with it.
Ancient Greece and Rome
Mistletoe figured prominently in Greek mythology, and is believed to be the Golden Bough of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans.[15] Also in Greek mythology mistletoe was used by heroes to access the underworld.[16] The Romans associated mistletoe with peace, love and understanding and hung it over doorways to protect the household.[17]
Mistletoe is commonly used as a Christmas decoration, though such use was rarely alluded to until the 18th century.[19] According to custom, the mistletoe must not touch the ground between its cutting and its removal as the last of Christmas greens at Candlemas. It may remain hanging throughout the year, often to preserve the house from lightning or fire, until it is replaced the following Christmas Eve.[20] [21] The tradition has spread throughout the English-speaking world, but is largely unknown in the rest of Europe. (The similar native species Phoradendron leucarpum is used in North America in lieu of the European Viscum album.)
According to an old Christmas custom, a man and a woman who meet under a hanging of mistletoe were obliged to kiss. The custom may be of Scandinavian origin.[22] It was alluded to as common practice in 1808[23] and described in 1820 by American author Washington Irving in his The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.:
In Germany, the Christmas tradition is that people who kiss under mistletoe will have an enduring love or are bound to marry one another.[24]
Local symbol
Every year, the UK town of Tenbury Wells holds a mistletoe festival and crowns a 'Mistletoe Queen'.[17]
Mistletoe is the county flower of Herefordshire. It was voted such in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity Plantlife.[25]
Mistletoe is an ingredient of pomace brandy based liquor biska made in Istra, Croatia.[26]
Alternative medicine
Mistletoe leaves and young twigs are used by herbalists, and preparations made from them are popular in Europe, especially in Germany, for attempting to treat circulatory and respiratory system problems.[27] [28] [29] Use of mistletoe extract in the treatment of cancer originated with Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy.
Although laboratory and animal experiments have suggested that mistletoe extract may affect the immune system and be able to kill some kinds of cancer cells, there is little evidence of its benefit to people with cancer.[30] [31]
Bird trapping
The sticky juice of mistletoe berries was used to make birdlime, an adhesive to trap small animals or birds.[32]
The Latin word is the source of viscous.[33]
See also
Further reading
External links
Notes and References
1. D. Zuber (2004). Biological flora of Central Europe: Viscum album L. Flora 199, 181-203
2. O'Neill . A. R.. Rana . S. K. . 2019 . An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya . Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine . 12 . 14 . 14. 10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y . 26912113. 4765049.
3. Tree News, Spring/Summer 2005, Publisher Felix Press
4. Flora Europaea: Viscum album
5. Flora of China: Viscum album
6. Bean, W. J. (1980). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed. 4: 725-726.
7. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. .
8. Böhling, N., Greuter, W., Raus, T., Snogerup, B., Snogerup, S. & Zuber, D. (2003). Notes on the Cretan mistletoe, Viscum album subsp. creticum subsp. nova (Loranthaceae/Viscaceae). Israel J. Pl. Sci. 50 (Suppl.): 77-84.
9. Poison Control
10. Olsnes S, Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Pihl A . Isolation and characterization of viscumin, a toxic lectin from Viscum album L. (mistletoe). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257. 22. 13263–70. November 1982. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33440-9. 7142144. 2009-06-22. free.
11. Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Olsnes S, Pihl A . Action of viscumin, a toxic lectin from mistletoe, on cells in culture. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257. 22. 13271–7. November 1982. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33441-0. 7142145. 2009-06-22. free.
12. Book: Pliny the Elder . Natural History . Book XVI . true.
13. Taylor, Pat & Tony, The Henge of Keltria Book of Ritual, 4th ed. 1997"
14. Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda, pages 48–49. Everyman.
15. Virgil (19 BCE) The Aeneid
16. The Woodland Trust - Mistletoe: meaning, mythology and magic
17. BBC News - Tenbury Wells: Centuries-old romance with mistletoe
18. Book: Graham, Winston. Bella Poldark . Macmillan. 2002 . Chapter 6 . true.
19. Susan Drury, "Customs and Beliefs Associated with Christmas Evergreens: A Preliminary Survey" Folklore 98.2 (1987:194–199) p. 194.
20. Drury 1987.
21. Sydney J. Tanner. There’s more to mistletoe than just a kiss prompter. December 10, 2009
22. E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1898, s.v. "Kissing under the mistletoe" relates the custom to the death of Baldr, without authority.
23. In a newspaper advertisement for shaving products:'THE KISS UNDER THE MISSELTOE. Under the misseltoe the maid was led/Altho' she cried, No, she held up her head/To obtain a kiss: a sigh was heard./The reason why - Tom rubbed her with his beard' The Times (London, England), 13 October 1808; p.4
24. Zeit - Warum küsst man sich unter dem Mistelzweig?
25. Plantlife website County Flowers page
26. News: Rushby . Kevin . Cres, Croatia: island of ghosts and vultures . The Guardian . 20 August 2016 . 27 December 2017 .
27. Ernst E, Schmit K, Steuer-Vogt MK. Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cancer 2003;107:262-7, cited in BMJ 2006;333:1293–1294 (23 December)
28.,11475,4043,00.html Drug Digest
29. – A Modern Herbal | Mistletoe
30. Web site: Questions and Answers About Mistletoe . National Cancer Institute . 3 December 2015 . 24 March 2015.
31. Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M . Mistletoe therapy in oncology . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2 . CD003297 . 2008 . 18425885 . 10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2 . Systematic review. The review found that there was not enough evidence to reach clear conclusions about the effects on any of these outcomes and it is therefore not clear to what extent the application of mistletoe extracts translates into improved symptom control, enhanced tumour response or prolonged survival.. 7144832 .
32. Thomas B. Johnson. 1848. The sportsman's cyclopaedia. 940 p.
33. Web site: Harper . Douglas . viscous Origin and meaning of viscous by Online Etymology Dictionary . . 22 May 2021 . en. |
Hidden Ancient Stargate In the Sun Temple of Abu Gurab
The Abu Gurab Solar temples were originally discovered around 15km south of Cairo sometime around 1898 and 1901 as the two experts Ludwig Borchardt and Friedrich Willhelm von Bissing reported having come across a series of massive temples that were awfully strange, to say the least.
It was, later on, discovered that the area itself dated back to the First Dynasty of Egypt aka around 3,100 to 2,900 BC and to everyone’s surprise the temples themselves were rather strange from multiple points of view.
First off, the two discovered carvings inside which pointed towards sound being especially important for the priests in this temple. Secondly, inside one such temple known as the Userkaf temple, the team came across a massive central obelisk and altar.
Although the Userkaf temple was discovered around the 60s nobody knew what the purpose of the obelisk and the altar were until they discovered the fact that the temple’s harmonic resonances could in theory connect with the altar altogether.
So, what could the purpose of this altar really be after all? Experts believe that this was actually meant to be an ancient stargate all along.
That’s right, through this rather strange contraption it is believed that the ancient Egyptians would contact aliens or even go to them or transport them here.
Although there are still many that believe that it was originally meant to be a place for funeral ceremonies, the temple and the altar make no sense for the most part unless we take into consideration its harmonic properties.
Source: Infinity Explorers
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UDL is a framework that provides a blueprint for designing and developing flexible learning environments (i.e. online courses) that work for everyone. No more one size fits all.
From the CAST website:
“Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn.” This framework guides the development of learning environments that offer multiple means of:
Instructors can use UDL to guide the design of learning experiences or environments that are accessible and challenging for all.
Universal Design and Accessibility
While accessibility refers to course elements that need to be usable by learners with disabilities with or without adaptation, universal design addresses the needs of learners with or without disabilities. Accessibility is built-in the courses from the moment we are designing and developing the course.
Key principles of universal design include:
• Equitable use (Lecture notes are published online in a format that can be read by all learners, including blind students who rely on a screen reader).
• Flexibility of use (Students can access a printed version of a book or can use text-to-speech software if they access a digital version of the book).
• Simple and intuitive (Course navigation is simple and intuitive regardless of student’s experience. Learning modules or units are labeled with meaningful names and not a “WK#1”).
• Information is easily perceptible (Images can be perceived by visual learners; however, visual impaired learners depend on the alternate description that instructors provide on each image. A video presentation includes captions).
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Who Drafted Indian Evidence 1872?
Who is the father of Indian Evidence Act?
Sir James Fitzjames StephenThe Indian Evidence Act introduced a standard set of law applicable to all Indians.
The law is mainly based upon the firm work by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, who could be called the founding father of this comprehensive piece of legislation..
Is affidavit an evidence?
Affidavits are used in court as evidence. In some cases, if you make an affidavit you may not need to give evidence in person. In other cases you may still have to go to court to answer questions about the information in your affidavit.
Can affidavit once given be withdrawn?
What is Factum Probandum?
Latin] 1 A fact or statement of facts. For example, a factum probans (pl. facta probantia) is a fact offered in evidence as proof of another fact, and a factum probandum (pl. facta probanda) is a fact that needs to be proved.
When was Indian Evidence Act passed?
What do you mean by the Indian Evidence Act of 1872?
—This Act may be called the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. It extends to the whole of India 1[except the State of Jammu and Kashmir] and applies to all judicial proceedings in or before any Court, including Courts-martial, 2[other than Courts-martial convened under the Army Act] (44 & 45 Vict., c.
Where is Indian Evidence Act not applicable?
All the technicalities of the Evidence Act are not strictly applicable to Labour Courts and Tribunals, except in so far as Section 11 of the Industrial Disputes Act 1947 and the rules therein are permitted.
Who said that Section 6 res gestae is the weakest of whole evidence?
J. WigmoreWho said that Section 6 (Res gestae) is the weakest of whole evidence? Ans. J. Wigmore.
Can the judge be a witness?
What is punishment for wrong affidavit?
Situation 2 – If a person voluntarily files a false affidavit, then he/ she can be punished under section 191,193,195 and 199 of the Indian Penal Code for giving false evidence. Punishment for filing a false affidavit is punishable by imprisonment for a term ranging from 3 to 7 years.
What is evidence as per Indian Evidence Act?
Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 defines Evidence as – “––“Evidence” means and includes ––(1) all statements which the Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses, in relation to matters of fact under inquiry; such statements are called oral evidence; (2) all documents including electronic …
Who is accomplice under Evidence Act?
What is res gestae in law of evidence?
Res Gestae is a Latin word which means “things done.” This is the rule of law of. evidence and is an exception to hearsay rule of evidence that hearsay evidence is not. admissible. It is a spontaneous declaration made by a person immediately after an event.
Who may testify Indian Evidence?
118 Who may testify. —All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind.
What are the main features of the Indian Evidence Act 1872?
Important features of the Indian Evidence ActTHE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT TO BE KNOWN BY A LAW STUDENT- … 1) Court- Court includes all Judges and Magistrates,and all persons except Arbitrators,legally authorized to take evidence. … 2) FACT- The term ”fact” means and includes- … 4) Facts in issue- … 5) Document-More items…
What is the point of an affidavit?
An affidavit is used for the purpose of proving in court that a claim is true, and is typically used in conjunction with witness statements and other corroborating evidence. Through an affidavit, an individual swears that the information contained within is true to the best of their knowledge.
What are the 4 types of evidence?
What is Document Evidence Act?
Section 3 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 defines Document as,“Document” means any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter. |
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The person eye is full of amazing curiosities, but our pet friends have eyes that have evolved with part pretty amazing features and also defenses. Native extra eyelids come Superman night vision, we’ve noted some incredible animals and also facts around their eyes.
You are watching: How many eyelids does a camel have
Camels room often well known for their large humps that help to store them cool in the burning warm of the dessert, however that’s no the just evolutionary wonder castle possess.
How many eyelids do camels have
Their eyes have actually incredible protective attributes that assist them see, even in the continuous gusts of dessert sand. Very first up, their lengthy eyelashes which act prefer dusters. The lashes are attached to two sets that eyelids which likewise act together a shield indigenous the sand. They likewise have a third, much thinner eyelid which functions as a windshield wiper come clean off the eyes. It closes and opens side to side, rather than up and also down. It’s likewise thin enough that the camel have the right to somewhat see v it, essential for work with greater winds the stir up the sand.
Owls space mostly active at night, which way their eye are adjusted to darker conditions. Owls have actually much larger corneas and also pupils. Their retinas contain an abundance of light-sensitive rod cells which are sensitive to light.
Owls have actually superior vision throughout the night, they have to have restricted vision throughout the day. This is no true together their pupils have actually a wide variety of mediate that enable the correct amount of irradiate to fight the retina.
Can owls move their eyes?
Similar come the camel, the owl likewise has 3 sets the eyelids, consisting of a diluent layer which close the door diagonally. Owls also have the benefit of gift able to revolve their heads up to 270 degrees without damaging any kind of blood ship or tendons.
The huge Squid
The biggest eyes on the earth belong to the giant squid. They measure about 25cm (10 inches) across, about the size of a football. Also the largest animal on the world – the blue whale – only has an eye that procedures 11cm.
It’s frequently theorised the the gigantic squid has adjusted to have actually these big eyes to protect itself native the sperm whale. The large squid deserve to see light from approximately 120 meter away, however sperm whales obviously can’t bright in the dark, they execute however, frequently disturb other sea creatures that emit light, providing the gigantic squid a warning.
The Chameleon
Chameleons fascinate us through their capability to readjust colour, yet like many animals who live in excessive conditions, they have countless other survive mechanisms. Chameleons have unusual eyes, their eyelids cover virtually their entire eyeballs except for a little hole to let the pupil watch through. Your eyes deserve to move separately of every other, enabling it to find for both prey and other predators – talk around killing two birds with one stone.
Goats might seem choose docile farm yard animals, yet their eyes space as stealthy as a wild predator’s.
Take a closer watch at your eyes next time you visit grandmas farm. You’ll notification that their pupils room in reality rectangular, no round. This adaptation enables the goat to have a 320° field of vision and also no frontal remote spot.
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Never sneak increase on a goat if you recognize what’s an excellent for you.
So, there you have it, 5 amazing animals and also their significant eyes. I m sorry one surprised you the most?
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Wild Territories
Inhabitation creates a personal realm. All beings create their own realm to survive and proliferate. Inhabitation is instinctive as well as learned behaviour. The inhabitable realm is a spatial organization with an implicit environment. The spatial form and the environment are evident simultaneously as substantial realization of a functional usage. The functional usage is further ‘reinforced’ by tools, equipments, amenities, facilities, etc. The form, the environment, and the functional facilities, all together instill certain sensorial experiences. The sensorial gratification leads to improved form, superior conditioning of the environment and reinforcing of functional facilities.
Moving to unknown lands for inhabitation
The process of inhabitation begins as realization and occupation of a space. The inhabitation is an integrated approach of many interdependent elements, whose distinct identification is difficult. All beings have primarily a tactic (often instinctive) of occupying a spatial entity, which on sensorial gratification (including comfort) becomes a greater strategy (often intellectual) of inhabitation. The legacy of past experiences increases the capacity to occupy and inhabit a space entity. The reliance on intuition and the past experiences assures a ‘fail-safe’ response.
First occupation of a Space
Primary space occupation is cursory and minimal, using only the personal assets such as resetting of the bio-physiological activities. It is easier (being efficient) to adjust own-self rather than cause any change in the environment. However, the capacity to bio-adjust is temporary and limited in effectivity. Such a space occupation (personal- bio adjustments) is experimental, so notional and transient. It only offers realization that the space is survival worthy because it has some potential of size, shape, environmental qualities and sensorial characteristics. There is also recognition that this space can be: improvised in form, the environmental qualities reset and the sensual characteristics enriched for satisfaction and greater efficiency.
A person or a group perceive such potential accidentally or after an intensive search, and so consider it an asset worth hanging-on to it. The desire to own requires that the space remains consistent. However, the environment and the user or the user-group dynamics (interrelationship) vary continually. The original efficiencies (first realizations) may not remain valid in other circumstances. Yet the possession ensures some permanency in the space. The constancy is achieved by domestication of the space. The user converts the space, and in-turn exposes own-self to forces of change. The space adaptation is an elaborate cycle, where the user and the space change each other. The change in one aspect poses new possibilities elsewhere. The exploitative occupation of a space turns into a domesticated domain, and the process persists as inhabitation.
Space inhabitation is a matter of subsistence, so more considerate, realistic and longer lasting. Inhabitation involves devising means such as tools, equipments, plants, facilities, amenities, furniture and furnishings. The devices help build a space entity, temper the environment, and endow task efficiencies by adjusting the reach’ capacities.
Inhabitation is continuous process. The changes are often so subtle that the user may not be aware of it, yet over a period of time the minor changes accumulate to substantial modifications (like Charles Darwin theory of evolution). |
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HIST 270: History of Latin America in Colonial Times
Historical Context
Books can provide an overview of the time period, people, and events happening when your primary source was created.
Colonialism Past and Present
This collection of essays offers alternative readings of historical and literary texts produced during Latin America s colonial period.
Colonial Latin America
Examines the history of colonial Latin America before its independence.
Corruption in the Iberian Empires
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Best Answer
For two triangles to be congruent, their corresponding sides must be of equal length. But for triangles to be similar, they must only have equal angles. For there to be a SAS postulate for similarity, the two corresponding sides would have to be proportionate, not equal. If they were equal, the triangles would be congruent.
So, an SAS postulate for similar triangles would mean that two of the sides of the smaller triangle are, for example, half the two corresponding sides of the other triangle. If also the corresponding included angles are equal, then the two triangles would be similar triangles.
APEX: similar
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2015-09-24 22:08:48
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2014-06-24 22:41:41
No. SSA is ambiguous.
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Q: Is there an SAS postulate for similarity of two triangles also just as you have one for congruency of triangles?
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Related questions
Why are two congruent triangles also similar?
Search Definition of Congruency
What is SSS used for in geometry?
SSS is a postulate used in proving that two triangles are congruent. It is also known as the "Side-Side-Side" Triangle Congruence Postulate. It states that if all 3 sides of a triangle are congruent to another triangles 3 sides, then both triangles are congruent.
What are the uses of quadrilaterals in daily life?
From ancient times, properties of quadrilaterals have been used especially in art, design and architecture. Diagonal of a rectangle divides it into two congruent triangles and the idea of congruency especially in triangles had been used by Egyptians to build The Great Pyramids of Giza!!!!! The idea of congruency of triangles initially from diagonal of quadrilaterals also helped Leonardo Da Vinci to paint the world famous 'Monalisa'!!!!! So, what other wonders do you want from quadrilaterals????!!!????
What is the rule stating that if 3 sides of a triangle or congruent to another triangle they are congruent?
Rules for congruency of triangles 1. Sss- three sides are equal 2. Sas- when two sides and one angle are equal 3. Aas- two angles and one side are equal. Rules for similarity of triangles 1.aa - two anles equal hence third also 2. Sss - ratio of corresponding sides is equal.
What is postulate?
Postulate:- A statement that is accepted as true, that forms the basis of a theory, etc.It also has a synonym:- posit
Are equilateral triangles also scalene triangles?
Are right triangles also equilateral triangles?
Generally not
Is some right triangles are also equilaterial triangles?
All isosceles triangles are also equilateral triangles?
No. All equilateral triangles are isosceles, but not all isosceles triangles are equilateral.
What is also called an axiom?
In classical studies, it is also called a postulate.
Are some right triangles also the same as equilateral triangles?
Are some scalene triangles also right triangles?
If all corresponding sides and angles of two triangles are congruent those triangles are?
The triangles are also congruent.
What are the two kinds of geometry?
euclidean Geometry where the parallel line postulate exists. and the is also eliptic geometry where the parallel line postulate does not exist.
Are all equilateral triangles also isoscelles triangles?
Yes. But not all isosceles triangles are equilateral.
What is three types of triangles?
They are: right angle, isosceles and equilateral triangles There are also scalene and obtuse triangles
Are all scalene triangles also acute triangles?
no you can have an obtuse scalene triangle
True or false All equilateral triangles are also isosceles triangles?
True or false all isosceles triangles are also equilateral triangles?
What other discoveries helped Dalton formulate his postulate?
I am also without an answer
Rules that are accepted without proof Also called amioms?
its a postulate.
Are some right triangles are also equilateral triangles?
No because all right triangles have 2 legs and a hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is always longer than either leg so right triangles can't be equilateral triangles.
Are some scalene triangles also isosceles triangles?
Scalene triangles those triangles in which all the sides are of different lengths, but in isosceles triangles two sides of the triangle are equal in length. Therefore, no scalene triangle can ever be isosceles.
Can you show me the equilateral that is also an acute triangles a pictue of it?
All equilateral triangles are acute triangles, since all the angles are less than 90 degrees.
Which figure will contain 33 total triangles if figure 1 has 3 triangles and figure 2 has 5 triangles?
The simplest pattern is 2n+1, so the 16th figure will have 33 triangles. Of course, if you are creating new triangles and also keeping the old triangles, this would be different. |
People's attitudes towards the conservation of Australian wildlife is of particular importance as the types of attitudes people hold can have a significant impact on conservation solutions. We investigated attitudes held towards Australian wildlife and conservation solutions. A sample of 312 residents participated in an online questionnaire. An ‘ecoscientistic’ attitude was the most commonly held attitude, highlighting that wildlife are appreciated for the role they play within our ecosystem. There was a significant association between age and attitude towards Koala Phascolarctos cinereus and Crownof-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci conservation and a significant association between socio-economic status and attitude towards Brush-turkey Alectura lathami conservation. Most participants agreed that action should be taken towards wildlife conservation in the future. Conservation managers and other key stakeholders need to capitalise on this information to increase public support for Australian wildlife, and encourage conservation action. Significant associations between attitude and some sociodemographic characteristics were observed, however more research between attitude and sociodemographic associations is recommended, including in other regions of Australia and internationally.
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Can Turtles Get Out Of Their Shells?
Can Turtles Get Out Of Their Shells? How does a turtle’s shell work? Turtles are completely attached to their shells — it’s impossible for them to come off. In fact, shells grow with the turtle.
What happens if a turtle loses its shell? The shell of a turtle is attached to its body. If a turtle loses its shell, it will rip its body parts apart. The turtle will lose its covering, or rather its protection, and its body parts will be totally exposed. So the turtle will not be able to defend itself and will be an easy prey to its predators.
Are turtle shells removable? It is not possible for a turtle to “lose” its shell.
How do turtles look without their shell? Basically, to answer the original question, a turtle without its shell would look red, wet, and exceedingly dead.
Can Turtles Get Out Of Their Shells – Related Questions
Do turtles die when their shell breaks?
Can tortoises and turtles survive a broken shell
Do turtles flip over when they die?
Does a turtle die if it flips over
Do turtle shells feel pain?
A: Yes a turtle’s shell does have feeling! If you scratch a turtle, he will feel it just as if you were scratching his skin. He can also feel pain through his shell.
How do turtles pull their heads in?
Modern turtles are divided into two broad groups based on how they retract their necks: pleurodires, which turn their necks to pull their heads into their shells sideways, and cryptodires, which pull their heads straight back into their shells.
How do turtles see humans?
Turtles see humans clearly. They are even able to distinguish between people. Their eyes are similar to the humans’ eyes only that they can see more shades of red. They will, therefore, see humans with a reddish hue, but that does not hinder them from seeing the humans.
Can a turtle drown?
Because turtles have lungs and breathe air, they can drown. Believe it or not, there are reports of turtles and tortoises drowning in a shallow pan of water. If you think your turtle has drowned, the most important thing to remember is not to turn the turtle upside-down.
What is the lifespan of turtles?
What do turtles look like when they die?
A turtle or tortoise seemingly dead with no eyes and shriveled skin could simply be dehydrated. Furry areas or white specks of fungus can make it look like the turtle is in a state of decay although your lethargic pet is very much alive. Shell rot produces spongy areas and oozing smelly liquid.
Can you fix a broken turtle shell?
Repairing a cracked shell often requires your veterinarian to be creative, as no two cracked shells are exactly alike. However, the basic procedure will vary little from one injured turtle to the next. Then, by using turtle-safe epoxies and epoxy-impregnated fiberglass cloth, your veterinarian will cover the area.
Do turtles shell grow with them?
The turtle’s shell never falls off and is never too large or too small because it grows with the turtle. Just as your vertebrae grow with you, the same is true for a turtle’s shell. For most species, as the turtle and its shell grow, the scutes on the shell shed or peel away to make way for newer, larger scutes.
Can you super glue a turtle shell?
Depending on the situation, your vet may also repair the shell damage. For smaller wounds, super glue may be enough to hold it together. Larger wounds may require basically rebuilding the shell using patches made from fiberglass and epoxy resin or similar materials. The shell itself can then heal under the patches.
Why do turtles move after they die?
Their slow metabolism sustains their internal organs for far longer than a mammals causing them to completely die far more slowly. Essentially, cutting off their heads only makes them “mostly dead”. Reptiles stimulate impulses after death due to reasons, lets see snake for example.
What causes turtles to die?
How do you keep a turtle shell after it dies?
Preserving your turtle’s shell after it’s death
Can turtles feel their shell being touched?
Yes, sea turtles can feel it when you touch their shell. Sea turtle shells consist of bones, which are covered by a layer of so-called scutes (plates). There are nerve endings enervating even the bones of the shell. These nerve endings are sensitive to pressure, for example from a touch on the back.
Do turtles like their shells rubbed?
In fact, turtles do have nerve endings in their shells and a scratch seems to feel good. Our big sea turtles are no exception! So the next time you visit and you see one of the turtles shimmying their shell under a finger of coral, now you’ll know they’re just enjoying a good back scratch.
Do turtles feel love?
Turtles have many endearing attributes: They are quiet, cute and unassuming. But, while people might feel affection toward the slow-moving creatures when they timidly poke their heads out from their shells, turtles don’t share the same friendly feelings about humans. |
Where Do Snapping Turtles Lay Their Eggs?
Where Do Snapping Turtles Lay Their Eggs? Snapping turtles can normally be found at the bottoms of muddy ponds, rivers, marshes, lakes or any permanent freshwater habitat with ample aquatic vegetation. Although these large turtles are most comfortable in the water, they lay their eggs on land.26 Sept 2017
How do you find a snapping turtle nest? Preferred nesting sites include sandy areas like lawns, gardens, and road banks where a female turtle can dig a small hole to protect her eggs. Snapping turtles search for nesting sites between late May and late June.
What to do if a snapping turtle lays eggs in your yard? “There is a snapping turtle laying eggs in my yard – what should I do
How long does it take for snapping turtle eggs to hatch? approximately 80 to 90 days
Hatching takes approximately 80 to 90 days, but the hatch date can vary depending on temperature and other environmental conditions. Generally, hatchlings emerge from their leathery egg in August through October by using a small egg tooth to break open the shell.
Where Do Snapping Turtles Lay Their Eggs – Related Questions
Do Snapping turtles lay their eggs in the same place every year?
Snapping turtles lay their eggs seasonally, which means they do it at the same time each year – in spring and summer.
How deep are snapping turtle eggs buried?
between 5 and 7 inches
Can snapping turtle eggs be moved?
Is it ok to move a nest of snapping turtle eggs
Why you should not relocate turtles?
What do snapping turtles eggs look like?
(Clockwise from top left) Female snapping turtles use their powerful legs and tails to excavate a nest in soft soil; Eggs are leathery and look like creamy white ping pong balls; Snapping turtle hatchlings, about the size of a quarter, must make their way to water.
How can you tell if a baby snapping turtle?
Snapping turtles are easily recognized by their dark carapace (upper shell) with a deeply serrated back margin and a small plastron (bottom shell) that does not completely cover all of the animal’s flesh. Three low keels (or ridges) on the carapace of younger turtles often become obscure as the turtle matures.
Which animal eats turtle eggs?
How bad does a snapping turtle bite hurt?
According to a study in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology from 2002, a snapping turtle’s actual jaw strength registered between 208 and 226 Newtons of force. By comparison, humans average a bite force of between 300 and 700 Newtons when we bite with our molars.
Do snapping turtles eat lettuce?
Plants that pet snapping turtles will eat and are available at pet stores include duckweed, water hyacinths and water weeds. They can also eat romaine lettuce, mustard greens and other leafy greens.
What do snapping turtles do in the winter?
What eats common snapping turtles?
What do snapping turtles eat baby?
They eat earthworms, small fish and tadpoles, and later on in life, frogs and baby mice. Most pet stores carry live food, so you don’t have to catch your own earthworms. Snapping turtles also eat live insects such as crickets or mealworms, something many pet stores sell.
Should I protect snapping turtle eggs?
Snapping turtles do not protect their eggs or young. Instead, build a cage around the eggs. Leave the eggs in place. If you must move the eggs then do so carefully, taking great care to keep them right side up.
Do turtles die if you move them?
They spend their entire lives–which can span over a hundred years–in one small area and, if moved, they will spend the rest of their life trying to get home, crossing through unfamiliar territory and usually dying in the process. This is a great loss. Box turtles are an integral part of the forest ecosystem.
Is it OK to relocate turtles?
It is illegal to capture, collect, possess, purchase, propagate, sell or transport native reptiles or amphibians in California. The Department of Fish and Wildlife is urging tenderhearted nature lovers to stay away from the slow-moving reptiles unless the animal’s shell is cracked or it is obviously injured.
Is it OK to relocate a box turtle?
DO NOT RELOCATE the turtle. Box turtles have a homing instinct and they will try to get back to the area they came from. If you move it far from it’s home you will cause it to likely get killed trying to get back to it’s home, so leave it in the area found, do not bring it to a nicer park.
Should you help baby snapping turtles to the water?
If you find a hatchling Snapping Turtle on the road, move it toward Mud Lake. Hatchlings will not bite and there is no danger in handling them. I usually release hatchlings 15 cm (6 inches) or more from water to give them a choice as to where they go.2 Sept 2015 |
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Soy allergy: Allergic reaction to soy and soy products
1. Soy is a product of soybeans, which are in the legume family (along with beans, lentils, peas and peanuts). It is a common ingredient in infant formulas and many other processed foods. Some patients, especially young children, have an allergic reaction to soy and soy products. Nausea, rashes and a stuffy nose are some of the common signs of a soy allergy. Very sporadically, a serious, life-threatening reaction with difficulty in breathing and other serious signs develops. Drug treatment can be used for both mild and severe symptoms.
Soybean sources
1. In addition to soymilk, soy ice cream, soy cheese, soy yogurt, soy flour and soy sauce, soy is found in some infant formulas, canned broths, soups, canned tuna, processed meats and hot dogs, energy bars, cereals, pastries and many other processed foods. Soy is also a common ingredient in Asian cooking and is sometimes found in chicken nuggets, low-fat peanut butter, alternative nut butter and vodka. Patients with a soy allergy should also not be allowed soy milk, soy yoghurt
Epidemiology of allergy to soy and soy products
1. Soy allergies are one of the most common food allergens in young children. Allergic Reactions
Causes of soy allergy
1. Food allergies are the result of a reaction of the immune system. With a soy allergy, the immune system thinks that certain soy proteins are harmful. In response to this, immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are produced against the soy protein (allergen = triggering agent of an allergic reaction). The next time the patient comes into contact with soy, these IgE antibodies recognize the allergen and instruct the immune system to release histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream. Histamine and other substances in the body cause a variety of allergy symptoms. Histamine is partly responsible for most allergic reactions, including a runny nose, itchy eyes, a dry throat, a rash and hives, nausea, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and anaphylactic shock
Risk factors
1. If other allergies such as hay fever, asthma, hives or eczema (chronic skin disease with dry skin and itchy skin) are present in family members, a patient is more likely to experience an allergic reaction to soy and soy products. In addition, patients suffering from other allergies such as a wheat allergy, a bean allergy, a milk allergy
1. Mild signs
Diagnosis and investigations
1. The allergist goes through the medical history
Treatment of food allergy
1. Avoid soy
Prognosis of allergic reaction to soy
1. Seventy percent of children eventually outgrow a soy allergy before the age of ten. Other patients last longer and sometimes even into adulthood.
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When a crank rotates with uniform speed it has
This question was previously asked in
MPSC AMVI Official Paper 2: Set A/2013
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1. only radial acceleration
2. only tangential acceleration
3. only Coriolis acceleration
4. None of the above
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : only radial acceleration
ST 1: Building Materials
20 Questions 20 Marks 20 Mins
Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDF
F1 Ashiq 26.9.20 Pallavi D2
Let a crank OA, of radius r, rotate in a circular path in the clockwise direction. It has an instantaneous angular velocity ω and an angular acceleration α in the same direction.
Tangential velocity of A is va and va = ωr.
In a short interval of time 'dt', let OA assumes a new position OA' by rotating through small angle 'dθ'.
Angular velocity of OA' is ω' and ω' = ω + αdt.
Tangential velocity of A' is va' and va' = (ω + αdt)r.
The tangential velocity of A' may be considered to have two components, one perpendicular to OA and the other parallel to OA.
Due to these velocity differences in different directions, there will be two components of acceleration also.
Acceleration of A ⊥ to OA = Tangential acceleration of A relative to O.
It is denoted by ftao.
Tangential acceleration = αr.
Accleration of A // to OA = Centripetal or radial acceleration of A relative to O which is directed towards centre.
It is denoted by fcao.
Centripetal or radial acceleration = v2/r.
Coriolis acceleration:
It comes into picture when a point is in motion relative to a moving body for example, the motion of a slider on a rotating link.
The crank rotates with angular speed i.e the motion is relative to a fixed body, ∴ no Coriolis acceleration will be present.
Tangential acceleration = αr
∵ α = 0, tangential acceleration is zero. [α = dω/dt and ω = constant].
Centripetal or radial acceleration = v2/r.
∴ radial/centripetal acceleration = ω2r (∵ v = ωr).
∴ Crank rotating with uniform speed has only radial acceleration.
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Human Herpesvirus
Antibodies (by target):
Human Herpesvirus Antibody Products by Targets
Herpesvirus genome organization and morphogenesis.Fig.1 Herpesvirus genome organization and morphogenesis.
Life cycle of HHV-6B. Fig.2 Life cycle of HHV-6B.
Human Herpesvirus Background
The relationship between herpesvirus and human may have started thousands of years ago. Human herpesvirus (HHV) is a ubiquitous virus, once the first infection occurs, they remain in the body of infected individuals (incubation period) for life. HHVs cause a variety of diseases, infection is usually benign, but may cause different clinical manifestations in immunocompromised individuals.
Virus Classification and Structure of HHV
HHV belongs to Herpesviridae family, which is divided into three subfamilies: α-herpesvirinae, β-herpesvirinae and γ-herpesvirinae. Their differences lie in their viral and structural characteristics, as well as their pathogenicity potential. All viruses in the university are double-stranded DNA viruses. Different types of herpesviruses have similar structural characteristics. The list of herpesviruses infecting humans is shown in Table 1.
Virus Synonymous Subfamily Abbreviation
Human herpesvirus 1 Herpes simplex-1 α HSV-1/HHV-1
Human herpesvirus 2 Herpes simplex-2 α HSV-2/HHV-2
Human herpesvirus 3 Varicella-zoster α VZV/HHV-3
Human herpesvirus 4 Epstein-Barr γ EBV/HSV-4
Human herpesvirus 5 Cytomegalovirus β CMV/HHV-5
Human herpesvirus 6 None β HHV-6
Human herpesvirus 7 None β HHV-7
Human herpesvirus 8 None γ KSHV/HHV-8
Table 1. Members of the human herpesvirus family.
Since Herpes Simplex Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Varicella-zoster Virus and Cytomegalovirus are introduced separately, only the remaining viruses (HHV-6, 7, 8) are listed here.
• HHV-6 and 7
HHV-6 and HHV-7 belong to the Roseolovirus genus of the β-herpesvirus subfamily. HHV-6 is divided into two varieties, HHV-6A and HHV-6B. The size of virus particles is 160 nm to 200 nm, which has typical morphological characteristics of herpesvirus particles (a central core contains virus DNA, the size of capsid is 90 nm to 110 nm, and a tegument layer surrounded by membrane structure).
Schematic representation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 genomes.Fig.3 Schematic representation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 genomes. (Campadellifiume, 1999)
Primary HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections can cause a common early high fever infection syndrome, known as infantile violet (Rosola infantum) or exanthem subitum. HHV-6 is associated with transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation. In other types of transplants, the effects of HHV-6 are rarely relevant. HHV-7 has been studied under several types of conditions, but its effect is still unclear.
• HHV-8
The genome of HHV-8 consists of a long and unique region (140.5 kb), which encodes more than 80 open reading frames (ORFs), surrounded by terminal repeat regions (TRS) with high G + C content composed of 801 base pair direct repeat units.
HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and can lead to the death of immunosuppressed patients, especially acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Its genome is characterized by a large number of unique genes encoding human cell protein homologues. Recent studies have confirmed that many of these viral homologues are bioactive proteins, which can regulate growth, differentiation and cell survival, indicating that they may play a role in autocrine/paracrine stimulation of KS tumor cells or directly responsible for cell transformation.
The HHV-8 genome.Fig.4 The HHV-8 genome. (Foreman, 2001)
What Creative Biolabs offers?
HHV is infectious, which means they spread from person to person. In order to better understand the antigen structure of HHV and find an effective treatment for HHV infection, Creative Biolabs provides a large number of anti-HHV antibodies for hot targets to meet the needs of customers.
For special HHV antibodies, our expert team has the ability to provide comprehensive services for specific project needs, including:
If you are interested in our anti-HHV antibody products or services, please feel free to contact us for more details.
1. Campadellifiume, G., et al. “Human herpesvirus 6: An emerging pathogen.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 5.3 (1999): 353-366.
2. Foreman, K. E. "Kaposi's sarcoma: the role of HHV-8 and HIV-1 in pathogenesis." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3.09 (2001): 1-17.
3. Barnes J, Wilson D W. Seeking Closure: How Do Herpesviruses Recruit the Cellular ESCRT Apparatus? Journal of Virology. 2019.
4. Bolle L D, Naesens L, Clercq E D. Update on Human Herpesvirus 6 Biology, Clinical Features, and Therapy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2005.
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PH Pulsatile Tinnitus From Allergies
White noise is a form of sound this is not unsafe or irritating on your hearing.
Not only may it cause noise in your ears, but it can also lead to various health concerns in you.
buy tinnituscontrol
Doctors have a whole lot of hypotheses on what causes Tinnitus, but the absolutely clarification is that it is caused by exposure to loud noises. Despite the incontrovertible fact that doctors have numerous hypotheses as to why this happens, the obviously clarification is exposure to a noisy environment. It was just some years ago that doctors were still unable to recognize tinnitus as a probably life-threatening health situation. People who have fought in battles are often plagued by this condition, that is attributable to the loud noises which are current on the battlefield. Prolonged publicity to loud noise is harmful, and it is a fairly generic reason behind tinnitus in both babies and adults. Tinnitus is more prone to develop with repeated exposure to loud noise, although even a single publicity to loud noise can induce severe tinnitus in some people. One of the commonest causes of ear infections is the presence of loud ringing noises. Excessive noise on your daily atmosphere, reminiscent of gunshots and high-intensity music, could have long-lasting and hazardous consequences in your ears. Tinnitus is produced by damage to the hair cells in the ear as a result of publicity to loud noises. It is vital to notice that, while the damaged ear is the cause or “trigger” of the tinnitus, it’s not always the source or “generator” of the condition. The most standard cause of tinnitus is publicity to excessive noise.
Tinnitus Control
Tinnitus can impact a number of sections of your ear, including the outer, middle, and inner ear, depending on where it occurs.
Severe episodes of Meniere’s sickness can cause people to lose their stability and fall to the ground, inflicting them to injure themselves.
If so, congratulations! As a result, it is extremely likely that you’ve got heard that there is not anything that can be done to help your situation as a result of only about 5 % of tinnitus cases can be treated with classic remedy. While that doesn’t sound very encouraging on its own, there is reason to be constructive in regards to the other 95 % of folk that suffer with tinnitus. The use of home tinnitus treatment may be very a hit for almost all of people who suffer from the situation. If you have tinnitus and need to learn about things you can do at home to aid reduce your indicators, please accept as true with the following common sense warning. If you are experiencing tinnitus indicators and have not yet seen a doctor about them, make sure to make an appointment to have your symptoms evaluated as soon as possible. Tinnitus can be brought on by a range of disorders, a few of which can be treatable with common methods. Consider the case of high blood force, which is among the known causes of tinnitus. Your doctor might be useful you in dealing with this condition. Tinnitus can occur as a side effect of the usage of bound drugs or pharmaceutical combos, wherein case your doctor may help you by providing different treatments. Additionally, something critical, comparable to a tumor, may be underlying your tinnitus indicators, and also you would need your doctor to be conscious about this. Critical cases like that are quite rare, but you should have them checked out simply to make sure they are not there in the first place.
Patients’ diets should be supplemented with nutrients A, B, E, zinc, and choline, among other meals.
If you have it, you’re most not at all alone; over 66 million people in the USA be afflicted by it.
Another aspect that may have a role is stress. Tinnitus Control Another aspect that may have a role is stress.
The following are some suggestions to get you started. |
Back to Giselle home
Leandre Madame Bovary frontispice 1
The Anti-Giselle: Madame Bovary
Giselle is a young girl with romantic ideas who kills herself when she is betrayed by a dissembling lover. The story of Flaubert’s Madame Bovary is parallel but opposite.
Emma Bovary gets romantic ideas after her mother dies and she is married off to the equivalent of Hilarion. She has an affair with a rich seducer, the equivalent of Loys/Albrecht. He then horribly betrays her. She despairs and ends up killing herself. Unlike Giselle, Emma Bovary has no after-life and no redemption. Her life ends in penury and degradation. Her lover is unrepentant and unpunished.
Giselle premièred in 1841 but is set rather vaguely in the Rhineland at some earlier time. Madame Bovary, published in 1857, is set quite precisely in early 19th century Normandy (in the period 1827-1846). However, despite the distance between Giselle’s Rhineland and Emma’s Normandy, the situations of the two heroines are very similar. Both are vulnerable young women ripe for exploitation in a world of unscrupulous men.
When Madame Bovary was first published it was prosecuted for obscenity as "an outrage to public and religious morals". But anyone reading it would have recognised the plausibility of its plot.
By the same token, everyone who watched Giselle when it was first produced, while they would, no doubt, have enjoyed its romantic, redemptive story, would also have understood that, in the real world, Giselle’s career might much more closely have resembled Emma’s.
Mario Vargas Llosa writing about Madame Bovary says, "Emma's drama is the gap between illusion and reality, the distance between desire and its fulfillment". You could say exactly the same about Giselle.
Both masterworks, they present two sides of the same sad coin.
If you read Madame Bovary in the light of the ideas presented here, you may be intrigued to find two scenes in particular: a ball that Emma attends where she is taught to waltz by a Viscomte; and a detailed account of a visit to the opera where Emma sees a production of Lucia di Lammermoor. It is not entirely a coincidence that this is the Romantic opera that was presented as the first part of the double-bill with Giselle when it debuted in London in 1842.
1 Flaubert, Gustave (1857) Madame Bovary |
by Jonathon Sullivan MD, PhD, SSC
Preserving muscle tissue also helps preserve heart, brain, and bone tissue.
(This blog post was subsequently produced as a video, which you can view below.)
In emergency medicine, you often hear the phrases “time is brain,” “time is bowel,” or “time is muscle.” These aphorisms reflect the urgency of preserving critical tissues that are in danger of being lost without restoration of blood flow or relief of pressure. In the setting of stroke or cerebral ischemia, blood flow must be restored or the patient will lose brain tissue, which is every bit as bad as it sounds. In the setting of mesenteric ischemia, circulation to the gut is impaired, and without remediation the patient will end up with dead bowel, which carries an extremely high mortality. When ER docs say “time is muscle,” they mean heart muscle, which is being lost every minute that a coronary artery remains blocked. Other forms of tissue destruction are more gradual and apparently less urgent, but almost as devastating. Loss of pancreatic beta cells due to metabolic syndrome and “burnout” results in progressive and eventually irreversible Type 2 Diabetes. Loss of bone tissue culminates in full-blown osteoporosis and eventually pathological fractures that can cripple or kill. Loss of cartilage…well, I don’t have to tell you how much that sucks.
Tissue loss due to injury, illness, and chronic degeneration are part of aging, and not a good part. Loss of brain or heart tissue is potentially devastating, of course, and in my specialty they were a primary focus of medical practice. Entire critical-care teams stood ready to intervene if I identified a patient with a stroke or a heart attack. With one phone call, I could have a cardiac patient whisked away to the cath lab to open a coronary, or activate a stroke team to treat a cerebral infarction with clot-buster (thrombolytics). Dying gut was a surgical emergency and a quick trip to the interventional radiology suite or the OR. Delay in diagnosis and intervention was not acceptable. Time is tissue.
In emergency practice, the loss of bone and beta cell mass and cartilage due to slow degeneration was rather less urgent. Although at some level we recognized that such degeneration was serious, it wasn’t emergent. It was something for the patient’s primary physician to deal with. The problem, of course, is that all too often it wasn't dealt with. Modern medicine is fixated on medical interventions, with pharmaceuticals and procedures and, oh, all right then, eat-better-and-get-some-exercise.
Time is muscle and brain and gut. But time is also bone, cartilage, and beta cell mass.
And time is also skeletal muscle. When an emergency doctor says “time is muscle,” you can bank odds that he’s not talking about the patient’s hamstrings, hip abductors, and shoulders. He’s talking about heart muscle. And that’s appropriate right now. But if somebody (like, say, the patient or his primary doctor) had emphasized that time is also skeletal muscle, then we might have avoided altogether a scenario in which time is heart muscle.
We are now well past the stage where we understood skeletal muscle as only a motor organ—elaborate, miraculous, beautifully engineered, yes, but a motor organ nonetheless. It is most certainly that, but thanks to the groundbreaking work of Pederson and many others we now know that it is much more.
Muscle is now understood by biologists to be a secretory organ…a gland. Dozens of signaling molecules are released by muscle, and receptors for these signaling molecules are found in muscle itself, in pancreas, liver, fat tissue, bone, gut, immune tissues, brain, and heart. These myokine signaling molecules regulate metabolism, sleep, neuroplasticity, inflammation, fat accretion, appetite, cardiac and bone remodeling, and many other processes. So the effects of muscle as an endocrine organ are every bit as far-reaching and important for health as those of the thyroid or the adrenals.
This is both good and bad, because the myokine profile of trained, exercising muscle is different from that of untrained, atrophic, sedentary muscle. Untrained muscle therefore has direct and unhealthy signaling impacts on inflammation, fat storage, cardiac modeling, brain tissue modeling and retention, bone density, and metabolism.
Even if muscle were merely a motor organ, its retention and training would be mandatory for healthy aging. Strong muscle yanks on bones in a way that mechanically stimulates them to grow. Exercising muscle consumes calories and indirectly exercises the heart and lungs, to their benefit. Trained muscle tissue increases our strength, power, endurance, balance, body composition, and resistance to injury and illness. But we now know that trained muscle is also a trained gland, the most massive gland in the body, and that maintaining that gland in a healthy condition is critical for healthy aging in ways that transcend the mechanical effects of making our muscles bigger and stronger. Training our muscles preserves more than just strength and function. Training muscle preserves other tissues as well, by maintaining a myokine hormone profile that signals to the entire organism that it’s not even close to done living. In the catastrophic arena of emergency medicine, time (in minutes) is heart and brain. But in the arena of life, time (in years) is also skeletal muscle. If we take that time, now, to train muscle rather than lose it, then skeletal muscle is also heart and brain, and with luck we may never find ourselves in the situation where we are losing heart and brain tissue by the second.
Jonathon Sullivan MD, PhD, SSC, PBC is a retired emergency physician and research physiologist, and the owner and head coach of the Greysteel Strength and Conditioning Clinic in Farmington Hills Michigan, which specializes in training adults over 50. He is the author of The Barbell Prescription: Strength Training for Life After Forty, with Coach Andy Baker.
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