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Download Full-Text PDF Cite this Publication Text Only Version Manasvini Agrawal1 Nidhi Maru2 Priyanka Mangal3 1,2 Student,Deptt. Of Comp. Engg 3 Lecturer,Deptt. Of Comp. Engg. Mandsaur Institute of Technology,Rewas Devra road, Mandsaur (M.P.) Key-words- Hydraulics, Actuation, Sensing etc. The concept in creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. The modern concept began to be developed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution which allowed for the use of complex mechanics and the subsequent introduction of electricity. This made it possible to power machines with small compact motors. Today, it is now possible to envisage human sized robots with the capacity for near human thoughts and movement. The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots simple fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which allowed production without the need for human assistance. Digitally controlled industrial robots and robots making use of artificial intelligence have been built since the 1960s. Throughout history, robotics has been often seen to mimic human behavior, and often manage tasks in a similar fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines. Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback and information processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans, in hazardous or manufacturing processes, or simply just resemble humans. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. robot. Inverse dynamics refers to the calculation of the actuator forces necessary to create a prescribed end effecter acceleration. This information can be used to improve the control algorithms of a robot. • Pneumatic(compressed gases) • Hydraulics (liquids) • Fly wheel energy control • Organic garbage 5. Series elastic actuators: – A spring can be designed as part of the motor actuator, to allow improved force control. It has been used in various robots, particularly walking humanoid robots. 7. Muscle wire:- 8. Electroactive polymers: – EAPs or EPAMs are a new plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots and to allow new robots to float, fly, swim or walk. 9. Piezo motors: – Recent alternatives to DC motors arepiezo motors or ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny piezoceramic elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration f the piezo elements to walk the motor in a circle or a straight line. Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate and drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are nanometer resolution, speed, and available force for their size.] These motors are already available commercially, and being used on some robots. 11. Sensing: – Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real time information of the task it is performing. Scientists from several European countries and Israel developed a prosthetic hand in 2009, called Smart Hand, which functions like a real oneallowing patients to write with it, type on a keyboard, play piano and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feeling in its fingertips. 13. Vision: – Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras. In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common. The term robot architecture is often used to refer to two related, but distinct, concepts. Architectural structure refers to how a system is divided into subsystems and how those subsystems interact. The structure of a robot system is often represented informally using traditional boxes and arrows diagrams or more formally using techniques such as UML [Jacobson et al 1998]. In contrast, architectural style refers to the computational concepts that underlie a given system. For instance, one robot system might use a publish-subscribe message passing style of communication, while another may use a more synchronous client-server approach. All robotic systems use some architectural structure and style. However, in many existing robot systems it is difficult to pin down precisely the architecture being used. In fact, a single robot system will often use several styles together. In part, this is because the system implementation may not have clean subsystem boundaries, blurring the architectural structure. Similarly, the architecture and the domain-specific implementation are often intimately tied together, blurring the architectural style(s). This is unfortunate, asa well-conceived, clean architecture can have significant advantages in the specification, execution, and validation of robot systems. In general, robot architectures facilitate development by providing beneficial constraints on the design and implementation of robotic systems, without being overly restrictive. For instance, separating behaviors into modular units helps to increase understandability and reusability, and can facilitate unit testing and validation. Designing robot architecture is much more of an art than a science. The goal of an architecture is to make programming a robot easier, safer and more flexible. Thus, the decisions made by a developer of a robot architecture are influenced by their own prior experiences (e.g., what programming languages they are familiar with), their robot and its environment and the tasks that need to be performed. The choice of a robot architecture should not be taken lightly as it is the authors experience that early architecture decisions often persist for years. Changing robot architectures is a difficult proposition and can set back progress while a great deal of code is re- implemented. Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories, warehouses, and laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition. Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots can do jobs better and faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car. Medical Robotics is a highly challenging field; still it is in its embryonic state. There are several methods and security measures that ensue to see the field bloom to its full potential. Inclusion of Robots in surgery specifically is a matter that has lot many ideas to be considered. These range from the development, and international adoption, of safety standards the aim of task-specific, as opposed to general- purpose, robots the education of the medical community in the acceptance and integration of Robots. Yet robots cannot perform every job; today robots roles include assisting research and industry. Finally, as the technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring new hopes and new potentials. 1. INEEL website [online]. Available from: Access 12 June 2005. 2. Foerst Anne, (1999) Artificial sociability: from embodied AI toward new understandings of personhood, Technology in Society, 21, pp. 373386. T209 Resource CD-ROM, Cyborg, part 2 Robotics. 3. ASIMO Honda [online]. Available from: Access 11 June 2005. 4. MIT website [online]. Available from: Access 11 June 2005 5. Jones, A.C. (2002) Minds, mattr and machines, T209 Resource CD- ROM, Cyborg, part 1 Robotics. 6. NASA website [online]. Available from: http://www- Access 12 June 05. 7. Bruce, I.S. (1998) Man Made, The Scotsman, December 1, Spectrum, p. UP4, T209 Resource CD-ROM, Cyborg, part 1- Bionics. Leave a Reply
Digital assets in family law property settlements Family & Relationship Law Digital assets in family law property settlements The nature of property changes over time. When the Family Law Act was introduced in 1975, its drafters could never have contemplated that people would have owned assets in 2021 such as cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens or other digital assets. Digital assets are becoming far more common in family law property settlements, and as family lawyers, we are very familiar with the nature of digital assets and how they are dealt with by the courts. As the name suggests, digital assets are those that are held digitally or electronically. They include documents or data that are stored on digital devices such as personal computers, tablets or data storage devices. As such, they are not tangible. They cannot be seen or touched, yet may be very valuable and are included in the asset pool available for division between parties in the event of a breakdown of their relationship. Digital assets and currencies explained When considering digital assets, digital currencies are often front of mind. Again, as the name suggests, digital currencies exist in electronic form. Wikipedia defines digital currencies as "a balance or a record stored in a distributed database on the internet, in an electronic computer database, within digital files or within a stored-value card." Unlike traditional currencies, they are stored in digital currency wallets as opposed to personal bank accounts. They are exchanged through the use of digital trading platforms. The terms "digital currencies" and "cryptocurrencies" are not interchangeable; they are separate concepts. Digital currencies are centralised, meaning that the network is regulated in a centralised location, such as a bank. We all use digital currencies every day when we purchase goods online or use PayPal or Western Union. Cryptocurrencies are a form of digital currency that is secured by cryptography and decentralised, with the network regulations determined by the users. They are a specific sub-category of digital currency. Cryptocurrencies use blockchain and a decentralised ledger, meaning that no one individual or supervisory agency controls the actions in the network. Unlike digital currencies, cryptocurrencies are completely transparent, however ownership of the asset can be anonymised. Although everyone is able to see any and all transactions made and received by any user, as all transactions are stored in the central public blockchain, the identity of the user may not be known, which may be problematic for parties to a family law litigation and require significant discovery skills on the part of their lawyers. There are a number of cryptocurrencies in existence, however the most well-known and recognised is Bitcoin. Other less commonly known cryptocurrencies include Ethereum, Ripple and Litecoin. Bitcoin was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people calling themselves Satoshi Nakamoto. It started in 2009 when the open-source software was released. Bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses in the blockchain. Creating a bitcoin address requires the user to pick a random private valid key linked to the relevant address. The only evidence of ownership is this private valid key; if the user loses this digital key, their bitcoins are lost and cannot be retrieved. Bitcoins (and other cryptocurrencies) are stored in a digital wallet along with the private valid key. Bitcoin can be used to purchase goods and services in the same way as cash. Bitcoins can also be sent and traded to other bitcoin users. The anonymity of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is a challenge for family lawyers. There is no doubt that cryptocurrencies are an asset that ought be included in the asset pool. In the absence of full and frank disclosure however, the discovery of one party's interest in cryptocurrencies presents a new challenge to family lawyers. Unlike bank accounts that are easily linked to the owner, the ownership of a cryptocurrency is not so evident. Bitcoin records cannot be subpoenaed, and records of ownership are usually stored digitally in a person's mobile or laptop device. Statements are not forwarded in the mail or likely to be stored in hard copy and easily accessed by the other party. Ownership of bitcoin can be traced through banking records and by looking for transactions related to the acquisition of cryptocurrency. All cryptocurrency is initially acquired through the use of traditional currency and can be traced that way, save and except if the party has been gifted cryptocurrency or paid in cryptocurrency for the provision of goods or services. Documents that could be sought as part of the discovery process would include the following: • screenshots that show the current balance of each cryptocurrency in each digital wallet, exchange or cryptocurrency account • a ledger of all transactions for each wallet, exchange or cryptocurrency account • copies of bank statements and credit card statements that reflect transactions for each wallet, exchange or cryptocurrency account • copies of any brokerage account statements • list of any purchases of goods and/or services through the use of cryptocurrency. The other challenge for family lawyers is ascertaining the value of cryptocurrencies. Unlike the stock market and currency exchange markets, there is no one universally recognised entity that values cryptocurrencies. The three largest cryptocurrency exchanges, Coin Base, Kraken and Bitstamp, sometimes assign different values. The value of cryptocurrency is also volatile. For example, on 1 January 2021, the value of one bitcoin according to Coin Base was $38,200. By 10 January that had increased to $49,270. It is impossible to predict what the future value of bitcoin may be. This extreme volatility poses problems when approaching a property settlement. What may have substantial value one day, may not the next – unlike shareholdings or a real property. Great care needs to be taken in approaching a property settlement where a significant asset held by the parties is in the form of cryptocurrency. Non-fungible tokens Another form of digital asset which has attracted much interest in recent times are non-fungible tokens (NFTs). NFTs are a unique form of digital asset. They can be anything from an artwork, to a photo, video or piece of music. Whereas copies of those artworks or photos can be shared, a non-fungible token gives ownership of that digital asset. As with cryptocurrency, a record of who owns what is stored on a shared ledger in blockchain. NFTs can also contain smart contracts that may give the artist, for example, a cut of any future sale of the token. For instance, "Disaster Girl" is one of the most familiar memes of recent times - it is a picture of a little girl taken by her father in front of a burning building that formed the basis of countless memes. Very recently the girl in the photograph (now a young woman) sold the original copy of the photo as a NFT for half a million dollars. The owners of the popular YouTube video "Charlie Bit My Finger" have recently announced that they intend to auction the video as an NFT. NFTs are likely to grow in popularity as people use them to acquire unique artworks, photographs and the like. The system of property settlement in Australia is flexible and broad to encompass classes of assets that not only exist as at the current date, but those that may not have been created or contemplated as yet. It will be fascinating to see what types of assets parties are holding in the near future.
Step 5: Collect and Evaluate Climate Model Data Climate projections data are usually generated from climate model outputs. With so many climate model outputs and datasets available, it is not possible to look at all the raw model data that are available. It is essential to identify your requirements so you can collect appropriate climate projections data about the future climate. The closer the model simulation is to the observed climate, the closer the modelled climate change response of the simulation will be to the real-world response, and the higher the confidence rating in your projections. Pacific Climate Futures is a valuable online resource for accessing and evaluating regional climate projections for the western tropical Pacific. The activities outlined in this step are for the most part based on use (access and application) of this tool. Key activities Identify the baseline period Climate projections describe ranges of possible change into the future relative to a ‘baseline’ period in the past. The climate has changed in the past, so the choice of baseline is important. Some information is given relative to the ‘pre-industrial era’, which means before industry ramped up in the 1800s. For example, the global average temperature is around 1 °C warmer than pre-industrial times. However, most climate projections are given relative to a recent baseline (a 20- or 30-year period in the recent past), so that we can understand the future relative to what we have recently experienced. For example, PACCSAP refers to 1986–2005 as the baseline period. This baseline is also used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its assessment reports. Identify the scenarios of interest We can’t predict how greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions will continue in the future, or what their atmospheric concentrations will be. However, this is important information for generating climate projections. To overcome this problem, a set of scenarios have been developed that describe conditions for a range of emissions and concentrations. These scenarios are called representative concentration pathways (RCPs). There are four RCPS: RCP2.6 (lowest), RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 (highest). Because of natural variability in the climate, the results from the different scenarios are quite similar to 2030. However, after this time, the higher the emissions, the more climate change you see by 2100. To show the ‘worst case’ you might only consider the highest scenario, while a ‘best case’ would consider one of the lower scenarios. Emissions scenario choices table Understand your choices: emissions scenarios (Click to enlarge) IMPORTANT: Be careful with the choice of emissions scenarios (that is, not using enough or using the wrong one for the analysis). Using inputs that are too specific could mean that not all future climate possibilities are taken into consideration, which could result in inappropriate or ‘mal-adaptive’ responses. For example, considering only a best-case (low emissions) scenario for temperature change may be overly optimistic and thereby underestimate the associated risks of increasing incidence of temperature extremes with consequent impacts on human health, water and food security. Similarly, considering only a worst-case (high emissions) scenario for rainfall may result in the commitment of valuable but otherwise limited resources to unnecessary adaptation activities, such as building reservoirs or desalination plants to accommodate a change in water supply that does not eventuate. Including the best and worst cases provides a range of possible climate futures. Decide which climate models to use All climate models simulate the climate a little differently due to how they are set up and how they work. For this reason, it is important to never just look at one model. It is generally a good idea to reject models if they are completely unsuitable (perhaps due to inherent bias or other design limitations in the model), but then compare all the rest of the acceptable models to make projections (e.g. PACCSAP looked at 27 CMIP5 models and rejected three as unsuitable but then used the rest). Projections from technical forms of downscaling (statistical or dynamical models) may also be available. If a change in the average for just one variable over the nation is needed, use model ranges from reports. If using daily or monthly data and more than one variable, choose a set of representative models using the Pacific Climate Futures tool. Climate models choices table Understand your choices: climate models (Click to enlarge) IMPORTANT: Do not just look at one climate model output – models give different estimates of change, and just looking at one model won’t give the range indicated by the climate models. Instead, use a representative set. Create the application-ready dataset Global climate models have a coarse spatial resolution (typically 100–250 km grid box) and contain biases or offsets compared to observations, so their outputs don’t look exactly like observations. Model outputs generally can’t be used directly – additional steps must be taken to make a future dataset that is locally relevant and has no biases. The simplest way to do this is by scaling observations. Various technical downscaling methods exist that can also achieve these goals, as well as potentially showing more information about regional climate change. Scaling observations is also known as the ‘delta’, ‘perturbation’ or ‘change factor’ method. Scaling involves applying the projected climate change to the observations to make a hypothetical dataset of the future conditions. The observations can be scaled up or down by the projected average change, called mean scaling. Observations can be scaled using a different scaling for different values (with scaling factors calculated from model outputs), which is an example of complex scaling. Other complex scaling methods exist, including ‘weather generators’. Mean scaling is the simplest method. To do this: 1. Take a suitable observed dataset. 2. Collate a range of suitable change factors from climate projections. 3. Apply the change factor to the observed dataset to make the future dataset. The change factor is applied using an addition for variables such as temperature, or as a multiplication for variables such as rainfall. Scaling observations using global climate model projections is the default option for producing locally-relevant, application-ready datasets. It is important to collect a representative set of scaling factors to cover the changes of interest (showing the range from sets of relevant models for each emission scenario). If complex or technical downscaling has been done for the area in question, and the downscaled outputs are available to be used, these outputs can be used instead or as well. Evaluate the model data Model data evaluation may simply be a case of comparing the modelled climate against the observed climate. You might include the long-term average, standard deviation (which represents year-to-year variability) or annual or seasonal cycle of the relevant climate variables (e.g. temperature and rainfall). When resources permit, it is also useful to assess how the model represents the observed characteristics of large-scale climate features such the El Niño–Southern Oscillation or the major rainfall bands called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), or how the model reproduces the observed relationship between climate variables (e.g. rainfall) and large-scale climate features (e.g. ITCZ or SPCZ). IMPORTANT: Use the simplest dataset available that covers the required range of relevant climate variables and projections.
cat falls asleep with eyes open Questions About Cats Why Do Cats Sleep With Their Eyes Open? Cats do many strange things, but one of their creepiest behaviors is when cats sleep with their eyes open. Not only is this alarming, but some owners worry that it’s a sign that something’s wrong. It’s normal for cats to sleep with one or both eyes open. When they do, you’re likely to see the third eyelid (nictitating membrane). This protects the cornea from damage. Cats sleep with their eyes open when they’re in the lighter slow-wave sleep (SWS). They do this to protect themselves from danger, keeping a literal eye on what’s going on around them when they’re at their most vulnerable when sleeping. However, it can also be a sign of a painful injury preventing cats from closing their eyes. While it’s common for cats to keep their eyes open, you need to look out for signs of an injury or illness. Cat Sleep Stages Adult cats sleep for up to 15 hours a day, while kittens sleep for up to 20. When they rest, they sometimes keep their eyes open, regardless of how deep they’re sleeping. You might see both eyes open or just one. Either way, both instances are normal unless your cat displays signs of sickness. The main stages of cat sleep include: Slow-Wave Sleep Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is the shallowest form of rest. Brain Research describes how there are two different stages within slow-wave sleep: labeled light and deep slow-wave sleep. While cats are in the slow-wave stage of sleep, their senses are still in tune with what’s going on in their environment. This is important for wild cats, who need to flee from predators and other dangers at short notice. As a result, cats experiencing slow-wave sleep may keep one or both eyes open so that they can react immediately if they notice any abnormal sounds. These sounds sometimes signify that danger is close. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep The rapid eye movement of sleep (REM) is a deeper form of sleep. It’s when cats are most likely to dream. During this stage, cats lose muscle function, and their paws and ears will twitch. Your cat will seem active because the brain functions in the same way as when it’s awake. Sometimes, your cat will look like it’s running in its sleep. However, while not as common, some owners notice that their cat’s eyes remain open during the REM stage of sleep. Sometimes, the cat’s eyes roll back when sleeping due to the loss of muscle function. They also twitch rapidly. The reason a cat’s eyes remain open during REM is that its muscles are so relaxed. Open eyes are normal, and the cat’s brain and muscles need rest. By waking it, you’re ruining a cat’s sleep when it needed it the most. Why Do Cats Sleep with Their Eyes Open? There are various reasons why cats fall asleep with their eyes open. The most common is that your cat has ingrained instincts to flee from danger. This is part of a wild cat’s everyday survival, so it must keep its eyes open whenever it can. If the cat can’t flee quickly enough, it’s at risk of predation. That being said, that’s not the only reason. Cats keep their eyes open when resting because: Light Sleep The most common reason your cat sleeps with its eyes open is that it’s in a light sleep. As already mentioned, this allows cats to react to danger. If you notice your cat keeping one or both eyes open when it rests, it’s probably not in the deepest stage of sleep. As a result, it can be easily woken with light sound or touch. These small bursts of sleep help cats conserve their energy for when they hunt at night. Cats also react to the weather, so when it’s cold and wet, they’re more likely to go into a lighter sleep more often. Noisy Environment Domestic cats are less likely to worry about environmental dangers, but they’ll still keep their eyes open when it’s noisy and a lot is happening around them. Particularly when the house is full of people (including strangers) during the day, cats will tuck themselves away to sleep while keeping at least one eye open. This allows them to literally keep an eye on dangers that they might need to run away from. If your cat seems uncomfortable in its surroundings, provide access to a quiet, dark space where they can tuck themselves away to sleep. Place its blankets and toys in the area to let it know that they belong to your pet. This should help your cat feel comfortable enough to doze off into a deep rapid eye moment of sleep. Injured Eyes Cats get into fights all the time, especially if they go out at night. If they encounter a territorial cat on their travels, they could easily end up with a nasty scratch across their eye or eyelid. As a result, closing them could be painful for the animal. In particular, if the third eyelid is damaged, it can become lacerated. As described by Greenside Animal Hospital, this is a common injury seen in active cats involved in fights. Scratches can also cause cornea ulceration, which is painful. Common symptoms of eye trauma include: • Redness • Inflammation • Watery eyes • Discharge • A noticeable scratch • Cloudiness • Pawing at the eye These eye injuries can be treated with eye drops, but the eye may need suturing in the most severe cases. do cats sleep with one eye open? Foreign Bodies Besides eye trauma, foreign bodies within the eye, such as glass, sand, or thorns, can cause painful sores and ulcers that prevent the cat from sleeping with its eyes shut. If the foreign body isn’t treated quickly, it can lead to an eye infection. Items that are only penetrating the surface of the cornea can be removed under local anesthetic. However, if the foreign body has gone in deep, it’ll need surgical removal. Dry Eye Dry eye in cats is scientifically known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Dry eye occurs when the cornea becomes inflamed and the surrounding tissue dries out. It’s caused by the inability to produce adequate amounts of tear duct film, which lubricates the eye and removes dirt and debris. According to VCA Hospitals, common causes of KCS include: • Weakened immune system, which is usually inherited • Feline herpes virus • Some medications • Nervous system effects from an inner ear infection Cats with KCS usually have: • Red, irritated eyes • Excessive squinting and blinking • Dull appearance • Thick, yellow discharge Some cats hold their eyes shut, while others can’t shut them at all because the eyes are too painful. As a result, they’ll sleep with the affected eye open to avoid discomfort. Watching Out For Owners Cats that have formed an intense bond with their owners sometimes can’t bear to be apart from them and like to know where they are at all times. As described by a journal on Current Biology, cats attach themselves to their owners and use them as a sense of security. Researchers discovered that cats that had developed a strong bond with their owners felt less stressed and become more relaxed as soon as the person returned from a brief absence. This study indicates that some cats keep their eyes open while they sleep to monitor their owners’ movements. If their owner moves into another room, the cat will wake up and follow to remain close to them. Waiting For Food Hungry cats sleep little and often to conserve the energy they have. If they know food is nearby, or it’s nearly dinnertime, they’ll become more alert – even as they sleep – to ready themselves for food. Similarly, greedy or opportunistic cats keep their eyes open to react as soon as their owner goes into the kitchen or area where food is stored. Here, they’ll follow in the attempt to win treats or food. cats eyes roll back when sleeping Why Do Cats Have A Third Eyelid? When cats sleep with their eyes open, they expose their third eyelid. The first two eyelids occur on the top and bottom of the eye, meeting in the middle every time a cat closes its eyes. In comparison, the third eyelid, also called the nictitating membrane, is located in the eye’s inner corners. The third eyelid acts like a windshield wiper each time a cat blinks, clearing dust, pollen, debris, and other foreign bodies. It also produces up to 50% of a cat’s normal tears. As previously mentioned, when cats are relaxed and go into a deep sleep, their eyes sometimes remain open. Similarly, if the eyes start closed, they gradually open as the cat’s muscles become more and more relaxed. The third eyelid becomes more noticeable during the cat’s resting stages to protect the cornea and moisten the eye. While it’s normal to see a cat’s third eye when it’s sleeping, it can be the sign of an illness when it shows when the cat’s awake and alert. Symptoms of an illness include: • Increased urination or thirst • Frequent trips to the litter box • Decreased or increased appetite • Increased vocalization • Weight loss or gain • Changes to grooming habits • Foul breath • Hiding away Therefore, keep an eye on your cat’s third eyelid in case it remains visible when your cat wakes up. If it does, seek veterinary advice. So, while it may look like cats have their eyes completely open when they sleep, their third eyelid keeps them protected from dirt and debris. Cats are closely related to their wild cousins. As a result, they have advanced instincts ingrained within them to protect themselves from harm, even if they’re safe inside their home.
This Hanukkah book gives Jewish kids their own Santa story There's a new elf in town. / Source: TODAY Contributor Move over, Elf on the Shelf and Mensch on a Bench: there's a new elf in town. Shmelf the Hanukkah Elf was created to straddle the divide between holidays for Jewish children living in a world dominated by the culture of all things Santa. Shmelf's creator and author, Greg Wolfe, told TODAY Parents that the idea for Shmelf came from his own son, Connor, now 7, asking, "Does Santa even know who I am?" "Shmelf the Hanukkah Elf'" author, Greg Wolfe, hopes it will bridge the divide between Hanukkah and Christmas for children.Bloomsbury Children's Books Though Wolfe and his wife, Julie, who live in Valencia, California, "are probably the most Christmasy Jewish family you've ever met — we put up lights, hang stockings, have cookies and milk waiting for Santa," they do not put up a Christmas tree and are "still very Jewish," Wolfe said, "so Hanukkah is our holiday." But as their son grew older and more aware of the differences in the holidays, Wolfe said, "I realized something very important about children and Santa: It doesn't matter whether or not you celebrate Christmas; when you're a kid, especially in America, Santa Claus exists. He's on TV, he's at the mall — he's even at Disneyland!" Never miss a parenting story with TODAY’s newsletters! Sign up here Wolfe, a high school history teacher at a school for at-risk youth, said his own child's questions about Santa showed him "there are a lot of Jewish kids in this world who don't get visited by Santa every year like their Christian friends do," and that they likely also wonder why. Enter the story of Shmelf, a North Pole elf who takes an interest in the Jewish children of the world and visits a Jewish home to learn all about Hanukkah. When he tells Santa what he learned, Santa tells Shmelf, "'Hanukkah is a time for family and song,/For joy and tradition — it's where you belong!/I've decided: at Hanukkah you'll travel the world/Bringing magic and joy to each boy and each girl." He gifts Shmelf with a special blue and white elf outfit, his own sleigh, and "a Jewish reindeer by the name of Asher." Wolfe said he wanted to create "Santa's special ambassador to Jewish children," who could understand and love Hanukkah while also serve as a link to the bigger "World of Christmas" happening around them every year. "He is an elf who makes Jewish kids realize they can still have the idea of Santa Claus while still loving and appreciating their own culture and traditions." "Shmelf" creator Greg Wolfe and his son, Connor.Courtesy of Julie Sherman Wolfe Wolfe said it is important to him that Shmelf might become part of a holiday tradition for parents and their children that he loved growing up: "The winter nights when our family would come together and light the candles, smelling the latkes cooking in the kitchen while we were playing with our dreidels and gobbling down chocolate gelt, and who can forget about the presents?" Unlike other holiday mascots like the famous Elf and the Mensch, Shmelf's story, illustrated by Howard McWilliam, incorporates elements of both Christian and Jewish cultural traditions. But the biggest difference is that Shmelf is not there to regulate kids' behavior. Since Santa isn't the one bringing presents to the Jewish children, there's no "spymaster" to report back to, Wolfe explained, making Shmelf more of a "free-agent spirit of happiness." "Jewish kids know that it's their parents giving them the gifts, so the idea is that once you tell Shmelf what you'd like as a special gift, he might be able to 'magically' influence Mom and Dad by 'whispering' into their ears — which leaves it up to the parents whether Junior's getting underpants or a 300-piece Lego Star Destroyer." "Shmelf the Hanukkah Elf" is available for purchase now. This article was originally published on Sep. 12, 2016 on
image of a fly swatter squishing "words"An estimated nine out of 10 adults have inadequate health literacy, aka the skills necessary to properly manage their health and prevent disease. That’s not due to a lack of intelligence or commitment to good health. It’s because they’re often unfamiliar with medical speak and the healthcare buzzwords that have taken our industry by storm. Are you one of the offenders? Breaking down buzzwords As marketers, we can be guilty of peppering our copy with buzzwords that make us sound in the know and our healthcare systems cutting edge. But as the above statistic illustrates, the problem with buzzwords is they limit your reach. If you want to effectively communicate your news to the widest audience possible, simple, plain language is best. Here, a roundup of healthcare buzzwords and what to use instead. Many of these words — and their alternatives — are highlighted in our Word of the Week video series. Check it out on Facebook or YouTube for more in-depth examples and explanations. 1. Precision medicine Precision medicine is an emerging field often defined with highly complex terms and other healthcare buzzw0rds — things like genomes and biomarkers. You don’t have to get clinical, giving in-depth explanations of all that. Keep it simple and describe precision medicine as customized or individualized medicine. It’s a person-specific approach to medical care rather than a one-size-fits-all. 2. Social determinants of health Social determinants of health is a hot topic in healthcare today, thanks — at least in part — to COVID-19, a virus that seems to affect certain populations more than others. But research shows that the term doesn’t resonate with people. That holds true even when the phrase is used with a lot of context. And it’s not hard to see why. “Social determinants of health” sounds academic, even pseudo-science-y. When you want to talk about social determinants of health (and we hope you do, as they have a huge impact on health today), refer to them as the nonmedical factors that influence health — things like your income, race, gender, education, where you live, how available healthcare is in your community, etc. 3. Complementary vs. alternative vs. integrative healthcare It’s easy to confuse all three terms, but there are distinctions. If you’re going to use any of these healthcare buzzwords, make sure you properly define them. Complementary healthcare mixes traditional and nontraditional medicine. Alternative healthcare is used in place of conventional/traditional healthcare. And integrative healthcare combines traditional and nontraditional healthcare with an emphasis on treating the whole person, not one specific organ or body part. For example, integrative healthcare may involve conventional medicine to treat the disease as well as things like psychological or nutritional care to improve overall well-being. Plain language is our passion. Access more best practices by subscribing to the WriterGirl newsletter! 4. Value-based healthcare Here’s a term you’ve probably tossed around more than a few times. But what is value? Is it worth? Is it ethics? And how exactly does it factor into healthcare? Your readers would like to know. Patient well-being is the hallmark of value-based healthcare, and providers and healthcare systems are rewarded for things like low hospital readmission rates and fewer hospital-acquired infections. Explaining all that simply can be a challenge, but it helps to remember that value-based care is simply healthcare that centers on patient outcomes and how well medical providers can improve those outcomes. 5. Disease mitigation measures Saying “disease mitigation measures” sounds a whole lot more sophisticated than “strategies that reduce the spread of germs.” But use the latter, not the former, and make it infinitely more accessible by providing examples of what those strategies are — face masks, handwashing, vaccines, etc. 6. Comprehensive There’s nary a healthcare marketer who hasn’t overused this word. But what exactly does it mean? Thorough? Complete? Inclusive? The word can have slightly different meanings to different people. It’s better to ditch nebulous words like “comprehensive” (and wellness, excellence, robust, optimal, impactful, advanced, holistic, significant, etc.) in your healthcare writing and just say what you mean. 7. Quarantine Yet another word we can thank COVID-19 for delivering to our doorstep is quarantine. When using the word, which can be confused with “isolation” and “social distancing,” define what quarantine means — the separation or restriction of movement of people who have been exposed to a contagious disease to observe them and see if they become sick. 8. Acute Care Acute care sounds dynamic, but essentially it’s healthcare used to treat a person for a brief but serious condition. Another way to refer to acute care is hospital care. 9. Learning health systems Learning health systems is a term that’s creeping more and more into our lexicon. There’s no synonym for this one, so when you use it, define it. The University of Michigan Medical School describes it as “organizations or networks that continuously self-study and adapt using data and analytics to generate knowledge, engage stakeholders and implement behavior change to transform practice.” 10. eRx Telehealth is a current health trend in America, and it’s given us a slew of new noodles to add to the alphabet soup that is healthcare communication. When writing about eRx, say “electronic prescribing” — and then describe it as a way for prescribers to send a prescription to a pharmacy through a computer, tablet, etc., no hard copy required. 11. Integrated healthcare The healthcare buzzword “integrated healthcare” can have a few different uses, which makes the case for always defining it. Sometimes, it can refer to a system that includes hospitals, doctors and sometimes health insurance. Another, more visual way of describing integrated healthcare is to use the term interprofessional (or team) healthcare. It lets the reader know there’s more than one healthcare provider — for example, a general physician, specialists, mental health workers, pharmacists, social workers and others — collaborating to help improve all aspects of your health. 12. Attenuated Vaccine There’s a lot of vaccine hesitancy in this country, and at least some of it has to do with a lack of understanding of how most vaccines work. When it comes to writing about vaccines, you’ll do a great service to your readers by keeping terms simple. Rather than saying an attenuated vaccine, you can say, “a vaccine that contains a live but weakened version of the virus.” According to the CDC, none of the COVID-19 vaccines used in this country contain the live virus. Catch WriterGirl VP, Talent & Content Rebecca Sims at HCIC 2021 where she’ll discuss plain language best practices. Learn the science of plain language, why it matters and how to overcome the stigma of “dumbing it down.” Beyond healthcare buzzwords: Deciphering medical jargon Pop quiz: Is an abrasion a cut or a scape? Is a laceration a puncture or a tear? How does an acute illness differ from a chronic one? Most people don’t know the answers to these questions, which means you’ll lose them if you use them in your messaging. When you’re writing patient education material, stick to what’s known as “living room language”—the language you would use if you were speaking to a friend in your living room. Here, just a few examples. Instead of thisUse this Acute illnessAn illness that starts suddenly but doesn’t last long AnalgesicPain reliever BenignNot cancer/noncancerous DegenerativeGetting worse HypertensionHigh blood pressure LacerationTear or cut Myocardial infarctionHeart attack Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)COVID-19 SubcutaneousUnder the skin SystemicWhole body TopicalOn the surface of the body/on the skin More plain language best practices Okay, by now you know to avoid healthcare buzzwords and medicalese whenever possible. But what are some other tips for making your copy accessible and relatable when you’re writing about medical conditions or current hot topics in healthcare? Here, some best practices from the National Resource Center for Health IT. 1. Don’t write above a 6th-grade reading level. Most health education materials are written at a 10th-grade reading level, which is too high for the average American. 2. Keep your sentences short (40-50 characters) and use only one-to-two syllable words. 3. Use active rather than passive voice (say “Take this medication with food” rather than “This medication should be taken with food”). 4. Be conversational. Write your copy as if you’re talking to a friend. 5. When you can’t avoid medical jargon, explain what it is. 6. Instead of using percentages, consider using numbers. For example, instead of saying 10% of people XYZ, say one in 10 people XYZ. 7. Break up copy with bullets and numbers. It’s easier to take in information when it is distilled into chunks. 8. Use graphics to help explain your copy. 9. Make sure your copy is culturally inclusive and sensitive to different kinds of readers. Where to learn more The focus on health literacy has taken off in the last few years. And that means plenty of resources are available to support you in your quest to write about current healthcare trends in America — without resorting to healthcare industry buzzwords and medical jargon. Some to investigate include: Health—and healthcare—are complicated fields, full of acronyms and technical terms. Don’t make things harder for your readers by muddying your message with buzzwords only a chosen few know. Keep things simple, succinct, and service-oriented. After all, as healthcare marketers, our message is only as good as the words we use to relay it. Create healthcare content that speaks to your audience. WriterGirl’s healthcare writers are devoted to plain language and clear healthcare communication. We can help you craft custom content that reaches your audience with a message that resonates. Contact our team to learn more.
Question: Is aubergine in English word? In the United States, the word aubergine refers almost exclusively to the color (and almost never to the plant), while in British English, aubergine refers to both the plant and the color. Its worth noting that aubergine is the French word for eggplant. What is the English word for eggplant? Aubergine, usual in British English, German, French and Dutch. Brinjal or brinjaul, usual in South Asia and South African English. Solanum melongena, the Linnaean name. Why do the English say aubergine? Aubergine (UK) / Eggplant (US) The word aubergine, used in the UK, comes from French. The word eggplant, which Americans use, was popular in different parts of Europe because they were more used to seeing small, round, white versions that looked a bit like goose eggs. What language is aubergine? French The Etymology of Eggplant The French and the British (copying the French), call eggplants aubergine, which is derived from the Sanskrit word vatinganah (literally, “anti-wind vegetable”). Where does word aubergine come from? In Britain, it is usually called an aubergine, a name which was borrowed through French and Catalan from its Arabic name al-badinjan. That word had reached Arabic through Persian from the Sanskrit vatimgana, which indicates how long it has been cultivated in India. Why do we say eggplant? There is actually a color — aubergine — that resembles the purple of the eggplant. Well, way back in the 1700s, early European versions of eggplant were smaller and yellow or white. They looked like goose or chicken eggs, which led to the name “eggplant.” Can I eat aubergine raw? Eggplant, also called aubergine, is part of the nightshade family, along with potatoes and tomatoes, and does contain the toxin solamine. Eggplant can be eaten raw, though it is typically bitter and tastes best when cooked. Is eggplant skin poisonous? Yes, you can eat the skin. Some people prefer to peel the eggplant, but if you know how to prepare it right, you can still cook eggplant with the nutrient-rich skin left on. Can I eat eggplant raw? Eating Eggplant While it can be eaten raw, eggplant is even most wonderful when its grilled, baked, braised or cooked and pureed into a dip. Write us Find us at the office Give us a ring Ikia Sic +22 849 242 866 Mon - Fri, 8:00-15:00 Join us
Huge recall on cars Sometimes the makers of a product, such as a toy, discover some problem with the product and are forced to “recall” that product. That means they have to fix or replace that product for free for everyone who’s bought it. Can you imagine the trouble it would be to have to recall a huge product, like a car? Now can you imagine if you had to do that for 34 million cars? A Japanese auto-part supplier called Takata is having to do just that. Takata manufactures the safety air bag that goes into many cars built by several auto manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Subaru, General Motors, BMW, and Chrysler. Due to a defect, sometimes these bags can get inflated unexpectedly and even explode, causing accidents and deaths. Air bags with these defects have been installed in a huge number of cars. Takata is recalling the cars with the faulty air bags. Many people believe this to be the largest ever product recall in history. Airbags were invented independently by two inventors in the 1950s. Neither was able to make any money from their invention because airbags weren’t used until the 1970s, by which time the patents of the inventors had expired. There are almost 70 million cars that are produced and sold each year. Did you know? Airbags are designed to expand in as little as 1/25th of a second, and the bag bursts out at speeds of up to 200 miles an hour (about 320 km/hr). Image Credits: Andrea Devos for the airbag’s image Sources: BBC, ABC,,,
Skip to main content A comparative gene co-expression analysis using self-organizing maps on two congener filmy ferns identifies specific desiccation tolerance mechanisms associated to their microhabitat preference Filmy-ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) are poikilohydric, homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant (DT) epiphytes. They can colonize lower and upper canopy environments of humid forest. Filmy-ferns desiccate rapidly (hours), contrasting with DT angiosperms (days/weeks). It has been proposed that desiccation tolerance in filmy-ferns would be associated mainly with constitutive features rather than induced responses during dehydration. However, we hypothesize that the inter-specific differences in vertical distribution would be associated with different dynamics of gene expression within the dehydration or rehydration phases. A comparative transcriptomic analysis with an artificial neural network was done on Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (restricted to lower canopy) and Hymenophyllum dentatum (reach upper canopy) during a desiccation/rehydration cycle. Raw reads were assembled into 69,599 transcripts for H. dentatum and 34,726 transcripts for H. caudiculatum. Few transcripts showed significant changes in differential expression (DE). H. caudiculatum had ca. twice DE genes than H. dentatum and higher proportion of increased-and-decreased abundance of genes occurs during dehydration. In contrast, the abundance of genes in H. dentatum decreased significantly when transitioning from dehydration to rehydration. According to the artificial neural network results, H. caudiculatum enhanced osmotic responses and phenylpropanoid related pathways, whilst H. dentatum enhanced its defense system responses and protection against high light stress. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the desiccation tolerance responses of two filmy ferns and the relationship between the species-specific response and the microhabitats these ferns occupy in nature. Plant evolution has shaped several acclimation mechanisms and adaptations to withstand short and long-term periods of water deficit. However, most plants cannot survive desiccation, except for a small group of so-called resurrection plants [1, 2]. Desiccation tolerance is a complex trait that involves the coordination of a cascade of molecular events divided into constitutive and inducible mechanisms to protect/repair cells and tissues against oxidative damage, and disruptions of metabolism and cell ultrastructure [2, 3]. In general, the physiological and metabolic components of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plants resemble a combination of processes underlying drought stress responses and seed maturation [4, 5]; however, the molecular “switches” and regulatory pathways behind desiccation tolerance are largely unknown [6]. Resurrection plants are classified into two groups according to their sensitivity, mechanisms of responses, and the velocity of water loss [7]. Those that can survive rapid water loss, such as mosses, possess constitutive (pre-existing) morpho-physiological desiccation tolerance mechanisms employing cellular repair mechanisms induced after rehydration, in contrast to those that survive only if water loss is gradual, which rely upon cellular protection mechanisms induced during dehydration. Surprisingly, resurrection plants are also found in humid environments such as tropical and temperate rain forests [8]. One example is Lindernia brevidens, an angiosperm species from tropical rain forests [9]. The epiphytic ferns of the Hymenophyllaceae family (Pteridophyta) are another group of resurrection plants living in humid ecosystems [8]. The members of Hymenophyllaceae are called filmy ferns because they possess membranous fronds of a single layer of cells, normally lack cuticles, with undifferentiated epidermis, and lack of stomata [10, 11]. Because the features of their leaves and the recurrent exposure to rapid desiccation-rehydration events, these ferns evolved a poikilohydric and homoiochlorophyllous strategy, most typical of bryophytes, showing a high desiccation tolerance and the capacity to rapidly rehydrate [10, 12, 13]. The Hymenophyllaceae family is represented by 16 endemic species to the Chilean temperate rain forest. They are an important component of the epiphytic species diversity. Filmy ferns can colonize mostly all vertical strata of their host tree, although intraspecific habitat requirements have been reported [11, 14, 15]. For example, Hymenophyllum caudiculatum and Hymenophyllum pectinatum are restricted to the lower portion of the host trunk (from the ground to 1 m of vertical height), where light availability is very low (10–100 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1), and humidity is high. Other species (e.g., H. dentatum, H. plicatum) extend their vertical distribution to heights above 10 m (were PDF eventually reach ≥1000 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1) [11, 13, 15]. Both light intensity (PFD) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increase with the height of the host plant, whereas relative humidity decreases. Therefore, a species that reaches the top of trunks is prone to suffer frequent desiccation and photoinhibition. The wide spectrum of habitats, from very sheltered, high steady humidity environments to higher light, lower humidity along the vertical distribution over host trees offers a unique opportunity to address questions about how molecular and physiological mechanisms are shaped in congeneric populations differing in microhabitat preferences and ability to tolerate desiccation. Questions such as: are the molecular mechanisms responsible for protection/repair of these filmy ferns against tissue desiccation inducible during dehydration? or constitutive (pre-existing), such as those exhibited by rapidly desiccating bryophytes? Is the dynamic of gene expression similar between filmy fern species from lower light, higher humidity environments with species from higher light, lower humidity environments? Do these filmy ferns invoke similar gene functions during a cycle of desiccation-rehydration? As filmy ferns are frequently and rapidly dehydrated, it has been proposed that desiccation tolerance in these ferns would be associated mainly with constitutive features rather than induced responses during dehydration. However, we hypothesize that the inter-specific differences in vertical distribution would be associated with different dynamics of gene expression within the dehydration or rehydration phases. Published data partially support this idea [16, 17]. Advances in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) tools have brought important advantages to uncover underlying mechanisms that control plant responses associated with natural constraints explored in situ or under experimental conditions. Here we used RNA-seq on the Illumina Hi-seq platform to study and compare the transcriptional responses of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum, two Hymenophyllaceae species with contrasting vertical microhabitat preferences along host trees and different rates of water loss (Fig. 1). Specifically, we examined at the dynamics of gene expression and a Weighted Gene Co-expression Network (WGCNA) [18] coupled with neural artificial networks [19,20,21] of fronds subjected to experimental desiccation-rehydration cycles to identify commonalities and differences on gene expression dynamics associated to its water status underlying their resurrection strategy. Fig. 1 Filmy ferns in their natural environment. At the left of the image a reference of a host tree covered with a carpet of epiphytic filmy ferns. At the right, the two species of resurrection filmy ferns studied, attached to the trunk of their host tree Changes in ferns’ relative water content and maximum quantum efficiency during desiccation-rehydration cycle The two filmy fern species showed a similar rate of dehydration during the first three hours after cessation of irrigation (beginning of dehydration), both reaching ca. 60% of relative water content (RWC) (Fig. 2a). From 3 to 25 h without irrigation, H. dentatum losses water faster than H. caudiculatum, reaching 18 and 30% RWC respectively. During this period of dehydration, the maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) drastically decayed from about 0.7 to 0.2 in H. dentatum but remained nearly 0.78 in H. caudiculatum (Fig. 2a insert). After a week without irrigation, both reached a RWC between 11 to 17% and a Fv/Fm near to 0.2 (Fig. 2a). When irrigation was reestablished, H. caudiculatum had a faster rehydration and recovery of Fv/Fm compared to H. dentatum. Nevertheless, both species reached similar maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) by the end of the experiment. Recovery of photochemical efficiency at the whole frond level was confirmed by imaging fluorescence (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2 Characterization of desiccation-rehydration cycle in H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum. a Changes in relative water content (RWC) and photochemical efficiency parameter (Fv/Fm, inserted panel) of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum during a dehydration and rehydration process. Red arrows indicate sampling of fronds during the dehydration-rehydration process used for the RNAseq library construction. b Average Y(II) images measured on dark adapted detached frond of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum at full hydration, dehydrated, and rehydrated states Transcriptional profile and transcripts annotation A total of 111,495,169 and 110,988,488 paired-end reads (101 bp) were obtained after sequencing libraries of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum, on the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform (Additional file 1: Table S1). Following the removal of low-quality reads and duplicated reads, we performed a de novo transcriptome assemblies with Trinity software by using a set of ~ 85 million reads for H. caudiculatum and ~ 87 million reads for H. dentatum (Additional file 1: Table S1). The initial assemblies resulted in 161,689 contigs for H. caudiculatum and 332,003 contigs for H. dentatum, which were refined to remove low supported transcripts. Transcripts with an estimated abundance lower than 1 FPKM and highly similar or redundant transcripts with a sequence similarity higher than 95% were removed. The resulting transcriptomes are represented by 34,726 contigs for H. caudiculatum and 69,599 contigs for H. dentatum (Additional file 1: Table S2). Although the number of transcripts decreased significantly during the refinement, ca. 80 and 70% of high-quality reads were mapped to the H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum transcriptomes, respectively. The final transcriptome assemblies were aligned to the SwissProt database for annotation, with an alignment rate of ca. 50% for the transcripts of each transcriptome. In spite of the low identification rate, most of the unknown transcripts (~ 80% in H. dentatum, and ~ 65% H. caudiculatum; Additional file 1: Table S3) belonged to small size transcripts (< 1000 bp; see Fig. 3a). An insight into the taxonomic distribution of top blast hits of transcripts revealed that both H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum had among their top hits a high amount of sequences belonging to the model moss Physcomitrella patens and the lycophyte Sellaginella moellendorffii (Fig. 3b), which is consistent with their poikilohydry strategy and the regressive evolution hypothesis [22]. Fig. 3 a Transcript size distribution showing the proportion those sequences with blast hits (blue) and without blast hits (red) in the final transcriptome assemblies. b Top-hit species distribution of the final transcriptome of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum showing abundance of top hits to sequences of Bryophyta, Lycophyta, and Pinophyta Differential expression analysis and functional annotation After quality filtering and refinement, we examined the expression dynamics of annotated genes during the desiccation-rehydration cycle by pairwise comparisons by using a fold change ≥2 and a FDR < 0.05 as cut-off (Additional file 2: Dataset S1 and S2). In both species, few transcripts showed significant changes in differential expression (DE). For H. caudiculatum, the highest number of DE genes occurred during the dehydration process with a total of 265 DE genes, where most of them [139] showed an increase in their abundance (Fig. 4). In H. dentatum, the number of DE genes that increase and decrease their abundance were similar. However, among the different hydration states, the abundance of genes decreases significantly when transitioning from dehydration to rehydration. When comparing both species, H. caudiculatum presents ca. twice DE genes of H. dentatum and a higher proportion of both, increase and decrease abundance of genes under the dehydration process (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Venn diagrams showing up-and-down regulated genes in H. caudiculatum (a) and H. dentatum (b). The size of each circle is proportional to the number of unique, annotated, and non-duplicated up-or-down regulated genes for each of the species. Numbers inside the circles indicate the number of genes differentially expressed by each pair-wise comparison among the hydration states of the fronds (FH, full hydrated; DH, dehydrated; RH, rehydrated). In H. caudiculatum, the comparison between FH X DH contributes the largest number of differentially expressed genes (up-and-down regulated). For H. dentatum, the comparison between FH X DH contributes the highest number of up-regulated genes, whereas DH X RH contributes the highest number of down-regulated genes. Venn diagrams were generated by using BioVenn (Hulsen et al., 2008) From the differentially expressed transcripts we explored the function of the gene products by conducting a Gene Ontology analysis (GO) (see Material and Method for details). Both species showed similar enrichment pattern of sequences for each GO category (Fig. 5). For example, at the biological process category (BP), there was a high number of sequences in the metabolic process (> 4000 sequences) and in cellular process (> 2000 sequences). In the cellular component category (CC), organelle and cell part components showed the highest enrichment of sequences (e.g., ca. 1000 and 1500 sequences for organelle, for H. dentatum and H. caudiculatum, respectively). Finally, in the molecular function category (MF), the highest accumulation of sequences was found to be in the antioxidant activity, followed by binding process (Fig. 5). Fig. 5 GO-category distribution of annotated genes for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum among level 2 GO categories: biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) In parallel to the differential expression analysis, we also observed all those highly abundant transcripts based on the FPKM value but with a fold change vale < 2, i.e., constitutive highly abundant genes without significant change along the dehydration-rehydration cycle. A total of 102 transcripts for H. caudiculatum, and 128 for H. dentatum show that there are broadly three main processes involved in the desiccation tolerance of these two filmy ferns, namely translation, photosynthesis and antioxidant activity (See Additional file 2: Dataset S3 for the detailed list of the highly abundant constitutive transcripts in each species). Transcripts clustering patterns and gene co-expression network of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum across dehydration-rehydration cycle From the annotated DE genes, we studied the dynamics of gene expression in these two resurrection filmy ferns to identify, firstly, transcripts with similar accumulation patterns in response to a given hydration status, and secondly, the complexity of the interaction and co-expression of genes related with their desiccation and rehydration responses. The self-organizing maps (SOM) partitioned the DE genes into six clusters (hereafter nodes) arranged as a map (Fig. 6 a-c). The underlying topology of the SOM shows distinct accumulation patterns of genes membership across nodes (Fig. 6 a-c), and prominent densities of transcripts for a given hydration state within a node (Fig. 6 b-d), which in topological terms, reflects similar accumulation patterns. Thus, SOM Node 6 in H. caudiculatum and SOM Node 1 in H. dentatum have a prominent density of transcripts associated with the full hydrated state (FH). For the dehydrated and re-hydrated conditions, respectively, the enrichment of transcripts was observed in Nodes 3 and 2 in H. caudiculatum (Fig. 6b), and Nodes 2 and 6 in H. dentatum (Fig. 6d). In order to ascertain if SOM-based clustering yields biologically relevant information, we determined GO enrichment in those nodes. Specifically, we found that for H. caudiculatum, transcripts of the dehydrated state (Node 3) were enriched in functional categories related to stress signaling and response, photosynthesis and photosystem II stabilization and repair, unsaturation of fatty acid, and lignin biosynthetic process. Next, transcripts in the rehydration state (Node 2) were enriched in responses to oxidative stress, lignin biosynthetic process, photosynthesis, protein-chromophore linkage, cellular redox homeostasis, and translation. On the other hand, in H. dentatum, the dehydrated state (Node 2) was enriched in functional categories related mainly with antioxidant responses such as glutathione metabolic process and ROS detoxification systems, drought response, transcription, translation regulators, photosystems II stabilization, ATP synthesis and proton transport, photoprotection, and ABA non-regulated stress responses. For the rehydrated state (Node 6), transcripts were enriched in functional categories corresponding mainly to ethylene and abscisic acid related signaling, photosynthesis, proton transport, plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular transport, response to stress and to toxic substances. Fig. 6 Mapping quality, clustering results for self-organizing maps (SOM) and GO enrichment of transcripts with similar and significant accumulation patterns associated to a given frond hydration state in H. caudiculatum (a-c) and H. dentatum (d-f). The heatmaps (a and d) shows the number of genes (counts) assigned to each SOM Node (numbered from 1 to 6) and the mean Euclidean distance of genes (distance) mapped to the particular Nodes. The constructed maps with a 2 × 3 hexagonal topology shows a reasonable spread out and small distances over the maps, indicating a good mapping process. Nodes with similar codebook vectors (i.e., the patterns of gene neighboring at each hydration state) lie closer to each other. Red color indicates low count and distance, whereas light yellow indicates high count and distance. From the total six Nodes defined after SOM, boxplots were used to visualize and select those Nodes describing the highest pattern of differentially expressed genes for a given hydration state in H. caudiculatum (b) and H. dentatum (e) (see details in the Result section). For each boxplot, horizontal line represents the median, and bars represent the maximum and minimum values of the scaled gene abundance. The pie charts indicate the GO enrichment terms for the annotated transcripts with the highest pattern of differential expression for each hydration state in H. caudiculatum (c) and H. dentatum (f). X axis labels in boxplots read as follow. FH = Full Hydration; DH = Dehydration; and RH = Rehydration From these SOM nodes (2, 3 and 6 in H.caudiculatum, and 1, 2 and 6 in H. dentatum), we carefully reviewed the annotated genes with high scale expression to construct weighted gene coexpression networks for each node (Fig. 7; see Materials and Methods for details). Based on the Fast Greedy modularity optimization algorithm for finding community structure, all gene-coexpression networks had two modules. The networks obtained from the full hydrated state of H. caudiculatum (Node 6, Fig. 7a), and from the dehydrated state of H. dentatum (Node 2, Fig. 7b) showed the highest gene connectivity, i.e., interactions between genes (6216 and 866 connections, respectively). An overview of the resultant gene-coexpression network for each hydration state of H. caudiculatum (Fig. 7a) showed that at full hydration, twelve hub genes (> 200 connections) composed a core network connecting both modules, which were involved in: protective system against oxidative stress (GPX7, CAT3); light harvesting complexes and reaction centers of photosystems I and II (e.g., CB23, CP24, LHCA 4, LHCB 2, PSAA, PSBA); lipid metabolism and transport (ACLA3, NLTP5). Under desiccation, the resultant network showed six hub genes (> 100 connections), and they were part of one of the modules. Hub genes were involved in: cell wall reinforcement (WUN1); glutathione metabolism (e.g., GSTUJ, GSTX4); mitochondrial uncoupling protein (PUMP4); glycosylation (U85A3); nitrogen mobilization (NRTs). At the rehydration state, the resultant network contained only eighteen genes, all with the same number of connections among them. Two main process were represented by these genes, namely cell wall structure and architecture (e.g., PME53, PRP1, CSE), and stress response and signaling (e.g., GRP, ASR1, DSP22, TET8). Fig. 7 Gene co-expression networks analysis for the full hydrated (FH), dehydrated (DH) and rehydrated (RH) states of (a) H. caudiculatum and (b) H. dentatum fronds. The genes used for the network construction were obtained from Nodes 2, 3, and 6 for H. caudiculatum, and Nodes 1, 2 and 6 in H. dentatum (See Fig. 6b and d). Each network included two modules indicated by the colors of the circles (green and light blue for H. caudiculatum, yellow and blue for H. dentatum). Hub genes (> 100 connections) are in red. Each of the modules contain transcripts with denser connections representing predicted interactions. The names of those genes showing higher connections within a given hydration state are indicated and their specific functions are discussed on the text Regarding H. dentatum, there were no hub genes in none of the resultant gene-coexpression networks (Fig. 7b). At the full hydration state, the network contained twelve coexpressed genes, equally connected among them. They were grouped into different functional categories, such as plant defense and abiotic stress resistance (e.g., DIR5, ERF17, BURP16), chloroplast development (e.g., PBP1), and cell wall structure and architecture (e.g., PME53). Under desiccation, the resultant network contained a total of forty-two coexpressed genes. Among them, we found genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (CHSY), structure of photosystems I and II (PSAA, PSBS), stress response (GL82), ubiquitination (UBIQP), aldo-keto reductases (ALKR4), immune system and Salicylic acid homeostasis (DLO2), non-symbiotic hemoglobins (HBL) which function in signal transduction pathways of several hormones, Jasmonic acid precursor (OPR7). Lastly, at the rehydration state the resultant network contained only 6 coexpressed genes. They were mainly involved in membrane metabolism (e.g., GDPD), stress response and signaling (e.g., DIR5, GRG1, DRE2A), and plant immunity (e.g., PUB25, TGA2.1), and sugar metabolism (GRG1). Previous studies have indicated at different scales, from cellular to ecophysiological approaches, how Hymenophyllaceae species from temperate rain forest responds to desiccation [12, 13, 15,16,17, 23]. However, the link among desiccation response, habitat preferences and gene expression have never been addressed before in Hymenophyllaceae until our present study. Both de novo assembled transcriptomes (the first for the Hymenophyllaceae family) exhibited good quality parameters, comparable to other non-model species transcriptomes sequenced with the same Illumina platform and using the same criteria for subsequent downstream assembly pipelines [24,25,26]. Thus, the robustness of our transcriptomes allowed us to explore differential gene expression and to contrast the dynamical patterns of high-and-low abundance of genes during the transition from dehydration to rehydration versus the constitutive gene expression, thereby contributing to a comprehensive view of the response mechanisms involved in a fast dehydration-rehydration process. Finding patterns in massive gene expression data sets consistent with a biological function is always a challenge. Despite the undeniable advantages of exploratory statistical models such hierarchical clustering [27] and k-means clustering [28], these methods are subjective due to human bias based on arbitrary statistical significance threshold and does not consider the topology between clusters [29]. The characteristics of the artificial neural networks, considering topology in clusters neighboring [19, 20], provides an excellent tool to depict clustering patterns of gene expression across multiple factors [19, 30, 31]. With the differential gene expression analysis, we found similar patterns of molecular responses between both filmy ferns during the desiccation-rehydration cycle. Then, by combining the Self-Organizing Maps with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we showed clear patterns of transcript accumulation and found a clear relationship between core genes that are co-expressed in a given hydration state. Thus, we were able to elucidate both shared and species-specific molecular components such as mechanisms of signaling and responses to desiccation [6, 32], disturbance of chloroplast homeostasis [33, 34], and photoinhibition-related stresses [35,36,37], associated with frond hydration state and the spectrum of microhabitat that H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum occupy along the vertical distribution over host trees. At a fully hydrated state, the patterns of transcripts accumulation in both species reflect normal functioning of primary metabolic process such as photosynthesis and respiration. After dehydration, the clustering patterns and abundance of differentially expressed identified transcripts, shared mechanisms associated with the maintenance of redox homeostasis, stabilization and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus, and chloroplast operational signaling. In contrast, the species-specific responses were particularly associated to phenolic compounds biosynthetic pathways (e.g., phenylpropanoid metabolism) and photoinhibition related processes. Both general and species-specific responses agree with physiological, ultrastructural, and chemical changes, as with the homoiochlorophyllous strategy of these filmy ferns [11, 13, 15, 23]. Shared patterns of transcriptional responses during the dehydration-rehydration cycle It must be noted that because the relatively few transcripts showing differential expression, the desiccation tolerance response of these two filmy ferns would rely mainly on constitutive mechanisms, as it has been suggested by proteomic analyses [16]. Based on our results, both filmy-ferns have high abundance of transcripts involved in translation, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity regardless the hydration state of the frond. An interesting result from the highly abundant constitutive genes is the expression of the LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT PROTEIN 14 gene (LEA14) which has been reported as an atypical LEA protein localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, with important roles against abiotic stress, particularly osmotic and drought stress [38, 39]. The patterns of differential gene expression shared by the two species (as shown in Fig. 4) suggest conserved mechanisms of responses regardless their habitat preferences along the vertical gradient of host trees. Thus, during dehydration both species increase the abundance of genes encoding for Glutathione-S-Transferases (GST), while there is a decrease of GST genes following rehydration. GST enzymes scavenge a wide variety of toxic compounds (e.g., hydrophobic, electrophilic and cytotoxic substrates; see [40]). When the fronds of both filmy ferns turn desiccated, they must deal with the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species associated with multiple and simultaneous stress to which they are subjected, such as water deficit and high light stress [41]. Efficient detoxification and antioxidant defense systems are key components for desiccation tolerance [3, 6, 36]., Given that GST enzymes inactivates a wide variety of toxic compounds (e.g., hydrophobic, electrophilic and cytotoxic substrates; see [38]), these two ferns appear to have evolved a mechanism to finely tune the GST responses against oxidative damage during the desiccated state. We found the same dynamic in genes encoding for ferritins which could be a more specific mechanism coupled with the aforementioned for GST. Ferritin is a putative iron storage protein that has been linked with ROS metabolism in plants. Specifically, ferritin synthesis is activated at the transcriptional level by cellular iron and H2O2 as well as by high light intensity, enhancing ROS detoxifying enzymes [42]. Evidence that links ferritin and ROS metabolism points out that the control of ferritin synthesis would be required for a proper maintenance of the redox status of fronds cells. Moreover, it is known that ferritin domains are part of the structure of desiccation related proteins (DRP, [43]), therefore besides the antioxidant role of ferritin, the two filmy ferns may use this protein for protection of membrane structures, such as photosynthetic structures [44]. Both species also shared patterns of gene expression involved in the control of structure and function of photosystems. During desiccation both species accumulate transcripts encoding for components of reaction centers of Photosystem I and II while there is a decrease in transcripts abundance encoding for light-harvesting antenna and oxygen-evolving complexes. This response differs with what has been reported for the model resurrection plant Craterostigma pumilum, in which the inverse pattern occurs [36]. A plausible explanation is that because of the homoichlorophyllous nature of Hymenophyllaceae species, i.e. the retention of their chloroplast when desiccated, this genes dynamics would help during the time-lapse of desiccation-rehydration against the combined effects of severe dehydration and intermittent occurrences of high irradiances inputs by sunflecks to deal with reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage [45], and the need to minimize the potential for light capture and the oxidation of water in order to decrease redox reactions but to maintain a stock for reaction centers. The coordination of the complex mechanisms such as those mentioned above require intertwined signaling pathways for systemic responses against the internal and external constraints associated with the resurrection strategy. The increases of transcript abundance of AAA-ATPase genes which are known to be involved in ROS signaling and the presence of components of signal transduction such as Auxin and calcium signaling, oxylipin metabolism, and ethylene and ABA responsive transcription factors points to the chloroplast as the signaling orchestrator [34]. Because the fronds of these ferns ranges from one to a few cells layers, and given that plastid-to-nucleus signaling is essential for the coordination and adjustment of cellular responses to external and internal cues [33, 46, 47], environmental perturbations imposing restrictions for the chloroplast homeostasis would have a great impact in whole frond form and function. Fluctuations in frond water status will initiate an operational signaling to change the expression of thousands of genes to adjust chloroplast and the whole cell functioning [34]. According to this, both species showed an increase of transcript abundance that encode for AP2/ERF transcription factors during desiccation (e.g., DREB, ERF, RAP), which are known to be involved in responses to environmental stimuli, especially for redox, osmotic and drought stress [33, 34]. Moreover, a coordination of chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression would be mediated by the redox status [48], activating a protein kinase phosphorylation cascades and AP2/ERF transcription factors. Our results are consistent with the above-mentioned mechanism, being a key mechanism contributing to the resurrection strategy used by the two studied filmy ferns. Species-specific patterns of transcriptional responses during dehydration and rehydration One of the most ambitious goals of our study was to associate the different niche preference of these two filmy fern species with species-specific transcriptional responses to have insights into particular physiological conditions that may prevail under different frond hydration states. In general, based on the DE analysis and the pairwise comparison among hydration states (Table 1), the specific responses in H. caudiculatum underpins enhanced osmotic responses and phenylpropanoid related pathways, whereas in H. dentatum the specific responses point to enhanced protection against oxidative damage and high light stress. By the other hand, the gene co-expression networks analysis provides a detailed interaction of central genes conferring each species-specific response. Examining the responses of H. caudiculatum during the dehydration-rehydration cycle, we observed an increase in the abundance of the DOG1 gene when full hydrated and rehydrated. This gene is involved in controlling the timing of seed dormancy in response to environmental signals such as temperature by altering gibberellin metabolism [49]. Given that during embryo development and maturation the acquisition of desiccation tolerance is a key process for the viability of the majority of seeds, it is logical that resurrection plants use part of the molecular components involved in the control of seed dormancy. However, the changes in the abundance of DOG1 gene in H. caudiculatum suggest an induced mechanism linked to ABA and GA balance by a common intermediary such as DELLAs proteins [50]. Based on the gene-coexpression network results, we observed for the dehydration state that core genes are related to minimize ROS formation and oxidative stress through NAD metabolism and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins [51, 52], while for rehydration all co-expressed genes are involved mainly in cell wall and protein stability [53], membrane stability and signaling, and the reestablishment of glucose metabolism (Fig. 7a). Table 1 Differential expression of transcripts of interest (FDR < 0.05) during experimental desiccation-rehydration cycle in H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum fronds. The table shows the pairwise comparison of the increase/decrease abundance of transcripts between the transition of fronds from one to another hydration state, namely full hydrated (FH), dehydrated (DH, and rehydrated (RH). Gene identities were obtained with GO-enrichment by Panther Classification System V11.0. The level of regulation of each gene was estimated by value of the logarithm of fold change (logFC, on brackets) above and below 1.0 and − 1.0, for up and down regulation, respectively We observed an increase in the abundance of the ELI6 gene which encodes an early light inducible protein (Table 1) in H. dentatum when full hydrated and rehydrated. The same patter was observed for the dehydration response element transcription factor DRE2A. ELIPs proteins are induced by light, and act as sinks for excitation energy under high light. The increase in abundance ELI6 and DRE2A only in H. dentatum (Fig. 7b) would be a response associated with its distribution toward more illuminated and low humidity micro-sites along the vertical direction of host trees. Other specific responses are linked with the activation of defense responses driven by Ethylene and Salicylic Acid, and the scavenging of specific ROS such as hydrogen peroxide. The present work provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the desiccation tolerance responses of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum. Here we have deciphered the transcriptional dynamics, gene co-expression networks and key genes involved in the signaling and response mechanisms during the process of dehydration and rehydration for both species. In addition, the identification of species-specific mechanisms contributes to explain their ecophysiological traits and microhabitat preferences they show in their natural environment. Thus, while the lower-canopy species H. caudiculatum seems to enhance osmotic responses and phenylpropanoid related pathways, the upper-canopy species H. dentatum enhanced its defense system responses and protection against high light stress. Finally, much more work is needed to understand the roles and contribution of specific molecules (e.g., RNA-binding proteins) and posttranscriptional regulations that may have central roles in the desiccation tolerance strategy of these species when subjected to rapid loss-and-gain of water as occurs in the natural environment. Also, studies under an evolutionary developmental biology approach would help to decipher and understand the genetic basis of physiological, developmental and morphological variation associated with the microclimatic conditions in which these resurrection filmy ferns have evolved. Plant material and growth conditions Individuals of Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (Mart.) var. productum (K. Presl.) and Hymenophyllum dentatum (Cav.) (Fig. 1) were collected from Katalapi Park (41°31′07.5″ S, 72°45′2.2″ W) Cordillera de Quillaipe, Los Lagos Region, Chile. The collecting site correspond to a coastal evergreen temperate rainforest. Details on microclimatic conditions of the site have been previously published [11]. Small pieces of bark or fallen trees covered with epiphytic filmy ferns were collected in late Spring (Nov-Mid Dec, Southern hemisphere) and transported to a shaded experimental nursery garden with automated irrigation at the Universidad de La Frontera. Further description of nursery conditions and plant set up can be found in [17]. Briefly, plants were acclimated to nursery garden conditions under shade (25–30 μmol photons m⁠ − 2 s⁠ − 1), nebulized by an automated irrigation system (6 daily waterings, 2 min each) for 25 days prior to experimental procedures. It is worth to note that the deposit of specimens to an herbarium was not necessary, since they already exist in the collection of the Herbarium of the Universidad de Concepción (, Herbario CONC, Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitaro s/n, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.) Experimental design and sample collection The experimental design was a desiccation-rehydration experiment under nursery conditions during late spring (Nov-mid Dec, southern hemisphere) in which fronds of H. dentatum and H. caudiculatum were studied at three different hydration states; full hydrated (FH), dehydrated (DH), and rehydrated (RH) (detailed in Fig. 2a). At each hydration state, we used attached fronds for monitoring the changes in maximal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), and two set of detached fronds; one to determine their relative water content (RWC), and the other for RNA isolation. To reach a fully hydrated state, ferns were subjected to irrigation pulses of three minutes at intervals of twenty minutes each, during four hours; a single frond from each plant (3 plants per species, 6 plants total) were taken at this hydration state (FH) to obtain its relative water content (RWC). Then, ferns went through a desiccation-rehydration process by adjusting the irrigation settings and monitoring the changes in RWC and Fv/Fm of the fronds during the next seven days. AT the first day without irrigation, the first DH sampling (fronds from three different individuals per species) was taken when fronds reached about 60% of RWC. A second DH sample was obtained when plants reached a value equal or below the critical relative water content reported for these species [11], achieved at day seven (Fig. 2a). Both DH samples were pooled in order to have coverage for early and late desiccation-regulated transcripts. Finally, the rehydration was carried out resuming irrigation until at least a 90% of RWC was recovered. During rehydration (RH) two samplings were taken, one was obtained when plants recovered 60–70% of RWC, and the second sampling was taken at ca. 90% of RWC. Both samplings were pooled as RH in order to have coverage for early and late rehydration-regulated transcripts. Samples were stored at − 80 °C until processed for RNA isolation for comparisons of the transcriptional responses associated to each hydration state, either within or between species. Fluorescence measurements Maximal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) was calculated from chlorophyll a fluorescence signals obtained from attached fronds using a modulated fluorometer (FMS2, Hansatech, UK) as previously described in [17]. Briefly, attached fronds were carefully cover and dark acclimated for 30 min using FMS2 leaf clips. After dark acclimation the modulated light was turned on to obtain F0, then a saturating pulse (800 mS at ~ 3000 μmol m− 2 s− 1) was applied to obtain the maximum fluorescence (Fm). Variable fluorescence (Fv) and Fv/Fm ratio were calculated according to [54] at ambient temperature (17 C° approx.). Data was analyzed after check normality assumptions under an ANOVA test with P value ≤0.05. When data did not meet the normality assumptions, we used the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. Additionally, fluorescence images of Fv/Fm were obtained using detached fronds under each hydration condition FH, DH and RH using a Maxi-Imaging PAM (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) to observe the rate of recovery of the quantum yield of fluorescence (YII) at the whole frond level of both species (Fig. 2b). RNA-seq and De novo Transcriptome analysis Total RNA was isolated using UltraClean™ Plant RNA Isolation Kit (Mo Bio, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and purified with Total RNA I kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The yield and quality of the RNA isolation samples was determined by an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. The RNA was precipitated with two volumes of acetate:ethanol solution (1:10 v/v) and sent for sequencing to Macrogen Inc., Korea. A total of six samples were sequenced in a single lane of an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform (Illumina Inc. San Diego, CA, USA) obtaining 100 bp paired end reads. After quality filtering with the NGSQC Toolkit v2.3 ([55], and Q-score composition (Additional file 3: Figure S1), we conducted a de novo assembly with the Trinity software package v2.1.1 [56, 57]. Transcriptome assembly was performed at Troquil Linux cluster at Centro de Modelación y Computación Científica (CMCC, Universidad de La Frontera) using 12 processors Intel Xeon E5–4640 and 192 GB of shared memory. Reads from each sample were mapped to their corresponding final transcriptome using default RSEM parameters (RSEM = RNA-Seq by Expectation Maximization) written in the script. The resulting RSEM-estimated gene abundances for each fern were merged in a matrix and analyzed with script from Trinity, which involves the Bioconductor package edgeR in R statistical environment [58, 59]. Transcripts with very low estimated counts (2 for combined groups), were not considered for edgeR pair-wise comparison of hydration states. To judge significance of gene expression, we used a False Discovery Rate value (FDR) lower than 0.05 and a minimum fold change (FC) of 2 as thresholds (Additional file 2: Dataset S1 and S2). To quantify transcript abundance, normalized RSEM-estimated counts were used for clustering assembled contigs based on expression patterns [29]. Finally, the resulting transcripts of each transcriptome were aligned into the SwissProt database using BLAST+ with an e-value filter of 1-e− 10 as threshold [60]. Functional annotation, classification, and over-or under-represented groups of genes were performed using PANTHER ([61], Self-organizing maps (SOM) analysis Normalized RSEM-estimated counts of both H. caudiculatum and H dentatum that met the expression values determined from the model described above were used for the SOM clustering method [29]. Specifically, only genes that vary significantly in expression across fronds hydration state of both filmy fern species were analyzed. To focus only on gene expression profile, and at the same time avoid biases with the differences in the magnitude of gene expression, expression values were mean centered, selected from the upper 50% quartile of coefficient of variation, and variance scaled using the scale function (R base package [58];) separately for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum. Scaled expression values were used to cluster genes in both species across fronds hydration states into a multidimensional 2 × 3 hexagonal SOM using the Kohonen package on R [19]. One hundred training iterations were used during clustering with a decrease in the alpha learning rate from ca. 0.0018 to 0.0010 (Additional file 3: Figure S2). After the iteration process, the final assignment of genes to the winning units shaped the clusters of genes (termed nodes) associated to the hydration states. SOM outcome was visualized into pie charts for codebook vectors to obtain the counts number and mean distance of the genes assigned to each node ([19], Additional file 3: Figure S3). The box plot option from the ggplot2 package on R was used to visualize the gene accumulation patterns associated to the hydration states of the fronds in each Node. Finally, the genes of each Node were analyzed for GO enrichments terms at a 0.05 false discovery rate cutoff (Additional file 4: Dataset S6 and S7). Gene co-expression network analysis In order to go further the gene co-expression patterns obtained from the SOM analysis, a further Gene Regulatory Network-based (GRN) approach was used to study the interactions between gene expression and fronds hydration state of each fern species. From the SOM clustering method, a subset of 67 and 183 annotated genes from H. dentatum and H. caudiculatum were selected, respectively. For the selection of genes, those transcripts from SOM nodes with the highest scaled accumulation patterns for a given hydration state were chosen. Then, only those genes with GO annotation were selected. (Additional file 2: Dataset S4 and S5). These genes were used to construct a weighted gene co-expression network according to [31]. Briefly, features of two R packages, namely, Weighted Gene Coexpression Analysis (WGCNA [18];) and igraph [21], were combined to visualize the genes interaction. To calculate the adjacency matrix with the WGCNA package, a soft threshold (β) value of 9 was used to achieve the scale free topology criteria. Then, the network connectivity and modularity were visualized by using the algorithms of the graph generator and community structure functions of the igraph package, whilst custom graph functions were used for network visualization (available at Sequence submission The quality-filtered, barcode-sorted, and trimmed short read data set used for transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis, was deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession SRR5195043, SRR5272488, SRR5272490, SRR6452149, SRR6452987, and SRR6453153. Additionally, the gene expression profiles of the assembled transcriptomes were deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). For confidential access to the public GEO records use the following links: and Availability of data and materials The transcriptomes of the ferns species used in this study are available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession SRR5195043, SRR5272488, SRR5272490, SRR6452149, SRR6452987, and SRR6453153. The gene expression datasets are available at and The custom script used for the analysis and construction of the gene co-expression networks is available at All data generated and analyzed in this study are available and included in this manuscript, as well as its supplementary information files. 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Author information GL, GB, AG, and LB conceived the study. AG and LB provided materials. GB. AF and LB coordinated sampling and desiccation-rehydration experiment. GB and AF isolated the RNA. GL assembled de novo the transcriptomes. GL and EO-G analyzed the transcriptomic data sets. EO-G and IE worked on interpretation of transcriptomic data. EO-G generated and analyzed the cluster and artificial networks.; EO-G, LB and G.L. wrote the article with contribution of all other authors; all authors read, edited, and approved the article. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Enrique Ostria-Gallardo or León A. Bravo. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Plant collection was made on the Katalapi Park Foundation, a non-profit institution for research and environmental education. Dr. Luis J. Corcuera, President of the Foundation provided the permission to access and collect the plant material from the Park. There were no need for special permissions from any other government or private agent for collecting the plant material used in our study. The fern species were identified by EO and LB based on the description of the species published on [62]. The experimental design was made following the institutional normative of the Ethics Committee of the University of La Frontera. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Additional information Publisher’s Note Supplementary information Additional file 1: Table S1. Statistics for RNA-seq libraries sequencing of H. caudiculatum (Hca) and H. dentatum (Hdent) for each of their hydrated states. Statistics shows total number of reads (No. of reads), high quality reads that passed quality control (No. of HQ reads), reads that were mapped to transcriptomes (No. of mapped reads) and their percentage of mapping (Mapping rate) Table S2. Assembly statistics for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum transcriptomes before (raw) and after refinement (filtered). The total number of transcripts (No. transcripts), number of trinity components (Trinity components), putative transcriptome in mega base pairs (Transcriptome Size), basic statistics on transcript lengths (Average, median, minimum and maximum) and assembly quality as N50 (N50) Table S3. Blast results for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum against SwissProt database. Table shows the counts distribution per sequence size (Size range) of blast hit (Blast Hit) and missing hits (Unknow) and the cumulative percentages (Cums %) Additional file 2: Dataset S1. Matrix of the DE genes among pairwise comparissons between frond's hydration states of H. caudiculatum. Columns indicates de sequnce ID (id), fold change (log FC), counts per million (log CPM), the significance (PValue), the false discovery rate value (FDR), and the normalized counts for each hydration state (HcaFH.matrix, HcaD.matrix, and HcaRH.matrix), Dataset S2. Matrix of the DE genes among pairwise comparissons between frond's hydration states of H. dentatum. Columns indicates de sequnce ID (id), fold change (log FC), counts per million (log CPM), the significance (PValue), the false discovery rate value (FDR), and the normalized counts for each hydration state (HdFH, HdD, and HdRH), Dataset S3. Matrix showing those highly abundant genes without significant changes between frond's hydration states of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum. Columns shows the gene id, transcript id, the counts abundance for each hydration state, the UniProt ID, the percentage of similitud of the Blast query, and the Protein Name, Dataset S4. Matrix of the Self-Organizing Maps output for the Nodes 2, 3 and 6 for H. caudiculatum, Dataset S5. Matrix of the Self-Organizing Maps output for the Nodes 1, 2 and 4 to 6 for H. dentatum. Additional file 3 : Figure S1. Quality scores and accuracy of Illumina Hiseq 100-bp paired end reads for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum after quality filters. Bad quality reads that showed values 20 on the histogram were discarded. All reads above the value of 30 indicates 99.9% of accuracy, regarding to bases correctly read by the sequencer, Figure S2. Training progress of the average distances of genes of H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum using Self-Organizing Maps showing the effect of neighborhood shrinking to include the winning unit, i.e., when the vectors in the dataset reach the closest similarity. Figure S3. Codebbook vectors for H. caudiculatum and H. dentatum showing the clusters of differentially expresed genes with maximum neighbouring after training process. The codebook vectors represent the expression profile of genes associated to a given state after the constructionof the map Additional file 4: Dataset S6. Compiled GO enrichment data for H. caudiculatum, Dataset S7. Compiled GO enrichment data for H. dentatum. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Ostria-Gallardo, E., Larama, G., Berríos, G. et al. A comparative gene co-expression analysis using self-organizing maps on two congener filmy ferns identifies specific desiccation tolerance mechanisms associated to their microhabitat preference. BMC Plant Biol 20, 56 (2020). Download citation • Hymenophyllaceae • Poikilohydric • Homoiochlorophyllous • Temperate rainforest • RNA-seq transcriptome • Neural network • Gene co-expression
An electric cigarette is basically an electronic device which mimics traditional tobacco smoking. It usually includes a unit like a tank or cartridge, an atomizer for releasing nicotine right into a the respiratory system, and a battery. Instead of smoke, the vender inhales only vapor. As such, utilizing an e-cigarette in its hottest form is commonly known as “vaping.” What exactly are the health effects of e-cigs? Well, like any tobacco alternative, there are several potential hazards associated with them. The reason is that they contain both nicotine and different toxic chemicals. Additionally, a number of these chemicals have been deemed dangerous or just simply “not good for you” in the minds of many health officials. However, it should be noted that these aren’t all of the chemicals within just about every e-cigarette product. For instance, inhalation of an e-cigarette, such as an inhalator, can contain nicotine. The aerosol itself contains no harmful toxins, but the actual liquid in which it distributes is filled with nicotine, as well as other chemical compounds. In fact, an e-cigarette can contain much more toxins than what is contained in a pack of cigarettes! A few of the worst e-cigarette ingredients include acetaminophen, caffeine, propylene glycol, ammonia, and chlorine dioxide. So, does vapor from an electronic cigarette have any harmful effects? While there may be some mild irritation to some users when inhaled, it generally isn’t considered to be a symptom of lung disease. However, users should be aware of the fact that vapor can dissipate as time passes, particularly if the e-cigarette has been used for an extended period of time. Because of this the vapor can build up in the lungs over time, which could potentially lead to issues with asthma or bronchitis. As a general rule, it is important to use the e-cigs responsibly, avoiding excessive smoking, and using only the amount that is needed to achieve the effect. Another issue that is frequently brought up is whether or not e-cigs are a safer alternative to smoking tobacco products. In fact, since there is much debate over the amount of tar and other chemicals contained in tobacco products, there is absolutely no doubt that e-cigs contain far fewer toxins. Therefore, even if one chooses to utilize e-cigs over tobacco products, one should still learn how to use e-cigs correctly, as using them in places where they are prohibited could result in fines or legalities. Also, it is important to understand that e-cigs aren’t considered an upgraded for tobacco cigarettes, and e-cigs cannot be used by children. When compared to highly addictive nicotine products, e-cigs do not appear to present any greater health threats. As long as one uses them relative to the directions, there is little to worry about. For most users, the important thing would be to avoid ingesting the toxic chemicals contained in the e-cigarette liquid itself. In fact, this is actually the number one concern among users, who could become addicted to these extremely harmful chemicals if they are not Puff Bar kept at safe levels. Most e-cigs have to be completely heated, which can produce some toxic smoke. As the smoke travels down the heating coil, it accumulates tiny particles and heats them up. These highly heated particles then fall to tiny crevices in the e-cigarette aerosol, where they become re-smokeable. The outcome is that there Cigarette does not release any smoke at all but rather just releases a vapor that resembles that of a cigarette. In conclusion, both electric cigarettes and regular tobacco cigarettes are equally harmful to your wellbeing when used to smoke. It is just a matter of personal choice which you decide to use. Smokers around the world should make it a spot to stop smoking once and for all, since the toll it exacts on their bodies and their families cannot be overemphasized. Do what you can today to help your loved ones get away from this deadly habit.
How was the pi symbol created? How was the pi symbol developed? Mathematicians started utilizing the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Presented by William Jones in 1706, use the symbol was promoted by Leonhard Euler, that embraced it in 1737. An eighteenth-century French mathematician called Georges Buffon created a method to determine π based upon chance. Will Pi ever before finish? Since while these various other legal holidays concern an end, Pi Day really does not concern an end, due to the fact that though Pi practically isn’t limitless, it does, in a feeling, never ever totally finish. Pi, officially referred to as π in the globe of maths, is the proportion of the area of a circle as well as the size of a circle. where did the pi symbol originated from? Call. The symbol utilized by mathematicians to stand for the proportion of a circle’s area to its size is the lowercase Greek letter π, occasionally defined as pi, as well as originated from the initial letter of the Greek word perimetros, suggesting area. Why is 3.14 called pi? It was not up until the 18th century– concerning 2 centuries after the value of the number 3.14 was initially determined by Archimedes– that the name “pi” was initially utilized to represent the number. “He utilized it due to the fact that the Greek letter Pi refers the letter ‘P’ … as well as pi has to do with the border of the circle.” was PI designed or uncovered? The Male That Designed Pi In 1706 an obscure math instructor called William Jones initially utilized a symbol to stand for the platonic principle of pi, a perfect that in mathematical terms can be come close to, yet never ever gotten to. Is Pi a logical number? Pi is an unreasonable number, which indicates that it is an actual number that can not be shared by an easy portion. That’s because pi is what mathematicians call an “limitless decimal”– after the decimal factor, the figures take place for life as well as ever before. (These reasonable expressions are just precise to a number of decimal locations.) that uncovered Pi for the very first time? Archimedes of Syracuse That discovered no? Brahmagupta Does PI have a pattern? After hundreds of years of attempting, mathematicians are still exercising the number referred to as pi or “ π“. We have recognized because the 18th century that we will certainly never ever have the ability to determine all the figures of pi due to the fact that it is an unreasonable number, one that proceeds for life with no duplicating pattern What is the initially 100 figures of pi? 3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279 5028841971 6939937510 5820974944 5923078164 0628620899 8628034825 3421170679 PI/4 = 1/1 – 1/3 + 1/5 – 1/7 + That is the dad of maths? What’s the variety of pi? What is pi brief for? It is the area of any kind of circle separated by its size. The number Pi, signified by the Greek letter π – obvious ‘pie’, is among the most typical constants in all of maths. It is the area of any kind of circle, separated by its size. What is the last number of pi? The Solution: Pi is an unreasonable number. Therefore, it has no last number. Moreover, there is no pattern to its figures. But also for what it deserves, below are the initially thousand figures of pi. That designed indicator? Robert Recorde University College of Oxford College of Cambridge Recognized for Designing the amounts to indicator (=-RRB- Scientific profession Area Mathematician as well as medical professional What was the Chinese price quote of pi? Chinese mathematician Zhu Chongzhi (ADVERTISEMENT 429-500) utilized a comparable approach to approximate the worth of pi, utilizing a 12,288-sided polygon. His finest estimate was 355/113. Why is Pi so essential? Pi (π) is the proportion of the area of a circle to its size. It does not matter how huge or tiny the circle is – the proportion remains the exact same. Since it’s so conveniently observed (you can gauge it with an item of string!), Pi has actually been preferred for centuries. Fashion Photography
Guide to Good Mental Health on the Autism Spectrum • ISBN 9781849056700 $43.48 + GST Add to Cart: Filled with strategies and advice, this empowering guide presents practical ways to improve the mental wellbeing of people on the Autism Spectrum. This helpful guide focusses on the specific difficulties that can arise for people on the autism spectrum who may also experience a mental illness. The book includes information on common mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, as well as strategies for improving sleep patterns and mindfulness. Providing guidance on the benefits and drawbacks of therapy pets, medication, and psychotherapy, the authors offer balanced perspectives on treatment options and introduce self-help strategies tailored to meet your needs and improve your mental wellbeing. A number of short personal narratives from people on the autism spectrum and mental health issues illustrate the text. The book also includes a list of resources, books and organisations that can provide further support and inspiration. Your IP Address is: Copyright © 2021 Medical Books. Powered by Zen Cart
Uremia – the Elusive Syndrome November 1, 2013 Trisha Han Uncategorized Uremia, in the medical world, is relatively uncharted territory–neither Western Medicine nor Chinese Medicine has made many advances in understanding it or finding a cure. Because it is a syndrome usually accompanying renal failure, kidney dialysis is always an option, and kidney transplant is considered a last resort. Most people are concerned with healing the kidney or finding a healthy replacement, whereas the actual condition may not stem from the kidney at all. According to Chinese Medicine, uremia was caused exclusively by weakness in the stomach meridian. The signs of weakness in the stomach meridian were abundant in most uremia patients, whereas the signs of weakness in the kidney meridian were only slight. Dialysis can temporarily rid the blood of toxins and waste, by substituting for the normal function of a kidney–but if one strengthens the stomach meridian, the results will be long term and the body will be able to perform cleansing functions on its own. The belief in Chinese Medicine is that the spleen and stomach are the sources of blood and Qi, and that the stomach meridian is a meridian abundant in blood and Qi flow. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine states, “Muscular dysfunction expends stomach meridian energy”. Uremia is often attributed to kidney myopathy (muscle dysfunction). By this, we know that uremia causes weakness in the stomach meridian by expending its energy; that is, expending its Qi and blood. I like to think of the kidney as an electric fan. If you turn the fan on and it doesn’t spin, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the fan is broken–it could be because of a power outage, or a problem in the electric cord. In our little metaphor, if the kidney is the electric fan, then the blood/Qi is the power source, and the stomach meridian is the electric cord. So as long as the blood/Qi is replenished via the spleen and stomach, the stomach meridian is unblocked, and the kidney receives adequate blood and nutrient flow, then the kidney should be able to perform its functions smoothly. Leave a Reply
Trabalenguas: Let’s Practice Some Spanish Tongue Twisters! January 20, 2021 Follow Us Now In this article, we’ll introduce you to some of the most fun tongue twisters in the Spanish language. The word for ‘tongue twister’ in Spanish is ‘trabalenguas,’ which comes from the verb ‘trabar’ (‘to get tangled up’) and the noun ‘lengua’ (‘tongue’)! Tongue Twisters Tongue Twisters Cow Image Via In this article, we’ve given you tongue twisters that you can use to practice particular sounds. What is a tongue twister? Tongue twisters are phrases that are supposed to be really tricky to pronounce. They often use one or two sounds repeatedly throughout the phrase. For example, ‘she sells seashells by the seashore.’ How can tongue twisters help your Spanish? When learning a language, you’re often confronted by sounds that don’t exist in your native language, for example the rolled ‘r’ in Spanish, which we don’t use in English. Using tongue twisters is a great way to get your tongue around those sounds, and learn some new vocab in the process! As you practice, think of your mouth as forming muscle memory. You may well have to bend your mouth and tongue into shapes that you didn’t think were possible, but just because you weren’t born in a Spanish-speaking country doesn’t mean you can’t make Spanish sounds. Imagine if a Spanish couple gets pregnant and moves to Canada. When the baby starts to talk, it doesn’t flat out say, “sorry, I don’t speak Spanish, eh.” As long as Spanish is spoken in the home, the kid picks up the Spanish language and Spanish sounds from the parents. Okay, so you’re not a Spanish baby in Canada, but that doesn’t take away your ability to listen and mimic. Start by pronouncing each sound and syllable as slowly and clearly as you can, and then start reciting whole tongue twisters. You’re aiming for speed, clarity, and fluidity! Spanish Tongue Twister: A Sound Pancha plancha con cuatro planchas. ¿Con cuántas planchas plancha Pancha?Pancha irons with four irons. With how many irons does Pancha iron? Spanish Tongue Twister: E Sound Esteban es escalador. Escala y escala. Esteban, el escalador: de tanto escalar, en una cima quedó. Esteban is a mountaineer. He climbs and he climbs. Esteban, the mountaineer: from so much climbing, he ended up on a peak. Spanish Tongue Twister: I Sound Pablito clavó un clavito en la calva de un calvito. En la calva de un calvito, un clavito clavó Pablito.Pablito hammered a little nail into the bald patch of a little bald man. Into the bald patch of a little bald man, a little nail did hammer Pablito. Spanish Tongue Twister: O Sound Un dragón tragón tragó carbón y el carbón que tragó el dragón tragón le hizo salir barrigón.A greedy dragon swallowed coal and the coal that the greedy dragon swallowed gave him a pot belly. Spanish Tongue Twisters: U Sound Una bruja tiene una brújula en una burbuja. Y con la aguja embrujada te embruja.A witch has a compass in a bubble. And with the enchanted needle she puts a spell on you. Spanish Tongue Twisters: B/V Sounds Both ‘b’ and ‘v’ are pronounced the same as each other. Hard sound: They sound almost like an English ‘b’ when: • At the start of an utterance. • After ‘m’ or ‘n.’ Soft sound: They sound almost like an English ‘v’ in all other cases. In this tongue twister, all the ‘b’s and ‘v’s are pronounced the same, except the first ‘B,’ which is hard. Beatriz tuvo un tubo, y el tubo que tuvo se le rompió. Para recuperar el tubo que tuvo, tuvo que comprar un tubo, igual al tubo que tuvo.Beatriz had a tube, and the tube that she had: it broke. To fix the tube that she had, she had to buy a tube the same as the tube she had. Spanish Tongue Twisters: Ca/Co/Cu/Qu (‘k’ sound) Cuando cuentas cuentos, cuenta cuántos cuentos cuentas. Porque si no cuentas cuántos cuentos cuentas, nunca sabrás cuántos cuentos cuentas.When you tell stories, count how many stories you tell. Because if you don’t count how many stories you tell, you’ll never know how many stories you tell. ¿Cómo quieres que te quiera si quien que quiero que me quiera no me quiere como quiero que me quiera?How do you want me to love you if the one I want to love me doesn’t love me the way I want them to? Spanish Tongue Twisters: Ce/Ci/Z/S (‘th’ or ‘s’ sound) How these letters are pronounced will depend on where you come from: • In most parts of Spain, ‘s’ is pronounced like the ‘s’ in ‘see,’ but the consonants in ‘ce’ and ‘ci,’ and ‘z’ are usually pronounced like the ‘th’ in ‘birth.’ • In most parts of Latin America, all of the above are pronounced like the ‘s’ in ‘see.’ La sucesión sucesiva de sucesos sucede sucesivamente con la sucesión del tiempo.The successive succession of events occurs successively with the succession of time. Si Sansón no sazona su salsa con sal, le sale sosa; le sale sosa su salsa a Sansón, si la sazona sin sal.If Sansón doesn’t season his sauce with salt, it turns out bland; Sansón’s sauce turns out bland if he seasons it without salt. Un zapatero zambo zapateaba zapateados de zapata, zapateados de zapata zapateaba un zapatero zambo.A knock-kneed shoemaker tap-danced tap dances, tap dances did tap-dance a knock-kneed shoemaker. Spanish Tongue Twister: Ch Sound Me han dicho que has dicho un dicho, un dicho que he dicho yo. Ese dicho que te han dicho que yo he dicho, no lo he dicho; y si yo lo hubiera dicho, estaría muy bien dicho por haberlo dicho yo.They said to me that you’ve said a saying, a saying that I said. That saying that they said to you that I said, I didn’t say it; and if I had said it, it would be very well said for having been said by me. Spanish Tongue Twisters: Ge/Gi/J (throaty ‘h’ sound) (Bear in mind that the ‘g’ in ‘ga,’ ‘go,’ and ‘gu’ is simply pronounced as a harder ‘g,’ almost like the ‘g’ in ‘gobsmacked.’) De generación en generación, las generaciones se degeneran con mayor degeneración.From generation to generation, the generations degenerate with more degeneration. Juan junta juncos junto a la zanja.Juan gathers reeds by the ditch. Spanish Tongue Twister: M Sound Mi mamá me mima mucho.My mom spoils me a lot. Spanish Tongue Twister: Ñ (‘ny’ sound) Ñoño Yáñez come ñame en las mañanas con el niño.Boring Yáñez eats yam in the mornings with the boy. Spanish Tongue Twister: P Sound Pepe Pecas pica papas con un pico, con un pico pica papas Pepe Pecas.Pepe Freckles chops taters with a pick, with a pick Pepe Freckles chops taters. Spanish Tongue Twisters: R/Rr Sound Can you roll your ‘r’s? You may not know this, but there are two types of ‘r’ sound in Spanish. Check out their posh names: ‘Voiced alveolar trill’: this is what we usually think of as that rolled ‘r.’ Use it for: • Words beginning with ‘r,’ e.g. ‘realmente.’ • When there’s a double ‘r’ (‘rr’), e.g. ‘hierro.’ • When there’s an ‘r’ directly after ‘l,’ ‘n,’ or ‘s,’ e.g. ‘alrededor,’ ‘honrado,’ ‘desregular.’ ‘Voiced alveolar tap’: this isn’t a full-on roll, more of a quick tap of the tongue. It sounds a bit like the ‘dd’ sound when you say ‘ladder’ in most US accents. Use it for: • Single ‘r’ except in the situations we mentioned above. Erre con erre cigarro, erre con erre barril. Rápido corren los carros cargados de azúcar del ferrocarril.‘R’ with ‘r’ ‘cigar,’ ‘r’ with ‘r’ ‘barrel.’ Quickly do the sugar-laden carriages run off the railroad. Tres tristes tigres tragaban trigo en un trigal. Un tigre, dos tigres, tres tigres tragaban en un trigal. ¿Qué tigre tragaba más? Todos tragaban igual.Three sad tigers ate wheat in a wheat field. One tiger, two tigers, three tigers ate in a wheat field. Which tiger ate most? They all ate the same amount. Spanish Tongue Twister: Y/Ll As we mentioned earlier, different letters are pronounced in different ways depending on where a speaker is from. But it’s also influenced by the age of a speaker, because of the way languages change over time! For example, a young woman from Madrid would probably pronounce ‘y’ and ‘ll’ exactly the same, whereas her grandmother would say them slightly differently, because that’s how she learned it when she was growing up. Hoy ya es ayer y ayer ya es hoy. Ya llegó el día, y hoy es hoy.Today is already yesterday and yesterday is already today. The day has already arrived, and today is today. Top tip: when ‘y’ stands alone meaning ‘and,’ it’s pronounced like ‘ee.’ Great job getting through those! Trabalenguas are a fantastic learning tool, so please have fun with them, and use the comments section to let us know how you got on! About the author Annabel is a language-enthusiast from the UK. She studied Spanish and French at the University of Southampton (with an Erasmus study year in Madrid!) and recently graduated. She has interests across the Spanish-speaking world, and is a fan of language in general.
The Census is a count of the population in all 50 States, the Disctrict of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of he Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). The Census is mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article 1, Section 2. It happens every 10 years. This is the 24th time it will be conducted. The Census is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, a nonpartisan government agency. Why is the Census important to South Carolina and YOU? Why is the census important Each year, the Federal Government distributes approximately $675 billion (yes, billion) to the States. South Carolina averages $7.1 billion in direct Federal aid to the State budget. That’s approximately $1,468 per person. We can do better! Our population is estimated to have grown by 12% from the last Census in 2010. If we don’t get everyone counted, precious resources will be stretched THIN! The Census is used to determine distribution of federal resources to each state. Census data is also used to guide decision making for: • Where schools, libraries, fire stations, and other public services are located • Allocation of resources for Medicaid, SNAP, the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program, Head Start, and Highway Planning and Construction for the State of South Carolina. • How many seats are allocated to each state in the US House of Representatives. After the 2010 census, SC gained an additional seat to represent our growing population. • Data collected during the decennial census is mandated to confidential protection for 72 years. This means data cannot be used to impact any federal benefits a person receives. View Lt. Governor Pamela Evette’s digital press conference takeaways and updates here.100 people = 2.6 million dollars How much do I matter? We only get one chance every ten years to count each and every community member. If 100 people in your community aren’t counted, that represents more than $2.6M in federal resources that will be sent to other states instead of South Carolina over the course of the decade. We want everyone to count – one time – and in the right place! Content from the United Way Association of South Carolina The U.S. Census Bureau is now tabulating and verifying the final results of the 2020 Census. View their timeline here Thank You To Our Sponsors!
Yahoo Web Search 1. About 15 search results 1. › wiki › FlandersFlanders - Wikipedia Flanders shares its borders with Wallonia in the south, Brussels being an enclave within the Flemish Region. The rest of the border is shared with the Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders in Zeeland, North Brabant and Limburg) in the north and east, and with France (French Flanders in Hauts-de-France) and the North Sea in the west. 2. › wiki › CountyCounty - Wikipedia A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count or a viscount. 3. › files › 12030The Spectator vol. 1 May 25, 2017 · 'The Spectator', volume 1 of 3 (plus translations and index), comprising previously unpublished eighteenth-century essays, poetry, letters and opinions, originally edited by Addison and Steele, now available in html form, as a free download from Project Gutenberg 4. Oct 26, 2017 · Flanders Fields is a name given to the battlegrounds of the Great War located in the medieval County of Flanders, across southern Belgium going through to north-west France. From 1914 to 1918 ... 6. count, European title of nobility, equivalent to a British earl, ranking in modern times after a marquess or, in countries without marquesses, a duke. The Roman comes was originally a household companion of the emperor, while under the Franks he was a local commander and judge. 7. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and León for his success against the Moors. 1. People also search for
Electronic Cigarettes Have No Dangerous Chemicals Electronic Cigarettes Have No Dangerous Chemicals While many smokers have no idea of it, e-smoking is simply as harmful as smoking tobacco. In fact, e-liquid can have exactly the same amount of nicotine as cigarettes have, and that is about eight times more nicotine than what’s in a cigarette. Additionally it is just as bad for your health because the tar and other chemicals that are present in cigarettes are present in the e-liquid, too. Therefore, if you smoke, you should really make an effort to kick the habit. The reason why vaporizing tobacco products is even considered an alternative solution to smoking cigarettes is basically because it doesn’t increase the quantity of nicotine in the bloodstream like cigarettes do. With nicotine replacement therapy, you take small doses of nicotine each day to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms once you quit smoking. But, researchers have discovered that vaporizing products actually reduce the level of nicotine in your body. Because you’re inhaling the vapors through the therapy session, your brain development and capacity to soak up nicotine is significantly reduced. Not only does this mean that there’s a reduced chance of quitting smoking, but it means that there is a reduced risk of developing cancer aswell. Nicotine is still present in cigarettes, even though many e-juices and patches have been released onto the market. Also, many young people appear to prefer vaporizing to smoking. They don’t really realize how addictive smoking is until they try to quit. Even kids who haven’t started smoking yet are susceptible to becoming addicted to cigarettes through vaporing. Research has proven that even adolescents who smoke a lot have developed a serious dependence on cigarettes and vaporing. Another problem with vaporizing is that it’s convenient. Instead of needing to go outside, go back home, or unpack a complete pack of cigarettes, it is possible to simply vaporize an e-cigarette. The disadvantage to the is that you may be putting your lungs at an increased risk because the air lacks oxygen. Many people who are attempting to quit find that they’re more successful if they switch to an electronic system for help. Electric cigarettes work similarly to a vaporizer except instead of ingesting nicotine, you breathe vapor. The vapor is made through an electronic system that resembles a lighter, but you must take care never to light up. Unfortunately, in the event that you light up too often, you will end up getting nicotine addiction and begin puffing away just to get through your day. Additionally, there are serious health effects connected with vaping. If you are a smoker, you should really think about quitting because it’s not healthy. Nicotine is a poison and if you do not quit it can kill you. With electric cigarettes, you will not experience nicotine withdrawals, which explains why it is so much easier to quit than it is with a normal cigarette. You also won’t experience the same health effects that you’ll get from puffing on a cigarette. So is there a safe solution to quit? The solution is yes. There are several products available online and at your neighborhood drugstore, that are made to assist you quit. They are safe, effective, user friendly and offer a better solution for your needs. When comparing these products to the traditional method of quitting, it is easy to see that the latter is actually a better option. Whether you decide to quit smoking or not, it is possible to lower your risk of serious lung damage by switching to an electronic system. In conclusion, it is important to understand the differences between regular cigarettes and vapes. Although they both start using a delivery system similar to that of a cigarette, they differ in the amount of harmful chemicals included. Electronic cigarettes deliver much fewer harmful chemical compounds, so they are undoubtedly a safer alternative for Electric Tobacconist Coupon you personally.
Autism Behaviours What are some autism behaviours? Not all behaviours are autism behaviours! Knowing the difference will help you better understand your child. It will help you decipher all the different behaviours your child may have. To start with you will need to understand what autism is Autism is a spectrum disorder with a shared core of symptoms. Each child with autism or autistic adult will have problem with social/emotional interaction, language/communications and repetitive/restrictive behaviours. Each person with ASD will also have a different combination of symptoms. Merely having a few autism-like symptoms does not make a person autistic. ASD is diagnosed specifically based on the presence of multiple symptoms. An autism diagnosis will be made if a child’s symptoms disrupt his/her ability to communicate, speak, bond with people, integrate into groups, adapt to change, react to sensory input, explore, play, learn and form relationships. It is fair to then say that autistic behaviour will also relate directly to only these challenges. For example: • A lack of responsiveness when being spoken to • Unusual body language gestures or facial expressions (most common would be a lack of eye contact) • Difficulty with controlling emotions when it comes to turn taking or sharing • A preference to being alone (not wanting to participate in group-activities) • Particular fondness for being outside, playing with water, jumping on trampolines and an emotional response when asked to stop what they are doing • Clear difficulty understanding people’s feelings and a resistance to wing touched or hugged • Delay in communication or language development • Other speech challenges like echoing oposed to using functional speech • Scripting language from television or the IPad to use in everyday life oposed to using functional speech • Restricted behaviours in a variety of situations • Repetitive body movements Fighting, lying, shyness or even tantrums are all part of childhood development. All children fight and have tantrums. These behaviours need to be addressed in the same way you would address behaviour in a typically developing child it is the ones related to your child’s autism that requires specialized autism early intervention. Ilse Kilian-Ross
Editorial Feature The Advantages of IoT Integration in the Mining Industry The Internet of Things (IoT) is an extension of internet connectivity into physical devices. These devices are embedded with electronics that communicate and interact with other machines, sensors, connected appliances, and internet-powered equipment which can be remotely monitored and controlled. internet of things, mining, IoT Image Credit: issaro prakalung/Shutterstock.com The IoT is changing how entire organizations operate and has the potential to transform the mining industry. It allows the industry to introduce underground monitoring and control systems to improve safety, and to automate certain operations so they run more efficiently and at a lower energy and financial cost. A recent survey of 100 mining organizations revealed that 70% of participants believed IoT would give them a significant advantage over their competitors, yet the mining industry has been slow to adopt the technology. Additionally, 41% thought it could help build business process automation while almost half said it could be used to help save costs. IoT to Improve Efficiency Mining already makes use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and drones, but digitalization and automation can further improve efficiency, save operational costs and increase excellence in mines. The main purpose of IoT in mining is to increase productivity and reduce costs; this can be achieved using sensors on mining hardware and systems that monitor equipment. The data these sensors gather – known as big data – can be used to determine more cost-effective methods of conducting their operations and further increase efficiency. The data from these sensors can also be used to reduce operational downtime by training machinery to be more efficient. Glencore, for example, have been using digital sensors to gather fundamental data from interconnected resources and equipment to see how it functions to improve overall efficiency. This has enabled them to increase the average tonnage from 55 tons to 60 tons in each outing. Furthermore, the data from a completely integrated network allows companies to perform predictive maintenance as opposed to preventative maintenance, thus reducing equipment downtime through breakdown. The use of sensors allows companies to gain insight by monitoring, gathering, and analyzing the data from individual pieces of mining equipment. Assessing each part of an operation is therefore much simpler and provides administrators with the opportunity to identify wear and tear for crucial equipment, and determine when repairs or maintenance are necessary. Incorporating IoT also means that when something does need fixing, engineers can sign in remotely and fix issues, potentially saving the site time and money. Improving Safety in Mining with the Internet of Things Mining has always been a very hands-on industry - there is often a need to physically extract or handle the product and with that comes a risk to the workers in terms of injury and falling debris – particularly as mines are getting deeper and more dangerous. Introducing IoT can remove workers from dangerous situations by anticipating the breakdown of unsound shafts. Sensors on equipment connected via IoT will receive real-time information and help avoid accidents by predicting where issues might occur and whether there is any faulty machinery. An IoT-powered central system can also determine efficient evacuation procedures and rescue operations in case of an emergency. IoT helps minimize health-related risks including hearing loss, lung disease, and chemical risks by monitoring individual worker health. IBM, for example, has partnered with Garmin to develop wearable sensors that provide real-time information about the health of workers and provide alerts on high pulses, man-down situations, and other biometric signs. Improving Mining Plant Design The initial application of IoT is in plant design; each plant will be unique, needing different things to improve the production stream. Wired devices such as sensors are not generally set in predetermined locations but can become static when deployed, making it difficult to make additions or adjustments. This is not the case with IoT communications technologies as you can be much more flexible. The sensor can be moved around and positioned in an area that is ideal for data collection during production. Mines are increasingly setting up in off-grid areas, meaning power infrastructure is often lacking, so organizations are transitioning toward scalable microgrids to satisfy power requirements. Mines also adversely affect the surrounding environment, causing erosion, biodiversity loss, and contamination of surface water, groundwater and soil – IoT-connected sensors can monitor this impact. IoT and AI The IoT and AI are heavily linked; IoT is the underlying system that enables the use of AI, while AI enhances the power of IoT by streamlining operations, lowering costs and improving safety. Sensors connected by the IoT provide plenty of data inputs from drilling reports and geological surveys to enable AI and ML to predict and make recommendations for exploration, leading to more efficient processing and higher overall yields. It can also be used to automate drills and trucks, again improving efficiency and safety. The Future of the Mining Industry The Internet of Things has the potential to transform the mining industry, but this traditionally hands-on, people-led profession has been slow to adopt the technology. IoT can help the mining industry improve efficiency, streamline processes and reduce costs. Furthermore, it can improve safety within the mines by providing real-time information on conditions, and help with blasting and excavation by gathering big data. Individual worker health can also be monitored with separate wearable sensors. The mining industry stands to benefit hugely from IoT and its associated technology, but there are still some challenges to overcome. The depth of mine can make connectivity and communications difficult for example, but by implementing more reliable connectivity and data-processing strategies, this can effectively be overcome. References and Further Reading Mining (2021) How IoT Technology is Transforming the Mining Industry. Mining. [Online] https://miningglobal.com/technology/how-iot-technology-transforming-mining-industry Ramesh, V. IoT In Mining. Infosys BPM [Online] https://www.infosysbpm.com/blogs/sourcing-procurement/iot-in-mining.html Kerry Taylor-Smith Written by Kerry Taylor-Smith • APA Taylor-Smith, Kerry. (2021, November 16). The Advantages of IoT Integration in the Mining Industry. AZoMining. Retrieved on December 02, 2021 from https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1604. • MLA Taylor-Smith, Kerry. "The Advantages of IoT Integration in the Mining Industry". AZoMining. 02 December 2021. <https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1604>. • Chicago Taylor-Smith, Kerry. "The Advantages of IoT Integration in the Mining Industry". AZoMining. https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1604. (accessed December 02, 2021). • Harvard Taylor-Smith, Kerry. 2021. The Advantages of IoT Integration in the Mining Industry. AZoMining, viewed 02 December 2021, https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1604. Tell Us What You Think Leave your feedback
5 Popular Applications Of Hydrovac Excavation Although digging is an essential part of the human quest for progress, not all digging types are beneficial for every project. This is especially true in areas full of underground utilities, requiring specialized methods to perform excavation work safely. We can’t use conventional excavation methods to damage such utilities and, therefore, must employ advanced hydrovac excavation techniques to dig up the ground. Hydrovac excavation is a process of digging up and evacuating soil using high-pressure water and air vacuums. Unlike traditional excavation techniques, this method of excavation is highly precise, accurate, fast and efficient. The hydrovac excavation method utilizes an excavator truck that sends out a low, focused, and intense stream of high-pressure water, forcing the soil to break up. The slurry formed in the area is then suctioned and vacuumed by air vacuum to a tank mounted on the truck. This tank takes the debris to a designated location and dumps it there. In the past few years, there has been an increased demand for hydrovac excavation services in Canada. Below, we have discussed the versatility of this process and its five popular applications. Daylighting Or Potholing Potholing or daylighting refers to the activity of exposing underground pipes and utility lines to daylight using a hydro-vacuum excavator. It is the best and safest way to expose utility lines such as gas pipes, sewer and water lines, telecommunication cables, and more without damaging them. This application uses pressurized water and vacuum suction to excavate any soil type without damaging its surrounding areas and utility lines. Before this method, utility crossings had to be exposed by hand digging, as conventional methods would damage them. However, these methods, especially hand digging, posed a danger to workers if they accidentally hit a utility line. This type of excavation is carried out in congested areas and is done to reduce cost and improve the process’s safety. It also significantly increases the project’s productivity as it is a much quicker way to expose the underground lines to daylight. Slot Trenching Slot trenching is an excavation process that involves digging very thin trenches and slots into the soil to place utility lines and underground pipes such as gas lines, water pipes, cables, conduits and more. Hydrovac excavation allows for very accurate and narrow trenches to be drilled into the ground and requires a minimum amount of backfilling. This advanced form of excavation offers a much faster way to achieve slot trenching than manual excavation. Manual digging, on the other hand, is time-consuming and can damage underground utilities. Debris Removal Hydro-vacuum excavation is a cost-effective way to remove debris and clean certain areas without damaging their existing infrastructure. This method is ideal for cleaning drainage structures, utility holes, sewer lines, or catch basins that have become clogged. Ghost Hydrovac provides affordable, reliable, and efficient flushing services for sewer lines, lift stations, and catch basins. We also provide high-pressure washing and steam cleaning services for various applications where you need dirt and grime removed. Some of the advantages of using the hydrovac technique for debris removal include: • It can clean and flush utility lines buried hundreds of feet underground • It can effectively remove dirt and debris around underground pipes and lines • It offers a cost-efficient way to service and extend the lifespan of underground infrastructure, including utility lines Cold Weather Excavation Cold weather excavation poses many challenges for workers as they have to work in freezing temperatures to dig up the ground. Conventional digging during freezing temperatures also involves a lot of pollution. This is because the soil first needs to be thawed using cool, wood, or other chemicals before the workers can commence digging on it. On the other hand, hydro excavation involves no pollution and uses warm water that allows the grounds soil to loosen faster. Using this process eliminates the need to expose workers to low temperatures and warm the soil with nonrenewable resources. Pole Hole Excavation Pole hole excavation involves installing holes for posts, poles, signs, and more. Hydrovac excavation is one of the great methods to accurately and efficiently achieve this digging task. Holes for these items need to be of various depths and diameters. Hydro excavation uses pressurized water to create precise and narrow holes and then an air vacuum to remove dirt and debris. The precision of the hydro excavation process makes it ideal for piling hole excavation. For more information on hydrovac excavation, visit our website or contact us today for personalized service. Service areas Need Hydrovac Services? Call Us Now
Question: What Did Texas Become When It Declared Its Independence From Mexico? What did Texas become when it declared its independence from Mexico Brainly? Mexico tried to enforce the use of Spanish and the Catholic religion. Conflict ensued and in 1835 it turned into a full violent confrontation. In 1836 Texas declared its independence from Mexico and soon after drafted the constitution. Texas remained an independent Republic until 1845. What was the Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico? The Declaration of November 7, 1835, passed by the Consultation, was intended to attract popular support for the Texan cause from the other Mexican states. A free and independent Republic of Texas was officially declared March 2, 1836. What happened to Texas after they won independence from Mexico in 1836? Remembering how badly the Texans had been defeated at the Alamo, on April 21, 1836, Houston’s army won a quick battle against the Mexican forces at San Jacinto and gained independence for Texas. He continued to serve as senator and governor after Texas became part of the United States in 1845. You might be interested: Homeschooling In Texas? Why did Texas declare independence from Mexico? The Declaration of November 7, 1835, passed by the Consultation announced that the Texan war against Mexico principally intended to restore the Mexican Constitution of 1824, abrogated by the actions of President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and to achieve separate Mexican statehood for Texas. Which group stood to benefit the most from gaining independence from Mexico Brainly? Answer: The group that benefited the most from gaining independence from Mexico are the Tejanos who were the former Americans. Explanation:And has now become the American citizens and had claimed for the American rights and privileges. What was the result of the Mexican army’s victory over the Texan garrison at the Alamo? The result of the Mexican victory was that fallen defenders became heroes to the cause of Texan independence. A few days later, on March 14, 1836, Texas became independent from Mexico and a month later, Santa Ana was imprisoned. What did the Texans call their war against Mexico? Texas Revolution, also called War of Texas Independence, war fought from October 1835 to April 1836 between Mexico and Texas colonists that resulted in Texas’s independence from Mexico and the founding of the Republic of Texas (1836–45). What happened after Texas declared independence? For twelve days, Mexican forces laid siege to the Alamo. On March 6, four days after Texas declared independence, Mexican troops scaled the mission’s walls; 183 defenders were killed, including several Mexicans who had fought for Texas independence, and their oil-soaked bodies were set on fire outside the Alamo. You might be interested: Question: Who Is The Mayor Of Houston Texas? Is Texas an independent state? What president refused Texans request annexation? Following Texas’ successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836, President Martin van Buren refrained from annexing Texas after the Mexicans threatened war. How did Mexico lose Texas? In the Mexican-American War, Mexico faced an enemy that was coming into its own as a military power. In March 1836, Mexican forces overran the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, achieving victory over those who had declared Texas‘ independence from Mexico just a few weeks earlier. Why did Mexico encourage American settlement in Texas? Why did the Mexican government encourage Americans to settle in Texas? The Mexican government encouraged Americans to settle in Texas to prevent border violations form horse thieves and to protect the territory from Native American attacks. The population of Texas drastically changed between the years 1820 and 1835. Can Texas leave the US? Current Supreme Court precedent, in Texas v. White, holds that the states cannot secede from the union by an act of the state. More recently, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia stated, “If there was any constitutional issue resolved by the Civil War, it is that there is no right to secede.” Why did Texas become an official state? In 1844, Congress finally agreed to annex the territory of Texas. On December 29, 1845, Texas entered the United States as a slave state, broadening the irrepressible differences in the United States over the issue of slavery and setting off the Mexican-American War. Leave a Reply
Australians seem so fond of takeaway coffees. Most of us associate mornings with their freshly brewed scent and often buy a cup before heading to work. Every year, approximately one billion takeaway coffee cups have found their way into landfills. It represents less than 0.0004% of the country’s total waste generated per year. You may think that coffee cups only take a small portion of Australia’s total waste volume. Still, significant issues about such rubbish made the public more concerned about its handling and disposal. Some takeaway coffee cups are technically recyclable. However, most of them have a thin plastic coating inside, which prevents them from undergoing the normal recycling process. Also, they can be contaminated with liquid, making recycling more difficult. These days, more and more people are becoming aware of the coffee cup issues. Many cafes in the country have made efforts to overcome the problem by offering eco-friendlier options to their customers. Moreover, the Australian government does its part by establishing coffee cup recycling programs and initiatives to increase the country’s recycling capacity. Read on this article to know more. Why Coffee Cup Recycling is Important Coffee cups’ recyclability and rate of recycling have been a significant concern in the country. Australia has only recycled a very small proportion of the total coffee cups disposed of every year. Due to some recyclability concerns, the disposable cups’ recycling process cannot proceed as normal. But, with many companies promoting them as recyclables, a huge volume of cups ended up in yellow recycling bins, contaminating the rest of the recyclables. There are few reasons why dealing with coffee cups is important —their contribution to the total litter and their potential to pollute and contaminate the curbside recycling stream. Coffee Cup Waste/Recycling Statistics Most coffee cups in recycling facilities fail to go through efficient processing due to their thin plastic coating, which makes them waterproof. These materials are seldom made with 100% paper, so the majority of them are often sent to the landfill. Up to 90% of the total disposable cups discarded every year ends up in congested landfills. This is equivalent to 60,000 kg of plastics per annum. Based on recent statistics, Australians throw away 50,000 coffee cups every 30 minutes. This equates to 2.7 million paper cups in a day and 1.2 billion in total a year. It is estimated that coffee and other hot beverage cups are among the top contributors of litter, next to plastic bottles. Despite this, council collections take only a handful of disposable coffee cups for recycling. Collecting such materials on any significant scale requires source-separated collections and facilities as they cannot go into the standard paper mills at recycling centres. Hence, the government has made notable efforts to manage discarded coffee cups through Simply Cups Australia. How Australia is Addressing Coffee Cup Recycling (Simply Cups Australia) Limiting the use of disposable cups has been a challenge. But the government, people, and businesses have established several proactive solutions to achieve such a goal. Some cafes are now promoting reusable cups by providing customers who bring them along with a discount. Others have tried using compostable cups, yet only a few cups make it to the compost. There are also some cafes considering a no take away policy, encouraging people to take a moment at their premises and relax with their cup of coffee. Simply Cups Australia Above all efforts to limit coffee cups is the Australian government’s first coffee cup recycling program called Simply Cups, which started in May 2017. It helps businesses and schools separate the coffee cups from the rest of the waste materials. The team assigned to run the program collects the cups and applies the latest technologies to transform used cups into higher value items. Simply Cups took over a year to gather its first million disposable cups in Australia. But after another year, the program was able to collect over 5 million cups across the country. With many businesses and schools partnering with Simply Cups, it has diverted more than 16 million coffee cups from landfills within its four years of operation. The project team conducts research to improve the results and maximise the overall usage of the recovered materials from disposable coffee cups. Through the National Product Stewardship Investment Fund, the Australian government grants the program $697,200 as support. Based on records, the program has established over 1,000 collection sites around Australia, turning cups into various industrial and consumer products. It expands its collection network to all states and local areas to gather and recycle more coffee cups. Coffee cup recycling has faced many issues concerning its processes. Since disposable cups include thin plastic lining on their composition, most of them do not fit for normal recycling procedures. With Simply Cups Australia, coffee cup recycling has now become easier, safer, and more efficient. The program is challenging, but it brings various benefits to our environment and well-being. However, it needs collaborative efforts from the people and businesses to implement its processes and achieve the desired outcome. At Paul’s Rubbish Removal, we actively support such a remarkable approach to recycling coffee cups. We do our part in waste management and reduction by providing eco-friendly and professional rubbish removal services Call us to know more about how we can manage your unwanted items in Sydney! cleanup crew Les Thompson - Bondi Sheryl D - Maroubra Simon R - Auburn Sarah Ann
Term 2 Full Syllabus Two Marks Questions 8th Standard Reg.No. : Social Science Time : 00:45:00 Hrs Total Marks : 30 15 x 2 = 30 1. Write about the importance of Gurukulas? 2. Expand SSA and RMSA. 3. Write a short note on Confederation of Indian Industry? 4. What are the causes of rural to urban migration? 5. Write a brief note on hazardous wastes. 6. List out the major flood prone areas of our country. 7. Why should not we construct houses at foothill areas? 8. Why is it important to separate religion from the state? 9. Mention any three Constitutional provisions related to secularism? 10. What are Human Rights? 11. Bring out the importance of UDHR. 12. State any three legislations passed to safeguard the welfare of women. 13. What are the direct consequences of road accidents? 14. Draw traffic lights signals and indicates the meaning. 15. How does alcohol affect driving? Reviews & Comments about 8th Social Science - Term 2 Full Syllabus Two Marks Questions Write your Comment
Garnets: Ultimate Guide (What They Are and Where To Find Them) all about garnets Ah, garnets. While typically known as a red gemstone, these fascinating gems actually come in a wide variety of different colors depending on their individual species. There’s a lot of ground to cover for someone new to collecting them. Fortunately, we’re here to teach you the basics. Let’s dig in and learn everything you need to know about garnets! What Are Garnets? Garnets are one of the oldest known gemstones and have been used since antiquity for both their beauty and hardness. The latter, in particular, made them useful to the ancients since garnet could easily be fashioned into an abrasive. These days, most of us know garnet as a deep red gemstone. That’s not strictly the case, and even if we’re talking just about red garnets there’s a ton of variety. different varieties of garnets These cut gemstones are all garnets, despite the color differences. Garnets have a variable chemical composition, which makes them a bit unique. This family of gemstones is always a silicate (SiO₄) with two other elements. Thus, “pure” garnet is always XₙYₙ(SiO₄). The X and Y groups are used to determine the family of garnet the stones fall into. Garnet has a long history of use. These days they’re mostly used in jewelry, diamond dust and corundum are both superior abrasives and readily available. That makes garnet a bit less useful as an abrasive than they were in the past. One place where industrial garnet still has the edge is in waterjet cutters. These are machining devices that use ultra-high pressure water and an abrasive to cut through most materials. In this case the Moh’s hardness of 7.5-8.5 (specifically with almandine garnet) is perfect. The garnet is harder than most metals and stones, but softer than the tungsten carbide used to create the cutting head. Corundum wears these down quickly, and diamonds can destroy them in a fraction of the time. Garnets are common gemstones across the world, although not every variety ends up being highly desirable. Garnets are one of the few gemstones other than the quartz varieties that are both cut into gemstones and kept as specimens for their own value. Most junior rock collectors remember the common garnet in mica or schist formations that came with almost every collectors’ starter kit. What Type of Garnets Are There? What Type of Garnets Are There? Identifying garnets gets… complicated. The reason is that garnet describes a wide variety of different minerals, with different colors and chemical compositions. The archetypical garnet is a deep red, but they can be found in pinks, purples, greens, and there are even extremely rare blue color-changing garnets. Garnets are considered a mineral family, and there are quite a few different sub-types depending on chemical composition. Do you want to make things even more fun? Almost no garnet is a pure crystal one sub-type, which leads to intermediate varieties as well. It can all be a bit overwhelming for those who are new to collecting. Remember that garnets are all XₙYₙ(SiO₄) Essentially, we have two main varieties of garnet: 1. Pyralspite Garnets- These varieties have aluminum in the Y site of their chemical makeup. 2. Ugrandite Garnets- These varieties all have calcium in the X site of their chemical makeup. Each of these has subtypes, leading to the varieties of garnet we know. Pyralspite garnets are the following types: • Almandine Garnet (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3)– An iron and aluminum bearing garnet. Almandine garnet is the most common gemstone garnet and most specimens display a deep red color. It’s also commonly used as an abrasive in some industrial processes when not cut into faceted stones for jewelry. • Pyrope Garnet (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3)- Pyrope garnets contain magnesium and are almost always deep red in color. This coloration can get very deep, becoming almost black, in some cases. • Spessartine (Mn3Al2(SiO4)3) – Spessartine garnets contain manganese in the X placement and are usually an orange-ish color. Violet-red varieties are found in some places. You also have some combinations of the above that lead to differing effects. For a collector, the two main varieties of interest are: • Rhodolite Garnet- A purple-colored garnet found in Colorado. Rhodolite garnets are a combination of pyrope and almandine garnets. • Color Changing Blue Garnets- Pyrope-spessartine garnets occur in a dominant blue that shifts to green due to high vanadium inclusions. These are the rarest garnets and can fetch incredible prices. We’re not done yet, of course. Ugrandite always has calcium in the X position and the following varieties are recognized: • Andradite (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3)- Andrabite garnets contain calcium and iron. These formations produce some of the most highly sought-after garnets, such as the bright green demantoid variety. • Grossular (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3)- The grossular variety encompasses several varieties of green garnet, including the famous Tsavorite garnets. They also come in brown, yellow, and red varieties. • Uvarovite (Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3)- A rare, bright-green garnet that contains chromium, uvarovite is highly sought after. The crystals are rarely large enough for faceting but the bright green makes even sliced mineral specimens of the host rock attractive enough for jewelry. Among the ugrandite garnets, the main thing to remember is that all green garnets fall under this category. Tsavorite and demantoid garnets rival traditional precious stones in price, but mineral specimens of all three ugrandite garnet types are reasonably priced. These aren’t every variety of garnets, but they make up the vast majority of those found on the market. The others don’t produce gem-quality stones, so they’ve been of less interest to the majority of jewelers. Garnets are among the most complex gems in the business, this is just a brief overview. If you’re interested in them from a gemological standpoint I recommend checking them out at the Gemology Project for a scientific starting point. Where Can I Find Garnets? where to find garnets Garnets are found across the world. They’re a rather common mineral as a general rule, but the different types of garnet are found in specific locations. The majority of garnet found in the United States is used for industrial purposes. That said, there are some amazing quality gems pulled from US soil. The following states all have garnets of interest to the collector: • Idaho • California • North Carolina • Arizona • Colorado • New York When you get into the history of garnets in the United States you’ll find that many attempts have been made for mining garnets, but a lot of the deposits simply didn’t have commercial potential. Their widespread nature leads to garnets being found in many areas, and they’re a frequent find when panning in creeks. Idaho is one of two places in the world where star garnets can be found. These burgundy-to-black gemstones are cut into rounded shapes and display asterism. The other mine of major concern is in North Carolina, specifically in the Cowee Valley. The area produces incredible rhodolite garnets, varying from soft pink to deep purple-red in their coloration. The United States does have some varieties of grossular garnet that run from pale green to apple green. Unfortunately, there don’t appear to be any deposits of the highly valuable tsavorite garnets in the US, the green species found here is grossularite. Southern California, in areas near San Diego, has spectacular orange spessartine garnets as well. Garnet is sometimes found alongside sapphire deposits, such as those in Montana as well. While gem grade material isn’t common, there are a ton of accessible garnet deposits across the United States. How Do I Find Garnets in the Field? Garnets are usually small crystals, and finding them usually takes more work than just strolling through a riverbed. There are two main ways that garnets are found: panning and pegmatite mining. Pegmatite Mining for Garnets Breaking down pegmatites for crystals is a common rockhounding activity, but it does require some equipment. You’ll want the following: • Safety glasses or goggles • Rock pick • Shovel • Sledgehammer • Cold chisel Pegmatites are large formations of igneous rocks that create a conglomerate. Contained within you can often find crystalline specimens, including garnets. Breaking down pegmatites for crystals is an easy process, but it can be time-consuming. You’ll want to break off pieces and then open them, looking for any crystals locked into the matrix. Garnets are often less red and closer to black when initially found, but they occur frequently in some pegmatites. Use the rock pick to pry bits off where you can, and the hammer and chisel to break bits out. Work carefully and slowly, and don’t create an overhang if you’re working into the side of a larger pegmatite. Things can get dangerous quickly if you have stone above you. For those less inclined to hard rock mining, you may not be out of luck. In many areas the exposed pegmatites have eroded over time, creating a small field of igneous rocks with crystals trapped within. Look for mineral samples of garnet from the area online so you know what you’re looking for, garnet crystals have a variable appearance. Pegmatite mining takes a lot of effort, and you need to be in the right location but it’s one of the best ways to find high-quality specimens. Panning for Garnets Garnets often occur alongside gold, and most prospectors have found a few mixed in with the yellow stuff. The neat part is that you stand a good chance of finding more than just garnets. Over time water breaks down many minerals that may contain gold. Pyrite, for instance, is water-soluble and a significant chunk will dissolve in a couple of years in a stream. That releases the tiny amounts of gold held in the matrix, allowing any larger pieces to be found later. That also happens to many of the stones which contain garnet. Skarns, for instance, erode over time and release the harder garnets which can be found later. Garnets’ close association is enough that many would-be gold miners just end up with a vial full of garnets at the end of the day even if they missed gold. So, you can pan for garnet in most places that contain gold. The majority of garnets found this way are pyrope garnets, which are usually deep to bright red. It’s a “side-catch” for many gold prospectors, but something to keep in mind if you live near an area associated with gold or garnets. Both can be pulled from the same streams, and often at the same time! carnelian vs agate Red Agate vs Carnelian (How To Tell The Difference) synthetic gemstones Synthetic Gemstones (Everything You Need To Know)
Square Foot Gardening Learn How To Garden In Small Gardens Use These Tips For Successful Gardening! While organic gardening is normally extremely enjoyable and relaxing, it can also cause you major problems if you don’t know exactly what you’re doing. The advice in this piece is sure to pave the way to organic horticulture success. TIP! You can prevent pests from invading your garden with certain plants and natural materials. Planting marigolds or onions around the border of your garden will repel slugs. Put sod down the right way. Before you lay the sod, the soil has to be prepared. Pull out any weeds and break up the soil. Lightly, but firmly compress the soil, making certain it is flat. Water the soil until it is saturated. Stagger your sod so that each joint offsets from joints in adjacent rows. Make sure the sod is firmly placed to ensure a surface that is sufficiently flat and even. Also, make sure to use soil to fill the areas where there are gaps in the sod. You will have to water the sod every day for 2 weeks, and then it should be firmly rooted to the ground, and able to be walked on. TIP! Plant things that will give you color for the fall. However, you can still maintain your gardening hobby throughout the fall months. TIP! Gardening is an excellent relaxation tactic. Peace and relaxation can be found through several different avenues. When selecting among several varieties of a plant, choose the ones that will produce the largest yield. A disease-resistant hybrid plant can be a good option to consider over a more traditional variety due to its tendency to produce higher yields. Try using climber plants to cover up your fences and walls. Plants that climb are extraordinarily versatile, and can help hide an unsightly wall or fence, usually within one season. They may also grow through tress and shrubs that are already grown, or you can train them to cover your arbor. Some climbers will attach themselves to a support using twining stems or tendrils, while other varieties need to be held up by tying them in place. Excellent varieties include honeysuckle, wisteria, jasmine, climbing roses and clematis. TIP! If you plan to raise organic plants inside, you need to think about how much light they will get. Ideally, these plants should be kept in a room that offers natural light from a window or glass door. Make sure to be weary of stink bugs whenever you garden, particularly during the fall months. They love to inhabit peppers, beans, tomatoes and all kinds of fruit varieties. They can do serious damage in your garden, so look for an effective method of reducing their population. TIP! For the best results, properly prepare your garden for planting. Before taking any other steps, you should first moisturize the soil. In a place that’s dark, pre-soak the seeds. You then want to place a small amount of seeds in a container that’s smaller and then fill it up with water to the top. This will keep your seeds hydrated and give you a little head start with your growing. Your seeds will then have the best chance possible to survive to maturity. TIP! Planted flowers will benefit from organic materials that are built up to as much as three inches. By doing this, you can lock in moisture, discourage weed growth, and nourish your plants. When mowing your lawn, avoid mowing the grass too short. When the grass is a little longer, the roots will be stronger and the lawn becomes more resistant. Short grass tends to have shallow roots, which can cause dried out, brown patches to occur. Organic Gardening TIP! To get the most from your composting efforts, aim for a 1:1 ratio of dried materials and green plant products. Garden wastes, such as grass clippings, are classified as green materials. In conclusion, there are more aspects of organic gardening than one would originally think. With hard work and patience, you will be happy with the end result–a fabulous organic garden. By using the advice you learned here, you will be well on the path to becoming an organic gardening pro. Square Foot Garden © 2020 Frontier Theme
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A Humorous Summary uncle-tom's-cabin-a-humorous-summaryMy 12-year-old son wanted to write a humorous summary of Uncle Tom’s Cabin as one of his writing assignments for his Civil War Binder. He really did a creative job, bringing in details from the story with irony and sarcasm: Let’s say you were teleported to the time of slavery in America and turned black. Before you knew it, you would find yourself in a horse-drawn cart along with other black people meandering along a muddy road with hairy, stinky, muddy, rough white guys driving or stirring up a ruckus. You would go to a storehouse—the kind that one would keep furniture or animals in—where you would wait. Occasionally you would see other black people singing a tuneless song or just moaning and groaning on a pile of hay. After a few days, the man in charge (who would be white) would take you out in the blazing sun and put you and the others on auction. People would bid for you as if you were a piece of furniture or art, and they would come up to you and look at your teeth to see how healthy you were and at your muscles to see how strong you were just like one would do with horses. Eventually you would be sold to a bullet-headed man named Simon Legree. He would take you and others down a very rough road to a cotton plantation far south. The house looked vaguely like it was once a beautiful house, but it had been unimaginably mistreated. Then he would unload you all, and three or four ferocious dogs would come bounding up to you, barking and growling for all they’re worth. Legree would warn you that you were gonna be torn to pieces by the dogs if you tried to run away. You would immediately be set to work in the cotton fields along with the others that he bought, under the will of Legree’s two slave masters, Simbo and Quimbo, who were both so degraded they were like beasts. At the end of the day, you would wait in line to grind your share of corn in the small hand mill. The stronger slaves would push the weaker ones out of the way so they would get to grind first. You would help some of the weaker women to grind their corn, so you would be last. After you ate (the meal only consisted of ground corn mixed with water baked over an open fire), you would go to your allotted shack, which was literally only one tiny room with a dirt floor and a blanket spread out. The next day at dawn you would be forced up by either Simbo or Quimbo and set to work in the fields. You would occasionally take some cotton from your bag and put it in someone else’s bag to help them. If you were caught doing that, you would be whipped and set back to work. The days would turn into weeks and weeks into months and months into years, and you would work from dawn to dusk nonstop with only one meal a day. You would be so tired you could hardly work, but you managed to bring in a full load of cotton every time. Then you would tell a slave girl named Cassy that she shouldn’t murder Legree to get away. Instead, she should dress up as a ghost and hide in the garret and scare him to death. She should pretend to run away, making sure she passed by the window, then go into the nearby swamp so they would have to assemble a search party. After doing that, you tell her to go into the stream and wade back to the house and stay in the “haunted” garret for months, then run away. When she does that, it works. She and her friend successfully run away to Canada. Meanwhile, Legree beats you to death. If you enjoyed this summary of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, you will love all the history activities inside the Unit Study Treasure Vault! Tags: , , , , , Leave a Reply
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary and birds of India Gurgaon Haryana Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, established by Dr. Salim Ali is around 16 kilometer from Gurgaon district of Haryana. located at a distance of 50 kilometer from Delhi on the Gurgaon - Farukh Nagar Road, For its natural beauty and presence of various birds make it a perfect destination for the lovers of nature and for bird watching. The park covering a region of 143 square kilometer has tropical and dry deciduous forest comprising of babul savannah grasses, acacia, jamun, banyans and so forth. The Park region has marshy lands where water amasses amid downpours and dries out in summer. In time the muddy area gets occupied with number of organisms like crustaceans, fishes and insects draw in number of birds that includes migratory birds. The capability of Sultanpur was initially perceived by the world famed ornithologist, Mr. Peter Jackson and the region was arranged and suitable vegetation planted to pull in more birds. It was announced a Bird Sanctuary in 1971 and was moved up to the status of National Park in 1991 by Haryana Government. Popular Posts
You Will Never Ever Idea That Knowing Health And Wellness Could Be So Beneficial! The Globe Health and wellness Organization defines health as “a state of complete mental and physical well-being devoid of illness or infirmity.” Lots of other interpretations exist, but the Globe Bank and also the United States Division of Farming specify health as the lack of physical, social, or mental handicaps. Regardless of the meaning, it is essential to keep in mind that there is no solitary, globally agreed-upon definition. The complying with listing provides some fundamental guidelines. The initial step is to choose how you specify wellness. In general, health is the capability to carry out activities that advertise physical and psychological wellness. The last group, social and also psychological, includes the capacity to manage scenarios that can threaten one’s physical well-being. It is additionally a representation of an individual’s social and also emotional health. There are several different kinds of tests that analyze health, from high blood pressure to cholesterol degrees. A physical exam will commonly include a number of tests to figure out the degree of health and wellness. Another definition for wellness is an absence of handicaps. An individual’s state of health can be specified by their psychological, psychological, as well as social well-being. This interpretation makes the idea of health and wellness a fanciful as well as detrimental goal. It falls short to make up the effects of numerous persistent problems and also a variety of other factors. As an example, an individual might have an impairment that influences their physical health. Additionally, it does not take into consideration a person’s wellness, including their psychological, emotional, and also spiritual wellness. Generally, an individual’s state of wellness is figured out by the degree of physical activity they do. On top of that, a person’s frame of mind might impact the way they really feel about their wellness. A high mindset will certainly be most likely to lead a much healthier way of life. A favorable mindset is important in promoting wellness. People’s psychological health depends on a person’s capability to handle the stressors and also obstacles that life brings. The first step in specifying health is to determine what it suggests to you. An individual’s state of wellness can be specified as the absence of physical problems as well as the absence of mental illness. Nevertheless, it is not always simple to determine what makes up health and wellness. Although some individuals assume that wellness is the absence of health problem, the World Health and wellness Company’s constitution in fact describes wellness as a state of total physical as well as psychological wellness. The Globe Health Company’s constitution, the term “health” is a thorough idea that incorporates not just the absence of physical or emotional disorders yet the person’s social circumstances. According to the WHO, health is the capacity to adjust to a certain atmosphere. A person’s physical and also mental wellness are very closely linked. A healthy and balanced body can assist an individual manage anxiety and enhance their lifestyle. It is crucial for a specific to maintain excellent mental and also physical health and wellness to flourish on the planet. This is the key to a complete life. There are numerous components of wellness: The World Wellness Organization (WHO) specifies it as a source that is needed for a specific to make it through. Recognizing how different people define health and wellness is an important primary step. Words is not universal, yet there are lots of differing definitions of health. For example, the that defines health and wellness as “a state of full as well as mental health and wellbeing.” In the United States, the term “wellness” likewise incorporates a wide range of various other aspects. While traditional clinical techniques take into consideration the physical, behavior, as well as environmental aspects, the concept of wellness relates to the human right to health and wellness and also health. Health can be deemed the lack or visibility of disease. It is a person’s responsibility to accomplish the highest degree of physical health and wellness possible. It can likewise be considered as a state of complete physical wellness. There are various steps of health and wellness and also what defines an individual’s health is a diverse concept. For instance, the Globe Wellness Organisation defines a healthy and balanced person as an individual who has no physical or psychological limitations. There are many variables that influence a person’s health and wellness. The physical atmosphere consists of contamination degrees, financial levels, as well as the social as well as political setting. For example, sea-level residents may suffer anemia or shortness of breath when they remain in the hills. For those that live at sea-level, it is not uncommon for a sea-level individual to have a cardiac arrest or anemia. A breakable person can suffer shortness of breath in the hills because of heavy shoveling. The Globe Wellness Organization has specified that health is a standard human right. Nevertheless, this interpretation is much from global. There are several ways to specify health and wellness, as well as it is necessary to comprehend exactly how the different point of views relate to it. It is essential to recognize the link in between health as well as participation in society. While health care is an integral part of life, a healthy and balanced lifestyle additionally sustains a person’s capability to participate in culture. It’s additionally a fundamental human right. There are many aspects that influence health and wellness. Some of these are acquired, while others are based on social elements. For example, a premium way of living is an individual’s obligation. A healthy and balanced person has a healthy family members. A healthy individual is a healthy and balanced individual that has a positive perspective. It is an excellent condition for an individual to really feel well. It can likewise help them deal with stress. A much healthier community will certainly be able to make the most effective use their staminas. According to the World Health and wellness Organization, health and wellness describes the state of being physically, psychologically, as well as socially healthy. The World Wellness Organization’s meaning of health and wellness involves the existence of balance between the body and also the social atmosphere. In other words, health and wellness is a balance between a person’s health and wellbeing as well as their atmosphere. It is the result of a well balanced life. This is a crucial quality in society, as well as is basic to an individual’s capability to efficiently participate in culture. While wellness is a complicated principle, it is an universal human right. It is the state of well-being. It includes mental and also social health and wellbeing and is identified by the patient’s mindsets and also strategies regarding coping with an illness. The World Health And Wellness Organisation has an interpretation of health and wellness that resembles that of wellness. Although both concepts are essentially associated, the that states that “wellness is a state of complete physical and mental well-being.” You can find out more The World Health Organization’s definition of health and wellness differs from what you could think. The word “health and wellness” refers to an individual’s general well-being. In the United States, the definition of health and wellness is the lack of imperfection and death. However worldwide, it is likewise about the way of living. A person might have a lower life expectancy than someone in an additional country. A good meaning of health is “a state of total physical and also psychological well-being.” Leave a Reply
In the World Wellness Organization, “wellness” is specified as “a state of full physical, psychological, and also social well-being.” Lots of various other interpretations are likewise made use of, with different subtleties in each. One of the most typical definition is, nevertheless, the absence of illness or imperfection. Therefore, health is commonly called an intricate concept. While this is a very general meaning, it is necessary to note that there are differences between these various interpretations. The Globe Health and wellness Organization defines health as “a state of physical, psychological, as well as social health.” Public health describes efforts to prevent condition, boost health care delivery, as well as improve access to healthcare. Additionally, it also concentrates on advertising a healthy and balanced lifestyle, and also staying clear of situations that can cause injury or illness. Along with these definitions, the Globe Bank defines health as “a full, unblemished state of physical, psychological, and social well being.” Another interpretation of wellness highlighted by the WHO is “a state of disease-free.” Although there is no universal interpretation, “health and wellness” is defined by the presence of condition. The that states that health is the absence of impairment or disease. Consequently, there are some people who do not fulfill the standards for health. Therefore, the that has actually redefined “health” as the lack of condition. Additionally, individuals may experience mental or physical problems. Also those who are healthy and balanced might not be totally symptom-free. The World Health and wellness Organisation specifies “health and wellness” as total health. There are a number of elements that affect a person’s health. First, there is the individual’s capability to handle a condition. A high degree of individual worth is connected with good health. Second, there is a high worth positioned on physical or mental health. Finally, a high criterion of health is associated with a high social quality of life. When an individual places a high value on his or her health, she or he is more probable to act on it. While there are no generally accepted interpretations of wellness, many people think that ‘wellness’ is a state of full physical as well as psychological wellness. The Globe Wellness Organization specifies wellness as “complete physical and also psychological health.” As the name implies, this is a definition that consists of a selection of elements that influence an individual’s wellness. For example, a person’s overall health is defined as the ability to cope with the setting. According to the World Health And Wellness Organisation, “health and wellness is full physical and mental wellness.” But it is not simply the lack of condition. Additionally, it consists of physical and psychological health, which is the essential to joining society. The capacity to manage tension and also adapt to new circumstances are just two of the elements that establish health and wellness. For instance, the capacity to work in society depends on the individual’s genes. Some people specify health and wellness as the absence of pathology, while others define it as the ability to stay in an environment where there is an absence of illness. The that specifies wellness as “the ability of an individual to meet daily needs. The term “health and wellness” likewise has a range of various other meanings. One meaning is “the capability to deal with life’s demands.” For instance, a person can specify wellness as their capacity to alter their setting. An individual’s ability to live well and also satisfy personal goals is a sign of wellness. The WHO describes health and wellness as the capability to attain all of these objectives. In the World Health And Wellness Organisation, “health and wellness” is specified as “a state of complete wellbeing. The idea of health is based on the truth that health and wellness varies according to the environment. The that interpretation of wellness coincides as the standard medical interpretation of health. A good state of life is the lack of disease. The WHO does not consider the existence of a persistent ailment to be a disease. If a person is experiencing a disease, it might not have the ability to operate. The term “wellness” includes the problem of physical health. The term is often specified as a mix of these two. The state of a person’s health can additionally refer to the state of a country’s monetary market. It is likewise related to the state of the person’s mind. In the case of an Australian resident, the person’s mental state is not the like their physical state. For this reason, the state of their health is determined by the aspects that impact its physical wellbeing. There are a number of definitions of health, and also every one is utilized for various objectives. The Globe Company specifies health and wellness as the absence of imperfection or disease, as well as the American Medical Association (AMA) describes it as “a state of complete physical and mental health.” Lots of meanings have actually progressed throughout the years, though, and the Globe Health Organization is the one more than likely to be exact for your circumstance. If you’re questioning what the right term for your situation is, below are some basic guidelines: To start with, health is a condition of full physical and mental wellness. It also includes psychological, social, and also spiritual health. While health does not imply being happy and content, it is a vital source for living a healthy and balanced and satisfying life. Individuals have a variety of psychological and also physical resources that go into keeping a state of health, as well as these can vary widely depending on the conditions. In general, health and wellness is an essential human right, and its success depends on the complete cooperation of every person in society. In the 1980s, the Globe Health And Wellness Organization (THAT) re-defined wellness as the capacity to transform the atmosphere and satisfy the demands of individuals. They no more specified wellness as a state or a physical condition; it’s even more regarding a person’s ability to achieve their objectives and fulfill their goals. While wellness is defined as a condition of being physically and also emotionally in shape, it also consists of an individual’s capacity to deal with the environment. Homepage Along with physical as well as emotional well-being, wellness consists of a feeling of function and a feeling of belonging. The Globe Health and wellness Organisation has actually established an interpretation of health that stresses the social facets of life, not simply the lack of condition. In spite of this wide definition of wellness, the Globe Health Organisation has recommended it as a fundamental human right. For instance, the WHO has outlined that “health and wellness is the ability to please the needs and adapt to the surroundings. Leave a Reply
Question: Which is thicker 12 gauge or 14 gauge wire? How do you tell if your old wiring is 12-gauge or 14-gauge? … Twelve gauge is about the thickness of a nickel, and 14-gauge is about the thickness of a dime. Also, look at the breaker for the circuit in question to see if it’s a 15-amp or a 20-amp breaker. A 20-amp circuit requires wire that’s 12-gauge or larger. Which is thicker 12 or 14 gauge wire? The diameter of 12 AWG wire is 0.0808 inches, while 14 AWG is 0.0641 inches. The thickness of 12 AWG wire is 26% more than the thickness of 14 AWG wire. Should I use 12 or 14 gauge wire? If you’re wiring a circuit on which there are both lights and outlets, or you just aren’t sure which wire gauge to use, you can’t go wrong by choosing a 12-gauge wire. It’s not quite as flexible as a 14-gauge wire, and it costs a bit more, but it’s always a safe choice on a 15- or 20-amp circuit. IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Do weapon perks apply to bound weapons? What’s thicker 12 gauge or 16 gauge wire? The thicker the wire, the lower the gauge number. Is that correct? For long wire runs, high power applications and low impedance speakers, thick wire (12 or 14 gauge) is recommended. 16 gauge wire is usually fine for short runs less than 50 feet. What is 14 gauge wire used for? 14-gauge are usedfor light fixtures, lamps, lighting circuits with 15 amps. 12-gauge are used in kitchen, bathroom, outdoor receptacles, and 120-volt air conditioners supporting 20 amps. 10-gauge are used in electric clothes dryers, 240-volt window air conditioners, electric water heaters supporting 30 amps. Can you use 14 gauge wire on a 20 amp breaker? Is it OK to mix 12 and 14 gauge wire? Yes you can mix 12 and 14 gauge wire with a 15 amp breaker on the circuit. But it is not recommended because the next homeowner or electrician may be confused and put a 20 amp breaker on it again. How many outlets can you put on a 14 2 wire? You can use 14-2 wire to 12 outlets that are protected by a 15 Amp breaker. If you use 12-2 you can use a t-rated 20 Amp receptacle, but in my code you only see those in kitchens. How long can you run 14 gauge wire? there are rules in the NEC, but one is voltage drop, which means that 14 gauge wire is recommended only up to around 40 feet.. and many charts will show it as 25 feet, with 12 gauge for 50 feet and 10 gauge for 75 feet.. IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: Is the Kel Tec Sub 2000 a rifle or pistol? How far can you run 12 gauge wire? A 12 gauge wire is typically good for 15 amp at 100 feet. What thickness is 11 gauge? Number of gauge Approximate thickness in fractions of an inch Weight per square foot in kilograms 9 5/32 2.835 10 9/64 2.552 11 1/8 2.268 12 7/64 1.984 What gauge wire should I use for rings? 12 gauge is popular for rings, neck collars, bangle bracelets and cuff bracelets. It is usually only available in dead soft, and may require heavy-duty wire cutters or a jeweler’s saw. 10 gauge is also a good weight for bangle bracelets and cuff bracelets. Is thicker speaker wire better? A lower-gauge number indicates a thicker wire, while a higher-gauge number indicates a thinner wire. Speaker wires with lower-gauge numbers are better at carrying an amplified audio signal. … However, for longer speaker wire runs (to another room, for example), it is better to use a thicker, lower-gauge wire. What happens if wire gauge is too big? What happens if wire gauge is too big? A larger guage wire will carry more current for any given distance than a smaller guage wire will. You should ALWAYS size the wire to the load it will carry. How many lights can you put on 14 gauge wire? 14 gauge wire will carry 20 amps. (But see NEC, the National Electrical Code). A 100-watt- equivalent LED light consumes about 13 watt, or about 0.11 amps. So, that’s about 180 such lamps. IT IS INTERESTING: Is there a 32 automatic pistol? Blog about weapons
Why are most of deleterious mutations recessive in nature? I understood that if it's recessive then one reason may be that the mutant gene doesn't code for a functional protein and so there is no phenotype to express. But why is it recessive in the first place? It is a bit ironic that you phrase your question with 'in the first place'. There is a parsimonious explanation for the effect: Dominant deleterious variants are quickly removed by purifying selection whereas recessive deleterious variants can "hide" in individuals that carry a dominant neutral/advantageous variant. You can think about it this way: In heterozygous carriers (in which the other variant has a neutral or positive fitness effect), a recessive deleterious variant has no (strong, depending on the dominance coefficient) negative effect on fitness and therefore, in those heterozygotes, purifying selection will not remove the variant (efficiently, again depending on the degree of dominance) - it can only act on homozygous carriers of the recessive variant. A consequence of that is that the recessive deleterious allele usually segregates at low frequency with most carriers being heterozygous. In short: This probably has little to do with there being more recessive deleterious variants per se (even though that might also be the case due to the mechanisms you described in your question). In the snapshot we are looking at when we investigate genetic data, the likelihood of finding dominant deleterious alleles is way lower than finding recessive deleterious alleles as the latter usually just persist for a way longer period of time. • $\begingroup$ @JewelJohnson: You are welcome. If the post answers your question, I'd be glad if you'd accept it. ;) Cheers! $\endgroup$ Feb 17 '17 at 17:46 • $\begingroup$ How do I accept it? $\endgroup$ Feb 18 '17 at 6:08
According To The Bible What Is The Depth Of A Grave? How deep does a grave have to be now? In general, most graves dug today are not 6 feet deep. According to Nancy Faulk, director of Prairie Home Cemetery in Waukesha, Wisconsin, “Many states simply require a minimum of 18 inches of soil on top of the casket or burial vault (or two feet of soil if the body is not enclosed in anything).” Why is a grave 6 feet deep? What does the Bible say about being buried in the ground? You might be interested: Often asked: Where Did Evil Come From According To The Bible? How long does a body stay buried in a cemetery? How long does it take for a coffin to collapse? Decomposition Rates Vary By Burial Type When buried naturally – with no coffin or embalming – decomposition takes 8 to 12 years. Adding a coffin and/or embalming fluid can tack on additional years to the process, depending on the type of funerary box. The quickest route to decomposition is a burial at sea. Why are people buried facing east? The concept of being buried facing east to represent meeting the new day or the next life is also evident in Christianity and Christian burials. Most Christians tend to bury their dead facing east. This is because they believe in the second coming of Christ and scripture teaches that he will come from the east. How long does it take a body to completely decompose? Can Christians be cremated? For most Christians today, the question of cremation is largely left to individual discretion. Many Christians choose cremation as an alternative to burial, while still retaining those aspects of their traditional funeral practices that allow them to honor the lives of their loved ones and glorify God. You might be interested: Readers ask: How Should Children Be Disciplined According To The Bible? Does the body feel pain during cremation? Is cremation a sin in the Bible? A: In the Bible, cremation is not labeled a sinful practice. Some biblical references of burning a person with fire seem to suggest the type of life they lived – the enemies of God and God’s laws were promptly cremated as a form of capital punishment. Do bodies explode in coffins? How long can a body be kept without embalming? A body presents little threat to public health in the first day following the death. However, after 24 hours the body will need some level of embalming. A mortuary will be able to preserve the body for approximately a week. Regardless of the embalming, decomposition will begin after one week. Can maggots get in a coffin? Leave a Reply
Skip to main content Chemistry LibreTexts 1.4: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results • Page ID • Learning Objectives • Explain the dimensional analysis (factor label) approach to mathematical calculations involving quantities. • Describe how to use dimensional analysis to carry out unit conversions for a given property and computations involving two or more properties. • Convert between the three main temperature units: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. \[\mathrm{\dfrac{100\: m}{10\: s}=10\: m/s}\] The time can then be computed as: \[\mathrm{\dfrac{25\: m}{10\: m/s}=2.5\: s}\] Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis \[\mathrm{\dfrac{2.54\: cm}{1\: in.}\:(2.54\: cm=1\: in.)\: or\: 2.54\:\dfrac{cm}{in.}}\] Several other commonly used conversion factors are given in Table $\PageIndex{1}$. Table $\PageIndex{1}$: Common Conversion Factors Length Volume Mass 1 km = 0.62137 mi 1 ft3 = 28.317 L 1 (avoirdupois) oz = 28.349 g When we multiply a quantity (such as distance given in inches) by an appropriate unit conversion factor, we convert the quantity to an equivalent value with different units (such as distance in centimeters). For example, a basketball player’s vertical jump of 34 inches can be converted to centimeters by: \[\mathrm{34\: \cancel{in.} \times \dfrac{2.54\: cm}{1\:\cancel{in.}}=86\: cm}\] Since this simple arithmetic involves quantities, the premise of dimensional analysis requires that we multiply both numbers and units. The numbers of these two quantities are multiplied to yield the number of the product quantity, 86, whereas the units are multiplied to yield \[\mathrm{\dfrac{in.\times cm}{in.}}.\] and the unit product thus simplifies to cm. (When identical units divide to yield a factor of 1, they are said to “cancel.”) Using dimensional analysis, we can determine that a unit conversion factor has been set up correctly by checking to confirm that the original unit will cancel, and the result will contain the sought (converted) unit. Example $\PageIndex{1}$: Using a Unit Conversion Factor The mass of a competition Frisbee is 125 g. Convert its mass to ounces using the unit conversion factor derived from the relationship 1 oz = 28.349 g (Table $\PageIndex{1}$). If we have the conversion factor, we can determine the mass in kilograms using an equation similar the one used for converting length from inches to centimeters. \[x\:\mathrm{oz=125\: g\times unit\: conversion\: factor}\nonumber\] We write the unit conversion factor in its two forms: \[\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: oz}{28.349\: g}\:and\:\dfrac{28.349\: g}{1\: oz}}\nonumber\] x\:\ce{oz}&=\mathrm{125\:\cancel{g}\times \dfrac{1\: oz}{28.349\:\cancel{g}}}\\ &=\mathrm{4.41\: oz\: (three\: significant\: figures)} Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$ Convert a volume of 9.345 qt to liters. 8.844 L Beyond simple unit conversions, the factor-label method can be used to solve more complex problems involving computations. Regardless of the details, the basic approach is the same—all the factors involved in the calculation must be appropriately oriented to insure that their labels (units) will appropriately cancel and/or combine to yield the desired unit in the result. This is why it is referred to as the factor-label method. As your study of chemistry continues, you will encounter many opportunities to apply this approach. Example $\PageIndex{2}$: Computing Quantities from Measurement Results What is the density of common antifreeze in units of g/mL? A 4.00-qt sample of the antifreeze weighs 9.26 lb. Since $\mathrm{density=\dfrac{mass}{volume}}$, we need to divide the mass in grams by the volume in milliliters. In general: the number of units of B = the number of units of A $\times$ unit conversion factor. The necessary conversion factors are given in Table 1.7.1: 1 lb = 453.59 g; 1 L = 1.0567 qt; 1 L = 1,000 mL. We can convert mass from pounds to grams in one step: \[\mathrm{9.26\:\cancel{lb}\times \dfrac{453.59\: g}{1\:\cancel{lb}}=4.20\times 10^3\:g}\nonumber \] We need to use two steps to convert volume from quarts to milliliters. 1. Convert quarts to liters. \[\mathrm{4.00\:\cancel{qt}\times\dfrac{1\: L}{1.0567\:\cancel{qt}}=3.78\: L}\nonumber\] 1. Convert liters to milliliters. \[\mathrm{3.78\:\cancel{L}\times\dfrac{1000\: mL}{1\:\cancel{L}}=3.78\times10^3\:mL}\nonumber\] \[\mathrm{density=\dfrac{4.20\times10^3\:g}{3.78\times10^3\:mL}=1.11\: g/mL}\nonumber\] Alternatively, the calculation could be set up in a way that uses three unit conversion factors sequentially as follows: \[\mathrm{\dfrac{9.26\:\cancel{lb}}{4.00\:\cancel{qt}}\times\dfrac{453.59\: g}{1\:\cancel{lb}}\times\dfrac{1.0567\:\cancel{qt}}{1\:\cancel{L}}\times\dfrac{1\:\cancel{L}}{1000\: mL}=1.11\: g/mL}\nonumber\] Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$ What is the volume in liters of 1.000 oz, given that 1 L = 1.0567 qt and 1 qt = 32 oz (exactly)? Example $\PageIndex{3}$: Computing Quantities from Measurement Results While being driven from Philadelphia to Atlanta, a distance of about 1250 km, a 2014 Lamborghini Aventador Roadster uses 213 L gasoline. 1. What (average) fuel economy, in miles per gallon, did the Roadster get during this trip? 2. If gasoline costs $3.80 per gallon, what was the fuel cost for this trip? (a) We first convert distance from kilometers to miles: \[\mathrm{1250\: km\times\dfrac{0.62137\: mi}{1\: km}=777\: mi}\nonumber\] and then convert volume from liters to gallons: \[\mathrm{213\:\cancel{L}\times\dfrac{1.0567\:\cancel{qt}}{1\:\cancel{L}}\times\dfrac{1\: gal}{4\:\cancel{qt}}=56.3\: gal}\nonumber\] \[\mathrm{(average)\: mileage=\dfrac{777\: mi}{56.3\: gal}=13.8\: miles/gallon=13.8\: mpg}\nonumber\] Alternatively, the calculation could be set up in a way that uses all the conversion factors sequentially, as follows: \[\mathrm{\dfrac{1250\:\cancel{km}}{213\:\cancel{L}}\times\dfrac{0.62137\: mi}{1\:\cancel{km}}\times\dfrac{1\:\cancel{L}}{1.0567\:\cancel{qt}}\times\dfrac{4\:\cancel{qt}}{1\: gal}=13.8\: mpg}\nonumber \] (b) Using the previously calculated volume in gallons, we find: \[\mathrm{56.3\: gal\times\dfrac{$3.80}{1\: gal}=$214}\nonumber \] Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$ A Toyota Prius Hybrid uses 59.7 L gasoline to drive from San Francisco to Seattle, a distance of 1300 km (two significant digits). 1. What (average) fuel economy, in miles per gallon, did the Prius get during this trip? 2. If gasoline costs $3.90 per gallon, what was the fuel cost for this trip? Answer a 51 mpg Answer b Conversion of Temperature Units We use the word temperature to refer to the hotness or coldness of a substance. One way we measure a change in temperature is to use the fact that most substances expand when their temperature increases and contract when their temperature decreases. The mercury or alcohol in a common glass thermometer changes its volume as the temperature changes. Because the volume of the liquid changes more than the volume of the glass, we can see the liquid expand when it gets warmer and contract when it gets cooler. To mark a scale on a thermometer, we need a set of reference values: Two of the most commonly used are the freezing and boiling temperatures of water at a specified atmospheric pressure. On the Celsius scale, 0 °C is defined as the freezing temperature of water and 100 °C as the boiling temperature of water. The space between the two temperatures is divided into 100 equal intervals, which we call degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is defined as 32 °F and the boiling temperature as 212 °F. The space between these two points on a Fahrenheit thermometer is divided into 180 equal parts (degrees). Defining the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales as described in the previous paragraph results in a slightly more complex relationship between temperature values on these two scales than for different units of measure for other properties. Most measurement units for a given property are directly proportional to one another (y = mx). Using familiar length units as one example: \[\mathrm{length\: in\: feet=\left(\dfrac{1\: ft}{12\: in.}\right)\times length\: in\: inches}\] • y = length in feet, • x = length in inches, and • the proportionality constant, m, is the conversion factor. The Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales, however, do not share a common zero point, and so the relationship between these two scales is a linear one rather than a proportional one ($y = mx + b$). Consequently, converting a temperature from one of these scales into the other requires more than simple multiplication by a conversion factor, m, it also must take into account differences in the scales’ zero points ($b$). The linear equation relating Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures is easily derived from the two temperatures used to define each scale. Representing the Celsius temperature as $x$ and the Fahrenheit temperature as $y$, the slope, $m$, is computed to be: \[\begin{align} m &=\dfrac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} \\[4pt] &= \mathrm{\dfrac{212\: ^\circ F - 32\: ^\circ F}{100\: ^\circ C-0\: ^\circ C}} \\[4pt] &= \mathrm{\dfrac{180\: ^\circ F}{100\: ^\circ C}} \\[4pt] &= \mathrm{\dfrac{9\: ^\circ F}{5\: ^\circ C} }\end{align} \] The y-intercept of the equation, b, is then calculated using either of the equivalent temperature pairs, (100 °C, 212 °F) or (0 °C, 32 °F), as: \[\begin{align} b&=y-mx \\[4pt] &= \mathrm{32\:^\circ F-\dfrac{9\:^\circ F}{5\:^\circ C}\times0\:^\circ C} \\[4pt] &= \mathrm{32\:^\circ F} \end{align} \] The equation relating the temperature scales is then: \[\mathrm{\mathit{T}_{^\circ F}=\left(\dfrac{9\:^\circ F}{5\:^\circ C}\times \mathit{T}_{^\circ C}\right)+32\:^\circ C}\] An abbreviated form of this equation that omits the measurement units is: \[\mathrm{\mathit{T}_{^\circ F}=\dfrac{9}{5}\times \mathit{T}_{^\circ C}+32}\] Rearrangement of this equation yields the form useful for converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius: \[\mathrm{\mathit{T}_{^\circ C}=\dfrac{5}{9}(\mathit{T}_{^\circ F}+32)}\] As mentioned earlier in this chapter, the SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K). Unlike the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, the kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale in which 0 (zero) K corresponds to the lowest temperature that can theoretically be achieved. The early 19th-century discovery of the relationship between a gas's volume and temperature suggested that the volume of a gas would be zero at −273.15 °C. In 1848, British physicist William Thompson, who later adopted the title of Lord Kelvin, proposed an absolute temperature scale based on this concept (further treatment of this topic is provided in this text’s chapter on gases). The freezing temperature of water on this scale is 273.15 K and its boiling temperature 373.15 K. Notice the numerical difference in these two reference temperatures is 100, the same as for the Celsius scale, and so the linear relation between these two temperature scales will exhibit a slope of $\mathrm{1\:\dfrac{K}{^\circ\:C}}$. Following the same approach, the equations for converting between the kelvin and Celsius temperature scales are derived to be: \[T_{\ce K}=T_{\mathrm{^\circ C}}+273.15\] \[T_\mathrm{^\circ C}=T_{\ce K}-273.15\] The 273.15 in these equations has been determined experimentally, so it is not exact. Figure $\PageIndex{1}$ shows the relationship among the three temperature scales. Recall that we do not use the degree sign with temperatures on the kelvin scale. Figure $\PageIndex{1}$: The Fahrenheit, Celsius, and kelvin temperature scales are compared. Although the kelvin (absolute) temperature scale is the official SI temperature scale, Celsius is commonly used in many scientific contexts and is the scale of choice for nonscience contexts in almost all areas of the world. Very few countries (the U.S. and its territories, the Bahamas, Belize, Cayman Islands, and Palau) still use Fahrenheit for weather, medicine, and cooking. Example $\PageIndex{4}$: Conversion from Celsius Normal body temperature has been commonly accepted as 37.0 °C (although it varies depending on time of day and method of measurement, as well as among individuals). What is this temperature on the kelvin scale and on the Fahrenheit scale? \[\mathrm{K= {^\circ C}+273.15=37.0+273.2=310.2\: K}\nonumber \] \[\mathrm{^\circ F=\dfrac{9}{5}\:{^\circ C}+32.0=\left(\dfrac{9}{5}\times 37.0\right)+32.0=66.6+32.0=98.6\: ^\circ F}\nonumber \] Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$ Convert 80.92 °C to K and °F. 354.07 K, 177.7 °F Example $\PageIndex{5}$: Conversion from Fahrenheit Baking a ready-made pizza calls for an oven temperature of 450 °F. If you are in Europe, and your oven thermometer uses the Celsius scale, what is the setting? What is the kelvin temperature? \[\mathrm{^\circ C=\dfrac{5}{9}(^\circ F-32)=\dfrac{5}{9}(450-32)=\dfrac{5}{9}\times 418=232 ^\circ C\rightarrow set\: oven\: to\: 230 ^\circ C}\hspace{20px}\textrm{(two significant figures)}\nonumber\] \[\mathrm{K={^\circ C}+273.15=230+273=503\: K\rightarrow 5.0\times 10^2\,K\hspace{20px}(two\: significant\: figures)}\nonumber\] Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$ Convert 50 °F to °C and K. 10 °C, 280 K Measurements are made using a variety of units. It is often useful or necessary to convert a measured quantity from one unit into another. These conversions are accomplished using unit conversion factors, which are derived by simple applications of a mathematical approach called the factor-label method or dimensional analysis. This strategy is also employed to calculate sought quantities using measured quantities and appropriate mathematical relations. Key Equations • $T_\mathrm{^\circ C}=\dfrac{5}{9}\times T_\mathrm{^\circ F}-32$ • $T_\mathrm{^\circ F}=\dfrac{9}{5}\times T_\mathrm{^\circ C}+32$ • $T_\ce{K}={^\circ \ce C}+273.15$ • $T_\mathrm{^\circ C}=\ce K-273.15$ dimensional analysis (also, factor-label method) versatile mathematical approach that can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex, multi-step calculations involving several different quantities unit of temperature; water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F on this scale unit conversion factor ratio of equivalent quantities expressed with different units; used to convert from one unit to a different unit Contributors and Attributions
Clan Tartans. [It. tartantanna, linsey-woolsey, or cloth of different materials and colors] A term descriptive of the parti-colored plaids long worn by the different clans of Scotland. They were of various combinations of colors. The exact date of the introduction of clan tartans into this country which at different times have assumed so many wonderful and picturesque varieties, is assigned to 1822. The fashion of wearing these gaily colored plaids has been revived from time to time during recent years, and have been variously styled Scotch Plaids, Clan Tartans, Tartan Plaids, etc. The numerous clans into which the Highland population was divided had each a special tartan plaid by which it was distinguished. Many new and imaginary " sets" have been invented by manufacturers in the United States, with the result of introducing confusion in the heraldry of tartans, and of throwing doubt on the reality of the distinctive "sets" which in the olden time were undoubtedly recognized as badges of particular clans. [See Plaids.]
Subscribe TechModgy to learn about new technologies! Liquefaction of gases cannot be done by A. Exchange of heat with colder stream B. Adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve (Joule-Thomson expansion) C. Merely compressing it beyond critical pressure D. Adiabatic expansion against a piston or in a turbine
Blazej Kula Arvind Chembarpu Algirdas Jokūbauskas Blazej Kula Arvind Chembarpu Algirdas Jokūbauskas Delft University of Technology Angular is a Free and Open Source Typescript-based framework for developing web applications. It is a complete rewrite from its predecessor AngularJS and is maintained by Google, along with a community of individuals and corporations. It helps users create fast, multi-platform applications in Typescript or Javascript with ease. In this chapter, we will discuss the architecture of the Angular project in detail and try to explain how it is developed. We will be building this analysis on top of the concepts learned in "Software Systems Architecture" by Nick Rozanski and Eoin Woods. Table of Contents AngularJS was created by Google and released in 2010. The main idea was to decouple HTML DOM manipulation from application logic. It does so by introducing Model-View-Controller architecture to Client Side Javascript code. However, a few years later, in 2014, Google announced Angular 2 - a complete rewrite of AngularJS. It introduced the possibility to code in Typescript (a superset of Javascript) and changed the internal architecture of both itself and applications created with it. It also improved performance and complexity, while also introducing support for building cross platform native mobile apps. However, the lack of backwards compatibility with AngularJS created a lot of controversy among developers. It was fully released in 2016 and has been through many changes since, including a new preview release version 6.0. We will start our analysis by defining the different stakeholders in the project. We will then provide a contextual view of the application showing its relation to the environment. Furthermore, we will present a development view showing different modules of the application and and design models used. Lastly, we will analyze various kinds of technical debt that have accrued over its lifespan. Angular was created and is maintained by Google, along with a large community of individuals and corporations. We compiled this list of stakeholders by analyzing the Angular repository, official website, and Github's Insights & Analytics. In order to provide context and reasoning, we have also provided notes alongside our findings. We will also be using bold text to highlight the actual stakeholders within the analysis. Primary Stakeholders In this section, we detail the stakeholders defined by Rozanski and Woods in the course book Software Systems and Architecture. Google is arguably the most important primary stakeholder, considering how Angular was created by Google engineers for Google's projects. They use Angular internally and externally for a variety of projects, and so OSS contributions can be considered to be continuously "acquired" by Google. Legal compliance is managed by Max Sills (Angular's Open Source Lawyer, employed by Google), who can be considered as an assessor. Angular currently uses the MIT license, but used to be distributed under the Apache 2 license - this was changed due to community feedback, as a community-friendly license contributes to the project's success and uptake. Contributors and Committers are communicators by default, as every contribution is required to have accompanying documentation and justification. Google is also an important communicator, as they have dedicated employees who work on improving documentation and also offer services through the Google Developer Expert program. They also conduct events to promote the project. Contributors on GitHub, which includes Google and non-Google developers alike, are the development stakeholders. All contributions are made publicly on GitHub and stakeholders are expected to participate to make their voice and needs heard. Angular is a framework and not a deployable product on its own, so we have considered maintenance of the framework itself in this section. Under this definition, the same contributors who are developers can be considered maintainers, however, not all of them are involved in regular upkeep. Google and other companies that utilize Angular have a greater investment in keeping Angular running well. However, it is the Angular core team employed by Google, which decides the primary release schedule and milestones. The Git SCM is used to track, version, and control the source code and changes. On top of this, GitHub provides the primary platform for code storage, tracking issues, accepting contributions, and making releases. Google can also be considered a supplier as they employ the core team, provide necessary infrastructure, and various other resources to the project. NPM provides the primary distribution medium for Angular and its dependencies. Angular is developed using TypeScript, a superset of plain Javascript. Support Staff Users can open Issues on Github to obtain support. Gitter provides a chatroom for users to discuss issues and obtain help from their peers. Further, Google offers paid professional support to users through their Google Developers Experts program. Google also offers an official Google Group for a mailing-list-like forum. There are multiple third-party communities, as well - on Reddit and on StackOverflow. System administrators Angular only provides a framework, so any system infrastructure is independent of the project. The end-users of Angular, who administrate their own Angular-based product can be considered system administrators, but not necessarily in the context of Angular itself. All contributors are expected to test and ensure that their changes work locally. Further, they must provide useful and effective tests for every change that they propose. Google both develops and uses Angular in-house so they also run independent tests to ensure compatibility with their systems, via the Google3 bot (status reported via NgBot). Users of the framework also technically test the framework in-use. They are expected to report bugs and provide logs, in order to obtain support. Web/Application developers are the primary users of Angular. Content-producers who produce blogs, videos, tutorials, guides, etc. related to Angular can also be considered user-stakeholders. There are also a multitude of OSS projects which utilize Angular. Secondary Stakeholders In this section, we identify self-defined categories of stakeholders that we consider useful. Like any other popular OSS project, Angular has its fair share of enthusiasts who introduce and help others in using the framework. They may do this through blog posts, multimedia content, technical guides, textbooks, conferences, and meetups. Competing frontend JavaScript frameworks can also be considered to have a stake in Angular, as its popularity can set the trend for various programming paradigms. Further, they can look to the Angular project for inspiration in planning features, quickly making similar bug or security fixes, or even rethink parts of their own approaches. For example, React, Vue.js, and Ember. Angular has a number of JS Dependencies which have a vested interest as well, since having a large project like Angular as a user increases robustness and contributions. Leading web browsers also have a minimal stake in frameworks like Angular. They are incentivized to ensure that features utilized by these frameworks are well-supported and highly performant, in order to provide their users with the best possible experience. In fact, a lot of synthetic benchmarks test framework usage performance. For example, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, macOS Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Opera. Power Grid We identified the interest and power of actors described in the stakeholders analysis. The most powerful actor with the highest interest is Google, which uses Angular for many of its products and is maintaining the Angular core team. Competitors have high interest in Angular project as their popularity is correlated with Angular success or failure, however they do not exert any significant power over it. Since Angular is written in TypeScript, which in turn heavily relies on JavaScript, the language specifications also have some power over the project, but with little to no interest. While web browsers are the main environment where Angular is used, they could have some power over the framework; however because browser vendors mostly only implement language and environment standards and experiment with early versions, they are not actually powerful. Community Contributors do have power over the project as their contribution can introduce new features or change functionality - their input is usually taken into account, however there is no way they can force Angular to make significant changes without substantial support. Web developers have almost no power over the project, although they can suggest changes that best suit their needs - which can then be picked up by community contributors and merged by the Angular Core Team. The Core Team exerts the most influence over the project's course and make decisions on features that are developed by them and merged from community developers. Context View A context view describes the relationships, dependencies, and the interactions between the system and its environment. This view is relevant to understand the system's architecture, as it defines the boundaries of the system and how it interacts with external entities across all spectrums. System scope & responsibilities Angular is a front-end web framework. As a result, its main objective is to help developers build fast, responsive, robust user-facing web applications. Frameworks focus on establishing patterns that help with the programming and layout of the contents of web applications, by forcing the user to conform to its own opinionated designs (in contrast to how libraries work by providing just an interface to use). Technologies used by those frameworks include HTML and CSS for creating and laying out views along with JavaScript, TypeScript and, recently, WebAssembly for handling front-end logic such interacting with view or fetching data from server. Angular combines declarative templates, dependency injection, and tooling to make development quicker and easier to maintain. Context View Diagram Using the above context-view, from a high-level perspective, we can see that while the project itself is open-source, Google is the chief maintainer, and so we can see high reliance on Google tooling, especially for development. Other individual entities/groups are described individually below. External Entities & Interfaces • Developers - Angular is developed primarily by the dedicated team at Google (Angular Core Team) with contributors from the large open source community. They are responsible for developing, releasing, and maintaining the framework. • Users - Angular is a front-end web application framework which means it is used by web developers to create web applications, and according to the StackOverflow it is one of 3 most popular ones as of 2018. Its users include individual developers, and companies creating web applications for their clients and creators of reusable components for Angular. • Runs in - As Angular is a web framework it runs in web browsers - including almost all modern browsers for both desktop and mobile devices. A lot of consideration is given to make Angular work on as many platforms with little effort from the user. • License - Angular is an open source project, released under MIT license. It states that users have unlimited rights to use, copy, modify and distribute original/modified version of software. • Competitors - Angular's competitors include all other web front-end frameworks. Providing an exhaustive list of them is challenging given dynamic development of current web ecosystem, but the most notable ones include React, Vue, Ember, and Blazor. • Tools - Angular is using numerous tools for development. The project is using Git SCM as its version control software, Yarn as the dependency manager, Node.js as the JavaScript runtime, and Bazel as the build tool. • Dependencies - Angular is developed in TypeScript and also heavily depends on numerous JavaScript and TypeScript libraries. • Continuous Integration - For its CI and automation needs, the Angular team use Travis CI, CircleCI, and internal Google Bots. Those bots are used for example to check if a Contributor License Agreement was signed or to test if changes doesn't break internal Google repositories. • Issue Tracking - Angular is using GitHub for its issue tracking, feature planning, and roadmap, though unfortunately, the core team seem to be using internal Google tools and keeping discussions offline, which means these are not accessible to open source contributors. • Communication - Angular's official communication channels are Gitter and Google Group. Its unofficial channels are Reddit and StackOverflow, where users can reach out for help from the community. Development View The development view for a system describes the architecture related to the software's development process. As such, we have explained module organization, common design processes for components like code style, testing, logging, and building, along with an explanation of the codeline organization. Unfortunately, there does not exist any canonical documentation detailing the architecture of Angular for developers, so instead we have attempted to derive a relevant overview. Module Structure Angular source code is organized in to several modules that encapsulate specific functionality of the project, represented as npm packages which allow for easy installation by tools such as npm or yarn. These packages are usually referred to as @angular/* and are called "components" within Angular's documentation. Below, we present Angular's module organization diagram with their dependencies, which can be split into 3 groups following the convention introduced by the Angular team - Core, Development and Support modules. Modules Diagram Core Modules Core modules provide functionalities that are used across whole Angular system and contain modules necessary for it to work. 1. common - The commonly needed services, pipes, and directives provided by the Angular team. 2. core - Critical runtime parts of the framework needed by every application - metadata decorators, Component, Directive, dependency injection, lifecycle hooks. 3. compiler - Angular's Template Compiler - it understands templates and can convert them to code that makes the application run and render. Platform Modules Platform modules provide functionalities that are platform specific. In the case of Angular those dependent on the browser itself and sometimes include polyfills. Those modules responsibilities include manipulating DOM (Document Object Model), threading and server side rendering. 1. platform-browser - Everything DOM and browser related, especially the pieces that help render into the DOM. 2. platform-browser-dynamic - Includes providers and methods to compile and run the app on the client using the JIT compiler. 3. platform-webworker - Angular's support for threading and background calculations using web workers. 4. platform-webworker-dynamic - It contains JIT compiler specific options for platform-webworker module. 5. platform-server - Angular's support for server side rendering. Browser Modules Browser modules provide functionalities that are used to perform various actions in the web applications like changing pages via routing, making HTTP calls, or animations. 1. router - The router module navigates among web application pages when the browser URL changes. 2. http - Angular's old, soon-to-be-deprecated, HTTP client, being being replaced by '@angular/common/http'. The HTTP client is used for sending and retrieving resources over internet using HTTP protocol,. 3. forms - Both template-driven and reactive forms allow users to interact with web application's logic such as log in, placing order or booking flights. 4. animations - Angular's animations library for applying animation effects such as page and list transitions. 5. service-worker - a network proxy script that manages caching for an application. Angular's service worker is designed to optimize the end user experience of using an application over a slow or unreliable network connection. Development Modules Development modules provide functionalities for developers creating web applications using Angular as front-end. They are not necessary for Angular to work but contribute to good development experience. 1. language-service - The Angular language service analyses component templates and provides type and error information that TypeScript-aware editors can use to improve the developer's experience. 2. upgrade - Set of utilities for upgrading AngularJS applications to Angular. 3. compiler-cli - The Angular compiler CLI tools, which are mainly used for compiling templates. 4. angular-cli - Which lies outside of main Angular repository. It contains Angular CLI tools, which consist of generating scaffolding for web applications, components or modules among others. 5. benchpress - Angular's performance measuring tool. Developers can benchmark their applications using this module to ensure best performance of their applications. 6. bazel - Angular's support tools for building Angular applications with Bazel. This still work in progress and Angular Core Team is transitioning from shell scripting build system. Support Modules Support modules are used by the Angular project internally but are not actively maintained in the project itself. Those mostly include JavaScript and TypeScript libraries. 1. RxJS - Many Angular APIs return observables. RxJS is a library for reactive programming using Observables, to make it easier to compose asynchronous or callback-based code. 2. zone.js - Angular relies on zone.js to run Angular's change detection processes when native JavaScript operations raise events. 3. core-js - Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript implementation. core-js is a popular library for that. Common Design Model Common Patterns Angular's Architecture In the above diagram, we can see an overview of an Angular application's architecture. Modules define compilation context, and contain Templates which contain the view layout while the Components contain the business logic. Metadata, or state, is shared and Property and Event Binding are used to keep both these parts in sync. Services provide specific functionalities, and are provided to the application via the Dependency Injector. Directives provide view logic to the Templates. The Angular project utilizes the industry-standard pattern of Object Oriented Programming, more specifically Class-based Programming. Each class' behavior is defined as a blueprint and objects are instantiated explicitly based on a class. Further, this allows for inheritance, where you can define common behaviors in the parent and extended behavior in the subclasses. Logic is encapsulated within the class definition and it is good practice for objects of that type to utilize specific methods that change data values and attributes. Angular also utilizes the paradigm of Dependency Injection to provide components with their dependencies at instantiation time. Dependency Injection (DI) is a way to create objects that depend on other objects. A DI system supplies the dependent objects, i.e. the dependencies, when it creates an instance of an object. The primary advantage of DI is that it forces each file to clearly state its dependencies, which makes for a clear separation of concerns resulting in easier debugging and testing. A minor disadvantage is that code ends up being more verbose and clunky. Common Processing Common processing approaches address aspects of the architecture that require a standard approach across the whole system. This is a key task as it contributes to the overall technical coherence of the system and clarifies how and where processing is done. The Angular project contains multiple directories like aio for, docs for Documentation, integration for the End-to-End integration tests, packages for the core sub-modules, scripts for project scripts, and tools for tooling. Message Logging The logger is instantiated only once - during the bootstrap step. All logging is done through this common, app-level logger instance. The advantage of this is that all logs are handled in a universal manner with uniform formatting and styles. Further, logging is enabled only in development mode and not in production to prevent exposure of sensitive data to the user's console, and in the case of a framework like Angular, to avoid spamming the actual applications' logs. Angular does not log much in general, rather it restricts itself to deprecation warnings and framework errors. All tests are run in parallel, to decrease testing time and increase throughput. A side-effect of this is that tests do not rely on lack of race-conditions or undefined dependencies to work correctly. Any tests that are dependent on other components are required to create mocks or instantiate dependencies as necessary. Standard Design Standard design approaches are used when designing the system's various elements, and only start to emerge while subsystems are fleshed out. Coding Style Google has standardized rules for all their JavaScript code in the JS style guide and all contributions are expected to follow it strictly. Each and every contribution is tested against these guidelines by the CI tooling and is rejected until changes are made to conform. This is done to keep the codebase uniform and remove any comprehension overhead for developers. Commit Style The Angular project has strict rules about git commit messages as described here in order to ensure consistency and clarity. Angular as a framework is written in TypeScript, which means that the coding language is English. However, the website with documentation is available in multiple languages, often maintained by the community. Official translations are maintained on GitHub in language-specific locations, i.e. English and Chinese. Standard Software Components This refers to what common software should be used for different aspects and how it should be used to maintain consistency. These are usually the result of making higher-level decisions or identifying reusable components. Third Party Libraries 3rd party libraries are used to provide a consistent and stable API for the Angular project to use. This reduces development time and effort, as common patterns can be offloaded to these libraries. While this does open up possible security concerns, it is an industry-wide practice to utilize libraries that provide stable, tested functionality. A comprehensive list of these dependencies can be found in the package.json. Technical Debt Technical debt is a gap between creating a perfect solution: adhering to the architectural design, using good programming standards, with proper documentation and thorough tests, and creating a working solution: as quickly and cheaply as possible. Technical debt is an essence those aspect of software that are incomplete, immature, or inadequate (Cunningham, 1992) and are imposing a risk of causing problems in the future if not properly fixed. We analyzed the Angular project quantitatively (static code analysis) using tools such as Codebeat and qualitatively by manual inspection to assess evolution of technical debt. While we have analyzed the project to the best of our abilities, it is possible that there may be minor details we missed due to the complete lack of documentation. Historical Analysis The Angular project is sort of an evolution from Angular 1, built with performance and maintainability in mind. It was a complete rewrite, in terms of code and architecture, which was initially performed privately within Google. Afterwards, Angular 2 was announced publicly as a beta software in December 2015. Angular now uses semantic versioning and as a result, only major version changes can introduce breaking changes while minor version changes should handle bug/security fixes. This is a welcome change, as inconsistent API deprecation can lead to technical debt, and was a major point of contention in the community when Angular (2) was announced and required a complete rewrite of AngularJS (1) applications. Angular version 3 was skipped to prevent numbering confusion, and since then, Angular has matured with version 6 currently in beta and version 5 considered stable. It is not practically feasible to analyze the entire history of the Angular codebase, especially considering the lack of documentation. Instead, we opted to choose an example of debt evolution - specifically, testing and building debt. This aspect is quite interesting as the Angular project is currently in the middle of a major rewrite of their testing and building architecture. While it was earlier handled by monolithic build and test shell scripts, they are now going to be handled with a Google-created tool called Bazel. This is a very important change that effectively removes a significant portion of technical debt from the project. We have discussed more about this change in our Solutions in Motion. Furthermore, we have touched upon other specific aspects of historical debt in the individual sections of this chapter. Codebase Analysis We analyzed the repository using SonarQube, which is designed to find potential bugs, vulnerabilities, code smells, coverage, and code duplication. This analysis revealed that Angular has amassed 348 days of technical debt according to SonarQube, which gives it the highest A rating. The KPIs identified are: • Bugs - SonarQube identified 5360 potential bugs which resulted in the rating D, which means that there is at least one critical bug identified. It predicts the remediation effort to be 49 days. • Vulnerabilities - SonarQube identified 6 possible security issues, with rating B, meaning at least one minor vulnerability and remediation effort of 0.5 hours. • Code Smells - SonarQube identified 23k (thousands) of code smells, most of them not critical. This contributes to 347 days of effort from 348 days identified. This is because bugs and vulnerabilities are ignored in the debt analysis, as they are different category of problems. • Code Duplication - SonarQube identified 7168 of blocks, 201544 lines and 1488 files duplication, with the density of 6.6%. This ratio is quite high and it appears that these duplication aren't taken into account while calculating effort required to pay the technical debt. This analysis finds that Angular project hasn't amassed significant technical debt in any unsolvable ways. The identified debt instances are not critical and are few and far between. This can be caused by a few different reasons: 1. TypeScript offers typed code and convenient syntactical sugar which can help alleviate the buildup of technical debt. This is opposed to JavaScript which, without rigorous code reviews, is known in the community for being cumbersome. 2. Fast release cycles for Angular - on a 6 month schedule. 3. Complete rewrite of an existing product along with a switch in programming language kickstarted the development in the right direction while avoiding common pitfalls. 4. Famous code quality standards of Google, but this might just be wishful thinking on our part. It is possible that some technical debt instances are present in the project but the tools and procedures we used might have missed them. It is however unlikely that this is a large amount as otherwise they would be easily noticeable. Testing Debt Building on our previous analysis of Angular's testing tools, we proceeded to observe the output of each testing suite and continuous integration tool, to understand their purpose and utility. We also analyzed what sort of testing debt they contribute to the project. Angular uses Jasmine to unit and function test each component with a clear definition of the behavior of the test case itself. Karma is a "test-runner" environment for JS, which runs suites of tests in multiple real browsers and devices, i.e. ensuring cross-compatibility and preventing regressions. It is a crucial tool for frameworks like Angular, which aim for maximum compatibility leading to widespread usage. Protractor is an end-to-end (e2e) testing library built by and for Angular. It support tests written in Jasmine, hence decreasing the overhead of having multiple test definition frameworks. Protractor further uses WebdriverJS which uses native events and browser-specific drivers to simulate real-world user interactions for testing. This helps catch bugs that might not be apparent in unit tests. End to end tests are crucial in this regard and further guarantee the validity of the code. BrowserStack and SauceLabs are cloud-based, cross-browser and cross-device testing tools. They do not offer any specific testing frameworks or definitions, rather they are Continuous Integration tools for running tests through Karma, as explained earlier. Angular uses BrowserStack and SauceLabs to track cross-compatibility and continually test code against the test suite in a public, online manner. The result of this integration can be seen in this compatibility matrix for the master branch. Here, we can observe another aspect of testing debt - it appears that tests are failing for Internet Explorer 7, Android < 6.0, iOS 10.x, and Edge on Windows 10. Only Chrome and Firefox seem to have maximum support. Angular currently uses a monolithic test and build shell script, which is in the process of being replaced by Bazel. We have detailed this technical debt mitigation in Things in Motion. Things in Motion Bazel is a fast and correct build and test tool, built with concepts like caching, incremental builds, dependency analysis, and parallel execution in mind. Bazel was built by Google, and is now developed by a core Google-employed team and various community contributors on Github, similar to how Angular is managed. Fabian Wiles directed us to his PR #909, where he started the implementation of Bazel in Angular. We analyzed the changes made within and made some observations: • Bazel does NOT yet have documentation for Javascript/Typescript projects. This is current technical debt, and is significant as the migration is already happening, but non-core-members are not aware of how Bazel works in the first place. • As mentioned earlier, core member are discussing technical implementation details offline without documenting their ideas anywhere. Moving forward, this can contribute to technical debt, through the bus factor, as other contributors are not made aware of key points. • Angular uses the ngc, i.e. Angular compiler tool and there is a slight compatibility issue with Bazel and 3rd party libraries. Hence, a workaround has been used for now. This is an obvious starting point for potential technical debt, until the issue is resolved and the workaround is removed. This chapter summarized our analysis of the Angular project. We described stakeholders and provided contextual analyses of the project's ecosystem. We concluded that Angular is primarily Google's project and hence they control its features and releases. Our contact with Angular Core Team from Google was successful which proved that project is open for open source contributions, however finding useful documentation is not straight-forward. We investigated project modularity, common design patterns, coding styles, and the tools that are used. We found that there are rather strict coding rules that contributors need to adhere to. There are numerous automation tools used during development, testing, and releasing of the system. Our analysis of technical debt found that it is rather minor, in part thanks to the complete rewrite performed by Google from AngularJS. Furthermore, Angular is released regularly in a 6 months cycle and in the next one, Angular 6, will introduce the new building system based on Bazel, along with a new render engine which increases performance and reduces size of applications. Those changes are accompanied by an updated Angular component compiler for Custom Elements and a CLI upgrade. Our findings lead us to believe that Angular will continue to lead front-end frameworks popularity rankings for the near future. 2. Angular - Angular - Contributors. 3. Ian Allen. 11-01-2018. 4. AngularJS - Superheroice JavaScript MVw Framework. 5. Google Javascript Style Guide. 6. Angular - Angular Dependency Injection. 7. angular/angular: One framework. Mobile & Desktop. 8. TypeScript - JavaScript that scales. results matching "" No results matching ""
This is a good article. Click here for more information. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search A sestina (Italian: sestina, from sesto, sixth; Old Occitan: cledisat [klediˈzat]; also known as sestine, sextine, sextain) is a fixed verse form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, normally followed by a three-line envoi. The words that end each line of the first stanza are used as line endings in each of the following stanzas, rotated in a set pattern. The invention of the form is usually attributed to Arnaut Daniel, a troubadour of 12th-century Provence, and the first sestinas were written in the Occitan language of that region. The form was cultivated by his fellow troubadours, then by other poets across Continental Europe in the subsequent centuries; they contributed to what would become the "standard form" of the sestina. The earliest example of the form in English appeared in 1579, though they were rarely written in Britain until the end of the 19th century. The sestina remains a popular poetic form, and many sestinas continue to be written by contemporary poets. Arnaut Daniel The oldest-known sestina is "Lo ferm voler qu'el cor m'intra", written around 1200 by Arnaut Daniel, a troubadour of Aquitanian origin; he refers to it as "cledisat", meaning, more or less, "interlock".[1] Hence, Daniel is generally considered the form's inventor,[2] though it has been suggested that he may only have innovated an already existing form.[3] Nevertheless, two other original troubadouric sestinas are known,[4] the best known being "Eras, pus vey mon benastruc" by Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz; there are also two contrafacta built on the same end-words, the best known being Ben gran avoleza intra by Bertran de Born. These early sestinas were written in Old Occitan; the form started spilling into Italian with Dante in the 13th century; by the 15th, it was used in Portuguese by Luís de Camões.[5][6] The involvement of Dante and Petrarch in establishing the sestina form,[7] together with the contributions of others in the country, account for its classification as an Italian verse form—despite not originating there.[8] The result was that the sestina was re-imported into France from Italy in the 16th century.[9] Pontus de Tyard was the first poet to attempt the form in French, and the only one to do so prior to the 19th century; he introduced a partial rhyme scheme in his sestina.[10] An early version of the sestina in Middle English is the "Hymn to Venus" by Elizabeth Woodville (1437-1492); it is an "elaboration" on the form, found in one single manuscript.[11] It is a six-stanza poem that praises Venus, the goddess of love,[12] and consists of six seven-line stanzas in which the first line of each stanza is also its last line, and the lines of the first stanza provide the first lines for each subsequent stanza.[13] The first appearance of the sestina in English print is "Ye wastefull woodes", comprising lines 151–89 of the August Æglogue in Edmund Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, published in 1579. It is in unrhymed iambic pentameter, but the order of end-words in each stanza is non-standard – ending 123456, 612345, etc. – each stanza promoting the previous final end-word to the first line, but otherwise leaving the order intact; the envoi order is (1) 2 / (3) 4 / (5) 6.[14] This scheme was set by the Spaniard Gutierre de Cetina.[15] Although they appeared in print later, Philip Sidney's three sestinas may have been written earlier, and are often credited as the first in English. The first published (toward the end of Book I of The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, 1590[16]) is the double sestina "Ye Goatherd Gods". In this variant the standard end-word pattern is repeated for twelve stanzas, ending with a three-line envoi, resulting in a poem of 75 lines. Two others were published in subsequent editions of the Arcadia. The second, "Since wailing is a bud of causeful sorrow", is in the "standard" form. Like "Ye Goatherd Gods" it is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter and uses exclusively feminine endings, reflecting the Italian endecasillabo. The third, "Farewell, O sun, Arcadia's clearest light", is the first rhyming sestina in English: it is in iambic pentameters and follows the standard end-word scheme, but rhymes ABABCC in the first stanza (the rhyme scheme necessarily changes in each subsequent stanza, a consequence of which is that the 6th stanza is in rhyming couplets). Sidney uses the same envoi structure as Spenser. William Drummond of Hawthornden published two sestinas (which he called "sextains") in 1616, which copy the form of Sidney's rhyming sestina. After this, there is an absence of notable sestinas for over 250 years,[17] with John Frederick Nims noting that, "... there is not a single sestina in the three volumes of the Oxford anthologies that cover the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries."[18] In the 1870s, there was a revival of interest in French forms, led by Andrew Lang, Austin Dobson, Edmund Gosse, W. E. Henley, John Payne, and others.[19] The earliest sestina of this period is Algernon Charles Swinburne's "Sestina".[20] It is in iambic pentameter rhyming ABABAB in the first stanza; each stanza begins by repeating the previous end-words 6 then 1, but the following 4 lines repeat the remaining end-words ad lib; the envoi is (1) 4 / (2) 3 / (5) 6. In the same volume (Poems and Ballads, Second Series, 1878) Swinburne introduces a "double sestina"[5][21] ("The Complaint of Lisa") that is unlike Sidney's: it comprises 12 stanzas of 12 iambic pentameter lines each, the first stanza rhyming ABCABDCEFEDF. Similar to his "Sestina", each stanza first repeats end-words 12 then 1 of the previous stanza; the rest are ad lib. The envoi is (12) 10 / (8) 9 / (7) 4 / (3) 6 / (2) 1 / (11) 5. From the 1930s, a revival of the form took place across the English-speaking world, led by poets such as W. H. Auden, and the 1950s were described as the "age of the sestina" by James E. B. Breslin.[22] "Sestina: Altaforte" by Ezra Pound and "Paysage moralisé" by W. H. Auden are distinguished modern examples of the sestina.[23][24] The sestina remains a popular closed verse form, and many sestinas continue to be written by contemporary poets;[25] notable examples include "The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People" by David Ferry and "IVF" by Kona Macphee.[2][26] Graphical representation of the algorithm for ordering the end-words in a sestina Although the sestina has been subject to many revisions throughout its development, there remain several features that define the form. The sestina is composed of six stanzas of six lines (sixains), followed by a stanza of three lines (a tercet).[5][27] There is no rhyme within the stanzas;[28] instead the sestina is structured through a recurrent pattern of the words that end each line,[5] a technique known as "lexical repetition".[29] In the original form composed by Daniel, each line is of ten syllables, except the first of each stanza which are of seven.[30] The established form, as developed by Petrarch and Dante, was in hendecasyllables.[7] Since then, changes to the line length have been a relatively common variant,[31] such that Stephanie Burt has written: "sestinas, as the form exists today, [do not] require expertise with inherited meter ...".[32] The pattern that the line-ending words follow is often explained if the numbers 1 to 6 are allowed to stand for the end-words of the first stanza. Each successive stanza takes its pattern based upon a bottom-up pairing of the lines of the preceding stanza (i.e., last and first, then second-from-last and second, then third-from-last and third).[5] Given that the pattern for the first stanza is 123456, this produces 615243 in the second stanza. Retrogradatio cruciata: The pattern of end-words in one stanza of a sestina, relative to the previous stanza. Another way of visualising the pattern of line-ending words for each stanza is by the procedure known as retrogradatio cruciata, which may be rendered as "backward crossing".[33] The second stanza can be seen to have been formed from three sets of pairs (6–1, 5–2, 4–3), or two triads (1–2–3, 4–5–6). The 1–2–3 triad appears in its original order, but the 4–5–6 triad is reversed and superimposed upon it.[34] The pattern of the line-ending words in a sestina is represented both numerically and alphabetically in the following table: Table of sestina end-words[5][35] Stanza 1 Stanza 2 Stanza 3 Stanza 4 Stanza 5 Stanza 6 1 A 6 F 3 C 5 E 4 D 2 B 2 B 1 A 6 F 3 C 5 E 4 D 3 C 5 E 4 D 2 B 1 A 6 F 4 D 2 B 1 A 6 F 3 C 5 E 5 E 4 D 2 B 1 A 6 F 3 C 6 F 3 C 5 E 4 D 2 B 1 A The sixth stanza is followed by a tercet that is known variably by the French term envoi, the Occitan term tornada,[5] or, with reference to its size in relation to the preceding stanzas, a "half-stanza".[7] It consists of three lines that include all six of the line-endings words of the preceding stanzas. This should take the pattern of 2–5, 4–3, 6–1 (numbers relative to the first stanza); the first end-word of each pair can occur anywhere in the line, while the second must end the line.[36] However, the end-word order of the envoi is no longer strictly enforced.[37] Time to plant tears (6), says the almanac (5). The grandmother (2) sings to the marvelous stove (4) and the child (3) draws another inscrutable house (1). The envoi to "Sestina"; the repeated words are emboldened and labelled. Elizabeth Bishop (1965)[38] The sestina has been subject to some variations, with changes being made to both the size and number of stanzas, and also to individual line length. A "double sestina" is the name given to either: two sets of six six-line stanzas, with a three-line envoy (for a total of 75 lines),[16] or twelve twelve-line stanzas, with a six-line envoy (for a total of 150 lines). Examples of either variation are rare; "Ye Goatherd Gods" by Philip Sidney is a notable example of the former variation, while "The Complaint of Lisa" by Algernon Charles Swinburne is a notable example of the latter variation.[39] In the former variation, the original pattern of line-ending words, i.e. that of the first stanza, recurs in the seventh stanza, and thus the entire change of pattern occurs twice throughout. In the second variation, the pattern of line-ending words returns to the starting sequence in the eleventh stanza; thus it does not, unlike the "single" sestina, allow for every end-word to occupy each of the stanza ends; end-words 5 and 10 fail to couple between stanzas. In fair Provence, the land of lute and rose, Arnaut, great master of the lore of love, First wrought sestines to win his lady's heart, For she was deaf when simpler staves he sang, And for her sake he broke the bonds of rhyme, And in this subtler measure hid his woe. 'Harsh be my lines,' cried Arnaut, 'harsh the woe My lady, that enthorn'd and cruel rose, Inflicts on him that made her live in rhyme!' But through the metre spake the voice of Love, And like a wild-wood nightingale he sang Who thought in crabbed lays to ease his heart. First two stanzas of the sestina "Sestina" Edmund Gosse (1879) The structure of the sestina, which demands adherence to a strict and arbitrary order, produces several effects within a poem. Stephanie Burt notes that, "The sestina has served, historically, as a complaint", its harsh demands acting as "signs for deprivation or duress".[17] The structure can enhance the subject matter that it orders; in reference to Elizabeth Bishop's A Miracle for Breakfast, David Caplan suggests that the form's "harshly arbitrary demands echo its subject's".[40] Nevertheless, the form's structure has been criticised; Paul Fussell considers the sestina to be of "dubious structural expressiveness" when composed in English and, irrespective of how it is used, "would seem to be [a form] that gives more structural pleasure to the contriver than to the apprehender."[41] Margaret Spanos highlights "a number of corresponding levels of tension and resolution" resulting from the structural form, including: structural, semantic and aesthetic tensions.[42] She believes that the aesthetic tension, which results from the "conception of its mathematical completeness and perfection", set against the "experiences of its labyrinthine complexities" can be resolved in the apprehension of the "harmony of the whole."[42] The strength of the sestina, according to Stephen Fry, is the "repetition and recycling of elusive patterns that cannot be quite held in the mind all at once".[43] For Shanna Compton, these patterns are easily discernible by newcomers to the form; she says that: "Even someone unfamiliar with the form's rules can tell by the end of the second stanza ... what's going on ...".[44] The 1972 television play Between Time and Timbuktu, based on the writings of Kurt Vonnegut, was about a poet-astronaut who wanted to compose a sestina in outer space. Vonnegut wrote a sestina for the production.[45] See also[edit] 1. ^ Eusebi, Mario (1996). L'aur'amara. Rome: Carocci. ISBN 978-88-7984-167-2. 2. ^ a b Fry 2007 p. 235 3. ^ Davidson 1910 pp. 18–20 4. ^ Collura, Alessio (2010). Il trovatore Guilhem Peire de Cazals. Edizione Critica. Padova: Master Thesis, University of Padova. 5. ^ a b c d e f g Preminger 1993 p. 1146 6. ^ "Sestina of the Lady Pietra degli Scrovigni". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 7. ^ a b c Gasparov 1996 p. 159 8. ^ Stratton 1917 pp. 306, 316, 318 9. ^ Kastner 1903 p. 283 10. ^ Kastner 1903 pp. 283–4 14. ^ "The Shepheardes Calender: August". University of Oregon. Retrieved 28 March 2012. 15. ^ Shapiro 1980 p. 185 16. ^ a b Ferguson 1996 pp. 188–90 17. ^ a b Burt 2007 p. 219 18. ^ Caplan 2006 pp. 19–20 19. ^ White 1887 p xxxix 20. ^ This is the earliest-published sestina reprinted by Gleeson White (White 1887 pp 203–12), and he doesn't mention any earlier ones. 21. ^ Lennard 2006 p. 53 22. ^ Caplan 2006 p. 20 23. ^ "Sestina: Altaforte". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 24. ^ Preminger 1993 p. 1147 25. ^ Burt 2007 pp. 218–19 26. ^ "The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 27. ^ Fry 2007 p. 231 28. ^ Spanos 1978 p. 546 29. ^ Fry 2007 p. 232 30. ^ Kastner 1903 p. 284 31. ^ Strand et al. 2001 p. 24 32. ^ Burt 2007 p. 222 33. ^ Krysl 2004 p. 9 34. ^ Shapiro 1980 pp. 7–8 35. ^ Fry 2007 pp. 234–5 36. ^ Fry 2007 p. 234 37. ^ Fry 2007 p. 237 38. ^ Ferguson 1996 p. 1413–13 39. ^ "The Complaint of Lisa". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 19 February 2012. 40. ^ Caplan 2006 p. 23 41. ^ Fussell 1979 p. 145 42. ^ a b Spanos 1987 p. 551 43. ^ Fry 2007 p. 238 44. ^ Burt 2007 p. 226 45. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt (2012). Wakefield, Dan (ed.). Kurt Vonnegut: Letters. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 9780345535399. I am writing a sestina for the script... It's tough, but what isn't? (Letter of October 2, 1971, to his daughter Nanette.) Further reading[edit] External links[edit]
Diane managed to make friends with her peers 1. Diane managed to make friends with her peers. In fact, during breaktime she plays with them. 2. Her academic level in these two subjects is equal to that of her peers. 3. You have to check her notebook to be updated on what is going on at school. 4. In February children will have to sit for their exams. Diane will only be examined in French and Science. 5. She is exempted from sitting for the Math exam. 6. How is Tom feeling at work? Diane has managed to make friends with her classmates. She even plays with them during the breaks. Sounds fine by me. You need to check her notebook to keep up with what’s happening at school. In February, the children will have to take their exams. Diane will be tested only in French and science. She is exempt from taking the math exam. How is Tom doing at work? I thought it is correct to say ‘to sit for their exams’. Is it wrong or did you want to show me another way how can I rephrase that phrase? The phrase ‘to sit for an exam’ sounds rather archaic to me. I think ‘sit for an exam’ is still used in certain formal professional settings. For example when taking an exam for a professional license. Someone might ‘sit for the bar exam’ to become a licensed attorney. It’s not used in normal school or college settings. Would ‘to take an exam’ be acceptable? 1 Like Yes, ‘to take an exam’ is the normal way of saying it. Actually it’s more common to say ‘to take a test’. The word exam is usually used for more important tests. During a semester class, there are commonly a mid-term exam and a final exam. These are very commonly shortened to mid-terms and finals. There may be additional tests at other times during the semester. There are also quizes or pop quizes. A quiz is just a quick test that is less important. A pop quiz is an unannounced quiz. Quizes are generally short and may only take ten minutes to complete. They cover immediately preceding class material. Quizes are less common in college than in elementary or high school. The educational landscape is changing rapidly, breaking down hierarchical and outdated systems that exclude a large portion of highly talented people who cannot access any form of higher education because they are not privileged. We will see an increase in micro credentials, nano degrees, digital badges, and other forms of competency measurement. The website below will give you an overview of this new world that is emerging: The concept of ‘a final exam’ isn’t very useful in a world that’s driven by AI, algorithms and massive datasets. There is a growing number of areas in which machines are learning much faster than human beings so we need a completely approach to learning. That sounds like a nightmare scenario. It also sounds like typical marketing BS. Fortunately I think we are a very long way from that becoming more than a niche. What I think is going to happen ( in the US ) is the trend of the recent past will reverse. The trend I’m talking about is formal education. People in the US are becoming over educated - I’m referring strictly to formal education. I think very soon people will begin to figure out that they’re better off becoming a mechanic or plumber than going to college. Supply and demand is already pushing things in that direction. The “go to college to solve all your problems” mantra has been going on far too long. It has never been true, but too many people believe it’s true. As a result things are becoming lopsided and need to get back in balance. During the COVID 19 lock downs “essential” people went to work and everyone else stayed home. In general, people who go to college and work in offices are non-essential. People who sit in front of computers are non essential. Most of the essential people didn’t go to college and don’t use computers. But the mantra of society continues to say “college people are important and prestigious - every else is unimportant and peasants.” The priorities are completely backwards. People who sit in front of computers for a living are overhead. They only get by with it because someone else is doing the actual work. Why do you think Google started offering its own training programs that allow people to become certified IT professionals and find employment within a few months? This is a typical example of micro credentials and digital badges. Certifications have been around forever. It’s not a new trend. It’s just a new term for something old. Lots of tech giants have certifications. In September 2003 we launched our forum and since then we have helped people from all over the world to improve their English and find answers to their questions. This type of learning environment is very effective and completely free. It also works seamlessly without formal certifications and exams, so education and learning have many faces and take place in all kinds of ways. Hi NN, Thank you for sharing your information about the American educational system. I really liked it. 1 Like
Monday, August 6, 2012 Today in History for August 6th: What Made News on This Date Today in history August 6th, the two news stories that jumped out at me, are President Johnson signing the 1965 Voting Rights Act. And President Harry Truman dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan in 1945, an attempt to end World War II the bloodiest war in World History. With millions of people dying in Russia alone, what's interesting about the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Is the photo of Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, the Senate Republican Leader right next to President Lyndon Johnson. As President Johnson is signing the bill, because without Minority Leader Dirksen, both the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts don't get signed. This was actually when the Republican Party was still the Civil Rights Party, where there were Liberal Republicans in the Northeast. Who were Liberal on Social Issues and would vote with Liberal Democrats in Congress. President Johnson and the Democratic Leadership doesn't pass these Civil Rights Laws without these Liberal Republicans. Because the Democratic Party was basically made up of three parties back then, Liberals, Progressives and Southern Conservatives. The Southerners saw the Civil Rights Laws as Unconstitutional. The Atomic Bombing of Japan in 1945 was a trickier issue, because of the hundreds of thousands or millions of people. That were killed as a result, the thinking being either drop the bombs so to speak or risk losing hundreds of thousands of American Soldiers with more battles on the islands of Japan. What President Truman was essentially doing was picking his country America over Japan, his people over the Japanese People, which is a horrible decision. Because no decent person wants to see innocent people killed, whether they are in battle or not. And President Truman knew that dropping these Atomic Bombs on Japan would result in thousands of innocent people being killed. But did it to save the lives of thousands of his own Soldiers, which is why he dropped them and had he not of done that. He would've probably risked Congressional Investigations in why he didn't and lost all of those Americans as a result. In 1945 President Truman drops Atomic Bombs to prevent thousands of more Americans dying in World War II. And on this date in 1965 President Johnson with the help of Congressional Republicans and Liberal Democrats was able to sign into law the Voting Rights Act of 1965. So that millions of African Americans would finally have their Constitutional Right to vote enforced by law. Liberal Democrat Liberal Democrat Liberal Democracy
Motorcycle with an internal combustion engine The German engineers Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invented the internal combustion engine for Motorcycles. During mid-1880s, while working out of Daimler’s home, located in Bad Cannstatt, Germany, the two of them designed a lightweight, carbureted gasoline engine , that ws suitable for a one-person vehicle. Then in 1885, Daimler fitted an air-cooled, single-cylinder design engine to a homebuilt bicycle made of oak and called it the Reitwagen (“Riding Wagon”). The Reitwagen was capable of a max speed of 7 miles per hour (12 kilometres per hour). Keep in mind that a motorized tricycle had been invented in 1884 by Edward Butler in England, but it was not gasoline powered. 1880, 1885, 1884 Wilhelm Maybach Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler Additional Information: Leave a Reply
Blue blood nobility came from Spain. Spainâs ancient nobles of Castile took skin color as the judgement of noble purity. Since Spain had been colonized by the Arab for nearly 800 years, making many descendants of the northern African moors, whose skin color is much deeper than that of native people. So people of Castile often proudly show others their fair arms and faint blue veins, for disowning the foreign blood lineage. In fact, the blue blood vessels have nothing to do with pedigree, mostly due to silver poisoning caused by the heavy use of silverware. Excessive amounts of silver cannot be excreted to the outside of the body like other substances, only to accumulate day after day. As it piles up more and more, any tissue it touches will get dyed. Consequently, the blood vessels of blue blood nobles are likely to appear strangely blue. ï¼They are Spain’s blue blood nobility.ï¼ When it comes to the silver (or Ag+ ), there is always a long story. As early in the metal age, people had found the water in the silver vessels was cleaner than other containers. Besides, wine, vinegar and even fresh milk stored in the silverware can be kept fresh for a long time. According to records in 4th century BC, Alexander, the Greek monarch, started his war of aggression in the east. Dysentery attacked the army during the journey, causing great casualties, directly stopping the east Levy. Â While there was a strange thing there that the officers and ministers of the monarch are rarely infected. The reason is simple: soldiers used tin tableware while high manager’s tableware is silver. In the early 19th century, silver ranks the best material to prevent bacterial infections. In 1884, Craig, a German obstetrician, applied 1% concentration of silver nitrate into the eyes of the newborn, for preventing the conjunctivitis of the newborn, eventually reducing infant’s blindness rate from 10% to 0.2%. ( This is Doctor Craig.) In fact, the secret of silver sterilization lies in the silver ions it produces. Silver, which had been approved by the FDA as an absolutely non-toxic, natural antibacterial substance without side effects. However, it silenced in the wave of antibiotics, owing to its simplicity. No secret formula means no profitable patent. But donât worry, there is always a way to make money. Colloidal nano-silver welcomed its day. This kind of health products is known as efficient sterilization products. With the FDAâs recognizing, more and more people began to take these products. ( Various kinds ofÂ colloidal nano-silver products in the market.) The most famous case of silver health products addiction is Paul Carlsen, a man in the United States. Carlson once suffered from a serious skin disease. After several treatment failures, he finally pinned hopes on high-tech health care products. However, he ignored the differences between vitro sterilization and vivo sterilization.He did not know there could be a systemic silver poisoning like local skin discoloration when faced with silver within human environment. In this case, the blue color will spread, usually starting with the place contacting the sunshine. Gradually, the skin of the face, hands and chest will be completely bluish gray. At worst, the entire skin will turn blue, even the spleen and liver. As the gum-silver boomed, the FDA panicked, warning that no colloidal silver product has been approved by new drugs and all over-the-counter nano-silver products are not considered safe and effective. Later, the FDA banned nano-silver supplements in 1999. Researches later found that silver nanoparticles can be toxic to the lungs, nerves and skin. It can even penetrate the brain, enter the placenta, and interfere with sperm cells. However, for Carlson, everything was late. He had taken colloidal nano-silver for up to 14 years, had long been a realistic version of the “Smurfs.” In 2013, Carlson died of pneumonia and stroke in the hospital, aged 62 years. Even as a “Smurf”, Carlson did not enjoy the “Smurfs” happy life. More Questions about stroke Related FAQs: Bedroom Windows & Doors All Closed – Good Sleep or Bad Sleep? What Are Natural Remedies for High Blood Pressure Diabetes? The Complete High Cholesterol Medication List
Skip to main content Showing posts from November, 2021 History of the Sabbath Until Today We must have heard a lot about the Sabbath. In this article, I will try to explain the history of the Sabbath, and why many Christians observe the Sabbath on Sunday. The Sabbath is the seventh day of the week, which is Saturday. The Sabbath is the only day mentioned in the Bible as a day of worship and rest. Most Christian churches worship on Sunday, the first day of the week. Gradually, the first day of the week (now called Sunday) grew in prominence as an additional day, but it was eventually appointed to replace the Sabbath by the civil and religious authorities. The first legal code to legalize this was the Law of Constantine of 321 AD. For the next several centuries, there were still people who observed the Sabbath in secret. The Development of the Established Sabbath in the Old Testament The seventh-day Sabbath has a lot of history in the entire period of human history that the Bible summarizes. In Genesis 2:1-3 it is stated that God finished his work in forming the earth and all
Factor Tree of 56 Make your calculations faster of finding a Factor Tree of 56 and expressing it as multiples of 2, 2, 2, 7 by using the Factor Tree Calculator Factor Tree of 56 is the list of prime numbers when multiplied results in original number 56. Factor Tree of: Factor Tree of 56 to Calculate the Factors Factors of 56 56 = 2 x 28 28 = 2 x 14 14 = 2 x 7 If we write into multiples it would be 56 x 2 On splitting 28 further and writing it as multiples of numbers it would be 14 x 2. On splitting 14 further and writing it as multiples of numbers it would be 7 x 2. Altogether expressing the number in terms of prime factors would be 2 x 2 x 2 x 7. Learn more about Factors of 56 from here & easily calculate the factors using Factoring Calculator. How to find Factor Tree of 56 Splitting Numbers We can split the number into any of its two factors. In other words, we are finding the numbers that when multiplied together give 56. Let’s start with 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 as it results in 56 on multiplying. Just like in any family tree we are now going to find the factors or ancestors of splited factors. Prime Factors Let’s look out 56 now and we can write it as 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 and place those factors on the tree. similar to prime numbers in the initial step 2, 2, 2, 7 obtained here are also prime numbers and we will end up these branches. Factor Tree Calculations Frequently Asked Questions on Factor Tree of 56 1. What is factor tree? 2. What are the prime Factorization? 3. How to find a Factor Tree of 56? Answer: Step 1: Split the number given to factors Step 2: ∴ Factor tree of 56 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 4. What are the Prime Factors of 56? Answer: Prime Factors of 56 are 2 x 2 x 2 x 7.
What do Kids need the most – Freedom & Responsibility or Attention? The Independence day fever has not yet subsided in my house. My kid is still relishing the stories about the Indian Freedom struggle and History. So we keep pouring over our history books and digging deeper to understand what freedom meant to our ancestors and what they thought were their responsibilities to their country, parents, and fellow humans. Like any other typical nine-year-old boy my son is full of questions about the feelings of those freedom fighters and what they thought was right or wrong. Were they seeking attention from others or were they doing this out of their pure internal motivation. His questions have put a couple of thoughts into my head, resulting in this post as well. As a Montessori parent, I firmly believed in pre-defined freedom. The freedom within set boundaries. My child is free to choose his work and area of study on a daily basis. I don’t remind him multiple times about the completion of the task. My expectation is that he would complete his task on his own. This indirectly teaches him to be responsible for his own studies. Now you might wonder, how can a nine-year-old boy be responsible for his own studies. Given a chance, most kids of his age would like to while away the time with gadgets. Then how can a Montessori child display that sense of responsibility? That’s because the Montessori environment allows the child to experience freedom in its truest form. To experience that freedom, the child has to develop first internal self-discipline. What do Kids need more - Freedom and Responsibility or Attention For example, most parents wouldn’t allow the child to light a matchstick on their own for the fear of fire. They scare the child and keep the matchbox out of the way for the kid. As long as you keep it away from the child, the child will never know how to light the fire isn’t it? But in a Montessori school, the supervising adult would show the child how to light the fire in a safe way first. If required, the same presentation would be repeated multiple times, till the child gets the confidence. Then the child would practice the same with minimal adult intervention or supervision. The adult wouldn’t be hovering behind the child when the child is lighting the matchstick for the first time. The freedom to light a matchstick on his own gives a sense of achievement in the child. That sense of achievement paves the path to the responsibility of not causing the fire accident. So in the above simple activity, we can see the child exhibiting both freedom and responsibility simultaneously without anyone mentioning it specifically. Also, this presentation wouldn’t be given to the child unless he shows that he can handle the dangerous objects without causing harm to himself or to others. Freedom and responsibility in Kids: Freedom and responsibility are two sides of a coin and both have to be taught at the same time to kids. Freedom without responsibility is just letting the child fly like a kite without the holding thread. The responsibility without any freedom is drudgery and the kids would do the tasks just for the sake of completion, but they wouldn’t enjoy them. To enjoy the privileges of freedom, one needs to know its limits and follow the rules correctly. As parents, we observe the children and increase their freedom limits based on how responsible they have become while playing or executing their tasks. For example, the toddler starts with a tricycle first and then graduates to the cycle with training wheels. Only when the child is able to pedal the cycle completely, without anyone holding them, and are able to balance them better (their legs landing firmly on the ground), the parents would remove the training wheels from the cycle. This is nothing but expanding their freedom limits with respect to the cycle for the child. The parent would make this decision based on the child’s behavior that he is able to take on new challenges/freedom through his actions. How to inculcate Freedom and responsibility? As a parent, the typical question which nags most of us is how to inculcate the responsibility in kids? In order to inculcate the responsibility, we need to involve them in the decision-making and make them feel like an equally responsible member of the family when compared to the others. Once we involve our kids in helping us around the house, instead of nagging them to complete the chores, the sense of belongingness would start developing in the child. Once the sense of belongingness comes, being careful and responsible would become their next logical step for the kids. When the child is allowed the freedom within certain well-defined limits, the child would automatically develop self-discipline and responsibility. Based on their further actions and readiness to take up the new challenges, the parent can expand their freedom limits. So, in a nutshell, the child needs to be involved in various chores around the house and give him the free space to develop his sense of accomplishment. There are a lot of chores lists available on the internet for the kids based on their age. Even if we don’t want to depend on those predefined lists, we can start introducing different chores based on their interest and age at home. Parents always know what’s best for their kids. So observing the child and his needs is one of the critical art forms that the parents have to become experts with. Freedom and Responsibility post by Mommyshravmusings What about Attention? Most parents like to believe that the children need more attention and as mothers, they need to take care of every whim and fancies of their child. They sacrifice all their time and efforts to do that. But in turn, this behavior only develops the stress on the mothers and also makes the kids too dependant. Everyone wants to be pampered and treated royally and kids are no exception to that. But too much pampering only results in dependant kids. Their self-confidence levels will be lower and we will not have independent kids. When the parents involve the kids at a young age in the household chores, the kid’s self-confidence levels will not only grow but will make them more responsible kids of the future. So, as parents, we need to cherish the kids and show them that we do love them completely, irrespective of their actions. But providing unnecessary attention would only end up spoiling them. So, all this unnecessary attention would make the child crave more, becoming toxic after a certain point of time. So providing the appropriate attention at the required time is the first responsibility of the parents. Blog post Bio This blog post is part of the blog challenge ‘Blogaberry Dazzle’ hosted by Cindy D’Silva and Noor Anand Chawla and sponsored by Bakez by Daizy. You can read more of the similar articles in my recently published book on “Practical Tips for Kids Mental Health” on Amazon. This post is powered by #CauseaChatterfrom Blogchatter. 1. Nice post , at home we also do the same , my kids are cooking and I supervise them , they have learnt baking and Little bit of cooking ? We need to encourage them so that they learn and get confidence. 2. If only more parents (and grandparents) understood this! I don’t know what the age-appropriate chores are for my 5-year-old, but I allow him to do his work on his own–especially if he wants to try. But when it comes to studies, my son won’t sit still for too long. We’re still working on it. He studied for 2 years at a Montessori school, but due to the pandemic school has become confined to the laptop. I do try to give him a Montessori environment at home — and his school provides guidance in this direction — but I feel so bad that he’s missed out on an enriching experience with friends and teachers. 1. Yeah, the same thing even my son is missing that enriching Montessori environment. I know those seeds of independence and self-discipline have been sown in him while he was at the school. As I see those traces every now and then. But still struggling most times. So this article is in a way to tell myself about the beauty of the Montessori system 3. Very well-written post. You’ve explained the points perfectly. I always like to give freedom to the kids, because this makes them responsible after some time. Attention is definitely necessary, but too much attention can lower the confidence in them. Freedom and attention both should be given, but in a balanced manner. 4. Being a parent is like walking a tightrope. You have to be mindful about which way you need to tilt to keep the balance. Your suggestion of including them in household chores is a very wise one. Posts like these are bound to be a very helpful read to other parents. 5. It needs to be a delicate balance of both. Too much of either is just as detrimental. I am sure a lot of parents out there would be able to identify with this. 6. Loved the article thoroughly. Children should be allowed to experiment on their own while parents keep an eye on them from a distance. This inculcates a sense of responsibility in them. 7. I can vouch for it Harjeet, thats why your kids have settled so well in life dear. Only when we teach our kids these basics, they will grow into the complete human being as Raymonds ad says 8. Very nice read and much required for kids of today as they need to learn responsibility. May parents given them freedom in terms of going out to play or with friends and hence with money as well. Teaching the child early on what is right and wrong, what is acceptable or not will go a long way to making them responsible. And yes you are right both freedom and responsibility go hand in hand. 9. Thought-provoking. I liked the sentence, freedom and responsibility is two sides of the same coin. Overall, well written and a must-read. 10. The more I am reading about Montessori techniques the more I am convinced that’s how I would like raise my kid. You have made some very valid points in favor. Your reasoning is also absolute. 11. Kids needs both freedom and attention. Cottonwooling will not help them become independent. But there need to be rules. An occasional failure does help a child learn. 1. Thank you, Raghav. I can very well relate to what you are saying. I was also bought up in a similar traditional south Indian family, where rules and family prestige are more important. 12. This is must read article for every parent Suhasini. Loved the way you explain how much freedom and attention should be given to our kids and how to teach them about responsibilities. Great post. 13. Wonderful post, we have a healthy balance between freedom and responsibilities, both kids know when to do what also they can choose what they want to do among the available choices. 14. This blog post is like a guide for me. My son is entering in teenage and I need to take care lot of things. After reading your write up, I need to change my perception and parenting a little. Thank you for sharing wonderful parenting tips. 15. Hi, I tried doing this at home. My younger daughter is 11 and has some chores but doesn’t do it. When I remind her she says she’s tired and can’t do it. For eg, she has to keep 3 glasses of water for lunch everyday. But after online school, she sits on the couch and doesn’t keep water. She says she will come late for lunch. Should I just do it instead. I feel it may not be fair for my elder daughter who does her chores well. 1. Hi Deepa, I can totally understand your situation and 9-12 years is the age where the kids try to establish their boundaries and in that process, they do push the limits a lot. A similar situation happens regularly in my house, where my child currently 9 years old tries to shrink away from responsibilities. But what we did (me and my hubby) was not to complete his tasks. For example – it’s his duty to fill the water bottles and place them in the refrigerator. If he doesn’t do it, we will not do that activity and he himself will not have chilled water. Also we make it a point to tell him that we suffered because he didn’t complete his tasks in a subtle way. No complaining or scolding tones are used here. May be you can sit down for lunch once or twice without water. You know that people would get into problems. At that time, just ask her to go and fetch her water. Scolding then will not help her. When you repeat this couple of times, she will start doing this on her own. Leave a Reply You may also like %d bloggers like this:
Menu Close Category: DEFAULT Download Reverse Engineering Reverse Engineering mp3 flac full album vinyl rip Reverse engineering is a process or method through the application of which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little insight into exactly how it. Reverse engineering is an invasive and destructive form of analyzing a smart card. The attacker uses chemicals to etch away layer after layer of the smart card. Applications for software reverse engineering · 1. IDA Pro, Hex Rays · 2. CFF Explorer · 3. API Monitor · 4. WinHex · 5. Hiew · 6. Fiddler · 7. Scylla. Reverse-engineering is the act of dismantling an object to see how it works. It is done primarily to analyze and gain knowledge about the way something works. Reverse engineering, sometimes called back engineering, is a process in which software, machines, aircraft, architectural structures and. Software Reverse Engineering is a process of recovering the design, requirement specifications and functions of a product from an analysis. Reverse engineering, also called back engineering, is the process by which a man-made object is deconstructed to reveal its designs. Today we are gonna dive into the process of learning how to reverse engineer. First of all, try to answer yourself, what are you hoping to. Reverse-engineering is especially important with computer hardware and software. Programs are written in a language, say C++ or Java, that's understandable by. Reverse engineer definition is - to disassemble and examine or analyze in detail (a product or device) to discover the concepts involved in. Leave a Reply
Why your cough gets worse at night Coughs and colds can range from mildly irritating to painful and drawn-out, and most of us suffer two or more per year. Experts agree that one of the best ways to help your body to recover is rest. But what happens if every time you lie down to sleep your cough kicks into overdrive and you find yourself coughing when you're trying to drift off, or waking up in the night? What is a cold? Dr Roger Henderson Change your position One of the functions of a cough is to remove mucus from our airways. Unfortunately, once we're lying down, it makes it more likely that mucus will begin to collect in the back of the throat, meaning that we cough to clear the blockage. The good news is that minor adjustments to our sleeping position can be very helpful. Try propping your mattress up slightly at the head end and let gravity do its work. "The cough may also be due to acid reflux, where acid doesn't stay in your stomach but comes up to the oesophagus," explains GP Dr Toni Hazell. "It is worse lying flat as you don't have the help of gravity to keep the acid down, and so is worse at night. In addition, if you suffer from asthma, this might cause a night cough." Combat dry air Colder air tends to lack humidity, and whilst central heating might deal with the chill, it doesn't add moisture to the air. This means that the air in your house may become dry during winter, irritating your nose and throat. As well as exacerbating a cough, dry air can irritate the skin and even cause static electricity in your clothing! To counter dry air in the home, you can invest in a humidifier if you're feeling flush. But a low-cost option is simply to place bowls of water around the home, particularly near radiators. The water will evaporate, adding moisture to the air. Are you eligible for a free NHS flu vaccination? Find out more Do some of the work Whilst your cough may be driving you mad, it's actually on your side. In keeping your airways clear by breaking up mucus, a productive cough could set you on the road to recovery. The good news is that you can help to reduce coughing by taking on some of the work yourself. Make sure you blow your nose regularly rather than sniff, and try inhaling steam by placing hot water in a bowl or inhalator. There's limited evidence steam makes a difference, although it's safe (as long as you're careful to avoid getting too close to get burnt in any way) and some people do find it helps. Getting that mucus to shift is one of the ways to reduce your need to cough. Manage your allergies If you suffer from allergies, it may be that the problem is in your bedding. Make sure you change your bedding regularly to minimise potential irritants such as dead skin cells and other nasties. Choose a pillow that is hypoallergenic and make sure you wash your bedding in a product suitable for allergy sufferers. If your allergies are severe, it might be worth swapping your bedroom carpet for laminate flooring to ensure there are fewer places for dust and other debris to hide. Make sure you take any prescribed medication for your allergies and see your doctor if you feel that you might need to review any treatment. Future-proof your night Whilst you may not be able to eliminate night-time coughing altogether, it's important that you minimise your risk by staying well hydrated. Having a hot, non-caffeinated drink before bed can help to soothe your throat and make you less prone to coughing when you begin to rest. Ginger tea is said to have anti-inflammatory properties, so may be a good choice; and some swear by adding a teaspoon of honey to their brew. Visit your pharmacist "If you have a simple cold then the best place to go is the pharmacy - there are all sorts of things you can buy over the counter, from antipyretics (to reduce a fever), decongestants, and sprays to soothe a sore throat to cough mixtures," explains Hazell. "Simple honey and lemon used at home can also be very effective to soothe a tickly or dry cough. Honey and lemon is actually official NHS advice!" When should I see a doctor? It's common to suffer from a cough or cold from time to time, and most of the symptoms won't warrant a trip to the doctor. But there are times when a cough might start to become a concern. "A cold will often last 2-3 weeks. In an otherwise healthy adult with a cough, sore throat, runny nose and achiness, I would usually then work on the basis that it's a viral infection and advise them on over-the-counter medicines. "However, it's important to see a doctor if you have a chronic heart or lung condition; or any medical conditions/medications that impair the immune system," explains Hazell. "Similarly, if you develop a very high temperature (40°+), are becoming dehydrated or delirious, are coughing up blood or increasing amounts of green phlegm, or if your symptoms get drastically worse or do not settle over 2-3 weeks, it's time to contact the doctor." The good news is that most coughs will go away on their own within a week or so. And taking steps to manage your symptoms - particularly at night - should help you get the rest you need. Read next Are you protected against flu? Check now
Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what role did he play in fostering Indian nationalism? What role did Gandhi play in Indian Nationalism? Mahatma Gandhi is perhaps the most widely recognized figure of the Indian Nationalist Movement for his role in leading non-violent civil uprisings. … He organizes non-violent protests in the country which gained him fame and support from the people of South Africa. What did Gandhi do for India? Who was Gandhi’s role model? Mahatma Gandhi my role model: Sunita Williams. What became a symbol of nationalism? Answer: the flag of india slowly became a symbol of nationalism. How did the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi changed the way of Indian politics? Gandhi organized Indian resistance, fought anti-Indian legislation in the courts and led large protests against the colonial government. Along the way, he developed a public persona and a philosophy of truth-focused, non-violent non-cooperation he called Satyagraha. IT\'S FUN: Which type of maize is cultivated in India? Why did Gandhi go without food that night? He wouldn’t eat, he said, as a protest against the separate electorates that were reserved for untouchables in the legislature. The last time that he had undertaken a fast unto death, it was for the striking mill workers at Ahmedabad for whom he had won their desired pay hike. Is Gandhi a Brahmin? Who is Gandy India? Why Mahatma Gandhi is your role model? Who is your role model and why essay? IT\'S FUN: Which is the cheapest Xbox in India? How did Gandhi influence me? I am inspired by Gandhi as he was a brave and confident person who followed the path of non-violence (ahimsa). He sacrificed his life for the sake of the country. He was a great leader and is my favourite hero. He showed me simple living and high thinking. About India
Microbiology and virology lbio1311 2020-2021 Louvain-la-Neuve Microbiology and virology 4 credits 40.0 h + 15.0 h Desguin Benoît; Michiels Thomas; Main themes The course is divided into two main sections corresponding to the type of microorganism studied. The Bacteriology part includes: the historical accounts of microbiology, the bacterial structure, physiology and metabolism, the diversity and classification of bacteria, the various ways to control microorganisms, microbial ecology, food and industrial microbiology and finally an introduction to descriptive epidemiology. In the Virology part, the following notions are explained and illustrated: structure of viruses and viral cycles, classification, interaction between host and virus (cellular transformation, latency, antigenic variation, cancer, oncogenes, HIV), use and manipulation of viruses, antiviral vaccination and antiviral agents, virus of plants, prions and non conventional viruses. 1 The main objectives of the Microbiology course is to establish the basic knowledge on microbes, mostly bacteria and viruses, and their relationships with other organisms, mainly plants and animals. Also included are the biochemical and molecular techniques and strategies used to study, but also to control, these microorganisms. Teaching materials • Bactériologie : Dias du cours disponibles sur Moodle. • Virologie : Site coordonné en support à l'enseignement de la virologie: https://www.virologie-uclouvain.be. Faculty or entity Programmes / formations proposant cette unité d'enseignement (UE) Title of the programme Bachelor in Biology Bachelor in Veterinary Medicine Minor in Biology
This is how the blockchain allows for the painless exchange of health information The growing and growing threat to PHI security is in the news, creating a lot of awkward questions about the exchange of health information (HIE). For example, how can healthcare organizations reliably monitor the transfer of private patient data to other caregivers? Some suppliers they cannot even guarantee the safety of PHI within their own organization, let alone their journey to other institutions. Blockchain is the technology that is expected to answer many questions and introduce a new level of transparency and security to HIE. We covered the advantages of the blockchain over traditional HIE architecture recent article to Forbes that you can check out. What we haven’t commented on, though, is how exactly PHI travels in the blockchain-driven HIE. The map of the PHI route through the health care network It all starts when a caregiver provides services to patients, directing the data to the blockchain. Patient identifiable information is then tracked in the caregiver’s computer systems, while standard data fields, transactions, and the patient’s unidentifiable identifier are redirected to the blockchain using APIs. Healthcare organizations, clinical researchers, and other institutions can directly consult the blockchain, submitting their requests via APIs. They can only access the patient’s public information, for example, age, sex, and diagnosis analyze this data to know the health of the population. In turn, patients can share their identifiable information with providers inside and outside their health plan. For example, a diabetic patient travels across the country, catches a cold and is admitted to the hospital out of his network due to severe headaches and blurred vision that accompanies fever. The hospital, by requesting the patient’s private key, can access the PHI, learn more about the patient’s history of diabetes, analyze the patient health data in general and treat this episode of hyperglycemia along with a cold. Well informed in this way, caregivers can significantly reduce the risk of complications. Changes that the blockchain introduces to HIE The new architecture allows providers to achieve two goals at once: to keep PHI private and to involve patients. These are the key security enhancements provided by blockchain: • Improved security with encryption, cryptology and public / private access • Improving data integrity through distributed ledger • It allows a perfect integration with internal systems with API • Promotion of electronic prescriptions and decentralized, trust-based and authenticated data exchange And here are some benefits for patients: • Involve patients through proprietary data and therefore allow for a proactive approach to disease treatment and prevention, including precision medicine • Improve the integration of the IoT and cognitive computing • Support population health management by ensuring the quality and relevance of available evidence to assist all stakeholders in making informed health decisions. The beginning of the PHI journey Because the blockchain is not a widely adopted standard or good practice at HIE, we are thrilled to be at the starting point and anticipate the evolution of technology and everything it touches. Currently, blockchain is the most promising candidate to renew the existing traditional architecture of the central database and the document of continuity of care (CCD). Hopefully, payers and providers will work together to streamline their adoption and make the PHI journey safer and more traceable. That’s what we think, and you? We talk about the likelihood that blockchain will reimagine the exchange of health information, along with other benefits it can bring and challenges in its implementation. Source link
Tag Archives: General Slocum In Memoriam, PS General Slocum General Slocum, date and author unknown. Image:Public Domain (National Archives) General Slocum, date and author unknown. Image:Public Domain (National Archives) Today marks the anniversary of the tragic sinking of PS General Slocum on the East River in New York City. She was taking members of the St. Mark’s Evangelical Church to a church picnic. It was supposed to be a wonderful outing for all and many children were aboard. Fire broke out, most likely in the Lamp Room, and then spread. Due to inadequate safety inspections, failure of Knickerbocker Steamship Company to maintain safety standards, and the ship’s captain, the safety equipment aboard was completely unusable. Ship hoses could not function due to age, most life preservers were so old they fell apart or were weighted inside, and lifeboats were inaccessible. An estimated 1,021 of the 1,342 passengers perished in the tragedy mostly from drowning. It was the single worst loss of life in New York City history until the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Sadly many who died were children though sometimes parents or members of the extended family also perished. Some victims were never identified because there was no one living to do so. The funeral procession of the dead was witnessed by many and the small coffins caused many to cry. One notable incident was a man accompanied by his wife carrying a small coffin under his arms. He could not afford a funeral wagon and so was walking to the cemetery. Fortunately a man delivering flowers offered him a ride. The subsequent investigation revealed the poor state of safety equipment on General Slocum. The company laid the blame on Captain Van Schaick and the government inspectors for failing in their duties (who were likely bribed). It would lead to reorganization of the government agency responsible and tighter accountability of ship owners to safety regulations. Today that function is handled by the U.S. Coast Guard and the United States has one the toughest maritime safety regulations in the world. General Slocum Memorial Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City Image:Public Domain (Wikipedia) General Slocum Memorial Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City Image:Public Domain (Wikipedia) The Knickerbocker Steamship Company was fined and Captain Van Schaick would be imprisoned for several years. He was paroled in 1911 and in 1912 President Taft pardoned him. Many believed, although he was captain of General Slocum, the company was ultimately responsible for the tragedy. St. Mark’s Evangelical Church was part of the Little Germany community in New York. The loss brought many together to help the church and its members. However as people began to move away from the area, the Germans that had made up its base went with it. The church closed and is now a synagogue. A stone memorial to the victims of the General Slocum is at Tompkins Square Park on Manhattan. Today there are those that get together to remember this terrible event in New York City history. Sadly all the survivors have passed away, the last one in 2004. The movie Manhattan Melodrama(1934), which stars a young Clark Gable, has as its opening moments the events of the General Slocum which sets in motion the lives of the two characters the movie depicts. Not a bad movie for its time and worth looking at if you have the opportunity. A memorial plaque placed near the former church of St. Mark’s on the centennial of disaster states: This is the site of the former St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church (1857–1940) a mostly German immigrant parish. On Wednesday, June 15, 1904, the church chartered the excursion steamer, GENERAL SLOCUM, to take the members on the 17th annual Sunday school picnic. The steamer sailed up the East River, with some 1400 passengers aboard, when it entered the infamous Hell Gate passage, caught fire and was beached and sank on North Brother Island. It is estimated 1200 people lost their lives, mostly woman and children, dying within yards of the Bronx shore. The GENERAL SLOCUM had been certified by the U.S. Steam boat Inspection Service to safely carry 2500 passengers five weeks before the disaster. An investigation after the fire and sinking found the lifeboats were wired and glued with paint to the deck, life jackets fell apart with age, fire hoses burst under water pressure, and the crew never had a fire drill. Until the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001,the Slocum disaster had been the largest fire fatality in New York City’s history. The Maritime Indistry Museum SUNY-Maritime College, Fort Schulyer, The Bronx, NY Remembering The Victims of PS General Slocum PS General Slocum Illustration by Samuel Ward Stanton of the excursion steamboat General Slocum (Wikipedia) Though not well known, 109 years ago today the PS General Slocum caught fire and sank in the New York East River. At the time she on a chartered run carrying members of St. Matthews Evangelical Lutheran Church to a church picnic. The Slocum had over 1,400 passengers, many of them women and children. It is believed the fire started in the Lamp Room, possibly by a discarded cigarette. Fueled by oily straw, rags, and lamp oil, the fire began to spread. By 10:00 a.m. the fire was noticed and Captain Van Schaick was notified of it. Rather then running the ship aground or stop at a landing, he continued on course. This likely fanned the flames and with flammable paint spread the fire out of control. Worse though was that the safety equipment–fire hoses and life jackets– and been left to rot. The fire hoses came apart, the life jackets were in poor condition and some filled with weights, and the lifeboats were tied up making them inaccessible. Also the crew had never had a fire drill so they did not know what to do. People had to jump into the water. Most could not swim and were weighed down by woolen clothing. Worse the life preservers helped children sink rather than float (some of them simply came apart when touched). By the time the General Slocum sank in shallow water at North Brother Island, an estimated 1,021 had burned to death or drowned. Only 321 survived and five crew members died. Captain Van Schaick survived. There were many stories of heroism both on ship and from people ashore trying to help people by forming human chains to pull them out of the water. Eight were indicted by a Federal grand jury but only Captain Van Schaick was convicted and served time for criminal negligence (though pardoned by President Taft in 1912). Despite evidence of fraudulent inspection records, the Knickerbocker Steamship Company paid a small fine. The incident led to state and federal regulations improving emergency equipment aboard ships. General Slocum Memorial Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City General Slocum Memorial Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City There are two memorials to the victims of the General Slocum. One is at Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Queens, New York where many of the unidentified victims are buried. It is also where the annual memorial service is held. The other is a memorial marble fountain erected in 1906 at Tompkins Square Park in Manhattan. 1. General Slocum Victims Remembered 109 Years(14 June 2013, New York Daily News) 2. PS General Slocum (Wikipedia) 3. The General Slocum : The horror of fire at sea (Jim Kalafus, Encylopedia Titanica)
How to Calculate 1/3 Times 3/4 Are you looking to work out and calculate how to multiply 1/3 by 3/4? In this really simple guide, we'll teach you exactly what 1/3 times 3/4 is and walk you through the step-by-process of how to multiply two fractions together. Let's set up 1/3 and 3/4 side by side so they are easier to see: 1 / 3 x 3 / 4 1 x 3 / 3 x 4 1 x 3 / 3 x 4 = 3 / 12 You're done! You now know exactly how to calculate 1/3 x 3/4. Hopefully you understood the process and can use the same techniques to add other fractions together. The complete answer is below (simplified to the lowest form): Convert 1/3 times 3/4 to Decimal 3 / 12 = 0.25 Cite, Link, or Reference This Page • "How to Calculate 1/3 times 3/4". Accessed on December 2, 2021. • "How to Calculate 1/3 times 3/4"., Accessed 2 December, 2021. • How to Calculate 1/3 times 3/4. Retrieved from Preset List of Fraction Multiplication Examples
What different types of valves are there Valves perform one or many functions. Their primary role is to directly control the flow of a product through pipes and other systems or processes. These particular features and abilities define where they are placed in the system to control it or to regulate a process. The flow of the product is the most common defining element. Materials can include gases, liquids and even solids, usually small ones like medical pills. For example, one of the most common is the Brass Ball Valve that you can obtain from orseal.com/. Image credit A valve performs the following functions; 1. It is able to start or totally stop the flow of the subject in the pipe. 2. The pressure in the pipe of the product can be regulated. 3. Where the product flows to is also managed by the use of valves. 4. The speed at which the product flows throughout the pipes to its destination is controlled by a valve. 5. The valve addresses the question of safety. This is in relation to emergency shut-offs or redirection. Image credit The way that the valve does this is by simply opening and closing on manual or automatic commands. Whilst this may seem a simple thing to do, it is crucial to how the flow of the product is managed. There are two types of opening these are: 1. The Quarter turn valve 2. The Multi-turn valve The Quarter turn valve is a simple affair of off and on, whereas the multi-turn can decrease and increase the flow as required. Leave a Reply
The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Analysis 1032 Words5 Pages “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas”, by Ursula K. Le Guin, is a short story that triumphantly manages to twist a joyous mood into a dark and unfathomable sensation. Ursula K. Le Guin, uses multiple elements and successfully implemented these elements into certain aspects of folklore. There are two specific elements that are most noticeable in the story. The first element is atmosphere and the second element is theme. The first element that Le Guin uses successfully is atmosphere. She creates the atmosphere through detailed descriptions of the town and people of Omelas. For instance, “Children dodged in and out, their high calls rising like the swallows ' crossing flights over the music and the singing” (pp. 1257). The atmosphere described here is happy and exciting; yet, not only is this a great description of atmosphere but also of setting. Le Guin sets the story up into a beautiful picture. However, what she doesn’t at first depict changes the story’s overall mood. A dramatic change of atmosphere in the story happens when Le Guin asks, “Do you believe? Do you accept the festival, the city, the joy? No? Then let me describe one more thing.” (pp. 1259) She then proceeds to describe a child locked in a cellar; “It looks about six, but actually is nearly ten. It is feeble-minded. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition, and neglect.” (pp. 1259) The atmosphere immediately shifts to a dark and sinister feeling, leaving the Open Document
JavaScript 101 • Smaller Small Medium Big Bigger • Default Helvetica Segoe Georgia Times Let's explore exactly what JavaScript is (and is not). Written by Mike Faust Editor's Note: This article is an excerpt from the MC Press book JavaScript for the Business Developer. The JavaScript language was developed by a Netscape programmer named Brendan Eich. Originally called LiveScript, it was introduced with Netscape Navigator version 2.0 in September 1995. In December of that year, LiveScript was renamed JavaScript because of the scripting language's similarity in structure to Java. In July of 1996, Microsoft introduced its port of JavaScript (called Jscript) as a component of Internet Explorer 3.0. The Netscape and Microsoft implementations of JavaScript, even today, have significant differences in their object models. (You'll learn about these differences a little later in this chapter.) Today, JavaScript offers a robust client-side language for creating dynamic and vibrant browser-based applications. What Is JavaScript? Before going any further, let's explore exactly what JavaScript is (and is not). While the syntax used within JavaScript is similar to the Java programming language, JavaScript is not Java, nor is it a subset of Java. There is a common misconception that JavaScript is somehow related to the Java programming language. This is absolutely false. Java is a full-featured, complex programming language. JavaScript, in contrast, is an interpreted scripting language. This means that no compilation occurs prior to the execution of JavaScript code. JavaScript allows a programmer to control and enhance the user interface offered by applications running within popular Web browsers. JavaScript code is generally embedded within an HTML Web page or similar document (such as an XML document). Alternatively, it can be contained within its own source file and then referenced in HTML and XML documents. It's important to note that there is also a "server-side" JavaScript component, which is supported by Netscape's Enterprise Server product. This product allows the use of JavaScript as a server-scripting language. All discussions of JavaScript as a language in this article refer to the client-side scripting language. Blocks of JavaScript code are contained in HTML documents within the <script> tag. For example, in the following code segment, the JavaScript document.write() statement is executed: <SCRIPT LANGUAGE = "JavaScript"> document.write("JavaScript Code"); Note the "language" parameter of the <script> tag, which describes the specific scripting language to be used to interpret the script. If the JavaScript code is in its own file, you include that file in your HTML document, as shown here: <SCRIPT LANGUAGE = "JavaScript" SRC = "myjavascript.js"> When the page containing this <script> block is loaded, the file "myjavascript.js" will be loaded as well, and the JavaScript source in that file will be executed. This technique can be very convenient for commonly used JavaScript functions. One very important note about JavaScript as a language is that it is interpreted by the browser. Therefore, it's possible that different browsers may react to the same JavaScript source code differently. In fact, two distinctly different versions of JavaScript currently exist. This needs to be taken into consideration when writing JavaScript source that may be executed within different browser platforms. To make this a bit easier, let's take a look at the different "flavors" of JavaScript. A Script by Any Other Name As you've already discovered, the original version of JavaScript was developed by Netscape. Microsoft (as it so often does) has also developed its own "flavor" of JavaScript, known as JScript. Netscape's version of JavaScript is generally supported on any Mozilla-based browser (such as Netscape Navigator or Firefox), while JScript is supported primarily on Microsoft's Internet Explorer. To help reconcile the differences in JavaScript implementations, Microsoft and Netscape agreed to a vendor-neutral standard defined by the European Computer Manufacturer's Association. ECMAScript, as this standard is known, was originally agreed upon in 1997. The complete ECMAScript standard can be found on the ECMA Web site. Even with this standard in place, there are still significant differences in the two scripting languages. Although JavaScript and JScript can interact with their prospective Web browsers in significantly different ways, it is possible to code your script to deal with these differences. Because of the ECMAScript standard, the primary differences are found not so much in the language structure itself, but in the document object model (DOM) supported by the browser platform under which each language runs. The DOM is a hierarchical structure used to access all of the objects within an HTML document. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has a defined DOM standard. The current version, referred to as Level 3, was defined in 2004. Each browser's level of compliance with the W3C standard varies. The general "tree" structure shown in Figure 1 is common to all implementations, however. Figure 1: An illustration of DOM's tree structure. The variety of browsers and versions of browsers makes it difficult to come up with a comprehensive list of differences in compatibility. Rather than try to explain all of these differences, let's focus on how to identify and deal with the differences when they occur.
From WOI Encyclopedia Italia Jump to navigation Jump to search Template:Infobox RegionIT Molise is a region of central Italy, the second smallest of the regions. It was formerly (until 1963) part of the region of Abruzzi e Molise (with Abruzzo) and now a separate entity. It borders Abruzzo to the north-west, Lazio to the west, Campania to the south, Puglia to the south-east and the Adriatic Sea to the north-east. The region covers 4,438 km² and has a population of about 300,000. In the region there are two ethnic minorities: the Molisan Croatians (2,500 people who speak an old dialect of the Croatian-Dalmatian language) and the Molisan Albanians (who speak an old dialect of the Albanian language which is now very different from the Albanian spoken on the other side of the Adriatic Sea). Molisan Albanians are generally of the Orthodox religion. Many of the communities were damaged during the Second World War. Huge Allied land forces were based in Campobasso which was called "Maple Leaf City" by the Canadian troops. One ancient town which escaped the ravages of war is Larino. Its Centro Storico (Historic Centre) is one of the largest in south Italy. The town is preserved, in part, because it is on an outcropping of land surrounded by valleys where construction is strictly controlled by the municipal authorities. Restored following the recent earthquakes (2002), Larino presents an image of life in Molise as it was in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Molise region is almost entirely constituted by small towns, scattered on the mountainous landscape. It has one of the oldest bell-making factories in the world. It's called Agnone and uses traditional methods to this very day. The regional capital is Campobasso. The region is divided into two provinces: Campobasso and Isernia. Other important cities include: Termoli, Venafro, Larino, Bojano (the ancient capitol of Samnium). Provinces of Molise External links Regions of Italy AbruzzoAosta ValleyApuliaBasilicataCalabriaCampaniaEmilia-RomagnaFriuli-Venezia GiuliaLazioLiguriaLombardyMarcheMolisePiedmontSardiniaSicilyTrentino-South TyrolTuscanyUmbriaVeneto
Conversation Starter: Where Does Chocolate Come From? Someone once said, “Chocolate is ground from the beans of happiness.” Do you agree? What’s your favorite type of chocolate – milk, dark, or white? And do you know anyone who doesn’t like chocolate? Us either! But where exactly does this tasty treat come from? Chocolate is made from cocoa beans which grow inside the fruit of the cocoa tree! The fruit is farmed in tropical climates across Central and South America, Africa, and Asia, but the country producing the most beans is the Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in western Africa. The fruit is oval shape and can grow as big as a football. Inside each fruit pod is a sweet, white pulp which tastes like candy and holds the brown cocoa beans. The cocoa beans are taken out, roasted, shelled, ground into cocoa mass, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, and sold on to chocolate manufacturers, who add ingredients like sugar, vanilla, milk, fruit and nuts which turn it into delicious chocolate bars! Palm Oil Playing Fair However, for many children in Africa, chocolate doesn’t mean “happiness.” The chocolate we enjoy is often grown and harvested in a way that is unfair to the people who help make it. Many of the people who harvest the cocoa beans or help grow other ingredients which might be in the chocolate bar work very long hours for very little pay. Some workers are even children who may be paid nothing at all and are left with no time for school or play! Thankfully, some organizations are helping to improve conditions for the workers. They visit the cocoa growers to check they are being fair, and make sure that a portion of the money paid for the chocolate is put back into the local communities to fund schools and hospitals, which helps improve the lives of those who live there. How Can I Help? Through buying the chocolate bars that are fairly made! Next time you’re choosing your chocolate treat, look out for a symbol or label on the wrapper such as FAIRTRADE or DIRECT TRADE, which tells you that it was produced in a way that was fair to the workers who helped make it. Other positive symbols to look out for include Rainforest Alliance, which means that the ingredients were grown in a way that protected the environment. Whyzz Explorer Logo Releated Post Leave a Reply
Select Page Battle of Atlanta: Cyclorama restored to accurate history painted by Milwaukee artists in 1880s The Atlanta History Center opened “Cyclorama: The Big Picture,” featuring the fully restored and historically corrected cyclorama mural “The Battle of Atlanta” on February 22. The colossal work was originally created by the American Panorama Company in Milwaukee by 17 German artists. At the centerpiece of the new multi-media experience is a 132-year-old hand-painted work of art that stands 49 feet tall, longer than a football field, and weighs 10,000 pounds. The mural is one of only two cycloramas in the United States, making Atlanta home to one of America’s largest historic treasures. The cycloramas is also an unintended monument to the wonderments of accretion: accretions not merely of paint, but of myth-making, distortion, error, misinterpretation, politics, opportunism, crowd-pleasing, revisionism, marketing, propaganda and cover-up. Only a few years ago, the attraction seemed done for. Attendance was down to stragglers, and the city was hemorrhaging money. The future of the big canvas seemed to be a storage bin somewhere and, after some time, the dustbin. But then a few folks in Atlanta realized that restoring the painting would not only resurrect one of the more curious visual illusions of the 1880s, but also show a neat timeline of the many shifts in Southern history since Appomattox. It was no mere cyclorama, but the largest palimpsest of Civil War memory to be found anywhere. Cycloramas were a big popular entertainment once upon a time, and the way it worked was this: Once you entered the big building you would typically proceed to a staircase that you walked up, to a platform located in the dead center of a painting, completely encircling you. The canvas was slightly bowed away from the wall, and the horizon line of the painting’s action was at the viewer’s eye level. As much as a third of the top of the painting was sky painted increasingly dark to the top to create a sense of distance extending away. And the bottom of the canvas would often be packed up against a flooring of dirt with real bushes and maybe guns or campsites, all part of a ground-floor diorama that, in the limited lighting, caused the imagery in the painting to pop in the viewer’s mind as a kind of all-enveloping 3-D sensation. “It was the virtual reality of its day,” said Gordon Jones, the curator at the Atlanta History Center. The effect was like walking inside one of those stereoscopes, the early View-Masters of that time, that tricked the eye into perceiving space and distance. Standing on that platform was like sinking into this slight illusionary sense—in this case, that you were a commander on a hill taking in the battle at hand. Beginning in the 1880s, these completely circular paintings started appearing from half a dozen companies, such as the American Panorama Company in Milwaukee, where Atlanta’s canvas was conceived. APC employed more than a dozen German painters, led by a Leipzig native named Friedrich Heine. Cycloramas could depict any great moment in history, but, for a few years in the 1880s, the timing was just right for Civil War battle scenes. A single generation had passed since the end of the Civil War and survivors everywhere were beginning to ask the older family members, what happened in the war? The Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama was significant because it captured this one moment of the Civil War when everything changed. That midsummer of the war’s fourth year, Northern voters were losing interest, Lincoln’s popularity was sinking, an election was coming up and all news from the battlefields had been bad. Then, in an instant, momentum turned around. Atlanta was defeated, and afterward, General William Tecumseh Sherman turned east for the long march that ended the war. But this battle almost went the other way, especially at one key moment — 4:45 p.m. on July 22, 1864. On the railroad line just outside Atlanta, near a place called the Troup Hurt House, the Union Army had set up a trench line with artillery commanded by Captain Francis DeGress. Rebels broke that line and were heading to take on the Yankee troops until General John “Black Jack” Logan counterattacked and pushed the Confederates back. “If you are going to have a battle scene, you don’t paint a walkover, right?” explained Jones. “You don’t make it a 42-0 rout. There’s no glory in that. There’s glory when you win by a point with a field goal in the last second of overtime. So, this is that moment.” The Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama opened in Minneapolis, to a Northern audience in the summer of 1886. A few weeks later, a local newspaper reported that General Sherman declared it to be “the best picture of a battle on exhibition in this country.” Part of its allure was not just the cognitive effect of a 3-D sensation, but also the accuracy of detail. The Milwaukee Germans interviewed lots of Union veterans, they traveled to Atlanta to sketch locations and they spoke to Confederates. In the studio, helping out, was Theodore Davis, war illustrator for Harper’s Weekly, who was on the field that July 22. The pinpoint accuracies on the canvas were impressive—the weaponry on the field, the uniforms by rank and even details down to the sleigh-like cut of an artillery driver’s saddle. For the vets, there were specific commanders visible among the vast battle confusion, recognizable on the canvas. General James Morgan, General Joseph Lightburn and General James McPherson, lying in the covered-wagon ambulance, where he would die of his wounds. General Sherman can be spotted on a far hill, overseeing the maneuvers, but the biggest, most recognizable figure is General Black Jack Logan. The painters of the day made him huge because they knew who they were painting for, which is also why there are no recognizable Confederates in the painting. The Cyclorama was a big moneymaker. Crowds packed the rotundas to see a battle, and veterans were full of pride to point out to family members “where I was.” No one thinks of the late 19th century as a frantic time of new media, but by 1890, magic lantern shows were popular. After only a couple of years the easy money in cycloramas had been made; time for the smart investors to sell off while the getting’s good. The Battle of Atlanta went on the block that year and sold to a Georgian named Paul Atkinson. Atkinson’s heyday as a promoter coincided with the South’s attempted rewrites of the war, which began to solidify into the first chapter of what we now call the Lost Cause. Slavery might have been the only cause discussed and written about before the war, but down South, that claim had long ago been talked out of the story. Now, the war was about principles of states’ rights and self-determination, but mostly it was about honor. Atkinson saw a problem with his new acquisition. Because the painting had been done originally for Northern vets, there were a few images that were obviously meant to tip the meaning of the entirety of the canvas. And there was one image in particular that would not jibe with the new Lost Cause view of things. It was that scene, just off from the counterattack, where one could see some Rebels in gray being taken prisoner. And in the hand of one of the Union soldiers was a humbled Confederate flag. POWs, a captured flag, these are the emblems of weakness and dishonor. So, with some touches of blue paint, Atkinson turned a cowering band of Johnny Rebs into a pack of cowardly Billy Yanks, all running away from the fight. By the time the painting was moved to Atlanta in 1892, the newspaper made it even easier for everybody, announcing the arrival of the new Cyclorama and its depiction of the “only Confederate victory ever painted!” Still, ticket sales were tepid. Atkinson offloaded his mistake to one Atlanta investor who then pawned it off to another; in 1893, the painting was sold for a mere $937. Around the country, the cyclorama fad was over. As the years passed, the Battle of Atlanta suffered. Roof timbers in one location crashed through and damaged the painting, and when it was finally moved to Grant Park in 1893, it sat outside in the weather for four weeks before being moved into the new building. And when they finally hung the thing, it was discovered the site was too small, so the new owners razored a sizable vertical chunk out of the decaying canvas to make it fit. The decline of interest in battlefield specifics also segued easily into the latest shift in Lost Cause emphasis. After the collapse of Reconstruction, the two sides of the war finally did heal into a single nation, but the new union was forged by a common embrace of white supremacy. Jim Crow laws were passed in the South and segregation became the accepted way, from Maine to Florida and straight across to California. Every surge of resistance from black Americans was met with a counterassault of grotesque violence. Beginning roughly in 1890, an African-American was lynched, burned alive, or mutilated every week for the next 50 years. The rearrangement of a nation founded on the idea of equality into a country with a permanent second class meant re-domesticating the slaveholding planter philosophy of how things should be. Blacks would be relegated to a segregated economy, but this time, a more folksy sense of supremacy was also promulgated, a kind of Southern lifestyle every region of America could enjoy. The popularization of the Confederate rectangular Navy Jack flag would serve to rebrand the South as this distinctive place, home of a new easygoing racism. Now, everyone could have an Aunt Jemima cook you pancakes in the morning, and faithful retainer Uncle Ben serve the converted rice at dinner. They were right there on the boxes at the local grocery, available for purchase. This new story also meant reshaping the forced-labor camp of cotton production into the romantic splendor of the plantation mansion, rebuilt as a magnolia Arcadia of neo-Georgian architecture. No media event was more responsible for cementing these new factoids into the minds of Americans than “Gone With the Wind” — a 1939 movie that distills the South into a cozy racial lifestyle while utterly marginalizing the Civil War. In the movie’s four-hour running time, there is a not a single battle scene. The technical adviser largely responsible for the entire look and feel of that movie was Wilbur Kurtz, an Illinois-born painter who moved to Atlanta as a young man. He married a Confederate officer’s daughter. Like so many eager transplants, Kurtz became more Southern than any other Southerner. And in those years before “Gone With the Wind” was released, during the 1930s, the city of Atlanta asked Wilbur Kurtz to restore the dilapidated Cyclorama. So, for Kurtz, restoring the Cyclorama also meant brightening things up here and there. In the canvas, for reasons lost to history, there had been a few flags showing St. Andrew’s Cross, the red cross on the white field that eventually became the state flag of Alabama. Kurtz overpainted them with the new signifier of Southern heritage —t he rectangular Navy Jack of the Confederate States. By the end, he added 15 of the Navy Jack flags, and painted in nearly a dozen new Confederate soldiers. Then, a funny thing happened on the way to the future: the Voting Rights Act. By the early 1970s, certain city council members were pushing to have the Battle of Atlanta, properly understood as a Confederate victory, taken to Stone Mountain to become part of a neo-Confederate relic jamboree that is hosted there. But by then, the mayor of Atlanta was Maynard Jackson, the first African-American to hold that office, and he had an “Emperor Has No Clothes” moment. Amid new legislation to relocate the canvas, he simply looked at the painting, saw what it was, and said so out loud. “The Cyclorama depicts the Battle of Atlanta, a battle that the right side won,” he explained in 1979, “a battle that helped free my ancestors. I’ll make sure that that depiction is saved.” By 2011, though, the Cyclorama was again in shabby condition, a moth-eaten relic that a new mayor wanted to trash. “He put it on his list of city-owned assets that he viewed as white elephants,” said Sheffield Hale, who chaired the committee to decide how to dispose of things like the Cyclorama. Downtown was now host to all kinds of buzzy attractions invoking the New Atlanta. There were recommendations to hang the old canvas near Underground Atlanta, the shopping district, or maybe finally put it in that storage bin, wait a few decades, and throw it away. That story hit the Atlanta Constitution on a Sunday in 2013 and one of the city’s most successful real estate moguls, Lloyd Whitaker, was reading the paper just before heading off to church. Around that same time Hale took a job at the Atlanta History Center, located in the city’s affluent Buckhead district. Whitaker offered $10 million as a lead legacy, and an incentive to raise even more money. Hale recognized right away how a new context for a cheesy 1880 spectacle could be created. “This was not an attraction, this was an artifact,” said Gordon Jones, the History Center curator. “We ended up raising $25 million more to construct the building, restore the painting and do the exhibits. We had the ability to really deal with the history of the painting and the Lost Cause and all that is wrapped up in the irony of the painting — and turn it into a different object.” Hale and Jones restored the painting according to the documentary history recorded by the German artists in 1886. They want to recapture the original optical effect as well, with attention to scale and lighting. But they also filled back in elements that had been snipped out, painted over or otherwise altered over the years. Those Confederate captives, reimagined as fleeing Unionists by Atkinson, are again be shown as prisoners. And another image added by Atkinson, that of a Union flag ground into the mud, was expunged. “The hierarchy of our thinking was to restore the illusion intended by the artists,” Jones said, “But throughout the canvas there were exceptions that were allowed to remain.” Jack Hitt Joshua Rashaad McFadden and Wisconsin Historical Society About The Author
The Significance of Mental Health What is mental health? What’s mental illness? Mental sickness impairs your ability to carry out routine tasks, foster healthy relationships, or cope with anger or stress. It could be classified on the premise of extreme temper swings, irrational or harmful thought patterns, and behavioral problems. How important is mental health? o Self-image o Schooling Students with mental problems socially isolate themselves, and develop anxiousness disorders and focus problems. Good mental health ensures an all-spherical academic expertise that enhances social and intellectual skills that lead to self-confidence and better grades. o Relationships Mental health largely contributes to the functioning of human relationships. Mental illness can hamper even basic interactions with family, friends, and colleagues. Most people suffering from mental sickness discover it tough to nurture relationships, have problems with commitment or intimacy, and often encounter sexual health issues. o Sleep An inability to deal with stress or anxiousness can cause insomnia. Even for those who mange to fall asleep, you could wake up a dozen occasions during the evening with ideas of what went mistaken the day earlier than or how bad tomorrow goes to be. Chances are you’ll develop severe sleeping problems which leave you exhausted and less productive. o Consuming People with mental problems are more prone to indulging in comfort consuming or emotional binges. Finding comfort in meals is something we all do from time to time. However with a mental illness, it becomes difficult to regulate yourself. Overeating can lead to obesity, which places you at a risk for coronary heart disease and diabetes, in addition to creating an unhealthy body-image. o Physical health Your mental state directly affects your body. For example, stress can lead to hypertension or stomach ulcers. People who are mentally healthy are at a lower risk for a lot of health complications. So make a aware effort to improve and keep your mental health. Leave a Reply
1893 . avila . spain 1957 . paris . france HERNANDEZ.Miguel.0869HERNANDEZ.Miguel.0126 HERNANDEZ.Miguel.1425 Born into a family of farmers, Miguel Hernandez dreamt of becoming a coffee farmer in Brazil, where he emigrated at the age of nineteen. He did different jobs and finally settled in Rio as a cook. There he became a activist and joined a small group of revolutionaries. Back in Europe, he contributed to anarchist journals and participated in anti-militarist propaganda. Ardent activist, he was imprisoned several times – during these passages in prison he drew. He married in 1938. The civil war forced him to flee Spain for France where he was interned in a refugee camp together with his wife, whom he convinced to go back to their country — they would never meet again. Based in Paris after the Liberation, Miguel Hernandez lived in misery but continued his political struggle. Administrator of the journal España libre, he devoted the rest of his time to his artistic production. His work is inhabited by images of Spain, workers and peasants inscribed in agonizing spirals, or ghostly women.
The Science of Cold Brew (McGill OSS) 2 minute read Originally posted here: Why do we get caffeine withdrawal headaches? Originally published here: Caffeine interacts with a neurotransmitter- adenosine- receptors, inhibiting the functions that adenosine would normally activate- namely, sleepy feelings. One theory behind caffeine withdrawal headaches is that with time your body adjusts to a new base level of caffeine, and creates more adenosine receptors to compensate. This would explain why you stop feelings alert after only 1 cup of coffee in the mornings after a while, and have to start having 2 or 3. It would also explain why your head hurts after skipping that coffee, as suddenly there are so many receptors available for binding that should be occupied by caffeine. While we’re not entirely sure why caffeine withdrawal headaches occur, we can say with certainty that after stopping caffeine intake the brain’s chemistry and electrical activity change. So perhaps your daily espresso is a bit more important than you realize.
Family History of Smoking and Young Adult Smoking Behavior Laurie Chassin, Clark Presson, Steven J. Sherman, Sean Mulvenon Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review 12 Scopus citations This study compared the smoking behavior and smoking-related beliefs of young adult smokers who did and did not have a family history of cigarette smoking. Those with a family history of smoking smoked more cigarettes in a typical day, smoked for more years, perceived themselves as more addicted to cigarettes, had more positive beliefs about the psychological consequences of smoking, and reported stronger pleasurable relaxation motives and stimulation motives for smoking compared with their peers who had no family history of smoking. Thus, smokers with a family history of smoking were more committed smokers and viewed smoking as having more positive psychological benefit than did their peers without a family history of smoking. Such individual differences may be mediated through both social-environmental and genetically influenced mechanisms. Original languageEnglish (US) Pages (from-to)102-110 Number of pages9 JournalPsychology of Addictive Behaviors Issue number2 StatePublished - Jun 1994 ASJC Scopus subject areas • Medicine (miscellaneous) • Clinical Psychology • Psychiatry and Mental health Dive into the research topics of 'Family History of Smoking and Young Adult Smoking Behavior'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Cite this
Is a Tooth Abscess a Dental Emergency, and Should You Seek Urgent Care? Nov 03, 2021 Taking care of your teeth is a lifelong commitment. You most probably know that teeth are sturdy, but they need proper care to last a lifetime. But if you are cavalier about your dental hygiene, you will find yourself dealing with a myriad of dental issues, and you will need to seek urgent dental care. Bacterial infection almost always will occur when you don’t practice proper oral hygiene. If you miss your dental appointments and you clean your teeth sporadically, you might have abscessed teeth. When you have abscessed teeth, seeking prompt care will make all the difference since this is a severe infection that can spread throughout the body. What Causes a Tooth Abscess? A dental abscess is a term that refers to a collection of pus around and in a tooth. It is always caused by a dental infection or due to gum disease. When your body tries to fight the infection, it sends an inflammatory response, which causes a buildup of cells at the affected area leading to excruciating pain. The abscess that forms inside the tooth is called an endodontic infection. It will affect the blood vessels and the nerves within the tooth. Endodontic infections are caused by cracks, large cavities, and trauma. In most cases, if the infection is not treated, it will spread to the tooth root and can infect the bone. When the infection begins in the bone surrounding the tooth and the gums, it is called a periodontal infection. So, gum surgery may be needed when you have a periodontal infection, and endodontic infections need root canal therapy. Is a Tooth Abscess an Emergency? Yes! It doesn’t matter if you have an endodontic or periodontal infection; when left untreated, it will spread. This is why you need to visit our emergency dentist when you realize that you have an abscessed tooth. The infection will spread outward in most scenarios and form a pus pocket (fistula) that can drain and release the pressure. You might not feel any pain when you have this type of abscess. But if the infection spreads inward, then you will have a severe problem in your hands. It might leak into your bloodstream; a condition referred to as septicemia. When the infection spreads to the tissue under your tongue, your airways can be blocked. Even worse is if the infection reaches the brain. In any case, the infection spreading can cause more harm. Prompt care provided by our emergency dentist will ensure that the condition doesn’t spread. Therefore, you need to get promptly checked when you notice that you have the signs of a dental abscess. Always assume that an abscess is a dental emergency since you cannot tell how the infection can spread if left untreated. So, when you get to our office, our dentist will use prescription antibiotics to help curb the infection. If the case is severe, our dentist may need to administer the antibiotics intravenously. Also, you will need to undergo incision and drainage, which is a procedure designed to open the swelling to drain the pus. But, never try to drain or pop an abscess at home. You will worsen it since you don’t have sterile equipment and can introduce bacteria into your mouth. Will Urgent Care Drain the Tooth Abscess? You can also decide to urgent care and receive medical care. However, the doctors can only help you if the underlying cause of the abscess is health-related. Plus, it is the best option to get urgent care if the swelling from your toothache has spread to different parts of your face, especially below your jawline and eye. But, in most cases, ER doctors will only prescribe medication, and then you will need to book an appointment with our dentist to get the abscess drained. A dentist will provide proper treatment for an abscessed tooth. Let Us Help Swellings on your gums are a severe issue. A dental abscess is always considered a dental emergency, and prompt care will ensure that the infection doesn’t spread. Plus, proper dental care can only be found in a dental practice. Try and avoid going to urgent care or emergency rooms if possible. Contact us today at AZ Healthy Smiles for proper dental care.
What are two history facts about South Africa? What are 2 facts about South Africa? 82 Interesting facts about South Africa • It is the largest meat producer in Africa. • Table Mountain is one of the oldest mountains on the planet. What is the brief history of South Africa? In 1795 the British captured Cape Colony (South Africa). They handed it back to the Dutch in 1803 but took it again in 1806. In 1814 a treaty confirmed British ownership of Cape Colony. In 1812 the British founded Grahamstown and in 1820 4,000 Britons were granted land by the Great Fish River. What historical events happened in South Africa? British victory; Peace Treaty of Vereeniging ends South African War. Last Zulu uprising against British. White miners strike against Chinese labor. British Parliament enacts the South Africa Act, proposed constitution of Union of South Africa. What’s bad about South Africa? IT IS INTERESTING: What happened to the plates that Africa and Europe are part of? What is special about South Africa? Why is South Africa important to the world? South Africa is a strategic partner of the United States, with strong collaboration in the areas of health, education, environment, and digital economy. … As a strong democracy and sub-Saharan Africa’s most developed economy, South Africa plays a key economic and political role on the African continent. Who colonized South Africa first? Who lived in South Africa first? Is South Africa a 3rd world country? South Africa is considered both a third and first world country. … These regions put SA in the third world country category, because of extreme poverty, insufficient basic amenities, and other unpleasant factors. Is South Africa an amazing country? South Africa is famous for its incredible diversity, stunning landscapes, and rich culture. It is one of the great cultural meeting points of the African continent – a fact that has been obscured by decades of racial segregation but is becoming increasingly apparent, especially in the country’s great cities. IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Does Africa get monsoons?
Corollary:1 We know that if $A\leq_m^\mathsf{}B$ and $B$ is decidable then $A$ is also decidable. This is because if there exists a specific algorithm for solving $B$ and we can also reduce $A$ to $B$ then we can have a solution of $A$ as well. Hence $A$ is decidable. We know that regular languages is always decidable. Corollary:2 So from (Corollary:1)if $A\leq_m^\mathsf{}B$ and $B$ is regular then $A$ is should also be regular. But I have made this wrong my taking Counterexample. For example, define the languages $A = \{ 0^n1^n \mid n\ge 0 \} $ and $B = \{1\}$ both over the alphabet $\sum = \{0, 1\}.$ Define the function $f : \sum^\to \sum^$ as $$ f(x) := \begin{cases} 1,& \text{if}\ w\in A,\\0,&\text{if}\ w\not\in A\end{cases} $$ Observe that $A$ is a context-free language, so it is also Turing-decidable. Thus, $f$ is a computable function. Also, $w \in A$ if and only if $f(w) = 1,$ which is true if and only if $f(w)\in B.$ Hence,$A\leq_m^\mathsf{}B.$ Language $A$ is nonregular, but $B$ is regular since it is finite. Above example proving that $A$ isn't necessarily regular. But according to Corollary:1, $A$ must be regular. I don't understand where I did make mistake during understanding of theory. Corollary $2$ is false. It seems that you are using the implication "$L$ is regular $\implies$ $L$ is decidable" in the wrong direction. If $A \le_m B$ and $B$ is regular, Corollary 1 only tells you that $A$ is decidable, which does not imply that $A$ is regular. Your Answer
GuiLocation - DfBaseWindow Determines the position of the object expressed in physical pixels relative to the upper left-hand corner of the parent object's client-area Type: Property Access: Read/Write Data Type: Folded Integer Parameters: None GuiLocation determines the position (along the X and Y axis) of the object expressed in physical pixels (the native display-coordinate system) relative to the upper left-hand corner of the containing object's client area. Note that objects are always located relative to their parent object's client-area and not their outer bounding Window. Normally objects are located using the Location message which uses dialog units. Setting logical coordinates also sets the physical (gui) coordinates. This is a folded integer property. When this property is set, two integer parameters are passed as specified in the parameter list. When the value of the property is retrieved, the value of these two properties is returned as a folded integer. The value of these parameters can be accessed using the hi() and low() functions. The property is set as follows: Set GuiLocation to iRowPos iColPos The property is retrieved as follows: Get GuiLocation to iValue Move (Hi(iValue)) to iHeight Move (Low(iValue)) to iWidth If an object's location is set using the GuiLocation message, the Adjust_Logicals message should be sent to adjust the object's logical coordinates. Procedure Example integer iRowCol iRw iCol Get GuiLocation to iRowCol Move (hi(iRowCol)) to iRw Move (low(iRowCol)) to iCol Set GuiLocation to (iRw +20) (iCol +10) Set GuiSize to 100 200 Send Adjust_Logicals See Also Location \| Size \| GuiSize \| GuiToDialog \| DialogToGui
Best answer: Why does a fish has slippery scales on its body? Fish secrete a glyco-protein slime from the cells in their skin to make it harder for parasites to attach. Some fish even secrete toxins into the slime to deter predators. Fish scales provide protection and reduce water turbulence. Why does a fish have slippery scales on its body Class 6? Why does a fish have slippery scales on its body? Answer: … These scales protect the fish and also help in easy movement through water. What will happen if a fish does not have slippery or scaly skin? Explanation: Without the slippery and scaly skin ,fishes cannot move easily in water. Do bodies have slippery scales? Slippery scales present on the body of fishes help them in provide easy movement in water as well as protection from predators. The scales are too slippery because the epidermal cells (present below the scales), secrete mucous. What is a habitat class 6th question? (a) The presence of specific features, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called adaptation. (b) The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called terrestrial habitat. (c) The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat. THIS IS INTERESTING: How big of a battery do you need for a fish finder? Which fish do not have scales? What do you think is responsible for the slimy feeling of fish skin? Slime is secreted from cells in the very outside layer of the skin. … The cells produce what is called a glyco-protein, which is then mixed with the water making the slimy mucus. Slime is important for fish to regulate many necessary body functions, including protection against parasites. Which layer is absent from fish skin? How do fish scales feel? Fish scales are smooth to help them glide through the water, and some reflect light to help camouflage them underwater. … Their tough skin is covered with placoid scales – small, spiny, irregular-shaped scales called dermal denticles (“skin teeth”). This gives them a sandpaper-like feel. What does a fish feel like to touch? An analysis of the cellular structures of the fin revealed the presence of cells that closely resemble Merkel cells, which are associated with nerve endings in the skin of mammals and are essential for touch. “Like us, fish are able to feel the environment around them with their fins. THIS IS INTERESTING: Best answer: Where can I fish in South Fork Boise? Do fish have skin or scales? A fish scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of the skin of a fish. … Most bony fishes are covered with the cycloid scales of salmon and carp, or the ctenoid scales of perch, or the ganoid scales of sturgeons and gars. Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) are covered with placoid scales. What is a habitat very short answer? What is Habitat give example? Habitat examples include lakes, streams, forests, deserts, grasslands, or even a drop of water. All habitats on the Earth are part of the biosphere. Because the Earth is always changing, habitats are constantly changing. Global habitats that have similar climates and plants are called biomes. What is Habitat answer the question? Fishing trade
Why inflation matters Inflation has become a very hot topic in financial circles. Low interest rates and quantitative easing, the process by which central banks pump new money into the economy may well be vital to getting the economy running again – but they can both also stimulate inflation. At Continuum we are looking at how inflation could affect you – and whether you should worry. Is inflation getting worse? Inflation is simply the age-old phenomenon of rising prices. It can happen for a number of reasons, butwhatever the underlying cause, inflation can be a problem, because it affects what you can buy for your money. When there is inflation, money doesn’t go as far. When your wages don’t keep up with inflation, your purchasing power is reduced and your standard of living falls. Now, as the global economy emerges from lockdown, pent-up demand and supply chain bottlenecks mean demand exceeds supply in many sectors. Scarcity leads to price increases. Inflation is measured as a percentage increase or decrease in prices over time, and in the first two decades of this century, it averaged around 2% a year. Economic theorists believe some inflation is necessary. 2% is the ‘Dorrance number’, named after Graeme Dorrance, Chief of the Financial Studies Division at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) who in 1965, promoted it as the optimum inflation level, for encouraging growth. That 2% may not sound a lot, but when inflation is sustained, the effects are multiplied. 2% annual inflation means that prices in 2021 are nearly 50% higher than in 2000. An item that cost £10 in 2000 would cost around £15 in 2021. This might not be a problem if your income rises in line with inflation. But if it does not, inflation can become very painful. Who suffers from inflation? People on a fixed income. A pension annuity offering a generous retirement income when you stopped work can feel much smaller twenty years later. The amount coming in each month is the same, but it buys much less. Savers. The interest your money earns in a savings account is no longer enough to keep pace with inflation. Your savings fall in real value, and when you draw out your cash it will buy less than it did when you put it away. The state pension is rising in April but it is based on September’s 3.1% inflation figure – which is already out of date. That means if inflation remains as high as it is now, the £5.50-a-week pension rise will be outstripped by living costs. Who benefits from inflation? Homeowners. The value of homes increases with house price inflation, potentially turning a small home into a big asset. Mortgage borrowers. Anyone with a mortgage, and especially a fixed-rate mortgage benefits from inflation, as it will reduce the real value of their debt, Borrowers. Individuals and businesses find it easier to pay back historic loans if the value of money falls. What is inflation really doing? Back in May the UK inflation passed the 2% mark as recovery started to gain traction. Many observers think this is just the beginning. A month ago, the Office for Budget Responsibility forecast inflation would reach 5%. Economists at Citi now expect the RPI measure of inflation to run at around 6% next year for months, and peak at 7.1% next May. Figures released in mid-November by the office for national statistics suggested that the cost of living has already surged by 4.2% in the 12 months to October, the highest rate in almost 10 yearsThis is mainly due to higher fuel and energy prices but the cost of second-hand cars and eating out also rose. The costs of goods produced by factories and the price of raw materials have also risen substantially and are now at their highest rates for at least 10 years. So what can you do? Obviously, as an individual there is nothing you can do to resist the tide of inflation. But you should probably factor it into your financial planning. That means looking at the targets you set for your pension and other savings, and possibly setting them higher. Fortunately, although inflation can eat into the value of cash savings, it can support a rise in the value of investments. Becoming an investor Becoming an investor is easier than you might think with help from the Continuum team. We can help you find tax-efficient funds such as Stock and Shares ISAs where your money will be invested by expert managers with the aim of providing the growth or the income you need. You can even pay in monthly and withdraw funds as you need them. Don’t let inflation become a problem. Call us at Continuum today. Leave a Reply Let's talk Sign-up to our free weekly online publication
Kids & Money: How to Prepare Your Kids and Yourself for a Healthy and Productive Financial Relationship By Mo Vidwans Our granddaughter, when she was about 3 years-old, loved to play with a toy cash register and mainly sell us make believe stuff that she didn't have and we didn't want; but she loved to play the role of a cashier, handling all that fake cash in the register. That went on for a while. My wife and I were hoping that it could be a start of a very bright future, of basically dealing with money but it seems that it may not materialize. Her interests are now different, but she is only just over 5. Teaching children about money and even more importantly how to handle it responsibly should be a burning question in the minds of all parents. The best way for kids to understand money is for them to earn it with their own blood, sweat and mostly tears; without that it is not very meaningful. If someone gives you money, like many grandparents do, it does not carry the same significance and its different from if the person receiving it busted his/her rear end for it. Of course, my granddaughter is not ready to earn money that way because she is just too young but after the kids show signs that they are ready for it or at least understand what is involved in doing the chores, they can certainly pitch in – putting toys away or clean their room or put dirty clothes in the hamper or in a specific place. As they get older, they can set or clean the dinner table, help with the laundry or walk the dog or even do some light yardwork. The best way to get children to understand money is to get them to respect it. If the toys and other things of pleasure keep flowing from parents and grandparents easily enough without even wanting/expecting it, the value of such things in their mind is very trivial. Such toys get shoved in the corner and probably never get a second look. On the other hand, if they have worked for it, even if it is just slightly, then the significance that item carries in their mind is different. The best way for children to respect money is for them to earn it; without that it is not much meaningful. If someone just gives you money, it is different from when you worked hard to earn it. Say your child spends major part of a day shoveling snow and clearing driveways and earns $50 for it and then your grandma gave him $50 just like that to keep. If one of those goes through a hole in your pocket or you forget it in the pocket and gets laundered, which one feels worse? Even though it is debatable, experts say parents should start paying some allowance somewhere along the line; of course, at what age is a key question but I am just talking about the concept here. This is to be done only after kids show signs that they can pitch in with chores. Why should they be paid, albeit very small amount, when they should be helping Mom and Dad with such chores anyway is the nagging question. Remember, all this is done just to create some respect for that almighty dollar. When they get some money for their work and can start thinking about what to do with it, then the concept of banking at least some of it and seeing it grow comes in the picture. A trivial matter, as it seems, but the concept of money growing over time is a powerful one and children should be indoctrinated to that thinking at the appropriate age. Parents can also start discussing what to do when you put money aside. For a 9-year-old, perhaps, it is a bit abstract, but a 15-year-old, probably, can see the concept of growing money and can imagine how much money they will have in 5/10/15 years. It is important to develop their mind to offset some instant gratification of spending it. Neale Godfrey, author of Money Doesn't Grow on Trees: A Parent's Guide to Raising Financially Responsible Children, likes to instill lessons about budgeting early. She even advises designating different allocations for different purposes like 10 percent for charity, 30 percent for quick cash for immediate gratification, and 30 percent for the medium term like buying laptop. You get the picture. Hardest part, I think, for a child to understand is how slow the money is growing when it is put in a bank account for growing and future use. Opening an account is easy at many institutions. Increasingly banks are opening branches in middle schools and high schools. CapitalOne has taken those steps already in a few locations. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) works with banks to teach children about money and encourage saving. Currently there are 76 such banks in the FDIC's Youth Banking Network. Even though I would not recommend anybody to go for a Debit card, an exception must be made about that when it comes to children. Children cannot get a credit card unless co-signed by the parents and that is a no-no. Debit card has very many disadvantages, but for a few years, until they become 18, let them see how quickly the money disappears from their account when they purchase something with their hard-earned cash. Debit card can be capped at a small amount. The child can be taught to contribute to their own 529k plans too, slowly of course. But before that, they will be more excited to contribute towards their own jam box or cell phone or something similar. Mo Vidwans is an independent, board certified financial planner. For details visit, call 984-888-0355 or write to
What is X percent that Y Calculator?Please adjust values that the two first boxes of each calculator listed below to obtain answers to any combination of values. Watch details on just how to calculate discounts, also as, our discount calculator listed below to number out percentages. You are watching: How much is 20 of 1000 What is % the ? X the end of Y together a portion Calculator What is out of ? Answer: % X is Y Percent of What Calculator is % that what? Using this tool you have the right to find any percentage in 3 ways. So, us think you got to us trying to find answers like:1) What is 20 percent (%) the 1000?2) 20 is what percent of 1000?Or might be: how much is 20 percent that 1000? See the services to these problems below. If friend are in search of a Discount Calculator, please click here. 1) What is 20% of 1000? Always usage this formula to find a percentage: % / 100 = part / totality replace the offered values: 20 / 100 = component / 1000 Cross multiply: 20 x 1000 = 100 x Part, or 20000 = 100 x component Now, division by 100 and get the answer: Part = 20000 / 100 = 200 2) What is 20 the end of 1000? This concern is identical to: "20 is what percent of 1000?" Or What percent 20 is the end of 1000? Use again the same percent formula: % / 100 = component / entirety replace the given values: % / 100 = 20 / 1000 Cross multiply: % x 1000 = 20 x 100 Divide by 1000 to gain the percentage: % = (20 x 100) / 1000 = 2% A shorter method to calculation x out of y You can easily find 20 is out of 1000, in one step, through simply splitting 20 through 1000, then multiplying the an outcome by 100. So, 20 is out of 1000 = 20/1000 x 100 = 2% To find much more examples, just select one at the bottom the this page. See also: Sample Percent Calculations Percentage Calculator Please connect to this page! just right click on the above image, pick copy link address, then past it in your HTML. See more: How Do You Make Gold On Little Alchemy ? How To Make Gold While every initiative is made come ensure the accuracy the the information detailed on this website, neither this website no one its authors room responsible for any kind of errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. All info in this website is provided “as is”, through no insurance of completeness, accuracy, timeliness or the the results acquired from the use of this information.
Rhetorical Criticism We started this class thinking about what texts influenced you as a learner. We then took a moment to consider rhetoric and how appeals work in an abstract sense, looking at advertising as an example. The last segment of the course will focus on applying rhetorical analysis in the world of information. We will assess sources and conduct some research to diversify our own perspective and understanding. Rather than using research to solely find answers, we will evaluate sources to consider more deeply the questions they raise for us. Check out this video about media bias to begin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-Y-z6HmRgI On a daily basis we are exposed to more media than any generation previous. In the video linked above, Damon Brown points out that The internet has multiplied the amount of information and viewpoints, with social media, blogs, and online video potentially turning every individual citizen into a reporter. They go on to highlight a problem with this shift: If everyones a reporter, then nobody is. Different sources may disagree on opinions, and even the facts themselves.So, how do we get the truth, or something close? What gets an audiences attention isnt always purely factual, and often our viewing choices are based on convenience or comfort rather than credibility. Its increasingly difficult to sort out an overwhelming volume of conflicting information. This last assignment is really a chance to approach information from a critical place, and to put what youve learned about rhetoric into practice. Utilizing the concepts from chapter 5 and the fallacies from 5.3 in Writers Loop would be effective ways to start thinking about this. You have two approaches to select from this time around: Option 1-Rhetorical Comparison Find two sources reporting on the same story. How do the sources rhetorically differ in their presentation of a story? You are comparing two approaches to reporting information in this option–how do the two differ in terms of point of view? Your thesis should argue a difference in purpose based on your analysis. Does the way in which the information gets presented shift how you perceive it? Does it change the way you construct reality? What voices are featured (ethos), and who is framed as the villain or hero of the story? What images are used, and how do they impact an audience? Option 2-Piecing Together the Whole Picture Find a news story on the internet–anywhere you like! Traditional media outlets are a good place to start, so are comedy news shows, but even a tweet or a click-bait article or video works as a beginning. Propose how your subject is operating rhetorically, and what the audiences intended response might be. Youll then use our schools academic database to research, dig deeper, and find more vetted information that might help to clarify, solidify, or challenge your subjects perspective. What does some work and effort reveal? Your thesis should suggest how the subject presents a story, and how some research might change our reaction. In analyzing a piece rhetorically, you are welcome to utilize the tools from chapter 5, but also might find the criteria from chapter 8 to effectively serve our purposes as well: Places to start searching: PBS Newshour: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/ Online Explanatory Journalism https://www.vox.com/ US Network News: https://www.foxnews.com/ News source from outside the US: https://www.aljazeera.com/ Comedy News: Patriot Act with Hassan Minaj (Netflix); The Daily Show with Trevor Noah (Comedy Central) Visual news: https://pudding.cool/ Minimum two sources, and four direct quotes that youll hold up and examine. Page length minimum is 1,200 words. Additionally, Id like a works cited page in the style of your choosing (MLA, APA, Chicago) Your library database often provides you with a citation for each source. The Appendix in our book (pg 227) covers citation. Also, he is a link to a citation reference page: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html FINAL DUE: SUN 12/20 Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on Rhetorical Criticism From $8/Page Order Essay Order NOW For A 10% Discount! Pages (550 words) Approximate price: - Why Choose Us Quality Papers Professional Academic Writers Affordable Prices On-Time delivery 100% Originality Customer Support 24/7 Try it now! Calculate the price of your order We'll send you the first draft for approval by at Total price: How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Our Services Essay Writing Services Admission and Business Papers Editing and Proofreading Technical Papers
Chronic Cough Treatment for Children \| Mindy Ross, MD \| UCLAMDChat Hi, welcome back. I'm pediatric pulmonologist, Dr. Mindy Ross. You may have caught my previous webinar about the evaluation of chronic cough, and today's talk continues from there and is about the treatment of chronic cough. So if you have any questions, please tweet them or comment on the Facebook livestream. The outline of the talk today will be to go through a quick review again about the definition of chronic cough, we'll discuss options for treatment of chronic cough, including home remedies, medications, and prevention, and then finally we'll review when and why to visit a pediatric pulmonologist. So first up, why do we cough? We cough for many reasons. We cough to protect our airway from irritants. We cough to clear the mucus we make on a daily basis and the extra mucus we have when we're sick, and coughs can be an early warning sign of disease, and the "how" of "How do we cough?" We have many cough receptors in our body. This picture here, the dots show where they all are strategically located throughout the airway, and their job is to sense irritants and send signals up to the brain, and that sends signals back to the body to produce that cough, and so, the definition– How do we know when a cough is chronic? The definition of chronic cough is based on time, and for comparison an acute cough, or a shorter term cough, is one that lasts for less than a month, and these are usually caused by viral illnesses. The symptoms last 7 to 14 days, and in 90% of the cases, the symptoms and the cough goes away on their own. But the cough is called chronic if this cough lasts for more than a month. There are some viral illnesses that cause a cough that lasts for more than 4 weeks, but the pediatric community uses this cut-off to make sure we're not missing any more serious underlying conditions. So when the cough becomes chronic, if it affects daily functioning, or is associated with any other health problems, then this is when we become concerned and start looking for causes other than viral illness, and discovering the cause of the chronic cough can be challenging because there are many causes. First up on listing the more common causes that we're looking for, and this is asthma, foreign body in the airway or even in the ears that can trigger those cough receptors, gastrointestinal issues can actually cause chronic cough, this would be gastroesophageal reflux, or GERD, where food is coming up towards the airway and irritating and causing coughs, or people can–children can have trouble swallowing, and food can go towards their airway. Also, there is a tic cough, and then there could be habit coughs. A habit cough is a cough that often starts as a viral illness, but over time the cough receptors become more sensitive, and it turns into this vicious cycle of this harsh, honking loud cough, and actually the habit cough can go away, sometimes fairly quickly, with specialized therapy and cough biofeedback, and then also there are infections that can cause chronic cough, a variety of them bacterial, sometimes viral, and then there's something called the upper airway cough syndrome, formerly known as post nasal drip, and this is actually caused by underlying issues such as allergies, sinusitis, irritants such as smoke, or sometimes the tissue in the upper airway called the adenoids can be large and cause congestion, and lead to cough–post nasal drip and cough. And there are many–there are other common causes that are less common, and these often are conditions that children are born with. Sometimes there are some acquired causes, such as lung damage after an infection, or because of some of the other conditions, and unfortunately there can be tumors, so we have to be aware of such as that. And that's why it's important to involve a pediatric pulmonologist, because there are so many causes we're trained to identify and treat and manage them. So next up, I'll review the treatment for the chronic cough. Before I get into the details, just a couple words about the expectations when we're treating a chronic cough, and I wanted to get the bad news out of the way first. So, there's not always a quick fix to treat chronic cough, unfortunately. The mainstay of treatment is symptom management, close monitoring, and reassurance. And also, the chronic cough can be very frustrating. It leads to poor sleep, and children sometimes miss school, work for parents, and sometimes even the cough becomes chronic, and at some point, it's not contagious anymore, but children may get sent home from school. And you know, it's also frustrating for health care providers because we all really want to get rid of this cough very quickly and sometimes, it's just not possible. But then the good news–the good news is that the cause of the cough usually will be found. This may take thorough evaluation and frequent followup with the pediatric pulmonologist, but the cause is usually discovered, and many times the cough will go away, depends on the underlying cause of what's causing the cough, and the good news is that we're here, pediatric pulmonologists, for you, and experts exist in this field who are trained to help treat chronic cough, So then first up, which is what I know a lot of people are interested in, our home remedies and things we can do at home that don't involve prescription or medication, and the one caveat for this is that the home remedies. They aren't usually specifically for chronic coughs, they're often for colds or viral illnesses, the acute cough, but I'm mentioning them here. because As long as they don't cause harm, they can be used often as, what we say, an adjunct, or in addition to, a treatment for the chronic cough, and If the cough doesn't improve, or it's getting worse with things you're trying at home, please seek medical attention right away. And so first up is nasal saline rinse, and this acts as a decongestant and can help with cough thats caused from post nasal drip, and and in younger kids they'll need the saline drops and some bulb suctioning, and older kids will be able to blow their nose. And these saline rinses can be done as often as you think your child needs them throughout the day, just be careful to avoid irritating the nose with the suctioning. And next is honey So honey has actually been studied, and it's been shown that it can decrease the coughing for children at night and also help children get better sleep, and as well as the parents can sleep better too, and the actual mechanism of this isn't known of why it works. There's a lot of theories. It's thought that it can coat or smooth the throat. It's also thought to have antibacterial properties, antioxidant or anti-inflammation properties, as well. It's also thought that it can make more saliva, and this can trigger nerve receptors by the tongue that can decrease activation of cough, but nobody really knows. But it has been shown to have some effect. And the other big "but" about honey is that it is not recommended. Do not give it to children who are under a year old, and this is because they're– these younger children are at risk for a toxin that can be found in honey that can cause infant botulism, and this is a life-threatening condition. So children under 1 do not get honey, but if they're old enough, then you can give toddlers and younger kids half a teaspoon at night, and older kids can get 1-2 teaspoons. And next is always, as very commonly you'll hear this, is to drink liquids and stay hydrated. This is because, you know, when you're hydrated, also the mucus layer in your body, in your airway is hydrated, so the mucus is more thin and less sticky and can move out of your airways better when you cough. We actually want the mucus to move out of your airway, and also involving fluids, are to drink warm flavorful liquids, and we have to say and this is thought to loosen secretions, but your elders were right that that chicken soup, or the tea with lemon can have an effect on cough and help it in theory, and yes, thought to loosen secretions and also may stimulate some receptors near the tongue that can decrease cough activation. And then also some records, some therapies that are commonly recommended but have not been studied as much as the others that I mentioned are the cool mist humidifier, and so this can put mist into the air and humidify the airway and hydrate. The only Issue or risk with this is for people who have allergies because the equipment is at risk for growing mold or fungus. So the thing to remember is to clean the equipment regularly and keep it in a well ventilated area, and if the cough is worsening or symptoms are worsening, or it's not working, then stop the therapy. The other one is cough drops. This is for older children and the thought–or lozenges they're also called, and these are thought to be able to soothe and coat the airway and also for people with habit cough. It can help distract them from coughing. And again, the risk with this one is that it can be a choking hazard, so just be careful that when children are using the throat lozenges, are upright, and they're not laughing or things like that. So, we always want to think of risks and benefits of all the treatments that we give. The other thing people–it's not on here, but people wonder about is the vapor rub, aromatic vapor rub on the chest. That's more–that's not indicated for chronic cough. People do try to use that for the acute short-term cough and nasal congestion that has been shown to relieve the sensation of nose congestion in people. But because there are risks of rash, and if people use it incorrectly it can actually worsen breathing symptoms, so it's not recommended in chronic cough. And the next step, I'll talk about medications you can use. So first, the over-the-counter medications. Unfortunately, these are for the coughs and cold therapy and cough suppressant medications, these are not recommended in children under 6 years old, and they're not encouraged in children under 12 years old, either. This is–they're not encouraged for acute or chronic cough, and this is because research has shown that they are not much more effective than doing nothing or placebo, and there are many reports of toxic side effects, so nausea, dizziness, seizures, problems breathing, and there have been cases of overdose and death, so because of all those things, again we're weighing the risks and benefits of all the therapy we use, risks of using these medications with side effects, versus the benefits, which might not be as high, so they are not recommended in young children and even for older children who can take the medicine. There's still these considerations of side effects, so if your child is using the medicine and they have any side effects, or it's not working, please stop the medication immediately. And also a quick note on the medications that suppress coughs, this would be such as dextromethorphan, that's found in Robitussin or Delson or some brand names, we often don't recommend those either because of the side effects, but also, again, we really encourage cough because that's what's helping to clear the mucus, and if mucus is stuck down in the throat, it can actually–you're in the airway, it can actually lead to more problems and infection, so we do want people to clear the mucus. And so there are medications that are very targeted towards certain causes of chronic cough, and that's what I'll talk about next. The first one is asthma, and asthma is a condition that's often under-diagnosed and undertreated. So with the chronic cough, if your child has any other signs that suggest asthma–wheezing, triggers that are common for asthma, or lung function testing that suggests it–they will be started on a trial of asthma controller medication, and usually, by the time they– they end up at the pediatric pulmonologist, the symptoms have been going on long enough and are often enough that they will need that daily control or medicine–medication, instead of an as-needed medication. And this is the inhaled corticosteroid, which is the inhaler, slow-acting medication to help calm down the inflammation in the airways and prevent it from becoming worse with triggers or illness. And other medication, there are medication by mouth that are asthma controller medications as well, or the oral steroids if the cough is very bad and affecting your child greatly. They will be put on a 5 day course of oral steroids to help calm down the symptoms, and the important thing to remember, if you have an inhaler for asthma, if you have an asthma medication inhaler, to always use the chamber or spacer with it because this helps the particles be delivered properly down into the lungs instead of without it. It's oftentimes squirted more into the mouth and swallowed, so the space is very important because you're using medications, but we have to make sure they're being used properly. Another condition is allergies that there's specific treatment for, and these medications are called antihistamines. Some brand names are Zyrtec, Claritin, Allegra, and they help block this molecule called histamine, which causes all the allergic response in the body. And there's also some nasal corticosteroids sprays that can be used every day. They're slow-acting. They also help to calm down the inflammation, such as Flonase or Nasonex, and those might be trialed as well. The other condition that has specific treatment is gastroesophageal reflux, or GERD. And this is, as I mentioned before, when the food comes up, or the acid can trigger coughs and wheezing, and so there are medication like Zantac or Prilosec that can help suppress or block the stomach acid. There's also medication that helps the gut move, so the food stays down and doesn't come up towards the airway, but both of these conditions, you may have a trial of the treatment, and/or you may be referred to a specialist for treatment and further medication choices, or testing or evaluation. And then lastly, a specific condition that might be causing the cough, and how the treatment would be bacterial infections, and the treatment for this is antibiotics, and there are many different types of infections out there. So, sometimes the recommendation will be a certain type of antibiotic for days, and sometimes it will be months, so the key is to have close guidance with your physicians and to come up with the proper diagnosis, and we really want to avoid overprescribing of antibiotics, so before you're started on the antibiotics there might be other testing that's done first. And the key is if you are prescribed the antibiotic, make sure that you complete the whole course. And then next up on the treatment, I'm putting prevention because that's always number one. If you can prevent getting a cough, that's the best, or if you can prevent irritating your cough, that is great, too. This is the first one I have on the list, to avoid the triggers that worsen cough, so just tobacco smoke or allergens, if you have allergies or asthma. Also important is not catching cough or sharing germs with others, so always remember the good cough hygiene to cover your mouth, not with your hand, which you touch people and things with your hand after you sneeze, but cover your mouth with your elbow like this, and cough in here, and also remember good hand-washing. And also there are options available, in terms of vaccines for some conditions that are known to cause chronic cough, such as pertussis, which causes the whooping cough, and also the flu vaccine can prevent influenza, and that's more known to cause long-term lung damage. So if we can prevent that, that is wonderful. And lastly, when and why to visit us, the pediatric pulmonologist. So, the when: if the cough–if your child's cough is lasting more than a month, please come see us. If the cough–if it's been less than a month, but the cough is worsening, or if there are any red flag symptoms, or other symptoms that are going along with the cough that seems more than a viral illness, and that would be if your child has any weight loss, other infections, also poor growth, or any other concerns that you may have, and the why: why visit pediatric pulmonology? We all have years of extra training in pediatric lung disease, and when you come into the clinic we have specialized lung function testing that's performed by respiratory therapists or experts, and they're very familiar with performing these tests with children. There are comprehensive symptom evaluation surveys and intake forms that we have, and I think really important is that we are a multidisciplinary team with a big team approach. We have respiratory therapists, certified pulmonary nurse specialists, dieticians, social work, and everyone's trained to teach and provide you with the best knowledge that we can about pediatric lung disease. And so here's our contact information. You can always go online and look us up, UCLA pediatric pulmonology, and in summary, for chronic cough, chronic cough is treatable, and there are many treatment–successful treatment options. The treatment depends on what we think is causing the cough, and when the cough is chronic, we strongly encourage evaluation by a pediatric pulmonology because we can provide testing, monitoring, and close follow-up. And that's it, and if you have any questions, please tweet, and I will answer some questions. All right, "is there a treatment for wet versus dry cough?" That's a good point. So, the the treatment that we choose is usually based on what we think is causing the cough, not exactly what the cough sounds like, but the sound of the cough can give us some clues. So, the wet cough will make us think more of the gastroesophageal reflux of food coming up or post nasal drip or one of the possibly congenital lung diseases that makes it more difficult to clear mucus, whereas the dry cough may make us think more of asthma or a foreign body. But it's not always 100%, the sound of the cough. "What if I don't bring my child to the doctor for a chronic cough?" Yeah, yeah, we all do hope that coughs go away, but a lot of times the chronic cough is more than just a viral illness, so we want to treat and identify that underlying cause of the cough as soon as we can, and this is so we can prevent any lung damage–long-term lung damage or, like I mentioned, there–if there's something like a lung tumor, we want to identify that as soon as possible and treat it right away. "Can the color of phlegm– color of the phlegm tell me anything about the cause of the cough?" and, like the sound, the color of the phlegm doesn't tell us exactly what's causing the cough, but there can be hints of clues of conditions going on, like a yellow or green phlegm can mean an infection, viral or bacterial, so it can't–doesn't–we can't tell the difference between those. Clear phlegm can be more like viral illness potentially, or allergies, and brown or red phlegm can mean something like blood, and and "what about air filters for chronic cough?" and that's good, I didn't mention that. On the air filters, they have been studied, and there is mixed evidence on that, and that's mixed evidence whether it works or not, but it's that people have allergies to animal dander, dogs and cats. It seems like the air filters can help. We won't say don't try them, so we always would say try them. They can be expensive, but welcome to try them, and if they help, that's wonderful, but we can't say that we would guarantee that they would help the cough. And I think that's it. So, thank you for joining me today, and you can check out our group's other pulmonary webinars on our website. And have a great day.. You May Also Like
The Most Common Allergy In The World "... The urushiol molecules in poison ivy have the ability to trigger a harmful immune response in most people because the immune system mistakenly labels them as a threat. Allergy: A damaging immune response by the body to a substance. Allergen: The substance that causes the allergic reaction. Urushiol: The allergen in poison ivy and poison oak. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic response caused by contact with a substance that causes rash or lesions at the site of the exposure. Langerhans Cell: An immune sentinel that lives in the epidermis of the skin but can travel to nearby lymph nodes. Helper T Cell: A type of white blood cell that activates immune responses in the body. Thrush: A white skin rash caused by the fungus candida. Anaphylaxis: A whole body allergic reaction that can include throat swelling..." Load Comments... Send this Article to a Friend Your email has been sent successfully! Manage this Video in Your Playlists notify when someone comments This website uses cookies. I agree Learn More
Let’s Veg It Up: Cafeteria food needs to be healthier Maddie Whisenant, Opinion Writer Walking into the cafeteria, signs advertise ‘no hormones’ and ‘eat healthy!’ How are we supposed to do this if the food provided is not nutritious? Some of the foods do not even contain many essential ingredients and are processed or frozen. As teenagers, we are constantly being told to “eat healthier” and to “have a more balanced diet.” We cannot rely on the cafeteria for this. The only drink given for free is milk. Other beverages are provided, but you have to pay for them, and even the water isn’t free. Instead of serving juice frequently, water should be the alternative. Fruit juice contains the same amount of sugar as soda and 60 calories when water has none. According to the CDC, it is advised to serve water with meals. The breakfast served to students is a problem. For breakfast, students are given an entree, juice or fruit and milk. Juice and a small bag of mini pancakes is not a meal. The tiny pouches of Crunch Mania are not an adequate breakfast. These cinnamon rolls might be tiny, but they contain 13 grams of sugar and low amounts of nutrients such as vitamins and iron. I am aware that some might label these foods as snacks, but they are supposed to be given as a meal, not a morning snack. A prominent problem in the US today is obesity, and this is fueled by unhealthy eating during childhood. 14.4 million adolescents and children in America are overweight, and students who eat the school lunches are 29 percent more likely to be obese, according to a study done by the New York Times in Michigan. Bags of sugary pancakes, waffles, and chocolate filled pastries are not a nutritious breakfast. What’s more, these sweets can tempt any kid, and having them every day is not good for a child’s diet. It has also been proven that 78 percent of covid deaths have been those who are obese. There have been earlier studies conducted by researchers to prove that healthy lunches actually make a difference in a child’s eating habits. A study of schools in Connecticut found that in 2014, students ate 13 percent more entrees and 18 percent more vegetables. As a result, there was less waste. Issues caused by school lunches, like obesity, can be avoided if the health of students is accounted for. I understand that supplies for lunch are limited and the cafeteria has to do what they can with the low funds and cheap food provided by the government. However, there are ways to adequately feed students without unhealthy options. Instead of sugary pancakes and waffles, maybe fruit salad could be provided. The fruit that was not eaten or used in previous breakfasts or lunches can be sliced to make decent fruit salads. A bigger breakfast alternative would be to serve smoothies each morning along with eggs, toast, or anything homemade and not processed or frozen. Nutrients such as vitamin D and iron are present in eggs and are considered part of a healthy breakfast. Those who eat more homemade foods receive fewer calories than foods from other places, according to Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. For lunch, to add more variety, serve less pizza and fried food and more sandwiches. Something needs to be done. Rather than just advertising healthy food, the cafeteria should actually serve it.
What does validation mean? Validation is a collective name for different methods of assessing what a person can do in an area. For BYN, validation is a good tool for accessing what a person can do in a profession or area of knowledge, regardless of how he or she acquired the competence. It does not matter if it was obtained through education, as an apprentice or otherwise. The important thing is that the person has the skills required in the professional role. In the construction industry, there is a model for validating competence for the industry’s professional roles, e.g., woodworkers, masons, tilers, concrete workers, machine operators. Through questions and practical exercises that are developed for a particular profession, the person can show their competence against the requirements of the industry. A validation takes between 3-5 days depending on the profession. It is carried out by an approved validation provider where a test leader instructs, reviews, supports and monitors each validation. After the validation, you receive an industry-approved certificate that shows what skills you have in the professional role. If you meet all the requirements, you can directly apply for employment at a company. A validation often shows areas where you need to supplement your competence. This will be included in the certificate. Supplements can be made through theoretical training or practical work at a company. The test leader will help you with what is the next step after the validation. Where you can get supplementary education, which BYN-region you should turn to, to get a professional certificate, etc. A validation can also be good to carry out before an education. By showing what you can do and getting it documented through a validation certificate, you can shorten the education, so you only need training in the areas that you lack or need to supplement. Validation saves both time and money and provides a faster way to start working. On BYN’s website for validation (in swedish), you can read more about validation and find an approved validation provider for your profession.
Start here to shop Add postcode to see our prices The different types of coal The different types of coal The Story of Coal: The many different types of Coal It sounds so simple doesn’t it. Coal. But it’s actually far from it. Take our Homefire Smokeless Coal for example, it can’t be ‘just’ coal and nothing else, otherwise it wouldn’t be smokeless. And of course ‘Wildfire’, the house coal to rule all house coals! In fact, all of our manufactured coal products are made up of a variety of different kinds of coal. Have a read and see if you can figure them all out... How is coal made? Coal is formed from dead and decaying plant matter which has been subject to heat and pressure under the earth’s surface for millions of years. Coal is made up mainly of carbon, along with differing quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, with smaller quantities of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen. How many types of coal are there? Peat is formed from decaying vegetation, and is considered to be the precursor of coal. Peat is an important industrial fuel in some regions, including Ireland and Finland. When dehydrated, peat becomes an effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on both land and water. Bituminous/Sub Bituminous Coal Formed from compressed lignite, bituminous coals are a dense, sedimentary rock which is usually black in colour, but can sometimes be a dark brown. These coals are widely used in the manufacturing of briquettes, and are also used in power stations, for heat and power applications in manufacturing, and to make coke. Steam Coal Homefire contains both anthracite, and bituminous coal. Wildfire blends anthracite, bituminous coal, and petroleum coke - which is a derivative of coal. 2 October 2019 Delivery to Fireside Kerbside Delivery Free Delivery on Orders over £50 Hassle free returns Back to top Why am I being asked for my postcode?
Home page Culturemain body Common sense of solar terms: how many days from the beginning of winter to Qingming? DailyBird Culture 2021-10-08 1 0 Lidong is a festival for us to eat to make up for the winter. Qingming Festival is a festival for us to commemorate our lost relatives and friends. These two festivals are one of the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar in China. They are in winter and spring respectively. Do you know how many days there is between Lidong and Qingming? Next, let's go and have a look with Xiaobian. 立冬 may also be interested in "what is the next solar term at the beginning of winter" "beginning of winter: Tomb Sweeping Day on November 7 or 8 every year: the total length of April 4 or 5 every year is 147 days, and 148 days in case of leap year." "beginning of winter: winter is one of the 24 solar terms in the lunar calendar and one of the traditional festivals of the Han nationality; The time point is between November 7 and 8 of the Gregorian calendar, that is, the sun is at 225 ° of the Yellow meridian. At this time, the earth is located at - 16 ° 19 'declination, and the noon sun height in Beijing is only 33 ° 47'. After the beginning of winter, the sunshine time will continue to shorten and the noon sun height will continue to decrease. During the beginning of winter, the Han people took the beginning of winter as the beginning of winter and needed tonic to survive the severe winter. Before and after the beginning of winter, precipitation in most parts of China decreased significantly. The land in northern China is frozen, and agricultural and forestry crops have entered the overwintering period. The "three autumn" in China's Jianghuai region is coming to an end. South China needs to rush to plant late winter wheat and quickly transplant rape. South China is the best time to plant wheat. In addition, after the beginning of winter, the air is generally getting drier and the soil contains less water. At this time, China began to pay attention to fire prevention in forest areas. Traditional customs: greeting winter, greeting winter, food customs Qingming: Qingming Festival, also known as outing Festival, is a traditional Chinese festival and one of the most important sacrificial festivals. It is a day for ancestor worship and tomb sweeping. The traditional Qingming Festival of the Han nationality in China began in the Zhou Dynasty and has a history of more than 2500 years. Qingming was only the name of a solar term at first. It became a festival to commemorate ancestors, which is related to the cold food festival. Duke Wen of Jin set the day after the cold food festival as Qingming Festival. Qingming Festival is one of the important "eight festivals of the year" in China. It is generally around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. The festival period is very long. There are two statements before and after the 10th, 8th and 10th. These are Qingming Festival in recent 20 days. Qingming Festival was originally 15 days after the spring equinox. In 1935, the government of the Republic of China clearly designated April 5 as the national holiday Qingming Festival, also known as the national Tomb Sweeping Day. Traditional customs: swing, Cuju, outing, tree planting, kite flying, tomb sweeping, inserting willows, shooting willows, cockfighting, silkworm flower party you may also like: what month is the beginning of winter in the collection of 24 solar terms ancient poetry, and when is the beginning of winter in 2016? How about getting married at Lidong? How about getting married at Lidong in 2016? What is the difference between Lidong and the winter solstice Copyright notice
It’s a hormone problem that interferes with the reproductive system. Living with PCOS and getting pregnant is challenging because your body doesn’t produce the hormones necessary for regular ovulation. Without these hormones, the egg inside the ovary does not fully mature. The follicle that holds the egg still grows and fills with fluid. However, there is no mature egg to rupture it, so it remains as a cyst. Some women with PCOS have trouble with their menstrual cycle,because Each month, a collection of multiple eggs start to mature in a woman’s ovaries but usually only one becomes mature or dominant. In women with PCOS, the ovary doesn’t receive the correct signals from the pituitary to produce the hormones it needs for any of the eggs to fully mature. It may be because of high insulin levels which interrupts the normal signals to grow eggs. Follicles containing eggs start to grow but do not receive the correct signals. The follicles stop growing or arrest and become atretic remaining as small cystic areas seen on ultrasound. Since no egg matures or is released, ovulation does not occur and the hormone progesterone is not made. Without progesterone, a woman’s menstrual cycle is irregular or absent. So if you are an PCOS Patient and getting pregnant is your ultimate goal. Visit to “Gaudium”soon,we take care of such patients with most effective treatment including high. For consultation, visit: Gaudium IVF West Delhi Centre A-41, Chander Nagar, Janakpuri West (Near Janakpuri West Metro Station) New Delhi – 110 058 (India) Contact: +91-11-48 85 85 85 PCOS Struggle
Skip to content Related Articles Related Articles Improve Article Save Article Like Article • Difficulty Level : Medium • Last Updated : 28 Jun, 2021 Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 3 for Types of Pipeline and Stalling. Dependencies in a pipelined processor There are mainly three types of dependencies possible in a pipelined processor. These are : 1) Structural Dependency 2) Control Dependency 3) Data Dependency These dependencies may introduce stalls in the pipeline. Stall : A stall is a cycle in the pipeline without new input. Structural dependency This dependency arises due to the resource conflict in the pipeline. A resource conflict is a situation when more than one instruction tries to access the same resource in the same cycle. A resource can be a register, memory, or ALU. Instruction / Cycle12345 In the above scenario, in cycle 4, instructions I1 and I4 are trying to access same resource (Memory) which introduces a resource conflict. To avoid this problem, we have to keep the instruction on wait until the required resource (memory in our case) becomes available. This wait will introduce stalls in the pipeline as shown below: Solution for structural dependency To minimize structural dependency stalls in the pipeline, we use a hardware mechanism called Renaming. Renaming : According to renaming, we divide the memory into two independent modules used to store the instruction and data separately called Code memory(CM) and Data memory(DM) respectively. CM will contain all the instructions and DM will contain all the operands that are required for the instructions. Instruction/ Cycle1234567 Control Dependency (Branch Hazards) This type of dependency occurs during the transfer of control instructions such as BRANCH, CALL, JMP, etc. On many instruction architectures, the processor will not know the target address of these instructions when it needs to insert the new instruction into the pipeline. Due to this, unwanted instructions are fed to the pipeline. Consider the following sequence of instructions in the program: 100: I1 101: I2 (JMP 250) 102: I3 250: BI1 Expected output: I1 -> I2 -> BI1 NOTE: Generally, the target address of the JMP instruction is known after ID stage only. Instruction/ Cycle123456 Output Sequence: I1 -> I2 -> I3 -> BI1 So, the output sequence is not equal to the expected output, that means the pipeline is not implemented correctly. To correct the above problem we need to stop the Instruction fetch until we get target address of branch instruction. This can be implemented by introducing delay slot until we get the target address. Instruction/ Cycle123456 Output Sequence: I1 -> I2 -> Delay (Stall) -> BI1 As the delay slot performs no operation, this output sequence is equal to the expected output sequence. But this slot introduces stall in the pipeline. Solution for Control dependency Branch Prediction is the method through which stalls due to control dependency can be eliminated. In this at 1st stage prediction is done about which branch will be taken.For branch prediction Branch penalty is zero. Branch penalty : The number of stalls introduced during the branch operations in the pipelined processor is known as branch penalty. NOTE : As we see that the target address is available after the ID stage, so the number of stalls introduced in the pipeline is 1. Suppose, the branch target address would have been present after the ALU stage, there would have been 2 stalls. Generally, if the target address is present after the kth stage, then there will be (k – 1) stalls in the pipeline. Total number of stalls introduced in the pipeline due to branch instructions = Branch frequency * Branch Penalty Data Dependency (Data Hazard) Let us consider an ADD instruction S, such that S : ADD R1, R2, R3 Addresses read by S = I(S) = {R2, R3} Addresses written by S = O(S) = {R1} Now, we say that instruction S2 depends in instruction S1, when pipelining 7 This condition is called Bernstein condition. Three cases exist: • Flow (data) dependence: O(S1) ∩ I (S2), S1 → S2 and S1 writes after something read by S2 • Anti-dependence: I(S1) ∩ O(S2), S1 → S2 and S1 reads something before S2 overwrites it • Output dependence: O(S1) ∩ O(S2), S1 → S2 and both write the same memory location. Example: Let there be two instructions I1 and I2 such that: I1 : ADD R1, R2, R3 I2 : SUB R4, R1, R2 When the above instructions are executed in a pipelined processor, then data dependency condition will occur, which means that I2 tries to read the data before I1 writes it, therefore, I2 incorrectly gets the old value from I1. Instruction / Cycle1234 I2IFID(Old value)EX To minimize data dependency stalls in the pipeline, operand forwarding is used. Considering the same example: I1 : ADD R1, R2, R3 I2 : SUB R4, R1, R2 Instruction / Cycle1234 Data Hazards Data hazards occur when instructions that exhibit data dependence, modify data in different stages of a pipeline. Hazard cause delays in the pipeline. There are mainly three types of data hazards: 1) RAW (Read after Write) [Flow/True data dependency] 2) WAR (Write after Read) [Anti-Data dependency] 3) WAW (Write after Write) [Output data dependency] Let there be two instructions I and J, such that J follow I. Then, • RAW hazard occurs when instruction J tries to read data before instruction I writes it. I: R2 <- R1 + R3 J: R4 <- R2 + R3 • WAR hazard occurs when instruction J tries to write data before instruction I reads it. I: R2 <- R1 + R3 J: R3 <- R4 + R5 • WAW hazard occurs when instruction J tries to write output before instruction I writes it. I: R2 <- R1 + R3 J: R2 <- R4 + R5 WAR and WAW hazards occur during the out-of-order execution of the instructions. Sources : This article has been contributed by Saurabh Sharma. My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up Recommended Articles Page : Start Your Coding Journey Now!
by Julian Spector October 13, 2017 The apocalyptic ash blotting out the sun here in Northern California reminds me how helpless even the most technologically advanced regions can be in the face of broader climatic forces. In this case, an exceptionally wet winter prompted a growth spurt of underbrush, which by October lay parched and crackling across the inland landscape. We don't know what exactly caused it to ignite, but once it did, heavy gusts carried the embers, and a few hundred acres of burn soon gobbled up more than 200,000. A few of the individual blazes have been contained. Some are just 5 or 10 percent contained, meaning the effort to ring them with a cleared perimeter has scarcely advanced. Firefighters have been in the trenches for days with minimal sleep. We don't know exactly what role climate change played in this conflagration, but directionally it's bringing more extreme weather, both in terms of storms and hot spells. And though humans had the agency to set climate change in motion, and settle in regions known to experience massive wildfires, we quickly find ourselves unable to control the effects of those decisions. The distant, blood-red sun and the opacity of the San Francisco skyline also attest to what happens to the air when you burn lots of fuel. In neighborhoods that host coal plants or peakers, combustion produces particulates like this on a regular basis. The deleterious effects of those plants on nearby residents have been well documented in the public health literature. Energy storage can't put out forest fires, but it may be the best tool available to displace the power plants that emit particles in and around people's homes during business as usual. The first substantive step in that direction happened last week. Storage put a dent in Puente And it happened fast. First, the California Independent System Operator was saying batteries could replace the proposed gas peaker on Oxnard's coastline, but at considerable cost. We pointed out that those cost assumptions were outdated, and CAISO followed up, saying the best way to tell how much distributed energy resources would cost to fill the reliability need would be to run an expedited request for offers and let the industry bring their best proposals. That was enough to prompt a pre-emptive rejection last week from the members of the California Energy Commission tasked with writing a preliminary decision on whether to approve NRG's Puente gas plant. They believe the evidence shows Puente would violate the state's environmental laws and regulation. Since CAISO testified that another option exists that wouldn't pose an environmental problem, the commissioners don't see a compelling reason to override the regulations and let Puente move forward. They shared their thinking ahead of the official completion of their decision because of the timeliness of the process. To meet the deadline for local reliability, the procurement needs to get going and give the industry time to get permits and build. This isn't final. After a few more steps, the full commission still needs to make a final ruling. Then there's the matter of running the RFO. That will require some work from the California Public Utilities Commission, essentially to re-run a process it already conducted and concluded (back in the days before batteries were a proven solution for local reliability). It's unclear where this saga will go next. What is clear is that we're watching a new precedent emerge for how new peaker plants get evaluated. They aren't the only game in town anymore. It's not hard to see lessons taken from this fight applied to other permitting battles, especially if a proposed plant will cost a lot of money and not run very often. Stakeholders will have grounds to at least explore whether storage and DERs can fill the need. And if they find that the costs would be comparable, it gets a lot harder to argue for the plant's necessity. That's not to say storage will succeed in other cases like this. California's regulators have blazed trails in storage permitting and procurement, and they've gained confidence from watching it perform in cases like Aliso Canyon. States without that history of dealing with storage -- which is almost every other state, after all -- aren't going to toss out the tried-and-true gas plants easily. Someone has to do it first if this whole transition away from fossil fuels is going to happen. If California follows through on the concept and things work out fine for Oxnard (or better -- they could get their beach back), it will make it that much easier for others to swap peakers for storage too. Got any bets on which proposed gas plant could be the next storage vs. peaker showdown? Send me your picks at spector@greentechmedia.com. Let's hang out! Speaking of storage in California, GTM is hosting the third annual Energy Storage Summit in San Francisco, December 12-13. It'll be the hippest place to catch up on the latest happenings in the industry, not least because I'll be there. I'm leading a panel discussion on what elements of state storage pilots actually work, and another in which we'll debate whether lithium-ion hegemony is really a good thing for the industry. Moreover, I'd like to seize the opportunity to get to know you, Storage+ readers. Let's cross over the digital fence and meet in terrestrial space, namely the Hilton Union Square. I'm sure we'll have plenty to talk about. And if intellectual curiosity doesn't win you over, here's some cash: Type in promo code SQUARED and take $200 off. It's hip to be Square. Wind execs, financiers aren't impressed with storage yet A confluence of wildfire-related travel disruptions landed me on stage at the ACORE Finance West conference Thursday, interviewing a trio of wind power CEOs about the future of their business. One thing they didn't see in that future: storage. At least the folks on my panel hadn't yet seen a reason to add storage as a way to time-shift wind production. They operate in the Eastern U.S. and Midwest, and said there isn't enough of a price differential between high-demand and low-demand times to justify the cost of a battery system. “There’s no value from the arbitrage of the energy,” said Jim Spencer, CEO of Pittsburgh-based EverPower Wind Holdings. "[Storage] is useful, I’m just not sure it’s profitable -- that’s the problem." Absent policies like California's to require a storage build-out, or regulations like the proposed Clean Peak Standard to ensure a certain amount of peak power comes from clean energy, they didn't see a reason to invest in storage just yet. Steve Vavrik, chief commercial officer at Apex Clean Energy, echoed that sentiment on a separate panel on project financing. He doesn't see a load-shifting opportunity for storage with wind unless it's mandated, but allowed for some opportunities in ancillary services and island grids. "I don't know if market conditions are going to reward energy storage until gas gets more volatile," he said. Financiers, like Jack Cargas, managing director of renewable energy finance at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, said they are seeing greater interest in storage financing, but scale is a challenge. Big money isn't going to get involved with small, standalone projects, which have characterized most of the deployments thus far. To move beyond balance-sheet financing, storage will need more expensive projects, or larger fleets of projects that can be financed together. Sonnen making VPP a thing in the U.S. If you've been to a cleantech conference any time recently, you've heard talk of virtual power plants and how exciting they are. It's a lot harder to actually find one. German storage startup Sonnen has linked up thousands of its European customers into just such a network though, and they've been trying to bring the model to the U.S. Energy regulations here make it impossible to directly replicate that approach, however, so Sonnen attacked it from a different angle. The company is working with an Arizona homebuilder, Mandalay Homes, to construct a 2,900-home community where each house comes with 3.9 kilowatts of rooftop solar and an 8-kilowatt-hour Sonnen battery. They're trying out a new pilot rate from Arizona Public Service that rewards homes with very low on-peak usage by offering low energy rates the rest of the time. This is a massive project relative to the tiny U.S. home storage industry. And once finished, it will have 11.6 megawatts of power input and output and 23 megawatt-hours of energy storage capacity, with the option to add more if needed. The companies chose to go ahead and build it without a utility contract for use of the asset, at a time when most companies wait to secure grant funding or contracts before deploying their concept. They feel confident that the economics are covered by the price of the high-performance home; any utility revenue down the road would be an added benefit, with ratepayers potentially saving as well. Will that boldness be repaid with profits? Will others follow with their own creative workarounds to the meager drip of pilot funding? Stay tuned. Green Charge crosses the meter Also notable, longtime C&I stalwart Green Charge is jumping the fence. The company announced its first utility-scale project, a 3-megawatt/6-megawatt-hour deal for the municipal utility in Holyoke, Massachusetts. The increase in scale follows naturally from the acquisition by energy giant Engie. Green Charge CEO Vic Shao even hinted that international expansion is on its way. This also marks an early entrant into the Massachusetts storage market, which was expected to take off following the announcement of a state target earlier this year, but has actually stayed pretty quiet. In the future, look for Green Charge to roll out this model with other municipals in Massachusetts, performing demand-charge management on behalf of the utility, which has to pay for its annual peak. The company got a bank to own the asset and claim the tax credit, so more of this financing could be on its way too.
Infofit's career specialists are ready to answer your questions. Understanding Shin Splints Shin shin splintsSplints Can Develop Gradually Over Weeks Shin splints are one of the more common running or jumping injuries. Otherwise defined medically as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS); it is a painful inflammatory condition on the front, inside part of the tibia (shin bone). Shin splints can develop gradually over weeks to months or can occur suddenly after a single excessive or intense training session. Recovery from shin splints is gradual and may require an abstinence from the aggravating activity for several weeks to months. Signs and Symptoms include pain, dull ache, or tenderness on the front, inside part of the tibia with activity. For jumpers, the pain can be sudden, while for long distance runners; the pain may be felt during the early stage of a run, fade away temporarily, and then return as the run progresses. The pain can be there all the time, emerge only during exercise or just after the activity. With shin splints, the worst thing to do is to “exercise through the pain”. This pain usually indicates bone and/or surrounding tissue trauma and by forcing through it, one can cause greater injury such as micro fractures. Micro fractures tend to require a longer recovery period away from the provoking activity. Women show a higher risk of complications from shin splints, e.g. micro fractures, especially if they have poor bone density as in osteoporosis. There Are Several Causes For Shin Splints: · Running and repetitive jumping on hard surfaces · Activities that involve sudden start and stops such as squash, tennis, basketball · Faulty foot mechanics (flat feet or rigid high arches) · Unsupportive or poorly fitting footwear · Sudden increases in exercise intensity or training Treating Shin Splints · Stop the activity that is causing the pain for at least a week · Initially, use ice massage – freeze water in a Styrofoam cup; tear off the top to expose some of the ice, then massage the ice over the painful area in a circular manner for 10-15 minutes, repeat three times over the day · After a few days, apply heat instead of ice · Wait until the pain is gone before starting back · Begin gradually · Strengthen the muscles of the front, back and lateral side of the lower legs · Wear proper fitting and supportive footwear with shock-absorbing insoles · If flat footed, see a foot specialist to determine whether or not you need orthotics By André Noël Potvin, BCRPA TFL. ACE Certified Personal Trainer, MSc
Prewrite better with these 5 Simple Steps Consider you have to bake the most perfect cake ever. First, you would imagine its ingredients and layout in mind to make it scrumptious. This is what prewriting is! You imagine the end in mind to make the writing process seamless and beneficial. Select a topic Select a topic that is precise and short. It should compel the reader to read and make them hungry to learn something new. The topic has to be narrow and cannot be too broad for readers to understand. The language used must be comprehensible for an 8th-grade student. The cherry on the cake is the number of tiers! Numbers add credibility to facts. It instills confidence in a reader’s mind. So, sprinkle them up whenever possible. Write a purpose statement The purpose statement gives a brief of the title and generates interest in the reader. Whether to sing “happy birthday”, or awkwardly clap at a “happy anniversary” message, the decision to enjoy the piece of writing stands here. If not done effectively, it will have a counterproductive result and inhibit readership. A good idea is to sync the topic with the purpose statement as well. Jot down ideas Idea generation can come from the following avenues- 1-Common discussions on social media websites like Twitter, Instagram, or LinkedIn. 2- Newspaper articles or magazines 3-The writer could also have unique technical know-how and write about the same. Conduct research Various modes of research include– 1- Internet browsing- Searching on Google doesn’t mean researching. The plethora of web pages doesn’t guarantee the authenticity of the content offered. So, select a website with authors who are experts in that topic. 2- Subscribe to periodicals, academic research papers, or digital libraries. 3- Interview people who are experts in the subject matter. 4- Do proximity research on places or people of importance around you and interview them. Using these would be finding that perfect ingredient that brings extra oomph in your cake! Prepare the outline or structure of the content This is the planning stage of that wondrous imaginary cake you have been reading about till now! Every tier would have a category of stories, streamlined to build a connection of one sentence with the next. This categorization explains the thought process of the writer and engages the readers in a structured format. To make a proper structure, writers should keep it simple and provide at least one solution to a problem. They could make bullet points of already known or collated facts. When the structure is arranged in sequential or chronological order, the reader will be happy to devour your article. With patience and daily practice, we can build an appetizing article that engages readers to understand your point of view and learn something new in the process. One thought on “Prewrite better with these 5 Simple Steps Leave a Reply
Quick Answer: What Is The Poem A Poison Tree About? A Poison Tree is a short and deceptively simple poem about repressing anger and the consequences of doing so. The speaker tells of how they fail to communicate their wrath to their foe and how this continues to grow until it develops into poisonous hatred. What does the poison tree symbolize? What is the moral of A Poison Tree? The moral of the poem is that we should not nurse our anger towards another person but confront the person who hurt us and work out our issues directly. Otherwise, we become something poisonous that destroys other people. You might be interested: FAQ: How To Quote A Poem In Mla? What does the poem A Poison Tree reveal about the foe? What kind of poem is A Poison Tree? A Poison Tree is written in quatrains. This straightforward grouping of sets of four lines is one of the simplest and most recognisable poetic forms. What is the major theme of the poem A Poison Tree? The principal theme of “A Poison Tree” is not anger itself but how the suppression of anger leads to the cultivation of anger. Burying anger rather than exposing it and acknowledging it, according to “A Poison Tree,” turns anger into a seed that will germinate. What does the apple represent in poison tree? The apple represents the anger growing large and ripening. The apple has been chosen as a symbol because it is a common fruit and hatred and revenge are common feelings in human beings. The apple refers to the apple in the biblical story of the Garden of Eden. What message is Blake trying to convey to the reader? Industrial Revolution’s drawbacks. Blake wants readers to increase their awareness of the degrading conditions in London. The industrial revolution has taken its toll on citizens who now feel tired, sad and disconnected. Does the foe died in A Poison Tree? This reading of the poem suggests that the foe who is “outstretched” beneath the tree is actually dead. He revels in the death of an enemy. However, if you want to take the word “outstretched” at its literal meaning, then the foe isn’t dead at all. In this case, it is only the friendship that is poisoned. You might be interested: Often asked: How To Write An I Am From Poem? How does the conclusion of A Poison Tree impact the poems theme? A Poison Tree: How does the conclusion of the poem impact the poem’s theme? The conclusion of the poem makes an impact by demonstrating the violent consequences of the narrator’s irritated behavior. What can we learn from the ending of the poem The poison tree? In the end, the anger bears fruit, which is a poisoned apple. The poisoned apple is a symbol of a relationship poisoned by anger. The speaker gives this apple to his enemy, who eats it and dies. The lesson is that anger, if not dealt with, will destroy a relationship. What does my foe beheld it shine mean? And my foe beheld it shine, And he knew that it was mine, The tree represents anger, which Blake believes is a type of deadly poison. If you take a bite from the poisoned apple, you will die. In this poem, the speaker did not resolve his anger with his foe, as he did with his friend. Which central metaphor is used in the poem The poison tree? The extended metaphor is comparing anger to a plant (the poison tree of the title). The process of cultivating one’s emotions (as seen in the line ” And I watered it in fears”) is compared to cultivating a plant. The emotion is followed through an entire growth cycle, until it blossoms into death. What is the figure of speech of the poem A Poison Tree? “A Poison Tree” makes the most use of metaphor. Blake’s metaphor is definitely an important figure of speech in this poem. Additionally, Blake uses allusion and euphemism. Blake alludes to the Bible’s Garden of Eden when he describes the poem’s tree. You might be interested: FAQ: How To Copywrite A Poem? What does sunned with smile mean? So, we see that “sunned it with smiles” is a part of the extended metaphor that compares the nurturing of grudge to the nursling of a plant. The verb “sun” in the quoted phrase means feeding the speaker’s wrath with the nourishment required for its growth and strength. Leave a Reply
Statement on the current California forest fires 12.11.2018 - The California forest fires are currently burning across the State having forced hundreds of thousands of residents to flee their homes, among them also stars like Miley Cyrus, Gerard Butler, Kim Kardashian or Lady Gaga. These are probably the worst forest fires in California's history. Statement on the current California forest fires Forest fires in the county of Los Angeles (Credit: iStock) On this issue Kirsten Thonicke, Deputy Co-Chair of Research Domain Earth System Analysis and expert for wildfires at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research: "The current blaze in California is sadly reaching a whole new level of extreme forest fires in an already extreme fire year in the state fueled by climate change. Already now, the wildfires have destroyed an area of more than 6500 square kilometers, and more than 6000 buildings. There are several factors forcing up one another: Due to a lack of rain over the past few years in California the region is already extremely dry. The situation is worsened by the unusually high amount of 129 million dead trees, also a result of the California megadrought over the past years. The extreme drought across the whole Northern hemisphere this summer also adds up to this. The wildfires are further fueled by the extreme winds and the geographical conditions of high mountains and deep valleys which are like chimneys fortifying the fires. Hence, natural factors and human-caused global warming effects fatally collude. It is unfortunately totally clear that such events will likely increase with unabated climate change. Global warming and therewith rising temperatures will increase the risks of droughts causing more severe forest fires with unprecedented impacts. This is and will be a completely new challenge for firefighters, policymakers and citizens in California - and many other regions in the world."
New ! Chemistry MCQ Practise Tests 12th Standard English Medium Chemistry Reduced Syllabus Two mark Important Questions with Answer key - 2021(Public Exam ) 12th Standard Reg.No. : Time : 02:00:00 Hrs Total Marks : 100 Part A 50 x 2 = 100 1. What is the role of Limestone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3? 2. Name some elements that occur as native elements. 3. What is Ellingham diagram? or What does Ellingham diagram represent? 4. What is calcination? Give example. 5. What is catenation ? describe briefly the catenation property of carbon 6. What is burnt alum? 7. Name the two important ores of Boron. 8. Give the uses of helium. 9. How is ammonia prepared in the lab? 10. Account for the following: (i) O-O bond lengths in ozone molecule are identical. (ii) Most of the reactions in fluorine are exothermic. 11. Justify the position of lanthanides and actinides in the periodic table. 12. Write ionic equation for the reaction between Cr2O7-2 iODS and Fe2+ ions in acidic medium. 13. Why Zn2+ salts are white while Ni2+ salts are coloured? 14. What are the conditions for alloy formation? 15. Write the formula for the following coordination compounds. a) potassiumhexacyanidoferrate(II) b) petacarbonyliron(0) c) pentaamminenitrito −k−N-cobalt(III)ion d) hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate e) sodiumtetrafluoridodihydroxidochromate(III) 16. Give an example of coordination compound used in medicine and two examples of biologically important coordination compounds 17. Write the IUPAC name of the complex. 18. Give reason for the following: Optical isomerism is not shown by square planar complexes. 19. What are Co-ordination isomers? Give examples 20. Cu SO4 on mixing with NH3 (1:4 ratio) does not give test for Cu2+ ions but gives test for SO42-ions why? 21. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solids. 22. What is the total number of atoms per unit cell in a face - centered cubic structure (fcc)? 23. Aluminium crystallises in a fee structure. Atomic radius of the metal is 125 pm. What is the length of the side of the unit cell of the metal? 24. In CaF2 crystal, Ca2+ ions are present in arrangement. Calculate the number of F- ions in the unit cell. 25. Derive integrated rate law for a zero order reaction A$\longrightarrow $ product 26. What is the study of chemical kinetics used for? 27. The reaction A + 2B ⟶ C obeys the rate equation. Rate = $K{ \left[ A \right] }^{ \frac { 1 }{ 2 } }{ \left[ B \right] }^{ \frac { 3 }{ 2 } }$ What is the order of the reaction? 28. If the rate of a reaction gets doubled as the temperature is increased from 27oC to 37oC. Find the activation energy of reaction? 29. Discuss the Lowery – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. 30. Calculate the concentration of OH- in a fruit juice which contains $2\times10^{-3}$ M, H3O+ ion. Identify the nature of the solution. 31. What are the two types of buffer? Give an example for each. 32. Why is aqueous solution of FeCl3 acidic? 33. Why is anode in galvanic cell considered to be negative and cathode positive electrode? 34. Define conductance. Give its unit 35. Account for the following : For a strong electrolyte molar conductivity decreases as concentration increases 36. Explain the function of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell. 37. What is the principle used in secondary batteries to regenerate the original reactants? 38. Name the anode, cathode and electrolyte used in lithium - ion Battery 39. Define electrochemical equivalent 40. In case of chemisorption, why adsorption first increases and then decreases with temperature? 41. Defme adsorption isotherm. 42. What are main impurities in a colloidal solution? 43. Gelatin acts as a protective colloid. Explain. 44. What are promoters? Give an example. 45. Draw the major product formed when 1-ethoxyprop-1-ene is heated with one equivalent of HI 46. A Compound (A) with molecular formula C2H3N on acid hydrolysis gives(B) which reacts with thionylchloride to give compound(C). Benzene reacts with compound (C) in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 to give compound(D). Compound (D) on reduction with Zn/Hg and Conc.HCl gives (E). Identify (A), (B), (C) (D) and (E). Write the equations. 47. Derive the relation between f and R for a spherical mirror. 48. What happens when i. 2 – Nitropropane boiled with HCl ii. Nitrobenezenelectrolytic reduction in strongly acidic medium. iii. Oxidation of tert – butylamine with KMnO4 iv. Oxidation of acetoneoxime with trifluoroperoxy acetic acid. 49. Name the Vitamins whose deficiency cause i) rickets ii) scurvy 50. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and antiphyretic TN 12th Standard Chemistry free Online practice tests Reviews & Comments about 12th Standard English Medium Chemistry Reduced Syllabus Two mark Important Questions with Answer key - 2021(Public Exam ) Write your Comment
Equanimity meditation What is equanimity meditation? How do you maintain equanimity? 4 Simple Ways to Maintain Equanimity Remember that equanimity is key and always prevails. Breathe, recite an equanimity mantra, and walk away. Visualize your vagus nerve, breathe, and let it go. Physical activity and meditation are pathways to equanimity . Conclusion: Make Equanimity Your Golden Rule. What does equanimity feel like? The dictionary defines equanimity as “mental calmness and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation.” It refers to a mind that is at peace even in the face of stressful and unpleasant experiences. What are the 3 types of meditation? What does equanimity mean in English? What is the opposite of equanimity? ▲ Opposite of the state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself. agitation. discomposure. nervousness. What are the 3 main Buddhist beliefs? How do you meditate? You might be interested: Pema chodron meditation What is the adjective for equanimity? Equanimous is the adjective form of the noun equanimity (calmness). What is balance in Buddhism? Tatramajjhattatā (Pali) is a Buddhist term that is translated as “equanimity”, “neutrality of mind”, etc. In the Theravada tradition, it is defined as a mental attitude of balance , detachment, and impartiality. What part of speech is equanimity? part of speech : noun related words: aplomb, calm, patience, possession Word CombinationsSubscriber feature About this feature What is Upekkha Buddhism? “The real meaning of upekkha is equanimity, not indifference in the sense of unconcern for others. Upekkha is freedom from all points of self-reference; it is indifference only to the demands of the ego-self with its craving for pleasure and position, not to the well-being of one’s fellow human beings. Can meditation be dangerous? What the Bible says about meditation? Leave a Reply
5 breakfast rules diabetics should follow to lower blood sugar levels and maintain weight \| Health Tips and News Updated Apr 04, 2019 \| 13:33 IST \| Times Now Digital Skipping your morning meal can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Here are five simple breakfast rules diabetics should follow to control weight and high blood sugar. 5 breakfast rules people with diabetes must follow 5 breakfast rules people with diabetes must follow \| Photo Credit: Thinkstock New Delhi: Most of us are aware of the fact that skipping breakfast can put our health at risk in a number of ways. In fact, studies show that missing your morning meal can make you more vulnerable to weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, etc. Now, a new research, published in The Jornal of Nutrition suggests that skipping the morning meal may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by 33 per cent. Yet, skipping breakfast four to five days a week elevates the risk to 55 per cent. Considering the link between type 2 diabetes and breakfast, it’s important for diabetics to not miss their morning meal. A healthy breakfast that is high in fibre, complex carbs, and protein, is an excellent choice for people with diabetes. It will help kick-start your metabolism, keep your energy levels, and satisfy your appetite. Research also suggests that breakfast eaters are more likely to make healthier food choices and be successful when it comes to losing weight. Read - Type 2 diabetes: The best Indian snack for diabetics to lose weight, reduce belly fat and control blood sugar Simple breakfast rules for diabetes to maintain healthy weight and blood sugar levels Living with diabetes doesn’t have to stick to a bland diet or eat a small number of recipes. Making smart food choices like choosing nutrient-dense foods over calorie-dense ones, as well as being aware of a few guidelines, can help you eat well, maintain healthy blood glucose levels and body weight. Here are a few tips to help you eat right with diabetes: Fibre: Fibre is a nutritional powerhouse that can help combat blood sugar spikes and support digestive health. A high-fibre diet can also increase feelings of fullness and help you fight belly fat effectively. You can get fibre naturally from most vegetables and many fresh fruits, nuts, seeds, and oat bran. Read - Type 2 diabetes: Here is how the otherwise healthy apples affect your blood sugar levels Protein: Proteins are an important part of a healthy meal plan. It boosts your metabolism, helps your body build muscles and healthy tissues. It also makes you feel full, aiding in weight loss. Foods high in protein include chicken, fish, nuts, legumes, dairy, etc. Water: Replace sodas and other sugary beverage drinks with water. Water is calorie free and a more healthful choice compared to juice and other sweetened drinks that can cause blood sugar to spike. Smaller meals: It is suggested that eating two smaller morning meals 2-3 hours apart can help prevent or reduce blood sugar level fluctuations and promote a healthy weight. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that diabetics should eat 4-5 smaller meals during the day instead of three large meals. This can help prevent lower blood sugar spikes after meals, reduce insulin requirements during the course of the day and lower cholesterol levels. Eating smaller meals will also help curb hunger and reduce the overall number of calories you eat, aiding weight loss. Portion size: It’s important to eat healthy, balanced breakfast consisting of all essential nutrients. However, excess consumption of healthy foods might just reverse its positive effects, resulting in unhealthy weight gain. Don’t forget to read food labels and pay attention to carbohydrate content and portion sizes. Times now Times Now Navbharat ET Now ET Now Swadesh Live TV
Scheda insegnamento Sconfiggere la povertà Sconfiggere la fame Salute e benessere Acqua pulita e servizi igienico-sanitari Anno Accademico 2021/2022 Conoscenze e abilità da conseguire The course aims to provide the basis of systemic thinking for the improvement of surveillance programs, timely response to emergencies and economic savings by applying the OH approach. It will make students understand the need for an integrated and cross-sectoral approach toward the achievement of the Agenda 2030 SDGs and provides basic knowledge on the main issues related to health at the human/animal/environment interfaces. Students will finally understand that health is a precondition, an outcome and an indicator of sustainable development. The program is targeted to students, of all disciplines, who see their future as leaders in local and international bodies such as: • National and international institutions involved in health management, food security and food security. • National and international institutions dealing with cooperation and development in the field of health and food security. • Companies active in the production and marketing of food products abroad and in international trade. • National and international research institutes dealing with sustainable development • Biosafety and bio-defence agencies. • Advice to public bodies on health management, responsiveness and sustainability. • Academic institutions. • Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active in the field of cooperation and development The course will address 4 main topics (Climate change and Health, Urbanisation and health, Water and Health, Food and Health) strictly linked to UN SDGs 2030 and related to distal and proximal determinants of health: • Distal determinants of health act through multiple intermediate steps and causal linkages and anthropogenic changes affecting landscape ecology and natural perturbation. The course will address two distal environmental determinants of health: Climate change (SDG 13) and Urbanization (SDG 11) • Proximal determinants have a direct influence on health. The course will address two proximal determinants of health: Water Use (SDG 6, 14) and Food production (SDG 2). Climate Change and Health 23% of all deaths in 2012 were attributable to environment globally. Potential 250.000 deaths/year are estimated in 2030-2050 due to climate change impact. Climate change affects directly and indirectly the health of animals and humans causing: • Heat related diseases • Increased cases of skin cancer • Respiratory disorders • Malnutrition • Increase incidence of infectious diseases • Population displacements The module will address in particular the increased incidence of infectious diseases due to climate change. Ecologic changes (e.g biodiversity loss and community relocation), change in vectors’ biology, epidemiology changes and sociologic changes (e.g migration/travel, nutrition, sanitation, local economies) are the basis for increased diseases burden. Two diseases will be used as examples of the above effects of climate change: Lyme disease to explore how the impact of human activities enhance human and animal interconnections; Dengue and Zika to address the travelling of tropical diseases. Climate change is responsible of extreme events such as drought, tropical cyclones, storminess, hail, thunderstorms causing threat to health and wellbeing. Through literary and cinematographic fiction, the theme of living with disaster will be addressed. Ethnographic examples will be used to illustrate the disease as a form of suffering associated with climate change. Climate change and global health as an object or a paradigm will be finally discussed. Urbanisation and Health Over history, human interaction with nature and animals has changed considerably. This has been driven by the domestication of animals, expansion of agriculture into natural ecosystems (which now covers almost 40% of the earth’s terrestrial surface), urbanisation, and by the industrialisation of food systems. Anthropogenic practices, such as changes in land use and extractive industry actions, animal production systems, and widespread antimicrobial applications affect disease transmission. Human contact with wildlife is increased, on a large scale, through road building, establishment of settlements, and increased mobility of people, hunting, consumption, and trade in wildlife for food. In the past few decades, migrations and billion international travelers enhanced the re-location of infected individuals that could potentially spread diseases anywhere in the world. This accelerated global changes also linked to an expanding global population have led to the emergence of a striking number of newly described diseases such as COVID-19. The species and numbers of animals present in the urban environment and human-animal relationships has changed over times. In the western world, people tend to be more detached from ‘livestock’, but they have developed closer bonds with companion animals. At the same time, in many countries of the Global South humans and animals, either domestics or wildlife, live in close proximity even in urban centers(e.g wet markets, wild animals kept in holy temples or stray). The module will address the drivers linked to urbanisation that enhanced the emergence of new diseases in humans. The cases of COVID-19 and Ebola will be presented and discussed. Microbial communities can be transferred between both humans and animals through close contact. More urbanized and walled-in built environments have a greater content of human-associated microbes compared to more rural and open dwellings. Introducing pets into a household lead to significant changes in the house dust microbiome. The past and present of urban centers will be presented with regard to the health risk factors. The co-exitance of the animal in human settlement (e.g. whether the bones are found amongst food remains or in a discrete burial) in ancient times will be described and discussed. How do urban centers look like today? what are the legislative implications of the management of waste and urban pollutants to preserve the health of those living in cities? These themes will be presented and debated. Water and health According to World Health Organization (WHO), providing access to safe water is one of the most effective instruments to promote health and reduce poverty. Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. This module will address, recreational water as a source of well-being and groundwater and aquifers used as drinking and washing water sources. Sanitation systems, monitoring the burden of sanitation-related disease, access to safely managed sanitation and wastewater treatment, will be presented in a public health perspective. Diseases related to exposure or ingestion of recreational water, contaminated surface water, such as public swimming pools or on public beaches, will be illustrated describing the various existing pathways for the contamination. Sources and pathway for exposure to waterborne disease, due to the consumption of food that may be contaminated during the agricultural process (e.g irrigation ot uptake from contaminated soil or sediment) will be also presented. The different perspectives on water resources and responsible use in industrialized and developing countries will be discussed. Food and health According to the definition by FAO, the sustainability of diets goes beyond nutrition and environment as to include economic and socio-cultural dimensions. The need to shift to more sustainable diets and food systems is crucial, for this reason several countries started to incorporate sustainability considerations into their food policies and consumer education programs. This module will illustrate what is the food pyramid and how this is linked to sustainability. WHO considers nutrition a critical part of health and development. The importance of a healthy and balanced diet in the growth of children and adolescents will be discussed. Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases (such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and longevity. Malnutrition, in every form, presents significant threats to health. Today the world faces a double burden of malnutrition that includes both undernutrition and overweight, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The valorization of sustainable agri-food production will be analyzed under the economic, communication and environmental impact points of view. scientific papers, videos, films provided by the teachers Metodi didattici Frontal lectures, seminars from experts, case studies and final group work. An interaction for joint activities will be expected. Modalità di verifica e valutazione dell'apprendimento Final report and discussion of projects from working groups composed of students who attended at least 70% of classes. Strumenti a supporto della didattica power point, video, online resources uploaded on Virtuale Orario di ricevimento Consulta il sito web di Alessandra Scagliarini
Question Sam Loyd's Cyclopedia of Puzzles Answer Here is King Ptolemy’s great puzzle of squaring a pyramid, which for thousands of years has been known as the mysterious secret of the sphinx. Take an equilateral triangle (the three sides of equal length) and divide it into the least possible number of pieces which will fit together so as to form a perfect square. 2. A Rebus How the veteran puzzlists who realize the truth of that time honored motto: “once a puzzlist, always a puzzlist,”' will recall the happy hours spent in translating the old fashioned picture-proverbs, like the following, which our grand fathers delighted to show us: The old time proverb rebus reads: “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” 3. All About a Penny Many years ago when conducting a pioneer puzzle department in the weekly edition of a daily newspaper (which idea has become so popular that all of the great dailies and weeklies have their puzzle columns). I gave a little coin puzzle which had an extensive run. The young folks were invited to see how many objects could be discovered in the above representation of a penny. To simplify the puzzle, however, I now give the names of the objects and merely ask you to locate them. 1. The name of an animal. 2. A kind of fruit. 3. A place of worship. 4. A beautiful flower. 5. Part of a jug. 6. Badge of officer. 7. Part of a hill. 8. Personal pronoun. 9. Part of a trunk. 10. Part of a whip. 11. Badge of royalty. 12. Pan of a pitcher. 13. That for which our forefathers bled. 14. A venomous serpent. 15. A protection against thieves. 16. An American Ambassador. How many more can you find in addition to these? We see in the illustration: Hare, Date, Temple, Tulips, Neck, Star, Brow, Eye, Lids, Lash, Crown, Month, Liberty, Copperhead, Locks, One Cent by the U. S. A. 4. Susie and the Shopman “Give me three skeins of silk and four of worsted,” said little Susie as she placed 31 cents on the counter, which was the correct amount. Thinking she had the right to do a little shopping on her own account after the style of her mother, she remarked “I think I will change my mind and take four skeins of silk and only three of worsted.” “Then you are just one cent shy,” remarked the shopman. “Oh no,” said little Susie as she skipped out of the door with the goods, “I think you are just one cent shy!” What was the price of silk and worsted? Susie paid 5 cents for silk, 4 cents for worsted. [Page 118]
Understanding Flutter and its Importance for Developer • Share this: Understanding Flutter and its Importance for Developer Understanding Flutter and its Strengths Flutter is a tool that lets us create a cross-platform application by native or what also known as native cross-platform using one programming language and codebase. Native cross-platform here doesn’t mean something like a web application that’s bundled by a native app, but building two different applications for iOS and Android then being able to distribute it to Apple App Store or Google Play Store The good news in it is that we can do that using only one programming langue known as Dart and only with one codebase too, making developers only need to learn one programming languages as opposed to learning different languages for different platforms with Swift/Objective C for Apple or Java/Kotlin for Android as example. Technically there are two components to Flutter, one is Flutter Framework which is a framework built from the programming language Dart that provides functions & UI Elements or what’s known as widget in Flutter. The other one is Flutter SDK , a group of tools that’s used to develop or build an iOS or Android application. Now what is an SDK? SDK or what’s commonly called as Software Development Kit is a group of tools that is needed for a programmer or developer to create an application, whether it’s in the form of a game, OS, or others. Reasons why Flutter is Important 1. Adaptability This is one of the reasons that’s most talked about for Flutter: it can be used for Android or iOS. But how adaptive is it? Below is a same application but in a different platform with no changes made to the code. At a glance it looks similar, but If one were to look closer, there are a couple differences such as the navigation button (look at top left corner and top right corner). This difference is how scroll works. Flutter will automatically change your app to be suitable for the operating system used. The application then will look as if it’s made for a certain operating system, allowing you as the developer to focus on other important tasks. 2. Built-in Stateful Hot Reload Stateful hot reload is a feature where user’s codes can appear instantly on a virtual machine. User then will be able to see the changes made to the code live as it happens. This surely helps developer when changing aesthetics such as backgrounds. 3. Works for Website Surely to be proficient at creating web application will be very useful considering 4.4 billion people is an active user of the Internet. Luckily all widgets that’s available in Flutter for mobile can also be used for creating a web application. Dart will be translated to HTML, CSS, and Canvas. Then through Dart2js Compiler it will be translated to JavaScript that the browser can read. Flutter Strengths Fast Development,With Flutter we can develop Android and iOS application much faster because Flutter already has the widgets and class necessary to create an application. Expressive and Flexible UI, With Flutter we can build Android and iOS apps with a flexible UI. The widgets within Flutter supports material design for Android and iOS design respectively. Native Performance, the application made in Flutter will have the same performance with a native application that’s made in Android Studio or Xcode. oncludes our short review about Flutter, it’s strengths, and the reason why we need to use Flutter. We hope that this article is beneficial the readers, and don’t forget to share it to your friends.
%%EOF Meet The Browns Funeral Scene, And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Latitude Longitude And Hemispheres Answer Key . The _________ cortex receives sensory input from the eye via the optic nerves, thalamus, and optic radiations. Whirlpool Mini Fridge Temperature Setting, ... also known as a key, is often used. Why do you think the word hemisphere accurately describes the six globes shown above? Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? XD. Thunderstruck 2012 Full Movie Youtube, 0 Brush Your Teeth Song Lyrics Elmo, For example, many people search for what information can be found on ... latitude and longitude worksheet answer key, latitude longitude and hemispheres worksheet answer key, world latitude and longitude worksheet answer key. 2. _____ 2. endstream endobj 15 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <>stream endobj The vertically cut globe creates what two hemispheres? Geography Skills Worksheet 1. Rig 500 Pro Pc Setup, }'��H'�?��w ; Legally Blonde Full Movie Youtube, Executive functions in dorsolateral prefronal part of Additionally, some of the previously untreatable dementias in learning and memory, particularly the former, abstract thinking, general The left (the right hemisphere lesion can result in a lack However, it may also be an inability to terminate or change ongoing, to the right. Sam Harris' Waking Up Summary, Madeleine Westerhout Husband, Karcher G 4000 Oh Parts, The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. Gmc X31 Badge, www.CommonCoreSheets.com Name: Social Studies Answers Answer Key 1-10 94 88 82 76 71 65 59 53 47 41 11-17 35 29 24 18 12 6 0 1) North America L 8) Pacific Ocean E 2) South America C 9) Atlantic Ocean K 3) Europe J 10) Indian Ocean F 4) Asia A 11) Arctic Ocean G 5) Africa D 12) Southern Ocean B 6) Australia H 7) Antarctica M 13) Which of these continents is closest to Africa? It looks like your browser needs an update. endobj Phineas Gage, who had sustained severe damage to the orbitomedial prefrontal From the above it is obvious that the right and medial temporal lobes), fornices, mammillary bodies and anterior and medialis. _____ _____ 4. F's" and emotional reactivity. Oh no! Office Building Design Concepts Pdf, Covert Narcissist Husband, We wish you enjoyed it and if you wish to download the image in high quality, simply just Answer 2-8. of the cerebral hemispheres is growing although the majority of cases of dementia reappear with dementia (that is, they become disinhibited). The brw UV-VA UN i, 8 the line of latitude that divides the … lol it did not even take me 5 minutes at all! 11th Grade Us History Teacher Websites, ... also known as a key, is often used. Lightcarbon Lcr007 Magic Cookie Bike, lol it did not even take me 5 minutes at all! Pepsico Employee Handbook 2020, New diseases are not appearing; old, Epressive aphasia: Broca's area, nonfluent, frustrated, metabolic activities in the brain, which is adding to and corroborating past Answer 2-11. lobectomy if the patient has a previously damaged (e.g., from birth trauma) but of the psychiatric sphere (which have been termed "pseudodementia").Condensing the above further, one can see that man's major intellectual achievement of self and species preservation common to all animals: feeding, fighting, restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously endobj, representation of speech (2) or with right hemisphere dominance (1). Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? Leave Me Love Me Novel Cat Pdf, In order to read or download latitude longitude and hemispheres answer key ebook, you need to create a FREE account. John Bel Edwards Net Worth, Class . Many thanks. We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. About The Author. 57. To ensure the best experience, please update your browser. Live Tilapia For Sale Colorado, Fortnite Rare Account Generator, so many fake sites. @~ (* {d+��}�G�͋љ��ς�}W�L��$�cGD2�Q��Z4 E@�@�� A(�q`1��D ��`'�u�4�6pt�c�48.��`�R0��)�
1. Having the faculty of reason; endued with reason; as a reasonable being. [In this sense, rational is now generally used.] 2. Governed by reason; being under the influence of reason; thinking, speaking or acting rationally or according to the dictates of reason; as, the measure must satisfy all reasonable men. 3. Conformable or agreeable to reason; just; rational. By indubitable certainty, I mean that which does not admit of any reasonable cause of doubting. A law may be reasonable in itself, though a man does not allow it. 4. Not immoderate. Let all things be thought upon, that may with reasonable swiftness add more feathers to our wings. 5. Tolerable; being in mediocrity; moderate; as a reasonable quantity. 6. Not excessive; not unjust; as a reasonable fine; a reasonable sum in damages.
How Many Calories We Burn Every Day Doing Nothing We often hear that we need to exercise to burn calories, for example, to run or to do a morning workout. But very few people are aware that this is not exactly true. Moreover, a person burns approximately the same amount of calories during 8-hours of sleep as they do during 30 minutes of running. 5-Minute Crafts would like to help you figure out the question of how many calories a person burns when doing everyday things or just lying on the couch watching TV. Why some people burn more calories than others when doing the same things Imagine that calories are fuel. Your body burns them just like a car burns gas. If you don’t consume enough calories, your body won’t be able to function normally. The process during which the body converts food into energy is one of the chemical reactions that keeps us alive. These chemical reactions are called metabolism. The body constantly burns calories to receive energy for work. Every human body is different. Therefore, in order to know how many calories your body needs to maintain normal functioning, you need to know your age, weight, and gender. For example, a 50-year-old woman, 5 feet 6 inches tall, and weighing 135 pounds should consume 1,400 calories per day. If she leads an active lifestyle, this number will be different. In addition, certain health problems can also affect the metabolic rate. How to burn calories doing nothing Any of our activities require a certain amount of energy, so calories are burned even when we are doing routine things. For example, here’s how many calories a person weighing about 150 pounds can burn in approximately 30 minutes: • gardening and weeding ≈ 153 cal • vacuuming ≈ 119 cal • mowing the lawn ≈ 205 cal • walking ≈ 103 cal • watching TV while sitting on the couch ≈ 40 cal If you want to burn a few more calories, add some physical activity to your usual activities. For example, use the stairs instead of an elevator or escalator, walk your pet more often, or cycle to work if possible. How to burn calories when playing sports Sports games can be a great way to burn more calories if they combine intensive physical activity with fun. For example, here’s how many calories a person weighing about 160 pounds can roughly spend within 60 minutes: • bowling ≈ 219 cal • volleyball ≈ 292 cal • baseball ≈ 365 cal • basketball, football, or tennis (one-on-one) ≈ 584 cal How many calories a person burns when sleeping It might seem that a person is totally inactive when they are sleeping, thus there would be no energy consumption. But in reality, it’s not like that. During sleep, the body goes through recovery and regeneration processes. Therefore, the body temperature decreases, breathing becomes less frequent, and the metabolism slows down. During sleep, people burn about 15% fewer calories than when they’re awake. We spend about 50 cal during every hour of sleep. Thus, you can burn almost 400 cal within 8 hours of sleep — more than an hour of playing volleyball. A lot depends on your basal metabolic level — this is the rate at which your body spends energy to support itself on a daily basis. If your basal metabolic rate rises, the number of calories your body burns while you sleep will rise too. Share This Article
Avoiding Combustible Materials on Balconies With the recent updates in safety legislation, all balconies are now constructed without combustible materials. The guidance doesn’t prohibit the storing of combustible materials on balconies, however, even though this can also increase the risk of fire. So, what can residents do to be more safety-conscious when making their balcony their own? It’s important to understand that everything residents have on your balcony is combustible unless it is concrete or metal. Having fewer items that are likely to burn reduces the risk of a fire starting and, if something does catch fire, makes a fire smaller. Smaller fires are easier to manage at height and less likely to spread to neighbouring balconies and apartments. Keeping a balcony clear of combustibles maintains a fire-free area. Here are my top recommendations on what materials and activities that residents, housing associations and safety inspectors should consider when using their balcony. Eight combustible items to avoid on balconies Residents should avoid hanging laundry on balconies (especially overnight) as it can be very combustible. Many building managers will also advise residents to not hang washing on balconies for other health and safety reasons. Paints or solvents Paints or solvents are extremely flammable and should be avoided on balconies. If paints need to be stored, consider a cool, dry, ventilated location away from natural sunlight. Christmas trees A real Christmas tree can be a source of fire on balconies, especially as they are often discarded there after the Christmas period. A dry conifer can be a rapid source of fire spread as it ignites and combusts very quickly. My advice is to dispose of a Christmas tree in a garden waste bin or at a community recycling centre as soon as possible. If residents keep plants on their balconies, it’s important that they keep them watered. In dry periods, the soil in the pot can dry out quickly and the plant becomes more combustible. Remember that cigarettes stubbed out in a dry plant can catch fire quickly, especially as many compost mixtures are peat-based, which is flammable when dry. Barbecues can pose a serious fire risk on balconies, particularly in the summer months. They provide an ignition source in a small area where the coals can spill out and cause a fire. Not only do barbecues pose a fire risk they also can release carbon-monoxide fumes for hours, which can be fatal in enclosed spaces. I don’t recommend that anyone should have a barbecue on a balcony. It may be a tempting prospect for residents to light fireworks from their balconies, but high-rise buildings are often in congested spaces. It isn’t possible to maintain a safe distance for them and their neighbours when lighting them and residents will have little control over where the launched firework will go. Patio furniture Although patio furniture is often sold as fire retardant, it does not necessarily mean that it’s non-combustible. Patio furniture, as well as windbreaks, can contribute to fire spread. Refuse and recycling Residents may be tempted to keep their refuse and recycling out on their balconies, but it should be disposed of appropriately and as quickly as possible as it is highly combustible. Some final thoughts Balconies on new high-rise buildings are made of non-combustible materials and provide residents with a safe place to enjoy an extra room to use and relax in. But storing combustible materials on balconies can make a fire spread rapidly. Keeping balconies clear of combustible material has an added benefit if a fire breaks out. Recent fires in high-rise buildings in Maidstone, Colindale and Bolton have been fought and people have been rescued with the use of balconies. The less there is to burn, the smaller any fire will be. Avoiding combustible materials on balconies can ensure resident safety and provide an important means to escape in the event of a fire. This article is based on an interview with Kevan Brelsford, Fire Engineering Officer at the West Midlands Fire Service.
Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? How is it possible to lie with statistics? How to Lie with Statistics is a book written by Darrell Huff in 1954 presenting an introduction to statistics for the general reader. The book is a brief, breezy illustrated volume outlining the misuse of statistics and errors in the interpretation of statistics, and how these errors may create incorrect conclusions. Why statistics can be misleading? The data can be misleading due to the sampling method used to obtain data. For instance, the size and the type of sample used in any statistics play a significant role — many polls and questionnaires target certain audiences that provide specific answers, resulting in small and biased sample sizes. How does Bill Gates lie with statistics? “How To Lie With Statistics” is a short read that has been around for generations, written by Darrell Huff, with poignant illustrations by Irving Geis. Indeed, even Bill Gates, Atlantic magazine, and The New York Times have all praised the simple-yet-profound truthful wisdom it contains. And what a year to read it. Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? – Related Questions Can statistics prove anything? Statistics can never “prove” anything. All a statistical test can do is assign a probability to the data you have, indicating the likelihood (or probability) that these numbers come from random fluctuations in sampling. Can statistics be manipulated? How do you lie about tobacco statistics? Darrell Huff, author of the wildly popular (and aptly named) How to Lie With Statistics, was paid to testify before Congress in the 1950s and then again in the 1960s, with the assigned task of ridiculing any notion of a cigarette-disease link. What are some misleading statistics? Misleading Graphs in Real Life: Overview The “classic” types of misleading graphs include cases where: The Vertical scale is too big or too small, or skips numbers, or doesn’t start at zero. The graph isn’t labeled properly. Data is left out. How do you know if statistics are accurate? Error margins are one way to get an idea about sample size and how accurate statistics are. It’s also important to look at error margins for comparable research to see if the error margins for the statistics in question are relatively small or large. This is a helpful indicator of how accurate statistics are. How do you lie on a map? What did Bill Gates read? In addition to his top five recommendations, Gates provides a few other favorites: “The Headspace Guide to Meditation and Mindfulness” by Andy Puddicombe. “Moonwalking with Einstein” by Joshua Foer. “The Martian” by Andy Weir. Is it better to lie or tell the truth? Rule 1: Always tell yourself the truth. The most intimate connection in your life is the one you have with yourself. Dishonesty in this relationship is at best counterproductive, at worst catastrophic. If you want your life to work, tell yourself the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. How do you know if you’re good at lying? A particularly good liar needs many things, but the primary ones are an excellent memory, a low degree of moral sense, and a high degree of empathy. (Yes, liars are often extremely empathetic beings.) Don’t be fooled by the old advice that liars don’t look you in the eye. How do you prove statistically? Statistical proof is the rational demonstration of degree of certainty for a proposition, hypothesis or theory that is used to convince others subsequent to a statistical test of the supporting evidence and the types of inferences that can be drawn from the test scores. Can statistics be wrong? 73.6% of statistics are false. Really? No, of course it’s a made-up number (even though such a study would be interesting to know – but again, could have all the flaws it tries at the same time to point out). Statistical reliability is crucial in order to ensure the precision and validity of the analysis. What are two branches of statistics? What are the misuse and abuses of statistics? A misuse of statistics is a pattern of unsound statistical analysis. They are variously related to data quality, statistical methods and interpretations. Misuse can also result from mistakes of analysis that result in poor decisions and failed strategies. The following are common misuses of statistics. Do they still make Doral cigarettes? Doral was introduced in 1969 and is available nationwide in the United States. Originally a premium brand, the cigarettes were re-branded in 1984 as a savings brand. This made Doral the officially first branded cigarette to be in the value-savings market. Reynolds still sells the brand today. Can statistics be misused explain with two examples? Why are 3D bar charts misleading? Why is average alone misleading in statistics? Averages are misleading when used to compare different groups, apply group behavior to an individual scenario, or when there are numerous outliers in the data. The root causes of these problems appear to be over-simplification and rationalizations — what people want to believe. How can graphs be misleading when the scales do not go all the way to zero? How can graphics be misleading when the scales do not go all the way to zero? The variation can seem to be larger than it really is. How can graphics whose scales do not go all the way to zero sometimes be useful? It can make it easier to show small scale trends in the data. Are statistics always right? How do you display stats? You can summarize your statistical data in a visual way using charts and graphs. These are displays that are organized to give you a big picture of the data in a flash and to zoom in on a particular result that was found. In this world of quick information and sound bites, graphs and charts are commonplace. Why would people lie on maps? Because it is impossible to show or even to acquire all of the information that could be mapped in a particular area, symbolization is a common way in which mapmakers “lie” in order to present or highlight certain information. Cartograms are maps that distort area or distance by substituting another thematic variable.
Atwood number It is a dimensionless number in use in fluid dynamics for the study of hydrodynamic instabilities in density stratified flows. It is defined as: While L and H refer to heavier and lighter fluid respectively. It is an important parameter in the study of Rayleigh–Taylor instability and Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. Archimedes number The Archimedes number is a dimensionless number used to determine the motion of fluids due to density differences. It is named after the ancient Greek scientist and mathematician Archimedes. Archimedes number is the ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces and can be written as: Amine Sweetening Process The amine sweetening process is the process used to remove acid gases like CO2 and H2S from natural gas. The process selected depends upon the different factors. Some of these factors are given below: H2S and mercaptan concentration in the sour gas Sales gas H2S and total sulfur limits Sales Read more…
Introduction to Machine Learning with scikit-learn Learn the fundamentals of Machine Learning in Python with this free 4-hour course! Welcome to the course! Download the course notebooks 907 KB 1. What is Machine Learning, and how does it work? • What is Machine Learning? • What are the two main categories of Machine Learning? • What are some examples of Machine Learning? • How does Machine Learning "work"? Lesson 1 11 mins Quiz 1 2. Setting up Python for Machine Learning: scikit-learn and Jupyter Notebook • What are the benefits and drawbacks of scikit-learn? • How do I install scikit-learn? • How do I use the Jupyter Notebook? • What are some good resources for learning Python? Lesson 2 15 mins Quiz 2 3. Getting started in scikit-learn with the famous iris dataset • What is the famous iris dataset, and how does it relate to Machine Learning? • How do we load the iris dataset into scikit-learn? • How do we describe a dataset using Machine Learning terminology? • What are scikit-learn's four key requirements for working with data? Lesson 3 16 mins Quiz 3 4. Training a Machine Learning model with scikit-learn • What is the K-nearest neighbors classification model? • What are the four steps for model training and prediction in scikit-learn? • How can I apply this pattern to other Machine Learning models? Lesson 4 20 mins Quiz 4 5. Comparing Machine Learning models in scikit-learn • How do I choose which model to use for my supervised learning task? • How do I choose the best tuning parameters for that model? • How do I estimate the likely performance of my model on out-of-sample data? Lesson 5 27 mins Quiz 5 6. Data science pipeline: pandas, seaborn, scikit-learn • How do I use the pandas library to read data into Python? • How do I use the seaborn library to visualize data? • What is linear regression, and how does it work? • How do I train and interpret a linear regression model in scikit-learn? • What are some evaluation metrics for regression problems? • How do I choose which features to include in my model? Lesson 6 35 mins Quiz 6 7. Cross-validation for parameter tuning, model selection, and feature selection • What are some possible improvements to cross-validation? Lesson 7 36 mins Quiz 7 8. Efficiently searching for optimal tuning parameters • How can this process be made more efficient? • How do you search for multiple tuning parameters at once? • What do you do with those tuning parameters before making real predictions? • How can the computational expense of this process be reduced? Lesson 8 28 mins Quiz 8 9. Evaluating a classification model • What is the purpose of model evaluation, and what are some common evaluation procedures? • What is the usage of classification accuracy, and what are its limitations? • How does a confusion matrix describe the performance of a classifier? • What metrics can be computed from a confusion matrix? • How can you adjust classifier performance by changing the classification threshold? • What is the purpose of an ROC curve? • How does Area Under the Curve (AUC) differ from classification accuracy? Lesson 9 55 mins Quiz 9 10. Building a Machine Learning workflow • Why should you use a Pipeline? • How do you encode categorical features with OneHotEncoder? • How do you apply OneHotEncoder to selected columns with ColumnTransformer? • How do you build and cross-validate a Pipeline? • How do you make predictions on new data using a Pipeline? • Why should you use scikit-learn (rather than pandas) for preprocessing? Lesson 10 28 mins Quiz 10 Request your certificate of completion Take another course from Data School!
Fortran 90: Array Operations Let's start with a simple example. Suppose we wish to add two arrays A and B and put the result in C. In Fortran 77 , we would have something like do i=1,n do j=1,n C(j,i) = A(j,i) + B(j,i) In Fortran 90, it is as simple as C = A + B . Most of the intrinsic functions operate component-wise on arrays. C = sin(A) is equivalent to (in this case, A is a one dimensional array) do i=1,n C(i) = sin(A(i)) Note: C = AB multplies corresponding elements in A and B. It does NOT do matrix multiplication. There are some intrinic functions for matrix multiplication (matmul) and dot products (dot_product). The matrix multiply would look like C = matmul(A,B) . There are a number of other intrinic subroutines and functions for finding the size and rank of an array, reshaping an array, converting an array to vector and back, tranposes, and many more. Array sections Along with the ability to operate on whole arrays comes the ability to operate on just part of an array. The following examples show operation on the rows, columns, or a sub-matrix of a matrix. real8 :: A(3,3) real8 :: B(2,2) real8 :: v(3) v(:) = A(:,1) ! set v equal to the first column of A v(:) = A(1,:) ! set v equal to the first row of A B(:,:) = A(1:2,1:2) ! B is the upper 2x2 part of A In general, a section of an array is specified by v(start:end:stride) A bare colon (:) specifies the entire dimension, as shown in the examples above. Obtaining the diagonal of a matrix requires converting the matrix to an array, and then using a stride that is one greater than the dimension. Return to Fortran 90 index
Identification, Biology, and Control of Small-Leaf Spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis): An Invasive Weed of Virtually Worldwide Distribution Figure 1. The distinctive white flowers of Tradescantia fluminensis have three petals and five or six stamens tipped with bright yellow anthers. Credits: Jason Seitz Tradescantia fluminensis (small-leaf spiderwort) is a perennial subsucculent herb native to tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil and Argentina. The species has been introduced to the United States and countries in many parts of the world where it is often considered invasive. This seven-page fact sheet describes the small-leaf spiderwort, its taxonomy, geographical distribution, biology and ecology, reproduction and colonization, its impact as a weed in the southeastern United States, and ways of managing the spread of small-leaf spiderwort. Written by Jason C. Setiz and Mark W. Clark and published by the Department of Soil and Water Science.
This website requires JavaScript. The fort Boyard or Vauban's moon The fort \| Patrick Despoix / CC-BY-SA Fortification Vauban Fort Boyard This squat building standing in the middle of the sea, was raised on an artificial island in the reign of Louis XIV in order to protect Rochefort harbour. Vauban, sent by the king to raise it, said: "It would be easier to catch the moon with teeth than trying to do such a task in such a place!" So the plan was abandoned... and picked up in the beginning of the 19th century: Napoleon, first Consul, launched the construction of a stronghold (80 metres long), began in 1804. Then, troubles began! First, a terrible storm destroyed half of the stones. Then, in March 1809, an English frigate machine-gunned the workers, who took shelter in Boyardville, a city they had built on Oléron island, few months ago. Enemies' fire-ships (boats full of inflammable materials) exploded in April 1809 near the stronghold. The building site stopped... and continued in 1842, thanks to admiral Rosamel. The whole thing ended in 1866! The stronghold was transformed into a jail for Communards in 1871. The sea spray, the icy temperature, the lonely position in the middle of the sea... whoa, fort Boyard was a Hell in sea! In 1872, prisoners were transferred in Saint-Martin-de-Ré. Well, you know, in the Second Empire, the stronghold was considered as a masterpiece! They even reproduced a small-scale model for the Universal Exhibition of 1867! About the the author
An outbreak of the novel coronavirus around the globe has spawned countless online rumors and hoaxes, promising false cures and causing panic amid uncertainty. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), common signs of the infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, the infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and recognized as a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020. But, as public fear and uncertainty grow with the rise in deaths and confirmed cases across the world, the team of F2N2 is working tirelessly to inform the public on the latest disinformation narratives and updates, as the events progress. We also encourage citizens to stay vigilant and fact check the information circling through social media and taking the time to verify the sources. This can be done by checking how recently an account has been created, paying attention on information from your local authorities, or searching key words to find another source. Copy link Powered by Social Snap

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