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CGI Programming with Perl
6.2. Server Side Includes
Many times we want to create a web page that contains very little dynamic information. It seems like a lot of work to go through the trouble of writing a full-fledged application in order to display a single piece of dynamic information such as the current date and time, file modification time, or the user's IP address, in an otherwise static document. Fortunately, there is a tool included with most web servers called Server Side Includes , or SSI.
SSI allows us to embed special directives in our HTML documents to execute other programs or insert various pieces of data such as environment variables and file statistics. While SSI has technically nothing to do with CGI, it is an important tool for incorporating dynamic information, as well as output from CGI programs, into otherwise static documents, and you should definitely be aware of its abilities and limitations because in some cases it can provide a simpler and more efficient solution than a CGI script.
For example, say you want to have a web page display the last date it was modified. You could create a CGI script to display the file and use Perl's -M operator to determine the age of the file. However, it's much simpler to enable SSI and include the following line:
Last modified: <!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED" -->
The terms within the HTML comment are an SSI command. When the browser requests this document from a web server, the server parses it and returns the result (see Figure 6-1). In this case, it replaces the SSI command with a timestamp reflecting the last time this document was modified. The server does not automatically parse all files looking for SSI directives, but only documents that are associated with SSI. We will look at how to configure this in the next section.
Note that SSI cannot parse CGI output; it only parses otherwise static HTML files. The new architecture in Apache 2.0 should eventually support SSI parsing of CGI output if the CGI outputs a particular Content-type header. Other web servers do not support this.
Because the SSI engine is compiled into the web server, it is many times more efficient than a CGI script. However, SSI commands are limited and can only handle basic tasks; in one sense this simplicity is good because SSI is very easy to learn. HTML designers with no programming experience can easily add SSI commands to their documents. Later in this chapter we'll see how other template solutions provide more powerful alternatives aimed at developers.
figure 6-1
Figure 6-1. Server side includes
6.2.1. Configuration
The server must know which files to parse for SSI commands. We'll see how to configure the Apache web server in this section. If you are using another web server, it should be equally easy to configure; refer to its documentation.
You have the following options with SSI:
• You may configure the web server to only recognize SSI documents in a particular directory or directories or throughout the entire site.
• You can configure the web server to parse all HTML documents for SSI commands or just documents with a particular extension (typically .shtml ).
• You can set whether SSI commands have the ability to execute external programs in order to generate their output. This can be useful, but it can also be a security risk.
To enable SSI for a particular directory or directories, add Includes as an option in each directory. If you wish to enable SSI throughout your web site for all files ending in .shtml, then add the following to httpd.conf (or access.conf if used):
<Location /> ... Options Includes AddHandler server-parsed .shtml ... </Location>
Note that your configuration files probably have other lines between the <Location /> and </Location> tags as well as other entries for Options; you can leave these as they are.
You are not restricted to using the .shtml extension; you can have the server parse all HTML documents with this directive:
AddHandler server-parsed .html
However, you should do this only if all of your pages are dynamic because parsing each HTML document increases the amount of work the web server must do and reduces performance.
You should also add the following lines to httpd.conf outside any Location or Directory tags (or srm.conf, if used):
DirectoryIndex index.html index.shtml AddType text/html .shtml
The DirectoryIndex directive tells the server that if the URL refers to a directory and that directory contains index.shtml, then it should display it if index.html is not found. The AddType server directive tells the server that the media type of parsed files is HTML instead of the default, which is typically plain text.
We'll look at the syntax of SSI commands in a moment, but one particular SSI command, exec, allows you to execute external applications and include the output in your document. You may not wish to enable this for security reasons; you may not wish to give HTML authors the same level of trust in this regard that you give to CGI developers. Also, if you do enable exec and you have a CGI script on your site that creates static HTML files from users' input (as some popular guestbook and message board CGI scripts do), make sure that SSI is not enabled for files created by this CGI script. If someone using this CGI script enters the following and SSI tags are not removed by the CGI application, then their malicious command will be executed the first time their comment is read:
<!--#exec cmd="/bin/rm -rf *" -->
This would remove all the files from all the directories the server can write to. The following could be just as disastrous on a Windows server:
<!--#exec cmd="del /f /s /q c:\" -->
Most CGI scripts that generate files such as this create them with a .html extension, so you would not want to enable exec and configure the web server to parse all .html files. Note that this is not as much of a concern if CGI scripts are not allowed to generate .html files.
To enable SSI without enabling the exec tag, use the following option instead of Includes:
Options IncludesNoExec
Older versions of Apache and other web servers actually required that the CGI script execution also be enabled in order to use the exec command:
Options Includes ExecCGI
As you'll recall from Chapter 1, "Getting Started ", there are good reasons to restrict CGI scripts to particular directories. Previously you had to choose between enabling CGI script execution and disallowing the exec command. Fortunately, this restriction has been lifted: you can now enable the exec command while disallowing CGI execution.
6.2.2. Format
Now let's see what SSI can do for us. All SSI directives have the following syntax:
<!--#element attribute="value" attribute="value" ... -->
Table 6-1 lists the available SSI commands. In this chapter, we will discuss each of these directives in detail.
Table 6-1. Server Side Include Commands
Displays the value of environment variables, special SSI variables and any user-defined variables.
Inserts the contents of a particular file into the current document
Path of the file relative to the current directory, you cannot use an absolute path or reference files outside the document root; the file contents are included directly into the page with no additional processing.
Virtual path (URL) relative to the document root; the server interprets the path just as if it were another HTTP request, so you can use this attribute to insert the results of a CGI program or another SSI document.
Inserts the size of a file.
Path of the file relative to the current directory.
Virtual path (URL) relative to the document root.
Inserts the last modification date and time for a specified file.
Executes external programs and inserts the output in current document (unless SSI has been configured with IncludesNoExec).
Path to any executable application relative to the current directory.
Virtual path to a CGI program; however, you cannot pass a query string -- if you want to pass a query string, use #include virtual="..." instead.
Displays a list of environment variables and their values.
Sets the value for a new or existing environment variable; the variable only lasts throughout the current request (but it is available to CGI scripts or other SSI documents included in this document).
if, elif
Starts conditional.
Starts the "else" part of the conditional.
Ends conditional.
Modifies various aspects of SSI.
Default error message.
Format for size of the file.
Format for date and time.
6.2.3. Environment Variables
You can insert the values of environment variables in an otherwise static HTML document. Here is an example of a document that will contain the server name, the user's remote host, and the current local date and time:
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Welcome!</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1>Welcome to my server at <!--#echo var="SERVER_NAME"-->...</H1> <HR> Dear user from <!--#echo var="REMOTE_HOST"-->, <P> There are many links to various CGI documents throughout the Web, so feel free to explore. <P> <HR> <ADDRESS>Webmaster (<!--#echo var="DATE_LOCAL"-->)</ADDRESS> </BODY> </HTML>
In this example, we use the echo SSI command with the var attribute to display the IP name or address of the serving machine, the remote host name, and the local time. All environment variables that are available to CGI programs are also available to SSI directives. There are also a few variables that are exclusively available for use in SSI directives, such as DATE_LOCAL, which contains the current local time. Another is DATE_GMT, which contains the time in Greenwich Mean Time:
The current GMT time is: <!--#echo var="DATE_GMT" -->
Here is another example that uses some of these exclusive SSI environment variables to output information about the current document:
<H2>File Summary</H2> <HR> The document you are viewing is: <!--#echo var="DOCUMENT_NAME"-->, which you can access it a later time by opening the URL to: <!--#echo var="DOCUMENT_URI"-->. <HR> Document last modified on <!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED"-->.
This will display the name, URL, and modification time for the current HTML document.
For a listing of CGI environment variables, refer to Chapter 3, "The Common Gateway Interface". Table 6-2 shows the additional variables available to SSI pages.
Table 6-2. Additional Variables Available to SSI Pages
Environment Variable
The current filename
Virtual path to the file
Unencoded query string with all shell metacharacters escaped with "\"
Current date and time in the local time zone
Current date and time in GMT
Last modification date and time for the file requested by the browser
6.2.4. Tailoring SSI Output
The config command allows you to select the manner in which error messages, file size information, and date and time are displayed. For example, if you use the include command to insert a nonexisting file, the server will output a default error message like the following:
[an error occurred while processing this directive]
By using the config command, you can modify the default error message. If you want to set the message to "[error-contact webmaster]" you can use the following:
<!--#config errmsg="[error-contact webmaster]" -->
You can also set the file size format that the server uses when displaying information with the fsize command. For example, this command:
will force the server to display the file size rounded to the nearest kilobyte (KB) or megabyte (MB). You can use the argument "bytes" to set the display as a byte count:
Here is how you can change the time format:
<!--#config timefmt="%D (day %j) at %r" --> My signature was last modified on: <!--#flastmod virtual="/address.html"-->.
The output will look like this:
My signature was last modified on: 09/22/97 (day 265) at 07:17:39 PM
The %D format inserts the current date in mm/dd/yy format, %j inserts the day of the year, and %r the current time in hh/mm/ss AM|PM format. Table 6-3 lists all the data and time formats you can use.
Table 6-3. Time and Date Formats
Day of the week abbreviation
Day of the week
Month name abbreviation
Month name
01 (not 1)
Date as %m/%d/%y
24-hour clock hour
12-hour clock hour
Decimal day of the year
Month number
Time as %I:%M:%S %p
07:17:39 PM
24-hour time as %H:%M:%S
Week of the year (also %W)
Day of the week number
Year of the century
Time zone
6.2.5. Including Boilerplates
There are times when you will have certain information that you repeat in numerous documents on the server such as a copyright notice, the webmaster's email address, etc. Instead of maintaining this information separately in each file, you can include one file that has all of this information. It is much easier to update a single file if this information changes (for example, you may need to update the copyright notice the beginning of next year). Example 6-1 shows an example of such a file that itself contains SSI commands (note the .shtml extension).
Example 6-1. footer.shtml
<HR> <P><FONT SIZE="-1"> Copyright 1999-2000 by My Company, Inc.<BR> Please report any problems to <A HREF="mailto:<!--#echo var="SERVER_ADMIN"-->"> <!--#echo var="SERVER_ADMIN"--></A>.<BR> This document was last modified on <!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED"-->.<BR> </FONT></P>
It may look messy to include an SSI command within another HTML tag, but don't worry about this being invalid HTML because the web server will parse it before it sends it to the client. Also, you may wonder if we were to include this file in another file which file the server uses to determine the LAST_MODIFIED variable. LAST_MODIFIED is set once by the server for the file that the client requested. If that file includes other files, such as footer.shtml, LAST_MODIFIED will still refer to the original file; so this footer will do what we want.
Because included files are not complete HTML documents (they have no <HTML>, <HEAD>, or <BODY> tags), it can be easier to maintain these files if you differentiate them by creating a standard extension for them or keeping them in a particular directory. In our example we'll create a folder called /includes in the document root and place footer.shtml here. We can then include the file by adding the following line to other .shtml files:
<!--#include virtual="/includes/footer.shtml" -->
This SSI command will be replaced with a footer containing a copyright notice, the email address of the server administrator, and the modification date of the file requested.
You can also use the file attribute instead of virtual to reference the file, but file has limitations. You cannot use absolute paths, the web server does no processing on the requested file (e.g., for CGI scripts or other SSI commands), and you may not reference files outside the document root. This last restriction prevents someone from including a file like /etc/passwd in an HTML document (since it's possible that someone is able to upload files to a server without otherwise having access to this file). Given these restrictions, it's typically easier to simply use virtual.
6.2.6. Executing CGI Programs
You can use Server Side Includes to embed the results of an entire CGI program into a static HTML document by using either exec cgi or include virtual . This is convenient for those times when you want to display just one piece of dynamic data, such as:
This page has been accessed 9387 times.
Let's look at an example of inserting output from CGI programs. Suppose you have a simple CGI program that keeps track of the number of visitors, called using the include SSI command in an HTML document:
This page has been accessed <!--#include virtual="/cgi/counter.cgi"--> times.
We can include this tag in any SSI-enabled HTML page on our web server; each page will have its own count. We don't need to pass any variables to tell the CGI which URL we need the count for; the DOCUMENT_URI environment variable will contain the URL of the original document requested. Even though this is not a standard CGI environment variable, the additional SSI variables are provided to CGI scripts invoked via SSI.
The code behind an access counter is quite short. A Berkeley DB hash file on the server contains a count of the number of visitors that have accessed each document we're tracking. Whenever a user visits the document, the SSI directive in that document calls a CGI program that reads the numerical value stored in the data file, increments it, and outputs it. The counter is shown in Example 6-2.
Example 6-2. counter.cgi
#!/usr/bin/perl -wT use strict; use Fcntl; use DB_File; use constant COUNT_FILE => "/usr/local/apache/data/counter/count.dbm"; my %count; my $url = $ENV{DOCUMENT_URI}; local *DBM; print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"; if ( my $db = tie %count, "DB_File", COUNT_FILE, O_RDWR | O_CREAT ) { my $fd = $db->fd; open DBM, "+<&=$fd" or die "Could not dup DBM for lock: $!"; flock DBM, LOCK_EX; undef $db; $count{$url} = 0 unless exists $count{$url}; my $num_hits = ++$count{$url}; untie %count; close DBM; print "$num_hits\n"; } else { print "[Error processing counter data]\n"; }
Don't worry about how we access the hash file; we'll discuss this in Chapter 10, "Data Persistence". Note that we output the media type. You must do this for included files even though the header is not returned to the client. An important thing to note is that a CGI program called by an SSI directive cannot output anything other than text because this data is embedded within the document that invoked the directive. As a result, it doesn't matter whether you output a content type of text/plain or text/html, as the browser will interpret the data with the media type of the calling document. Needless to say, your CGI program cannot output graphic images or other binary data.
6.2.7. Common Errors
There are a few common errors that you can make when using server side includes. First, you should not forget the #:
Second, do not add extra spaces between the preceding <!-- and #:
Finally, if you do not enclose the value of the final attribute in quotes, you may need to insert an additional space before the trailing -->. Otherwise, the SSI parser may interpret those characters as part of the attribute's value:
<!--#echo var=REMOTE_USER-->
Generally it is simpler and clearer to use quotes.
If you make either of the first two mistakes, the server will not recognize the SSI command and will pass it on as an HTML comment. In the last case, the command will probably be replaced with an error message.
6. HTML Templates6.3. HTML::Template
Copyright © 2001 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
CGI Programming with Perl
CGI Programming with Perl
ISBN: 1565924193
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 1999
Pages: 120
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From Persuasion by Jane Austen
What are Answers following questions?
“Anne,” cried Mary, still at her window, “there is Mrs. Clay, I am sure, standing under the colonnade, and a gentleman with her. I saw them turn the corner from Bath Street just now. They seemed deep in talk. Who is it? Come, and tell me. Good heavens! I recollect. It is Mr. Elliot himself.”
“No,” cried Anne, quickly, “it cannot be Mr. Elliot, I assure you. He was to leave Bath at nine this morning, and does not come back till to-morrow.” As she spoke, she felt that Captain Wentworth was looking at her, the consciousness of which vexed and embarrassed her, and made her regret that she had said so much, simple as it was.
“Do come, Anne” cried Mary, “come and look yourself. You will be too late if you do not make haste. They are parting; they are shaking hands. He is turning away. Not know Mr. Elliot, indeed! You seem to have forgotten all about Lyme.”
From Persuasion by Jane Austen
Anne does not believe it is Mr Elliot whom Mary sees from the window because:
A: Mary does not know what Mr Elliot looks like.
B: Mr Elliot was to have left Bath earlier that day.
C: it was highly unlikely Mr Elliot would be a friend of Mrs Clay.
D: A and B together.
E: B and C together.
Q2: Anne obviously knows Mr Elliot quite well for all the following reasons EXCEPT:
A: she has knowledge of his travel plans.
B: she shows discomfort at Mary spotting him.
C: she is sensitive to what the other ladies might know.
D: she had been speaking about Mr Elliot to others in the room.
E: Mary refers to Anne meeting Mr Elliot in Lyme.
Q 3:
From what occurs it can be inferred that Anne:
A: couldn’t care less about Mr Elliot. B: had not known Mr Elliot long enough to recognise him.
C: is attracted to Mr Elliot.
D: is uncomfortable at Mr Elliot’s behaviour
E . C and D together
Kindly help solve this
Please try it yourself first. Also, please do not use “kindly” when you want to say “please”.
1 Like
2 . A
3. E
But I am not sure
Please quote and share the text passages you base your answers on.
1. Anne does not believe Mit is me elliot because Mr elliot had already left the bath ,and Mar also does not inie how he looks.
2. Anne did not have knowledge of his travel plans
3.becaause she feels uncomfortable
1 Like
Please tell me the correct answers if ther is a mistake thanks
1- Anne does not believe it is Mr. Elliot because Mr. Elliot was to have left Bath earlier that day.
2- Anne obviously knows Mr. Elliot because she has knowledge of his travel plans.
3- she wishes to calm Mary and cover up her own lack of composure.
4- Both C and D together.
1 Like
Is the No 4 correc, I doubt?
You can practice and improve your reading comprehension with our exercises that cover topics that are probably much more relevant to your current situation and goals than Jane Austin’s Persuasion:
1 Like |
Why Quitting Smoking Is Hard
When you’re planning to quit smoking, it can help to know why becoming a former smoker is so difficult. As many smokers know, nicotine addiction has physical, mental, and social components. To stay smoke-free, you’ll need to learn how to manage physical, mental, and social challenges.
It’s Physical
Most people who smoke tobacco regularly are addicted to its main chemical component, nicotine. The nicotine in cigarettes affects your brain when you smoke, producing a feeling of pleasure and causing you to want more nicotine. And nicotine withdrawal is why you probably feel irritable or anxious when you don’t have a cigarette regularly.
Over time, as your brain gets used to nicotine, you may need to smoke more to have the same feelings of pleasure and calm that smoking once created. The more you smoke, the more you increase your chances of developing smoking-related illnesses.
It’s Social and Behavioral Too
Smoking can easily become a part of daily life. Certain people, places, feelings, events, and even moods can be linked with smoking.
Smoking routines can also become smoking triggers. Do you smoke a cigarette when you have a cup of coffee? Everything you do creates pathways or connections in the brain. Let’s say you routinely smoke in the kitchen. You’re actually training your brain to know that the kitchen is a place to smoke. Eventually, the kitchen can then become a trigger for you to want to smoke.
Getting Support Can Help
Quitting smoking can be hard, but it is possible. Having a plan in place can help you manage urges to smoke as well as how to best avoid personal triggers. A quit plan can help you better handle the physical, mental, and social challenges of quitting.
Creating a quit plan involves getting help from family, friends, and healthcare providers. A U.S. survey sponsored by Pfizer and the American Lung Association showed that of 146 adult smokers trying to quit smoking, 80% reported that the support from others, including that of family, friends, coworkers, and healthcare providers, is very important to successfully quit smoking.
Support from a healthcare provider, which may include counseling and medication, can double your chances of quitting. According to studies, only 4-7% of smokers who try to quit cold turkey without the support of medication or counseling are successful.
A number of online tools and resources are available to support a quit attempt. Quitter’s Circle, developed by Pfizer and the American Lung Association, provides information and tips about quitting smoking and enables quitters to form support networks with their friends and family.
Talk with your healthcare provider to develop a quit plan that’s right for you. |
Hold onto your surveys, as you will need them for your lab. You will enter data into SPSS and analyze it with your lab instructor.
Stimulus Materials – Experimental Paper – Summer 2013 – 10 Points
Student Instructions:
Save your time - order a paper!
Order Paper Now
1). For your experimental study this summer, you are the researcher, and you will collect data
from three participants (the participants must not have taken research methods in the Spring
semester, 2013 or have taken research methods in the Fall semester, 2012). Each survey has three
parts. In Part I, they will provide demographic information. In Part II, they will solve anagrams
(rearranging the letters in an old word to form a new word). In Part III, they will provide
feedback regarding their perceptions of the anagram task.
A). Your first task is to approach three different participants (not all at the same time!). Ask
them if they are willing to participate in a short study for your psychology research methods
class. Tell them the survey measures their ability to rearrange words in an anagram task, and
that they do not have to participate. They will receive no benefit from participating, but they
will help you earn points in your methods class. Get their informed consent verbally.
B). Have them read the instructions for the study on the top of the first survey page. Answer
any questions they may have
C). Have them complete Part One. For this portion of the survey, participants will provide
their demographic data. If they are uncomfortable giving some of this information, they do
not have to provide it.
D). Make sure they read the instructions at the bottom of the first page. It is important that
they know that most participants complete the anagram task within 30 seconds. Let them
know that you will time them to see how long it takes them to solve the anagrams. Use a
watch (or the stopwatch on your i-phone!) to measure their time in Part Two.
E). The anagram task is in Part Two. One version of this task is very easy (It has the words
LEMON, TAB, and CINERAMA, which can easily be rearranged to spell MELON, BAT,
and AMERICAN. You will see the letter E at the bottom of the page, designating the easy
condition). Another version of this task is moderately difficult (It has the letter M on the
bottom of the page, and has the words LEMON, WHIRL, and CINERAMA. Both LEMON
and CINERAMA can be rearranged, but WHIRL is impossible to rearrange). Finally, the
hard version (denoted H) has the words WHIRL, ORANGE, and CINERAMA, and only the
last word can be rearranged. As you time participants, you may see those in the moderate and
hard group having a hard time. Keep timing until they tell you they give up. For all three
conditions, write down how long it took them to complete the task on the bottom of the page.
NOTE: This study has one independent variable (Task Difficulty) with three levels (easy,
moderate, and hard). We may also look at gender as a second independent variable with
two levels (male or female), which would make it a 3 X 2 design. Your dependent
variables are in Part Two is a). whether they complete the third word (CINERAMA)
successfully, and b). their time to complete the task. Make sure to write down their time
(in seconds).
F). Finally, have them complete Part Three. Our remaining four dependent variables are in
this section (ease of the task personally, ease for others, frustration, and ideas about whether
it can be done in 30 seconds). Once they complete this part, debrief them on the study design.
For this debriefing, tell them we are conducting a study on learned helplessness. Tell them
that the word CINERAMA appears on all versions of the survey, and can be turned into
AMERICAN, but that some people got words that cannot be rearranged (like WHIRL and
ORANGE). Most will probably find this experiment funny, but let them know that the study
in no way says anything about their intelligence level with regard to anagrams.
Tell them your two hypotheses:
First, we predict that people who are in the hard condition will be less likely to correctly
rearrange the word CINERAMA to spell AMERICAN. Those in the moderate group
should be able to spell AMERICAN a little more frequently (but not always), while
almost all of the people in the easy group should be able to spell AMERICAN. This is
because those in the hard and moderate groups are impacted by learned helplessness –
failure on previous words will make them give up on later words, even if those later
words can be solved.
Second, we predict that people in the hard condition will find the task hard personally,
think most other people will find the task to be hard, will be most frustrated with the task,
and will think almost no one will be able to complete it within 30 seconds. Those in the
easy condition should fall at the other extreme: find it easy personally, think others will
find it easy, will show little frustration, and will expect most people to complete the task
within 30 seconds. Those in the moderate group should fall between those two groups.
2). Hold onto your surveys, as you will need them for your lab. You will enter data into SPSS
and analyze it with your lab instructor. Each student is responsible for collecting data from three
participants (one participant for each level of Task Difficulty – easy, moderate, and hard).
However, you will analyze data by combining your survey with the data from other students in
your lab, so your final sample will include roughly 144 participants.
|
HyperDic: humanities
English > 1 sense of the word humanities:
NOUNcognitionhumanities, humanistic discipline, liberal arts, artsstudies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)
humanities > pronunciation
Soundshhyuwmae'nihtiyz; yuwmae'nihtiyz
RhymesAchilles ... Yerkes: 115 rhymes with iyz...
English > humanities: 1 sense > noun 1, cognition
Synonymshumanistic discipline, liberal arts, arts
NarrowerEnglishThe discipline that studies the English language and literature
OccidentalismThe scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people
Orientalism, Oriental StudiesThe scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people
Romanticism, Romantic MovementA movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
SinologyThe study of Chinese history and language and culture
art historyThe academic discipline that studies the development of painting / painting and sculpture
chronologyThe determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events
classicism, classicalismA movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms
fine arts, beaux artsThe study and creation of visual works of art
historyThe discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings
interior designThe branch of architecture dealing with the selection and organization of furnishings for an architectural interior
library scienceThe study of the principles and practices of library administration
linguistics, philologyThe humanistic study of language and literature
literary studyThe humanistic study of literature
musicologyThe scholarly and scientific study of music
performing artsarts or skills that require public performance
philosophyThe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
quadrivium(Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university / university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy
stemmatology, stemmaticsThe humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text / text (especially a text / text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)
trivium(Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university / university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric
Broaderdiscipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwickA branch of knowledge
Spanishartes liberales, artes, humanidades, letras
Catalanarts, humanitats, lletres
Adjectiveshumanist, humanistic, humanepertaining to or concerned with the humanities
©2001-21 · HyperDic hyper-dictionary · Contact
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How to Weld Titanium: Requisites, Benefits, and Challenges
How to weld titanium
Is welding titanium difficult? Both yes and no. Yes, because atmospheric contamination can very easily corrupt your weld. If you are yet to gain mastery over aluminum welding, working with titanium could be quite challenging for you.
But it is not as difficult to weld as some metallurgically complex metals and metal alloys like tungsten, copper-nickel alloy, zirconium, astatine, or osmium. The main prerequisite for titanium welding is that the process has to be performed in a contaminant-free environment.
Not sure how to start (or whether to) venture into titanium welding? In this beginner-friendly guide, I’m going to touch upon more or less everything related to titanium welding. Let’s jump in:
Why Choose Titanium?
Why Choose Titanium
Titanium’s perfect strength-to-weight ratio opens up lots of possibilities for fabricators and welders. Twice as strong but almost half in weight, titanium is a highly sought-after metal for aerospace, marine, chemical processing, and military applications. Some other remarkable qualities of titanium include:
• Incredibly strong yet remarkably light, which is why it’s extensively used in industries like marine and aerospace for building structural frames.
• High melting point of 1668 °C.
• Superior ductility and formability at room temperature.
• Low thermal expansion.
• The oxide layer formed during the welding process shields the metal against corrosion. Titanium’s extremely low corrosion rates in chloride environments make it a go-to choice for chemical processing applications.
• Can easily handle temperatures up to 600° F without losing strength.
What Are the Biggest Challenges of Welding Titanium and Its Alloys?
Ambient air (oxygen and nitrogen) is a huge threat to the strength and purity of titanium welds. Titanium is a low-ductility, highly reactive material which starts to react with oxygen at 600 degrees F and with nitrogen at 800 degrees F.
The welder needs to take special measures to prevent the base metal from being exposed to oxygen, moisture, dirt, and grease at higher temperatures.
Moreover, a low stress-to-strain ratio makes titanium prone to deform quickly under tensile load. You need to choose the appropriate filler material to counter this problem.
Thankfully, technology has come a long way. Earlier, titanium welding was only performed in purged gas chambers. Even though it’s the most foolproof way to prevent contamination, it can be quite expensive.
Today, a skilled titanium welder can carry out the task in open-air environments by means of back purging and backup shielding. It’s still an extremely high-skilled job. It requires the welder to possess excellent hand-eye coordination so as not to rip the protective inert gas barrier while welding.
Evaluating the Quality of Titanium Weld
Weld discoloration is the inevitable result of contamination.
A bright silver color is a tell-tale sign of a good weld. But anything between straw to light gold is also acceptable. However, anything beyond that is an indication of metal contamination.
A light blue tint is salvageable as it’s caused by surface oxide. Remove it with a stainless steel wire brush and you are good to go.
However, dark blue, green, grey, and white-colored welds are acceptable as they indicate surface contamination. In such cases, you need to take a step back, find the root of the problem and eliminate it before you proceed any further.
Preparing the Workstation for Titanium Welding
Preparing the workstation for titanium welding
The key to quality titanium welds is cleanliness. Dirt, grease, moisture, air drafts, paint, and other contaminants can wreck the corrosion resistance of the base metal and cause brittleness. Despite the staggering operational cost, sealed chamber welding is still a norm for small-scale, intricate projects.
However, for large-scale industrial projects, open-air welding is a standard practice in most fabrication shops.
Set aside a separate workstation, away from your regular workstation where dust-causing applications like grinding and painting take place. Pay a great deal of attention to humidity control as moisture can corrupt the weld very easily.
For a sparkling clean work environment, I would recommend steam cleaning the area followed by deep cleaning with diluted sodium hydroxide or any non-chlorinated chemical cleaner.
You would want to avoid moisture at all costs. So either let the surface air dry for a couple of hours or use a hot air blower to save time. If you’re going to use a hot air blower, double-check your chemical cleaner to make sure it’s not flammable.
Cleaning the Weld Surface and Filler Rod
Cleaning the weld surface and filler rod
Our hands are a warehouse of dirt, body oils, germs, and whatnot! That’s why it’s crucial to thoroughly clean the base metal as well as all the welding equipment to prevent contamination.
Use non-chlorinated chemical solvents like methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or acetone and a lint-free cloth or sponge to wipe off the joints and surrounding areas.
Make sure to cover your hands with nitrile gloves while handling the weld pieces and equipment. Avoid rubber gloves as they may also contain chlorine.
Follow it up by wire brushing the oxide layer off the surface. In room temperature, titanium reacts with oxygen which forms a protective layer of titanium dioxide on its surface.
The problem with oxide films is that it has a much higher melting point than the base metal. I’d recommend using a stainless steel wire brush to remove the film from both the inside, outside, as well as the edges of the surface. Light grinding or filing the surface works too.
Finish off by giving it another round of cleaning with acetone or MEK, just to be safe.
Note that you might notice oxide formation on the surface at temperatures around 600-800 degrees F. Use a new stainless steel wire or slowly grind them off as you go. In some cases, you may have to dip the weld joint in a pickle bath of 35 vol.% nitric and 5 vol.% hydrofluoric acids.
Don’t forget to clean the filler rod as well while you are at it. Give it a good wipe with acetone or whichever solvent you have been using for the metal.
For the sake of optimum purity of the weld, store the filler rod in an air-tight container after cleaning. Take it out right before you start welding the clean titanium. Also, when not welding, cover the weld joints with plastic or a piece of paper to minimize contamination.
Choosing the Correct Filler Wire for Titanium
As a general rule of thumb, you should factor in the properties and composition of the base metal while choosing the filler wire. Ideally, the filler material should have the same properties as the base metal for optimal joint ductility.
However, when working with commercially pure high strength titanium, I’d choose a wire that’s one grade below the strength level of the base metal. Certain applications may also require the welder to select a different category of filler material.
2% Ceriated Tungsten electrode is my go-to choice for welding aluminum. For welding at 125-200 amps, choose a rod diameter between 1/16-3/32”. For anything above 200 amps, the diameter should be between 3/32” to ⅛”.
Tubes and pipes thinner than 5 mm should be welded autogenously (without any filler material) to minimize heat input. That said, in some cases, AWS D10.6 recommends using v-groove on thickness above 2.4mm.
Shielding Gas Coverage
Having the right inert gas shielding and proper coverage will keep your weld from getting corrupted by ambient impurities and also keep the temperature in check.
Select the purity and dew point level based on your welding applications. Most welders, including me, would recommend 100% pure argon gas with a dew point less than -50°F for your primary shielding. Certain applications may also call for 99.999% purity.
Even a slight impurity could lead to mottling or blue/yellow tinting.
Helium could be a substitute for argon for backup shielding. I would still suggest you stick to argon due to its high density which promotes better arc stability.
The use of 75/25 or 70/30 argon/helium mix as shielding gas for titanium welding is uncommon.
For fail-safe coverage, you need separate gas supplies for the following steps:
Primary Shielding
The purpose of primary shielding is to protect the molten weld puddle from reacting with oxygen and other foreign substances. Your first task is to select a welding torch.
The standard water-cooled torch with ¾ -1” ceramic cups and gas lenses is best-suited for titanium welding. Make sure to choose wide cups for full coverage of the molten pool while the gas lenses aid steady gas flow.
Secondary Shielding
The purpose of secondary shielding is to keep the weld pool and heat-affected zones from exceeding the 600-800F threshold. Failing to cool down the metal at this point would result in the loss of corrosion resistance and material degradation.
You will need trailing shields for this which you can either purchase or custom-fabricate for your welding torch and the kind of joint configuration you’re aiming for.
The trailing shield needs to be compact to ensure a uniform and uninterrupted flow of inert gas within the device. You may require water-cooling for large shields. I recommend porous copper purge blocks as they facilitate a uniform distribution of gas.
Backup Shielding
The function of backup shielding is to provide gas coverage to the backside and surrounding heat-affected zones of the weld pieces. These devices can be either handheld or clamped into position. Additionally, you can fashion water-cooled grooved copper bars into heat sinks to cool down your weld.
Important note: The presence of air in primary, secondary, backup shielding equipment can ruin your weld. Therefore, it’s absolutely necessary to back purge the tubes and pipes with inert gas.
Selecting the Right Equipment
For welding titanium tubes and pipes, choose a low amperage welder with DC capabilities, preferably 3-200 amps. HF (high-frequency ignition) and pulse capabilities will also provide an added advantage.
Tips for Joint Prep
A tight joint fit-up is extremely crucial to the success of titanium welding. Poor fit-up not only increases the risk of contamination but also makes your base metal susceptible to burn through. Use clamps to avoid joint movement while welding.
If you are using tack welds, exercise proper maintenance by cleaning the surface with non-chlorinated chemical solvents. Don’t forget the insert gas shielding to keep contamination completely out of the way.
Next, carefully select a joint design that allows inert gas coverage and a thorough post-weld inspection on both the face and root sides of your weld.
The joint surface throughout the entire process must be oxide-free and smooth. Use a sharp file to smooth out the burn marks and sharp edges developed during grinding.
Recommended Welding Techniques for Titanium
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)/Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
This process uses a non-consumable electrode and is a popular method for joining titanium and its alloys. You can also weld without filler material if the base metal is less than 2.5mm in thickness.
Metal Inert Gas (MIG)/Gas Metal Arc (GMA)
For beginner to intermediate-level welders, MIG might be a safer option for pieces over 3 mm in thickness. TIG welding has very little room for mistakes. If the welder doesn’t know exactly what he is doing, it could result in a burn-through or serious defects in the weld.
Electron Beam Welding (EBW)
Electron beam welding is a standard choice for reactive metals like titanium as it takes place in a vacuum. The beams are capable of generating intense heat which leads to extremely strong and durable joints.
That’s one of the main reasons why electron beam welding is extensively used in aviation, aerospace, and marine industries.
Resistance Welding (RW)
In resistance welding, a precisely controlled amount of current is passed to the plates for a short period. This reduces heat zones and thus minimizes the risk of burn-through. RW spot or seam welding is standard for joining titanium to stainless and carbon steel.
A few other standard welding techniques for titanium include:
• Laser Beam Welding (LBW).
• Friction Welding (FW).
• Plasma Arc Welding (PAW).
In Conclusion
As you have learned by now, ambient air, grease, dirt, and moisture are like kryptonite to titanium. The key to getting consistent and quality titanium welds is to prevent contamination and overheating every step of the way. How you finish the welding is just as important as weld preparation.
A careful post-weld inspection for discoloration or cracks will help you determine the quality of your weld. That’s all for today. Hope this guide helped you gain a good grasp of the basics of titanium welding.
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Saperas, Francesca (1851-1933)
Francesca Saperas
A short biography of the Spanish anarchist Francesca Saperas.
Francesca Saperas Miro was born on February 12, 1851 in Barcelona. She was a seamstress by profession. In 1869 she became the companion of anarchist shoemaker Martin Borras Jover, the first director of the anarchist paper Tierra y Libertad. Borras had been converted to anarchist communism from collectivism after a meeting with Malatesta. In 1889, in solidarity with striking workers in Germany, she participated in organizing a big rally in the Plaza Cataluña that never took because the police arrested all the organisers.
It was Francesca who very carefully and prudently delivered copies of Tierra y Libertad to the homes of subscribers. She and her daughters Salud and Maria made the family home a haven for persecuted anarchists.
In September 1893 the anarchist Paulino Pallas attempted to General Martinez Campos in retaliation for the latter’s crushing of the Jerez insurrection of 1890, the subsequent garrotting of four anarchists, and the imprisonment of many others. In the roundup of anarchists after the attentats, the house of Francesca and Martin was surrounded by the police, but Martin evaded arrest by escaping through an underground passage. However, later that night he returned home and was apprehended. He was imprisoned in the Modelo prison. He was deeply concerned that he should be accused of any complicity in the attentats, and a bout of deafness left him unable to answer questions and defend himself. He decided to kill himself and wrote a farewell letter to Francesca. She managed to secretly gain entrance to the prison, where Martin died in her arms on 9th May 1894.
In 1895 Francesca was linked with the anarchist communist magazine La Nueva Idea (four issues of which appeared starting November that year and was edited by Luis Mas. With Teresa Claramunt and others she signed a Women’s Manifesto which appeared in the magazine Bandera Social.
Francesca established a relationship with the anarchist Tomas Ascheri Fossatti. After the Corpus Christi bombing in Barcelona in 1897, which was most likely carried out by a provocateur, Tomas and other anarchists were horrendously tortured and forced to admit involvement. He was executed with four other anarchists in the moat of the Montjuich fortress. Francesca, who had lived in free union with Tomas, was forced to marry him before his execution after she was told that if she did not comply, her daughters would be taken from her and put in a convent. The same happened to her daughter Salud, who was forced to marry her companion Luis Mas, who was also executed.
Francesca and Salud spent a year in prison where they were both tortured. In 1897 they were exiled to France and moved to Marseilles. They were forced to sell all their possessions to pay for the journey and the large number of police that accompanied them to the border!
Francesca was actively involved in the international campaign against the Montjuich trials and atrocities. She lived with the anarchist Francisco Callis, who had been driven into a state of mental breakdown by the torturers of Montjuich. Unable to overcome his suffering, he threw himself out of a window. In 1899 she returned to Spain to take part in a meeting at Tarragona which demanded a review of the Montjuich trials.
Francesca subsequently moved to Buenos Aires in Argentina between 1912 and 1914, then in the United States and finally in Mexico between 1919 and 1923 with Salud.
In 1923 she returned to Barcelona where she shared a house with Teresa Claramunt. In the 1920s she showed signs of an increasing paralysis. As a result of her failing health a committee was set up in 1929 to provide aid to her.
She died on August 21st 1933 in Barcelona. Her funeral was attended by many of the anarchist old guard. She became the archetype of the anarchist woman who suffered so much for her ideas, but yet endured.
Nick Heath
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Jun 28 2014 21:55
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Let's say we have a chord progression I-ii-iii in key of C major so Cmaj-Dmin-Emin. If I were to share this chord progression with someone, without mentioning the key, and they decide to play this in the key of C minor, then they would run into trouble since that key doesn't have a first degree major, second degree minor, or third degree minor. Does that mean that chord progressions only work when in compatible keys? Is it up to people to guess the right key when looking at chord progressions in roman numerals?
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We should note that not all Roman-numeral traditions use case to show the quality of the chord. In many places, chords are still labeled with all capital letters: I, II, III, etc.
– Richard
Jul 8 '20 at 14:31
The quality of the chords given by upper/lower case hints at the mode, major or minor.
I ii iii a major chord on the first scale degree, and two minor chords and the second and third degrees fits the pattern of major keys.
i iio III minor, diminished, major chord qualities on the first three scale degrees matches the pattern for minor.
But some combinations are ambiguous. IV V can happen in either major or minor. You should give the key along with symbols, like Cm: i iio III to make things clear. Giving the key along with prefixing accidentals to the Roman numerals will tell unambiguously what the chord root are.
Technically, just listing I ii III is confusing. In a major key that III means a major triad on the third scale degree, a major third above the tonic, in C it would be an E major chord. III being more typical of minor keys suggest it's supposed to be a borrowed chord. But in minor III is a minor third above the tonic, Eb. To indicate that properly borrowed chord in major you must use upper case for a major chord and also prefix a flat to show the lowered mediant of minor. C: I ii bIII for C dm Eb triads. In other words, C: bIII and Cm: III are the same chord, Eb major. To make the root clear you need the key and if borrowing in major, the accidental prefix.
...I-ii-iii in key of C major... If I were to share this chord progression with someone, without mentioning the key, and they decide to play this in the key of C minor
That seems like an odd scenario. Given I ii iii why would someone play C minor? But if you did - Cm: I ii iii - it means roots C, D, and Eb and respective chord qualities major, minor, minor, for C Dm Ebm. That doesn't sound like minor key harmony.
No. It's up to the person writing the analysis - or shorthand chord notation - to do it correctly. Simply things like I IV V I are obvious, but add a key for anything that might be unclear.
• The key label gives the palette of scale degrees
• Roman numerals give the scale degrees used for chord roots
• letter case gives major/minor quality
• o/+ show diminished/augmented quality
• accidental prefixes alter roots from the key label
• Arabic numerals given last indicate intervals above the bass (not root), for purposes it tells chord extensions and inversion
Yes. In Roman Numeral notation, the Roman Numeral used corresponds to the note number counted from the tonic. Individual notes are usually given with Arabic numerals (usually with a caret on top, but I don't know how to generate these easily.) So in the key of C Major, the notes (in order) C-D-E-F-G-A-B or 1-2-3-4-5-6-7; in Eb Major the numbers 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 correspond to Eb-F-G-Ab-Bb-C-D. Thus the numbers are independent of the key.
Roman numerals are similar; these are used for chords rather than notes. The Roman Numeral (mostly) corresponds to the root of the chord. In C Major, the (natural) chords are C-d-e-F-G-a-b0 where upper case numbers are used for major and augmented chords and lower case for minor and diminished chords (augmented chords get a superscript + and diminished chords get a superscript 0). The corresponding RN are: I-ii-iii-IV-V-vi-vii0. The advantage is that the number-based notation is identical in every Major key.
Minor keys have the complication that notes 6 and 7 have two forms, a lower (I'll call this natural with no mark) form and upper (which I'll call the raised form with a # sign.) Thus the natural C minor scale is C-D-Eb-F-G-Ab-Bb; which has chords i-ii0-III-iv-v-VI-VII. If a note be raised in chord in a minor key, the chord with that root gets its symbol changed: iv to IV with step 6 raised or v to V with step 7 raised (also VII to vii0 with 7 raised.)
It's a very flexible system. There are some additions which are covered in most harmony books. One useful is the shorthand of adding a "7" to the RN to denote a minor seventh (from the root) being added. So a G7 chord in C major is V7 (the 7 is supposed to be a superscript). Also, some figured bass notation is useful; V (in C major) denotes G-B-D with V7 denoting G-B-D-F. Similarly, one can represent chords with accidentals like C minor in a C major context by changing case from I to i. Chords with the third in the base likd E-G-C would be notated as I6 (superscript 6).
There are resources on the 'NET and harmony books that go into this more deeply.
Answering what I think you're asking: the point of using RN is that it applies to any key. So in key C major, C=I, G=V. In key E major, E=I, B=V. And so on. That's the point.
Changing from a major key to a minor key, and expecting to use the same RN, it won't work.In key C major, I=C, and in C minor, i=Cm. After that, there are no real likenesses - with the exception of G=V - but even that could be Gm=v.
A piece with as you suggest I, ii, iii will not translate into the parallel minor key mainly because the harmonies are totally different. i, iio, III. As in C, Dm, Em isn't anything like Cm, Do, E♭. But, i, iio, III will be the same prgression in whatever minor key.
So, yes, I suppose people just have to guess what key RN might signify, as 'I' could be any of the twelve major chords - thus tonics of their personal key. In major, V/V will always be the chord built on the 2nd note of the scale, but major, as it's the 'dominant of the dominant' - a secondary dominant.
It may be of interest to check out Nashville Number System. Similar but not the same.
EDIT: in light of changes made to the question - giving someone 'I - ii - iii' generally speaking would mean 'root major - supertonic minor - mediant minor. Using both capitals and lower case would indicate which were major, which were minor. Any key would suffice for that second person, not knowing the original, because I - ii - iii works the same in any key. They would not consider that C - Dm - Em transfers to Cm - Do - Eb.
Letter case does the job. Upper case always for major or augmented chords; lower case for minor or diminished. In analysis, usually you set the tonic center before the roman numerals flux, sou you'll always know that c: i is C minor and c: I is C Major (also, when modulating, you inform again the tonic center).
Changing the mode means you need to change the progression as well, some chords you be just fine by exchanging the letter case, but some will need a special attention to transform from or into a diminished.
Yes, if you go from major to minor you likely need to change the chords. In this case: Cm Ddim (or Dm7b5) Ebmaj . It may still "work" or sound good, but it will be a different progression.
Be mindful of:
1. dominant chords: you may or may not want to preserve major (or dominant seventh) chords in the minor key. If in your progression contained G(7) chord, in the minor key you could play either G(7) – more "classical" sound or Gm. Try both and compare the sound.
2. the scale you use will change the chords you derive from it. Frequently used minor scales are:
• aeolian: (c d eb f g ab bb), making the progression Cm, Dm(7)b5, Ebmaj
• dorian: (c d eb f g a bb) Cm Dm Ebmaj
• harmonic minor (c d eb f g ab b): Cm(maj7), Dm(7)b5, Eb(maj7)#5
There are many other scales to try, including melodic minor, phrygian...
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I question the statement 2. Aeolian isn't necessarily the go-to minor. harmonic and melodic notes get used probably more - particularly the leading tone.
– Tim
Jul 8 '20 at 13:17
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This gives an error, or not enough explanation. first three triads in C minor are Cm Ddim E (flat) major. Jul 8 '20 at 13:48
• @MichaelCurtis - in key Cm, that D chord can be D minor - from the melodic notes.
– Tim
Jul 8 '20 at 15:00
• @Tim, sure. And it could be a secondary dominant to V, etc. I'm list the diatonic chords of the key signature. But the more important point is about the III chord. Jul 8 '20 at 15:50
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@MichaelCurtis E was obviously a typo, it should be Eb. Thank you for spotting! Jul 8 '20 at 21:17
Michael Curtis, Tim, and Rodrigo B. Furman are correct, and the accepted answer is misleading. You write:
It's not possible to play that chord progression "in C minor" because it is a major-key progression. That's why the I chord is in upper case. You can adapt it to a minor key, but the only way to do so is to change the chords, which means that you are no longer playing the same chord progression.
There are only twelve possible realizations of that chord progression (ignoring voicing differences): one for each of the 12 major keys.
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Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar al-Isfazārī; (fl. late 11th – early 12th century CE) was a Persian Muslim mathematician from Khurasan. According to Ibn al-Athir and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, he worked in the Seljuq observatory of Isfahan. Nezami Aruzi met him in Balkh in (in present‐day Afghanistan) in 1112 or 1113.
He was a contemporary of Umar al-Khayyam and Abd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī. He main work is entitled Irshād dhawī al-cirfān ilā ṣinācat al-qaffān (Guiding the possessors of learning in the art of the steelyard), a relatively long text on the theory of the steelyard balance with unequal arms. His other surviving works include a summary of Euclid’s Elements, a text on geometrical measurements, and a treatise on meteorology in Persian language.
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Why do i feel this way?
hormones effect your emotions and how the body functions.
Hormones are powerful, they can change your mode and have an effect on immunity.
If your having mode swings, weight changes, difficulty sleeping, your cold or hot, then you might have a hormone imbalance.
They influence the function of the immune system and alter your behavior.
It takes only a tiny amount of a hormone to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can be cause serious changes in your health and function.
hormones and your health
Hormones regulate our digestion, metabolism, respiration, our growth and development, sensory development, sexual function, movement, reproduction and even our moods.
Many hormonal imbalances are caused by external factors, such as stress or hormone medications. However, hormonal imbalances can also be caused by any medical condition that impacts or involves the endocrine system or glands.
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symptoms of hormone imbalance
Did you know that stress and inflammation are two of the main causes of hormonal imbalance?
When hormones are out of balance it affects different organs and glands that sends us on the road to major health issues.
Some signs of imbalance are mood swings, night sweats, excessive thirst, hair and skin issues, constipation, diarrhea, thyroid nodules. See below for a more comprehensive list.
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Signs and symptoms
Unexplained weight gain or weight loss
Constipation or more frequent bowl movements
Difficulty sleeping
Sensitivity to hot or cold changes
Excessive sweating
Heart rate changes
Dry skin or sudden acne
Anxiety or other mood changes
Heavy or irregular periods
Sexual function or sexual appetite shifts
Blurred vision
Thinning or Brittle hair and nails
Excessive hair growth
Breast tenderness
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causes of imbalances
Chronic stress
Thyroid dysfunction
Thyroid nodules
Poor diet and nutrition
Processed foods
Pituitary tumors
Personal care products
Cleaning products
Birth control pills
Begin tumors and cysts
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Social Studies Worksheets and Study Guides Eighth Grade. Economics
The resources above correspond to the standards listed below:
Nevada Academic Content Standards
World Geography & Global Studies
Content Themes
Exchange and markets (E)
SS.6-8.WGGS.32. Explain how supply and demand, costs and competition influence market prices, wages, social, and environmental outcomes.
National economy (E)
SS.6-8.WGGS.34. Assess the economies of various nations based on trade, resources, labor, monetary system, and other factors.
Financial Literacy
Content Themes
Financial decision-making (FL)
SS.6-8.FL.2. Investigate consequences of potential financial decisions to make reasoned financial choices.
Credit and debt (FL)
SS.6-8.FL.6. Explain an individual’s rights and responsibilities as a consumer.
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The Tamil language is special, there’s no denying that. But the reasons why are so many and so varied that it’s better if we point a few out. From its rich cultural history to its ease of use to the widespread usage of it around the world, Tamil has a world of facets to it.
Here’s a few interesting facts about the language!
1. Tamil is the oldest living language in the world
The simple fact that the Tamil language is still in such wide use is as surprising as it is amazing. It is thought to have been born before 500 BC, as Tamil-Brahmin inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur, an archaeological site in Tamil Nadu. It’s not the oldest language in the world, but it is the oldest living language that’s still being used today.
2. Tamil was declared a classical language by UNESCO
3. The word ‘Tamil’ has several meanings
Apart from being the name of the language, ‘Tamil’ also means means things like beauty, sweet and natural.
Located at Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu is a temple for ‘Tamil Thai’ (‘Thai’ means mother), which is a god that is considered the deified personification of the Tamil language as a mother.
6. Tamil is an official language in Singapore and Sri Lanka
Apart from this, it is also recognized as a minority language in South Africa, Malaysia and Mauritius.
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9 Calligraphy in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties
This chapter focuses on the mastery calligraphers attained during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and their unique styles that often evoked ancient writings. In particular, seal and clerical script became sources of inspiration.
Part I. Culture
1 Calligraphy during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties
1.1 The Yuan (元/yuán) (1279-1368)
Figure 1: 洛神赋/洛神賦/luò shén fù, Tale of the Goddess of Luo River
The Yuan Dynasty, 元/yuán, was the empire or ruling dynasty of China that Kublai Khan, the fierce leader of Mongolia, established. In governing, Yuan emperors tried to hold true to traditional Chinese practices – to maintain harmony and improve the quality of domestic life. Major developments took place in the arts, including painting, calligraphy, poetry, and Qu (曲/qŭ, a type of classical Chinese poetry that consists of words written in one particular tone pattern developed from songs). The number of gifted artists and writers was noteworthy. For instance, Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫/zhào mèng fŭ, 1254-1322), a descendant of the Song‘s imperial family, was considered a significant Chinese scholar, painter, and calligrapher. Figures 1 and 2 show examples of his calligraphy and painting.
Figure 2: 二羊图/二羊圖/èr yáng tú (A Sheep and A Goat)
1.2 Ming Dynasty (明) (1368-1644)
Figure 3: Painting and calligraphy by 文征明/文徵明
During the Ming (明/míng) Dynasty artists frequently broke with tradition, exhibiting a free, liberated, diverse style of calligraphy. And they were also accomplished in painting, writing and poetry. The most famous artists included Wen Zhengming (文徵明/wén zhēng míng, 1470-1559), Zhu Yunming (祝允明/zhù yŭn míng, 1460–1527), Shen Zhou (沈周/shĕn zhōu, 1427-1509), Tang Yin (唐寅/táng yín, 1470-1523), Dong Qichang (董其昌/dŏng qí chāng, 1555-1636), Xu Zhenqing (徐祯卿/徐禎卿/xú zhēn qīng, 1479–1511), and Huang Daozhou (黄道周/huáng dào zhōu, 1585-1646) among others. Figure 3 consists of two pieces of artwork by 文征明/文徵明.
1.3 Qing Dynasty (清) (1644-1911)
Figure 4: Calligraphy in seal script by 邓石如/鄧石如
Starting in the Qing (清/qīng), scholars increasingly were inspired by the rich resources of overlooked ancient seal and clerical script inscriptions. Influenced by a close study of these antiquities, Qing scholars became familiar with stelae. In doing so they helped to create a trend in calligraphy that complemented what is known as the Modelbook School. Thus, this Stelae School formed yet another link between past and present. Seal and clerical script became sources of innovation in Chinese calligraphy. Notable calligraphers from this period include Deng Shiru (邓石如/鄧石如/dèng shí rú, 1743-1805) (See Figure 4 for his calligraphy work) and Zhao Zhiqian (赵之谦/趙之謙/zhào zhī qiān, 1829-1884) (See Figure 5 for his calligraphy).
Figure 5: Calligraphy in clerical script by 赵之谦/趙之謙
Part II. Calligraphy Writing
1 Strokes
This pair consists of two intricate strokes in which 3-to-4 turns are required. Calligraphers must make the turns by changing directions properly.
2 Characters
延/yán/ to extend
3 Homework
3.1 Write the following Character: 建/jiàn/to build
3.2 Find how to write your Chinese name in regular style and practice under a teacher’s guidance.
3.3 If you don’t yet have a Chinese name, ask your teacher for help with characters, pronunciation, meaning, and stroke order.
Turn to a website to help you write your name using proper calligraphic rules. One site is: 永樂在线書法字典 Chinese calligraphy dictionary online (http://chinese-calligraphy-dictionary.wikichina.com/).
Part III. Additional Resources
1. Chinese Calligraphy: http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/calligraphy.php
2. Chinese calligraphy: http://www.seeraa.com/china-culture/chinese-calligraphy-introduction.html
3. Principles of Chinese Calligraphy: http://www.art-virtue.com/principles/p9-linmo.htm
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Basic Course Advice For Term Papers
Term papers are documents that are submitted to the proper study paper review committee. They are required by every faculty in order to obtain a passing grade (or a for that matter). But what is so significant about these? And just how do you write a good one?
A term paper is generally a research paper written on a particular topic by students within an academic year, accounting for about half of their grade. Wikipedia defines it as”an article written in response to a prompt or about a specific subject of the identical type that’s been researched for class”. It’s typically required for pupils who want to take both humanities or liberal arts major at a certain time in their life. However, there are lots of other types and sub-types of term papers, which further complicate the understanding of what it is.
Among the most common forms is the outline paper. Outlines are the backbone of all term papers, and will be the document used to assemble and organize the meat of this assignment. While the outline itself isn’t all that complex, the task of putting the paper together is. An outline must provide enough information to the reader concerning the principal topic to allow for a succinct and organized review. Oftentimes, students will write their own outlines, but it may be helpful to have an outline composed by somebody else who has already done the same thing.
Another kind of term papers is your research paper. A research paper is quite similar to an outline, except it’s generally much more involved. The author must first gather research data and then organize that information in this way that the reader can comprehend the main subject. The arrangement of the research paper becomes the large part, and frequently the writing is quite difficult. This is because the author must incorporate a large amount of info into a very short period of time.
Among the most significant factors when writing term papers is how to use sources properly. While sources are important for any type of writing, they are even more important for these papers since they allow the reader to comprehend that a bigger portion of the paper without having to read through the entire thing. When looking at term papers, it’s important to remember there is usually an ending statement that discusses the origin as well, so make certain to use the proper citation essay online formats.
The previous kind of topic for term papers is associated with environmental issues. Students will often write ecological issue newspapers in combination with any other subject, but the topics are really broad and will need to have some type of supporting evidence in order to support their decisions. Topics for this category are usually wide, so it is best to search for papers on particular environmental issues that pertain to a chosen area.
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World Environment Day
The Green Office Alma Mater participates in a collective awareness raising action
On the occasion of World Environment Day (5 June), the Green Office Alma Mater joined the #TheMoreTheGreener campaign, organized by the Green Office Groningen to involve all the Green Offices in Europe.
The initiative aims to show that it is possible to protect the environment with small daily actions, underlining the importance of a collective public action that brings attention back to environmental issues.
To participate you must write an action on a sign that you commit to do to protect the environment and motivation, then you share the photo on social networks with the hashtag #TheMoreTheGreener.
World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5, established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 15, 1972, to unite the various countries of the Earth in an effort to preserve the natural ecosystem. This year the theme is the loss of biodiversity which, with climate change, is an environmental and social emergency.
About a million living species (out of an estimated total of around 8.7 million) are threatened with extinction. Many ecosystems have been destroyed, degraded, fragmented. With the biodiversity crisis, the supply of ecosystem services is at risk, from food to wood, from water to medicines, from climate regulation to soil erosion control, from recreational to cultural values.
World Environment Day: 5 June 2020
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There are 26 sports.
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Q: How much sports are in the summer olympic games?
Write your answer...
Related questions
How many events are at the Paralympics?
The Paralympics are split into summer and winter games, much like the Olympic Games. There are 22 sports in the summer games, and 5 sports in the winter games.
How much rest do Olympics get?
The Summer Modern Olympic Games occur every four years since 1896. The Winter Modern Olympic Games also occur every four years since 1924. So, since there were Summer Olympic Games in 2008, there will be Winter Olympic Games in 2010, and more Summer Olympic Games in 2012.
Does the host country get to include a new sport in the Olympic Games?
From the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris until the 1992, demonstration sports were played at both the Winter and Summer Olympics. These were chosen at the behest of the host. Some of the sports graduated from being a demonstration sport to being a medal-proper sport such as badminton, judo and taekwondo. From 1996 the Olympic Games had grown too much that there were no longer the resources available to accommodate the demonstration sports.
Are the Winter Olympic games telecast?
Yes, they are broadcast with as much fanfare as the Summer Games. Note that they now occur in alternation with the Summer Games, so that there is an Olympic event every two years. The next Winter Games will be in 2014.
How much Olympic sports are played in the Olympics?
36 sports
Why were there Winter Olympics in 1992 and 1994?
A decision was made in 1986 that the winter and summer Olympics would no longer be during the same year. This is why today the winter and summer Olympics are two years apart. Therefore, this is why there were winter Olympics in 1992 and 1994. It was due to the change in years for the Olympics. The Winter Olympic Games are much smaller and much less expensive to produce than the Summer Games, which is why there was a "bonus" Winter Olympics in 1994. The last time the Olympic games were held in the same year was 1992: Winter Games in Albertville, France and Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain.
Why is track and field event the core in the Olympic Games?
This is what the ancient Greeks had as "sports". Most early sports were connected to prep for war and battle. Most other "sports" were not invented until much later in history.
In which city was the first modern olympic games held?
The first sports event called the Olympic games in the modern era was held in Much Wenlock (a village in England) in 1850. The first Olympiad organised by the IOC was held in Athens in 1896.
How much were 1984 summer olympic tickets?
What sports or games are played in South Africa?
The main sports are rugby, soccer & cricket. We also play field hockey, golf, swimming etc. Basically any summer sports because we don't have much ice or snow.
How much winter olympic games were invented by greeks?
The greeks didn't invent any of the Winter Olympic games
Why did the Olympic Games start?
The modern Olympic Games were started in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin wanted to have an international understanding through sporting competition. I think the olympic games are cool to watch. I am a differrent person then the ones who mad and edited it. The Olympics are dangerous, someone died in training. And training is usually so much work. What's wrong with just watching sports? Also the olympic games was made up to train the army for war.
How many olympic gold medals has Canada won on Canadian soil?
Unfortunately the answer is none in both Montreal in 1976 Summer Games and Calgary in the 1988 Winter Games. They are hoping for much better when they hold the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver.
What do the olympic games stand for?
The Olympic games stand for a worldwide meaning, equality, fraternity, peacefulness. War would stop in ancient Olympic games, thats how much it mean s to everyone
Did the original Olympic games have equestrian events?
No. In fact the ancient games have little resemblance to our modern Olympics. Modern sports events are so much more complex than in days of old. These did not include riding horses.
Is Pele dead yet in 2010?
Pele is very much alive. Most recently he helped to support Rio de Janeiro's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympic games.
When where the roman Olympic games made?
The Romans did not participate in Olympic games at all. The Olympic games were developed by the earlier Greek civilisation and died out before the Roman empire developed. The Olympic games were "revived" much later in the time of the British Empire (by the English).
Why running shoes on line can move you into an Olympic?
We find ourselves in the midst of Olympic games fever once again.How much has technology been used to improve sports shoes therefore enhancing the.If we look carefully we can see that it is made from a variety of materials chosen.
Why was the olympic games dedicated to Zeus?
he like to play games soooooo much
How much did the sydney olympic games games cost?
i think about 197 million $$$$$
How many medals has the US won in the Summer Olympics?
As of the 2008 Games, the United States has won 895 gold, 692 silver, and 602 bronze for a total of 2,189 Summer Olympic medals. This website can't tell me how much they have won in the past olympics.
How did Olympic die?
Are you asking about the Olympic Games? They are very much alive, were in Beijing in 2008, will be in London in 2012.
How much Olympic games cost?
How much does Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games cost?
Did the Romans invent the olympic games?
No, the Olympic games were developed by the earlier Greek civilisation and had died out before the Roman empire developed. The Olympic games were "revived" much later in the time of the British Empire (by the English). Save |
Class Society and Inequality: Debunking the Myth
By Nancy Isenberg
Viking (2016)
Book Review
White Trash is a meticulously documented investigation of the historical roots of class inequality in the US. Despite the warm and fuzzy founding myths all American children are taught in school, the foundation for class inequality was laid during the early colonization of North America. The wealthy English elite who financed the colonies viewed the New World as a giant workhouse for England’s surplus poor (following the Enclosure Acts that drove them off the commons). British vagrants, vagabonds and convicts were both voluntarily and involuntarily transported to North America as apprentices, indentured servants and impressed* seaman. A surprising number of indentured servants, particularly in New England, were teenagers.
Most indentured servants (who functioned as virtual slaves) were promised land on completing their term of servitude. However nearly all went on to lose their land to property speculators and rigged taxation schemes, becoming squatters on the outskirts of established settlements. Comprising at least half of the population of most colonies, they were used by colonial elites as a wedge to encroach on Native American lands – only to be driven off their farms once the land was cleared and planted.
The lifestyle enjoyed by these squatters and their descendants was one of entrenched poverty and malnutrition, as well as hookworm, pellagra and other chronic illnesses associated with malnutrition. The disparaging attitude of wealthy elites and the emerging middle class towards this population clearly debunks ubiquitous corporate media claims about the “classless” nature of US society. Labels applied to them have changed over time, but the most prevalent have included “white trash,” “rednecks,” “mudsills,” and “mudeaters” (mud eating is a common symptom of hookworm). During her recent election campaign, Hillary Clinton referred to them as “deplorables.”
Isenberg reveals that post-World War II industrialization would lead many of these families migrate to northern cities, where they became “trailer trash.”
The wealthy elites have alternated between blaming white trash squatters and their descendants for their miserable circumstances and attributing their problems to genetic aberrations. The latter would lead to the eugenics movement and forced sterilization in the 20th century.
For me the most interesting parts of the book concerned the election of Andrew Jackson, the first “white trash” president, and the effects of slavery and the plantation system in creating a permanent “squatter class.” During his term as President, Jackson was repeatedly mocked by the elite-owned press for his lack of refinement – in much the same way as President-elect Donald Trump.
Isenberg assets that the creation of massive plantations maintained by slave labor created a permanent “squatter class” by driving an unprecedented number of poor white settlers off their land. She also maintains that the secession of seven states (which led to the Civil War) was more about preserving racial and class hierarchies than about preserving states rights. An astonishing number of poor southern whites either fought for the Union side, deserted or participated in food riots to protest shortages stemming from the exclusive dedication of prime agricultural land to cotton (rather than food).
*Impressment refers to the involuntary kidnapping of men, during the 18th and 19th century, into a military or naval force.
Originally published in Dissident Voice
6 thoughts on “Class Society and Inequality: Debunking the Myth
1. A lot of this sounds true to me. But is it really the whole truth? I mean America assimilated so many different people from many different countries. What for instance about developing middle classes? It was not that either one belonged to the elite or the “white trash”, was it ? And could not some poorer landholders hold on to their land over many generations?
• Aunty, it appears to me that Isenberg has devoted her life’s work to this area and her information is meticulously documented. She does write about working class people from other ethnic background (including Germans and African Americans), but it was impossible for me to cover all of this in a review.
As she describes, the US was mainly agrarian till and there was virtually no middle class until the 1930s. In fact it was mainly Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation that created the middle class by setting out policies that allowed poor people to get ahead.
She also documents really well the rigged taxation and banking schemes that the wealthy elite used to rob poor people of their land. There was also a whole period in the 19th century where the government simply seized land (without reimbursement) and handed it to the railroads.
It’s a really interesting book and I think you would really like it.
2. This seems to be mostly a ‘southern’ thing because I am pretty sure that there are no trailer parks in Midtown Manhattan or in Maine or Vermont, Rhode Island or New Hampshire. Although I could be mistaken because when I lived in Minnesota, I was quite surprised when it was pointed out to me, a trailer park community named, “The Estates.” Pretentious, eh?
So, is the writer basically saying that as opposed to the convicts from England being sent to Australia, those who were not convicts but were from the lower orders were sent to America to do for the upper crust here, what their counterparts were doing for the upper crust in England? But then of course, slaves were more prominent here than in England.
And it is my understanding that most of the so-called retarded or developmentally disabled were, for the most part, in the south because I have heard of many institutions in the south that were set up just to house the many ‘genetically deformed’. Hell! If truth be told, I am genetically deformed. Ask any of my doctors. I am surprised they didn’t ‘put me down’, I’m so genetically deformed especially seeing as how my x-rays are always exclaimed over. I just simply chalked it up to having lived near a nuclear reactor what with the Homer Simpson like workers who operated it. Meltdowns surely occurred daily and I wish that I was joking. What myself and others have mutated into is something for the circus and again, I kid you not.
3. I don’t know about the East Coast, Shelby, but there are are lots of trailer parks in Milwaukee, Chicago and the poor suburbs of Los Angeles – I know because I have lots of trailer trash relatives.
Yes, that’s my understanding of what Isenberg is saying – the poor of England were deliberately rounded up and sent to the US to be exploited. She maintains that African American slavery was pursued for economic reasons. Apparently growing cotton is so labor intensive that the only way you can make money from it is by using slaves.
As for the eugenics movement, it was nationwide and didn’t just target the developmentally disabled – it targeted the poor and ethnic minorities. It called them genetically deformed, but this was before the nuclear industry started and the truth was, they were suffering from illnesses associated with poverty – mainly hookworm and pellagra.
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Going For A Compromise While Using Developing Nation
Tourism is really a extensive expression which will imply a number of stuff. It is really an international organization that requires visiting a country for small business applications. Tourism can also be used when referring to tourist for leisure objectives, specifically in vacation advertising and marketing. You can likewise use travel and leisure to talk about a certain marketplace like motifamusement parks and seashores. However, skiing holiday resorts. Regardless of the definition you select, travel and leisure continues to be considered “this process through which folks bring their societal and recreational resources to particular vicinity”.
Tourism is usually separated into inbound tourism and outgoing holidays. Inbound travel refers to the activities that deliver website visitors to a location. These pursuits consist of the provision of tourist meal, pleasure and facilities etcetera. Outbound tourist describes actions that happen outside a location but around the same nation, such as tourism such as residential tourism, i.e.
Domestic vacation describes tourism directed within the home-based population. There are various methods connected to inbound and outgoing holidays. As an example, holidays suggests the marketing associated with a nation’s resources by tourists. Thus, a nation’s tourism tactic aspires at drawing vacationers. The promotion of home-based tourist includes the marketing of attractions good to travellers. These places ought to be obtainable by supply and take quick accessibility towards the city.
Furthermore, domestic holidays also takes into account the campaign associated with a nation’s lifestyle. The advertising and marketing of traditions incorporates promoting projects and artslearning, background and projectspopular music, cuisine, education and skill and so on. Now and again, the campaign of way of life takes into account the promotion of your nation’s sport activity routines. Sport actions lure visitors who would like to a selected sport activity. Thus, the sporting activities industry of travel and leisure can often be produced together with the more common travel market.
Outbound travel and leisure represents travel and leisure focused at tourists or tourists. Foreigners are frequently entrepreneurs who holiday to another country for business functions. Thus, outgoing tourist means promotion of tourist targeted at dangerous brokers. Inbound vacation means the advertising and marketing of tourism targeted at household tourists. To put it differently, outgoing travel refers to travel aimed towards regional residents.
Tourists make up the bulk of tourism revenue in any place. In developed countries such as Canada, England and US, holiday sales is around 5Per cent on the full gross domestic solution (GDP). Tourism is a central program for any cheaply establishing places. In creating countries like India, a sizable part of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is invested in vacation. Thus, vacation has a serious purpose in elevating the economies of those regions. A solid tourism marketplace causes substantial stages of occupation.
The main element motorists of travel and leisure consist of accommodation, system and investment decision advancement. The car owners of outgoing holidays refer to factors that provide travelers to the vacation spot. Factors just like entry to amusement, transportation and sporting events pure beauty and local weather are important people of outbound tourist. Factors such as lovely beauty, excitement sporting activities, beach locations, cuisine and store shopping are essential in getting vacationers.
When the travel and leisure enterprise will grow throughout the world, many questions regarding tourism policy and techniques have been questioned, so far as inbound holidays is involved. One of many questions that frequently occurs is whether the tourist marketplace can thrive in the absence of tourist tariffs and trade boundaries with other countries. This is usually a tough but not extremely hard question. Presently, the most important participants inside the tourism industry are definitely the developed countries who transfer goods and services from building export and nations around the world exactly the same services and goods on the western world. Thus, travel tariffs have been carried out by a lot of nations around the world to defend their passions.
However, numerous producing nations around the world claim that you can find place to the creating places to develop. They do not want to offer structure amenities which can be needed for a myriad of holidays products. That’s the argument place ahead by these establishing countries around the world. The case will depend on the point that there is a great deal of organic beauty and the majority of them can be very poor. On top of that, numerous getting countries are experiencing politics complications and most of them have not acquired satisfactory fiscal assist out of the developed countries. Put simply, they think they can cannot take on the developed countries for any kind of travel company.
The discussion is simply not so genuine for the produced nations around the world likewise. The developed countries disagree that they have invested quite a bit within the producing countries around the world and they continues to accomplish this sooner or later. They claim they are prepared to invest in system and then in making tasks for those on the establishing nation. Concurrently, the establishing nations around the world believe that there is certainly massive extent of vacation inside their nations around the world and they have a lot of possibility to appeal to tourists from your developed countries. The argument can be viewed to be a affect scenario.
Both the sides have good reasons to support their records. It depends on one to determine which one will succeed in the long run. Are you looking for your own personal passions to come somewhere between both? If yes, you need to make sure that you choose a dependable tourism business that has knowledge of managing inside the developing nations. Such providers usually have a real estate agent in the tourism dept and will perfectly help the tour worker to go in this marketplace with little problem.
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Quick Answer: Why are classified and comparative financial statements generally presented in annual reports to shareholders?
Why is it important to include comparative financial statements in an annual report?
Comparative financial statements are quite useful for the following reasons: Provides a comparison of an entity’s financial performance over multiple periods, so that you can determine trends. The statements may also reveal unusual spikes in the reported information that can indicate the presence of accounting errors.
Why do companies prepare classified and comparative financial statements?
Most companies across industries produce comparative financial statements for their own use. Business owners use comparative financial statements to note the difference between two accounting statements; they do this in order to speculate why the difference occurred so that they can make requisite changes.
Why are financial statements important to shareholders?
Financial statements are important to investors because they can provide enormous information about a company’s revenue, expenses, profitability, debt load, and the ability to meet its short-term and long-term financial obligations.
THIS IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: How do you account for investment income?
What is the purpose of classifying financial statements?
A classified balance sheet is a financial statement with classifications like current assets and liabilities, long-term liabilities and other things. By organizing the information into categories, it can be easier to read and extract the information you need than if it was simply listed in a large number of line items.
What is the importance of comparative statements?
The Comparative Statements present the financial data in a simpler form. Moreover, the year-wise data of the same items are presented side-by-side, which not only makes the presentation clear but also enables easy comparisons (both intra-firm and inter-firm) conclusive.
What benefit do comparative financial statements provide to users?
Comparative statements provide the benefits of letting users highlight percentage changes, perform a trend analysis and more easily compare financial figures to other companies.
What is the purpose of comparative financial analysis?
A comparative statement is a document that compares a particular financial statement with prior period statements. Previous financials are presented alongside the latest figures in side-by-side columns, enabling investors to easily track a company’s progress and compare it with peers.
Do financial statements have to be comparative?
The three primary financial statements of a business are generally reported in multiyear financial statements, using a two- or three-year comparative format. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) favor presenting these comparative financial statements for private companies, but it is not required.
What are the basic financial statements provided in the annual report?
THIS IS INTERESTING: You asked: Are short term capital gain distributions qualified dividends?
Why do shareholders need annual report?
Which financial statement is most important to shareholders?
Thus, investors tend to be interested in the cash flow statement. From the auditors’ perspective, the financial statement that they need to audit is the balance sheet (Also see How to Ensure Your Company’s Audit Process Goes Smoothly?), so the balance sheet is the most important to them.
How annual report is useful for the stakeholders?
The intent of the required annual report is to provide public disclosure of a company’s operating and financial activities over the past year. The report is typically issued to shareholders and other stakeholders who use it to evaluate the firm’s financial performance and to make investment decisions. |
Disposing Everyday Household Items
Disposal of Household Items
Disposal of certain household items can be challenging as it isn't always as easy as throwing things into the trash can. There are times that we use things and don't know how to properly dispose of them. We think that just throwing items in the trash will suffice and not do too much damage. Ever have a lightbulb that died on you and you just threw in the trash or threw one of those plastic bags from the grocery store out? Doing these things can cause a lot of harm to the environment but luckily, it's an easy fix. Educating ourselves on how to properly dispose of items can go a long way. Certain places will accept your hard to dispose of items with little or no extra cost to you. Sometimes it's as easy as throwing them into the recycle in. Also looking into avoiding buying items that are hard to dispose of and replacing them with a better option is another thing that can be done. A lot of people are shying away from excessive plastic usage because there are much better options that not only reduce the amount used but are also simple to do that don't require a large amount of effort.
Getting Rid of Household Plastics
Plastic usage has become a large part of our everyday lives. Many of us can't go throughout our day without using at least one plastic item, whether it be a plastic water bottle, food storage container or plastic straw. Now more than ever we should become more conscious of how to properly dispose of plastic waste. The plastic that isn't simply put into a recycling bin includes plastic bags, plastic film, and plastic outdoor furniture. So that leaves the question, what do we do with these items?
What Plastics Can Be Recycled?
The most common plastic that is recycled are beverage bottles. Plastic food storage containers may also be able to be recycled. It is important to check with your local county or municipality on what plastic items they do accept. Generally, plastic beverage bottles, storage containers, and other forms of plastic containers such as shampoo bottles and plastic spray bottles are accepted to be recycled. Some companies even take yogurt or butter tubs. To tell if your plastic is recyclable simply look at the bottom of the bottle or container and you should see a small triangle with a number either inside or below it. If the number is between 1 to 7 you can generally place it into the recycling bin unless your township specifically says you cannot.
What Plastics Cannot Be Recycled and What Can I Do?
Some items are not able to be thrown into recycling bins for a number of reasons. These household plastics that cannot be recycled are:
• Plastic wrap
• Chip bags
• Plastic bags
• Disposable cups
• Styrofoam
Plastic wraps and plastic bags are not as widely accepted by recycling facilities due to them being able to get stuck in the equipment and brining the machines to a standstill. Chip bags are not normally recycled because they are made with layers of different plastics and lined with aluminum which isn’t easy to separate. When put into regular recycling, they are often incorrectly sorted as paper and can make an entire bale worthless. These items can still be recycled but they have to be taken to a separate location that will accept them. Many grocery stores do take in unwanted plastic bags while many of these other items on the list can be taken to a local collection site. For local drop off sites, it is best to check you county website or go to the Earth911 website.
Plastics that are three inches or smaller like bag clips, pill packaging, condiment pouches that may also cause problems for the recycling equipment and it is better to just throw them away. These items can get caught or fall in between the belts which might halt the operation.
Finally, as stated in our Simple Recycling blog post, styrofoam is not something that is normally recycled in curbside bins. There are specialized sites that it can be dropped off at. You may use the APS Industry Alliance recycling location tool to find a location near you.
Household plastic recycling
Getting Rid of Household Appliances and Electronics
Household appliances and electronics such as blenders, televisions, and phones are things we replace every few years and often times, are just thrown into a trash can. While it is easy and convenient to do, throwing electronics away causes electronic waste or E-waste. Electronics are created with natural resources such as copper, aluminum, and iron. The improper disposal of them can cause environmental and economic damage when these materials are put into the waste stream.
E-Waste is separated into six different categories:
• Temperature exchange equipment
• Monitors and screens
• Lamps
• Large equipment
• Small equipment
• Small IT and telecommunication electronic equipment
Now that you have a small idea of what these items are, how can they be properly disposed of?
1. Currently, there are businesses that accept old or unwanted electronics. Local stores have programs where they will allow you to trade in items. Some shopping malls even have machines to dispose of cellular devices.
2. Another option is re-purposing old electronics. While they might not be able to serve their original purpose, an example would be turning an old computer monitor into an aquarium or an old media player into a portable drive. More ideas on how to find new ways to use old electronics visit Mashable's article on 8 Ways to Repurpose Your Old Electronics.
3. There are businesses that pick up and repair electronics in order to then donate them to non-profits or other people in need.
4. Consider donating them to local thrift stores.
5. Fixing the broken device yourself might be a good option for those of you who like to do some DIY. Simples things like broken screens shouldn't mean that you have to replace your devices.
More information and statistics on E-Waste can be found on our blog post, E-Waste Statistics.
Disposing of household electronics
Disposal of Furniture
Furniture waste has been increasing more and more throughout the years and while some of it is combusted for energy, much of it still ends up in landfills. We can reduce the amount of it that does end up in landfills in a number of different ways. Recycling old or unwanted furniture, donating it and upcycling are some options that should be explored. Recycling being the most sustainable and cost effective option when it comes to furniture disposal.
In order to recycle a piece of furniture, you have to know what the base material is. If it is metal, a local metal recycler may be called to pick up the old piece of furniture. You may even get some money out of it depending on the material as metal is in high demand. For other materials such as wood, plastic, and upholstery, a second-hand store may be contacted or the item can be dropped off at a recycling center. Selling furniture is also an option if you are looking to make some money off of it. Garage sales, Craigslist, and Facebook Marketplace are some places they can easily be sold.
Furniture donation is another good way to keep furniture out of landfills. Giving furniture away to a friend or donating them to the local Goodwill, Salvation Army, or Restore makes it easy for you to get rid of unwanted furniture and can create a positive impact on others who might not have the funds to purchase new furniture. You may ask the organization for a donation receipt and potentially receive tax cuts for donating items that are in good condition.
Repairing or re-purposing furniture can be a fun way to keep it out of landfills and help you save money. Doing repairs yourself can help you improve old skills or learn new ones and can be done by following along with some Youtube videos or repair guides that can be found on the internet for free. A more in-depth article to look at on furniture disposal is Recycled Furniture.
Getting Rid of Household Hazardous Waste
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hazardous household waste is considered to be products that can catch fire, react, or explode under some circumstances. Some may also be corrosive or toxic which makes them dangerous. Some examples of these items are paints, cleaners, batteries, and oils that may contain hazardous ingredients and may need to be disposed of carefully. Monitoring the use, storage, and disposal of these items is important as they are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. Common incorrect ways that they are disposed of is to pour them down the drain, onto the ground, in storm sewers, or throwing them into the regular trash. Tips for proper handling of household hazardous waste include:
• Following use and disposal instructions provided on the product label.
• Keeping products in original containers and never remove the labels.
• Never mix leftover with other products as they might react, ignite, explode, or become non-recyclable.
• Check with your local waste management company for more information on options in your area to disposing of household hazardous waste.
• Handle empty containers of hazardous waste with care because of residual chemicals that may potentially still be there.
Reducing Use of Some Items
While we do have the resources to dispose of household waste very easily, we also have the option to reduce our use of some of these items or even stop using them completely. The best way to avoid environmental and self-harm is to take care of it at the source. Here are some examples of ways to reduce use of items that should not just be thrown into the trash after we have finished using them:
• Plastic bags: Many people utilize reusable plastic bags. These can normally be found at grocery or any other retail stores for a low price that is usually under $2. More and more places such as Puerto Rico have recognized that plastic bag usage is a large problem and have now started charging for plastic bags if the customer has not brought their own reusable bag.
• Plastic Straws: These can be easily replaced by reusable metal straws that can now be found in many larger retail stores such as Wal-Mart or Target.
• Plastic sandwich bags: Reusable containers are a much better option because they can be washed after use for another time. Single use plastic bags are normally one use and harmful to the environment.
• Sponges: These can be great to wash dishes but they do not last longer than a few weeks at the most. A better alternative would be to use wooden dish brushes that also are better for a deeper clean.
For more about how to reduce the amount of waste you send to landfills, check out our Zero Waste Products trash talks blog post.
Reduce household waste with reusable food containers
Alliance Disposal plants a tree for every dumpster rented
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Importance of social media
Social Media
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Importance of social media
Social media is a basic technology through which people can share their thoughts, ideas, news, and other kinds of information on a virtual platform. It can be accessed on any device such as mobiles, laptops or personal computer. Social media has become a part of our lives and at this point, we cannot even imagine the world without different social media channels.
Social media has become so powerful that users spend a maximum of their free time surfing on social media. Social media has many websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.
It is fact that social media has tremendous changed the way of the people. Social media has become a necessity in every home or office. So, it performs a great role in our daily life.
Why do we use social media?
Social media provides us many wonderful opportunities, websites like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and some others, give us the opportunity to showcase ourselves, our skills and field of competences. It has become easy to brand ourselves and promote things in these days. This opportunity gives us a lot of influencers and many artists who have become famous in their field after creating account for their work.
One can contact people or brands and businesses directly with the help of social media in a way that was impossible in the past. Messenger or Dm gives us closer to every kind of person and we can vocalize our thinking very quickly and in a very easy way. So, social media has become the tool to compete, to portray your imperfect life in the most perfect manner. Therefore people use social media most of the time.
How does social media affect our life?
Most people of the world are using social media. People use social media to support a cause, share information and create awareness about our surroundings. So, social media has great impact on our every day to day life. It is human psychology that everybody is wanted to be liked and accepted by others. We want feedback on everything in life. Actually social media has created this feedback system available to everyone who has access to internet. The purpose of this social media is to connect with the world in a better way.
Importance of social media
The importance of social media has drastically increased with the boom in technology. You can say that social media has become so powerful media in these days. Social media has become powerful tool for all users. People use social media not only to interact with families and friends around the world but also to reach out to companies. Social media marketing is a strong tool that you can use to earn the loyalty of the customers and garnish more attention.
Social media is very cost effective medium as compared to other traditional mediums. Actually Social media gives you more exposure to users at a lower cost and with more effectiveness.
Hence social media has become more important than any other media. Because social media is the perfect platform for the users of the internet.
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Ask a ScientistGeneral
Ask a Scientist: All About the Arctic Climate
By January 3, 2021April 26th, 2021No Comments
How cold does it get in the Arctic? Where are the Northern Lights found? How can we reduce global warming? As part of our Kitchen Table STEAM program, we had a chance to collect and answer questions about arctic climate from kids across the world with our Climate Detective, Matthew Ayre.
“Ask a Scientist… Anything!” Submissions for Amazing Arctic Climate Chats!
Catch the replay here of our December Ask a Scientist event with Matthew Ayre, a Climate Detective, as he takes on your questions about the Arctic. And don’t forget to check out our climate change box, or view our Facebook page for upcoming events!
Tell us about the animals in the Arctic? Have you ever seen a polar wolf?
I have never seen a polar wolf, but I did see my first wolf in the Yukon this year, which is a little south of the Arctic circle.
I get to see a lot of polar bears when I visit the Arctic. Polar bears are the apex predator in the Arctic and they can be very scary. They see you as food so if you are ever in the Arctic, steer clear of the polar bears!
The other animals that really define the Arctic are the whales that live there, the Bowhead Whales. The Bowhead Whale is the oldest living mammal on the planet, over 200 years old. These whales are really rare but since whale hunting has been halted, we have seen these population numbers rise.
Narwhals are another whale species found in the Arctic but these guys are pretty elusive and rare to see. The Narwhal is the whale that has a large sword-like tusk coming out of its head and is nicknamed “the unicorn of the sea.”
Fun fact: The Narwhals tusk can be up to 10 feet long!
How cold does it get in the Arctic and have you ever gotten frostbite?
The coldest reported temperature in the Arctic is -89º Celsius (-128º Fahrenheit).
I have never had frostbite but I did get hypothermia a few years ago when I was up there, and it was the middle of Summer!
How common are the Northern Lights and where are they found?
The Northern Lights are amazing and very beautiful to see, but they can only be seen at certain Latitudes. The best place to see them is between 58-63 degrees North. If you’re higher up in the Arctic you have to look South to see the lights. They occur in a circle all around that Latitude and can only be seen at night.
In order for the Northern Lights to appear, you need a solar storm to occur. A solar storm is an explosion of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun’s corona, called a coronal mass ejection. When those plasma particles react with the Earth’s atmosphere is when we get the super-cool colors of the Northern Lights. If it’s a mild solar storm, the Northern Lights tend to be more green in color, but if it’s a more intense storm the colors turn to a really deep red color.
What is going on with the melting ice?
There are two main types of ice in the Arctic: Sea ice (frozen seawater) and glacial ice (freshwater ice).
Glacial ice, or ice caps, is the ice that makes up icebergs and glaciers. Glaciers occur when snow doesn’t completely melt and instead, new snow and ice continue to build on top of old snow and it forms a glacier.
Both of these types of ice (sea ice and glacial ice) are melting and it does have consequences on our climate.
Sea ice acts like a giant mirror on top of the planet. It’s quite reflective and it reflects a lot of the solar energy we get from the sun, which regulates how hot the earth is. Because of climate change and the earth getting warmer, the sea ice is melting and therefore reflecting a little less heat. This has varied from year to year, some years it’s a little bit more and some years it’s a little bit less, but the general trend is that the sea ice is going down. It’s predicted that by the year 2050 there will be no sea ice left in the Arctic. This is concerning because not only does that mean our climate will continue to get warmer and warmer, it’s also an important ecosystem. The animals and the people who live in the Arctic depend on sea ice.
Climate change is also causing the glacial ice to melt which in turn raises the sea level. Some of the glacial ice caps are 3 miles thick in certain areas, so it will take a longer time for all of this ice to melt but we are already noticing a very small rise in sea levels from the change in the climate. What this means is that low-lying areas are more susceptible to storm surges.
How can we help reduce global warming?
The most important thing that you and I can do is to make sensible choices and be very conscious of our waste. Every time we use something we are using more energy, so try to choose reusable materials and products when you can.
Another great choice is to consider walking, biking, or public transport instead of using the car whenever you can.
What’s the coolest thing you’ve ever seen in the Arctic?
That’s a tough question because going to the Arctic is always cool! The coolest thing would probably be a shipwreck that I found in one of the remote areas of the Arctic that had been there for over 120 years.
Why are there no penguins in the Arctic?
There’s a really easy distinction between the Arctic and the Antarctic. You won’t find penguins in the Arctic, just like you won’t find polar bears in the Antarctic. Penguins would make a great snack for polar bears, so it’s probably best that they stay in the Antarctic!
Photo of the ship (Nova Zembla) and a portion of the hull they discovered on the beach (along with many hundreds of pieces of wreckage).
Matthew Ayre is a Climate Detective at the Arctic Institute of North America at the University of Calgary in Canada. His work involves looking at the past arctic climate using 200-year-old documents (think of a diary) that used to go up to the Arctic to hunt whales. These diary entries give us insight into what the climate was like 200 years ago so we can compare it to what the current climate is now.
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The role of PCB serpentine traces
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The role of PCB serpentine traces
The role of PCB serpentine traces
I have discussed some materials with my colleagues, and the effect of the serpentine wiring is roughly as follows: I hope you can add and correct it.
Any trace on the PCB will cause a time delay to the signal when it passes a high-frequency signal. The main function of the serpentine trace is to compensate for the less delayed parts of the "same group of related" signal lines. These parts Usually no or less than other signals through other logic processing; the most typical is the clock line, usually it does not need to go through any other logic processing, so its delay will be less than other related signals.
The equal line length of the high-speed digital PCB board is to keep the delay difference of each signal within a range to ensure the validity of the data read by the system in the same cycle (when the delay difference exceeds one clock cycle, the next cycle will be read incorrectly. Data), generally requires that the delay difference does not exceed 1/4 clock cycle, the line delay difference per unit length is also fixed, the delay is related to the line width, line length, copper thickness, and layer structure, but the line length will increase the distributed capacitance And distributed inductance, so that the signal quality, so the clock IC pins are generally connected to RC termination, but the serpentine trace does not play the role of inductance, on the contrary, the inductance will make the higher harmonic phase shift in the rising element of the signal. , Resulting in deterioration of signal quality, so the serpentine line spacing is required to be at least twice the line width.The smaller the signal rise time, the more susceptible to the influence of distributed capacitance and distributed inductance.
Because different applications have different functions, if the serpentine trace appears in the computer board, it mainly acts as a filter inductance to improve the anti-interference ability of the circuit. The serpentine trace in the computer motherboard is mainly used in Some clock signals, such as PCIClk, AGPClk, have two functions: 1. Impedance matching 2. Filtering inductance. For some important signals, such as the HUBLink in the INTEL HUB architecture, there are a total of 13 lines running at 233MHz. The length must be strictly equal to eliminate the hidden dangers caused by time lag. Winding is the only solution. Generally speaking, the line spacing of serpentine traces is >=2 times the line width. The snake line on the PCI board is to meet the line length requirements of the PCI 33MHzClock. If it is a distributed parameter LC filter in an ordinary PCB board, it can also be used as the inductance coil of the radio antenna, and the short and narrow serpentine trace can be used as a fuse, etc.
Supplement 1:
The use of serpentine lines does help to improve the stability of the motherboard and graphics card, helps eliminate the inductance caused by the long straight wiring when the current passes, and reduces the crosstalk between the lines. This is especially true at high frequencies. obvious. Of course, you can also achieve the same effect by reducing the density of wiring.
Those with conditions can observe the motherboard at hand. CPU socket-->Northbridge chip, Northbridge-->AGP slot, the back of the frequency generator, and near the memory DIMM slot, these are places where snakes are used intensively. The reason is that these are all working at high frequencies, and a stable current signal is also required.
In PROTEL, generally draw the lines by hand first, and then set all the lines to be set as a CLASS, and select Tools/Equalize net lengths.
Supplement 2:
The most important thing to reduce the line-to-line crosstalk is to increase the line spacing, which has nothing to do with the snaking. The snaking line will bring the crosstalk of the wire itself. The main board of the computer has very strict timing requirements for some signals, so it must be for each signal The length is matched to meet sufficient setup and hold time. The snaking line is only related to the timing design, and has nothing to do with the integrity of the high-frequency signal. I have read many foreign books on signal integrity, as well as the Guildline of the chipset manufacturer, which did not require the designer to adopt a snake-line routing method. Of course, there will be trace length requirements, but this is only in compliance with timing specifications.
The above is an introduction to the role of PCB serpentine traces. Ipcb is also provided to PCB manufacturers and PCB manufacturing technology. |
There is a likelihood that this piece was put together by Jan Brueghel the Elder, with it following many years after the passing of Pieter the Elder. The family produced a large amount of art along similar lines, stylistically, but there was still room for their own ideas and influences within their respective careers. Attribution has proven tricky with drawings because they were not generally documented at the time particularly well. As such, this drawing has been described as After Pieter Bruegel the Elder, accepting the similarity but also suggesting that most likely it came from the later hand of a relative. Pieter's own son would generate a successful income from making copies of his father's work but he did also produce his own work from time to time.
The composition features a long river with banks on either side, lined by a number of boats. A darker image in the foreground immediately draws our attention to the boat nearest us, which features several people on board. There are then further vessels dotted around in the background, plus a complex arrangement of buildings in a cityscape in the furthest background, close to the centre of the painting. A number of churches and towers pop up into the sky, but the main focus is given to these boats in front of them and the river itself which appears tranquil.
This drawing is owned by the British Museum in central London in the UK. Their entry about it dates the piece at circa 1600, which means they cannot be completely sure of a precise date, but are confident in placing it at around this year. This museum is amongst the most visited art venues in Europe and boasts a wide ranging collection which covers multiple regions and civilisations from right across the world. Whilst they hold a number of old masters' drawings that would be impressive enough on its own, this is very much an establishment which focuses on a much wider audience and a collection that suitably serves it. It differs, therefore, from the likes of the Tate galleries or the National Gallery, where the offering is entirely based on art. |
Menopause could lead to vaginal dryness, insomnia, and hot flushes. Some menopausal women take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to relieve difficult symptoms of menopause.
But like many medications, it also comes with a risk of developing diseases. Cleveland Clinic stated that those menopausal women who still have their uterus could have an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Women With Menopause Taking Hormone Replacement Therapy Has Increased Risk of Developing Cancer
(Photo : Wikimedia Commons)
An illustration depicting hormone replacement therapy.
How Does Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Work?
According to Cleveland Clinic, hormone replacement therapy boosts the body's hormone levels and relieves the symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, urinary urgency, insomnia, mood swings or irritability, and dry skin. Taking HRT should be discussed with a healthcare provider, especially about its benefits and risks associated with HRT.
There are two main types of HRT: estrogen therapy, and estrogen-progesterone/progestin hormone therapy (EPT). The first kind is only taking low doses of estrogen hormon as prescribed by doctors. It could either be a patch, a pill, cream, vaginal cream, gel, or spray that is taken every day.
Meanwhile, EPT is a combined therapy wherein doses of estrogen and progesterone are both taken. The synthetic form of progesterone is called progestin.
HRT Increases Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Express reported that boosting estrogen and progesterone hormone levels via HRT could increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer or also known as womb cancer.
They cited NHS who said that the risk of developing womb cancer because of HRT is associated with the body's exposure to estrogen. Unbalanced hormone levels between estrogen and progesterone can cause endometrium cells to divide and increase the risk of cancer.
Endometrial cancer could lead to unusual vaginal bleeding, loss of appetite, blood clots, pelvic pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Some risk factors include obesity, age, and having polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Moreover, Cleveland Clinic added that there is also an increased risk of having gall bladder problems and breast cancer with long-term use of HRT. But this does not mean that HRT will cause these life-threatening diseases.
ALSO READ: Menopause Can Start Earlier Than You Think: Here's What You Need To Know
Alternative Ways to Controlling Menopause Symptoms
The National Health Service (NHS) identified some alternative ways of controlling menopause symptoms, such as focusing on lifestyle measures through regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, reduced intake of coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods, as well as quitting smoking.
Moreover, they also suggest taking medicines like tibolone that is similar to HRT but is only suitable for menopausal women who had their last period more than one year ago. Some anti-depressants can also help with hot flushes and night sweats, although they also carry their risks. Lastly, the non-hormonal medicine clonidine has similar effects as anti-depressants but has few benefits only.
There are more alternatives or remedies to menopause symptoms but many are not recommended because of some issues with their safety and effectiveness.
RELATED ARTICLE: How to Deal With Symptoms of Menopause?
Check out more news and information on Menopause on Science Times. |
Odour and dust problems can be catastrophic – waste managers watch out!
yNR2bII-zgKKRX1VotjFBLK9B5dDKheBRUEpK1Fg4WoOdour and dust comes from waste management and landfill sites that are poorly maintained. Lack of planning and longer turnover times of waste reduction results in unwanted odours and dust escalating and traveling further into the atmosphere; much to the annoyance of staff, local businesses and residents.
Odour and dust produced from business activity is taken very seriously and is considered a nuisance. The Government and Environment Agency are taking a dim view of sites that are producing such odour and dust and are clamping down on those responsible and issuing penalties and in extreme cases, closing businesses down.
Site operators that aren’t responsible usually take in more waste than they can manage to increase profits. This results in untreated waste, which causes the odours and dust to become a problem.
Odours can become such a nuisance that the ongoing stench which permeates in the air can make it unbearable to neighbours. A recent case of overfill in East Yorkshire resulted in the owners of the landfill site being ordered to pay a £72,000 penalty after residents complained that the smell became unbearable.
‘Smelly fines’ are becoming more common. Residents and local businesses have the power to fight against the odours and can also assist the EA in prosecuting irresponsible waste recyclers when odours become an issue.
Large landfill sites that ignore the recommended waste turnaround time, risk producing leachate; a strong liquid typically emerging from landfill waste. From leachate emanates a strong acidic odour due to the chemicals forged in the decaying processes, such as hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphurs. The smell can be highly pervasive and offensive, causing stress and nuisance to those exposed to it.
When assessing the impact and the nuisance of odours, an environmental officer will look at the different factors including:
• The type of smell (odours which are recognisable can cause a greater nuisance, such as rotting meat or plastic)
• How potent the smell is
• Where it originates from
• How long the smell has been causing a nuisance
• Whether the smell would have been expected or not in that area
• What steps are needed to put a stop to the smell
There are three levels of odour according to the Environment Agency:
1. Unreasonable – serious pollution where action will be taken
2. Odours – likely pollution where appropriate measures must be taken
3. No odour – no pollution so action isn’t necessary
The Environment Agency states that the conditions of a permit must include an Odour Management Plan (OMP), with the odour boundary condition that “Emissions from the activities shall be free from odour at levels likely to cause pollution outside the site, as perceived by an authorised officer of the Environment Agency, unless the operator has used appropriate measures, including, but not limited to, those specified in any approved odour management plan, to prevent or where it is not practicable, to minimise, the odour.”
Having a stringent OMP in place and adhering to it can prevent these odour problems from occurring in the first place. Although it may seem time consuming (and it is), it will ultimately save your business from damage.
Damage to the business from odours and dust
Damage to the business comes in many forms. Untreated problems can escalate and become a bigger problem as time goes by, making it more challenging to deal with further down the line:
1. Damage to reputation
Odour and dust problems can cause unhappy staff, customers and neighbours, especially if escalating over long periods of time. The knock-on effect can also spill over to neighbouring businesses and upset their staff and customers also. If left untreated, people may feel that as a business owner, you haven’t been proactive in addressing the issue and results in damage to your reputation as a whole.
1. Damage to equipment
Dust deposits can build up, causing damage to equipment and machinery. The longer they build up, the more serious it can be. Thick dust particles can travel through the air and create a ‘blanket’ of dust, which can get stuck in machinery, cogs and can even make some equipment unfixable. Dust accumulation can ruin electrical equipment and cause overheating, moisture build-up and reduced contact in connectors.
1. Prosecution
The laws in regards to poorly managed sites are ever-changing, with more amendments being added in April 2015. The new ‘enforcement undertakings’ now provide alternatives to previous prosecutions including formal cautions and warnings. ‘Enforcement undertakings’ will come into effect if these warnings are deemed not to be effective enough. However, businesses that don’t focus on the procedures in place and let problems escalate run the risk of being fined, or even in some extreme cases receive a custodial sentence.
1. Negative PR
When a waste management site is prosecuted, it is in the ‘public interest’ for local newspapers to cover the story. Negative news articles can be highly damaging to the business and makes the wider community and neighbourhood aware of the incident.
1. Loss of trade
When a waste management site is under investigation or has been prosecuted, business clients are likely to go to their competitors. They may not want to be associated with that particular company as it may have an impact on their business relationships and networks.
1. Prone to further inspections
Businesses that have been investigated or prosecuted in the past are likely to be ‘under the radar’ with the authorities for years to come. They could be perceived as a high risk and will have to work hard to regain any sort of trust.
1. Insurance problems
Businesses that have had issues with prosecution face higher insurance premiums. Insurers won’t only do a credit check on the company, but will look to see if there have been any incidents or negative media coverage when assessing whether the business is high or low risk to insure.
1. Financial burden
Businesses that have a problem with odour and dust face the risk of financial burden. Apart from the fine itself and court costs, other costs include loss of business, costs involved with fixing or replacing equipment and compensation to any person or persons affected.
Health Risks
It’s not just damage to the business that waste management owners need to consider, there can be serious health implications and risks to anyone in the business or vicinity. The potential health risks from dust will vary, depending on the type of waste management facility, the proximity to the individual or group involved and the length of time of exposure.
The most common health risks are from:
1. Wood dust
Probably one of the most lethal types of dust to inhale is from wood. According to the Health and Safety Executive, wood dust can be potentially life-threatening. Dust particles can cause asthma (dust workers of any kind are four times more likely to get asthma), hardwood can cause cancers of the nose, and settled dust can cause lung cancer.
1. Plastic chemicals
In plastic recycling plants, vinyl chloride, used to make PVC (poly vinyl chloride) is released into the air. Exposure to vinyl chloride can be mild to severe. Short term exposure can cause headaches and drowsiness, whereas long-term exposure can cause chronic illnesses such as liver damage, including a rare form of liver cancer.
1. Inhalation of pollutants
Whilst it may be considered that wood and plastic are probably the most lethal forms of inhalation, household and mixed waste exposure can also be lethal. Waste such as faeces from nappies, rotten food, dead animal carcasses, hazardous liquids, such as paints and cleaning products all emit odours over time. Waste releases micro-organisms which pose a greater threat the longer they are untreated, causing biological hazards. These types of elements become airborne the longer they are left as they cling to dust particles. Germs can arise from waste and breed very quickly. In a very short space of time, a few germs can become billions. They can enter the body in a number of ways, but inhalation is very common.
Untreated waste leads to pollution, when pollutants are released into the air, the health effects are potentially life-threatening and can include respiratory damage, lung damage, cancers and even premature death. Pollutants can be caused from carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, lead, ozone and particles.
1. Electric shocks
It’s not just airborne illnesses and diseases that are a risk. Dust can cause damage to electrical equipment and increases the risk of electric shocks. Shocks can be mild or severe and can result in a huge health and safety problem to those affected.
What can you do?
As a responsible business owner, using a few well thought out strategies will enable you to keep on top of your odour and dust and operate more efficiently.
1. Have an odour and dust suppression system in place
Although suppression systems may seem expensive, the preventative benefits far outweigh the costs in the long-run should an odour or dust problem occur. Systems include foam dust suppression, fogging systems and spraying systems.
1. Risk assessments
Ongoing risk assessments help you to perceive the level of risk in your business and be preventative, rather than sorry in the long run. Increasing your standards will be more effective and helps you to implement stricter safety measures overall, reducing the chances of any unwanted incidents.
1. Training and awareness
Ongoing training and refresher courses ensures that your staff are fully aware of what needs to be done to minimise the risks associated with odour and dust. When staff are skilled up in these areas, it assists in your overall prevention plan and your OMP. Sharon Simpson from WAMITAB discusses this in more detail on page 36.
1. Engaging with relevant agencies
Contrary to popular belief, not all agencies are there to make your life a misery. Some agencies are there to help you become more effective and responsible. The Health and Safety Executive, the Fire Service and the local authorities are there to guide you and give you the most up-to-date advice.
1. Keep up-to-date with changes in the law
Unfortunately, for people within the waste industry and the sectors within it, the law and legislations are constantly vulnerable to change. Keeping abreast of changes will help you to stay within the law.
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Gardening – Climate And Weather
Weather: it is the combination of rain, temperature, wind sun, and air humidity that affects your garden at a given time.
Climate: it is the summary of the weather that can affect the garden throughout the year. The climate maps of your area are to be used only as a rough guide. They provide averages for many years rather than telling you the extremes of weather conditions that you will likely like (or suffer) in a given year.
In addition, the general climate of your region will be greatly modified by the factors around the garden (the local climate) and by the factors around each plant (the microclimate).
Gardening - Climate And Weather
Gardening – Climate And Weather
General climate
The general climate provides an approximate guide to the weather that can be expected in your garden. In Great Britain, it varies from almost subtropical (coastal areas in the south-west) to almost sub-arctic (northern Scottish highlands). The general climate is controlled by latitude, altitude, prevailing wind direction, and proximity to the sea.
The effect of latitude is evident to everyone, the southern gardens are warmer than the northern ones. The effect of being close to the sea is equally well known, the western coastal gardens are kept practically frost-free by the Gulf Stream. Less known is the effect of small increases in altitude and the harmful effect of salt plants in coastal areas for 5 miles inland.
Local climate.
The local climate is the modified form of the general climate. It is controlled by:
Slope: A sloping south-facing site begins its growing season about 1 week before a flat plain.
Opening: nearby trees and bushes cast shade and reduce solar energy, but also reduce the harmful effect of strong winds.
The proximity of buildings – city gardens are influenced in many ways by the proximity of walls, houses, etc. The walls cast shadows and reduce solar energy, they can also cast rain shadows and therefore reduce rainfall. The walls influence the temperature, the heat is released at night and the south-facing walls can form a solar trap.
Soil Type: Frosts are more likely to occur on sandy soils than heavy ones.
Water proximity: a large nearby lake can have a refreshing effect on hot summer days.
Microclimate: it is the modified form of the local climate in the immediate vicinity of a plant. Large variations can occur from one part of a garden to another. The walls and hedges nearby or the cantilevered plants will obviously involve less light and less rainfall compared to an open garden, the effect of this rain shadow can be to reduce the water supply to only 25% of the rainfall in the garden open.
As far as credit is concerned, the effect of the walls and neighboring plants is to reduce the risk of frost on clear and peaceful nights and to reduce the harmful effect of the wind. The general climate cannot obviously be changed. The local climate is generally impossible to change, but often they can be changed by introducing cloches or windbreaks.
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Psychology optimism
Are psychology optimism agree
They are psychology optimism and treated based on the place where they started. The American Cancer Society psychology optimism pub med ru editorial content teamOur team psyhology made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing. Lirov R, Tobias E, Lerario AM, Hammer GD. Adrenal tumors In: DeVita Psychology optimism, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, eds.
Schneider DF, Mazeh H, Lubner SJ, Jaume JC, Chen H. Cancer of the endocrine system In: Psychology optimism JE, Armitage JO, Psychology optimism JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, psychologyy. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy.
These hormones all have a similar chemical structure and are called steroids: Cortisol causes changes in metabolism to help the body to handle stress. Aldosterone helps the kidneys regulate the amount of salt in the psychology optimism and helps regulate blood pressure.
Adrenal androgens can be converted to more common forms of psychology optimism sex burning estrogen and testosterone in other parts of the body.
Psychology optimism amount of these hormones that result from conversion of adrenal androgens is small compared to what is made in other parts of the body. The testicles produce most of the androgens (male hormones) in men. The ovaries produce most of the estrogens (female hormones) in women. The psjchology part of the psychology optimism gland, the medulla, psychology optimism really an extension of the nervous system.
Adrenal cortex tumors The 2 main types of adrenal cortex tumors are: Adenomas (benign or non-cancerous tumors) Carcinomas (malignant or cancerous tumors) These types of tumors can psychology optimism be hard to tell apart when the psychology optimism are looked at under the microscope.
Adrenal cortex adenomas Most tumors of the adrenal cortex are benign tumors known as adenomas. Adrenal cortex cancer The type of cancer that develops in the cortex of psychology optimism adrenal gland psychology optimism called adrenal cortical carcinoma or psychology optimism adrenal cancer. Adrenal cancer most often is discovered when: It is found accidentally on psychokogy imaging test done to look for something else.
Psychology optimism makes hormones that psychology optimism changes such as weight psychology optimism and fluid retention, early puberty in children, psychology optimism excess facial or body hair growth in women.
It starts causing symptoms because it has gotten very large. Large tumors can press on other organs in the abdomen, causing pain or a feeling psychologg fullness. Generally, adrenal cancers are much larger than adrenal adenomas.
In one study, the average size of an adrenal cancer was about 13 paychology (5 inches). Written by References The American Cancer Society iptimism psychology optimism editorial content team Our team is made up of doctors and oncology psychology optimism nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing.
Last Revised: January 2, 2018 American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. About Adrenal Cancer What Is Adrenal Cancer. More Psychology optimism Adrenal Cancer About Adrenal Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Treatment After Treatment Imagine a world free from cancer. Log in to our secure, personalized website psycyology manage your care (formerly myMDAnderson). If you are ready to make an appointment, select a button on psyhology right.
Find information psychology optimism resources for current and returning patients. Learn about clinical trials at MD Anderson and search our database for open studies. Cancer Prevention Center The Lyda Hill Cancer Prevention Center provides cancer risk assessment, screening and diagnostic services.
Donate Today Your gift will help support psychllogy mission to end opttimism and psychology optimism a difference in the lives of our patients. Clinical Trials As part of our mission to eliminate cancer, MD Anderson researchers conduct hundreds of clinical trials to test new treatments for both common and rare cancers.
Choose from 12 allied health programs at School of Health Professions. Learn about our graduate medical education residency and fellowship opportunities. Call us at 1-877-632-6789 1-877-632-6789 or request an appointment online. Request an appointment online.
Adrenal tumors can be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancerous). Even benign adrenal tumors can be dangerous or cause uncomfortable symptoms. The adrenal glands psychoogy part of the endocrine system, which releases hormones into the blood system. Hormones are important in many body processes, including metabolism, psyychology development and psychology optimism, and opgimism. There are two adrenal glands, one on the top of each kidney.
Each gland has two parts. The medulla is the opimism part of the adrenal gland. It makes hormones called catecholamines, which include adrenaline and noradrenaline. They also affect heart rate, blood pressure and sweating. Psycholgoy outer part of the adrenal gland is called the cortex. It makes hormones that impact blood pressure, psycohlogy and how the body uses fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Adrenocortical cancer: These tumors originate in the cortex of the adrenal gland. Adrenocortical psychology optimism is rare, affecting only about 300 to 500 people each year in the Potimism States.
There are two main types of adrenocortical cancer:Malignant adrenal pheochromocytoma: This cancer begins in the medulla. It is extremely rare, with only about 800 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. Malignant paragangliomas: These tumors may begin psychology optimism or outside the adrenal gland.
About two to four new cases per 1 million people are diagnosed in this country each year. Hyperaldosteronism: This condition is caused by a small tumor in the adrenal gland that pxychology too much aldosterone or an enlargement (hyperplasia) of the psychology optimism glands. Not everyone with these psychology optimism develops an adrenal tumor. However, if you or anyone in your family has one of these syndromes, your doctor may recommend genetic testing.
We offer the most advanced genetic testing psychology optimism let you know psychology optimism risk of developing adrenal gland tumors.
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Toward Text-to-Picture Synthesis
author: Andrew B. Goldberg, University of Wisconsin - Madison
published: Jan. 19, 2010, recorded: December 2009, views: 2571
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It is estimated that more that 2 million people in the United States have significant communication impairments that result in them relying on methods other than natural speech alone for communication [2]. One type of commonly used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system is pictorial communication software such as SymWriter [8], which uses a lookup table to transliterate each word (or common phrase) in a sentence into an icon. This is an example of converting information between modalities. However, the resulting sequence of icons can be difficult to understand. We have been developing general-purpose Text-to-Picture (TTP) synthesis algorithms [10, 5] to improve understandability using machine learning techniques. Our goal is to help users with special needs, such as the elderly or those with disabilities, to rapidly browse documents through pictorial summaries (e.g., Figure 5). Our TTP system targets general English. This differs from other pictorial conversion systems that require hand-crafted narrative descriptions of a scene [1, 9], 3D models [3], or special domains [6]. Instead, we use a concatenative or “collage” approach. In this talk, we discuss how machine learning enables the key components of our TTP system.
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Applications of a Heated Centrifuge
In the centrifugation process, heat is produced by the friction with the air in the rotor and centrifuge chamber. Heat can affect the centrifugation cycle. However, some processes that use centrifugation will require a specific temperature. Similar applications and processes will typically require a heated centrifuge.
A heated centrifuge works the same way as the typical centrifuge. While centrifuges come in various sizes (with benchtop types considered the most common), a heated centrifuge stands out for its temperature setting controls. Heated centrifuges are considered the top choice for use in industrial and research laboratories.
For instance, the Hettich ROTOFIX 46 H is one type with a vast range of accessories designed for routine applications. However, it can also be used for special centrifugal tasks. The Hettich ROTOFIX 46 H is primarily used to test non-medicinal specimens and can accommodate a wide range of special tubes including the ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) tubes.
When a Heated Centrifuge is Used
Some of the common applications for heated centrifuges include:
• Carrying out ASTM tests
• Doing standardised crude oil test procedures
• Identifying sulphuric acid content on chrome baths
• Organometallic and coordination chemistry procedures (a centrifuge has the capacity to hold Schlenk tubes. Specimens placed in Schlenk tubes can be separated through centrifugation
Unlike other centrifuges that are typically used in clinical and medical laboratory diagnostics, heated centrifuges are not intended to be used for medical analysis. It does not fall under the IVD Directive standards for clinical centrifuges (which are used in Europe and other countries). |
Nerve cells and blood vessels in the eye ‘talk’ to prevent disease
A study conducted at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) shows that nerve cells and blood vessels in the eye constantly “talk” to each other to maintain healthy blood flow and prevent disease. “It turns out these neurons produce a chemical critical for the survival of blood vessels and the survival and function of photoreceptors–the most important cells for maintaining sight,” said TSRI Professor Martin Friedlander, senior author of the study.
For such a small organ, the eye is extremely complex. Light enters through the pupil and passes through four layers in the retina before reaching the light-sensitive photoreceptors. “The retina has a very sophisticated architecture,” said Friedlander. “If you have a little extra fluid, some swelling or a few dead cells, light isn’t going to come through correctly and vision can be impaired.”
The second, intermediate layer of the retinal blood vessels seems to activate during periods of low oxygen and acts as a “reserve” of blood vessels in the retina. When blood flow and oxygen levels are low, a transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) triggers the production vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF then prompts new blood vessel growth, bringing more oxygen to the area.
Unfortunately, these new blood vessels can leak blood and other fluids and obscure vision. This is the case with age-related macular degeneration—a “wet” version of which causes vision loss in the center of the eye—and diabetic retinopathy—in which some people with diabetes develop blurry or patchy vision.
In this study, the team focused on neurons called amacrine cells and horizontal cells, which have a known role in “preprocessing”—or adjusting—electrical signals transmitted to the brain from the photoreceptors after they have been stimulated by light photons. These cells first caught the researchers’ attention because they appear to wrap themselves around the blood vessels (all together called the vasculature) of the intermediate layer.
“We wondered if these neurons were actually altering the way the vasculature forms and behaves,” said TSRI Research Associate Peter Westenskow, co-first author of the paper.
Since the retina is a direct extension of the brain, scientists can now easily visualize how neurons, blood vessels and other neurological players work together. Further, their study not only has implications for treating vision loss, but also brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and even amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
“For example, patients with Alzheimer’s get protein deposits in the brain, and we can see similar deposits in the backs of the eyes of patients who have macular degeneration,” said Friedlander. “If we can better understand what leads to accumulations of these abnormal proteins in the eye, that will hopefully also give us insight into how the brain works.”
The study published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, has implications for treating diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration—the leading causes of vision loss in adults. Since the eye is often a good model for understanding the workings of the brain, the findings also provide clues to major neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
More details on this study and the press release can be accessed here. |
advertising 9-11
1. A company that advertises some all year round, but more during the holidays is using :
a pulsating campaign
2. The following are advantages of using radio, except:
long exposure time
3. The following are advantages of outdoor advertising, except:
short lead time to develop ads
4. Frequency is the:
average number of times an individual, household, or business in a target market is exposed to an advertisement during a specific time period
5. Television advertising rates are primarily determined by:
Nielsen ratings
6. Ratings measure the:
percentage of a households tuned into a particular television show or viewing a medium such as a magazine
7. An advertisement on television will have the biggest impact:
at the beginning or end of a set of ads
8. Direct mail offers each of the following advantages, except:
high intrusion value
9. A media strategy is the process of:
analyzing and choosing media for an advertising and promotions campaign
10. Recency theory is based on:
consumers having selective attention processes
11. The new method of advertising campaign development is based on the idea that:
a more integrated approach based on an in-depth understanding of the target market is essential
12. Gross impressions are:
total exposures of an audience to an advertisement
13. When a firm has its product shown in the background of a television program or film, the advertising technique is known as:
product placement
14. A media plan begins with:
a careful analysis of the target market
15. The major reason retailers tend to use newspapers for advertising is newspapers:
offer geographic selectivity
16. Of the following media, the one that requires the longest lead time from ad development to ad appearance is:
17. Television offers the following advantages, except:
narrowly defined target markets
18. Of the following media, the medium with the greatest or longest life is:
19. Reach is:
the number of people, households, or businesses who are exposed to a media vehicle or message schedule at least once during a given time period
20. Magazines offer each of the following advantages, except:
short ad lead time
21. Which technique helps identify an Internet user's online patterns and reach the user with relevant ads?
behavioral targeting
22. Effective reach refers to the:
percentage of the audience that must be exposed to an ad to achieve an objective
23. Business-to-business advertising is:
looking more like consumer ads
24. CPM stands for:
cost per thousand
25. Effective frequency refers to the:
number of times a target audience must be exposed to an ad for it to be effective
26. The most common method of direct-marketing is:
27. Another name for a merchandiser or detailer is:
missionary salesperson
28. The salesperson at a discount store such as Wal-Mart would most likely be a(n):
order taker
29. To calculate the lifetime value of a customer, a firm marketing team needs all of the following data, except:
average number of purchases per month
30. The following are examples of internal data, except:
commercial database service information
31. The two most general categories of personal selling are:
retail sales and business-to-business sales
32. The first step in the business-to-business selling process is:
identifying prospects
33. In terms of the consumer buying process and retail sales, it is important for the sales clerk to:
ask questions to determine which stage of the consumer buyer process the customer is at
34. Direct-marketing programs create:
one-to-one contacts with customers
35. A customer relationship management (CRM) program works best when customers have:
highly differentiated needs and highly differentiated valuations of the product
36. As technology continues to evolve, many experts expect:
fewer sales positions
37. In developing a CRM program, the "share" of the customer refers to:
the potential value of the customer based on the percentage of business the customer does with the a particular firm for a particular product
38. The primary disadvantage of direct mail is:
39. When the same salesperson helps a customer solve various problems over time with purchases, the type of selling relationship would be classified as:
repeat transactions
40. Intrinsic value buyers:
focus on price
41. The first step in developing a database should be:
determine objectives
42. A mission-sharing sales approach is most similar to:
joint-venture projects
43. Personal selling is sometimes called the "last three feet" of the marketing function because:
three feet is the approximate distance between the salesperson and the customer
44. When a wireless phone company combines with an Internet access company to develop a plan to reach certain business customers, the relationship is a(n):
strategic partnership
45. Selling services often involves which type of transaction relationship?
46. Each of the following is a source of external marketing data, except:
telephone numbers and addresses collected from checks
47. Strategic value buyers:
seek partnerships with suppliers
48. Levi-Strauss & Company's database marketing program was designed to:
identify target groups and interact with members of those groups
49. Data mining is:
building customer groups and models that predict their future purchase behavior
50. Do-Not-Call lists affect:
outbound telemarketing
51. A need-satisfaction sales approach focuses on the customer's:
desire for solutions to specific needs
52. The last step in the business-to-business selling process is:
53. Extrinsic value buyers:
focus mostly on product attributes
54. The manufacturer's dilemma in retail selling is that most purchase decisions are made:
in the store
55. What type of salesperson would take inquiry phone calls from prospective customers?
inbound telemarketing
56. Frequent flier miles in airline travel are a form of:
frequency program
57. Text message advertisements to cell phone users who have granted permission is the newest form of:
outbound telemarketing
58. When a salesperson helps a customer who has called the company with a question about a product on a 1-800 line, it is:
inbound telemarketing
59. The program designed to build long-term loyalty and bonds with customers, using a personal selling touch combined by effective technology is known as:
customer relationship management
60. A stimulus-response sales approach is sometimes called:
a "canned" sales pitch
Card Set
advertising 9-11
9-11 advertising |
Bilberry Vs. Blueberry
The bilberry and the blueberry are closely related cousins that are very similar in appearance. In fact, outside the U.S. the bilberry is sometimes referred to as a blueberry. True blueberries, however, are native to the United States, whereas bilberries are native to Northern Europe and certain parts of North America and Asia. Both berries possess health-promoting antioxidant compounds, vitamins and minerals.
Health Benefits of Berries
According to a 2010 paper published in "Nutrition Reviews," berries in general are a good source of micronutrients, fiber and anthocyanins -- plant pigments that possess powerful antioxidant properties. The paper notes that clinical studies have shown that berries can improve cardiovascular health and decrease oxidative stress and inflammation, particularly in smokers and people with diabetes and hypertension.
Bilberry Uses
The bilberry has been used for hundreds of years both as a medicine and food. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, bilberry is used to treat diarrhea, menstrual cramps and eye problems, although there is not enough evidence to support its use for any health conditions. University of Maryland Medical Center notes that bilberry is also used to treat diabetes, atherosclerosis and wounds, although more research is needed in these areas.
Bilberry Properties
The key substances in bilberry, anthocyanosides, can help improve circulation, build strong blood vessels and prevent blood platelets from sticking together, according to UMMC. Anthocyanosides also increase the production of a pigment called rhodopsin which can improve night vision. Other substances in the bilberry known as tannins have anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in controlling diarrhea.
Blueberry Uses
Besides being a common fruit in the American diet, blueberry is also used to make medicine for a number of conditions including glaucoma, ulcers, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, hemorrhoids and hay fever. Blueberry is also used as a laxative and circulation enhancer. According to MedlinePlus, there is not sufficient evidence that blueberries are effective in treating any medical condition. The U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council notes that blueberries may play a role in brain health, cardiovascular health, insulin response and cancer reduction.
Blueberry Properties
Blueberries are rich in vitamin C, fiber, manganese and phytonutrients known as polyphenols. Polyphenols possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that are associated with improved cardiovascular health and a reduced risk of cancer and certain chronic age-related diseases. According to the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, it's the diverse range of phytochemicals in blueberries that give rise to their antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. |
5 Things You Should Know about the DOT V2V Mandate
By John Blyler, Contributing Editor
The U.S. Department of Transportation is preparing to mandate how designers will develop vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems. Here are five key things you should understand about this action:
1. It’s a proposed mandate.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for what could become the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 150. If this proposed standard emerges without significant changes, all automotive manufacturers will have to install dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) systems in new light vehicles by about 2020.
The stated goal of the proposed mandate is to improve safety by enabling cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles to share information and “talk” with each other. The NHTSA estimates that safety applications enabled by such technology could mitigate the severity of up to 80% of non-impaired crashes. This includes crashes at intersections or while changing lanes.
This graphic depicts examples of crash scenarios and V2V applications. (Courtesy of NHTSA)
While the mandate encourages a market-based approach to application, some have questioned its capability to innovate upon the pre-selected DSRC platform.
2. DSRC is based on the IEEE 802.11p standard.
Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) radios are based on a particular type of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology that falls under the IEEE 802.11p Wi-Fi standard. IEEE 802.11p is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 “Wi-Fi” standard that adds wireless access for V2V. Specifically, it includes data exchanges between high-speed vehicles and between the vehicles and the roadside infrastructure (so-called V2I communication).
DSRC is licensed in the ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz). These V2V radios are designed to send and receive short messages 10 times per second over a range of about 1,000 to 1,500 feet, depending on the conditions. DSRC shares vehicle information, such as position, heading, speed, and braking status, to help alert other vehicles of pending accidents and the like. This feature should complement vehicles’ existing autonomous camera, radar, and Lidar technologies to expand awareness beyond the range of any one vehicle’s sensors.
3. There are other approaches.
Remember the communication battles between wireless and cellular providers from the 3G era? Today’s V2V and V2X communications are the latest incarnation of those struggles. Currently, dedicated short-range communications and 5G cellular networks are taking the leading roles.
DSRC has the advantage in that radio platform modules already exist (e.g., General Motors’ 2017 Cadillac cars). Further, the U.S. Department of Transportation plans to require DSRC for all new light vehicles. Regulators in Europe have also embraced DSRC.
However, competitors to DSRC point out that the original IEEE 802.11 standard—the basis for the 802.11p update—was designed for relatively stationary Wi-Fi applications and not for millions of moving vehicles. Further, they note that the arrival of 5G next-generation cellular networks might be a choice for V2V and V2X communications. In addition to covering all V2V requirements, 5G cellular will also handle connections to devices like smart traffic lights, tolls, and other parts of the transportation infrastructure —so-called vehicle-to-everything or V2X communications. Finally, 5G also adds a mobile entertainment capability.
But 5G is not without its issues. For example, the 5G specification is still evolving. In addition, network lag and processing latencies—common in past “next-generation” cellular rollouts—would render the system unreliable for such a critical application. Cellular-based data access also would carry a significant price tag.
4. Government mandates don’t often end well.
The proposed DOT mandate bases V2V and V2I technologies on the DSRC architecture. But many of DSRC’s technical elements were mandated over a decade ago. As a result, they potentially underutilize current wireless technology.
It has been suggested that technology adoption works best when it comes from marketplace competition rather than technology imposition by governing bodies. History in the wireless space suggests that it’s better to avoid stringent device mandates that limit technology to a single choice. The result often sacrifices speed, performance, and power.
In the past, market processes in the communications space have created reliable and interoperable networks. For example, cellular phones without regulatory mandates use both interoperable elements (SMS messaging) and non-interoperable elements (CDMA vs. GSM, operating systems, etc.).
5. The future is a mix.
Ultimately, some combination of short-range and 5G communications may be necessary to make vehicle-to-vehicle connections work reliably. The value of dedicated short-range communications devices is the sharing of information between vehicles and—to some extent—infrastructure. 5G connectivity will complement DSRC while handling the connections to everything else including the Internet of Things (IoT). And there is still the possibility for the proposed DOT mandate to incorporate a broader realization of current wireless and cellular technologies.
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GE's infotainment benchDiagram showing stages of ADAS development. |
How to talk to your child while wearing a mask for effective communication? The COVID-19 pandemic has been affecting everyone’s lives in one way or another. Many of us have to wear masks all day long. Does it affect children’s communication and language development negatively? Unfortunately, yes! How to communicate with your child while wearing a mask and make the best out of this situation? Here are 10 super easy tips for you. Plus a free guide to improve your child’s language skills anytime, anywhere!
how to communicate with your child while wearing a mask
With the coming of the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have become a bigger and bigger part of our lives. Although wearing a mask is not yet a world-wide condition, it seems like face masks are here to stay. For how long? No one knows.
Wearing masks can reduce the spread of the coronavirus, but it can also reduce the quality of communication between people.
As a speech and language therapist, I am concerned about the adverse effects of wearing masks on communication with young children.
Language and communication skills develop immensely throughout the first 6 years of life. Thus, we must do our best to find ways of communicating effectively with our children when wearing a mask. We must also make sure that we do not slow their language development down by taking away their communication opportunities.
Masks affect communication negatively. With the introduction of masks in our everyday lives, the lower half our faces are often invisible. Information we can reveal through our mouths has diminished. When communicating with people wearing masks, children are not able to lip-read. Moreover, they can have a hard time reading emotions too.
Mother with a mask holding a baby
Image by Brian Wangenheim
Why is seeing facial expressions so important for infants and small children?
Right after birth, babies start preferring face-like stimuli over the others. During the first year of life, they continue to pay attention to faces more and more. Over time, they start differentiating familiar faces. Around 6 months, infants can recognize their mothers’ faces. Apparently, the faces they attend the most are the faces that they learn from the most. Can you see a connection here?
Babies also develop social skills through watching faces. A study showed that increased attention to faces as at 7 months old was related to social skills, such as helping behaviors at age 2. This is very nice because it means that watching faces help babies develop empathy too.
Why is watching someone’s mouth important for children (and adults too)?
From infancy to preschool years, children focus on different facial features. One study found that 5-month-olds focused more on the eyes but children up to 5 years of age paid attention to people’s mouths more.
Visual cues are very valuable for the interpretation of language. Even adults with a completely intact hearing benefit from lip-reading to understand each other
It is safe to say that our eyes, mouth, and facial motions altogether are important for the development of the little ones.
As an adult, it can sometimes be difficult for me to understand a person behind a mask. How to expect children to do it? Some masks have a transparent window in front of the mouth. I love them. But not everyone owns one of those.
how to communicate with your child while wearing a mask. 10 ways to improve communication while wearing a mask.
10 ways to talk to your child to improve communication while wearing a mask
Since your child will not be able to see your face when you are out and about, let’s make the best out of this situation.
Communication is not only limited to words and sounds coming from the month.
Using some of the methods I talk about here will help you to communicate with your child better. So, use them when you are not wearing a mask or in the future when the pandemic is over too (let’s keep our hopes up :)).
Why? Because you will;
• use your body language more
• become more aware of how you use your words
• make use of some visual aids to help your child to understand you better
• train your child to understand feelings and emotions in different ways.
• get used to talking in a calm and clear way.
Let’s begin!
1. Take a moment to think about what and how you will say before talking
While wearing a mask, take a moment to think about what and how you will say something to your child because you have to prepare for the next steps.
If you take a moment to stop and think about what you will say, it will give you some time to prepare. So you will say it in the best way possible for your child to understand you.
2. Speak when there is no background noise
Before you start speaking, make sure that there is not much background noise. When you are wearing a mask, you might want to give instructions, tell a short story, or talk about something important.
Wait a little bit until the distracting noise is over, if you can.
3. Attract your child’s attention first
Call your child’s name or attract your child’s attention so that s/he looking at you and ready to hear what you have to say.
Improving this skill will help your child listen to you and understand you better in the future too.
4. Take a deep breath before talking and use your breath to increase the volume
You should speak louder than before behind a mask. Don’t hurt your throat and harm your vocal cords by screaming all the time.
Try to take a deep breath instead. That will help you to use the power of your exhalation and turn your volume up a little bit.
mother and baby in the car with a mask
Image by David Veksler
5. Speak slowly, clearly, and calmly
Don’t rush when you talk. Speak slowly, clearly, and calmly to make your child understand you. If your child does not seem to understand what you just said, repeat it with a calm, clear, and slow manner again.
Which brings us to…
6. Use short and simple sentences and pause
Do not expect your child to understand everything you say in a long sentence. Try to use short sentences when you have a mask and pause between two sentences for your child process information.
In normal circumstances, using a bit more complex language than your child’s level is a useful strategy to improve your child’s language skills. But, it is more important to be able to communicate and understand each other while wearing a mask.
7. Use your eyebrows, eyes, and head to express yourself
Children pay attention to different parts of your face as they grow up. It is not only your mouth. They receive a lot of information from your eyes too!
So, why not make your eyes and eyebrows more expressive? You can convey a lot of information about your emotions through the upper part of your face.
Happy, sad, angry, excited, surprised… Use them and make even bigger faces.
8. Use a lot of body language
We know that our faces are not the only way we communicate with the world. We can also use our bodies! How awesome is that? Use as much body language as possible: Your arms, hands, legs.
Making big moves is very good for attracting children’s attention. I promise you, you will be the pantomime master soon, and your child will enjoy this a lot and will be very entertained!
Doing this will also improve your child’s pretend play skills.
Are you:
• Thirsty? Pretend like drinking water
• Hungry? Pretend like eating food
• Tired and sleepy? Pretend like sleeping and snoring.
You and your child can create your own body language for certain things too. Wouldn’t this improve your communication immensely?
9. Point at and use objects
Use objects as much as you can when you talk about something specific. You can either hold something or point at something. You can also use pictures of some objects to enhance communication.
Here are some ideas for you:
• Point at a car, a cat, or a tree when you talk about one of them.
• Hold your bag and lift it up bit if you are talking about the bag or something in the bag.
• Have pictures of the food your child likes with you so that you can point at them if you want to ask your child about what to eat.
• Point at yourself when you are talking about yourself and point at your child when you are talking about your child.
10. Ask your child!
You did all these one by one. But you are still not sure if your child has understood you clearly. Why don’t you ask?
Your child can give you a thumbs up if s/he understands you and a thumbs down if s/he does not understand you. That would also improve non-verbal communication between you and your child.
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Rural Service Area - Brief Description
There is often limited knowledge of the spatial relations that exist in a district or region. Distances that people have to travel in order to access basic goods and services often further compound issues of underdevelopment. There is often a limited spatial information on accessibility issues. As a result of this, district and regional planners often find it difficult to justify planning measures designed to overcome the disparities between remote and easily accessible areas.
Existing maps can be used to calculate isolines and accessibility models for a district and region and these in turn can be used in order to plan new infrastructure such as rural or district access roads or can be used to justify upgrading existing infrastructure I order to reduce journey times and thus reduce costs.
The distance people have to travel in order to access basic services or to market their products has important bearing on their behavioural patterns. It is generally true that the closer people live to a function, the benefits accrued and the availability and frequency of use increases. However, a major restricting factor is the income and purchasing power. If people have limited purchasing power the availability and accessibility of goods and services is irrelevant, they simply cannot purchase the necessary services and products.
Using normative service areas and isolines planners are able to determine the service area radius, accessibility of villagers to service providers and markets. Isolines can also be used to determine either physical or time distance measures in order for people to access goods and services. When planning new infrastructure such as access roads, the methods help determine the effective coverage area that will benefit from the roads and the time and cost saving for the people living within the vicinity of the new roads.
Additional methods that can be used to determine accessibility is the method “Mapping central and marginal areas” that can be found in the MethodFinder Practitioner’s guide. |
Readers ask: Limestone Plus What Equals Marble?
How does limestone turn into marble?
Marble forms when sedimentary limestone is heated and squeezed by natural rock-forming processes so that the grains recrystallize. Marble is made of calcite crystals (white) and some colored grains of mica inclusions; the grains in a marble are locked together like jigsaw puzzle pieces.
What are the differences between marble and limestone?
Marble is formed when Limestone is recomposed through the mixture of heat, pressure and the addition of minerals, therefore becoming a metamorphic stone. Marble consists mainly of calcium and dolomite so can be very veined in appearance.
What material is found in both limestone and marble?
Calcite is the principal constituent of limestone and marble. These rocks are extremely common and make up a significant portion of Earth’s crust. They serve as one of the largest carbon repositories on our planet. The properties of calcite make it one of the most widely used minerals.
Is marble stronger than limestone?
One of the reasons why these stones can be shaped so easily is that they are not considered to be hard materials. Compared to limestone, marble is affected by more heat beneath the Earth’s surface. For this reason, marble tends to be more compacted than limestone and as a result, is harder.
You might be interested: FAQ: How To Restore Marble?
Is limestone cheaper than marble?
Cost. Limestone is hands-down the more affordable of the two. Marble happens to be one of the most expensive decorative and expensive stones on the market. The price difference isn’t huge, but it’s definitely there.
Which is harder marble or limestone?
Marble is a metamorphic rock, and limestone is a sedimentary rock. Limestone is more porous than marble, which is much harder.
Which is better limestone or marble?
When we dug a little deeper, we found that limestone is actually more porous than marble, which means that limestone will not do as good a job at resisting moisture. For this reason, limestone will probably require more sealing than marble. Both are porous, but limestone will absorb much more.
Which is more pure limestone or marble experiment?
Which is the more pure – limestone or marble? Calcium carbonate is found in limestone and in marble. Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water but calcium chloride is water soluble. Most impurities in limestone and marble are insoluble.
How do you know if a rock is limestone?
You are going to be looking for a rock that is somewhere between a yellow and a light grey. he Pyramids in Egypt were carved from limestone! Limestone is a very hard rock, so try and crumble it in your hand or fingers. If it starts to come off in your hand, then you don’t have limestone.
Which type of rock is limestone?
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed principally of calcium carbonate (calcite) or the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (dolomite). It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell fragments and other fossilized debris.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Much Is Cultured Marble?
What type of rock is chalk?
Chalk, a sedimentary rock, is a soft form of limestone that is not well cemented and thus is often powdery and brittle.
What are three types of limestone?
Limestone has two origins: (1) biogenic precipitation from seawater, the primary agents being lime-secreting organisms and foraminifera; and (2) mechanical transport and deposition of preexisting limestones, forming clastic deposits. Travertine, tufa, caliche, chalk, sparite, and micrite are all varieties of limestone.
Which limestone is best?
Dolomitic Limestone is also known as “Dolomite,” and is often preferred over Limestone because it has a harder composition, is less absorbent and more resistant to freeze-thaw cycles, and has a higher resilience to acidic erosion.
What is the color of limestone?
Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is usually white in color, as it is largely composed of calcium carbonate. Limestone can be colored by impurities, however; iron oxide can make limestone red, brown or yellow, while carbon can make it gray, black or blue.
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Whether it’s campaigning for pesticide-free towns, creating B-lines for insects, backing nature-friendly farming, gardening without pesticides, or making sure the UK sets an ambitious vision for pesticide reduction, there’s lots people can do to tackle and reduce pesticide harms in the UK.
Below are just three of the priorities The Pesticide Collaboration is working on at the moment:
• An ambitious pesticide reduction target
• Support for Integrated Pest Management
• Phase out and ban of amenity & urban pesticides
The UK is currently revising its National Action Plan on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides. The most effective way to reduce pesticide harms is to reduce the use of pesticides in the first place. Setting a reduction target is not a new concept and has been shown to drive reductions in the use of pesticides in a number of other countries.
We want to see the UK Government introduce ambitious targets aimed at reducing pesticide use – taking into account both amount of pesticide and the risk/toxicity, or “toxic load”. Tackling both is important, as a risk reduction target will ensure that the most harmful pesticides to human health or the environment are prioritised for reduction. Meanwhile, a target for cutting overall use will ensure that indirect and poorly understood effects from pesticides are reduced. A French study found that by using measures such as crop rotation, mechanical weeding and managing sowing dates, total pesticide use could be reduced by 42% without any negative effects on either productivity or profitability on 59% of farms.
An ambitious reduction target
Farmers need support to make a transition towards a pesticide-free approach, at scale. No transition happens overnight. Currently, in the UK, the majority of farmers don’t have access to the advice, research or financial support they need to significantly reduce, let alone end, their use of pesticides.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to managing pests, diseases or unwanted plants under which chemical pesticides are used only as a last resort, if at all. IPM tackles pests and diseases through the use of a combination of different control methods, with an emphasis on the growth of a healthy crop, the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encouragement of natural pest control mechanisms. IPM strategies based on sound agroecological science, that use methods selected for the local context, can help prevent pest organisms from reaching levels where they start to cause economic damage to the farmer.
The UK Government has committed to “putting Integrated Pest Management at the heart of a holistic approach”. It now needs to develop, support and progress a system of crop protection that better protects people, wildlife and farmers. This should bring together agricultural, environmental, health, resistance management and economic policies.
Growing healthy nutritious food
Some of the measures to achieve this include (but are not limited to):
1. Stronger commitment for and detail on how farmers will be supported via land management schemes to undertake IPM
2. Creation of an independent advice and research facility for farmers and agronomists, to include an increase in funding for research into agroecological farming systems (including organic farming), to provide farmers with an alternative and reduce the reliance on chemicals.
3. Development and adoption of a clear definition of what constitutes IPM and what practices cannot be counted as IPM.
Ultimately, a move to agroecology, which works with healthy functioning ecosystems and less external inputs, would protect the soils and lead to a more sustainable future for British farming.
Family sitting in pesticide-free park
People that live, work, study or play in our towns and cities are directly exposed to pesticides on a regular basis. Councils and other land managers spray pesticides in parks, playgrounds and other green spaces, road verges, pavements, around shopping centres, care homes, and schools, mostly to deal with unwanted vegetation. Pesticides used in UK towns and cities include developmental and reproductive toxins, neurotoxins and possible carcinogens.
Given that most urban amenity pesticide use is purely for cosmetic reasons, there is almost no justification for using pesticides in public urban spaces. In fact, there are a growing number of effective, affordable alternatives and many councils and other land managers throughout the UK have already gone pesticide-free. In particular, urban pesticides tend to be used in areas frequented by children such as parks, playgrounds and schools. Given that children are one of the groups most affected by exposure to pesticides, protecting their health should be a priority for the UK Government.
Got something to say on the above, or have an idea for collaborative work? Get in touch! |
Asthma and Allergies; Using Allergen-Impermeable Mattress Covers to Protect Your Sleep
It is estimated that over 50 million Americans suffer from allergies, and of that number approximately 30 million American suffer from asthma. While there can be many different allergic triggers that cause respiratory allergies and asthma, one such allergic toxin naturally occurs in every bed and pillow, dust mites. Not only do dust mites and their droppings cause symptoms such as red itchy eyes, sinus irritation and breathing difficulties, they can also lead to a full blown asthma attack, even worse during the time your body is trying to rejuvenate itself, while you sleep. It is well documented that a disproportionate percentage of asthma attacks that result in fatality occur during the hours we typically sleep, 12am to 6am. This is a direct result of allergens, dust mites and their droppings, and other micro toxins which build up over time in our mattresses, pillows, box springs, and duvets.
Its a fact: the average person spends a third of their life (220,000 hours) in bed. Coupled with the reality that the average mattress can contain millions of dust mites and the implications are worrisome those millions of microscopic dust mites can cause a little more than a few irritations over a lifetime.
Here are a few more dust mite facts:
One dust mite will produce 20 waste droppings in a single day and females can produce upwards of 2000 fecal particles during their lifetime.
Dust mite droppings are small enough to get lodged in a human lungs bronchial tube, which results in asthma and skin irritation.
Ten percent of the weight of a two-year-old pillow can be attributed to deceased dust mites and their excretions.
Since they do not drink water but instead absorb moisture thru their shell, humid climates and seasons allow them to breed and thrive at a much higher rate.
The average life span of a female dust mite is ten weeks; during this time she will lay 60 to 100 eggs.
Many families assume that simply washing their sheets once a week will solve the dust mite problem. This assumption is wrong in that bleach and soaps do not kill dust mites because they actually live in mattresses and pillows, not in the sheets or pillowcases that are being washed.
One way to kill dust mites is to either freeze or heat up your mattresses and pillows to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. This has to be done for over an hour and needs to be repeated frequently, as dust mites reproduce in less than a five week span. However, constantly burning and freezing a pillow or mattress is dangerous and cumbersome, if not downright impossible (youd need access to a meat locker to freeze a king-size mattress). Additionally, dust mites are not confined to your mattress or pillow, as they can be transported via minor air currents created by normal household activities.
Vacuuming your mattress or pillows also bears little effect, as dust mites have the ability to climb deep within your mattresses fabric. Put simply, cleaning, washing or vacuuming will not rid the average American household of dust mites and their enormous amounts of dust mite excretions.
With over 50 million Americans suffering from allergies or asthma, finding a sustainable method to combat the dust mite problem has to become a priority for households across the country.
Encasing your mattress and pillows in allergen-impermeable mattress encasements and pillow covers is the most simple and realistic way to protect your sleep. These encasements will trap existing dust mites inside your mattress and pillows and protect you from future dust mite infestations. It should be noted that one should search for an allergen bedding product that has a pore size of less than one micron to insure the highest level of protection from these known micro toxins.
Allergen-impermeable mattress encasements and pillow covers are relatively inexpensive and are widely available online and in most large or chain stores. These bedding encasements offer protection against dust mites, and help avoid allergy outbreaks and asthma attacks.
Ben Anton 2007 |
Definition:Partial Ordering
From ProofWiki
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Let $\struct {S, \preceq}$ be an ordered set.
Then the ordering $\preceq$ is a partial ordering on $S$ if and only if $\preceq$ is not connected.
That is, if and only if $\struct {S, \preceq}$ has at least one pair which is non-comparable:
$\exists x, y \in S: x \npreceq y \land y \npreceq x$
Also defined as
Some sources define a partial ordering to be the structure known on $\mathsf{Pr} \infty \mathsf{fWiki}$ as an ordering, that is, whose nature (partial or total) is unspecified.
Also known as
A partial ordering as defined here is sometimes referred to as a weak partial ordering, to distinguish it from a strict partial ordering
Arbitrary Example
Let $X = \set {x, y, z}$.
Let $\RR = \set {\tuple {x, x}, \tuple {x, y}, \tuple {x, z}, \tuple {y, y}, \tuple {z, z} }$.
Then $\RR$ is a partial ordering on $X$.
The strict partial ordering on $X$ corresponding to $\RR$ is its reflexive reduction:
$\RR^{\ne} = \set {\tuple {x, y}, \tuple {x, z} }$
Also see
• Results about partial orderings can be found here. |
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Leif Erikson Day
October 9
Leif Erikson Day
Leif Erikson Day honors a viking explorer known as Leif Erikson. He is believed to be the first recorded Nordic person to have visited North America. It is believed that he visited places such as Baffin Island and Labrador around 1000 CE.
Is Leif Erikson Day a Public Holiday?
Even though Leif Erikson Day falls on Saturday, October 9, 2021, it is a working day. Most businesses follow regular opening hours in the United States.
What Do People Do?
The president of the United States issues a proclamation about the holiday. Many US presidents have, in the past, publicly praised the spirit of exploration and discovery, as well the contributions of people with a Nordic background and their culture.
Public Life
Leif Erikson Day is and observance and not a federal public holiday in the United States. Public transit systems run on their regular schedules.
Leif Erikson was born of Norwegian descent around 970 CE in Iceland. It is thought that his father and grandfather were outlaws and explorers around Scandinavia and Greenland. His father founded two settlements in Greenland. Leif had two brothers and one sister. He married a woman named Thorgunna and they had one son, called Thorkell Leifsson.
Leif Erikson went to Norway to work for King Olaf I of Norway. During his stay, he converted to Christianity. When he returned to Island, he bought a boat and, in 1003, set out to explore the land west of Greenland that had been discovered by Bjarni Herjolfsson, and older explorer. The land that he had discovered was actually Newfoundland, which is now part of Canada. The ‘Saga of the Greenlanders’ tells of his adventures.
It is thought that he visited Baffin Island and Labrador and settled on the Northern part of the island of Newfoundland, now all part of Canada. There are speculations that Leif Erikson or later explorers may have traveled into the area that is now Minnesota in the United States. Some controversial archaeological finds, such as the Kensington Runestone and the Maine Penny, support this theory, but it is not considered proven.
October 9 was chosen because it is the anniversary of the day that the ship Restauration arrived in New York from Stavanger, Norway on October 9, 1825. This was the start of organized immigration from Scandinavia to the USA. The date is not associated with an event in Leif Erikson’s life.
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Uncivil Rights: The Abuse of Tribal Sovereignty and the Termination of American Indian Tribal Citizenship
Kenneth N. Hansen
2020 IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies
Starting in the 1990s, an increasing number of Indigenous people have been removed from tribal rolls, denying them basic citizenship rights, including due process, private property rights, jobs, voting rights, and the like. Popularly known as disenrollment, these individual and family terminations have increased in number and frequency as casino tribes have increased their wealth, and federal courts have decided not to hear cases on individual civil rights violations pertaining to Indigenous
more » ... ng to Indigenous peoples. Indians are supposed to be protected from their tribal governments by the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, but it is not enforced by many tribal councils, courts, or federal agencies. This paper analyzes the contributing factors to disenrollment, such as casino gaming and past federal termination policy, along with quantitative data on the numbers of Indians disenrolled from their tribes. Of the 80 or so tribes contained within the borders of the US that have disenrolled substantial portions of their citizenry, 24 of those are located in California. The question is whether there are commonalities to the cases involved in these purges, or if it is simply a matter of bad behavior on the part of some that is emulated by others.
doi:10.22492/ijcs.5.1.03 fatcat:di3bhs4s7vbftlinvrlyhcuhx4 |
What Would Happen If Oxygen Were To Disappear For Five Seconds? This Is The Answer
A few types of bacteria will be jumping with joy. However, there are two sides to the given question:
One: What if the atmospheric Oxygen disappears for 5 Seconds?
Two: What if the molecular Oxygen disappears for 5 Seconds?
Since there are relatively different consequences to both events, we will cover them separately.
21% of our atmosphere is made up of oxygen, atmospheric Oxygen. If it were to disappear for 5 seconds magically, our first guess would be the effect it would cause on our breathing, isn’t it? Well, not really. Our bodies do not identify the lack of Oxygen. However, they do detect a rise in the levels of Carbon Dioxide. The feeling of suffocation only comes from Carbon Dioxide build-up in our blood, and 5-seconds may not be enough to make you feel out of breath. The thing your body will probably notice first is your cells exploding, or the sudden drop in air pressure causing your inner ear to explode. You see, there is a reason that your plane is a pressurized cabin, at higher altitudes, low-pressure air outside the ear drum as opposed to behind the eardrum will cause the ear drum to pop. 21% decrease in air pressure is equal to an elevation of 2000 meters.
Credits: Unbelievable Facts
Credits: Unbelievable Facts
Next, the most obvious thing would be that all the fires will go out, which includes the combustion engines in planes and vehicles causing halts for 5 seconds. The near take-off planes will be more damaged and they would crash to the ground due to lack of altitude. For the planes higher in the sky, 5 seconds may provide enough cushion time, before the engines restart again when Oxygen returns. However, it depends on multiple other factors as well that are not in the scope of this discussion.
Credits: Boredom Therapy
If you are on the side of the planet where it is daytime, these five seconds are going to be darker. The atmosphere has become 21% lighter, and there are a lesser number of particles to scatter the blue light. So it will be blacker day. Speaking of oceans and daylight, you must avoid being at the beach during this 5-second Oxygen blackout, unless you want to be toasted. The Ozone layer is essentially Oxygen in molecular form, which blocks the ultraviolet light. With Oxygen gone, the ultraviolet lights from the sun will cause severe sunburns.
Credits: Giphy
Untreated metals refuse to fuse into each other during welding due to the presence of an oxidation layer (Oxygen in air). Without this Oxidation layer, the metals will weld together instantly without an intermediate state of liquefaction, the process artificially achieved by Cold welding.
The people on the more urban side of the earth will notice the buildings around them turning to dust. Oxygen is a part of Carbon Dioxide which is an essential binder in concrete structures. Without Carbon Dioxide, the structures will not be able to stay firm and collapse eventually.
Credits: Collapse of Industrial Civilization
Oxygen not only makes up the atmosphere, it also makes up the 45% of the Earth’s Crust and Mantle. Loss of this Oxygen means that the Earth’s Crust will no longer be able to support giant structures, or light structures either. It will cause everything on the Earth to free fall almost instantly.
The molecular Oxygen makes up the water. When the vacuum Oxygen molecules are created, the hydrogen from water molecules will become an unbounded free gas. Hydrogen is the lightest of gasses in the atmosphere, so it will rise above the atmosphere, and will leak into space. Are you worried about the marine life? Well, no need to worry. No living being will witness the evaporation of the ocean, since living cells are also made up of water, and you’ve guessed it! We, along with every living organism, will explode, because our cells are more hydrogen than water. The gaseous Hydrogen will expand in volume and Kaboom!! It is just like being in the space without the spacesuit.
Credits: Unbelievable Facts
Pretty much everyone will suffer painfully and drastically with our beloved Oxygen nowhere to be seen. There are a few exceptions, hypothetically speaking. There exist single-celled bacteria and protists, a few of them anyway, that consider Oxygen poisonous. These bacteria are linked with lethal illnesses. If you do survive the cell explosions, free falls, sunburns, ear drum explosions, and the collapsing buildings around you, the silver lining is that these bacteria will go through billions of mutations and might even become Oxygen-resistant. Even when the Oxygen returns, they refuse to be eradicated. Congratulations, you have just received a bonus of incurable illness that will stay even when the disaster is over. These were the happy bacteria we mentioned at the start of the discussion.
Credits: Tumblr
On the return of Oxygen after 5-seconds, everything will be on fire like Micheal Bay explosions, as the hydrogen present anywhere will react with Oxygen and start a combustion process. In short, the Earth will be extremely cold for those 5-seconds, and then it will explode after 5-seconds.
Credits: League of Legends
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This painting is owned by the National Gallery in London which holds the finest collection of Van Dyck paintings of anywhere in the world. The wealth of the United Kingdom over several centuries meant there was finance available to purchase many of the most famous paintings in the world, even though most were produced in continental Europe.
The display of such prestigious art from the likes of Anthony van Dyck had the additional impact of developing world class artists across the UK, including the likes of JMW Turner and John Constable, which then led onto to the notable artists of the 20th century. Van Dyck's influence in the UK cannot be overplayed, with him eventually becoming Lord Anthony van Dyck. The artist appreciated the success that he received within England though it was his ambition to travel and learn that led to any achievements that he received outside of his native flemish regions.
Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral is believed to have been completed around 1619-1620 which backs up the theory of it being a rework of an earlier painting attributed to Rubens. His direct influence as part of Rubens' studio would finish at around this point and Van Dyck would now stretch his wings by travelling to Italy and England.
The content of this painting is the Roman emperor Theodosius I and his cloest advisors being prevented entrance to Milan Cathedral by archbishop Saint Ambrose. The reason he gives for this decision is the Massacre of Thessalonica. Van Dyck's version takes much of Rubens' but adapts several elements. First of all, Theodosius is clean shaven. Van Dyck also develops the architectural background with greater detail, something that was common in his portraits around this period. |
Hurricanes...Unleashing Nature's Fury
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Weather Service
March 1994
NOAA, FEMA, and The American Red Cross
What is a Hurricane?
A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone, the general term for all circulating weather systems over tropical waters (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere). Tropical cyclones are classified as follows:
Hurricanes are products of a tropical ocean and atmosphere. Powered by heat from the sea, they are steered by the easterly trade winds and the temperate westerlies as well as by their own ferocious energy. Around their core, winds grow with great velocity, generating violent seas. Moving ashore, they sweep the ocean inward while spawning tornadoes and producing torrential rains and floods. Each year, on average, 10 tropical storms, of which six become hurricanes, develop over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, or Gulf of Mexico. Many of these remain over the ocean; however, about five hurricanes strike the United States coastline every three years. Of these five, two will be major hurricanes, category 3 or greater on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Scale Number
Winds (MPH)
Damage Examples
(States Affected)
Florence 1988 (LA)
Charley 1986 (NC)
Kate 1985 (FL Panhandle)
Bob 1991 (RI)
Alicia 1983 (N TX)
Emily 1993 (NC Outer Banks)
Andrew 1992 (S FL)
Hugo 1989 (SC)
> 155
Camille 1969 (LA/MS)
Labor Day Hurricane 1935 (FL Keys)
Timely warnings have greatly diminished hurricane fatalities in the United States. In spite of this, property damage continues to mount.
There is little we can do about the hurricanes themselves. However, NOAA's National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service
field offices team up with other Federal, state, and local agencies; rescue and relief organizations; the private sector; and the news
media in a huge warning and preparedness effort.
Breeding Grounds
In the eastern Pacific, hurricanes start forming by mid-May. In the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, hurricanes season starts in June. For the United States, peak hurricane threat exists from mid-August to late October although the official hurricane season extends through November. Over other parts of the world, such as the western Pacific, hurricanes can occur year-round.
Developing hurricanes gather heat and energy through contact with warm ocean waters. The addition of moisture by evaporation from the sea surface powers them like giant heat engines.
Storm Structure
The process by which a disturbance forms and subsequently strengthens into a hurricane depends on at least three conditions. Warm waters and moisture are mentioned above. The third condition is a wind pattern near the ocean surface that spirals air inward. Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere. If the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and allow for additional strengthening.
The center, or eye, of a hurricane is relatively calm. The most violent activity takes place in the area immediately around the eye, called the eyewall. At the top of the eyewall (about 50,000 feet), most of the air is propelled outward, increasing the air's upward motion. Some of the air, however, moves inward and sinks into the eye, creating a cloud-free area.
Storm Fury
Storm Surge
Storm surge is a large dome of water often 50 to 100 miles wide that sweeps across the coastline near where a hurricane makes landfall. The surge of high water topped by waves is devastating. The stronger the hurricane and the shallower the offshore water, the higher the surge will be. Along the immediate coast, storm surge is the greatest threat to life and property.
Storm Tide
If the storm surge arrives at the same time as the high tide, the water height will be even greater. The storm tide is the combination of the storm surge and the normal astronomical tide. For example as hurricane moves ashore, a 15-foot surge added to the normal 2-foot tide creates a storm tide of 17 feet. This mound of water, topped by battering waves, moves ashore along an area of the coastline as much as 100 miles wide. The combination of the storm surge, battering waves, and high winds is deadly.
Storm Tide Facts
Hurricane-force winds, 74 mph or more, can destroy poorly constructed buildings and mobile homes. Debris, such as signs, roofing material, siding, and small items left outside, become flying missiles in hurricanes. Winds often stay above hurricane strength well inland. Hurricane Hugo (1989) battered Charlotte, North Carolina (which is about 175 miles inland), with gusts to near 100 mph, downing trees and power lines and causing massive disruption.
Heavy Rains/Floods
Widespread torrential rains often in excess of 6 inches can produce deadly and destructive floods. This is the major threat to areas well inland.
Hurricanes also produce tornadoes, which add to the hurricane's destructive power. These tornadoes most often occur in thunderstorms embedded in rain bands well away from the center of the hurricane. However, they can also occur near the eyewall.
Who Is at Risk?
Coastal Areas and Barrier Islands
All Atlantic and Gulf coastal areas are subject to hurricanes or tropical storms. Although rarely struck by hurricanes, parts of the Southwest United States and Pacific Coast suffer heavy rains and floods each year from the remnants of hurricanes spawned off Mexico. Islands, such as Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico, are also subject to hurricanes. During 1993, Guam was battered by five typhoons. Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauai, Hawaii, on September 11, 1992, resulting in $1.8 billion damage.
Due to the limited number of evacuation routes, barrier islands are especially vulnerable to hurricanes. People on barrier islands and in vulnerable coastal areas may be asked by local officials to evacuate well in advance of a hurricane landfall. If you are asked to evacuate, do so IMMEDIATELY!
Inland Areas
Hurricanes affect inland areas with high winds, floods, and tornadoes. Listen carefully to local authorities to determine what threats you can expect and take the necessary precautions to protect yourself, your family, and your property.
Camille - August 14-22, 1969: 27 inches of rain in Virginia caused severe flash flooding.
Agnes - June 14-22, 1972: Devastating floods from North Carolina to New York produced many record-breaking river crests. The storm generated 15 tornadoes in Florida and 2 in Georgia.
Hugo- September 10-22, 1989: Wind gusts reached nearly 100 mph as far inland as Charlotte, North Carolina. Hugo sustained hurricane-strength winds until shortly after it passed west of Charlotte.
Andrew- August 16-28, 1992: Damage in the United States is estimated at $25 billion, making Andrew the most expensive hurricane in United States history. Wind gusts in south Florida were estimated to be at least 175 mph.
The US Hurricane Problem
Population Growth
The United States has a significant hurricane problem. Our shorelines attract large numbers of people. From Maine to Texas, our coastline is filled with new homes, condominium towers, and cities built on sand waiting for the next storm to threaten its residents and their dreams.
There are now some 45 million permanent residents along the hurricane-prone coastline, and the population is still growing. The most rapid growth has been in the sunbelt from Texas through the Carolinas. Florida, where hurricanes are most frequent, leads the nation in new residents. In addition to the permanent residents, the holiday, weekend, and vacation populations swell in some coastal areas 10- to 100-fold.
A large portion of the coastal areas with high population densities are subject to the inundation from the hurricane's storm surge that historically has caused the greatest loss of life and extreme property damage.
Perception of Risk
Over the past several years, the warning system has provided adequate time for people on the barrier islands and the immediate coastline to move inland when hurricanes have threatened. However, it is becoming more difficult to evacuate people from the barrier islands and other coastal areas because roads have not kept pace with the rapid population growth. The problem is further compounded by the fact that 80 to 90 percent of the population now living in hurricane-prone areas have never experienced the core of a "major" hurricane. Many of these people have been through weaker storms. The result is a false impression of a hurricane's damage potential. This often leads to complacency and delayed actions which could result in the loss of many lives.
Frequency of Hurricanes
During the 70's and 80's, major hurricanes striking the United States were less frequent than the previous three decades. With the tremendous increase in population along the high-risk areas of our shorelines, we may not fare as well in the future. This will be especially true when hurricane activity inevitably returns to the frequencies experienced during the 40's through the 60's.
In the final analysis, the only real defense against hurricanes is the informed readiness of your community, your family, and YOU.
Surveillance and Forecasting
Geostationary satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of about 22,000 miles above the equator provide imagery both day and night. The satellite imagery helps provide estimates of the location, size, and intensity of a storm and its surrounding environment.
Reconnaissance Aircraft
The US Air Force Reserve provides most of the operational reconnaissance. Pilots fly aircraft into the core of a hurricane to measure wind, pressure, temperature, and humidity as well as to provide an accurate location of the center of the hurricane. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also flies aircraft into hurricanes to aid scientists in better understanding these storms and to improve forecast capabilities. The NOAA flights also provide operational support as required.
When a hurricane gets close to the coast, it is monitored by land-based weather radars. The National Weather Service is currently installing Doppler weather radars across the country which will add new dimensions to hurricane warning capabilities. They will provide detailed information on hurricane wind fields and their changes. Local NWS offices will be able to provide more accurate short-term warnings for floods, tornadoes, and inland high winds.
National Hurricane Center Models
The National Hurricane Center uses several different numerical computer models to aid in forecasting the path, speed, and strength of hurricanes. Data from weather satellite sensors, reconnaissance aircraft, and other sources are fed into these computer models. The National Hurricane Center also has a computer storm surge model. This model provides guidance on storm surge height and the extent of flooding it will cause.
What To Listen For....
NOAA Weather Radio is the best means to receive warnings from the National Weather Service
The National Weather Service continuously broadcasts updated hurricane advisories that can be received by NOAA Weather Radios sold in many stores. The average range is 40 miles, depending on topography. Your National Weather Service recommends purchasing a radio that has both a battery backup and a tone-alert feature which automatically alerts you when a watch or warning is issued.
Information for Local Decision Makers
All of the above information must be used to make an informed decision on your risk and what actions should be taken. Remember to listen to your local official's recommendations and to NOAA Weather Radio for the latest hurricane information.
Personal and Community Preparedness
Before the Hurricane Season
Individuals with special needs or others requiring more information should contact their local National Weather Service office, emergency management office, or American Red Cross chapter.
During the Storm
When in a Watch Area...
Plan to evacuate if you...
When in a Warning Area...
What to bring to a shelter: first-aid kit; medicine; baby food and diapers; cards, games, books; toiletries; battery-powered radio; flashlight (one per person); extra batteries; blankets or sleeping bags; identification, valuable papers (insurance), and cash.
Reminder! If you ARE told to leave, do so immediately!
If Staying in a Home...
Only stay in a home if you have NOT been ordered to leave. Stay inside a well constructed building. In structures, such as a home, examine the building and plan in advance what you will do if winds become strong. Strong winds can produce deadly missiles and structural failure.
If winds become strong...
Be Alert For:
After the Storm
Community Preparedness Plans
Each community subject to a hurricane threat should develop its own hurricane safety plan. After you have developed a personal/family safety plan, you may want to find out about your community safety plan. Your local officials should have the most detailed information for your immediate area. Please listen to and follow their recommendations both before, during, and after the storm.
Families should be prepared for all hazards that could affect their area. NOAA's National Weather Service, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the American Red Cross urge every family to develop a family disaster plan.
Where will your family be when disaster strikes? They could be anywhere at work, at school, or in the car. How will you find each other? Will you know if your children are safe? Disaster may force you to evacuate your neighborhood or confine you to your home. What would you do if basic services water, gas, electricity or telephones were cut off?
Follow these basic steps to develop a family disaster plan...
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A word puzzle related to solar terms. What is the word "avoiding the hot sun in summer"
DailyBird Culture 2021-10-08 1 0
character puzzle is a puzzle created and designed by using various ways such as clutch, increase and loss, pictograph, understanding and so on according to the characteristics of complex strokes of square Chinese characters, relatively independent side and changeable structure combination. It is a kind of character game that can help people exercise their intelligence and have fun at the same time. Then let's take a look at the word puzzle related to solar terms: what is the word of avoiding the hot sun in the summer.
大暑避炎阳的字谜是什么字 you may like the wallpaper of the solar term in the great heat. What is the word
to avoid the hot sun in the great heat? The answer is "extravagance". In the riddle of "avoiding the hot sun in the great heat", the "hot sun" is another name for the "hot sun". If the "great heat" avoids a "day", the word "big" is left, and the word "big" is above and below the "person", which is combined into the word "extravagant". In addition, there are two riddles related to the great heat, "the next day is the great heat" and "there is rain in the great heat". Their riddle is also the word "extravagance".
heatstroke is the twelfth of the twenty-four solar terms in the lunar calendar. At this time, the sun reaches 120 degrees of the Yellow meridian. At this time, it is the hottest period of the year, the period with the most sunshine and the highest temperature in the year. Most parts of the country are dry and rainy, and the gas temperature in many areas is more than 35 degrees. The commonly known "three Furnaces" are also the most prosperous.
are hot solar terms. At this time, pay attention to heatstroke prevention and avoid working in the hot sun for a long time. The elderly and physically weak should avoid going out in the hot sun at noon. Change clothes in time after sweating to avoid catching cold after sweating. At the same time, pay attention to indoor ventilation. The temperature difference between the air-conditioned room and the outdoor temperature should not exceed 10 degrees Celsius. Avoid blowing directly to the fan or air conditioner after sweating, so as to prevent catching a cold.
on the other hand, people are easy to feel tired in the hot summer. At this time, we should pay attention to a good nap and take an appropriate nap for half an hour every day to keep energetic. Keep heatstroke prevention and cooling drugs at home, and eat more winter melon, job's tears, Poria cocos, yam and other foods to help the human body resist the invasion of heat and dampness.
in addition, drinking water for health preservation in summer is naturally very important, but it should be reminded that it is incorrect to drink too much water at one time in order to quench thirst, because this may increase the burden on the heart, rapidly reduce the blood concentration, and even panic, shortness of breath, sweating and so on. Therefore, in hot season, if you are thirsty, you should drink a small amount of water first and stop for a while.
you may also like: how to keep healthy in the 24 solar terms of stinging season? What tea is the most healthy in summer? What food is the most suitable for replenishing qi and removing fire in summer? How many days does the solar term heatstroke last
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Understanding the question “What is a laser projector?” can feel overwhelming. Most people aren’t experts in laser engines or how they work to provide high image brightness. The best projectors available use solid state lasers, and learning more about them will prepare you for making a sound investment.
• These advanced projectors have multiple advantages over bulb projectors, becoming wildly popular with institutions of all types.
• There are multiple advantages of laser projection, such as high lumens brightness, vibrant colors, and more visible wavelengths of light.
• Laser projectors use a light engine instead of lamp-based projection, producing exact colors through a semiconduction process.
How Your Laser Projector Works
Asking “What is a laser projector?” is the first step to investing in a projector that provides richer colors, high image quality, and better color accuracy. While the initial cost may be high, the savings in costs of replacement lamps more than makes up for it. The natural next question is “How do LED projectors work?” if you’re interested in modern projectors.
Explaining Laser Projection Technology
Understanding laser technology is crucial to understanding the cost associated with this technology. While the cost of ownership can be high for some models, there are affordable laser projectors available. For that reason, educational institutions should consider a laser model. Comparing a tv vs. a projector in a classroom only leads to one answer: the addition of a projector with laser technology.
Insider Tip
A bulb-based projector will typically tell you how many hours it has left and will turn on an indicator light to remind you when the hours are low.
Light Engine Instead of Projector Lamps
Unlike lamp projectors, laser-based projectors don’t have traditional lamps. Instead, these types of projectors express their light output using a semiconduction process. A light engine is the LED alternative to lamps. If you know anything about LED lights, you’re already familiar with the concept.
The Role of Laser Beams and White Light
You can thank the coherent beam of white light LED models for the production of accurate colors. There is a wide range of technology you should understand before getting into the technical details of this projector unit. For now, just know that the light engine produces bright light, not light bulbs.
The Benefit of Laser Projectors
The most significant benefit of laser projection is the range of colors expressed. They also provide more accurate colors because they can project wider color gamuts. A wide color range is not the only benefit, however. Low maintenance costs are another, alongside not having to install a replacement lamp.
Oils from your hands can damage the interior components of your projector, so be careful not to touch any exposed parts while changing your projector lamp.
Why are laser projectors better than lamp projectors?
Lamp-based projectors require routine maintenance. A traditional projection lamp only has around 2,000 hours of life before you need to purchase lamp replacements. The cost of replacement lamps adds up. That makes laser projection systems the lower-cost alternative.
What is the best quality projector?
Rather than being a single model, there is a collection of traits that you should look for. Here are a few things a prospective projector owner should look for:
• Full-color gamut
• Crisp picture quality
• Laser-based projection
Which is better, laser or LED projectors?
Both types of projectors have high energy efficiency compared to traditional projectors. However, the laser projector has impressive color accuracy and better accuracy of projection. This puts them ahead of their LED counterparts.
Do I have to worry about blue light exposure from laser light?
Blue light is everywhere. Almost all screens produce it, causing eye strain and headaches. However, you don’t have to worry about high blue light production from laser projector technology. As long as you aren’t staring directly at the laser beams, you’ll be fine.
STAT: Sales of lasers are projected to surpass 18 billion dollars globally in 2021. (source)
Christen Costa
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Psychosocial Development Description of Children's Pre-school
Pre-school children are children aged more than 3 years to 6 years. Preschoolers have a golden age (the golden age) in their development accompanied by the maturation of physical and psychological functions that are ready to respond to various activities that occur in their environment. Pre-school age children is a period of development of children's ability to solve their own problems according to their knowledge, thus resulting in the development of initiative abilities. Stimulus is often prohibited or blamed resulting in children losing initiative, easy to feel guilty and not creative when they become adults. The study aims to determine the description of psychosocial development in preschool age children
Author(s): Livana PH, Esti Mediastini and Yazid Basthomi
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Privacy, Networking
I2P - A Simple Introduction
The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an encrypted private network layer that allows people to connect anonymously. Unlike Tor (if you are not familiar with it, I recommend looking at this article), I2P isn't made to access the internet (although it is possible to make it happen with outproxies) but to access various types of services within the network, such as anonymous websites (I2P site, or eepSite), torrents, IRCs, ... I2P was released in 2003 and is now in version 1.5.
Some part of I2P's implementation is a bit similar to Tor (the onion encryption concept), but it also has some extra characteristics (mostly the garlic routing and encryption). The official documentation is a bit difficult to apprehend, so this post aims to give you a good oversight of how all the parts of the system are working.
How I2P Works
High-Level Overview and Tunnels
The first term that we need to know is "router". Basically, it refers to any client that is running I2P. Each router has inbound and outbound tunnels that are data pipelines allowing to receive and send data. Incoming and outcoming data are separated to allow better anonymity and performance.
The following Figure 1 shows how exchanges are carried on between different users. Note that this is a simplified version with some tunnels omitted.
Figure 1: I2P routing between routers (source
We can see that Alice and Bob are communicated together. The data send to Bob is going through Alice's outbound tunnels and then to Charlie's inbound tunnels, while data received from Bob is going through Bob's outbound tunnels and then Alice's inbound tunnels.
A Deeper Dive Into the Tunnels and Encryption
After reading the previous part, we have a high-level overview of how the system works, but it doesn't answer how clients data is secret. This part is there to answer this.
The main part of the answer is the tunnels. Similarily to Tor, two clients communicating together are separated by multiple routers (hops). Usually 2 or 3 (as in Figure 2), but it could be set to as much as 7, or as little as 0.
Figure 2: Exchanges between I2P tunnels (source
Figure 2 shows what would happen if Alice sends a message to Bob. Before explaining the interactions, we need a bit of names definition:
• a is the Outbound Gateway. Technically, this is Alice's router
• b and c are the Outbound Tunnel Participants. There can be one or multiple of them, and they are just there to transfer the message to the next node
• d is the Outbound Endpoint. This is the end of the Outbound tunnel (belonging to Alice), and it is tasked with transmitting the message to the Inbound tunnel (belonging to Bob)
• e is the Inbound Gateway. If a client wants people to be able to contact it, the Inbound Gateway address will be published into the network database (more on that later)
• f and g are Inbound Tunnel Participants. They are the same as b and c. Tunnel participants never know if they are part of an inbound or outbound tunnel, and are just tasked with receiving messages and sending them to the next hop
• h is the Inbound Endpoint. Technically, Bob's router
When sending a message, this is what will happen at the encryption level:
1. a will split the message into smaller 1.024 bytes messages. All the messages going into the pipeline have a fixed size to prevent various attacks
2. a will encrypt every 1,024 bytes messages for h, so that only Alice and Bob can know its content
3. a will encrypt the result obtained in (1) for d, then it will encrypt the result for c, then it will encrypt the result for b (and basically do that as many times as there are participants). This is similar to what is done in Tor with the onion encryption
4. b will receive the tunnel messages, decrypt them, and forward them to c
5. c will receive the tunnel messages, decrypt them, and forward them to d
6. d will receive the 1,024 bytes messages, reassemble them to recover the initial data that was split in step (1), and transmit this to the Inbound Gateway e
7. e will receive the message, fragment it into 1,024 bytes tunnel messages, and send each of them to f
8. f will receive the tunnel messages, encrypt them, and forward them to g
9. g will receive the tunnel message, encrypt them, and forward them to h
10. h will decrypt the messages encrypted by g, decrypt the result encrypted by f, decrypt the result encrypted by e, and decrypt the result encrypted by a. Then it assembles everything to recover the big plaintext message that we had in step (1)
Note that a will use the decrypt function to encrypt the messages, and b and c the encrypt function to decrypt them. Since f and g also use the encrypt function (to encrypt the messages this time), the participants can't know if they are part of an Inbound or Outbound tunnel. Also, to ensure that the tunnels messages are always 1,024 bytes larges, the various processes can use some padding.
Tunnels Establishment and Database
If you came so far, you now have a general idea of how I2P works, how the data stays confidential, and what the tunnels are doing. Two things you don't know though are how the tunnels are created, and how clients are anonymous (if you are familiar with Tor, you might have understood the second part of the question already).
The Database
One thing that is critical in the system is the ability to contact other routers to create the routes, but also to know how to access services. Tor would have a central point where clients can inquire about the nodes information. I2P also have a central point to get routers information, but this is not an exhaustive database. Instead, it will just be used to provide a couple of routers addresses, so that the client can bootstrap the network map. The routers database itself is a distributed database named netDb. The netDb is distributed with a technique called "floodfill", and each router participating in it is called a "floodfill router". The database contains two entities: RouterInfos and LeaseSets.
Each router participating in the network has a database entry named RouterInfo. It contains the following:
• The router identity (an encryption key, signing key, and a certificate)
• The contact address to reach the router
• When it was published
• Various text options to share router's capabilities and such
• A signature of all the previous fields, created by the router with the signing key
To be able to send a message to a client, each of its inbound tunnels has a LeaseSet in the database. It will provide the following information:
• The tunnel gateway router (which is defined in the RouterInfo entities)
• The tunnel ID (4-byte number)
• When the tunnel expires (by default every 10 minutes)
• An encryption key, signing key, and certificate for the destination
• A signature of the LeaseSet data
Note that it is possible for a LeaseSet to not be public (for example when a client is using IRC), and to just have I2P share the LeaseSet information to the relevant parties.
One type of LeaseSets is particularly interesting to us: the encrypted LeaseSets. As their name suggests, they only allow clients with the correct key to get the LeaseSet information, and therefore to be able to contact the Inbound tunnel. Note that when a router records a LeaseSet into the database, it will do so using its outbound tunnel to be able to stay anonymous.
Establishing Tunnels
When a router wants to create a tunnel, it will find routers from the RouteInfo entries of the database, and select them to have an optimized route with the help of various heuristics. It will then need to contact the routers to ask them permission to set up a tunnel.
Each of the potential tunnel members will receive a tunnel ID, encryption keys that it will need to use to encrypt the data going through, but also to reply to the build request. In addition:
• the intermediate tunnel participants and inbound gateway will receive the next-hop information (router address and tunnel ID)
• the outbound endpoint will receive the information of the inbound gateway we want to send information to
When all the participants agreed to be part of a tunnel, the initiating router can start using it to send or receive data. Participants can have multiple tunnels open, so the tunnel ID that they are provided at the beginning allows them to know which tunnel a packet they receive belongs to, and therefore, what is the next hop for this message. Since the routers can't only see the previous and next destination of a message, they can't know who is sending the message, and where it is going, therefore allowing anonymity.
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The Sunday Telegraph
Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Schlafly, who has died aged 92, was an American conservative activist, lawyer, author and strident anti-feminist who in the 1970s was instrumental in halting the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and helped push the Republican Party further to the Right on such issues as the family, religion and abortion.
The Equal Rights Amendment (“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex”) was a guarantee of equal rights for women and had already been passed by Congress in 1972 when she began her campaign to stop its ratification, which at the time seemed very likely.
Thirty of the 38 state legislatures required to pass the amendment had already ratified it. It was widely supported by women’s groups and by both major political parties. But Phyllis Schlafly was undaunted. American women, she said, were already “extremely well treated”.
Focusing her campaign on the threat the amendment would pose to traditional family values, she travelled across the country, speaking to clubs and religious groups, as well as 30 state legislatures. By the late 1970s the Amendment was stalled and, despite an extension to its sevenyear deadline, by 1982 15 states had rejected it and five others had withdrawn their ratification.
It fell three states short of passage and in celebration Phyllis Schlafly held a “burial” party in Washington. The ERA, she told journalists, “is dead for now and forever in this century”. Born August 15 1924, died September 5 2016
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Misogyny in Latinx Culture: “Calladita Te Ves Más Bonita”
It is the ghost of high expectations and standards, who preys on young girls and older women dressed in their Sunday best at all times, perfect little statues of success, discipline, and submission
“Calladita te ves más bonita''. This expression is drilled into Latina girls since they are, ironically, taught to speak. We have been taught to sit quietly at lively family reunions that buzz with loud greetings and even louder music. We are instructed to greet everyone with a smile, a nod, and a kiss on the cheek. If we ever dare to deviate from that calculated greeting, we bring a sense of shame and dishonor to our families. These rigorous set of rules apply everywhere we go: church, family reunions (especially while speaking to men), restaurants, malls, or any public place imaginable. It is considered scandalous to have a rowdy child who screams and cries for a toy they saw at the store, or a child who runs around with no other desire but to have fun. Heads are lowered in embarrassment and shame. Mothers face critiques and questions about their own capabilities as a maternal figure: “¡Que niña mas malcriada! ¿Que vas a hacer con ella?” - “What a badly behaved girl, what are you going to do with her?”. This shows that no Latina woman outgrows the spirit of misogyny. It will always remain a phantom. It is the ghost of high expectations and standards, who preys on young girls and older women dressed in their Sunday best at all times, perfect little statues of success, discipline, and submission.
The “don’t speak unless you are spoken to” approach to parent an outspoken daughter has lasted for generations, some go as far as to describe it as a generational curse. Many Latinas in history, like the artist Frida Kahlo, considered to be one of the first Latina feminists, and activists like the Mirabal Sisters, who spoke out against the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, have tried to put an end to this toxic and dangerous mindset. Yet, the curse manages to remain undefeated as new generations of Latinas are born.
The following is an interview with three Latinas with different viewpoints of misogyny in our culture. Person one is a mother who has been raised in the Dominican Republic in the seventies and eighties and moved to the United States in search for better quality of life, Person two is a college student who has been raised in the Dominican Republic in the 90s, but moved to the United States to pursue her college education, and Person three is a Dominican descendant and a high school student raised in the United States.
Please describe the time period in which you were raised.
Person 1: We grew up in a society where women and girls were expected to do housework. I grew up in a big house with mostly brothers. The girls were always expected to do chores and housework because we were taught that boys shouldn’t do any of that. Men were expected to study, although we (the girls in our family) were also expected to do well in school and go to a good university. There was a belief that one daughter had to stay unmarried to take care of our parents when they were older. Marriage was seen as abandoning the family. If there was more than one girl, one was picked to be with her parents all the time. I was very close to being that girl. It was a very judgmental society towards women and not towards men. If a woman had many partners, it was frowned upon and she would be judged heavily. If a man had many partners, he would be praised.
Person 2: I was born in the late 90s, almost 2000s, so the traditional roles were still very strict, but women began to have more freedom. Women were able to have a college education, and able to be more transparent on issues like marriage and having children. We were still expected to put our families before us, have children, get married, and have a successful household.
Person 3: I was born in the early 2000s, which I think was a liberal time. I think it was a time that women were more “out there” in the media, in music, etc. Women of color began to become accepted into the mainstream. It didn’t have any crazy standards, I feel like people just stopped the narrative that a woman had to do things for women. Women were definitely more independent. It was a time for breaking cycles and defining what it was to be a woman. Femininity was really embraced, too.
How do you think your generation differs from others in terms of dealing with internalized misogyny in Latino families?
Person 1: The majority of women were able to obtain a college education, which not many women before us were able to do. We were able to have careers that women were not able to have before. For example, in my mother’s generation, that [women having an education] wasn’t very common.
Person 2: I feel like there is a lesser requirement to stay unmarried to take care of parents in their old age. I feel that parents taught my generation that it is not necessary. Women from my generation tend to be more outspoken and there is a lot less pressure for us to get married and have a family. There is less pressure because my generation has taken initiative in deciding our overall values.
Person 3: I feel like misogyny is still really prominent in the Latino community, but we are becoming more progressive. I feel like my mom has taught me to do things to better myself and not to do things for a man. I feel like there’s still machismo because certain careers are still taboo. Even though there is a lot of freedom, there are still so many things that were still frowned upon. Like, sometimes, clothing choice and number of partners is still sensitive and controversial. If you speak up, you are considered a rebel and it makes it harder for a woman to be believed. Women’s voices are heard, but a man’s will always be heard more.
What is your most vivid memory of being treated or taught differently than the males in your family? Do you agree or disagree with the treatment you have received?
Person 1: I disagree with the fact that the boys in our family did not have any consideration for the girls in our family, leaving their messes for us to clean up. We constantly had to clean up after them- clothes, dishes, you name it!
Person 2: I was taught that I cannot date anyone until I went to college, but my brothers were allowed to date at an earlier age. I always had a curfew when I was a teenager, but my brothers did not have a curfew at all “porque los hombres son de la calle” (because men belong to the street).
Person 3: It’s always like, “oh, your boy cousins can go out and it's fine,” but if I’m a minute late, it's a problem. The boys in the family are praised for having a girlfriend at a young age, but God forbid I ever have a boyfriend. I often feel like I am invalidated because I am a 17 year-old girl and a man is seen as more intelligent and stronger. I obviously disagree, we’re in 2021!
What do you think is the biggest difference between American culture and Dominican/Latino/Hispanic culture? Do you think Dominicans/Latinos/Hispanics should implement a more “American” method to parenting a daughter, or vice versa?
Person 1: American culture is less sexist (although there still is some misogyny.) Here, women have more rights than women in the Dominican Republic. I think that my culture should adopt some American ideologies, but I think Americans should adopt the custom of keeping their children close to them even after they are 18, no matter the gender.
Person 2: I just feel that the cultures are very different, just because they (Americans) value different things. I feel that the two cultures agree to disagree when it comes to parenting.
Person 3: This one is hard! American culture is more progressive in the sense that you can do whatever you want, but Hispanic parents will always be strict. I feel like Latino culture isn’t perfect, but a lot of it is based on respect. It’s like, respete pa’ que te respeten. Respect to be respected. I don’t think it’s (misogyny) is ever going to disappear. Most of the time, Hispanic parents just want us to be better than them - I think that’s why they are tougher.
Do you think misogyny will fade over time? If not, what steps do Dominican/Latino/Hispanic parents need to take to get rid of misogyny in our community? Is it the parent or child’s responsibility to take these steps?
Person 1: I think that parents should teach their children that both genders should respect each other. It is very important for parents to teach their children about respect because the children will carry these teachings to their adulthood.
Person 2: I feel that it won’t disappear because machismo is a really big part in Latino culture, because men are praised when they show hyper-masculinity. It is the parent’s responsibility to teach their children about gender roles because behavior and ideologies are started in the household. There are different programs and organizations in the Dominican Republic that raise awareness about issues like hyper-masculinity, child marriage, and abuse of women, but it is all up to the parents to instill these values in the household.
Person 3: I don’t think it will fade over time but it is up to both the parent and the child to break the cycle. If a parent is being sexist, a child should be able to say: “Hey, this isn’t okay.” The parents have a huge responsibility because whatever they teach, the child takes it to adulthood.
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Real vs Fake Moldavite: How Can You Tell the Difference?
all about moldavite
Moldavite is the only gemstone quality tektite found on the planet. It comes from one region on Earth, and was created when a meteor impacted the planet. It’s highly prized among collectors for its unique origin, color, and shape. The metaphysical community also values moldavite for its energetic properties.
Moldavite was formed over 15 million years ago when a meteorite hit the planet in the southeastern region of modern Germany, Austria, and the Czech republic. It’s been used in jewelry in its natural form, as faceted gemstones, and as beads.
Moldavite’s ongoing popularity and anticipated scarcity has resulted in fake versions hitting the market in large numbers. In this article, we’re taking a look at the difference between real and fake moldavite, and how you can tell the difference.
What is Moldavite?
Moldavite is a type of glass that was formed by a meteorite impact. It’s known as a tektite or impact glass, and comes mainly from the Nordlinger Ries crater in central and eastern Europe.
When the meteor hit the Earth’s surface, it created a debris field that combined meteorites and terrestrial rock that was flung hundreds of miles away from the impact site.
Over 90% of all moldavite comes from a handful of locations in the South Bohemia region, including the Moldau River Valley in the Czech Republic. The rest come from neighboring countries where the impact sites are located.
The primary color of moldavite is a deep olive green, but it’s also found in lighter shades that range to a shade of green-blue known as poisonous green. It can also have streaks of color that appear brown. Moldavite has a Mohs hardness that ranges from 5.5 to 7, a hardness shared by manufactured glass. It has a chemical formula of SiO2(+AI2O3).
Moldavite got its name from the Vitava river in the now Czech Republic. Towards the end of the 17th century, moldavite was discovered by a German doctor by the name of Dr. Josef Mayer who was employed as a professor at the Charles University in Prague.
The Czech call moldavite vitavin after the river, but in one of those twists of language, moldavite got its name from Moldau, the German name of the same river that flows between the two countries.
What is Fake Moldavite?
Fake or synthetic moldavite looks very much like the real thing, except it’s made from manufactured glass that’s been poured into molds. Dyes are used to imitate the color of real moldavite and make it difficult for the casual viewer to tell them apart.
Manufacturers of fake moldavite are also using colors that don’t exist in real moldavite. A search of popular websites that don’t vet their sellers will return listings of moldavite in red, pink, yellow, and blue. Moldavite that is emerald or bottle green and is eye-clean is most likely made from green glass bottles.
Read More: Synthetic Gemstones (Everything You Need To Know)
Fake moldavite will never be able to perfectly imitate the real thing, but that doesn’t stop manufacturers from their production efforts. The biggest tell of fake moldavite outside of the common shapes and color is the fact that fakes have no inclusions and few to no bubbles. Moldavite beads are uniform in shape, crystal clear, and have a clean appearance. Real moldavite pieces look dirty in comparison.
The Differences and Similarities Between Fake and Real Moldavite
Both real and fake moldavite are made from glass, but that’s where the similarities begin and end. Real moldavite has inclusions and is full of bubbles that are the result of its formation.
Fake moldavite also has bubbles, but not nearly as many as the real thing, and bubbles can be found on the surface, something that’s rarely seen in real moldavite. A fake specimen is made in a controlled manner that minimizes bubble formation (bubbles can cause glass to crack when its being cooled down in a kiln) whereas real moldavite was formed in a catastrophic event with no controls whatsoever.
How to Tell the Difference Between Real and Fake Moldavite
There are a number of ways to tell the difference between real and fake moldavite that range from simple knowledge to touching and using a flashlight. Each technique can quickly inform you as to the authenticity of the piece you’re examining.
A simple fact to remember is that moldavite was formed millions of years ago and has undergone physical changes during that time. Real moldavite will always have a worn, dusty or dirty appearance from spending millennia underground.
Fake moldavite can’t replicate this appearance and will always look wet or shiny. Real moldavite is only shiny when it’s been broken apart, and even then, only the broken ends of the piece are shiny.
Real pieces of moldavite are used to create molds for making fakes. These molds can be scaled down or up in size, but will retain the original shape, ridges, waves, and patterning of the original. It’s not unusual to find multiple sizes of moldavite with an identical appearance.
Makers of fake moldavite tend to use the same molds over and over again and flood the market with their counterfeits. It won’t take long before you start noticing the same shapes showing up for sale online and at shows.
Inclusions are common in moldavite due to the nature of its creation. It’s normal to see bubbles and lechatelierite strands or wires inside a piece of moldavite. Sometimes these inclusions are visible to the naked eye and are an intrinsic part of the stone’s visual appearance. However, it’s not unusual to have a clear piece that requires the use of a jeweler’s loupe, flashlight, or magnifying glass to detect the inclusions and bubbles.
FAQs About Real and Fake Moldavite
Why is Moldavite Faked?
The best moldavite comes from Bohemia, South Bohemia, and Moravia, but these areas have been heavily mined for almost 50 years. A majority of the mine fields are closed, and only four mines remain in operation today.
It’s estimated that there is a 10-year supply of moldavite left in these mines and once they’re depleted, there will be no more high-quality moldavite left. This potential scarcity has inflated the cost of moldavite, which encourages counterfeiters to produce fakes in order to profit off the unwary.
What is Moldavite Good for?
Moldavite’s hardness makes it perfect for faceting and setting in jewelry. It’s been in use in jewelry since it was discovered in the late 1700s, and you can find antique, vintage and modern pieces that use moldavite.
In its natural form, moldvate is popular among wire wrappers for making pendants. As previously mentioned, the metaphysical community seeks out moldavite in its natural state or as part of jewelry to keep or wear for its purported energetic properties.
Where Does Fake Moldavite Come From?
Most fake moldavite comes from China and India. Some eastern Asian countries are also producing fake moldavite, but the majority of the pieces on the market come from these two countries. If you come across a piece that’s labeled as being from countries other than the Czech Republic, it’s most likely a fake.
synthetic gemstones
Synthetic Gemstones (Everything You Need To Know)
diy dop wax recipe
Make Your Own Dop Wax (Dop Wax Recipe) |
A new study has shown being bilingual is not just a trait that leads to a more well-rounded person, it actually may slow brain aging. The study by researchers at the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland, revealed bilingual people are seen to have a slower aging process that could help them achieve longer and more satisfying lives.
Although previous research on the study of bilinguals has revealed it could lead to difficulties in a number of social settings and learning issues, the new study states that the "reverse causality" has proven difficult.
This study looked specifically at cognitive functions of the brain in those speaking two languages and how that relates to the aging process, with the overall findings pointing to a "better baseline cognitive functions" as bilinguals age.
"Our study is the first to examine whether learning a second language impacts cognitive performance later in life while controlling for childhood intelligence," says lead author Dr. Thomas Bak from the Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology at the University of Edinburgh.
The researchers took the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 data that had 835 English language native speakers born and living around Scotland's capital city, who were 11 in 1947 when they were given an intelligence test. Then, some 65 years later, they were tested again and those who had learned one or more language other than English were seen to have better cognitive functions at their elderly age.
The study said the strongest results were in "general intelligence and reading," giving a basis for the belief that those who are able to speak a second language are, on the whole, smarter than the general population, at least according to this study.
"The Lothian Birth Cohort offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction between bilingualism and cognitive aging, taking into account the cognitive abilities predating the acquisition of a second language," concludes Bak.
"These findings are of considerable practical relevance. Millions of people around the world acquire their second language later in life. Our study shows that bilingualism, even when acquired in adulthood, may benefit the aging brain."
The research was published in Annals of Neurology, a journal of the American Neurological Association and Child Neurology Society.
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How can Anxiety Work for you?
Anxiety is in our bodies. How we interpret our state of mind reflects how we view the world and will make our way through it. We often create a bias about anxiety which can lead us to negative thinking. Ever wonder why you view some things as opportunities and some things as problems? Blame your brain. Our brain & our body work together to help us interact with our world most efficiently. This requires developing some general patterns and guidelines about what is going on. As information is working its way through our bodies, it is creating meaning (we call these emotions) and if this information is determined a threat, then the response will be anxiety. So how can anxiety work for you?
Learn More About How Anxiety Can Work For You
So, what part of our body is sending out messages? Our vagus nerve. This nerve runs from our brain stem all the way through our abdomen. Its duty is to direct emotional body responses to our environment….most before we even realize it. These responses play out in our behavior. Ideally, we regulate ourselves through proximity, social interaction and reading tones around us. Sounding complicated? Basically we “read the room” and our bodies decide what to do. Worry is a narrative we create often connected to justify why we feel “bad” and not necessarily based on actual data.
We can work to correct any miscues by focusing on our nervous system. An easy first step is through our breathing. Start by exhaling slowly. It tells the body to calm down. You can hum, sing or chew gum too. These will stimulate nerve fibers in our head to open us up to our social center and finding the right response.
Next is thinking. If the message we are getting is not one to warrant panic; we can ask ourselves to think about a positive experience like ‘what puts a smile on our face’ or ‘when was the last time we felt safe’. Thoughts like these shift our state to a more positive framework. Once this shift happens, our physiological system shifts and we can get more control over our body.
Most of us are really bad at worrying. We typically do it as a mechanism to stop something bad from happening. If that thing doesn’t happen, we may think worrying was worth it. And the cycle begins. Chronic worriers focus on beating themselves up for worrying rather than solutions. They have poor “problem solving confidence” and use their mood to determine their behavior. Most worrying occurs during negative moods.
So what can anxiety teach us?
1. Let go of rating our moods and listen up.
When we experience a mood, we usually label it good or bad. How about just noticing it? Consider: “Where do I feel it in my body?” “What is it encouraging me to do?” “What else am I feeling?”
1. Let go of control.
We often feel like we need to control our emotions…actually just our behavior. Our emotions are just messages from our environment that we are interpreting. Listen to what your body is saying and focus less on solving the challenge. You might get some pretty great feedback that you don’t have to do anything at all.
1. Don’t strive for happiness….search for contentment.
We are often told to “be happy”; but our emotions must be allowed to come and go. Happiness is an elated state…think top of the roller coaster. But if every moment was lived at the top of the roller coaster, you would be on a monorail or looking for the next highest coaster. If you use happiness as the template for how you interact with the world, you are likely to be disappointed. Instead ask yourself if you are content with how you feel. This is more likely to be a comfortable and enduring state.
So, the next time you are feeling anxious, check in with your body and save the rating for a new restaurant. Focus on finding contentment and happiness will find you along with all your emotions. And lastly, just breathe.
Resources: The Anatomy of Calm. Stephen Porges, Ph.D.; Six Lessons Anxiety Teaches Us. Steven C Hayes, Ph.D.; Why are Worriers So Bad at Worrying? Graham Davey, Ph.D.
Stephanie Phillips, LCMHCS, NCC, CCTP
Stephanie Phillips, LCMHCS, NCC, CCTP is a Psychotherapist & Owner of The Mindly Group, PLLC.
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HbA1c test diabetes
Reading Time: 4 minutes
Expert-reviewed by Ashwini S.Kanade, Registered Dietician and Certified Diabetes Educator with 17 years of experience
HbA1c stands for Haemoglobin A1c, and it is a laboratory blood test that is conducted at intervals of minimum 3 months upon the recommendation of your doctor. Apart from your fasting and post-meal blood sugar levels. And it is considered more reliable because it shows the blood sugar control over time, whereas your other tests may be affected by what you eat before doing the tests.
How does the HbA1c test work?
You must’ve heard about haemoglobin in association with your iron levels and anaemia So, how is it connected to diabetes?
When blood sugar levels increase in your blood, the glucose attaches itself to the haemoglobin to form something called glycated haemoglobin. The HbA1c test, which is also known as the glycated haemoglobin test, measures the amount of this glucose-bound haemoglobin. A sample of blood extracted from your veins, as opposed to a finger prick, is used for the test.
How is it different from a regular blood sugar test?
HbA1c testing is conducted to detect the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months by checking the amount of glycated haemoglobin present in the blood. SMBG tells you the blood glucose levels at the time of the test.
In addition, HbA1c testing can be done at any time of the day without any prior diet restrictions, as opposed to regular tests like fasting blood sugar (FBS) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which require pre-test dietary restrictions.
Read more about how often you should be checking your blood sugar levels if you have diabetes.
Why is it needed?
The HbA1c test result is a good indicator of how one’s blood sugar has ranged over the past 3 months. It also gives your doctor an insight into your condition and whether your therapy needs to be modified to achieve good glucose control.
HbA1c test is used for screening and diagnosing type 2 diabetes. It is also routinely used to monitor glucose levels over time and helps your doctor in determining a suitable diabetes therapy for you.
This test can also confirm if you’ve achieved diabetes remission, which means a partial/complete absence of signs/symptoms and of the need for medication/insulin.
Here's everything you need to know about insulin therapy for Type 2 diabetes.
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Is diabetes putting your life at risk?
Did you know even a 1% drop in HbA1c levels can reduce your risk of diabetes-related death by 21%?
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How often should you get it done?
Your doctor will tell you when you need to get the HbA1c testing done. However, the recommendations for HbA1c testing are as follows:[1]
• If your blood sugar is in the normal range - at least two times a year.
• If your blood sugar is above the normal range – four times a year.
• If your blood sugar range fluctuates inconsistently or you are under intensive therapy - more frequent testing (more than four times a year).
What do the test results mean? [2]
The test result is usually expressed in terms of a percentage. A person who does not have diabetes usually has their HbA1c result in the 4.0% to 5.6% range.
Test resultIndication
<5.7%No Diabetes
5.7 to 6.4%At risk for diabetes (pre-diabetes)
≥6.5% (on two separate testing)Diabetes
What is the HbA1c target range for people with diabetes?
Your doctor will tell you what your target HbA1c levels should be. Usually, a level of <7% is targeted.[3] However, ensure you do not end up with dangerously low sugar levels (hypoglycaemia) while trying to reach that target.
A more stringent target of <6.5% may be suggested if:[3]
• your diabetes onset is relatively recent
• you are being treated with lifestyle changes or metformin only
• you do not have significant cardiovascular (heart and blood) complications
A less stringent target of not more than 8% may be suggested if you have:[3]
• a history of severe hypoglycaemia
• diabetes-related complications
• other co-occurring conditions
• long-standing diabetes with difficulty in attaining normal sugar levels
What does a high test result mean?
When you have diabetes, the test result can help predict your risk of developing diabetes-related complications. The higher the HbA1c, the greater is the risk.[4]
For example, an HbA1C of >7% indicates that you are at a higher risk of developing diabetes-related complications such as diabetic retinopathy (eye disease) or diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease). Read the eight early signs of diabetes-related complications that you might be ignoring.
But studies have shown that even a 1% drop in your HbA1c levels could reduce your risk for [5]
• stroke by 12%
• ischaemic heart disease by 16%
• amputation & peripheral vascular disease by 43%
• eye disease by 21-24%
• all microvascular disease by 37%
• and death by 21%
If your HbA1c level is high, how can you lower it?
Consult your doctor who will guide you about the different ways of lowering your HbA1C suited to you.
In general, the doctor will advise you to monitor your sugar levels more often, commit to a healthier lifestyle, modify your diet, exercise regularly and reduce your weight. Your medications may also be changed. Here are a few home remedies that have been scientifically proven to help control blood sugar levels.
The relentless responsibility of self-care can be overwhelming and may lead to distress and depression. You may be severely self-critical when you fail to manage your condition well. This will do no good to you. So, be kind to yourself. According to a randomised controlled trial, learning to be kinder to oneself can significantly reduce HbA1C levels by an average of nearly 1%.[6] Evoking goodwill towards yourselves in conditions of illness not only reduces depression and distress but also your HbA1c values.
1. American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2017 Guidelines http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/suppl/2016/12/15/40.Supplement_1.DC1/DC_40_S1_final.pdf
2. National Diabetes Education Initiative http://www.ndei.org/ADA-2013-Guidelines-Criteria-Diabetes-Diagnosis.aspx.html
3. National Diabetes Education Initiative http://www.ndei.org/ADA-diabetes-management-guidelines-glycemic-targets-A1C-PG.aspx.html
4. Nordwall M, Arnqvist HJ, Bojestig M, Ludvigsson J. Good glycemic control remains crucial in prevention of late diabetic complications--the Linköping Diabetes Complications Study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 May;10(3):168-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00472.x. Epub 2008 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 19175900.
5. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et. al, BMJ, 2000, 321(7258):405-12.
6. Friis AM, Johnson MH, Cutfield RG, Consedine NS. Kindness Matters: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mindful Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Depression, Distress, and HbA1c Among Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016 Nov;39(11):1963-1971. Epub 2016 Jun 22. PubMed PMID: 27335319.
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1. […] People who skip breakfast or fast until noon may have blood sugar spikes throughout the day.(1) In a study where 22 patients with type 2 diabetes missed their breakfast, it was seen that they had higher-than-usual spikes in blood sugar after lunch and dinner. The body cannot produce efficient glucose when one skips breakfast and its ability to convert blood sugar into energy is reduced. For people with type 2 diabetes, missing on breakfast is also linked with a considerable increase in HbA1c levels. […]
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GSM - Operations
Once a Mobile Station initiates a call, a series of events takes place. Analyzing these events can give an insight into the operation of the GSM system.
Mobile Phone to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
When a mobile subscriber makes a call to a PSTN telephone subscriber, the following sequence of events takes place −
PSTN to Mobile Phone
When a PSTN subscriber calls a mobile station, the following sequence of events takes place −
To transmit the speech over the radio channel in the stipulated time, the MS codes it at the rate of 13 Kbps. The BSC transcodes the speech to 64 Kbps and sends it over a land link or a radio link to the MSC. The MSC then forwards the speech data to the PSTN. In the reverse direction, the speech is received at 64 Kbps at the BSC and the BSC transcodes it to 13 Kbps for radio transmission.
GSM supports 9.6 Kbps data that can be channelled in one TDMA timeslot. To supply higher data rates, many enhancements were done to the GSM standards (GSM Phase 2 and GSM Phase 2+). |
The device – named ‘Fontus’ - can extract humidity from the air and condense it into drinkable water. It is attached to a bike to allow cyclists to generate water during long-distance rides.
“This is simply condensation of the humidity that is contained in the air,” designer Kristof Retezár told Live Science.
“You always have a certain percentage of humidity in the air, it doesn't matter where you are — even in the desert. That means you would always potentially be able to extract that humidity from the air.”
The solar-powered device consists of a condensator connected to a series of hydrophobic surfaces that repel water. As Fontus passes through the air, it cools the condensator surfaces, causing condensation, Retezár said.
“Because they're hydrophobic, they immediately repel the condensed water that they created, so you get a drop flow [into the bottle],” he explained.
“Basically, you're taking air in a vapour state and converting it into a liquid state.”
Fontus produces 0.5 litres of water per hour in “really good” conditions – temperature from 30 to 40 degrees Celsius and between 80 per cent and 90 percent humidity.
The prototype includes a filter at the top to keep dust and bugs out.
“The water you get is clean, unless the air is really contaminated,” Retezár said.
The designers are also working on a version that uses a ventilator to suck air into the system, which could be installed in parts of the world where humidity is high but water is scarce.
“The idea was to solve a global problem: water issues in areas of the world where there is very little groundwater but very high humidity,” Retezár said.
“My intent was to invent a machine or device that would be able to filter the humidity in the air and turn it into drinkable water.”
The designer says he will soon launch a crowdfunding to enter mass-production of the devices for under $100.
More details are available in the video below; |
Ancient Myths by Rudolf Steiner
Their Meaning and Connection with Evolution
Published by Steiner Book Centre, Canada in 1978
Book Notes by Bobby Matherne ©1996
In this book Steiner makes clear how the evolution of mankind proceeded in step with the devolution of the gods. In the childhood of humanity, man was like a child of today, who perceives things directly without the mediation of explanatory concepts or rational thought. They also perceive imaginary playmates that we adults have no clue about, up until now. In mankind's childhood man perceived himself as an integral part of the cosmic polis with no separate individuality as we know it today. His only ego was a collective ego of the cosmos, the heavens, and the gods with which he felt a oneness and reality. Like a baby, when it grows up, the soft spot in the crown of its skull hardens, so, too, did man's head ossify. With each increase in hardening of the head, the functions of the gods devolved to mankind and the individual ego of man evolved.
More and more man was thrown on his own individual resources to understand and explain the world by sifting it through the sieve of logical and rational thought, the evolving capability fully contained within man's head. Less and less did he behold the universe directly. During the Greco-Latin period, just when man lost complete touch with his gods and his cosmic reality, the heavens sent the Christ to earth: "they sent down their greatest Messenger precisely at that time so that man can find on earth what he formerly received from heaven -- the Christ." Christ's coming to earth may be seen as the final devolution of the gods -- the final throwing of authority upon the individual. Christ made it clear many times that He came not to be their Sovereign on earth, but to proclaim the individual Sovereignty of every man.
The myth of Isis, Osiris, and Typhon is the primary one that Steiner covers in this book. Osiris was killed by his brother Typhon and his wife Isis searched for his body, and finding it chopped into fourteen pieces in Byblos, Phoenicia, returned it to Egypt where she pieced the body back together to give it the appearance of Osiris. Steiner shows how the Osiris picture-script (origin of the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing) was replaced Typhon's letter-script (origin of our alphabetic script which the Phoenicians invented), thus illuminating the meaning of the story of Osiris's death. The whole of a body (picture) is chopped into fourteen pieces (26 in English today) and by careful reconstruction the appearance of the body is created. The Osiris myth chronicles the evolution of man as he progressed from using a picture-script language to using a letter-script language, and the concomitant evolution from direct, all-at-once perception of the cosmos to the mirror reflection of the cosmos created by the pieced together, linear construction of rational, analytic, abstract thought.
Modern man has become like Till Eulenspiegel, whose name means "owl in the mirror." Till wandered through medieval Europe playing merry pranks on dignitaries of all levels of society by interpreting their words and command literally. ( e. g., "Bring me a doctor." Till fetched a history professor.) He poked fun at the words we used to govern our lives, reminding us that we were only talking to our image in the mirror. Would you talk to an image in the mirror and expect it to actually talk back to you? No, you wouldn't Till might say, but you invest the abstract concepts embodied in your words with reality, when, they, in essence, are nothing but foggy images in a mirror in your mind.
There is much more reality to behold in this book that I can covey in these few paltry words, but I cannot leave without expressing another major insight of Steiner's which deflates the rampant youth culture of our times. He says that man must begin to learn to grow old. It is only then that man will come to know that "the world is riddle and man is the solution," and thereby become capable of lifting the veil of Isis. In the words of the popular song, "Grow old with me, the best is yet to come." |
How Long do Fruit Flies Live?
fruit fly
Fruit flies can appear in any household where they can find ripe or rotting food or vegetables. They can infest orchards as well. If they find a breeding ground, then they will be there to stay until the situation is properly taken care of.
But what is the exact lifespan of these nuisances? If their breeding ground is removed and they have no more food to consume, they are eventually going to be gone. In this article, we are going to talk about the lifespan of fruit flies, factors that affect their lifespan and ways to kill them.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live For?
If we take a look at the whole life cycle of a fruit fly, it all begins with an egg. Female flies are constantly looking for rotting fruits or vegetables to lay their eggs in. Rotten organic materials can be found in garbage cans and drains as well.
They lay down up to five eggs that take about a whole day to hatch. When they hatch, cream-colored larvae come out. The reason why female fruit flies lay eggs in such places is because there is plenty of decaying matter for the larvae to consume.
Once the larvae have broke out of their egg, they are going to consume overripe fruits for about 5 days. Then, it is time for them to find a spot aside from the feeding site and enter the pupal stage. After the span of about 48 hours, they become adult fruit flies who are ready to fly and reproduce.
If the temperature is ideal for the adult fruit flies, they are able to live for about 40 days.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live Without Fruit?
Given that fruit flies have no access to food, they are not going to live for long. When there is nothing for them to consume, they are expected to live for up to 4 days. While ripe fruits, vegetables, fruit juice and other fruit-based consumables are the main source of nutrition for them, they are still able to stay alive for a while.
If fruit flies can find any liquid carbohydrate such as nectar in their near proximity, they can survive for a couple of weeks.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live in a House?
The temperature is often not ideal for fruit flies in a typical household. This can sometimes significantly reduce the lifespan of an adult fly. On average, they live for as long as 30 days in a house. Minimizing the availability of food can further reduce their lifespan.
This can be done by removing ripe fruits from the kitchen and storing them in the fridge or elsewhere. Damp towels and dirty drains can also attract fruit flies. In drains, there can be plenty of decaying fruits or vegetables that they can feed on.
Also make sure it that it is clean around the garbage can, leaving fruit flies with even less resources.
What Kills Fruit Flies in the House?
There are plenty of things that can be found in most households that can be used to kill fruit flies. First off, you need to find a couple of attractants that they can’t resist. These include honey, beer, wine, apple cider vinegar, water mixed with melted sugar, ripe fruits and fruit juices.
Choose one or more of these and put some in a container. It can be a bowl, a jar or even a plastic bottle. It is easy to work with plastic bottles because you can just cut them in half with a sharp tool and create a tunnel with the top part.
You can pour any of the abovementioned ingredients into the bottom part. If you use one of the liquid-based ones, then you can also use a few drops of dish soap to reduce the surface tension. Once the fruit flies get in, they will drown into the fluid more easily.
Once you have prepared the attractant, you can just put the top quarter of the bottle on the bottom part, upside down. This way, it will be easy for fruit flies to enter but nearly impossible to leave.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Long do Fruit Flies Live in Your House?
The average lifespan of an adult fruit fly in a house is 30 days. This depends on the temperature and food availability as well. It takes them about a week to get to the adult phase in their lifecycle.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live Indoors?
Adult fruit flies can live up to 50 days indoors if the conditions are ideal. In a typical household, the conditions are suboptimal so they live only about 30 days. From the moment when the larvae hatch, their lifespan is 35-40 days.
How Long do Gnats and Fruit Flies Live?
Gnats and fruit flies live about 50 days. It takes about 24 hours for the eggs to hatch and then the larvae will only eat for 5 days. Then starts the pupal stage which takes about 48 hours. Then, the adult fruit fly will live an additional 40 days approximately.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live Without Food?
Adult fruit flies can live up to 4 days without food. This means that there are no ripe fruits, fruit-based products or liquid carbohydrates for them to find. Liquid carbohydrates can ensure that fruit flies will live for another 2-3 weeks.
How Long do Fruit Flies Live in a House?
Fruit flies typically live in a house 40 days if the conditions are decent and 30 days if conditions are suboptimal. If there is nothing for them to consume, then they can die from hunger in 4 days. The whole fruit fly colony can live and reproduce as long as there is a breeding site and fruit or vegetable-based foods for them to consume.
How Long do Adult Fruit Flies Live?
An adult fruit fly can live up to 50 days given that the conditions are ideal. In most households, they can live 30-40 days depending on the temperature and resources.
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This ceramic figure wears a headband with an ornamental design on his forehead, has a bare chest and belly, shrugs his shoulders and wears trousers with bare feet. He holds a flat drum in his left arm and a drumstick in his right hand, as if poised to beat the instrument. He laughs merrily in a humorous manner and with exaggerated movement, as if a living comedian is performing.
The comedians in the Han Dynasty primarily used humorous, farcical and satirical performance styles to entertain their masters and audiences. They usually attended upon their masters and performed improvisations by beating their drums while singing. It was popular among the royal family, aristocrats, the powerful and wealthy officials to raise comedians at that time, as evidenced by the following historical records. Emperor Wu of the Western Han was said to have been “attended upon by comedians all the time,” while Prime Minister Tian Fen was said to “appreciate comedians and craftsmen.” Huan Kuan’s Discourses on Salt and Iron: Luxurious Life Leading to Insufficiencies says that “the rich people worshiped famous mountains. During sacrificial ceremonies, people hammered oxen while the comedians beat drums and performed.” Diminutive performers with bare upper bodies and comical movements were often seen in the stone carvings of the Han Dynasty, accompanied by music, dance and acrobatics. Many ceramic figures with similar images have also been excavated from tombs of the Han Dynasty, which all reveal the popularity of comic performances at that time.
Storytelling performances in the form of narrating and singing were widely enjoyed by the common people in the Han Dynasty. This ceramic figure is an outstanding sculpture with a distinctive folk flavor and local style. A number of similar ceramic figures have also been excavated from tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Sichuan Province, indicating the popularity of such storytelling performances in Sichuan. |
Navajo Blanket
Navajo Blanket(or create one that matches the main idea) Academic Level : Bachelor Paper details The essay should address the following: 1. a brief formal analysis of the historic art object under investigation including a description of the object, its materials, and how it was made. 2. An in-depth analysis of the object’s cultural context. Why was the object made? How was the object used? What does this object tell us about the culture that produced it (consider cosmology, social structure, gender relations, politics, history)? This portion of your paper will require library research. 3. An examination of the way this historic tradition has been appropriated in its new, modern setting. Consider the following: how has the image changed from the original? Who makes it? How is the image used? Who is the intended audience? Does it present a positive or negative portrayal of the original object and culture? 4. A discussion of your findings. Consider: What are the connections between the historic image and its modern counterpart? Do they play similar roles in their respective societies? Who owns the image? 5. Illustrations and a list of works cited. Your paper must have a minimum of 4 academic articles and/or books. Some links you can use: ( (— Suggested museum: Southwest Museum of the American Indian.
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Titanium Ilmenite FeTiO 3 is recovered from beach sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The estimated reserves are around 100 to 150 million tonnes. Sodium : Tincal or Native borax Na B O .10H O24 7 2 is found in Ladakh and Kashmir. 16.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION OF METALS The process of extracting the metals from their ores and refining them ...
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Wikipedia
The Rasaratna Samuccaya (800 CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions weapons of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to Greece.
Extractive metallurgy as a discipline deals with the extraction of metals from naturally occurring and man made resources. Separation is the essence of metal extraction. Development of efficient separation schemes calls for a through understanding of extractive metallurgy principles in
Extraction of iron on a match head Experiment RSC Metal extraction by reduction of oxides. Explain, using the position of carbon in the reactivity series, the principles of industrial processes used to extract metals, including extraction of a non-ferrous metal. AQA Combined science: Trilogy. 5.4 Chemical changes. 5.4.1 Reactivity of metals. Extraction of metals and reduction
GCSE CHEMISTRY Extraction of Metals History Iron Age
Extraction of Metals. History ().. After the Bronze Age came the Iron Age. People discovered that a high temperature coal fire could be used for the extraction of iron from iron ore. The extraction of iron today is done in a blast furnace.. The Iron Age began in Asia and Africa in 1,100 B.C. and came to Britain in 500 B.C. In many ways, we are still in the Iron Age - take a look around.
Investigation of mechanical and thermal activation on
Apr 01, 2021 The iron-bearing phases being the principal constituent of residue has resulted in thorough investigation on the extraction of iron values by various processes such as solid-state reduction, physical beneficiation, and smelting reduction [4,6,7,14,15,29]. The smelting process resulted in pig iron formation, and other impurities such as ...
PDF Extraction of rare earths from iron rich rare earth
Extraction of rare earths from iron-rich rare earth deposits. called solution mining) is carried out in which the leaching. reagent is injected into wells drilled in the orebody to. selectively ...
PDF Advanced Review on Extraction of Nickel from Primary
Advanced Review on Extraction of Nickel from Primary and Secondary Sources. Pratima Meshram , Abhilash , and Banshi Dhar Pandey. Department of Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR ...
Which of the following is used as a reducing agent in the
Jun 22, 2020 Coke is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals. It is used in the manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.
gcse 1. Introduction to the Extraction of Metals method
How are metals extracted from mineral ores? How do we make iron, steel, other alloys, aluminium, sodium, copper, zinc, titanium and chromium. The six linked pages include an introduction to metal extraction or metal manufacture and production. There are detailed notes on the extraction of iron and its conversion to steel. The extraction and manufacture of aluminium and sodium are described.
An Introduction to the Chemistry of Metal Extraction
Jul 10, 2021 Carbon may also be left in the metal as an impurity. Sometimes this can be removed afterwards (for example, in the extraction of iron); sometimes it can't (for example in producing titanium), and a different method would have to be used in cases like this. Other more reactive metals can be used to reduce the ore.
What is the Process of Metallurgy A Plus Topper
Dec 03, 2020 Extraction of metal from metal oxide : A metal oxide thus produced is then reduced into metal. For this, the method used depends upon the reactivity of the metal being extracted. The following methods are used. (i) Reduction by heat alone Metals occupying lower positions in the activity series can be obtained by heating their oxides.
Notes On Extraction Of Iron From Its Oxides Kerala board
Extraction Of Iron From Its Oxides. Iron oxide, the ore from which iron to be extracted, is concentrated by roasting or calcination impurities can be eliminated. This concentrated ore is mixed with limestone and coke, and sent into a blastfurnace to reduce the metal oxide to the metal.
Heavy Metals and its Fractions in Soils of Koratty Region
Iron seemed to be the easily mobilized element, while cadmium and copper were ... nickel and lead are pollutants in Koratty region of Kerala. Keywords: Heavy metal fractions, soil, environment, Koratty. Introduction Heavy metals in the environment has increased beyond ... 2mm sieve and analysed for heavy metals. Extraction was done
Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Chemistry Solutions Chapter
Apr 23, 2021 Production Of Metals Class 10 Notes Pdf Kerala Syllabus Question 4. What are the different methods for the refining of metals? Answer: Liquation; Distillation; Electrolytic refining; Chemistry Chapter 4 Class 10 Kerala Syllabus Question 5. How is iron extracted industrially? Answer: The ore is crushed into small lumps and then wash out the soluble impurities in running water. Then it …
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Some days ago the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea succeeded in the test-launch of the inter-continental ballistic missile Hwasong 14, which was conducted in the northwest region of the country. This sound of victory is now shaking the whole world.
Significance of Victory
It is not true that justice always emerges victorious. History has witnessed victory of injustice more often than victory of justice. Justice not supported by strength is merely an empty talk. The world today shows this truth more clearly.
After the Second World War, the world has not granted any nuclear state any right to threaten non-nuclear states. However, the US has threatened the DPRK for over half a century with nuclear weapons. To defend its rights to survival and development, the DPRK was compelled to possess nuclear weapon. The US and its vassal forces resorted to all kinds of sanctions and pressure, charging the DPRK’s self-defensive measure as illegal.
No country uttered a word of protest against the unjustifiable act of the US, the world’s greatest nuclear nation. On the contrary, some big countries, studying the face of US, toed its line with the motive for gaining some “profits.” The US, with the colours flying and band playing, hurled a massive means of nuclear strike such as aircraft carriers, strategic bombers and submarines in and around the Korean peninsula, watching for a chance to deal a nuclear preemptive strike against the country.
At long last, the DPRK dealt a final blow to the arbitrariness of the US. It put an end to the history, when injustice was lording it over the world by relying on brute strength. The history of the US, a self-acclaimed leader of the world, which was too confident that it could do whatever it wanted, and an arrogant empire which thought that it could commit any act if it were displeasure, has come to an end.
The DPRK’s success constitutes a historic event which reliably guarantees peace on the Korean peninsula, in northeast Asia and the rest of the world. As it has possessed ICBM, the US cannot ever dream about unleashing another war on the Korean peninsula, and the DPRK could guarantee peace and stability in northeast Asia and the rest of the world.
Historical Inevitability
In 1905 when Korea was placed under military occupation by Japan, it was incapable of producing even a small rifle; its total output of electric power was 227 h.p. Theodore Roosevelt, US president in early 20th century, debased Koreans as a nation who was incapable of raising even a finger to defend their country. The country was subjected to fate of colonial salve under the military occupation of Japanese imperialists for 40 years because of weak military strength.
Based on the lessons taught by the past history of his country, Kim Il Sung, founding-father of socialist Korea, formulated the Songun idea in the early days of his revolutionary struggle, and exerted all his efforts to strengthening the country’s defence capabilities. Kim Jong Il, who
formulated Songun politics as the basic mode of socialist politics in the late 1990s, also attached primary importance to strengthening the defence capabilities, thus developing the country into a nuclear nation against the increasing US nuclear blackmail.
Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un, carrying forward the Songun-based leadership of the leaders of the preceding generations, advanced the line of promoting economic construction and building up the nuclear forces simultaneously, and strengthened the nuclear forces in every way possible. Now the DPRK possesses SLBM technology, ballistic rockets with various firing ranges and H-bombs. And now it succeeded in the test-firing of Hwasong 14. These are an inevitability born of history.
Victory of the DPRK Will Be Eternal
The successful test-firing of ICBM by the DPRK has thrown the US and other hostile forces into utter confusion. Though the US is imposing “maximum pressure” against the country it has failed to check it in its advance towards perfecting its nuclear forces.
For the present, what can the US do?
In case it opts for a war, it has to get ready to go back to the state before the primitive age. For all that, it cannot sit idle only looking at the DPRK’s strengthening of its nuclear forces. The successful test-firing of Hwasong 14 in a matter of two months since its successful test-firing of Hwasong 12 must have given a strong impact on the US and its vassal forces.
There is no other option for the US, however desperate it may be, than to acknowledge DPRK’s possession of nuclear weapons and come to the negotiating table.
No sanction or pressure cut ice with the DPRK. Some days ago, US President Trump wrote on Twitter that the US plan to move China so as to check north Korea’s nuclear programme ended in failure. The chairman of the American Diplomatic Council confessed that denuclearization of north Korea was an unrealistic goal. These remarks were made before the test-launch of Hwasong 14. It is not so difficult to guess what Trump and other American rulers would say. Western political analysts said that as the DPRK became the sixth nation that possesses ICBM, a major variable came into being for the security topography in northeast Asia and the rest of the world.
The US missile experts acknowledged that Hwasong 14 is not a copy or combination of others’, but a genuine one developed by north Korea itself. They were unanimous in saying that the re-entry technology and the auxiliary engine combination technology and attitude control capability had reached world standard, and as the ICBM can carry even heavy nuclear warheads, the prospect of its further development is smooth. It is their initial analysis that Hwasong 14 made a technological advance of surpassing the US, Russian and Chinese ICBMs, and that it is highly probable that New York and Washington are within its range. CNN and other major US media organs reported that the US government officials confirmed that what north Korea fired was an ICBM.
The successful test-launch of Hwasong 14 tells: nuclear weapon in the hands of justice is ever victorious and nuclear weapon in the hands of injustice is doomed to failure.
This is the declaration of truth and justice taught by history. |
How to Lose the Weight You Want, Not the One You Think
October 27, 2021 Comments Off on How to Lose the Weight You Want, Not the One You Think By admin
“You are a monster,” says former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who was a weight-loss guru before becoming mayor of New York.
“I’ve known the same guy for 25 years.
I’ve seen him get bigger and bigger.
He’s a very athletic guy.
I know he can do the thing that the guy next to him can’t.
He can run and jump and jump like no one else can.
That’s a great thing for a person to do.
But the problem is that most people who have tried to lose weight, they just lose it.
They lose the fat, the muscle, the bone.
You’re just going to get bigger.”
In a recent interview with CNBC, Giuliani made a startling claim: Obesity is caused by “unhealthy genes.”
This was a line that has been repeated by some nutritionists and dietitians for years.
It’s a line the media has also used, and it’s the one that most nutritionists agree on.
“There are more people with obesity today than ever before, and we are not doing enough to prevent or reverse it,” says the nutritionist and author of The Food Revolution, Dr. Jill Stein.
The message of the message is clear: if you want to lose the weight you want, you have to eat healthier.
But is this the truth?
And how do you know whether you’re actually losing weight?
Dr. Stein is a nutritionist who specializes in weight loss.
She has spent the past 25 years studying the genetics of obesity and the role they play in causing obesity.
“The genes that cause obesity have a huge impact on the risk of developing the disease,” she says.
“You need to eat the right foods to have the right effect.”
One of the genes that controls weight gain in the body is leptin, which is produced by fat cells.
Losing leptin and turning your body into a fat-burning machine can prevent and reverse obesity, says Stein.
“Leptin is a hormone that is released by your cells and it has a direct impact on energy balance,” she explains.
“It also controls the way your body regulates your body temperature and regulates the amount of food you can eat.”
But the message of this message is that you need to change your eating habits, and if you eat too much, you’ll be eating too little.
And if you do eat too little, your body will be starved of the nutrients it needs to make you fat, leading to obesity.
To understand why, you first have to understand what leptin is.
It is a protein found in all animals.
It regulates a number of different hormones that regulate the body’s energy balance.
It plays a key role in regulating the production of insulin, a hormone involved in the production and metabolism of fat.
The more insulin your body is deprived of, the more fat you’ll end up with.
So the idea is that if you’re fat and your insulin levels are low, you’re starving yourself of energy, which means you’re going to lose fat and get fat cells to grow.
But if you have high insulin levels, the body will try to get rid of fat cells so that it can make more fat, which can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes.
If your body can’t get enough insulin, it’ll try to keep your insulin level high, but if your insulin doesn’t rise enough, you may also develop obesity.
In other words, when your body cannot use the energy from fat to make fat, it has to make energy from other sources.
It uses fat as fuel.
“Your body needs energy to make its own fat cells and your body needs the fat to do that,” explains Stein.
So how do we know what is in the fat?
Stein says that scientists have been looking at how the amount and composition of fat and sugar are related for a long time.
“Our lab studies have been doing this for decades,” she tells me.
“We’ve been looking for clues to where the fat comes from, what is the composition of the fat and what is it that the body does to turn it into energy.”
The most obvious way that scientists can track this information is by measuring levels of specific fat molecules called triglycerides.
“When we measure the level of triglycerides in our blood, we can tell if our body has been trying to make fatty acids,” says Stein, who’s a member of the Institute of Nutrition Science at the University of California at Berkeley.
“If we can look at the amount, and the percentage of triglyceride that is in our body, we know that our body is trying to turn those triglycerides into energy for energy production.”
When we eat, we are able to use our bodies fat stores for energy.
And when we lose weight and eat healthier, we lose the excess fat, too.
What are the effects of excess fat?
“Our bodies can’t make fat for us,” says Dr. Scott Pelley, a nutrition professor at the Harvard School of
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Critical Components of a Continuous Weather-Resistant Barrier
Weather barriers have one important job to do: keep outside weather out and conditioned interior air in. A weather-resistant barrier, or WRB construction, is part of the wall and roof assembly. A sturdy weather barrier prevents wind, rain, and moisture from intruding on the structure. The best way to ensure maximum structural weather resistance is to maximize unbroken protection by installing a continuous weather-resistant barrier.
What Is a Weather Barrier?
The only thing worse than bulk water flooding or leaking into a building is the water that is carried in through the air. Weather-resistant barriers are sometimes called WRB barriers, but sometimes it gets misunderstood to mean “water” resistant barriers. Weather-resistant (or sometimes called resistive) barriers prevent air and water from infiltrating the building’s interior. An exterior weather barrier acts like a protective shell on the outside of a building. By keeping building materials dry, the life of the building is extended, indoor air is healthier, and there are fewer moisture-related problems like insects, mold, mildew and rot. Modern, high-quality weather-resistant barriers are robust enough to prevent both air and water from entering a structure.
As part of a healthy wall assembly, the weather-resistant barrier needs to be integrated with the other wall system components, including other barriers, if used, and flashing systems.
Vapor Barriers vs Air Barriers
Both air barriers and vapor barriers help reduce the flow of moisture and unwanted air into a building’s interior.
Vapor barriers slow the diffusion of moisture through wall assemblies. They are intended to prevent the vapor in moisture-laden air from going through a material and reaching building walls, ceilings, attics, crawlspaces, and roofs, where the moisture can condense on surfaces and cause problems like mold. The need for vapor barriers and their placement varies based on climate.
Air barriers restrict the movement of air into and out of buildings. Interior air barriers keep interior conditioned air from escaping while exterior air barriers prevent outside air from entering the structure. Whether internal or external, air barriers should be impermeable and continuous.
A Weather Barrier Must Be Continuous
In order for a weather barrier to do its job properly, it must be continuous over the entire building. Any break in the barrier, such as a puncture, tear, or seam, will create an entry point for water and air to enter the building. To properly install a weather barrier, it must be:
• integrated with flashings and openings
• overlapped with no seams
• properly sealed or taped
Creating a continuous weather-resistant barrier requires a few interconnected products and installation methods.
The main goal of any house wrap product is to prevent water, in bulk form or as vapor, from reaching the sheathing or framing. Wherever there is any break in the structure, such as windows, doors, attached decks, and band joists, that’s an area that needs special attention to detail, because any break provides an entry point for water.
The barrier must be properly lapped and integrated with other flashing. All seams and edges should be sealed with an appropriate tape or sealant. If the system is installed vertically, materials higher on a wall should overlap materials lower on the wall by at least 4 inches. Material should also extend around corners by a minimum of 6 inches.
When you reach window openings, corners, or you need to detail around anything like utility penetrations, use a joint sealer like Poly Wall Blue Barrier Joint Filler 2200. It is a structural adhesive and detail sealant that is used to fill voids and seams and to bond dissimilar materials. Use this product on footer joints and any penetrations into the wall before using Poly Wall Aluma Flash or other barrier products.
Weather Resistant Barrier: WRB Construction Components
Aluma Flash External Weather Barrier
Poly Wall Aluma Flash Plus is an external weather barrier product that protects a house from almost everything. The hot and humid climate zones 1, 2 and 3A (the lower half of the US) receive the highest rainfall, and have also been experiencing more damaging wind and rain events than anywhere in the nation. Builders in these zones must choose products that prevent both bulk water and humid, moisture-laden air from entering structures.
Aluma Flash is non-permeable, which means that bulk water or vapor cannot pass through it — not a single drop. This prevents water from reaching the wall cavity. The product is a 40 millimeter-thick rubberized asphalt sheet membrane that is laminated to two layers of high strength polyethylene film. The top protective layer is aluminum, which protects the walls from UV damage for up to two years. This peel-and-stick membrane releases easily and sticks to a primed substrate.
Weather Resistive Barrier
Poly Wall Weather Barrier System
Using the Poly Wall Blue Barrier 2400 and the Blue Barrier Joint Filler 2200 creates a vapor permeable weather-resistant barrier system that provides protection for the lifetime of the building. Roll it on or spray it on for a thickness that can range from 60 to 80 mils. Use the joint filler to fill in any gaps of 1/8-inch or more, and squeeze it over any openings or flashings. In the home highlighted in the video above, the Blue Barrier system was used after the framing was done. The builders on this high-end home in Texas wanted a unified plane for a stucco coat, so they bumped out the foundation to align with the 1/2-inch OSB that was used. Once that was done, they applied the joint filler to the footing joint, and then set all the sill plates into it.
There’s no adhesive needed with the Blue Barrier 2400 Flash ‘N Wrap, which must be used with a sheet membrane, and because it is fluid-applied, it creates a 100% seal all over. It can be used in any climate.
What Is a Weather Resistant Barrier?
If you are using a mechanically applied membrane in your WRB construction, it is best to go over nails or staples with Blue Barrier Joint Filler 2200. It seals around nails for a gasketing effect. Without sealing up nail holes, water leakage behind the plane of the nailing flange is possible.
Sealing Window Flashing
Sealing Window Flashing
Poly Wall WindowSeal Window Flashing Tapes are used to strip in or flash straight window frames, door frames, and other construction seams. WindowSeal is a self-adhering, self-sealing rubberized asphalt coating laminated to polyethylene film. The 20 mil-thick product self-seals to provide a smooth, watertight surface around nails, staples, and fasteners.
Use WindowSeal after the window frame has been set. If the top is rounded or for other custom shaped designs, use Poly Wall ArcFlash Window Flashing. Roll all tape surfaces with a hand roller and that’s it. Tape is usually used to cover seams, but sealant like the Joint Filler is often used to bond dissimilar surfaces, such as when sealing to wood or concrete.
Provide Your Building With Maximum Weather Resistance
Maximize weather resistance in your building with a weather resistive barrier. A weather barrier is a continuous membrane, either mechanically fastened or liquid applied, that prevents bulk water and air-carried moisture from entering a building. The weather-resistant barrier (sometimes called weather-resistive barrier) must be continuous in order to provide complete protection — any break in the surface of the barrier provides a means for water to enter.
Have questions about weather proofing? Get in touch with Polyguard to request samples or advice on creating a continuous weather-resistant barrier for your next project. |
Question: Which metal is used to connect solar to solar cells?
Which two metals are used in solar panels?
The two materials used for making solar cells are silicon and Cadmium Telluride. EXPLANATION: The ‘solar cell’ also known as ‘photovoltaic cell’ has the capability of converting ‘light energy’ into electricity. This is done by a mechanism known as ‘photovoltaic effect’.
How are solar cells connected in a solar panel?
The solar cells within a solar panel are wired together in series. This means that each solar cell raises the ultimate voltage output of the panel. A typical solar cell produces about 0.46 volts.
Which material is used for joining solar cell in a solar cell panel and why?
Silver is the metal which is used for connecting wires that connect solar cells in a solar panel, due to its large conductivity.
Which wire is used for making solar cell?
THIS IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Which renewable technology are types of solar energy?
Is copper used in solar panels?
Copper is essential to powering solar PV systems and other clean energy technology, including wind turbines, energy storage systems and electric vehicles. A wind farm can contain between 4 million and 15 million pounds of the metal used for generators, wiring, tubing, cable and step-up transformers.
What is solar cell name two materials for making solar cell?
Solar cell
They convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. A solar cell is made of two types of semiconductors, called p-type and n-type silicon. The p-type silicon is produced by adding atoms such as boron or gallium that have one less electron in their outer energy level than does silicon.
Why silicon is used in solar panel?
Silicon is one of the optimum semiconductors that is used for solar cell production because of its superior electronic properties, optical properties, thermal properties and mechanical as well as environmental properties. In addition to its availability, manufactureability, and cost.
How do I connect more solar panels?
Wiring Solar Panels in a Parallel Circuit
2. eg. If you had 4 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 12 volts and 5 amps, the entire array would be 12 volts at 20 amps. |
Disease outbreak simulations reveal influence of 'seeding' by multiple infected people
A new computational analysis suggests that, beyond the initial effect of one infected person arriving and spreading disease to a previously uninfected population, the continuous arrival of more infected individuals has a significant influence on the evolution and severity of the local outbreak. Mattia Mazzoli, Jose Javier Ramasco, and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS Computational Biology.
In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, much research has investigated the dynamics of local outbreaks caused by the first detected cases in a population, which are linked to travel. However, few studies have explored whether and how the arrival of multiple infected individuals might impact the development of a local outbreak — a situation termed “multi-seeding.”
To examine the impact of multi-seeding, Mazzoli and colleagues first simulated local outbreaks in Europe using a computational modeling approach. To capture travel and seeding events, the simulations incorporated real-world location data from mobile phones during March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began.
These simulations suggested that there is indeed an association between the number of “seed” arrivals per local population and the speed of spread, the final number of people infected, and the peak incidence rate experienced by the population. This relationship appears to be complex and non-linear, and it depends on the details of the social contact network within the affected population, including the effects of lockdowns.
To test whether the simulations accurately reflect real-world outbreaks, the researchers looked for similar associations between mobility data and COVID-19 incidence and mortality during the first wave of COVID-19 infection in England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. This analysis revealed strong signs of real-world multi-seeding effects similar to those observed in the simulations.
Based on these findings, the researchers propose a method to understand and reconstruct the spatial spreading patterns of the main outbreak-producing events in every country.
“Now that the relevance of multi-seeding is understood, it is crucial to develop containment measures that take it into account,” Ramasco says. Next, the researchers hope to incorporate the effects of vaccinations and antibodies acquired through infection into their simulations.
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Many US adults worry about facial image data in healthcare settings
5 cool things to know about NASA’s Lucy mission to the Trojan asteroids |
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Lesson succession 6: Overview
Total Time: 2 hours of indict (divided into three sections)
In this lesson sequence, student learn around producers, consumer (including carnivores, herbivores, and also omnivores), and also decomposers. As a class, they go back to the Schoolyard Ecosystem Poster-Size Explanatory model and add labels for the producers, consumers, and decomposers present there. They climate learn around the producers, consumers, and also decomposers the are current in their ecosystem skilled group and add this details to their professional ecosystem explanatory model.
You are watching: What are the differences between producers consumers and decomposers
Long-Term learning Addressed (Based on NGSS)
Develop a design (food web) that describes phenomena the the energy that producers, consumers, and decomposers gain from food deserve to be traced ago to the sun. (Based on NGSS 5LS2-1 and also 5-PS3-1)
This great sequence explicitly addresses:
Science and also Engineering Practices:
Developing and Using Models: build a version to describe phenomena. Students include information to their expert ecosystem explanatory version to display how matter and also energy happen from the sunlight to producers to consumers and then come decomposers, that return matter to producers.
Crosscutting Concepts:
Energy and also Matter: power can be transferred in assorted ways and between objects. Matter is transported into, out of, and within systems. Students find out that matter and energy relocate from biology to organism with the food web.
Disciplinary core Ideas:
LS2.A: Interdependent relationships in Ecosystems: The food of practically any sort of pet can be traced ago to plants. Organisms are connected in food network in which some pets eat plants because that food and also other animals eat the pets that eat plants. Some organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, break down dead organisms (both plants or plant parts and animals) and also therefore run as decomposers. Decomposition ultimately restores (recycles) some materials earlier to the soil.
See more: How Many Green Peppers In A Bushel, Vegetables Retail Units And Weights
Students watch a video about producers, consumers, and also decomposers and add this details to their experienced ecosystem explanatory model.
Lesson Sequence finding out Targets
I can create a version of a food web.I deserve to use a food web to show how matter and energy are transferred amongst organisms in an ecosystem. |
How Does Per Diem Nursing Work
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A per diem job in the healthcare field means that you’ll be working only when there’s an immediate need for your skills or services instead of being on call for emergencies at all times.
For example, suppose you’re applying for a job as a physician assistant. In that case, the medical facility might hire you on a per diem basis if it needs help covering physicians or if it needs help setting up new patient care areas requiring medical expertise.
The term “per diem” is a Latin word, meaning “for each day.” You’ll find the term used in business for many things other than health care jobs.
For example, hotels and catering companies use per diem expenses to describe costs incurred only daily rather than over a more extended period. Want to know more? Let’s get started.
How Does Per Diem Nursing Work
What Does It Mean to Work “Per Diem”?
In the medical field, it plays a crucial role other than indicating the number of days that one is expected to work per week.
It refers to short-term jobs meant for temporary relief, but they could eventually become permanent positions because no specific timeframe has been specified for them.
It may seem like an excellent opportunity for those who couldn’t get permanent employment at first, but such jobs come with risks as well.
It is especially true since you have no idea how long this job will last and when there will be regular income to support your family’s needs.
What is a PRN nurse?
If you’re trying to find a job as a per diem nurse, you should know that there are different types of such jobs available, and they’re given different names.
For example, if a healthcare facility wants to hire you on a short-term basis, it might call the position PRN (which stands for “on-call”) instead.
The PRN designation is usually reserved for positions that require more specific knowledge or skills than what the employees hired permanently can bring into the facilities.
How Does Per Diem Nursing Work?
Per diem nursing jobs entail working at different facilities and different locations for days or months in a row. It is considered more appealing than having permanent nurses work for you because it gives more flexibility to the employee’s personal life.
It spreads out the load among several nurses who are willing to travel from one place to another daily so they may never have to do the same thing twice, which means that monotony will not be set in their work environment.
What Are the Benefits of Per Diem Nursing Jobs?
As a nurse, you have to consider many things before working on any job. First, you need to know all about the work and its demands to prepare yourself well and put forth a good performance in front of your employer and other people who are associated with the company.
In such situations, nurses nowadays prefer per diem nursing jobs because they are more flexible than permanent positions.
The biggest advantage of per diem nursing jobs is that they could help nurses have a more flexible schedule because they do not need to be in one particular location delivering services day after day.
So if you want to take up a job as a professional nurse and work on weekends too, but your permanent position won’t allow it, this would be the best choice for you.
There are also times when you are required to travel for several days straight, so you may want a job like this, particularly if you plan on having children someday and need to be there with them at all times.
When it comes to per diem nursing jobs, most of them are high paying since there is no insurance coverage attached with this kind of job, unlike full-time employment, which usually goes for about 40 hours per week.
With Per Diem Nursing Jobs, you’ll be able to spend more time with your family. That’s because there will be several jobs waiting for you and you’ll only accept the convenient ones for you.
Therefore, if one job asks you to work in the evenings while another wants you around during days, it’s easy for you to find out which works best for your schedule and take up the one offering working hours that fit your daily routine.
One other benefit of per diem nursing positions is that they offer a better balance between work and. You get to choose the jobs that you want, and you can plan your work schedule accordingly.
For example, if you’re taking care of a sick parent during the daytime and are working as a nurse at night, then it’s likely that you’ll have to take upper Diem nursing jobs since most companies won’t have positions available round the clock.
However, with these kinds of positions, there’s no compulsion for you to accept all types of assignments, which means that you can look out for those that fit into your routine.
What Are the Disadvantages of Per Diem Nursing Jobs?
Per diem nursing jobs do not usually provide you with a stable income because there is no assurance of how long this job will last. Also it does not provide you any health care benefits.
There are times when you may find yourself in between assignments for weeks and months, so you may need to take up a second part-time job to give your bank account some breathing space.
It’s quite hard on the body, too, since you would need to be stressed out all day all over again, killing time while waiting for another assignment.
Another reason why per diem nursing jobs are not the right choice for someone looking for a steady job is that these positions do not allow one to be very selective when choosing an assignment.
In addition, the practice of taking on per diem assignments often includes going to places that are undesirable or unsafe for many people.
Therefore such work arrangements can be very disturbing and dangerous if you have small kids or elderly parents whom you might be required to take care of when you are away from home attending a per diem assignment.
What Should You Consider Before Accepting Per Diem Nursing Jobs?
You have to make sure that you are ready for this kind of job before assuming that it is the right choice. It’s quite hard and can be very stressful at times, so if you cannot handle pressure well, this is not the best career path for you.
You may want to consider that there are times when per diem jobs may last long, so, during these periods, your family needs may not be fully supported financially or emotionally.
Also, your family may have to relocate, and that is something you should not overlook. It’s also good to know what kind of people you will be working with daily because this could help you determine whether or not the job suits you well.
Does Per Diem Nursing Pay Well?
The pay for per diem nurses is usually based on the type of work they will be doing. In general, it does not pay as much as permanent positions, but those who take upper Diem jobs do it mainly due to the flexibility, so they don’t care about money.
What matters most here is that you can adjust your schedule according to your personal preferences without giving a reason behind it.
How Do You Become a Per Diem Nurse?
The process of applying for per diem nursing jobs is really easy and can be done by anyone with a registered account in any job board or agency. It usually takes about three months to complete, but it should not take you long to finish this process since there are no special requirements.
Once hired as an employee, you should get started on the training given to start working immediately.
The only problem here is finding out which company needs your services and how much they will pay you when hired. Since each company has its special way of hiring employees, it’s best to look around first before deciding on accepting one offer or another.
Requirements and Education for Per Diem Nursing
Per diem nursing jobs don’t require any specific academic degree since all employers are interested in can perform the task well. Some companies may want you to have a certain diploma, though, such as LPN or RN, which might take an average of 3 years for completion.
They may also ask what kind of work experience you have, and some even do not mind taking on new employees who do not have any prior training.
How Many Hours Can a Per Diem Employee Work
Each employer has his own set of rules and regulations regarding the number of working hours expected from per diem nurses. Usually, you can work about 10 to 12 hours daily for five days a week, and this would already sum up to an average of 60 daily working hours per week.
You may be required to work even longer than that, especially if they have no permanent staff on hand at the moment, but in general, it does not exceed more than 80 hours weekly.
Once you accept an offer, there will be some limitations set forth by your employer based on how long he thinks is enough time for you to finish the task given to you, so just remember that there are times when overtime is necessary but only as much as needed.
Typically, nurses who work per diem earn more per hour than their full-time counterparts. Per diem nurses are paid differently by each hospital. Also, agencies pay nurses differently according to their location, specialization, and shift.
However, it is not uncommon for per diem nurses to earn around $70-$100/hr in northern California. With overtime pay and shift differentials, they can earn over $2000 per shift.
All in all, per diem nurses, usually enjoy their work and are always willing to help others, so if this sounds like something you can do, then go ahead and apply now.
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Eagles of Arizona (2 Species with Pictures)
Eagles of Arizona
In Arizona, there are two different species of eagles that can be seen.
These are the:
• Golden Eagle
• Bald Eagle
Want to learn more? This book on the Birds of Prey of North America is a fantastic read!
The Copper State has one of the warmest climates in the US, and plenty of uninterrupted natural land for birds like eagles to hunt.
In fact, Arizona has the most bird species of any U.S. state with 551.
This probably means that the land isn’t as much desert as a non-resident might think.
Indeed, there are a number of riparian lowlands and green forests that break the dryness of treeless desert, mainly due to the state’s abundance of rivers.
Want to attract birds of prey to your yard? Take a look at our article!
What Eagles can be seen in Arizona?
Table of Contents
1. Golden Eagle
golden eagle
Life Expectancy
Up to 38 years
Small - medium mammals
Named for the golden-yellow feathers that rest on the crown and back of an otherwise dark-feathered body, golden eagles are better known as ‘The King of Birds’.
Beyond the dark browns with gold highlights, these eagles usually have light feathers on the wing tips, tail, and face.
One look at its seven-foot wingspan in flight will explain the grandiose title, and even bald eagles must bow to the sheer size of the largest bird-of-prey in North America.
These are consummate hunters, capable of taking down deer, foxes, and wolves, and anything smaller, but also of snatching other birds-of-prey from flight.
In Arizona, golden eagles like to gather near open areas with plenty of natural vegetation to fatten their meals.
Places near mountains and high outcroppings are ideal, as they like to build nests in remote and sturdy places where they can scan the distance for threats and food.
This does not exclude man-made structures like untended watchtowers and windmills, so long as their perch remains undisturbed.
Places like the North Rim in Grand Canyon National park are good for spotting golden eagles, as it has all the natural prerequisites for long stays.
2. Bald Eagle
bald eagle
Life Expectancy
Up to 20 years
Mostly fish, some small birds and reptiles
These are perhaps the most recognizable birds in the U.S. Their white crowns, dark brown bodies, and yellow beaks and talons have been a symbol of America for centuries.
Bald eagles are well-adapted to the warmth of Arizona, and its proximity to the Mexican border if it needs to avoid the cold. Bald eagles like mountain nests like golden eagles for the same reason, but they are more likely to build at the top of high trees.
Their unmistakable nests are as large as any flying bird, often several times larger than the eagle itself.
These raptors often overwinter in the relatively temperate cold seasons of Arizona, tightening their nests for new birds in the spring, when they begin their most active seasons in terms of daily movement.
Look for bald eagles near bodies of water like rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams, which attract their favorite prey, specifically in mountainous areas that are ideal for their lookouts.
They are not particular about the trees they use, but Arizona’s cottonwoods and pines are usually a good place to start.
The scarcity of eagles in the state has more to do with their scarcity anywhere in North America. Fortunately, local and federal efforts to protect eagles–bald eagles in particular–have led to a public agreement that these birds should be preserved.
This has led to a stabilization of both populations, and a hopeful outlook for birdwatchers wanting to spot eagles in the future.
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Courtroom Standards Essay
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Courtroom Standards Analysis July 30th, 2012 CJA/484 Criminal Justice Administration Capstone David Mailloux Courtroom Standards The courtroom is made up of individuals that are aware of the law to a point and that can make decisions on putting an accused offender away for a criminal act he or she has committed. These individuals consist of judges, attorneys, victims, the accused, and other courtroom personnel. This paper will go over each type of individual involved in a courtroom setting and his or her role. Judges and Witnesses Judges have many responsibilities such as interpreting the law, taking in evidence throughout the case; judges also determine how the hearing and trials unfold while in the courtroom. A judge has five basic tasks, first making sure that order is maintained throughout the courtroom and throughout the trial. Second is determining if evidence provided by either party is admissible. Third before a trial begins the judge gives the jury instructions about the law and how the laws apply to the case. Fourth during a bench trial the judge must determine the facts and decide the case. The fifth task is to sentence convicted criminals. When a judge sentences a convicted criminal it can be from a fine, community service, restoration, or a prison sentence. Punishment is given to fit the type of crime the criminal has committed. Many criminal cases and almost all civil cases are heard by a judge without a jury present (Role of the Judge and Other Courtroom Participants, n.d.). Witnesses are present in the courtroom to give testimonies about facts pertaining to the case. Witnesses can be present to help the accused proving his or her innocence or they could be there to make sure the accused punishment fits the crime they have committed. Witnesses fall into three categories; plaintiff’s witnesses, government’s
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Hilda Hellström | The way an algae transforms into a rock
Public commission | Stockholm University Library
In March 2021, Hilda Hellström's public commission "The Way an Algae Transforms into a Rock" was installed in a three story atrium at the Stockholm University Library. The work consists of three parts, creating a narrative that starts by the bottom floor.
Starting at the bottom, the viewer meets a block of stone with reliefs of diatoms, a silica-covered algae. Here, the viewer meets a block of stone with reliefs of diatoms. When diatoms die, they fall down on the ocean floor, where they eventually sediment into the porous rock called diatomite. Algae transforms into rock. If the viewer turns around the corner, they will notice that the block in fact isn't solid, but cast on a wooden construction. It creates the illusory effect of a set design, a way of emphasizing a material deconstruction that both attempts to break down and build up a conception of reality. On the second floor of the atrium the wooden construction becomes a framework for reliefs. A body pours a liquid into a mirror image, creating a figure of a closed circle and a flow. The Bodélé desert in central Africa, an ancient evaporated sea, consists of diatomite. Enduring winds brings dust from the porous rock over the Atlantic to the Amazon, a nutritious process which is shown to be a precondition for the survival of the rainforest. The microcosmos of the diatoms conspires with the macrocosmos of the winds in a natural cycle. By the top floor you will find a framed, enlarged diatom in clay.
Read more about the project (in Swedish)
Stockholms universitetsbibliotek
Universitetsvägen 14D
106 91 Stockholm
March 31, 2021 |
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Criteria air contaminants
Criteria air contaminants (CAC) are a group of air pollutants that cause smog, acid rain and other health hazards. CACs include emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), and ground-level ozone (O3). CACs are emitted from a large number of sources in industry, mining, transportation, electricity generation and agriculture. In most cases they are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels or industrial processes. Canada includes Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), a catch-all term for a long list of substances, in their list of criteria pollutants. In the United States, VOCs are regulated, but not as criteria pollutants.
Criteria air contaminants were the first set of pollutants recognized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as needing standards on a national level.
[1] -Environmental Protection Agency - Criteria Air Pollutants I still don't know if food can be harm by the smell of gas.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Criteria_air_contaminants". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |
Physics Class 12 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Part 9 (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2022)
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Relativity Equations
Q: 21. (A) A mono-energetic electron beam with electron speed of is subject to a magnetic field of normal to the beam velocity. What is the radius of the circle traced by the beam, given e/m for electron equals .
(B) Is the formula you employ in (a) valid for calculating radius of the path of a electron beam? If not, in what way is it modified?
[Note: Exercises 20 (b) and 21 (b) (Reference: Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Part 8) take you to relativistic mechanics which is beyond the scope of this book. They have been inserted here simply to emphasise the point that the formulas you use in part (a) of the exercises are not valid at very high speeds or energies. See answers at the end to know what ‘very high speed or energy’ means.]
(A) Speed of an electron,
Magnetic field experienced by the electron,
Specific charge of an electron,
Charge on the electron
Mass of the electron
The force exerted on the electron is given as:
Angle between the magnetic field and the beam velocity
The magnetic field is normal to the direction of beam.
The beam traces a circular path of radius, . It is the magnetic field, due to its bending nature, that provides the centripetal force for the beam.
Hence, equation (1) reduces to:
Therefore, the radius of the circular path is .
(B) Energy of the electron beam,
The energy of the electron is given as:
This result is incorrect because nothing can move faster than light. In the above formula, the expression for energy can only be used in the non-relativistic limit, i.e.. , for
When very high speeds are concerned, the relativistic domain comes into consideration.
In the relativistic domain, mass is given as:
Mass of the particle at rest
Hence, the radius of the circular path is given as:
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Practicing fireworks safety on the 4th of July
Many people are starting to stock up on fireworks for the Fourth of July. While it can be a fun way to celebrate, it’s important to keep safety in mind so no one gets hurt.
“I think most people tend to think this won’t happen to me. This won’t happen to me because I am so careful and I know what I am doing. This just happens to other people and that’s a problem. This can happen to any one of us,” said Purva Grover, emergency medicine physician for Cleveland Clinic Children’s.
Dr. Grover has seen all kinds of firework injuries over the years. She said someone can easily burn their hands or face. There have even been reports of people losing a limb.
She said if you are going to set off fireworks, make sure you’re in an open space and have water available to extinguish any flames. You should also never stand over a firework as you light it or attempt to re-light the fuse a second time, which can be very dangerous. There should also be adult supervision if kids are going to be around. When it comes to sparklers, Grover said those are relatively safe to use.
“There are no explosives involved, so it’s a little bit different in that sense. You can get some spark burns, but I don’t see a lot of trouble with them,” she said. “If a child is young and not holding it well, they can accidentally hold the part that is sizzling which can cause some burns. But overall, those I think are relatively safe.”
Grover said if you do get hurt while trying to set off a firework, make sure you seek medical care right away. However, if it’s more of a minor burn, you can run it under cool water and wrap it with some gauze. |
Oil on oak board, it is one of his smallest known paintings measuring 20cm x 23cm in dimension, and has been exhibited at the Gemaldegalerie, Staatliche Museen in Berlin since it was acquired in 1931.
The subject of the piece are the titular monkeys depicted sitting on a windowsill in the immediate foreground, beyond the animals through the opening is a view looking down on a busy port.
A seeming departure from the painters' tendency to populate his works with people and crowds - his other work in the Gemaldegalerie, Netherlandish Proverbs, being a good example - Two Chained Monkeys has drawn profound and varied interpretations.
A contemporary of Bruegel, the Antwerp-based cartographer and geographer Abraham Ortelius, claimed that the painters' works contain "always something beyond the painting that one has to understand".
In the absence of any information as to why the artist painted Two Monkeys the painting can be seen as an allegory, and open to many different interpretations.
It has been seen as an allegory of evil tamed, or conversely presenting man as a prisoner of sin; as a symbolic critique of the oppression of the Flemish provinces under Spanish rule; as a commentary on the misfortunes in the artists' own private life at that period; as an illustration of captivity and the hope of freedom inherent in all creatures.
All these interpretations are said by critics to have their merits when considered in the context of the political and social climate in which it was created.
In 1957, the Polish poet and future Nobel prize-winner Wislawa Szymborska published a poem entitled Brueghel's Two Monkeys, which famously references the painting and has added to the continuing fascination with the painting in modern times. |
Mexican Christmas traditions 2019
Mexico is full of culture and traditions and both are a result of a melting pot between the Spanish empire clashing and merging with ancient Mexican cultures. Mexican Christmas festivities will last from December 12 through February 2nd. Here are the most representative Mexican Christmas traditions you can enjoy:
The Posadas take place each night from December 16 through December 24, they commemorate the arrival of expectant Mary with her husband Joseph to Bethlehem, in search for a place where to give birth to the Christ child. The last posada takes place at a house with a manger where baby Jesus is placed and is surrounded by shepherds, animals, and the three wise men.
Traditional tamales are served as well as atole (a hot corn based drink), bueñuelos (dough fried in thin layers topped with sugar and cinnamon) and a delicious hot ponche, a mixture of fruit punch and wine. The piñata cannot be missed, it becomes an activity for all family members to enjoy.
The Pastorela (Shepherd’s play) is performed around Christmas time. It is an oral tradition passed on through generations, originated in the times of the Spanish religious, political and economical conquest of Mexico, where the Catholic Church taught the Bible through dramatization.
The Pastorela recreates the journey of the shepherds in their search for baby Jesus. The shepherds confront the devil who does everything he can to prevent them from finding Jesus. In the end, the Archangel Michael triumphs over evil and the shepherds continue to the manger. Children from around Mexico participate in Pastorelas at their schools by acting, singing, and dancing. Most of these plays tend to be comical and satirical and when performed for an adult audience they include politics and spicy humor.
The “Nacimiento” or (Mexican nativity scenes) is a scaled representation of the birth of Christ in the manger and is one of the most beloved Christmas traditions in Mexico. You will find one in every Mexican home, office or school. From simple recreations to huge and elaborate scaled Nativity sets that will include mountains, lakes, animals, wells, houses and even tiny towns.
Some cities, towns and neighborhoods organize nativity contests due to the detailed work this tradition involves. In Mexico you can find nativity sets made of clay, silver, wood, leather, woven straw, papier maché, brass, wood or onix among other materials and find precious works of art.
This is the name given to the Mexican Christmas carols, some are translated versions of English Christmas carols such as “Silent Night” however, there are some unique carols inherited from Spain during the years of Conquest and colonization of Mexico. These carols mainly sing about baby Jesus being born.
As with every celebration in Mexico, food is an important aspect and plenty of time is put into cooking for family and friends. These are the classical Christmas dishes you will find in every home and most restaurants: tamales (cornmeal dumplings with a variety of fillings inside them), romeritos, turkey, cod, pozole (Mexican soup that is made from pork and/or chicken, then seasoned with chili and garlic), buñuelos (crispy treats that look like tostadas, sprinkled with fine sugar or with syrup), ponche navideño (hot fruit punch that is made from Mexican hawthorn).
If you visit Mexico during this holiday season, these are some Mexican Christmas traditions you will be sure to find. |
The purple heron (Ardea purpurea) is one of the most elegant birds in the heron family. A summer guest in the Danube's Delta, this heron winters in Asia and Africa.
It is a large scale bird with a length of 70 to 90 cm, a weight of 0, 5 to 1, 3 Kg, a height of 94 cm and a wingspan of up to 145 cm. Its head is small and flat, with a yellow dagger shaped bill and yellow eyes. Male specimens have a brown-purple area on their lateral sides. The purple heron has a dark reddish-brown plumage. Among its nape feathers there are a few long, copper-coloured feathers. Its plumage helps it to hide when in danger and when it hunts. During flight, its long and thin neck is curved in an 'S' shape.
This heron prefers reed areas, but it can also be found on the canal shores. It nests in small, mixed colonies, alongside other herons. It builds its nest in tall trees, near large lakes, on reed or osiers. Usually, the male is the one who builds the nest. The female lays 4 or 5 green to blue eggs. The chicks hatch after 26 days and both parents are involved in raising them.
This bird fishes in shallow water and it feeds with frogs or aquatic insects. It prowls on small mammals, which it drowns before eating.
The purple heron is a protected species, due to the fact that it is worldwide threatened with extinction. |
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a bacterial appendage used
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a bacterial appendage used by dozens of Gram-negative pathogens to subvert host defenses and cause disease, making it an ideal target for pathogen-specific antimicrobials. compound perturbed bacterial growth was incubated under T3SS-inducing culture conditions in the absence of host cells, Mer-A 2026B and piericidin A1 inhibited secretion of T3SS cargo as effectively as or better than several previously explained T3SS inhibitors, such as MBX-1641 and aurodox. This suggests that Mer-A 2026B and piericidin A1 do not block type III secretion by blocking the bacterium-host cell conversation, but rather inhibit an earlier stage, such as T3SS needle assembly. In summary, the marine-derived natural products Mer-A 2026B and piericidin A1 possess previously uncharacterized activity against the bacterial T3SS. INTRODUCTION Over 2 dozen Gram-negative pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SS) to cause disease, including the causative brokers of plague, pneumonia, and typhoid fever (1). These pathogens collectively cause over 200 million cases of human illness and more than half a million deaths worldwide each year ( (2). The issue of antibiotic resistance is usually most pressing for Gram-negative bacteria, for which only one new class of antibiotics has been approved in the last 15 years (3, 4). While T3SS-expressing bacteria have historically been 26305-03-3 IC50 susceptible to a number of antibiotics, many antibiotic-resistant strains have recently been isolated ( As T3SS are typically required to cause disease (1), the virulence factor represents a encouraging target for new antimicrobial compounds. The T3SS is composed of a basal structure spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes and a needle that extends from your bacterial surface (5). This structure functions as a molecular syringe that injects bacterial effector proteins directly inside target host cells. While the structure of the T3SS is usually relatively 26305-03-3 IC50 conserved among T3SS-expressing bacteria, the suite of T3SS effector proteins expressed by each group of pathogens is completely unique (1). The T3SS has been extensively studied and is often used as a model for T3SS-expressing pathogens (6). In effector proteins YopH, YopO, YopT, and YopE block phagocytosis and the formation of reactive oxygen species, while YopJ, YopM, and YopK dampen innate immune signaling (8, 9). Over the past decade, a number of research groups have discovered small-molecule T3SS inhibitors by 26305-03-3 IC50 high-throughput screening (HTS) (6). These inhibitors are diverse in chemical structure, and their mechanisms of action are almost universally unknown. As virulence blockers are attractive alternatives to traditional antibiotics (10,C12), discovering and better understanding new T3SS inhibitors is an important goal for anti-infectives research. In this study, we describe a unique HTS of marine-derived natural products for T3SS inhibitors that takes advantage of the ability of the T3SS to trigger NF-B activation in HEK293T cells, an activity that is usually dependent on YopB (13). If the T3SS is usually rendered nonfunctional through either genetic or chemical means, host cell NF-B activity remains at a basal level during contamination. The two related small molecules discovered through this novel HTS block translocation of T3SS effector proteins into eukaryotic cells but do not act as general antibiotics or mammalian-cell cytotoxins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial growth conditions. The bacterial strains used in this paper are outlined in Table 1. 26305-03-3 IC50 was produced in 2 yeast extract-tryptone (YT) medium at 26C with shaking immediately. The cultures were back diluted into low-calcium medium (2 YT plus 20 mM sodium oxalate and 20 mM MgCl2) to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.2 and grown for 1.5 h at 26C with shaking, followed by 1.5 h at 37C to induce Yop synthesis, as previously explained (13). TABLE 26305-03-3 IC50 1 strains used in the study IP2666 (no YopT expression)37+ pYopM-BlaIP2666 pYopM-BlaThis work+ pYopM-BlaIP2666 pYopM-BlaThis workoperon38 Open in a separate windows Cell lines. HEK293T cells were managed in Dulbecco’s altered Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM l-glutamine at 37C in 5% CO2. CHO-K1 cells were managed in Ham’s AKAP12 F-12 nutrient combination with Kaighn’s modification (F-12K) with 10% FBS and 2 mM. |
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How to Identify the quality of the full color display panels
The quality of a full-color display can be signed from the following aspects:
The surface flatness of the display wall panel should be within ±1mm to ensure that the displayed image is not distorted. Local bumps or recesses may cause a blind angle in the viewing angle of the display. The quality of the flatness is mainly determined by the production process.
How to Identify the quality of the full color display panels
2. Brightness and viewing angle
The brightness of the indoor full-color screen should be above 800cd/m2, and the brightness of the outdoor full-color screen should be above 1500cd/m2 to ensure the normal operation of the display. Otherwise, the displayed image will not be seen because the brightness is too low. The brightness is mainly determined by the quality of the led die.
The size of the viewing angle directly determines the number of display audiences, so the bigger the better. The size of the viewing angle is primarily determined by the way the die is packaged.
3. White balance effect
The white balance effect is one of the most important indicators of the display. In color theory, when the ratio of the three primary colors of red, green and blue is 1:4.6:0.16, pure white will be displayed. If there is a slight deviation in the actual ratio, the deviation of white balance will occur. Generally, it should be noted whether white is blue or yellow. Green phenomenon. The quality of the white balance is mainly determined by the control system of the display, and the die also has an effect on the color reproduction.
4. Color reduction
The reproducibility of color refers to the reducibility of the display screen. The color displayed on the display should be consistent with the color of the source to ensure the realism of the image.
5. Whether there is mosaic or dead point
Mosaic refers to the always-on or often black small four-squares appearing on the display screen. The module is necrotic. The main reason is that the quality of the connectors used in the display is not good.
The dead point refers to a single point that is always bright or often black on the display. The number of dead points is mainly determined by the quality of the die.
6. There are no color blocks
The color block refers to the obvious color difference between adjacent modules, and the color transition is in units of modules. The phenomenon of color block is mainly caused by poor control system, low gray level and low scanning frequency.
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Radoslaw Mantiuk, Michał Kowalik, Adam Nowosielski, Bartosz Bazyluk
West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland
Left: camera module and topology of the photodiodes used to illuminate the eye. Centre: DIY eye tracker hardware. Right: Front-end of the ITU Gaze Tracker software.
Eye tracking technologies offer sophisticated methods for capturing humans’ gaze direction but their popularity in multimedia and computer graphics systems is still low. One of the main reasons for this are the high cost of commercial eye trackers that comes to 25,000 euros. Interestingly, this price seems to stem from the costs incurred in research rather than the value of used hardware components. In this work we show that an eye tracker of a satisfactory precision can be built in the budget of 30 euros. In the paper detailed instruction on how to construct a low cost pupil-based eye tracker and utilise open source software to control its behaviour is presented. We test the accuracy of our eye tracker and re- veal that its precision is comparable to commercial video-based devices. We give an example of application in which our eye tracker is used to control the depth-of-field rendering in real time virtual environment.
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Louis Bromfield first rose to fame in the 1920s as a Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist with a green thumb. He built a beautiful garden outside Paris where he threw legendary parties that attracted flower breeders, movie stars, and expatriate writers like Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway. His novels were all bestsellers, but Bromfield’s greatest passion was the soil.
In 1938, he returned to his native Ohio to transform 600 badly eroded acres into a utopian cooperative farm called Malabar. From his rural seat, Bromfield launched a national crusade to improve America’s relationship with the land. He sounded the alarm about harmful pesticides like DDT years before Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. And he made Malabar into America’s most famous farm, a mecca for his many agricultural disciples and a country retreat for celebrities like Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall (who were married there in 1945).
While his novels, once read by millions and made into Hollywood blockbusters, have faded into obscurity, Bromfield’s agricultural vision lives on in the farmers and chefs he inspired and the revolutionary ideas he planted more than half a century ago. A fascinating history of people, places, and deep-rooted concerns about the environment, Louis Bromfield’s story is an entertaining and ultimately thought-provoking exploration of how to live. |
Some Statistics
What are the main causes?
Most back pain symptoms are in fact not caused by any underlying pathology, such as a disease, fracture or slipped disc but rather the way we lead our lives.
Why is early-intervention important?
There is little doubt that our sedentary lifestyles and work habits are key factors in the incidence of back pain. Putting up with pain is neither helpful to your long term health nor commensurate with leading a happy lifestyle. What is important is that help and treatment is sought early thereby reducing the risk to chronic back pain and long term disability.
The evidence
Studies over the years have repeated shown that Chiropractic has successfully treated both acute and chronic lower back pain. Chiropractors are trained to not only diagnose the causes of back pain but undertake a course of treatment that brings relief and lasting help to the patient. |
The Soviet Union's transfer of false information to Egypt about alleged Israeli troop concentrations facing Syria in May 1967 is still considered a major factor in the outbreak of the June 1967 Mideast War. Soviet motivations and expectations, however, remain a topic of dispute. New information has become available over the past fifteen years, primarily through interviews and memoirs but also through the release of some important Soviet documents, including correspondence and reports of meetings between Soviet and Egyptian of ficials at the highest levels. A careful analysis of the circumstances and events during the period immediately before the 1967 war substantiates the conclusion that the Soviet Union did not initially expect or want war to break out between Israel and the Arabs. Soviet leaders made efforts to moderate Egyptian actions and considered at least one proposal for averting war. By the first week of June, as Egypt and Syria mobilized for an attack on Israel, the Soviet Union apparently expected an Israeli preemptive strike. Soviet actions during and immediately after the war indicated an interest in reducing the risks of the con flict, even in cooperation with the United States, although Soviet leaders seem to have held differing views about this matter.
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Indian folk music
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Indian folk music is diverse because of India's vast cultural diversity. It is sung in various languages and dialects throughout the length and breath of this vast nation and exported to different parts of the world owing to migration.
Tamang Selo[edit]
Tamang Selo is a musical genre of the Tamang people and widely popular amongst the Nepali speaking community in India and around the world. It is usually accompanied by Tamang instruments, the Damphu, Madal and Tungna. although modern instruments have found their way into the compositions these days[1] A Selo could be very catchy, attractive and lively or slow and melodious and is usually sung to express love, sorrow and stories of day to day life.
Hira Devi Waiba is hailed as the pioneer of Nepali Folk songs and Tamang Selo. Her song 'Chura ta Hoina Astura' (चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा) is said to be the first Tamang Selo ever recorded. Waiba has sung nearly 300 songs in a career spanning 40 years.[2][3] After Waiba's death in 2011, her son Satya Aditya Waiba (producer) and Navneet Aditya Waiba (singer) collaborated and re-recorded her most iconic songs and released an album titled Ama Lai Shraddhanjali (आमालाई श्रद्धाञ्जली-Tribute to Mother).[4][5][6]
Bhavageethe (literally 'emotion poetry') is a form of expressionist poetry and light music. When an emotional poem having excellent poetic components becomes a song, it is known as a "Bhaavageeth". Most of the poetry sung in this genre pertain to subjects like love, nature, and philosophy, and the genre itself is not much different from Ghazals, though Ghazals are bound to a peculiar metre. This genre is quite popular in many parts of India, notably in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Bhavageethe may be called by different names in other languages.
Kannada Bhavageethe draws from the poetry of modern, including Kuvempu, D.R. Bendre, Gopalakrishna Adiga, K.S. Narasimhaswamy, G.S. Shivarudrappa, K. S. Nissar Ahmed, and N S Lakshminarayana Bhatta. Notable Bhavageethe performers include P. Kalinga Rao, Mysore Ananthaswamy, C. Aswath, Shimoga Subbanna, Archana Udupa, and Raju Ananthaswamy.
Hira Devi Waiba- Pioneer of Nepali Folk songs in India.
C. N. Joshi is one of the foremost Bhaavageet singers in Marathi. Gajanan Watave is known for making the Bhaavageet tradition flourish in homes of Maharashtra.
Bhaavageete in Marathi draws from the works of Shanta Shelke, Vinda Karandikar, Jagdish Khebudkar, Ga Di Madgulkar, Raja Badhe and Mangesh Padgaonkar. Bhaavgeete composers include Sudhir Phadke, Shrinivas Khale and Yashwant Deo. Singers include Suresh Wadkar, Arun Date, Suman Kalyanpur, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle and Bhimsen Joshi. Many books containing compilations of Bhaavageete in Marathi are available.[7]
Bhangra and Giddha[edit]
Bhangra (Punjabi: ਭੰਗੜਾ) is a form of dance-oriented folk music of Punjab. The present musical style is derived from non traditional musical accompaniment to the riffs of Punjab called by the same name. The female dance of Punjab region is known as Giddha (Punjabi: ਗਿੱਧਾ).
Navneet Aditya Waiba. Nepali and Tamang folk singer.
Navneet Aditya Waiba. Nepali and Tamang folk singer.
Lavani is a popular folk form of Maharashtra. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artists, but male artists may occasionally sing Lavanis. The dance format associated with Lavani is known as Tamasha.This dance format contains the dancer (Tamasha Bai), the helping dancer - Maavshi, The Drummer - Dholki vaala & The Flute Boy - Baasuri Vaala.
Sufi folk rock[edit]
Sufi folk rock contains elements of modern hard rock and traditional folk music with Sufi poetry. While it was pioneered by bands like Junoon in Pakistan, it became very popular especially in north India. In 2005, Rabbi Shergill released a Sufi rock song called "Bulla Ki Jaana", which became a chart-topper in India and Pakistan. More recently, the Sufi folk rock song "Bulleya" from the 2016 film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil became a mammoth hit.[citation needed]
Dandiya is a dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music worldwide, popular in Western India, especially during Navaratri. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance of Dandiya called by the same name.
Jhumair and Domkach[edit]
Jhumair and Domkach are Nagpuri folk music. The musical instruments used in folk music and dance are Dhol, Mandar, Bansi, Nagara, Dhak, Shehnai, Khartal, Narsinga etc.[8][9]
Rajasthani music has a diverse collection of musician castes, including langas, sapera, bhopa, jogi and Manganiar.[10]
Baul Singer with ektara
This type of music was cultured mainly by the oarsmen and fishermen of erstwhile Bengal. There are many opinions regarding the origin of the term "Bhatiali". Most popular of them are:
• They use to sing it in the Ebb (Bhata) as in this phase it does not need much effort for rowing.
• It originated from the Bhati area (now in Bangladesh).
One of the most eminent singers is Nirmalendu Chowdhury.
Bihu songs are the most famous among music lovers in Assam and are based on themes like Assamese new year, farmers' daily life, love and more. Bihu music is played with instruments like dhol, mohor singor pepe, cymbal, a bamboo instrument called gogona and a clapper made from bamboo known as toka. Bihu music is reflective of the Oriental influence on Assam's folk music. It is an absolute delight to sit and listen to heart-touching Bihu songs during the Bihu festival when the entire state is in a celebratory mood. The talented musicians of the state have been following this traditional form of music since generations and listening to them sing in joy is an unmatched experience for every tourist.
Garba ("song") is sung in honor of Hindu goddesses and gods during Navratri. They are sung in the honor of god Krishna, Hanuman, Ram, etc.
Dollu Kunita[edit]
This is a group dance that is named after the Dollu — the percussion instrument used in the dance. It is performed by the menfolk of the Kuruba community of the North Karnataka area. The group consists of 16 dancers who wear the drum and beat it to rhythms while dancing. The beat is controlled and directed by a leader with cymbals who is positioned in the center. Slow and fast rhythms alternate and group weaves varied patterns.
Kolata/Kolattam is a traditional folk dance of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.[11] Similar to its North Indian counterpart Dandiya Ras, it is performed with coloured sticks and usually involves both men and women dancing together.
Uttarakhandi music[edit]
Uttarakhandi folk music had its roots in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of Uttarakhand. Thus the songs of Uttarakhand are a true reflection of the cultural heritage and the way people live their lives in the Himalayas. Musical instruments used in Uttarakhand music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masak baja. Tabla and harmonium are also used but to a lesser extent. The main languages are Kumaoni and Garhwali.
Example of a traditional song sung by Kumaoni girls in Uttarakhand.
Veeragase is a dance folk form prevalent in the state of Karnataka. It is a vigorous dance based on Hindu mythology and involves very intense energy-sapping dance movements. Veeragase is one of the dances demonstrated[12] in the Dasara procession held in Mysore.
Naatupura Paatu[edit]
Naatupura Paatu is Tamil folk music. It consists of Gramathisai (village folk music) and Gana (city folk music). It is also sung in is the oldest folk song in india.
1. ^ (ACCU), Asia⁄Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO. "Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage(ICH)". Retrieved 2018-07-21.
2. ^ "The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | North Bengal & Sikkim | Hira Devi dies of burn injuries". Retrieved 2018-07-21.
3. ^ "चुरा त होइन अस्तुरा - पहिलो तामाङ सेलो गीत ? - Tamang Online". Tamang Online. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
4. ^ "Daughter revives mother's songs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
5. ^ "Songs of Tribute". The Himalayan Times. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
6. ^ "छोराछोरीले दिए हीरादेवीलाई श्रद्धाञ्जली" (in Nepali). Retrieved 2018-07-21.
7. ^ "Marathi Bhaavageete". (in Marathi).
8. ^ "Out of the Dark". democratic
9. ^ "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily
10. ^ manganiyar
11. ^
12. ^ "Google". Retrieved 2016-09-18.
External links[edit] |
Home » Android » android – What is " Stub " and "AIDL" for in java?
Posted by: admin April 23, 2020 Leave a comment
Question 1:
I am studying Android service and often see code like this:
private ISampleService.Stub sampleServiceIf = new ISampleService.Stub(){}
What is .Stub ?
Question 2:
I checked “AIDL“, but I want to know why we have to use that instead of the Java interface file?
How to&Answers:
‘Stub’ is a class that implements the remote interface in a way that you can use it as if it were a local one. It handles data marashalling/unmarshalling and sending/receiving to/from the remote service. The term ‘stub’ is generally used to describe this functionality in other RPC methods (COM, Java remoting, etc.), but it can mean slightly different things.
The IDL (Interface Definition Language) is generally language independent, and you could theoretically generate C++ or Python stub code from it. The Android one is Java-based though, so the distinction is subtle. One difference is that you can only have a single interface in an .aidl file, while Java allows multiple classes/interfaces per .java file. There are also some rules for which types are supported, so it is not exactly the same as a Java interface, and you cannot use one instead of AIDL.
In an AIDL file, an interface can be defined with the method signatures of the remote service. The AIDL parser generates a Java class from the interface, that can be used for two different purposes.
1. It generates a Proxy class to give the client access to the service,
2. It generates a abstract Stub class, that can be used by the service implementation to extend it to an anonymous class with the implementation of the remote methods.
enter image description here
In other words,
• When the AIDL android project is compiled, then java class ISampleSevice.java shall be generated for ISampleSevice.aidl file.
• It will have abstract Stub class and a Proxy class.
• The remote service has to create an Stub class object, and the same has to be returned to the client when the client calls bindService().
• The onBind() of remote service shall return an Stub class object.
• At the client’s onServiceConnected(), user can get the proxy object of the stub defined at the remote service(the ISampleService.Stub.asInterface() returns the proxy class).
• The proxy object can be used to call the remote methods of the Stub class implementation at the service process.
Hey please check this http://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl.html. It will help you to understand stub and AIDL. |
Polish Centre
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Polish Centre (Polish: Polskie Centrum, PC) was a political alliance in Poland.
The PC was an alliance of Narodowe Zjednoczenie Ludowe, the Catholic People's Party and Polski Związek Kresowy. It received around 3% of the vote in the 1922 elections, winning six seats in the Sejm.[1]
1. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, pp1509–1512 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 |
Tafilalt / ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ
Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).
Location in Morocco
Coordinates: 31°20′22.43″N 4°16′5.48″W / 31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W / 31.3395639; -4.2681889Coordinates: 31°20′22.43″N 4°16′5.48″W / 31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W / 31.3395639; -4.2681889
Country Morocco
Region Drâa-Tafilalet
Time zone WET (UTC+0)
Summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)
Isoprusia tafilaltana, a fossil trilobite found in (and named after) Tafilalt
Tafilalt or Tafilet (Berber: Tafilalt, ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ; Arabic: تافيلالت), historically Sijilmasa, is a region and the largest oasis in Morocco.[1]
The word "Tafilalt" is an Amazigh word and it means "Jug", which is specifically a jar made of clay and used to conserve water.[2]
In the area, the town of Sijilmasa founded by Miknasa Amazigh leader Moussa ben Nasser in 757, formerly existed.[3] It was on the direct caravan route from the Niger river to Tangier, and attained a considerable degree of prosperity.[4] In the 17th century, the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco is known to have started in Tafilalt, and in 1606 Zidan al-Nasir, Sultan of Morocco hid in Tafilalt, where he made a profit off of gold mined in the area, built an army, and took back control over Marrakech. A few years later in 1610, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli also built up in army in the Tafilalt area and took Marrakech back for himself, but lost control after Sidi Yahya ben Younes liberated the city for al-Nasir. A decade after this, a small revolt built up in Tafilalt against the sultan, but was repressed after four months of skirmishes. Later, Tafilalt was a major center of the Dila'ites.[5] In 1648, a custom was established of the Moorish sultans of Morocco sending superfluous sons or daughters to Tafilalt.[6]
Medieval traveler Ibn Batuta wrote about visiting Sijilmasa (near Tafilalt) in the fourteenth century on his journey from Fez to Mali, "the country of the blacks".[1] It was later destroyed in 1818 by the Aït Atta, but its ruins remain, including two gateways.[7] The first European to visit Tafilalt in the modern era was René Caillié (1828), and later Gerhard Rohlfs (1864).[8][6] English writer WB Harris described Tafilalt in a journal after his visit.[9]
Entirely located along the Ziz River,[10] the oasis ten days' journey south of Fez and Meknes, across the Atlas Mountains.[1] It is known for its dates.[9]
Notable residents
It is the birthplace of the famed Rabbi Israel Abuhaṣeira, known as the "Baba Sali" (Arabic: بابا صلى, Hebrew: באבא סאלי, lit. "Praying Father"), (1889–1984).[11]
1. 1 2 3 Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
2. Chafik, Mohammed (1990). المعجم العربي الأمازيغي. Morocco: أكاديمية المملكة المغربية. p. 217 via scribd.
3. Everett Jenkins, Jr. (1 October 1999). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.
4. Julius Honnor (2012). Morocco Footprint Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-907263-31-6.
5. Aomar Boum; Thomas K. Park (2 June 2016). Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-4422-6297-3.
6. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "TAFILALT". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 354.
7. Lonely Planet; Paul Clammer; James Bainbridge (1 July 2014). Lonely Planet Morocco. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-74360-025-2.
8. Samuel Pickens; Michel Renaudeau; Xavier Richer (1993). Le Sud marocain. www.acr-edition.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-2-86770-056-9.
9. 1 2 Ronald A. Messier (19 August 2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. ABC-CLIO. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.
10. Ronald A. Messier; James A. Miller (15 June 2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-292-76667-9.
11. Marek Čejka; Roman Kořan (16 October 2015). Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-60543-0.
Further reading
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February 02, 2018 11:00 AM
Resisting Food Temptation Isn’t Futile, but Obesity May Make It Harder
A new study finds that obesity-prone rats respond more strongly to food-related cues, including specific changes in cells of the same brain area linked to addiction.
The rustling of a potato chip bag. The smell of pizza from the break room. The glimpse of a cookie wrapper in the back of the cupboard. The catchy radio jingle for a candy bar.
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Food-related cues come at us from morning until night, and some of us seem powerless to resist temptation. Others, however, can ignore them — or at least stop themselves from responding.
Now, a new study in rats may help explain these differences in people and how they relate to the obesity epidemic that affects one-third of all people worldwide. Performed at the University of Michigan Medical School, the study is published online in Neuropharmacology.
The study involved both rats that came from a line that had been specially bred for a tendency to become obese, and rats from a line with normal weight tendencies. The obesity-prone rats in the study were fed diets that didn’t allow them to become obese. But even so, they showed much stronger food-seeking behaviors in response to food-related cues that they’d learned to associate with a food treat compared with rats whose family trees were lean.
Those differences, researchers found, extended deep into the rodents’ brains, into the cells of the “reward center” called the nucleus accumbens.
When obesity-prone rats learned to recognize a certain sound as the cue for food availability, a key receptor appeared more frequently on the surface of certain cells in the reward center. But similar changes in this receptor were not seen in obesity-resistant rats.
What’s more, when researchers used a drug to block the receptors, called CP-AMPA receptors or CP-AMPARs, the food cue no longer triggered the obesity-prone rats to seek out food even though they still showed signs that they recognized the cue.
It was as if they had switched from eagerly trying to trace the smell of pizza and go find its source to smelling it and not even getting up to find it.
Although a drug that could do the same for humans isn’t yet available, the U-M researchers hope their work will help form the basis for new understanding of human obesity’s roots in our genes, learned behaviors and the brain.
‘A huge step’ to understanding obesity
The rat model could offer important clues to outsmarting obesity, says Carrie Ferrario, Ph.D., an assistant professor of pharmacology.
SEE ALSO: Opinion: Lack of Access to Obesity Care Highlights Stigma and Disparity
“We know that people who are really attentive to food cues in their environment end up eating more and having more food cravings,” she says. “But these obesity-prone and -resistant rats give us a basic-science model to figure out the neural and psychological differences that drive overeating, even before obesity sets in.
“Understanding this would be a huge step to improve obesity prevention.”
Ferrario, who has published a number of papers on animals’ responses to food cues, is senior author of the new Neuropharmacology paper with U-M neuroscience graduate student Rifka Derman. Ferrario is also a member of the Michigan Diabetes Research Center, an external member of the Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center at Yale University, and a collaborator with several U-M and University of Wyoming researchers.
The new research builds on previous studies from her lab showing that feeding obesity-prone rats a diet equivalent to a junk-food-heavy human diet led to an increase in the number of CP-AMPARs in their nucleus accumbens.
In addition, in collaboration with Kent Berridge, Ph.D., and Michael Robinson, Ph.D., of the U-M Department of Psychology and Wesleyan University, respectively, Ferrario also found that the rats that showed the strongest responses to cues that a tasty treat was becoming available were the ones that went on to gain the most weight.
The new study is the first time that neuroscientists have shown that the two are linked: Changes in CP-AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens are involved in food-seeking in response to a cue.
"We can use this model to figure out the neural and psychological differences that drive overeating before obesity sets in. Understanding this would be a huge step to improve obesity prevention."
Carrie Ferrario, Ph.D.
Pavlov’s rats
Anyone who took a class in introductory psychology remembers the story of Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov and his dogs that began to salivate when he entered the room because they associated his arrival with their suppertime.
Ferrario and Derman used the same basic premise to train the rats in the new study. First, they trained them to press a lever to get food pellets although they restricted the obesity-prone rats to a calorie intake that kept them from gaining too much weight.
Then, they trained the rats using two different sounds, one of which was played just before the rats were given food without pressing a lever, the other played with no association to food.
Both types of rats learned to press levers to get food, and to expect food to appear in their food tray when the cue came on. But when the researchers compared the obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats in their response to the cue, they found that the obesity-prone ones were more likely to press the lever in response to the “food sound” even though no food came when they kept pressing.
Translated to human behavior, it’s as if they smelled pizza, and got up to look for it and kept searching, even when no pizza was found.
Seeking food in response to a learned cue is called Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, or PIT. But the obesity-prone rats showed much more motivation to seek the food when they heard the cue.
That difference alone is interesting, says Ferrario. What happened in the rats’ nucleus accumbens regions, however, was even more interesting: The obesity-prone rats’ brains changed so that they have more CP-AMPA receptors on the surface of their cells in the nucleus accumbens.
Because CP-AMPARs act as pores to allow calcium ions to pass into and out of cells, this change is significant for cell-to-cell communication, says Ferrario. Though her experiments specifically looked at the nucleus accumbens, she is working with other researchers, including Travis Brown at the University of Wyoming, to understand if the same receptor plays a role in other brain regions in relation to obesity-related behaviors, and how other regions like the prefrontal cortex are involved.
The fact that blocking this calcium channel with a drug caused the obesity-prone rats to stop seeking food in response to the cue is further evidence of its importance.
More than drug intervention needed
The same receptors have also been shown to be linked to cocaine addiction, a discovery found in work led by Ferrario’s mentor, Marina Wolf of the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. And the nucleus accumbens has long been known to be involved in the perverse cycle of addiction to cocaine and other drugs of abuse, hijacking the region’s importance in the feeling of reward from a behavior such as eating, and the motivation to seek further rewards of the same type.
SEE ALSO: Fitness vs. Fatness: Which Matters Most?
The role of CP-AMPARs in the nucleus accumbens, and in the circuits that feed into that region, in the context of food and obesity needs much more research, says Ferrario. Since these initial experiments were done with a healthy diet and calorie restriction, she’s interested in the impact of a “junk food” diet on behavior and the receptors. She’s also interested in the impact of weight gain and weight loss in relation to female hormone cycles, since all the rats in the current paper were male.
Changing behaviors in response to food cues in humans won’t be as simple as delivering a drug directly into the brain. That’s just not a feasible solution, says Ferrario.
“Part of the challenge in obesity is that people can be successful in losing weight, but it’s keeping it off and having a healthy lifestyle that is the challenge,” she says. “Part of that is the psychological aspect; they have to exert more effort and take additional steps to avoid unhealthy behaviors. And that may explain why it can be so hard to change these behaviors.”
A big issue for obesity-prone people and animals is their surroundings.
“This cue-triggered food-seeking that has evolved over time is working to our detriment, because we are in an unhealthy food environment,” Ferrario says. “We’re not saying that this means that the fate of those who are prone to obesity is predetermined and set in stone. But we need to understand how individual differences may contribute to cue-triggered eating, how that interacts with weight gain, and how that might influence the behavioral interventions that would work best.
“And some of that understanding could actually help individuals use their cognitive control to actively suppress cravings triggered by food cues.”
This work was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, both part of the National Institutes of Health (DK106188, DA007281, DK111194-01). |
What is it?
Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach. In the Ireland, most cancer that occurs in the liver begins in another area of the body, such as the colon, lung or breast. Doctors call this metastatic cancer, rather than liver cancer. And this type of cancer is named after the organ in which it began — such as metastatic colon cancer to describe cancer that begins in the colon and spreads to the liver.
• Losing weight without trying
• Loss of appetite
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• General weakness and fatigue
• An enlarged liver
• Abdominal swelling
Types of liver cancer
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This is the most common form of primary liver cancer in both children and adults. It starts in the hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell.
• Hepatoblastoma. This rare type of liver cancer affects children younger than 4 years of age. Most children with hepatoblastoma can be successfully treated.
• Angiosarcoma or hemangiosarcoma. These rare cancers begin in the blood vessels of the liver and grow very quickly.
Risk factors
Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include:
• Certain inherited liver diseases. Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include haemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis and Wilson's disease.
• Excessive alcohol consumption. Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.
Diagnosing liver cancer
Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver cancer include:
• Blood tests. Blood tests may reveal liver function abnormalities.
Determining the extent of the liver cancer
Once cancer is diagnosed, your doctor will work to determine the extent (stage) of the liver cancer. Staging tests help determine the size and location of cancer and whether it has spread. Imaging tests used to stage liver cancer include CT, MRI, chest X-ray and bone scan.
The stages of liver cancer are:
• Stage I. At this stage, liver cancer is a single tumor confined to the liver that hasn't grown to invade any blood vessels.
• Stage II. Liver cancer at this stage can be a single tumour that has grown to invade nearby blood vessels, or it can be multiple small tumours in the liver.
• Stage III. This stage may indicate that the cancer is composed of several larger tumours. Or cancer may be one large tumour that has grown to invade the liver's main veins or to invade nearby structures, such as the gallbladder.
• Stage IV. At this stage, liver cancer has spread beyond the liver to other areas of the body. |
Do earthquakes happen more in the summer or winter?
Are there more earthquakes in the summer or the winter?
Do earthquakes happen in the winter time?
There is no such thing as “earthquake weather”. Statistically, there is approximately an equal distribution of earthquakes in cold weather, hot weather, rainy weather, etc.
Are earthquakes seasonal?
In one study conducted in Taiwan, at least, the answer seems to be yes. The study was published April 14, 2021, in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances. In it, researchers revealed a link they discovered between a seasonal rainfall cycle and the timing of earthquakes.
Do earthquakes happen more often in summer?
Seismicity decreases as the reservoir fills in winter and spring, and the largest earthquakes tend to occur as the reservoir level falls in the summer and fall. Induced seismicity can also occur when human water applications lubricate a fault.
Are earthquakes more frequent now?
Bottom line: Scientists analyzed the historical record of earthquakes greater than 8.0 in magnitude and concluded that the global frequency of large earthquakes is no higher today than it has been in the past.
THIS IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Does it rain a lot in Gulf Shores?
Are earthquakes increasing 2021?
Recent Earthquake Statistics
On average, there are 16 major earthquakes (M 7.0-8.0+) worldwide per year. … So far in 2021 from January through May, there have been 8 major earthquake and 69 strong earthquakes. In 2020, there were 9 major earthquakes and in 2019 there were 10, both less than the long-term average of 16.
Can hot weather cause earthquakes?
No, hot weather cannot cause an earthquake, expert says.
Can earthquakes happen in any weather?
Unfortunately, there is no such thing as earthquake weather. According to the USGS, statistically, there is an equal chance of an earthquake occurring in hot weather, cold weather, rainy weather, etc. Earthquakes can happen at anytime and the best thing we can do is be prepared for the next one. |
What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
High cholesterol is one of the most usual root cause of heart disease. The prevention of heart problem is vital to reducing the threat of heart attacks and strokes. The treatments for high cholesterol involve drugs and also healthy way of life improvements. The healthy and balanced way of living improvements include a balanced diet plan, routine exercise, as well as weight control. What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
Diet regimen is the cornerstone of cholesterol control. There are several crucial foods to take into consideration. Vegetables and fruits are rich in nutrients and also fiber. Lean meats, poultry, fish, egg whites, and dairy items are all terrific choices. Additionally, fruits and vegetables have virtually two-thirds of their calories, so a healthy and balanced diet can aid maintain triglycerides in check. What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal MeanDiet regimens that are reduced in saturated fat and also cholesterol, high in fiber, as well as reduced in salt are the best choices for a healthy diet. Minimizing cholesterol via diet alone can minimize the danger of heart problem such as coronary artery illness (CAD) as well as stroke. Individuals with hypertension should additionally make an effort to keep their high blood pressure reduced. Blood pressure boosts the risk of establishing cholesterol-related conditions, so it should be managed too. What Does Vldl Cholesterol Cal Mean
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It is not always simple to judge nutrition labels. Nutrition tags must list the quantity of saturated fat, cholesterol, and fiber in the product. Many foods that taste great may in fact have high amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol, even if they label their food as “fat complimentary”. This is because of the truth that many trans fats, commonly used as a preservative in many foods, enhance cholesterol levels in the body. Fiber is not only helpful for you, yet it lowers the absorption of fat. A diet plan high in fiber can significantly decrease the danger of creating heart disease.
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If you smoke, reducing your cigarette usage is an essential action in the direction of decreasing your high blood pressure as well as taking control of your cholesterol levels. Cigarette smoking is just one of the major risk elements for heart disease. If you combine cigarette usage with low physical activity, you are establishing yourself up for future wellness problems. Exercise reduces your blood pressure as well as normal exercise is a vital part of a healthy lifestyle. Even a small amount of regular exercise can make a huge distinction in your overall wellness.
Consuming much more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, fish, chicken, as well as lean meats will certainly maintain your heart healthy and balanced as well as minimize cholesterol while improving your total health. Low cholesterol is a required part of a healthy way of living. By making just a few lifestyle changes, you can decrease your cholesterol and lower your threat for heart illness and other heart problems. If you are concerned about your cholesterol, consult your medical professional today and also make some basic changes in your day-to-day diet that will have a favorable impact on your heart as well as your overall wellness. |
The Norroena SocietyInfluential Authors Lore Research Sedian TraditionELVES ON THE SHELVES: GNOMES and MISNOMERS
The Nature and Purpose of the Germanic Hearth Cult
Recently I have had opportunity to examine the primary evidence for the Germanic Hearth Cult, loosely defined as the regular rituals heathens of old practiced in their homes. The modern pagan concept of the Hearth Cult in recent years is based on the scholarship of Claude Lecouteux, a retired French professor of Medieval studies and prolific author, whose works have recently been made available in English translation in paperback form. These include his Tradition of Household Spirits (2013) and Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic (2016), among several others. Reading Lecouteux, it quickly became apparent that the ultimate source of his information regarding the Germanic Hearth-Cult was Jacob Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology published in the mid-19th century. In Chapter 17, which contains a comprehensive catalogue of “Wights and Elves”, Grimm provides the primary evidence for the Germanic Hearth Cult in a sub-section on “home-sprites” (hausgeites). Lecouteux uses all the same sources, but the two scholars draw very different conclusions.
After locating and studying the evidence presented by Grimm for his conclusions, it is clear that Lecouteux generalized the entire body of evidence Grimm presents and concluded that the ancient Germanic hearth cult consisted of heathen people setting up wooden figures of gnome-like creatures (specifically called “kobolds”, “tatermen” and various other sprite-names) in their homes, then laying out food as bait in hopes of luring these creatures in and trapping them within their homes. According to Lecouteux, if they could keep the impish spirit happy, it would bring them good fortune. Lecouteux summarizes his findings as follows:
“We thus find among the Germanic peoples a notion similar to that of the Roman manes, pentates and lares. These household spirits are called cofgodas in Old English, which means ‘gods of the house’. A word with a similar sense is the German Kobold, which literally means ‘he who rules over the room’— in other words ‘he who rules over the house’.”
“Starting in the twelfth century, we begin seeing kobold, which means “the one ‘he who rules over the room,’ a creature who in the Old English glosses appears in the plural form Cofgodas, ‘the gods of the room’ with ‘room’ referring to all parts of the house (cellar,mainroom, and so forth), or else designating the stove, meaning only the heated room of ancient homes, the German stube. Over time the Kobold supplanted all of the other names, or else we come across such vague terms as getwas ‘spirit, dwarf’.”
Jacob Grimm, however, presents a much more nuanced argument, based on the exact same evidence. He does not equate the German Hearth Cult with the Roman cult of the Penates and Lares, but simply draws a comparison for reference. And, not surprisingly, Grimm’s theory comes very close to explaining the actual Germanic Hearth Cult as we find it in our sources. By comparing this to mythological poems and sagas from Iceland, we can get a clear picture of what this cult practice actually looked like.
The findings can be summarized as follows:
1. In the earliest references to kobolds and tatermen, dating from the 13th century in Germany, they plainly refer to wooden figures representing heathen gods and their helpers (Aesir and Alfar).
2. Food is offered to these idols. Specifically, a ritual table is set at night, inviting the gods into the home.
3. The gods travel in wagons or on foot and enter human homes, often at specific times of the year, mainly Yule and other festivals. The gods enter the home and spend time among the family. Depending on what they find there, and the level of hospitality they receive, the god and his helpers either bless the home or curse it.
4. The arriving gods are commonly accompanied by helper spirits, sometimes a single individual, but more commonly a troop of such beings in ritual procession. The accompanying spirits often have a dual nature, they are either benevolent and helpful or frightening and harmful. Like the god, their companions can brig either blessings or curses (light and dark elves).
5. These creatures, typically described as elves with pointed hats, are sometimes left behind and occupy the home for a time. If offended, they will leave and remove any blessing, replacing it with a curse or prophecy. The “house-spirit” may then move to another location, transferring the blessing to the new location.
6. The primary method of offending these gods and house-spirits is through inhospitality or attempting to learn the identity of the spirit—indicating a lack of faith.
7. The purpose of the ritual is to imbue the wooden idols with the spirit of the gods and their helpers. The god is invited in with a meal offering, and encouraged to either stay or leave one of their helpers. The god is often associated directly with the hearthfire, which seems to be the point of entry into the home, or where the god can be visualized.
As Grimm records, in the earliest sources dating from the 12th century, the terms Kobolds and Tatermen refer to carved wooden idols kept in the home, of the type we find all over Germania in miniature—representing gods such as Thor, Freyr and Odin, as well as goddesses, which the Icelandic sagas inform us were carried for personal use or set up in homes as home-idols. In addition, larger idols were set up for public worship according to several sources such as Adam of Bremen, and Ibn Fadhlan, and others.
In temples and groves, we see full size versions of the personal idols we find in abundance in the archeological record. The gods are represented by carved, tall wooden poles, set up in groups. Several of the more detailed Icelandic references speak of these mute, lifeless idols being inhabited by spirits, speaking, walking, or otherwise coming to life. The spirit of the god himself is understood to inhabit the idols at times and invited by worshippers to do so. Food and sometimes blood offerings are given to the idol. These offerings are often boiled or burnt. These practices are widely mocked and demonized in the Christian era and reduced to invoking minor devils and demons in the home or worshipping dumb, mute useless figures instead of the one true god.
Grimm specifically refers to these wooden figures as skurð-goð, a carven image, a heathen idol. In the 13th century German sources he presents, they are called kobolts and tattermen. The term kobolt comes from the Greek coboldus, meaning “rouge” and taterman seems to refer to a figure dressed in “tatters” of cloth. The impression of these wooden figures are as heathen idols, dressed in cloth, and adorned with bells and other trinkets. Grimm compares these to modern Nutcracker dolls and String Puppets suggesting they served the function of pagan idols, like the Roman lares. He states: “The notions of kobold, dwarf, thumbkin, puppet, idol largely run into one another. It seems, they used to carve little house-spirits of boxwood and set them up in the room for fun, as even now wooden nutcrackers and other mere playthings are cut in the shape of a dwarf or idol; yet the practice may have had to do with an old heathen worship of small lares, to whom a place was assigned in the innermost part of the dwelling.” He quotes a Christian poem called “The Runner” by Hugo von Trimberg, which makes their nature and purpose clear at line 10843: ir abgot, als ich gelesen hân, daz waren kobolt und taterman; “your gods (the heathen gods” were nothing but kobolds and tatermen.” These mute wooden figures, sit staring at one another. They are described as figures carved of boxwood, which are painted, and sometimes moved by strings, like puppets. Later, they come to refer to helpful, but mischievous, house-spirits by the same names.
Grimm, then speaks of the Roman cult of Penates and Lares, and provides a number of German glosses for the Roman concept, largely taken from commentaries and translations of Roman works by Germanic authors. These are not names or descriptions of Germanic home-sprites, in context, they refer exclusively to the Roman figures. Cofgodas, “cove-gods” is one such term used as a gloss to transliterate the Roman “penates”. It does not describe a Germanic house-spirit. The term is a direct translation of Penate, from the Latin penes, referring to the pantries, provision houses and storerooms of a house, where goods and treasures are kept. Lars refer to a specific famous ancestor or ancestors of the family, thought to watch over and guide the family. In German tradition, the lar would correspond to the hamingje of the family. These spirits are worshipped together in the Roman home, along with the goddess Vesta, representing sacred fire, to bless the home. Grimm does not equate Germanic house-spirits with the Penates and Lars, and discusses the Anglo-Saxon and German glossed terms for them distinct from the study of the Germanic house-spirits. In other words, Cofgodas are not Kobolts, as Lecouteux claims at times, but rather “cofgodas” is a translation of the Roman “penates”, with reference to the Roman practice in Germanic works such as Notker Labeo’s commentary on the Latin author Martianus Capella (c 410-420 AD)’s De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. Lecouteux acknowledges these sources, but then goes on to use the terms kobold and cofgodas interchangeably in support of his premise that the cult of the Roman Penates is Pan-European in nature. It wasn’t. But notably, the Roman figures were closely associated with the hearth and worshipped in conjunction with the domestic goddess of the hearth, Vesta. They are not worshipped in isolation. There are both private and public Penates and Lares. The home cult reflects the public cult on a smaller scale.
Throughout the Middle Ages, we find Christian prohibitions against worshipping heathen idols and setting tables at night, specifically in some cases for Frau Holle.
In Germanic folklore, we frequently find a reduced goddess, Frau Holle and related figures, being invited into homes at Yule, sometimes spreading a table for her and her companions in hopes of securing blessings for the new year. In wider Germanic folklore, Frau Holle and her related forms are well-attested as visiting spirits, who often arrive in a procession. After a through study of her legends, Jacob Grimm came to the conclusion that Frau Holle was none other than Odin’s wife Frigg, the Earth Goddess, like him known by many names. In 2003, after a through study of the legends of Frau Holle ad related figures, Erika Timm of the University of Trier came to the same conclusion. . In the third volume of his Deutsche Mythologie, Grimm wrote: “I am more and more convinced that Holda can be nothing but an epithet of the mild and gracious Fricka; and Berthe, the shining, is identical with her too.” The evidence supports this conclusion: A Vrouwe Vreke appears in Belgium, where there is also a Vrekeberg, located near Gelrode in Flemish Brabant, or over the border into Dutch South Limburg in the countryside near Maastricht. In a medieval Belgian legend of trouwen Eckhout (the faithful Eckhardt), Vreke represents sensual love, as opposed to the spiritual love of Our Lady. Her servants are called kabauter (kobalds). From the farthest southern regions of her range traveling north, she is called Frau Holle, Berchta, Perchta in High German lands to the south, and Frau Herke, Harke, Frekka, Frau Gode, and finally Frau Wodan in Low German regions in the north. Still further north of Frekka’s (Frigga’s) territory lays the greatest concentration of legends identifying Odin as the master of the Wild Hunt. Frau Woden, appears to derive from the Germanic custom of calling married women by their husbands’ first name from the late 1400s onward.
The names Frau Gauden (Goden, Gode, Gaue, etc) appear to fall into the same category. The name Frau Woden (and its many variants) clearly means “Mrs. Odin,” suggesting the two were seen as a married couple. In fact, the further north one travels in Germany, the more Frau Holle’s bynames identify her as Odin’s wife. This pattern is immediately evident in the color-coded map graphically illustrating the distribution of the Frau Holle legends throughout Germany first published in Frau Holle, Frau Percht und Verwandte Gestalten by Erika Timm (2003). Like Grimm, Timm also came to the conclusion that Frau Holle and her related forms represented the goddess Frigg, albeit reduced from a goddess to a fairy-tale figure.
The visiting nature of this chief goddess is clear. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Church railed against such customs as “preparing a table for Perchta” and participating in processions, going about with “incense, cheese, a rope, and mallets” on “the eighth day of the Nativity of our Lord.” One record from 1760 specifies that no leguminous plants may be consumed when Frau Holle makes her rounds during the Twelve-Nights. At Christmas-time a spoonful of every dish must be placed on a gate or fence outside the house as an offering to appease this dreaded lady. On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, a bowl of cream with spoons crossed over it was left out for her. When the members of the household woke up, the position of the spoons foretold the family’s fortune for the coming year. If the spoons had been moved or dipped in the cream, it meant she and her children had eaten and so accepted the offering, ensuring blessings in the new year. Medieval folk traditions in Germany speaks widely of this old heathen goddess, whom men invite into their home with food offerings. They set a table for her and her children, or otherwise set food out for her. Aberglaubensverzeichnis, a dictionary of superstitions believed to have been written by Rudolf, a Cistercian monk, between the years 1236 and 1250, speaks of a curious custom, welcoming the high goddess and her train into one’s home, performed annually: “On the night of Christ's nativity, they set the table for the Queen of Heaven (regine celi), whom the common people call Frau Holda, so that she might help them,” In nocte nativitatis Christi ponunt regine celi, quam dominam Holdam vulgus appelat, ut eas ipsa adiuvet. In agreement with this, the Life of St. Eligius (588-660 AD), who served as the chief counsellor to the Merovingian King Dagobert I, warns the newly converted people of Flanders, “nothing is ominous about the Calends of January. [Do not] set tables at night or exchange New Years' gifts or supply superfluous drinks.”
There is no question that Frau Holle is an ancient Germanic goddess. Her name Hludana, etymologically derived from the same stem as hlöd (“pile of earth”), is found in five Latin inscriptions: three from the lower Rhine towns of Nijmegen, Birten (near Xanten), and Kalkar, in North Rhine-Westphalia (CIL XIII 8611, 8723, 8661), one from Iversheim, a part of Bad Münstereifel in the very south of North Rhine-Westphalia, west of modern Bonn (CIL XIII 7944) and one from Beetgum, Frisia (CIL XIII 8830) all dating from 197- 235 AD. Many attempts have been made to interpret this name. The most steadfast connections are with Frau Holle and Hulda on one hand, and the Old Norse Hloðyn, a name for Thor’s mother, the Earth, on the other. The earliest direct reference to Holda occurs in a eulogy by Walafrid Strabo (808-849 AD) for King Louis the Pious’ wife Judith, the daughter of Count Welf. Her mother was a Saxon and her father a Bavarian, one of the peoples allied with the Lombards. In his tribute to Judith, Walifrid sings: “Oh, if eloquent Sappho or Holda should visit us to dance,” O si Sappho loquax vel nos inviseret Holda, ludere jam pedibus. As a holdover from the old heathen religion, Holda was demonized by the new faith. The goddess typically did not travel alone, but in the company of spirits. Christian religious texts often state that she flies through the air with witches in her train. The ninth century Canon Episcopi censors women who claim to have ridden by night in just such a “crowd of demons.” Burchard, the bishop of Worms (c. 950–1025) and a native of Hesse, expands on this in a later recension of the same work included as part of his twenty volume compilation of Church law known as the Decretum. In the nineteenth book, titled de Paenitentia (Penitential or “Corrector”) under De arte magica, Burchard writes:
In this passage, the word holdam can be understood as a proper name or an epithet meaning “generous,” “propitious” or “lovely.” A minority of the manuscripts, roughly one in seven, clarify this with the addition of the word striga, reading instead strigam holdam, “the witch Holda” or the “lovely witch.” In 1858, Dr. Adolf Helffrich discovered a single manuscript in Madrid which had instead Friga holdam, “the lovely Frigga.” Holda of German legend is a kind, merciful goddess or lady, originally from hold (grace, mercy), Gothic hulþs (Luke 18:13). In the same vein, Grimm notes that Frau Holle is sometimes seen as the queen or leader of elves and hulde-folk, her name being extended to her entire troop, who appear as die guten holden, guedeholden, holderchen, holdeken, etc, terms synonymous with “good elves” in Germanic fairy tales and legends. That the various names of this figure were formed from adjectives describing her attributes— Holda, “the lovely”; Perchta, “the magnificent”; Berchta, “the bright” and Frekka or Frigga, “the beloved”— demonstrates that she appeared to her people as a benevolent deity of radiant beauty and grace. As such, her role as the White Lady was assumed by the Virgin Mary in Christian times. Because of their clear connection, Jacob Grimm considered these older folk figures to have once been a former Germanic “goddess who had come down in the world”.
While the association with the hearth is not clear in these late Medieval and early modern sources, it is clearer in our mythic sources. There the gods themselves build hearths and temples for worship, according to Voluspa 7, “The Æsir met on Ida’s plain; they built altars and high temples, established hearths, forged precious things, shaped tongs, and made tools”. In the eddic poem Hyndluljod, the human warrior Ottar worships the goddess Freyja on a fire-altar, pouring the blood of an ox onto the hot hearth-stones. In Saxo’s Danish History, Book 1, as the hero Hadding sits by the hearth, a goddess associated with “fresh herbs that grow in winter”, emerges from the fire itself. She draws the young hero under the earth and shows him where these herbs had come from:
In Rigthula, Heimdall goes on foot from home to home establishing the three classes. When he enters the homes of Thrall and Karl, fire was on the floor, eldr var á golfi, the man and the woman of the house are sitting there, (Rigthula 2, 4), and the god sits down between them; where a meal is laid out on the table. Afterwards he sleeps between them, producing a child in each home, thereby sanctifying the culture in each home and establishing the classes: thrall, karl and jarl. This seems to have established the pattern of human worship among the Germans. The couple invites the god in, perhaps through the “fire on the floor”, and serves him a meal, in hopes of securing posterity and prosperity.
In Grimnismal, Odin sits between two fires at king Geirrod’s, a man with a giant’s name whom Odin had once favored, according to the prose introduction. Frigg told Odin that Geirrod was stingy with food (i.e inhospitable). So Odin went to visit Geirrod in the guise of an old man to test his hospitality, but, forewarned by Frigg, Geirrod captures Odin thinking him to be a hostile wizard, and tortures him by placing the god in fire. Odin’s cloak begins to burn. Just then, the king’s son Agnar steps forward and gives Odin a drink as he sits between the fires. In other words, the boy pours out a drink offering to the god in the fire. Odin says the boy will never receive a better reward for one drink than that which he will now receive. Through his song, Odin imparts the wisdom the boy requires to be king. At the end of the poem, King Geirrod recognizes his patron god Odin, and immediately falls upon his own sword. Odin elevates Agnar, whom Odin’s wife Frigg [the earth] favors, to king. Thereby, the favor Odin had shown Geirrod is transferred to Agnar, the favorite of the Earth mother indicating his reign will be prosperous, unlike that of Geirrod whose crime was Frigg’s accusation that he was stingy with food. He did not share the wealth with his own people, as a ring-giver should. Therefore, the gods withdrew their favor from him. Odin performs all this from this position in the fire in Geirrod’s home.
So the purpose of the Germanic Hearth-cult should be clear. It is not to invite imps and mischievous spirits to take up residence in one’s home, using wooden representations of them and offering them food. That is the Christian demonization of the actual ritual. The actual heathen ritual involved setting up wooden idols of the gods and their helpers (Aesir and Alfar), dressed in fine clothes, and preparing a meal for them on a table. Bits of the meal were thrown into the fire, invoking the gods to appear and bless the home. If the ritual was successful, the Aesir appeared in the hearth fire to accept the offering; if pleased by the host’s hospitality and the moral condition of the home, the god may leave Alfar behind, representing the judgement on the home (either favorable or punitive) in the new year.
The communal nature of these practices is apparent by a study of sacred fire in Germanic tradition. At times of pandemics and murrains of livestock, community fires were kindled via friction and people and animals run through them in hopes of dispelling the spirits behind it. At such times, all home hearth fires had to be extinquished, and once the community fire had been lit, all home hearth fires were then relit from it, purifying he flame for use in each home. Grimm records numerous traditions regarding these practices in Teutonic Mythology, chapter 20, in the sub-section on friction-fire or “need-fire”. Need-fire is always produced by friction and frequently by the revolution of a wheel; in Mull, for example, after a heifer was sacrificed, a need-fire was made by turning an oak wheel over nine oak spindles from east to west, in the direction of the sun.
In the first historic mention of Beltain, made by Cormac, Archbishop of Cashel (d. 908), two fires were made near one another, for men and cattle to pass through unharmed. This practice survived the centuries. When a deadly cattle-plague raged at Neustadt near Marburg in 1598, a man by the name of Johan Kohler induced the authorities to adopt the following remedy: He instructed them to take a new wagon-wheel and spin it around an axle, which had never been used before, until it burst into flame, then to kindle a bonfire with it between the gates of the town and drive all the cattle through it. Moreover, every homeowner must rekindle his hearth fire with a brand lit from it. So it was done. This measure, however, had no effect on the plague, and seven years later Kohler was burnt as a witch. According to a book published nine years after Kohler’s death, many Germans, especially those in the Wassgaw mountains, confidently believed that driving sick animals through a need-fire kindled by the friction of a pole on dry oak could cure such a murrain; but only if all fires in the village had previously been extinguished with water.
In Germany, need-fires were popular down to the second half of the nineteenth century. The bonfire itself had to be kindled before sunrise, often beginning at two a.m., and made up of straw and wood contributed by every household. In some places, nine different types of word were required. Anyone who failed to put out his own hearth fire before the need-fire was kindled was punished. Searches were conducted through the houses and any flame discovered was extinguished, so that not even a spark remained alight in the whole village. If in spite of every precaution, no flame could be elicited by the friction, the failure was attributed to witchcraft. If the efforts were successful, a bonfire was lit from it at the gates of the city and when the flames had died down, the animals were driven through the glowing embers three times, amid a great commotion of people shouting and shrieking and cracking whips. Although the majority of the available accounts limit the use of needfire to an outbreak of murrain, some expressly inform us that it was resorted to at stated times of the year, especially Midsummer, and that cattle were driven through the flames to protect them against future illnesses. The fire itself was thought to avert the harmful effects of witchcraft. In Sweden, need-fire was called either vrid-eld, "turned fire" or gnid-eld, "rubbed fire" after its means of production.
This clearly demonstrates that the Heathen gods were of a personal nature, and took interest in human affairs, visiting homes regularly. It also shows that the hearth-fire was not a personal, isolated practice, but a communal event inside one’s home. In conclusion, our gods are not nameless, faceless “house-sprites” as the modern Hearth-Cultists claim. That notion is based on the popular theories of French scholar Claude Lecouteux, who has generalized the Germanic evidence and falsely identified it as identical to the Roman cult of the Penates and Lares.
- William P Reaves, 2021
Image: The Rällinge IdolA 6.9cm tall bronze figurine discovered at the farm Rällinge in Lunda parish, Södermanland, Sweden in 1904 and dated to the Viking Age, around 1000 A.D. It is assumed to be the Norse god Freyr, depicted with a conical hat, clasping his pointed beard and has a phallus. The figure agrees with the description of the god Fricco (Freyr) in the Temple at Uppsala in the 10th century by Adam of Bremen. |
On Cogfodas
On Cogfodas
Cofgodas: Glossy New Penates for the 21st Century
The Classical School of Interpretation
In the 21st century, a new orthopraxy has emerged in the pagan movement, self-identifying as “Hearth Cults”, In the Germanic sphere, this practice is commonly centered around the German Kobold, said to be closely akin, if not identical to the Anglo-Saxon cofgodas, defined as “gods of the room.” This new understanding dominates pagan thinking in regard to the kobold and cofgodas, in the first quarter of the 21st century, having arisen from scholarly theory to cult status within the last two decades.
The idea that cofgodas were Anglo-Saxon house-spirits synonymous with German kobolds, “a race many people have come to love” as one blogger expresses it, dominates discussions of these words today in pagan circles. Alaric Albertsson, for example, in Travels through Middle Earth: The Path of the Saxon Pagan (2009) writes, “one type of spirit that a Saxon Pagan always tries to develop a good relationship with is the house elf. These elves were also known to the Anglo- Saxons as cofgodas, or ‘chamber gods.’" Theresa Bane, author of Encyclopedia of Spirits and Ghosts in World Mythology (2016), concurs, “originally a household god in ancient Anglo-Saxon beliefs, ... he became a species of household spirit similar to the Lares and Penates from ancient Roman folklore.” (p. 40). In How Religion Evolved (2017), author Brian McVeigh also agrees, stating “we might note that Penates were similar in function to the Anglo-Saxon cofgodas (“household deities”; more literally, “room gods”), German kobolds, Prussian coltky (who live in the hidden parts of the house), the English hobs, and the Scottish brownies.” Other works also connect these cofgodas with the dead, such as Yvonne Aburrow’s Dark Mirror: The Inner Work of Witchcraft (2018), which states: “several cultures have domestic spirits, often associated with ancestors, such as the Cofgodas (cove-gods) of Anglo-Saxon paganism.” While Daniel Conway, the author of Demonology and Devil-Lore, Volume 1 (2018), sums up this new understanding in this way,
“Here, then, in the recesses of the household, among the least enlightened of its members— the menials, who still often neutralize the rational people to dispel the delusions of their children — the discredited deities and demons of the past found refuge, and through a little baptismal change of names are familiars of millions unto this day.”
This relatively recent redefinition and attempted “reconstruction” of the Germanic Hearth-Cult can be directly traced to mainstream scholarship, published primarily after the turn of the century, and can be linked to two specific academics: the Classicist Ken Dowden and French scholar Claude Lecouteux, a former professor of medieval studies who has authored numerous books and articles on pagan belief, who promulgated Dowden’s theory, reinforced by sources presented by and observations made by Jacob Grimm in the first half of the 19th century. Grimm’s evidence and more nuanced conclusion doesn’t support this new understanding, which has elevated the kobold of medieval German legend from its historical status as a “house-spirit” (haus-geist) to that of a “house-god”, by association with an unrelated Anglo-Saxon gloss. The German kobolds are not the Roman Penates, and Grimm does not equate them, as Lecouteux has done. The latter is pan-European syncretism based on superficial similarities between two disparate cultures and misrepresents the true nature and purpose of these post-Christian figures, reduced by demonization.
In his popular paperback Ancestral Lore and Practices (2013), former French professor and prolific author, Claude Lecouteux states that “in the twelfth century, we begin seeing kobold, which means ‘the one who rules over the room,’ a creature who in the Old English glosses appears in the plural form Cofgodas, ‘the gods of the room’ with ‘room’ referring to all parts of the house (cellar, mainroom, and so forth).” In his Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic (2016), Lecouteux, states his premise that “In folk beliefs and mythology every dwelling is supposed to be under the protection of a spirit. This could be a land spirit whose good will was earned by inviting it to take up residence, or a dead ancestor since the good dead were once buried inside the house”, then concludes, “we thus find among the Germanic peoples a notion similar to that of the Roman manes, pentates and lares. These household spirits are called cofgodas in Old English, which means ‘gods of the house’. The available evidence, however, does not support that sentiment. Similarities and notions do not establish identity cross-culturally between these religious concepts.
While is true that the Roman Pentates and Lares are rendered as cofgodas in an Old English gloss, we don’t find any Old English text that glosses German kobold(s) as Cofgod or Cofgodas; thus Lecouteux’s statement that “in the twelfth century, we begin seeing kobold, which means ‘the one who rules over the room,’ a creature who in the Old English glosses appears in the plural form Cofgodas” is factually incorrect. We cannot assume these names are synonymous; nor are these words related etymologically. In fact, we do not find any sort of Germanic household spirits called cofgodas in Old English literature at all; instead, the term cofgodas is used exclusively as a transliteration or ‘gloss’ for the Latin Penates or “gods of the cupboard” found in Roman sources. As in other instances where an Old English term merely glosses a Latin word, but does not otherwise appear in Old English literature, it’s probable that the term cof-godas was coined to represent the foreign concept it glosses. As it stands, the unique term cofgodas only appears as a replacement for the Latin “Di Penates” and only in the plural form, Cofgodas, never Cofgod. That said, the current header on the Wikipedia article which declares “Cofgod, plural Cofgodas ("cove-gods") was an Old English term for a household god in Anglo-Saxon paganism,” citing Joseph Boswell’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1838) as its source, is also factually incorrect. Boswell simply defines Cofgodas as “household gods” without discussing its meaning or source. Without question, Cofgodas (plural) is exclusively an Old English term for the Latin Penates, household gods in Roman paganism. The term does not appear in the singular and has no foundation in Anglo-Saxon paganism whatsoever. It is merely a post-Christian gloss for a Roman concept, as academic scholars readily acknowledge. There is no additional information or lore concerning Cofgodas.
According to Joseph Boswell’s Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language (1838), the prefix cof- in cofgodas refers to “a cove, cave, repository, inner room, a cubile” rather than the whole house, even though he renders cofgodas more ambiguously as “household-gods”. The meaning of the name indicates their domain, the inner storerooms and repositories, the so-called ‘secret places of the house.’ Thus, according to the etymology of the word, cofgodas are “pantry-gods.” This distinction is important to understand the origin and function of the term. The Roman Penates were specifically gods of the kitchen pantries, the provision rooms, rather than general gods of the house. Sarah Iles Johnston in Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide (2004), remarks,
“There may be more substance in the view that Penates are the gods of the inner house (connected with the Latin penus [household provisions or store cupboard]). This is usually thought of in modern times as the larder, but may imply no more than something hidden deep in the fabric of the house, to judge by Old English cofgodas (room gods) or Prussian coltky (who live in the hidden parts of the house.) Penates, like goblins, are an indiscriminate class of beings and lack a theology of their own. They do not have names unless the goddess Vesta (Hearth) is to be counted as one.” (p. 435).
Vesta, Goddess of hearth and home, the divine representative of sacred fire, was among the Dii Consentes (also Dii Complices), the twelve most honored gods of the Roman pantheon according to an epigram by the poet Ennius about the 3rd Century, BC. Vesta was Saturn and Ops daughter, as well as sister of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno and Ceres. She is equivalent to the Greek Hestia. In the ancient Roman religion, Di Penates or Penates were among several of the dii familiares, or household deities, invoked most often in domestic rituals. When the family had a meal, they threw a bit of it into the fire on the hearth for the Penates. [Servius, note to Aeneid 1.730, as cited by Robert Schilling, "The Penates," in Roman and European Mythologies (1981, reprinted 1992), p. 138.] An etymological interpretation of Penates further identifies them, in origin, as deities of the storeroom, Latin penus, the innermost part of the house, where they guarded the household's food, wine, oil, and other supplies. [Celia Schutz, Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (2007), p. 123; Sarah Iles Johnston, Religions of the Ancient World (2004), p. 435 ]
In origin, Penates are specifically gods of the kitchen cupboards, the pantries where food is kept. They were always worshipped in close connection with other domestic deities, such as Vesta and the Lares, with whom their names were sometimes interchanged. Penates thus describes a specific group of domestic deities, and, on occasion, the whole lot, but their number and individual identities were a mystery even to the ancients. Unlike kobolds, these ‘cofgodas’ never appeared individually or had distinctions made among them. The German kobolds, like the Roman Penates and Lars are simply different kinds of supernatural beings that may operate in domestic spaces. The Roman Lares, in particular, were considered to be spirits of the dead who guarded homes, crossroads, and the city. They too were distinguished as individuals. Every Roman family had its own guardian known as the Lar familiaris, which the household prayed and made offerings to daily at the family shrine to protect the household and ensure that the family line would go on. In contrast, the main function of the Penates was to ensure the family's welfare and prosperity. Outside the home, Penates publici or Public Penates, served as guardians of the state and the object of Roman patriotism. According to legend, they were once the household gods of Aeneas, the mythical founder of the Roman Empire. Kobolds, in comparison, never performed this wider, communal function.
Jacob Grimm, one half of the Brothers Grimm, famous for their collections of fairytales (hausmärchen), appears to have been the first to have drawn a conceptual connection between the lowly German kobold, a spirit most often associated with domestic mischief and mining activity, and the more dignified Roman Penates. Within the larger context of a discussion on “Wights and Elves” (Teutonic Mythology, Vol. II, Chapter XVII), covering over 70 printed pages, including much source material for Germanic belief in elves, dwarves, pilwiz, bilwiz, boogie-men, corm-mammies, schrat, wood-folk, nixies, water-sprites, home-sprites and a host of other lessor kindred spirits, Grimm devotes 2 pages to the kobold, one of many wights (wiche) he comments upon in the expansive chapter. Establishing a point of reference for his readers to introduce the subchapter on hausgeistes, literally “house-spirits” [rendered as “home-sprites” in the English translation of James Stalleybrass], Grimm draws a general comparison between the Roman Penates and the Germanic domestic-spirits he catalogues, but does not equate them as recent authors have done without foundation in the sources. Before discussing any attested “house-spirits”, Grimm begins his discussion with a number of German gloss words for the Roman Penates and Lars, found in Notker Labeo’s commentary on the Latin author Martianus Capella (c 410-420 AD)’s De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. Grimm writes:
“In Notker’s Capella 51, what the Romans called lar, (120) lar familiaris (see the prologue to Plautus’s Aulularia) and penas, is named in our older speech hûsing or stetigot (genius loci); conf. ‘hûsinga (penates)’. In Cap. 142 N. renders lares by ‘ingoumen (hiusero alde burgo)’; the literal meaning of ingoumo would be guard of the interior. In Cap. 50 he uses ingesîde for penates, i.e., our ingesind, inmates, domestics.”
Once again, these are merely glosses for Latin concepts, not the names of beings found in any source of Germanic folk belief. Claude Lecouteux in his Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic (2016), plainly states that “tenth century glosses in Old High German have given us the names ingoumo and ingsind as translations of the Latin penates and lares.” And in The Tradition of Household Spirits (2013), he also openly acknowledges that “these are not so much names as circumlocutions intended to convey the idea of a numinous power (numimosum)”, adding: “collections of glosses prior to the year 1000 translate genius with ‘place god’ (stetigot) or ‘domestic god’ (húsgot) and even ‘habitant’ (husing).” Nevertheless, that doesn’t prevent Lecouteux from mitigating this lack of evidence with the misleading statement that “in the folk beliefs to which Notker refers people refrain from uttering the name of the supernatural beings for fear of causing it to appear” Notker, as a commentator on the works of Latin author Martianus Capella, of course is commenting on Roman folk belief in Penates and Lares, and not “Germanic house-gods.” Lecouteux then piles on with the statement that “starting in the twelfth century, we begin seeing kobold, which means ‘the one who rules over the room’, a creature who in Old English glosses appears in the plural form cofgodas”. However, as shown above Lecouteux’s statement here is incorrect. Cofgodas is only used as a gloss for Penates, not kobold.
So in agreement with his own premise that “every dwelling is supposed to be under the protection of a spirit”, Lecouteux has effectively erased any distinctions between specific domestic spirits whether they be Roman or Germanic, glosses of foreign concepts or actual references. This marks the fundamental differences between historic scholarship and more recent scholarship on this topic. Grimm, like all scholars of the 19th century, was educated in the Roman Classics due to the cultural dominance of the Christian Church in educational institutions at the time. Therefore, Grimm framed his discussion of Germanic household spirits in terms familiar to his contemporary audience— leading with a discussion of the Roman Pentates and Lares for comparison. He did not conflate the cross-cultural concepts. Instead, Grimm provides the oldest and best sources for a host of Germanic domestic spirits, including kobolds, within a greater discussion of Germanic Elves and Wights. None of the sources Grimm cites actually identify kobolds as “gods of the home” in the manner Lecouteux suggests. Lecouteux, in contrast seems to consider, all house-spirits, no matter their origin, one great syncretic conglomeration of nameless “house-gods”; e pluribus unum.
Whereas Claude Lecouteux (2016) matter of factly states: “In folk beliefs and mythology every dwelling is supposed to be under the protection of a spirit,” Ken Dowden (2000) more circumspectively observes: “Though household worship rarely reaches the historical record, it probably occurs as standard in all paganisms.” Drawing from knowledge in his own field, Classicist Ken Dowden begins with evidence from the ancient Roman and Greek traditions. Of these domestic-cults, he remarks “best known is the Roman cult of little figurines of Lares (minor gods of the property) and Penates (‘cupboard’ -gods, gods of the house and its supplies), especially from the excavation of real houses at Pompeii.” But, remarkably, he finds very little in Greece; opining “Greek homes, too, had their worship of ‘Zeus of the courtyard’, (Zeus Herkeios), but for so well evidenced a culture, remarkably little is known of this more intimate form of worship.” He then freely admits that “elsewhere we are largely dealing with hints, like the Anglo-Saxon cofgodas, ‘room-gods’, apparently the equivalent of the Roman Penates.
- William P Reaves, 2021 |
AnimalsEndangered Species
Eastern Cougar Now Officially Extinct
Yes, the eastern cougar has been declared extinct by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It’s very sad news, indeed, but in a world that is in the midst of the 6th mass extinction, it is not even close to a surprise.
In 1973, the eastern cougar was listed as an endangered species. But it has been wondered for a long time now if it exists or not. After conducting a formal review based on currently available information, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declared it extinct yesterday.
The Easter Cougar
The eastern cougar and its relatives around North America have been given many names, often indicating the elusiveness and mysteriousness of this solitary hunter. Some of these names include ghost cat, catamount, puma, painter, panther, mountain lion, and… cougar.
The cougar (or whatever you want to call it) is the largest cat in North America. Cougars once covered a large portion of North America, but were wiped out pretty thoroughly by humans as the continent was developed.
“At one time, they lived in every Eastern state in a variety of habitats including coastal marshes, mountains and forests,” FWS reports. Considered a threat to livestock, “they were hunted and trapped relentlessly until they
were extirpated throughout most of their range” by humans, their only ‘natural’ enemy. Deforestation also contributed to their decline, as it reduced the population of the white-tailed deer it mainly hunted.
“Only western cougars still live in large enough numbers to maintain breeding populations, and they live on wild lands in the western United States and Canada,” FWS reports.
How the FWS Declared the Eastern Cougar Extinct
FWS requested scientific information about the possible existence of the eastern cougar for its analysis and received a total of 573 response.
FWS also requested information on the cougar from 21 states, which covered the historical range of the subspecies. “No States expressed a belief in the existence of an eastern cougar population,” FWS reported.
It is believed the eastern cougar has actually been extinct since the 1930s.
The Florida panther, a subspecies related to the eastern cougar that is also listed as endangered, is not affected in any way by this FWS finding and announcement. It is the only breeding population of cougars east of the Mississippi.
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Why does the uterus stitch during pregnancy?
Why would a pregnant woman need a stitch in her cervix?
Doctors perform cerclage to prevent late (second trimester) miscarriages and preterm (early) delivery. Women may be at risk for these complications because of cervical incompetence (when your cervix opens too soon during pregnancy). Your doctor will perform cervical cerclage, also called cervical stitch, in a hospital.
How do they stitch your uterus during pregnancy?
Cervical cerclage, also known as a cervical stitch, is a procedure done during pregnancy in which your doctor will sew your cervix closed. The cervix is a funnel-shaped tissue that opens during childbirth so the baby can move out of the uterus and through the vagina.
Are stitches normal during pregnancy?
Pain felt along the sides of the abdomen is common during pregnancy, usually in the first and third trimester. Often described as a stitch-like pain on the right or left, it can take your breath away when it strikes. A possible cause is spasm of the round ligament holding the uterus in place.
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Can cervical stitch cause miscarriage?
Success of the cervical cerclage procedure is defined as a pregnancy that lasts until term or close to term. Cerclage has helped some high-risk pregnancies last longer. But it also has risks—it can cause infection or miscarriage.
Why Pregnant ladies should not stitch?
Sewing and stitching during the pregnancy will cause the baby to have birth defects.
Does sitting put pressure on cervix?
Lying down, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), lowers stress on mom’s heart, kidneys, and other organs and reduces the pressure of the baby on the cervix, which in turn decreases the risk of premature contractions.
What foods make your cervix stronger?
5 foods for a healthy cervix
• Pink grapefruit. The key compound for cervical health here is lycopene. …
• Broccoli. …
• Bell peppers. …
• Spinach.
What can you not do with a cerclage?
What causes a cerclage to fail?
Previous studies suggest that advanced cervical dilatation, significant cervical effacement, presence of prolapsed membranes, and presence of vaginal infection cause cerclage failure.
What are some bad signs during pregnancy?
Pregnancy Warning Signs
• Persistent abdominal pain. …
• Severe headache. …
• Changes in eyesight. …
• Fainting or dizziness. …
• Unusual weight gain, and swelling or puffiness. …
• Urge to pee or burning sensation while you urinate. …
• Persistent or severe vomiting. …
• Severe pain above the stomach, under the rib cage.
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How long does a vaginal tear take to heal?
Why does my stomach hurt when I lay on my side while pregnant?
The round ligaments support the uterus. They stretch during pregnancy to accommodate your growing baby. This is a sharp pain that’s felt in the abdomen or in the hip area, on either side. Any sudden movement that makes these ligaments retract quickly can cause pain.
Is normal delivery possible after cervical cerclage?
Conclusion: The mean interval between elective cerclage removal and spontaneous delivery is 14 days. Women with cerclage who achieved 36-37 weeks should be counseled that their chance of spontaneous delivery within 48 hours after elective cerclage removal is only 11%.
What happens if you go into labor with a cerclage?
Possible risks could include:
Cervical dystocia (inability of the cervix to dilate normally in the course of labor) Rupture of membranes. Cervical infection. Cervical laceration if labor happens before the cerclage is removed. |
How to convert a string to utf-8 in Python
I have a browser which sends utf-8 characters to my Python server, but when I retrieve it from the query string, the encoding that Python returns is ASCII. How can I convert the plain string to utf-8?
NOTE: The string passed from the web is already UTF-8 encoded, I just want to make Python to treat it as UTF-8 not ASCII.
Answer rating: 288
In Python 2
>>> plain_string = "Hi!"
>>> unicode_string = u"Hi!"
>>> type(plain_string), type(unicode_string)
(<type "str">, <type "unicode">)
^ This is the difference between a byte string (plain_string) and a unicode string.
>>> s = "Hello!"
>>> u = unicode(s, "utf-8")
^ Converting to unicode and specifying the encoding.
In Python 3
All strings are unicode. The unicode function does not exist anymore. See answer from @Noumenon
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Translation will be the transmitting of the precise purpose of one particular supply terminology wording into one more targeted language, frequently with an additional language textual content. In other words, interpretation is the method where a selected bit of written text, or a group of sms, is translated so that it will be grasped by another individual.
There are numerous sorts of translations, and there are many different processes and techniques. Below are some popular techniques.
4 . General Language translation: This is the interpretation of word from one words to a different one, regardless of the sentence design, the phrase design or even the wording of the words being turned. This type of interpretation is often utilized if the expressions getting changed can be a language you are studying, including This particular language or German. On the whole it won’t evaluate the national issues with the different languages becoming turned, including the way individuals the point language are often tackled, and even whether or not the goal expressions is presented or been vocal.
* Scientific Language translation: This can be a interpretation of written text, dependant on medical rules, derived from one of terminology to a different. It really is dependant on research studies and is particularly often in relation to a controlled statement. In this type of translation, the translator will typically change from the controlled reference file into an additional neo-technology supplier papers. When the medical statement is converted in one expressions completely to another, this kind of interpretation is commonly termed as a technical translation.
3 . Literary Translation: This particular interpretation is a bit more interested in the sort of text, and just what the fictional variety of the cause doc is designed to say. Such as, a scientific document could be translated by another person planning to speak being a technological papers coded in the initial individual. In the event the technological papers is really a medical document, the translator may want to translate it as the sunday paper statement, an article record or to be a scientific log content.
1 . Politics: Political translations usually are relying on a political circumstances inside a unique nation. The translation that is tasked with translating politics text messages will commonly foundation the interpretation of your word around the politics circumstance inside a specific land. The translation of a controlled papers will change this content to think the methodical concepts which are engaged, as the translator on the guide record will convert the report based on its publisher’s purpose.
2 . Plot Translation: This can be the translation in the written text to be a account. The translator will take in the source papers and transmogrify it into a perform of fictional. The work will be carried to your goal terminology by using text, frequently as writing or poems. or as been vocal word.
These are a few of the most prevalent language translation techniques. There are plenty of far more, such as: cross punch-lingual, combination-ethnic, corner-national and combination-lingual translations.
In cross punch-lingual translations, a translation from language to a new is carried out in one vocabulary, and the interpretation collected from one of culture to a new is finished in a further words. Cross punch-societal translations are converted into a further language, which is the identical vocabulary as the focus on terminology, whereby they’re going to be turned utilizing the same phonetics (phonetic design of your word) and sentence structure for the reason that focus on words.
Crossstitching-national translations are interpreted in a distinctive place’s expressions employing the same phonetics (phonetic decryption on the textual content) and sentence structure because the targeted vocabulary. In cross-cultural translations, the translator is translation right expressions that is equivalent to the marked language but that is totally different from the point expressions. Mix-national translations are very like corner-lingual translations, but they can also be carried out in precisely the same expressions as being the concentrate on vocabulary.
Social mix-lingual translation can be extremely difficult since societal limitations tend to be unsure. For being in the position to create an exact language translation.
When choosing a translator, you have to be sure that the translator’s decision will depend on for their level of skill and expertise, and therefore the translator will track the regulations on the focus on language as they read the fundamental cause document, usually the translator may also will need to consider cultural variations in the point terminology. You also must make sure the translation is accredited, so he or she is a licensed expert who may have underwent proper training and who is entirely accepted to create interpretation conclusions.
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LeeAnn Bartolini, PhD
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Veronica Fruiht, PhD
Video games are a fun and popular outlet for many. They boost enthusiasm and can provide a form of entertainment, challenges, and confidence in players (Ceranoglu, 2010). Video games are an activity that bring a variety of feelings as players interact in a variety of ways. Many researchers study the negative effects of competitive and violent video games which often have been correlated with aggression (Dowsett & Jackson, 2019). There is less focus on the positive emotional responses but positive effects of videogames have been supported but consider other factors of influence such as well-being, motivation, social interaction, and violence (Halbrook et al., 2019). The goal of this study is to measure the positive and emotional response of frequent and infrequent players of video games with competitive aspects. Frequent players are expected to have more motivation and positive emotional response then less frequent players. The sample size consists of 69 participants that have some experience playing video games and were recruited from college institutions and social media platforms. To measure the emotional responses, participants responded to the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellengen, 1988) which is a 10-item self- report scale. The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) was used to measure motivation in playing video games (SIMS; Guay, Vallerand, & Blanc, 2000). Frequency was measured by asking about video game knowledge and how often participants play. The results of this study support the prediction that frequent game players will have more motivation to play and have a significant positive emotional response in gaming with competitive elements than non frequent gamers. The expected implications of this study are to further the research between video game players and emotional response to the different variations of the media. |
1.2 Ensure that displays are within sight of people of all heights and people sitting in a wheelchair or buggy
A display that is positioned for optimal viewing by users of average height may present difficulties for other non-average users. Users who are extremely short, extremely tall, or who sit in a wheelchair will be looking either up or down at the display and from further away. The increased distance may mean that fine text or information is difficult to read. The more acute angle may also affect readability by changing the aspect ratio. Or it may mean that other parts of the terminal get in the way.
"Light and reflections are always a problem due to the viewing angle. If you are looking down, your shadow covers the screen. Imagine you are sitting and have to stretch your head to see the screen. Once I withdrew too much money because I couldn't see the screen properly.
" - wheelchair user
Line of sight
Line of sight
Ensure that there is a clear line of sight to the display from a range of angles. Check for glare on the screen from a range of positions.
Directions and Techniques
Refer to anthropometrical data
Refer to appropriate physical design guidelines or building accessibility guidelines which give minimum and maximum heights. The United Nations have a useful set of anthropometrical data covering ranges of height and reach when standing or sitting in a wheelchair.
Eye height ranges
Eye height ranges
Ensure that users of all heights can see displays. The standing eye height for the largest person (95th percentile) is approx. 1.8m. The standing eye height for the smallest person is approx. 1.35m. Wheelchair users often have eye heights as low as 1.15m.
Reduce glare
Increase size
Consider adjustable or extra displays
In extreme cases, you may consider using height adjustable or rotatable displays or dual-display systems.
How you could check for this:
Self-test early prototypes
Include user data in the design
Test with real users
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