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Our history begins in 1920, when the Swiss humanist Pierre Ceresole (1879-1945) organizes the first international volunteer camp. After World War I, Ceresole founded SCI as a pacifist response to the horror of war. Its objective was to gain the right to conscientious objection and to create of civil and international service as an alternative to the military. The first SCI activity will take place in 1920 in France, where a group of volunteers from countries previously confronted by the war come together to rebuild a small town near Verdun.
During the 1930s, SCI spread the model of volunteer camps across various European countries, starting its activities in Great Britain, Norway and Sweden. Camps with different themes were carried out, such as the development of communities affected by the Great Depression.
SCI puts on the first volunteer camp in India due to a dramatic earthquake in the Bihar region. Rajendra Prasad, who later becomes India’s first democratic president, participates in the camp.
During the Spanish Civil War, SCI distributed food, clothing and medicine to the Spanish people. Thousands of civilians were evacuated to safe areas and canteens for children, the elderly, nursing mothers and pregnant women were created. After the conflict, the humanitarian mission continues on French territory, by providing support to Republican refugees.
During the Second World War volunteers from SCI France provide aid to Jews, gypsies, political dissidents and other populations that were interned in concentration camps by the Vichy regime. At the same time, relief projects are carried out for the civilian population in Palestine, Egypt and Greece.
After 1945
After World War II, SCI focuses its efforts on alleviating the effects of war on the civilian population and on reconstruction efforts. Numerous volunteer camps are held in Belgium, Italy, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Greece, Austria and Germany. Volunteers clear up, build houses, prepare children’s homes, rebuild bridges and hospitals, among other tasks.
Humanitarian actions are launched to assist refugees from different armed conflicts. In India, Tibetan women and children fled after the Chinese occupation of Tibet are rescued. In Morocco and Tunisia, those arriving due to the Algerian war of independence are helped. Furthermore, the right to conscientious objection to military service will be progressively recognised in most democratic states.
In the midst of the Cold War, SCI establishes collaboration with youth organisations of the so-called socialist bloc to enable a rapprochement between young people from officially opposed countries.
In 1987 the UN granted SCI the title of “Messenger of Peace” in recognition of its efforts to promote peace and understanding among peoples. SCI Madrid was also founded in 1987 as one of the branches of the SCI.
After a hundred years, with some disappointments and many joys, we arrive today convinced that Ceresole’s vision has come true: Servicio Civil Internacional is one of the largest organisations dedicated to creating and coordinating volunteer projects around the world.
SCI has more than 45 branches worldwide and collaborates with more than 80 partners, being present in more than 60 countries. It has more than 1,200 volunteer projects and coordinates more than 5,000 volunteers around the world. SCI focuses its work on promoting the values of peace. To do this, it has developed an extensive program of volunteer camps on the five continents.
If you would like to investigate the SCI archives click aquí. |
To Kill A Mockingbird Book Report
1126 words - 5 pages
This story takes place in a small southern town in Alabama called Maycomb. The county was called Maycomb as well. The specific locations that were used in the book the most were the house of the main characters, Finch's landing, the Maycomb court room, and the Radly house. The time period of this book was around 1935.The central character, and the narrator of this book is Jean Louise Finch, also known as Scout. Throughout the course of the book, Scout changed from an immature girl in overalls to a mature, young lady.Many characters affected this change, among those would be her older brother Jeremy Atticus Finch, better known as Jem. Scout looked up to Jem and followed in his footsteps. ...view middle of the document...
Atticus wouldn't have minded that so much, but it would have drove her Aunt up the walls. Aurther "Boo" Radly is also another character with a great influence on Scout. He taught her to not judge people before you actually know them. Throughout the entire story, Scout and Jem would continuously try to get a glance at Boo. They harassed him on a near daily basis just to try and see him. Through all this, Boo left gifts for them in a hole in an old, dead tree, and in the end he saved there lives from Mr. Ewell. An example of how they harassed him was putting on plays that were supposed to be about him and the Radly family, but an example of his kindness was putting a blanket around Scout one night when she and Jem were watching Mrs. Maudie's house burn down. The final character that had a major influence on the life of Scout was Calpurnia, the Finch's cook. Calpurnia, a black, strong-willed woman taught Scout to not be prejudice by taking two white children (Scout and Jem) to her all black church. While Jem was going through his maturing stage, he often left Scout out because he didn't want her around. Whenever he did this Calpurnia was there for Scout, and open-heartedly invited her to help in the kitchen. This helped to make Scout feel wanted. The most significant symbol in the novel appears in the title - the mockingbird. It is a sin to kill a mockingbird because all they do is go about their own way singing and not making trouble for anyone. The mockingbird symbolizes how people try to mind their own business, but society won't let them. Dill Harris would be a symbol of the mockingbird, because he is a victim of society. Dill was repeatedly shipped from relative to relative because his mother didn't want him around. He ran away because he finally realized that he was unwanted by his own family.Boo Radly is als...
Assignment On To Kill A Mockingbird
1597 words - 7 pages To Kill A Mockingbird Harper Lee's ,To Kill a Mockingbird, is about a single father who struggles raising his two children, Jem and Scout, while defending a black man in a town who's majority of people are white. He is a respectful, noble, fair man. Atticus treats everyone equal , weather it's someone's race, age, or gender. Teaching Jem and Scout these same principals, so they can teach others. The children understand that a person can't judge
1004 words - 5 pages a mockingbird, because all they do is make music for people to listen to. The idea of this mockingbird remains symbolic throughout the book for the innocence and purity of the children, Tom Robinson, and Boo Radley. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, a mockingbird symbolically represents the mistreatment of innocent characters as seen through the lessons taught by Atticus, the harassment of Boo Radley, and the unjust trial of
Paper On To Kill a Mockingbird Allusions
454 words - 2 pages throughout the country, including the state of who sat on a flagpole: Flagpole sitting was one of the stranger fads of the 1930s. Indian-heads: Before the Lincoln penny, there were Indian-head pennies.One Man's Family: a radio serial (like a soap opera) which began in 1932 and proved to be enormously popular for almost thirty years.Old Testament pestilence: Pestilence refers to a condition or disease that causes massive damage or
Film Review Of "To Kill A Mockingbird"
535 words - 3 pages Racial discrimination is a major theme within the film "To Kill a Mockingbird" when Tom Robinson, a man of African heritage, is falsely accused of raping a young white girl. His attorney, a white man named Atticus Finch, gives solid evidence in Tom's favour, but the jury still finds Tom guilty and he is sent to prison. I believe that this famous film adapted from an even more famous book effectively communicates its message with an entertaining
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2214 words - 9 pages ) The books title itself has a very controversial topic hidden within it. On page 92 in To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus says to Jem, ““Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”. This is important because it comes back at the end of the book when Arthur kills Bob. Later on Scout received an explanation from Miss Maudie. This was their conversation, “That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to do something, and I asked Miss
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A time to kill and to kill a mockingbird - Holy Cross/ English 10 - compare and contrast essay
1051 words - 5 pages the book, “To Kill A Mockingbird”, to the film, “A Time To Kill”. Looking at the great points listed above, we can see and compare the two. In addition, Robinson’s and Hailey’s personalities plays a significant role in both the novel and the film, which showcases how similar and different they are. We can see how both characters portray alike backgrounds but has factors that are also not. The climax of “To Kill A Mockingbird” and “A Time To Kill
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934 words - 4 pages brought Jem and Scout air rifles for Christmas, which most people nowadays wouldn’t even dream of buying for children age 6 and 12. This also could be a mistake, but Atticus clearly trusts his children and he tells them that they can shoot all the blue jays they want but”‘it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.” Some people may think that he must be out of his mind to buy children air rifles and I agree but Jem and Scout must be very sensible for their
To Kill A Mockingbird Analysis Essay - bethel high school/ honors ela 9 - Essay
1111 words - 5 pages an overall point into being. Foreshadowing is an early indication of a future event and is used in the first sentence of the novel To Kill A Mockingbird and brought up yet again in the last passage of the book. This literary device is an excellent way to have your reader piece parts of the plot line together. Foreshadowing is also used in part to bringing Boo Radley to rescue the children in the end of the novel. Lee uses a wide variety of
1227 words - 5 pages Racial Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee teaches us about the problems of inequality and divisions within society. It shows the realities of inequality from several different perspectives and reflects on the harsh judgments that people received. The main source of inequality in the novel is race. This was a major source of conflict throughout history in the south, which is where the story takes place |
noun. 1. an anatomical empty space inside the body, like any of the heart's ventricles. 2. any of the four interlinked empty spaces in the brain, that act as reserves for cerebrospinal fluid. Both of the lateral ventricles communicates with the third by way of the interventricular foramen; the third and fourth ventricles communicate with one another, by way of the cerebral aqueduct, and with the spinal cord's central canas and the subarachnoid space.
VENTRICLE: "Ventricles are commonly referenced as cerebral ventricles, since the brain is the only place in the body where are housed."
Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "VENTRICLE," in, April 29, 2013, (accessed December 2, 2021).
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Making A Difference
“How do you account for your remarkable accomplishment in life?” Queen Victoria of England asked Helen Keller. “How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf, you were able to accomplish so much?”
Ms. Keller’s answer is a tribute to her dedicated teacher. “If it had not been for Anne Sullivan, the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.”
“Little Annie” Sullivan, as she was called when she was young, was no stranger to hardship. She was almost sightless herself, due to a childhood infection at the age of five. Her mother died three years later and her father left the children when she was ten. She and her younger brother were sent to an overcrowded home for the destitute where her brother Jimmie died in a couple of months. Little Annie was, at one time, considered hopelessly “insane” by her caregivers and locked in the basement. On occasion, she would violently attack anyone who came near. Most of the time she generally ignored everyone in her presence.
Eventually, doctors noticed a change in the girl. Where they once witnessed anger and hostility, they now noted an emerging gentleness and love. They moved her upstairs where she continued to improve. She was finally released to attend Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts, where she would learn to read and write. She struggled against a multitude of odds but was determined to learn. Anne eventually graduated as valedictorian of her class.
Anne Sullivan grew into a young woman with a desire to help others as she, herself, was helped by the loving nurse. It was she who saw the great potential in Helen Keller. She cared for her, disciplined her, played with her, pushed her, and worked with her until the flickering candle that was her life became a beacon of light to the world. Anne Sullivan worked wonders in Helen’s life, but it was an unknown nurse who first believed in Little Annie and patiently transformed an angry, grief-stricken child into a compassionate teacher.
“If it had not been for Anne Sullivan, the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.” But if it had not been for a kind and dedicated nurse, the name of Anne Sullivan would have also remained unknown. And so it goes. Just how far back does the chain of redemption extend? And how for forward will it lead?
Do you want a life that makes a difference? Never overestimate the power of your love. It is a fire that, once lit, may burn forever.
Grace and Peace
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Fat Tire Electric Bike Conversion – What’s An Ebike?
What is an Ebike? To put it short, an Ebike is a hybrid car that was initially developed as a bike with both an electrical motor and a battery. They resemble hybrid cars however have the advantage of not making use of both gas and also electricity when they’re in motion. Instead they utilize their very own source of power, which can either be a battery or a gas engine. Although Ebikes have actually been around for a long time, they are ending up being more preferred in the last few years as even more people are understanding the benefits they use.
The reason why even more individuals are choosing to make use of e-bikes is because they’re quiet, they’re very easy to navigate, and they’re fairly affordable. The majority of e-bikes weigh under 3 extra pounds, which makes them a lot easier to handle than a traditional bicycle. If you want to ride your bike, you just band it to your handlebars. You don’t need to stress over adjusting it as you would with a typical bike.
Something you might ask is “What’s an ebike?” An ebike is likewise called an electrical bike, recumbent bike, or simply a bike. E-bikes are distinguished by their handlebars as well as their pedals. Whereas conventional bikes have pedals, an ebike has no pedals. Fat Tire Electric Bike Conversion
Ebikes are not just considered to be a kind of bike, however likewise a way of transportation. Several Ebikes operate on power, so they can be utilized as a way of transport. This is frequently made use of by those that have a great deal of difficulty rising from a seated position. Others make use of e-bikes as a way of working out, since much of them are able to utilize their pedals in the event of an emergency.
Ebikes have come a long way over the years. There was a time when bikes were absolutely nothing greater than simple, common bikes with expensive names. Today, electrical bikes have experienced a full makeover, becoming what lots of people would think about to be a full-fledged bike. The first e-bikes were not extremely effective, but points have actually altered greatly throughout the years. Today’s ebike is as effective as any other motorcycle available, as well as a lot of are incredibly streamlined and contemporary in design.
If you have been asking the question “what is an ebike?” for rather time, after that it’s likely that you will be ready to acquire among your own. Electric bikes are more popular than ever, as well as you may find yourself wanting to acquire one immediately. If this is the case, make sure to take your time and also shop around before deciding, given that you intend to get the most effective offer possible.
There are a couple of points you need to remember when you are buying an ebike. You should first of all ensure that the motorbike you select is legal in the area where you live. Some cities do not allow you to ride an ebike when driving as they consider them to be an unlawful activity. Also, you need to examine the motorbike over carefully to see to it it does not have any type of sort of problems that might impact you while riding it. Finally, make certain you do not end up spending more money than you meant by getting a bike that has some sort of damage.
If you are thinking of acquiring an elite, you ought to definitely learn more regarding them. In particular, you will want to know what the present regulations are so you can make an enlightened decision concerning whether you want to purchase one. It’s important to bear in mind that bikes are still a fairly brand-new idea, and so there are lots of prospective issues that can arise as modern technology progresses even more. Additionally, if you decide to proceed with purchasing an elite, you will wish to bear in mind that they often tend to cost a lot greater than routine bikes. While you can save money by shopping around, it is also feasible to overpay for something that becomes a dud. Fat Tire Electric Bike Conversion |
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Prevalence of Use, Abuse, Addiction to Crack Cocaine in African-American Children Living in Low Income Housing
The persistent poverty in African-American households became the primary cause of the crack cocaine prevalence, especially in inner cities. During the 1980s-1990s the addiction to crack cocaine involved the majority of the black population of problem neighborhood.
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The crack obsession controls the life of the drug addicted and influences on the life of the whole family. “Children living with their substance-abusing parents constitute a group at particularly high risk of becoming substance abusers themselves” (Lam et al., 2007, p. 877). The underprivileged classes struggling against joblessness and negative economic consequences were addicted and involved in drug use and distribution.
Target Audience
The target audience of this informational seminar is African-American children thirteen-seventeen years old. Approximately 43 percent of African-American children from twelve years old and older were engaged in drug use, and 21 percent of them used crack (Fellner, 2009, p. 266). Crack cocaine abuse is prevalent among the low-income housing.
Essentially, African-American children were more likely to grow up in the one-parent family where the only caregiver was the mother. Unemployment, poverty, and fast-changing environment are often the factors that influence to the decision using drugs. Children living in inner cities became prone to cocaine crack abuse as the one of the most widespread illicit drug.
The severe living conditions and the example of substance-abusing parent change the lifestyle of many thirteen-seventeen years old adolescents. Moreover, African-American children who contact with the drug-abusing peers from the public school are at the most risk.
The environment of the adolescents from the low-income housings often contributes to the early drug addiction, possession, and distribution. Underprivileged black children struggling conflicts in their casual life may develop the cocaine crack addiction.
Drug Classification
The United States Food and Drug Administration distributed all drugs in five categories in accordance with its harm or dependence. The first category includes drugs with the highest potential for addiction and abuse while the fifth group includes the medically accepted drugs.
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In the first schedule, there are drugs with high potentials for addiction and abuse (heroin, LSD etc.). These drugs are excluded from medical practice use and forbidden by the legislation. Cocaine and derivatives are in the second schedule, and “have high potentials for abuse and dependence” (Milhorn, 2003, p. 16).
The third category drugs are less harmful and addictive, and they are currently used in the medical practice. Various anabolic steroids and dietary pills drugs contain drugs from this class.
Drugs in the fourth class have the low potential for addiction and are included in the different medication for children. The fifth schedule includes drugs that have very little addiction potential and are highly used in medical practice. Usually, cough mixtures contain drugs from this class.
Crack can be obtained by dissolving cocaine in the water and adding baking soda. The cocaine refers to the second schedule of the drug classification and appears to be a very addictive drug. While smoking the cocaine crack, drug addicted experience a sharp but short high.
The prevalence of crack in African-American inner cities can be attributed to the simplicity of its use through the special smoking pipe and the need of relatively small dose in comparison with the pure substance. The prevalence of crack among the black population and the high addiction makes this drug available for adolescents as well. Besides, the crack abusing parents often disregard their children and consciously or unconsciously provoke their abuse or addiction.
Terms Defined
Addiction is the feeling of the dependence on the drug. Drug addiction can be physical or psychological. Physical drug addiction appears when a body becomes highly dependent and cannot normally function.
The pain of withdrawal turns into the unbearable physical condition, and the person takes another dose for temporal relieve. The psychological dependence is the drug-dependent state of mind revealed in various symptoms.
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While addiction refers to the psychological condition, dependence reveals the physical aspect of the dose concentration in the body necessary to escape the withdrawal syndrome.
Crack cocaine is the smoking kind of cocaine. The substance is highly addictive and harmful.
High is the state of mind that a person is experiencing when abusing the drugs. The high from crack is similar to the cocaine high but is also followed by the intense flash.
Street drug is the type of substance that is distributed among the local addicted people. African-American children are often getting involved in the process of distribution and use.
Substance abuse is the constant use of the drug that leads to the failure of learning, working or communicating.
Tolerance is the condition that appears when the addicted person needs a higher dose of the drug to have the same effect.
Underprivileged children are adolescents living in potentially dangerous and poor conditions. Often, parents of these children are drug abused and encourage them to steal or to work as drug dealers or prostitutes. African-American children growing up in such families start using crack cocaine in the early age.
Withdrawal develops when the dependent person stops taking drugs. It appears in various symptoms. Physical symptoms include tremor, vomiting, increased pressure and pulse. Psychological symptoms include excessive anxiety and the feeling of depression and alienation.
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Sign and Symptoms of Use, Abuse, Dependence
Crack cocaine is one of the most addictive drugs that may provoke various problems in the school or in family. However, use of the substance does not mean the abuse, and it may not lead to the addiction.
The signs of drug use by adolescent may be blurred and vague. Furthermore, African-American children from the low-income housings are usually neglected, and their parents can be drug abused too. Thus, their signs and symptoms can stay unnoticed.
The sharp deterioration of school performance and mood swings may indicate that the child is using crack cocaine. Another obvious sign of substance use is the decreased interaction with friends or complete refuse from the previous friendship. Eating disorder can indicate to the crack use as cocaine suppresses appetite.
The symptoms of drug abuse have many in common with signs of use. However, there are several specific features that may reveal the crack abuse. African-American children from the poor families may be involved in illegal activities to get money for the crack. If parents notice missing the money it should be considered as the attempt to buy drugs.
Pipes hidden in the stuff is the main sign of crack abuse. Also, there are physical appearances of the drug abuse such as tremors and impaired coordination when a child is experiencing withdrawals. For example, crack cocaine withdrawal may appear in “fatigue, vivid unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, and psychomotor retardation or agitation” (as cited in Essau, 2002, p. 29).
The symptoms of crack cocaine addictions may include but not be limited to: built tolerance, the withdrawals are hard, and the crack abuse becomes the only reliever. Finally, the adolescent develops a strong drug addiction and if there is no external control, it may cause serious consequences, including imprisoning or disability.
Ethnic and Cultural Factors
African-American children from low-income housings are more likely to use crack cocaine than adolescents from other ethnic groups. However, the average age of drug abuse varies. Inner factor within the family influence of the child’s decision whether or not start using drugs. Also, the cultural environment is critical.
According to Lam et al. (2007), “53% of children who were exposed to parental substance use during adolescence became substance users themselves, compared with 15% of those who were not exposed during adolescence” (p. 879). The researches show that African-American seventh-graders from public schools are more likely to use crack cocaine than the same age children from other ethnic groups (Fellner, 2009).
The reasons for early drug abuse include cultural and social environment, the influence of crack addicted parent and the personal expectation of the high experience. The location of the majority of low-income households in inner cities predisposes adolescents to crack addiction.
The cultural traditions of these districts differ from the cultures of others. Apparently, the prevalence of a particular drug varies depending on the ethnical and cultural factors. Thus, African-American population prefers smoking crack cocaine as it is an available and relatively cheap drug.
However, the main reason for the prevalence of the crack cocaine among children from the low-income housings is the subculture of problem neighborhood.
The crack cocaine appeared in the poor black communities deprived of the necessary comforts and possibilities. “Among African Americans identified as individuals who use crack-cocaine, more than 70 percent reported concerns regarding food, clothing, and transportation, and approximately 50 percent reported problems associated with shelter, medical issues, and employment” (Substance Abuse Treatment, 2009, p. 110).
It became a source of relive for African-Americans and a source of their income. The small cost in comparison with its powdered substance and its widespread availability made crack cocaine popular in inner cities. Drug abuse is usually developed due to particular fast changes in the ethnical communities predisposed to a drug addiction.
Culture and social environment influencing on children and form certain expectations of acceptable consequences and problems caused by drug abuse. Considering the negative impact of the ethnical and cultural environment in the inner cities, adolescents of thirteen years old and older become addicted to the smoking crack cocaine without realizing the harmful implications.
The cultural factors, such as parent’s addiction, child neglect, mental disorders caused by the traumatic event in the childhood, may stimulate use, abuse and addiction to crack in African-American children.
Meanwhile, ethnical factors include the prevalence and low price of crack in the inner cities populated with the particular ethnical group. Children under thirteen years old living with drug abused parent are more likely to use, abuse and develop dependence of crack than adolescents from outside the community or ones living with non-abusing parents.
Societal Attitudes and Stigma
Societal perspective can be a powerful mean of influence on drug addicted. Despite the tendency of unbiased attitude formation, the social response to drug addiction is still highly censured and negative. As Thomas, (2004) has claimed “societal attitudes toward crack-abusing women have not changed—these women continue to be stigmatized, and most social policy interventions remain punitive in nature” (p. 18).
However, the drug abuse is often considered as a personal choice and reveals the social disfavor towards the drug dependent. The age of an addicted person plays the significant role in the societal attitude. African-American children using crack are considered by the public as victims of living conditions rather than individually responsible for the addiction.
Numerous problems that adolescents go through in the low-income housings cause a crack abuse. Poverty and deprivation in the problem neighborhood along with drug abused environment becomes an illustrative example of an easy life for the African-American children. The cheap and available high turns into the fast relieve for teenagers. Thus, crack cocaine addicted person gets the stigma.
The relation of crack cocaine to the second schedule makes this drug potentially harmful and dangerous for the addicted and the society. The public prejudice attitude towards the aggressive behavior of the drug dependent is justifiable. Indeed, while experiencing the crack high and during the withdrawal, an addicted person becomes highly aggressive and dangerous.
Substance Abuse Treatment report (2009) discloses that the criminal level inside the inner cities, especially in ones involved in crack use, possession and distribution, is significantly higher than in other districts. Often, the public attitude towards the drug dependence is ambivalent and relies upon the circumstances of the child’s addiction including domestic reasons, external influence and responsibilities.
The social concern about the drug and crime relation is understandable. When crack addiction developed and the tolerance built, there is a high risk of crime commitment. It can be potentially dangerous not only to the inner city but also to the neighborhood districts.
The stigma put on African-American community as the primary threat to the society is contradicted; however the society faces with the problem of addiction among young people. The social attitude towards the parents with crack addiction is univocal. Foster families’ appearance over the past decades shows the great concern of society towards the African-American adolescents living with dependent parents.
Thus, the public attitude performs several primary functions. Any social involvement should be free of judgment, persuasion or punishment in respect to the vulnerability of children’s mentality, especially during the transitional age. Otherwise, it will lead to the opposite result. The crack addicted adolescent should be removed from the potentially harmful environment as soon as possible.
Social attitude toward the addicted African-American child from the low-income housing should be based on patterns of empathy and support, instead of threatening. Finally, crack abused adolescents from the low-income families along with others, must be provided with adequate treatment. The societal performance of these functions will decrease the African-American children’s drug abuse and develop the firm feeling of their social involvement.
The prevalence of use, abuse, and addiction to crack cocaine in African-American children is caused by several reasons including cultural and ethnical factors. The availability and low price made the drug popular not only among the adults but also among children.
The impact of the environment of the inner cities, the parent’s drug abuse and the personal inability to resist develops children’s drug addiction in the early age. Societal attitude, still biased, towards dependent adolescents should refrain from assessments and take certain responsibilities to resist the spread of addiction.
Essau, C. (2002). Substance abuse and dependence in adolescence: Epidemiology, risk factors and treatment. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fellner, J. (2009). Race, drugs, and law enforcement in the United States. Stanford Law & Policy Review 20(2), 257-291.
Lam, W., Cance, J., Eke, A., Fishbein, D., Hawkins, S., & Williams, J. (2007). Children of African-American mothers who use crack cocaine: Parenting influences on youth substance use. Journal of Pediatric Psychology,32(8), 877-887.
Milhorn, H. (2003). Drug and alcohol abuse: The authoritative guide for parents, teachers, and counselors. New York: Da Capo Press.
Substance abuse treatment: Addressing the specific needs of women. (2009).
Thomas, J. (2004). Educating drug-exposed children: The aftermath of the crack-baby crisis. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
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1. StudyCorgi. "Prevalence of Use, Abuse, Addiction to Crack Cocaine in African-American Children Living in Low Income Housing." February 27, 2020.
StudyCorgi. (2020) 'Prevalence of Use, Abuse, Addiction to Crack Cocaine in African-American Children Living in Low Income Housing'. 27 February.
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Components Back
The template (the part of the view containing the bindings and presentation logic) acts as a blueprint for how our data should be organized and presented to the user. The controller provides the context in which the bindings are evaluated and applies behavior and logic to our template.
However, there are still a couple of areas we can do better:
• What if we want to reuse the same functionality in a different part of the application?
• The scope is not isolated from other parts of the page, which means that unrelated change in a different part of the page could have unexpected side effects on views.
These two problems has led us to use components.
Since the combination (template + controller) is such a common pattern, AngularJS provides an easy way to combine them together into reusable and isolated entities, a.k.a components. To eliminate risk of effect from other parts of the application, AngularJS has also created a so-called isolate scope for each instance of components.
1. Creating Components
To create a component, we use the method component() of an AngularJS module, and we must provide the name of the component and the Component Definition Object (CDO).
The simplest way to create a component, like greetUser, is just to construct CDO with a template and a controller.
var CDO = {
template: 'Hello, {% raw %}{{$ctrl.user}}{% endraw %}!',
controller: function GreetUserController() {
this.user = 'world';
.component('greetUser', CDO);
Then we can use it in views whenever we want by including <greet-user></greet-user>. Where did that $ctrl come from and what does it refer to? As it's considered a good practice to avoid using the scope directly, $ctrl has been referred to the controller instance.
Note: this simple way is extremely useful when creating "presentational" components, that do not attach any behavior to the template.
2. Using Components
Take the app PhonecatApp as an example, we can use components like this:
<!-- app/index.html -->
<html ng-app="phonecatApp">
<!-- ... -->
<script src="app.js"></script>
<script src="phone-list.component.js"></script>
<!-- Use a custom component to render a list of phones -->
/** app.js */
angular.module('phonecatApp', []);
/** phone-list.component.js */
.component('phoneList', {
/** CDO */
+ '<li ng-repeat="phone in $ctrl.phones">'
+ '<span>{% raw %}{{}}{% endraw %}</span>'
+ '<p>{% raw %}{{phone.snippet}}{% endraw %}</p>'
+ '</li>'
+ '</ul>',
controller: function PhoneListController() {
this.phones = [
name: 'Nexus S',
snippet: 'Fast just got faster with Nexus S.'
}, {
name: 'Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi',
snippet: 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.'
}, {
name: 'MOTOROLA XOOM™',
snippet: 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.'
With using components, we have gained that:
• make phone list reusable
• make the main view (app/index.html) more cleaner
• make component safe by isolating it
• make component easier to test by isolating it
Note: when naming a file, it's recommended to distinguish different types of entities by suffix, like .component. In other words, a someComponent is recommended to declared in the file named some-component.component.js.
3. Testing Components
With combining a controller with a template into a component, how can we process the unit test? Before that , we may code like the following snpipet:
/** app.spec.js */
describe('PhoneListController', function () {
it('should create a `phones` modle with 3 phones', inject(function ($controller) {
var $scope = {};
var $ctrl = $controller('PhoneListController', { $scope: $scpoe });
And now you can change it like this:
/** phone-list.component.spec.js */
describe('PhoneList', function () {
/** Load the module that contains the `phoneList` component before each test */
/** test the controller */
describe('PoneListController', function () {
var $ctrl = $controller('phoneList');
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[ jahy-nawr-muhs ]
/ dʒaɪˈnɔr məs /
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adjective Informal.
extremely large; huge.
Question 1 of 8
Which of the following words describes “sky blue”?
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Origin of ginormous
First recorded in 1940–45; gi(gantic) + (e)normous
What does ginormous mean?
Ginormous is a very informal way of saying extraordinarily large or huge. Some things are more than huge—they’re ginormous.
Ginormous is a blend of giant or gigantic and enormous—all three of which can be used as synonyms. A similarly informal synonym is humongous. Other synonyms include gargantuan, colossal, and mammoth.
The word is most often applied to physical objects whose size makes you marvel with awe. Blue whales are ginormous. Skyscrapers are ginormous. The Grand Canyon is ginormous.
But it can also be applied to intangible things, as in With all the champagne and caviar that we ordered, the bill for dinner is going to be ginormous.
Like any adjective used to describe something’s size, ginormous is often used in a way that’s relative to the situation. Many things described as ginormous are objectively huge, like redwood trees or the planet Jupiter. But something might be considered ginormous only in comparison to other similar things. For example, an unusually large grapefruit might be described as ginormous even though it’s not all that big in general—it’s simply ginormous compared to normal-sized grapefruits.
Ginormous is sometimes casually used to mean extremely important or significant—much like the figurative use of big and huge, as in This is a ginormous win for the franchise. Sometimes, this is negative, as in ginormous error, ginormous failure, or ginormous misunderstanding. Because it’s so informal, it’s unlikely to be used in very serious situations.
Example: You don’t realize how ginormous the sun is until you see an image of a planet next to it for scale.
Where does ginormous come from?
The first records of the word ginormous come from the 1940s. It’s a blend of giant or gigantic and enormous.
Combining different words for huge in a single term makes ginormous useful when you’re trying to emphasize how huge something really is. Because it’s very informal, it’s often used to be humorous or exaggerate. Humongous is often used in the same way.
Did you know ... ?
What are some synonyms for ginormous?
What are some words that share a root or word element with ginormous
What are some words that often get used in discussing ginormous?
How is ginormous used in real life?
Ginormous is very informal. It’s used to describe things that are truly massive. It’s also commonly used in an exaggerated way to describe something that’s very large compared to others of its kind.
Try using ginormous!
Which of the following words is a synonym of ginormous?
A. gigantic
B. gargantuan
C. humongous
D. all of the above
How to use ginormous in a sentence
British Dictionary definitions for ginormous
/ (dʒaɪˈnɔːməs) /
informal very large
Word Origin for ginormous
C20: blend of giant or gigantic and enormous |
Scientific Definitions
Talking about addiction and dependence can be confusing, because different people use the words to mean different things. According to most scientists: addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following:
• impaired control over drug use
• compulsive use
• continued use despite harm, and craving.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) use the word "dependence" for the same concept. A more common definition for physical dependence, however, is this:
A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of drug and/or administration of an antagonist and is relieved by the readministration of the drug or another drug of the same pharmacologic class.
they had information on the Internet, so if they also had access to information on how to do it relatively safely, should pro-DXM sites be automatically condemned? Of course, other people argue that the sites are advocating drug abuse, no matter how concerned about users' safety they seem to be.
A similar question concerning the media has arisen as well. One of the reasons that DXM abuse has not exploded into the general culture is that the number of people aware of it remains relatively small. Media campaigns against DXM abuse will increase the public's awareness of the problem. They also have the potential of bringing the idea of abusing DXM to the attention of someone who might not otherwise have thought of abusing the drug. The benefits and risks of educating parents and teens about the dangers involved with abusing cough medicines must be weighed; will the benefits outweigh the risks, making such campaigns worthwhile?
Continue reading here: Is DXM Really Addictive
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Science Explains Why You Want To Eat Even When You're Not Hungry
When in 1862, writer and poet Emily Dickinson wrote (via KQED): "The heart wants it wants or else it does not care," she might as well have been writing about our relationship with food. Hunger may be easy to satisfy — experts talk about reaching for fruit or something else healthy for snack, or to bypass simple snacking for a balance of protein, fats, and carbs for a full meal instead. But to meet, never mind satisfy, a craving? That's another matter altogether.
Many of us may think that our cravings are a sign that our bodies are in need of specific vitamins and nutrients — for instance, Healthline points out that some people believe chocolate cravings are a sign of low magnesium levels, and yearning for meat or cheese can be interpreted to mean your iron and calcium levels are low. But science says our bodies don't work in such a straightforward way, and cravings are proof of that.
Our brains have a system that tricks us into craving high-energy food
Scientists at the University of Liverpool say that feeling hungry isn't just a case of: meeting a biological need, as in our stomachs growl when we need nourishment, and then that same organ hits the kill switch when we've had enough to eat. Instead, physical hunger is actually controlled by physiological signals which tease our appetites until we eat, and then cut off that appetite when we get full.
But there's another system inside us that tells us its ok to have rich or high-energy food, and that's our brain reward system. Unfortunately, that reward system is able to override our sense of fullness or our satiety signals — and it also makes us more susceptible to temptation. The trouble is, eating high-calorie foods (just think about a gorgeous piece of chocolate cake, a chocolate chip cookie, or perhaps a bazillion-calorie cinnamon bun) isn't always the best choice, nutrition-wise. "This anticipated enjoyment is a powerful motivator of our food intake," the University of Liverpool researchers Charlotte Hardman and Carl Roberts write in The Conversation. "The sight and smell of food attracts our attention, and we may start to think about how nice it would be to eat. This may result in cravings and food consumption."
Cravings are controlled by a complex neurological system
This food reward system, which is supported by our complex brain structures, may be more active in some people than in others, so their desire to give in to cravings is much stronger. Imaging scans show that the brains of people who crave chocolate regularly are more active when they see or taste chocolate than people who don't look for this velvety treat. This same reward system also helps us build a link between certain conditions and eating food, so we end up with associations like summer means ice cream; seaside means fish and chips; and movies mean popcorn.
These findings are especially helpful for people who, for one reason or another, need to get their cravings under control. As BBC Future points out, our world is full of triggers that can encourage these cravings in advertising and in social media. "Everywhere we go, we see adverts for food with lots of added sugar, and it's easy to access these foods," Mount Sinai School of Medicine assistant professor Nicole Avena says. "This continual bombardment of advertising affects the brain — and smelling these foods primes the brain to want to eat them."
But since there is no way to avoid the stimuli, scientists are now trying to get people to overcome their cravings by using the power of the mind instead. Some studies suggest mindfulness techniques can work to cut cravings, and the University of Liverpool researchers also suggest developing coping strategies that keep us from eating food when we don't need it. |
Home / News / Industry News / How many types are there in the printing and dyeing process?
How many types are there in the printing and dyeing process?
Update:19 Nov 2020
Fabric printing and dyeing is a very important link in […]
Fabric printing and dyeing is a very important link in fabrics, and printing is an important part of fabric printing and dyeing. If a piece of clothing wants to attract consumers, its appearance is very important. Many people may not care about the material of the fabric, but they will definitely pay attention to the appearance of the clothing. The most important thing to attract consumers’ attention is the printing. Different styles and different The style of printing will bring different feelings to clothing. The embellishment of printing on clothing will greatly attract consumers' desire to buy. So how many classifications of common printing methods? Here are a few categories.
1. Digital printing
The first is the most common digital printing in life. Digital printing is most commonly used on cotton. It uses reactive dye inks, and a small amount is also applied to hemp, silk, etc., while for chemical fiber digital printing, disperse sublimation dyes are used. Ink production and chemical fiber dispersion direct injection digital. And if it is T/C and other related blended fabrics, you can't use the above methods, but use paint ink for printing. If it is nylon or wool, acid dyes are used for printing.
2. Rotary screen printing
It uses a cylindrical nickel screen with a hollow pattern. After being installed above the circulating rubber guide belt, the color paste will be fed into the net, leaving traces on the bottom of the net. The round net and the guide belt rotate together to make the scraper When scraping and pressing against the flower net occurs, the color paste will be printed on the surface of the fabric through the grid pattern.
3. Flat screen printing
Using the hollow pattern printing mold, fixed on the square frame, the pattern of the mold can penetrate the color paste, and the non-flowered part is closed. When printing, the fabric is pressed tightly through the printing mold, and the color paste is filled on the mold pattern , And repeatedly scrape and press with a spatula to let the color paste through the flower net. However, the production efficiency of this method is extremely low, and it is only suitable for small batch products.
4. Water award printing
This is done by using water-based printing dyes, which are soluble in water, and are evenly printed on the desired position through the mesh of the screen during printing. Commonly used in T-shirt printing.
5. Glue printing
Similar to water slurry printing, but all materials are different. It is a gel-like color that solidifies after drying, and is also commonly used on T-shirts.
6. Flocking printing
Very difficult printing process, only a small amount of printing and dyeing can be done, ordinary printing and dyeing factories generally do not have the process to do it, this printing effect is that the fluff in the fabric is firmed up one by one to form a pattern, like a toothbrush whisker. Therefore it is also called toothbrush flower. Generally the height is about 0.3 cm.
7. Pigment printing
Its pigment is a non-water-soluble coloring substance and has no affinity for fibers. To color the fabric, the coloring must be achieved by the coating of the film-forming polymer compound and the adhesion to the fiber. This kind of printing has a wide range of applications, whether it is blended or interwoven, and the process is relatively simple. But the effect will cause the fabric to feel poorer.
8. Discharge printing
It is dyed with dyes that are not resistant to discharge agents, dried, and then printed with color dye printing pastes containing discharge agents or at the same time. In the post-processing, the dye of the printing dye is destroyed, and then a white pattern is formed. It is often used for washing effect, which is more common in denim fabrics.
Zhejiang Nuyida Textile Co., Ltd. |
Neglected Tropical and Communicable diseases
A communicable disease is a disease created by a particular infectious agent or its dangerous items. It emerges through transmission of that agents or its products from an infected individual, animals, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host, either specifically or indirectly (through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the inanimate environment). Control of disease is the reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required to maintain the reduction. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a various gathering of tropical diseases which are particularly basic in low-salary population in creating locales of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They are brought on by an assortment of pathogens, for example, infections, microbes, protozoa and helminths. These illnesses are appeared differently in relation to the huge three infections (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), which for the most part get more prominent treatment and research financing. In sub-Saharan Africa, the effect of these ailments as a gathering is equivalent to intestinal sickness and tuberculosis.NTD co-contamination can likewise make HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis all the more lethal
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 nations and influence more than one billion individuals, costing developing economies billions of dollars every year.. They predominantly influence populaces living in destitution, without satisfactory sanitation and in close contact with irresistible vectors and residential creatures and animals. Neglected Tropical Diseases NTDs) are a gathering of parasitic and bacterial diseases that cause considerable ailment for more than one billion individuals all around. Influencing the world's poorest individuals, NTDs debilitate physical and psychological improvement, add to mother and child illness and death,, make it hard to cultivate or acquire a living, and cutoff efficiency in the work environment. Subsequently, NTDs trap the poor in a cycle of neediness and sickness. A communicable disease is one that is spread starting with one individual then onto the next through an assortment of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
• Types of tropical diseases
• Types of communicable diseases
• Modes of transmission
Related Conference of Neglected Tropical and Communicable diseases
Neglected Tropical and Communicable diseases Conference Speakers |
Where do we use antibiotics?
Where do we use antibiotics?
Where do we use antibiotics?
What foods to eat while on antibiotics?
Some foods can reduce these side effects, while others may make them worse. This article explains what you should and shouldn’t eat during and after antibiotics….Eat High-Fiber Foods
• Whole grains (porridge, whole grain bread, brown rice)
• Nuts.
• Seeds.
• Beans.
• Lentils.
• Berries.
• Broccoli.
• Peas.
Can I eat eggs while on antibiotics?
Does antibiotics lower immune system?
Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infections. They are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Antibiotics should only be prescribed to treat health problems: that are not serious but are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics – such as acne.
When to take antibiotics and when to not take them?
Take only antibiotics specifically prescribed for you. The doctor chooses an antibiotic and the dosage based upon your state of health, your weight, and what microorganism (s) are causing your infection. This minimizes the risk of side effects. Do not take medication that has not been specifically prescribed for you and your medical condition. [3]
How are antibiotics used in the United States?
Antibiotics can save lives, but any time antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. In U.S. doctors’ offices and emergency departments, at least 28% of antibiotic courses prescribed each year are unnecessary, which makes improving antibiotic prescribing and use a national priority.
What kind of drugs can you take with an antibiotic?
Any drug, prescription, nonprescription, or alcohol, can interact with the antibiotic. This also includes supplements, natural or herbal remedies, and even multivitamins. The effectiveness of the antibiotic or your other medications may be compromised if you do not tell your doctor what else you’re taking.
When to take antibiotics for a viral infection?
Don’t take them for a viral infection. Only take the ones your doctor has prescribed for you. Take them as directed. Don’t skip doses. Take them for the full number of days your doctor prescribes. Don’t save them for later. American Academy of Pediatrics: “The History of Antibiotics.”
What to do if you need to take antibiotics?
Try to add some yogurt to your diet when taking antibiotics — it is high in calcium and can also help maintain some of the necessary bacteria that you need in your gut. Green leafy vegetables, kale or Swiss chard are helpful in giving you extra Vitamin K which helps while you are taking the medicines.
How often should you take antibiotics?
What are antibiotics and how are they used?
Antibiotics are medications used to fight infections caused by bacteria. They’re also called antibacterials. They treat infections by killing or decreasing the growth of bacteria.
When should I take antibiotics?
You should take antibiotics only when you have a bacterial infection that is not going away on its own. The most important rules to follow when taking antibiotics are: Only take antibiotics for bacterial infections. If you take them for a viral infection, your body will create a resistance to them and,… |
Diabetes Control with Medication and Blood Glucose Monitoring to Prevent Complications
Julianna Lombardo
Pharmacy Intern
Diabetes is a condition that affects the way the body uses sugar. Normally, when sugar enters the bloodstream, insulin is released and helps aid sugar into the cells for use. In patients with diabetes, the body either does not respond to insulin or the body doesn’t make enough insulin to properly move sugar from the bloodstream into the cells.
Keeping blood sugar levels under control can take a lot of time and practice. Luckily there are many different types of medications, both oral and injectable, and many ways to test blood sugar to stay healthy while living with this condition. Maintaining a pre-prandial (before meal) blood glucose level of 80-130 mg/dL and a glucose reading 1-2 hours after a meal of less than 180mg/dL is critical in managing blood sugar levels.1 If blood sugar levels aren’t being controlled via medications and blood glucose readings, one or more of the following complications can occur. They can be remembered by the ABC DEF’s of Diabetes control.
A is for A1C:
A1C readings are measured via a simple blood test and gives the doctor a look at an average of the patient’s blood sugar values over the past 2 to 3 months.2 Everyone’s A1C goal is individualized and should be discussed with a healthcare professional. On average, a patient with diabetes will have an A1C goal of less than 7%.2 The higher the percentage, the higher a patient’s blood sugar levels are over the past 2-3 months.2 Monitoring A1C levels regularly can allow medication regimens to be made in order to optimally control blood sugar.
B is for Blood Pressure:
2 out of 3 patients with diabetes report having high blood pressure or taking a medication that lowers their blood pressure.3 It is important to attend follow up appointments regularly to monitor blood pressure. Usually patients don’t experience symptoms when they have high blood pressure which can be very dangerous.3 Purchasing a blood pressure cuff to manage blood pressure readings at home in between doctors visits can also be helpful. Medications are just one way a patient can lower their blood pressure. Eating whole grain foods, adding herbs and spices instead of salt to flavor food and limiting alcohol consummation are all small tasks to decrease blood pressure.3
C is for Cholesterol:
Managing cholesterol levels goes hand in hand with managing blood pressure readings. Patients with diabetes are 1.5x more likely to have a stroke than a patient without diabetes.4 This makes it very important to get blood work done regularly to ensure cholesterol levels are in normal range. Cholesterol medications also work very well in lowering cholesterol levels if too high. Managing a patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels lowers their risk of having a stroke.
D is for Diabetes Mellitus Kidney Disease
The kidneys are used to filter out waste products from the body. When blood sugar levels are high, the kidneys filter too much blood and can lead to overworked kidneys that begin to malfunction.5 The filters in the kidneys begin to leak resulting in useful proteins lost in urine instead to staying in the body.5 This can be prevented by managing blood glucose and early diagnosis of kidney disease. If caught early, medications can be taken to prevent the progression of kidney disease. If caught late into the progression, patients may need a kidney transplant or blood filtration by dialysis machine. A patient’s risk of kidney disease is decreased by one third if blood glucose is consistently within range.5
E is for Eye Care
Patients with diabetes are at increased risk in developing conditions affecting the eyes. When glucose stays in the blood for too long, it can cause damage to the blood vessels in the eye leading to glaucoma, cataracts, and retinopathy which can all lead to blindness.6 Getting regular eye exams is an important in order to diagnose problems in the eye early for treatment and better results.
F is for Foot Care
Patients with diabetes often experience nerve damage in their feet. This can lead to poor blood circulation and loss of feeling in a patient’s feet. It is common for patients to not notice foot injuries since the neuropathy lessens their ability to feel pain, heat or cold.7 A patient can easily develp an infection in their foot from a minor cut and not even notice it. It is very important to go to a podiatrist often to decrease the chance of infection leading to a possible amputation.
Diabetes may be a lifelong disease, but luckily medications have come a long way to make this condition manageable to prevent the escalation of problems associated with diabetes. Managing blood glucose with testing regularly and taking medications as prescribed can help keep blood sugar under control and decrease the likelihood of advancing these conditions to impact a patient’s quality of life. If you have any questions, reach out to your healthcare provider or local Price Chopper/Market 32 Pharmacist.
1. “The Big Picture: Checking Your Blood Glucose.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 8 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes/medication-management/blood-glucose-testing-and-control/checking-your-blood-glucose.
2. “Understanding A1C.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 8 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/a1c.
3. “High Blood Pressure.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 9 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes-risk/prevention/high-blood-pressure.
4. “Stroke.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 7 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/stroke.
5. “Kidney Disease (Nephropathy).” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 7 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/kidney-disease-nephropathy.
6. “Eye Complications.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 8 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/eye-complications.
7. “Foot Complications.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed 8 August 2020. www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/foot-complications.
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Autophagy Research
Autophagy is the process by which damaged proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled to maintain cell homeostasis. It is critical to cellular health and failure of the autophagic process causes accumulation of cellular damage.
Autophagy can play either pro-survival or pro-death roles and is therefore recognized for its therapeutic potential to control the process and therefore treat diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. Autophagy and apoptosis control the turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and of cells within organisms, respectively, and many stress pathways sequentially elicit autophagy and apoptosis within the same cell. Generally, autophagy blocks the induction of apoptosis, and apoptosis-associated caspase activation shuts off the autophagic process. However, in special cases, autophagy or autophagy-relevant proteins may help to induce apoptosis or necrosis, and autophagy has been shown to degrade the cytoplasm excessively, leading to 'autophagic cell death. The dialogue between autophagy and cell death pathways influences the normal clearance of dying cells, as well as immune recognition of dead cell antigens. Therefore, the disruption of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis has important pathophysiological consequences.
ProSci autophagy recombinant protein catalog helps researchers uncover new information about autophagy and its biological role in homeostasis and disease.
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What is INDEX and what are the advantages?
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What is INDEX and what are the advantages?
posted Jul 17, 2015 by Kunal Kapoor
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An index is a schema object that contains an entry for each value that appears in the indexed column(s) of the table or cluster and provides direct, fast access to rows. Oracle Database supports several types of index: Normal indexes. (By default, Oracle Database creates B-tree indexes.)
Advantage of Indexes in SQL Server
The database engine can use indexes to boost performance in a number of different queries. Sometimes these performance improvements are dramatic. An important feature of SQL Server 2000 is a component known as the query optimizer. The query optimizer's job is to find the fastest and least resource intensive means of executing incoming queries. An important part of this job is selecting the best index or indexes to perform the task. In the following sections we will examine the types of queries with the best chance of benefiting from an index.
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answer Jul 20, 2015 by Manikandan J |
Strange Uses for Cadavers
3 / 9
3 / 9
Crash Dummies? More Like Crash Bodies.
As Mary Roach pointed out in Stiff, cadavers are very good at handling pain. They can suffer broken collar bones or scapulas -- or worse -- but they won't die or even feel a thing!
That's why, for the past 60 years, scientists have regularly used cadavers in vehicle crash testing. Oh they use dummies, too (that's what you see on the news clips), but dummies can only tell you so much. A human replica can tell you the force that a side or front collision imparts, but it can't give you the precise effects that such an impact would have on the body! A well-kept cadaver will receive all of the bumps, bruises, broken bones, and lacerations a live person might expect.
Estimates published in a 1995 publication of the Journal of Trauma revealed that cadaver crash-testing saved approximately 8,500 lives per year since 1987.
Source: Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, Mary Roach, 2004
(Image: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)
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Study Guide
To Helen Introduction
By Edgar Allan Poe
To Helen Introduction
Edgar Allan Poe. He's usually associated with crazy, bloody, macabre stories that have been puzzling and terrifying readers for over a hundred and fifty years. Just have a look at our modules for "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Cask of Amontillado," and "The Pit and the Pendulum" to see what we mean. Poe, however, was never one to limit himself, so to speak, and he was a fairly accomplished poet as well. He could write extremely bizarre stories worthy of Stephen King, but he also wrote beautiful love poetry, like "To Helen."
Still, beauty can be a relative term. Let's back up: It all started way back when Poe was around 14 years old. His childhood friend, Robert Stanard, took him to his house after school one day. When Poe saw Robert's mother Jane, he was instantly infatuated with the 27-year-old woman (or so the story goes). One way to read "To Helen," then, is a declaration of love for Poe's buddy's mom. Wow.
Now, it's not totally weird for a teenager to fall in love with an older woman, but the fact that she was his friend's mom is, well, a bit strange. But look at it like this: Poe was orphaned at the age of three. His father, David Poe, abandoned the family, and his mother died shortly thereafter of tuberculosis (they used to call it "the consumption" back then). He was taken in by John and Frances Allan (hence the name Edgar Allan Poe), but never officially adopted. Frances Allan was never exactly the mother figure young Edgar needed, so when he met the beautiful and kind Jane Stanard, it's possible that his love for her was of the… ahem, filial kind (i.e., the love of a son for his mother).
Then again, in "To Helen" the speaker compares himself to Cupid, and Helen to Psyche. In other words, the speaker paints his love for Helen as romantic. Either way, Poe's elation at finally having found a caring, older woman—or a mom figure—explain the metaphors he uses in this poem (written much later in life). Poe published the first version of "To Helen" in 1831 in a book simply titled Poems that was dedicated to his fellow cadets from West Point. The poem was reprinted in 1836 in a periodical called The Southern Literary Messenger, a publication that Poe worked for from 1835 until 1837. The poem was published again in 1845, with some revisions, which is the version we use.
In it, the speaker compares himself to a guy lost at sea, a "weary way-worn wanderer" who is finally carried home by the beauty of a woman he calls "Helen" (in Greek mythology, she was one of the most beautiful women ever). Poe's life before he met Jane Stanard was rough (with strict foster parents, lots of moving around, etc.), so it doesn't seem all that bizarre that he became infatuated with a woman who encouraged him to write poetry (as some scholars think) and who was a kind of savior to a child that had been tossed around a bit. Whether this poem is an expression of on-the-level admiration, or something a bit creepier than that, is up to you. We'd like to give Poe the benefit of the doubt, though, and appreciate the beauty of the sentiments he expresses here.
What is To Helen About and Why Should I Care?
Beauty is a loaded word. Everybody knows that there's a big difference between saying that somebody is "hot" and somebody is "beautiful." Huh? Look at it like this: You're at the mall, and you see a girl or guy at the food court who has the most amazing body and the prettiest face you've ever seen. Later, while talking to a friend on the phone, you might say something like "I saw the hottest guy [or girl] at the mall today."
In contrast, when talking about your spouse, you might say that he or she was hot, but you'd be more likely to use the more serious term "beautiful." This is because beauty is about a whole lot more than just looks. It's a word that you're more likely to use once you've gotten to know somebody, once you've become familiar with their personality, their attitude, how they make you feel, and the like. It's about looks too, but also about a lot more than that.
Edgar Allan Poe's short poem "To Helen" is all about beauty. The speaker of the poem doesn't just come out and say "OMG! Helen is such a babe" or "Helen has the greatest body I've ever seen!" Far from it.
In the first stanza of the poem he starts talking about Helen's beauty in terms of how it has made him feel; it (Helen's beauty) has been like a ship to a guy lost at sea. Helen is an object of fascination for the speaker, not just because she is good-looking, though she is that (the second stanza is all about her face and hair), but because she makes him feel a certain way. Beauty does that. It has the ability to transport us, you might say.
That's an important realization to keep in mind the next time you scope out that hot guy or girl at the mall. Sure, they may be fun to look at, but do they make you feel as though you had been taken back in time, or finally allowed to come home from a long and painful journey? Yeah, we didn't think so.
To Helen Resources
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Poe
A biography of Edgar Allan Poe written in 1941. We dare you to read all of it.
Read It All (or Most of It!) Here!
Here's a site with e-texts for most of Poe's works.
CSI Investigates
This is a website that examines Poe's death and the theories people have proposed.
CSI, Part 2
Check out these links to primary sources about Poe's death.
The Dead Edgar Allan Poe
Here's Poe's page at the Poet's Graves site.
Ever Think About Growing Some Hyacinths?
This site discusses how to raise this legendary flower.
Tom Hanks is the Man
Mr. Hanks recites the poem in the not-so-stellar movie Ladykillers.
Here's Poe, If He Could Have Recorded Himself
This is a neat (or creepy, or both) animation of "Edgar Allan Poe" reciting Hanks' reading of the poem (see the link above for the original reading).
Slides n' Such
Here's a… reading, with some classical artwork to ponder while you listen.
A Solid Reading
Enjoy this interpretation, with some student slides to watch while you're at it.
The Long Version is Here!
A man reads the other (and much longer) poem called "To Helen," written much later.
Edgar, Edgar, Edgar
Here's the most famous photo (daguerreotype) of Poe ever.
The Lovely Jane
This is a painting of the woman Poe loved as a teenager and who inspired his poem.
Where Poe Used to be Buried
This headstone marks the original site of Poe's grave (it was later moved).
Pretty Flowers!
Here's a picture of several different-colored hyacinths.
Articles and Interviews
A Poe Obituary
Here are scans of Poe's obituary in the Richmond newspaper.
Movies & TV
John Cusack! Is! Edgar! Allan! Poe!
IMDB entry for The Raven, a semi-fictional movie about Poe.
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2-minute read
Curious Kids: how do birds make their nests?
Curious Kids: how do birds make their nests?
Pic for representational purpose only. iStock
Sydney, November 26
Some birds, such as cuckoos, will lay their eggs in someone else's nests. Others lay them on the ground among leaves or pebbles, or on cliffs with very little protection.
For the birds that do build nests, there is one main goal: to keep their eggs and chicks safe.
Many birds also make their nests in tree hollows, including parrots. That's just one reason it's important to not cut trees down! Meanwhile, kookaburras use their powerful beaks to burrow into termite nests and make a cosy nest inside.
And the cute spotted pardelote will dig little burrows in the side of earth banks – with a safe and cosy spot for its eggs at the end of the tunnel.
Some birds, such as brush turkeys, spend months building huge mounds on the ground which can heat up from the inside.
The male turkey makes sure the ground is exactly the right temperature inside the mound, and then lets the female lay the eggs inside. He'll take big mouthfuls of dirt surrounding the eggs to check it's not too hot or cold.
Birds construct many different types of nests. There are floating nests, cups, domes, pendulums and basket-shaped nests. They can be made out of sticks, twigs, leaves, grasses, mosses or even mud.
Magpie-larks (also called “peewees”), apostlebirds and choughs make mud bowl nests that look like terracotta plant pots.
To do this, they gather mud and grasses in their beaks and shake it around to mix it with their saliva. They can then attach it to a branch and build upwards until the nest is complete.
In fact, bird saliva is a really strong and sticky material to build nests with. Birds will often mix saliva and mud to make a type of glue. And some swiftlets make their nests entirely out of solidified saliva. People will even eat these nests in bird's nest soup! Willie wagtails use another type of glue - sticky spiderwebs. They “sew” grasses together using spider webs and the webs help keep the nests strong against wind and water, too. They have to perfect the technique of gathering the spiderweb though, otherwise it can get tangled in their feathers.
Magpies and crows, both common visitors to our gardens, are also clever nest builders. Not only can they expertly layer their sticks into a bowl, but they also use many human-made materials in their nests. You might find them using fabric, string or a wire to hold a nest together.
Some birds such as red kites have even been seen “decorating” their nests with human rubbish. And Australian babblers line the inside of their nests with a thick wall of kangaroo poo, followed by soft fluff, to keep their chicks warm.
To actually weave the nests, birds will usually create a base by layering sticks or twigs in the place they want it. Then they use their beaks and feet to weave a chosen materials through, to hold the sticks in place.
They can pull strips of material with their beaks over and under, just like weaving a rug. They can even tie knots! Nests can take a really long time to make, so they're often reused year after year.
Weaver birds are so good at weaving, they can build complex nests that cover entire trees and have several chambers.
To summarise, birds are really intelligent animals. They use their intelligence, along with their beaks and feet, to find the most clever ways to make nests with whatever materials are available. And they get better at this by learning from others, such as their parents or peers. (The Conversation)
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Index Home About Blog
From: (Jordin Kare)
Subject: Re: Pellet Stream Propulsion
Date: 6 Sep 1997 06:29:48 GMT
In article <>, wrote:
> Jordin Kare wrote:
> > Jordin (ask me about the Bussard Buzz-Bomb) Kare
> LOL- that gave me one heck of a visual!
> Consider yourself asked.
Very briefly, the Bussard Buzz-Bomb is the catchy name for
a concept I came up with a few years ago (in the middle of a
conference on robotic interstellar probes, in fact); the
formal paper is titled Impact Fusion Runway for Interstellar Propulsion.
The problem is that the only more-or-less existing propulsion
technology that will get you above a couple per cent of c is
fusion (that being the limit for Orion-type fission systems).
But neither magnetic nor inertial confinement fusion will work for
a small probe (due to the large "reactor" needed),
nor give a very high thrust/weight (except for Orion),
nor work at all with current technology (again, except for Orion).
(Bussard's current project, electrostatic confinement fusion, would solve
the first problem if it works, but I will be surprised if it does).
However, there is another type of fusion: impact fusion. If you
slam a couple of macroscopic pellets of fusion fuel together at high
enough velocity, you can ignite a fusion burn. The threshold velocity,
though, is around 200 km/s -- too high to make building an impact-fusion
power plant reasonable. But if you're trying to fly at, say, 0.1c =
30,000 km/s, a measly 200 km/s is no big deal.
So imagine a long "runway" of fusion-fuel pellets sitting in space. Along
comes a spaceship at >>200 km/s. Said ship has a hole down the middle, and
carries its own batch of pellets. It drops one on-board pellet into the middle
of the hole. The "on board" pellet and the "runway" pellet collide - BANG!
The explosive products are directed aft by a magnetic nozzle, and the ship
accelerates forward.
There's a bunch of technical details to worry about, like:
How do you put the runway pellets in place? (Laser propulsion, of course!)
How do you get up to "ignition velocity"? (There's an elegant bootstrapping
scheme that involves getting a few pellets up to 200 km/s...)
How do you hit, literally, one BB with another BB at 30,000 km/s
(REEEALLY good aiming :-) and various other tricks)
How do you build the magnetic nozzle, and shield the rest of the ship?
(TBD, but not exorbitantly difficult)
Do all these tricks, and it's possible to launch, say, a 1 ton probe at
0.1c with technology that's readily foreseeable within a few decades --
comparable to that required for solar power satellites, for instance.
Why Bussard Buzz-Bomb? Because it's a distant descendant of Bussard's
original ramjet interstellar vehicle, and it's a pulse jet, just like the V-1.
And because it really will buzz -- that 1-ton probe, at the end of its
acceleration run, is riding a string of 1/10 kiloton explosions going off
at 30 per second.
Jordin (give me a buzz) Kare
Jordin Kare
Index Home About Blog |
How does deficiency of blood affect the body?
From the perspective of Chinese medicine, all life activities in the day after tomorrow mainly come from qi and blood, qi and blood circulate throughout the body, the skeletal meridians, the five internal organs, and the hair and skin are all driven by qi and blood. Once the deficiency of qi and blood occurs, it will inevitably affect the process and induce a variety of diseases.
What diseases can qi deficiency cause?
1. Chronic kidney disease
Qi stagnation and blood stasis are the main factors that cause the weakness of the kidneys, spleen and stomach, and lungs, which increase the burden on the kidneys and easily cause symptoms of chronic kidney disease such as edema, fatigue, hematuria, and back pain. This group of people should choose to have the important effects of Zhigan Bushen, Qi and blood circulation. For example, Chinese wolfberry can directly affect the kidney, protect the kidney unit, reduce the damage to the kidney tissue, and also improve the kidney structure. Enhances kidney resistance to viruses and bacteria. In addition, medlar soaked in water can promote metabolism and repair the damaged sexual tissues, achieving anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects.
1. Gynecological diseases
When qi and blood are insufficient, it is easy to induce a variety of gynecological diseases, such as cold limbs, uterine fibroids, female infertility and ovarian cysts, as well as cold, irregular menstruation and sexual dysfunction are also related to qi and blood deficiency. In addition, it can cause spots on women’s faces, yellowing, and even accelerate skin aging.
1. Chronic bronchitis
When Qi and blood are not enough to help the lungs to breathe, the lung Qi upturn can cause symptoms related to chronic bronchitis, such as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough. Because the lack of qi and blood can cause kidney qi deficiency, which aggravates qi stagnation and blood stasis. Patients should eat more food with kidney qi and blood, exercise more to improve resistance and reduce the number of colds.
4.Prostate disease
When the blood is insufficient, the internal organs and hair and skin cannot be nourished with sufficient blood. Especially for men, it is easy to induce a variety of prostate diseases such as prostatitis or prostatic hyperplasia. Patients should mainly recuperate the kidneys and replenish qi and blood, and then use antibiotics for treatment.
It was not expected that insufficient blood and blood could easily induce so many diseases, so people should be vigilant. Patients eat more longan jujube, Astragalus codonopsis and other foods that can nourish qi and blood, keep the body warm in winter, exercise more to clear the meridians, and promote qi and blood operation. In addition, you must ensure that you have enough sleep, stay up late, and never get angry. |
Things About Software You Need To Experience It Yourself.
Software is a series of directions which inform a computer system exactly how to execute a particular operation. For instance, software which tells a computer system to switch on a certain home appliance, or software program which informs a computer system to carry out an on-line deal. Both instances involve a particular item of computer hardware. However, software application is generally stored inside a computer system. The computer which saves the software application more than likely has a circuit board or mother board which functions as a database for the software program.
A major difference between hardware and software is that software program offers a low-level procedure job while hardware serves a higher level or a user-level procedure. As an example, allow’s check out how a car drives. The automobile drives, the engine transforms energy right into a mechanical activity, and also tires give grip. In this example, we can see exactly how software program offers a lower degree operation task while equipment offers a greater level or user-level procedure.
Software, nevertheless, is created to carry out a higher level job. And to do so, it should interact with certain equipment parts. So for instance, let’s consider the following example. When a customer inserts a charge card right into a hardware tool, say a bank card machine, the equipment does what is called a “round trip” operation. This suggests that the computer system requires to review the info that gets on the debit side of the card and afterwards process the acquisition (offering it a “cost”).
Software application is frequently more economical than hardware since it doesn’t require to sustain a big range of various functions. For example, let’s take software like the Windows os and contrast it to a program like Java. Windows functions simply fine if you are just interested in standard features. Java on the other hand will certainly run effectively if the program you are running has a huge range of different features and also uses up a lot of sources (a Java applet) when it is not actively being made use of. Software application like Java is much more costly to develop due to the fact that it also has to have a big collection of various different sorts of Java code which can be run throughout the runtime of an application. Software application like Windows is much cheaper to develop since there are less commonness in between various pieces of hardware and also the operating system.
Software can also be less costly since it does not have to include device drivers which are actually required to run a specific item of computer. Many software program comes preinstalled with gadgets like printers as well as key-boards. Windows comes preinstalled with all of the fundamental functions like mouse, keyboard, screen capture device, video camera, video capture device etc. That’s why the command line prompt, which is basically a collection of really easy commands to do something, is always consisted of as part of Windows. As well as the driver is usually consisted of with the operating system at the time of the installation of the computer hardware.
For that reason the first thing that you require to be aware of is the distinction between utility software application as well as application software. Utility software helps you take advantage of the standard os attributes and also offers you with a variety of usual usages for the equipment that exists in your computer. As an example data processing application software and workplace efficiency software, are both utility software.
On the other hand application software has different sorts of commands which you can carry out on the computer system. They can be command line instances, which are just basic message commands to do something, to produce a documents, or to print something. Another instance is shell commands, which are executed by the command covering. These instances are not so common but are necessary for the operation of particular programs.
Energy software application is developed to be very straightforward to make use of and to be able to do a certain collection of tasks. However utility type applications are not the just one that you will discover on a computer. Various other kinds of applications are system software and application software. In a feeling system software is needed even if you don’t want to utilize any type of energy application. Yet if you wish to make use of some utility kind programs, you can utilize such applications such as Disk Clean-up Software application which aids you to tidy up your hard disk.
Software application is a collection of guidelines which inform a certain computer exactly how to execute a particular task. In contrast to hardware where the device is created and essentially does the job, software program actually executes the wanted job and is set up by the individual. Primarily, software application are utilized to transform how a computer system functions, as well as the new software is then installed or downloaded and install. There are numerous kinds of software application, each developed for a particular feature.
Most computer system systems make use of some kind of software program for their procedure. The most popular is the Windows operating system. The reason Windows is so popular is since it is what most people called “PC”. Equipment based running systems vary because they run straight from hardware without requiring to be linked into a PC. Both of these types of running systems have various objectives, nevertheless.
For instance, in Windows, all the data, applications, and various other alternatives are organized in a tree framework. Each documents or program alternative is connected to a branch, and after that the next branch down is the option which was clicked. When an engineer or a person in marketing wishes to alter exactly how a piece of software works, they will likely require to undergo this whole tree system to get software growth solutions. That being said, it might be a lot more reliable to get software program development solutions from the designers themselves, instead of having to go with the entire Windows system. By doing this, engineers can focus on coding and less on the trivialities of the Windows os. tms software providers
Engineers likewise make use of database monitoring to make the computer system as effective as possible. The data source monitoring system makes it feasible to have numerous variations of a particular application, or numerous variations of a program, going for the exact same time. Data source administration likewise helps with software program design by making the designing of technical solutions easier. Database design is comprised of database layout, information analysis, data source optimization, and combination with the rest of the engineering team. An effective database management group has the abilities to solve technical issues while using one of the most reliable programs languages as well as finest database available.
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Congenital heart disease refers to a range of possible heart defects.
Aortic valve stenosis is a serious type of congenital heart defect.
In aortic valve stenosis, the aortic valve that controls the flow of blood out of the main pumping chamber of the heart (the left ventricle) to the body's main artery (the aorta) is narrowed.
CoA can occur by itself or in combination with other types of heart defects, such as a ventricular septal defect or a type of defect known as a patent ductus arteriosus.
The narrowing can be severe and will often require treatment shortly after birth.
Ebstein's anomaly is a rare form of congenital heart disease, where the valve on the right side of the heart (the tricuspid valve), which separates the right atrium and right ventricle, doesn't develop properly.
This means blood can flow the wrong way within the heart, and the right ventricle may be smaller and less effective than normal.
Ebstein's anomaly can occur on its own, but it often occurs with an atrial septal defect.
As a baby develops in the womb, a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta. The ductus arteriosus diverts blood away from the lung (which isn't working normally before birth) to the aorta.
A patent ductus arteriosus is where this connection doesn't close after birth as it's supposed to. This means that extra blood is pumped into the lungs, forcing the heart and lungs to work harder.
A septal defect is where there's an abnormality in the wall (septum) between the main chambers of the heart.
There are 2 main types of septal defect.
Atrial septal defects
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is where there's a hole between the 2 collecting chambers of the heart (the left and right atria). When there's an ASD, extra blood flows through the defect into the right side of the heart, causing it to stretch and enlarge.
Ventricular septal defects
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common form of congenital heart disease. It occurs when there's a hole between the 2 pumping chambers of the heart (the left and right ventricles).
A single ventricle defect is where only 1 of the pumping chambers (ventricles) develops properly. Without treatment, these defects can be fatal within a few weeks of birth.
However, nowadays complex heart operations can be carried out which improve longer-term survival but may leave a person with symptoms and a shortened life span.
2 of the more common single ventricle defects are hypoplastic left heart syndrome and tricuspid atresia.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare type of congenital heart disease, where the left side of the heart doesn't develop properly and is too small. This results in not enough oxygenated blood getting through to the body.
Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid atresia is where the tricuspid heart valve hasn't formed properly. The tricuspid valve separates the right-sided collecting chamber (atrium) and pumping chamber (ventricle). Blood can't flow properly between the chambers, which causes the right pumping chamber to be underdeveloped.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare combination of several defects.
The defects making up tetralogy of Fallot are:
• pulmonary valve stenosis – narrowing of the pulmonary valve
• overriding aorta – where the aorta isn't in its usual position coming out of the heart
TAPVC occurs when the 4 veins that take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart aren't connected in the normal way. Instead, they connect to the right side of the heart.
Transposition of the great arteries is serious but rare.
It's where the pulmonary and aortic valves and the arteries they’re connected to (the pulmonary (lung) artery and the aorta (main body) artery) are "swapped over" and are connected to the wrong pumping chamber. This leads to blood that's low in oxygen being pumped around the body.
Truncus arteriosus is an uncommon type of congenital heart disease.
It's where the 2 main arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) don't develop properly and remain as a single vessel. This results in too much blood flowing to the lungs which, over time, can cause breathing difficulties and damage the blood vessels inside the lungs.
Truncus arteriosus is usually fatal if it isn't treated. |
Macro math operation via push button: add value +1
Hello :smiley:
I am struggling to write a macro to add / subtract the value of 1 to / from cell B2 when the push button is released.
image description
That is what I have so far for the macro code for the “+” button. Does somebody have an idea how to make it work?
image description
Thank you in advance!
This is not a math question (formula editor) but a calc one (spreadsheet). Please retag your question with the link above.
I can edit the tags by using the “retag” button, however I cannot save changes. Please advice.
You need to hit the Return key twice. I’ve done it for you.
Hello @cybersurfer5000
Probably you should not bother with writing macro and use Spin Button for such a task:
1. InsertForm ControlSpin Button
2. Draw Spin Button where necessary
3. Right click on Spin Button and select Control option
4. Under Data tab write desired cell address into Linked cell... field (B2 in your case)
5. Under General tab adjust Value min, Value max, Default value, Increment/decrement value if needed.
6. Toggle Design mode off and test created button
Thank you!
though I fully support @SM_Riga’s solution, here’s a code snippet (no error handling, no cell reference as parameter, just the idea how it could be done) which does what you want:
Sub CellValueIncrement()
Dim oSheet As Object
Dim oRange As Object
Dim oCell As Object
Dim iCurVal As Integer
Dim iNewVal As Integer
oSheet = ThisComponent.CurrentController.ActiveSheet
oRange = oSheet.getCellRangebyName( "B2" )
oCell = oRange.getCellByPosition(0,0)
iCurVal = oCell.value
iNewVal = iCurVal + 1
oCell.Value = iNewVal
End Sub
Tested using LibreOffice:
Version:, Build ID: 3d775be2011f3886db32dfd395a6a6d1ca2630ff
CPU threads: 8; OS: Linux 4.12; UI render: default; VCL: kf5;
It works great! Thank you very much.
@anon73440385, is there a comprehensive overview of all the syntax that’s available for LibreOffice? I found the OpenOffice Basic programmer’s guide that contains some, but not all of the syntax, i.e. oSheet syntax is not described. LibreOffice’s help website link text will probable explain how to all the syntax but I have a hard time finding what I am looking for, unless I already know the syntax, but not how to correctly use it. E.g. I didnt know the oSheet syntax, hence I would not have searched for it. I hope I explained myself well.
.g. I didnt know the oSheet syntax
There is no oSheet syntax. It is the name defined within the macro (see dim statement) for the object and set to ThisComponent.CurrentController.ActiveSheet. Hence you need to look for methods and properties of ...ActiveSheet while oSheet is just a shortage for ThisComponent.CurrentController.ActiveSheet |
Restless Legs Syndrome
A Caucasian man sleeping in bed with text "Restless Leg Syndrome"
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also referred to as Willis-Ekbom disease,
is a disorder that causes a strong urge to move. RLS can cause sensations often
described as itching, throbbing, creeping, or pulling. A serious concern for
people suffering from RLS is that it interferes with sleep, causing daytime
fatigue and sleepiness. According to the National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke (NIH), RLS can occur at any age, though usually more
severe in middle age and older adults. Women are twice as likely as men to have
What are RLS symptoms?
• Irresistible urge to move the legs
• Worsening of symptoms in the evening
• Relief with movement
• Nighttime leg twitching
• Sensations are generally described as crawling, creeping, throbbing,
itching, and aching.
What causes RLS?
RLS is a mystery. There could possibly be a genetic predisposition or
environmental trigger. RLS varies from person to person and can be made worse
by other health conditions. These may include low iron, diabetes, and
Here are a few tips to help manage RLS:
• Regular exercises such as walking or biking
• Reduce stress
• Quit smoking
• Reduce caffeine and alcohol
• Strive for regular sleep schedules
Restless leg syndrome typically occurs at night and can lead to sleeplessness that effects the day hours with feelings of fatigue. Speak with a medical professional about the symptoms of RLS to discuss lifestyle changes or medical treatment to help reduce the symptoms of RLS.
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Plight of the Penguins: Climate Change Impact
with Andrea Kavanagh of The Pew Charitable Trusts
Apr 01, 2021
The rapid warming of Antarctica, driven by climate change, is threatening the future of some species including the continent’s chinstrap penguins.
Andrea Kavanagh, Director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Conservation program at The Pew Charitable Trusts, joins host Tetiana Anderson to discuss her organization's work on protecting vulnerable species and their ecosystems.
Hosted by: Tetiana Anderson Produced by: National Newsmakers Team
Anderson: On February 6th of 2020, Antarctica, which is normally bitter cold, recorded a record-high temperature of 64.9 degrees Fahrenheit. That was about the same temperature recorded in Los Angeles on that very same day. The result -- worldwide glacial melting that had a really profound impact on the climate, sea level and natural habitat of a number of different species. Hello and welcome to "Comcast Newsmakers." I'm Tetiana Anderson. New research shows that the effects of climate change on wildlife, like Antarctica's chinstrap penguins, is profound. Their population has dropped by more than 50%. Joining me to talk about all of this is Andrea Kavanagh. She directs the Antarctic and Southern Ocean conservation efforts at the Pew Charitable Trusts. And, Andrea, thank you so much for being here.
Kavanagh: Thank you for having me, Tetiana. I'm really happy to come and talk about penguins.
Anderson: There's a lot to talk about. And you work on a lot of issues. You've worked a lot on some of my favorite fish, salmon, Chilean sea bass. You've been very focused on krill. And in all seriousness, your job is to really get people like me to understand the connection between consumption and what can happen later that can lead to endangerment or even worse. So in that context, what's going on between krill and penguins?
Kavanagh: So krill are the base of the entire Southern Ocean ecosystem. Without krill, there would be not a single animal in the ocean there, probably. And penguins depend on krill for food, just like many of the other species. And there are lots of penguin species, like emperor penguins, gentoo penguins, chinstrap penguins and Adélie penguins. And in some way or other, they all depend on krill to eat. But the chinstrap penguins, in particular, are really limited in what they can eat. And so, if they don't have enough krill, then their numbers drop.
Anderson: So we know that the Southern Ocean is really sort of one of the least altered marine ecosystems on Earth. It makes up about 10% of the world's oceans. What's worse when it comes to climate change causing great effect there, overfishing? I mean, is one worse than the other?
Kavanagh: That's an excellent question. And science is still working to try to figure out what's worse. For a long time, everyone assumed it was climate change was having the worst effect, although there are new studies that just recently came out that showed that in some areas around the Antarctic Peninsula in particular, it's actually overfishing that's having more of an impact on the penguin species that live there. What happens with krill is that the place where the vessels go fishing are right next to the penguin colonies and they're able to come in and really vacuum up a lot of the food that the penguins that live there -- and usually when they're nesting and breeding -- are really dependent on being able to get in and out quickly to get food. So if you have a vessel there scooping up all the krill, then it really affects those nesting and breeding penguins a lot.
Anderson: So what's happening in the Southern Ocean isn't just important to penguins, though. I mean, all of this has a knock-on effect. Explain that for our viewers and why this is important to us as humans who don't live in Antarctica.
Kavanagh: Yeah, so the Southern Ocean has actually been described as the air conditioner for the planet. You get currents that flow out of Antarctica all the way around the globe. And so they bring cooling waters up through different currents all the way up into even next to the United States. And in addition to those cooling currents, they also bring nutrients that feed more than three-quarters of the world's fisheries. So having a thriving ecosystem in the Southern Ocean is important not just to those animals that live there but to humans all around the globe and to the different types of fish that humans depend on.
Anderson: So Pew is heavily involved in creating these things called marine protected areas that would guard against endangerment, that would stop depletion. Explain exactly what those are and how they would work.
Kavanagh: Sure. So a marine protected area -- the easiest way to think about it is that it's a park, a marine park, just like Yellowstone National Park is there and protected. These are the same things, except they're on the water. So there's no industrial activity that can take place in these areas, no fishing or anything like that. And a lot of research has shown that if you protect a certain area in the ocean, there's actually a spillover effect outside that park boundary. There are bigger fish, more plentiful fish. So in the end, fishermen can actually benefit by having NPAs close to their fishing grounds because it makes the entire ecosystem healthier. And that's the whole point of these marine protected areas, is to make sure that we're protecting the ecosystem and keeping it as resilient as possible, because we know that as the climate warms, there will be more and more effects that we just can't even anticipate happening. So if you keep other problems from occurring, other stresses from being on the penguins or other fish, then you can give it the best chance of being able to evolve and survive into the future.
Anderson: It's absolutely amazing. And I know people are going to want to know more. So, Andrea, where can they go? Is there a website?
Kavanagh: Sure. I would encourage you to come to the Pew Charitable Trusts website. You can look for my campaign -- protecting Antarctica's Southern Ocean. We have lots of great videos and fact sheets and all kinds of information that any -- Probably more information than anyone would want to read.
Anderson: Andrea Kavanagh, thank you so much for being here.
Kavanagh: Thank you for having me. It was a pleasure.
Other videos hosted by Tetiana Anderson
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Wildlife Encounters: Sealife
Australian Sea Lions
This species is endemic to Australian waters and breeds on at least 50 islands off the coast of Western Australia and South Australia. Sea Lions prefer sandy beaches, usually in isolated bays and sheltered areas. The beaches and the surf of King Island are where they are most likely to be seen in Tasmania, though they seen in southern Tasmania from time to time. Historical records indicate that, prior to the arrival of European seal and whale hunters, the range of the species extended to Bass Strait, particularly Clarke Island and adjacent islands in the Furneaux Group.
Close range viewing: *King Island
Fairy or Little Penguins
Fairy or Little Penguins are attractive birds, and they waddle around in small groups in search of food or playing. There are numerous fairy penguin colonies along te NSW coast. They stand about 45cms tall, and weigh around a kilogram. Found only in Australia and New Zealand, they are fairly common in the waters of southern Australia. They breed mainly on offshore islands from Port Stephens, NSW, to as far as Fremantle, WA and on Tasmania's Bass Strait shores.
Close range viewing: *Neck Game Reserve, Bruny Island; *Johnsons Beach, Penguin; *Lillico Beach, Devonport; *Low Head Coastal Reserve, Low Head
Southern Elephant Seals
Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are the largest of all seals with males reaching 4-5 m in length and 3 500 kg in weight. Southern elephant seals once bred in Tasmania on King Island but were wiped out by the sealing industry. There have been several recent births of elephant seals recorded in Tasmania. Each year in Tasmania an average of three elephant seals are reported. The closest breeding area of elephant seals is Macquarie Island. Here, there is an estimated population of 86,000 animals.
Close range viewing: *Maatsuyker Island; *Macquarie Island
Humpback Whales
Whale southerly migration happens every year from October to late December. The northerly migration occurs from February to May but generally fewer whales are visible. The southerly migration of whales down the east coast of Tasmania gives visitors and locals an opportunity to see these magnificent animals close inshore. With a mix of Humpback Whales to the more leisurely Southern Right Whales which often cruise around the inshore bays along the coast and can be seen within 100 metres of the shore line. On rare occasions ��� but happening more frequently ��� you can see the largest whale in the seas, the magnificent Blue Whale.
Viewing: Bay of Fires; Scamander; Falmouth; Seymour; Waubs Bay (Bicheno); Freycinet Peninsula - are often seen from the Wineglass Bay Cruises scenic tours boat. The whales��will also swim into Great Oyster Bay and then head��south through Mercury Passage past Maria Island on their way to the breeding grounds of the southern ocean. Another popular destination for this activity is Adventure Bay, Bruny Island where cruises operating during the winter take in this spectacle.
Bottle Nose Dolphins
Dolphins are one of the Earth's most fascinating and curious creatures. To be near dolphins is a feeling that few humans can put into words. Bottlenose dolphins are found in most waters and so are protected by many different laws in a large number of countries, including Australia. As Bottlenose dolphins are found throughout the oceans and seas surrounding Tasmania, there are no set locations where one can be directed to and be guaranteed for seeing them. They are found in bays, estuaries, sounds, open shorelines and large, estuarine rivers. They are often seen on coastal cruises around Tasmania's shores, such as those around the coasts of Bruny Island, Freycinet Peninsula and Tasman Peninsula.
Australian Fur Seals
The Australian Fur Seal is the largest of all the fur seals. It has a broad head, pointed snout and long backward sweeping facial vibrissae (whiskers). The Australian fur seal is found from the coast of NSW, down around Tasmania to Victoria and South Australia. It is the most common seal in Tasmanian waters and breeds on small isolated rocks in Bass Strait between October and January. It also hauls-out at various rocky areas around the Tasmanian coastline, especially outside the breeding season when many seals disperse from the breeding colonies. Australian fur seals breed on nine rocky Bass Strait islands, as do brown fur seals, the largest and most robust fur seal. Both kinds are often seen on coastal cruises around Tasmania's shores, such as those around the coasts of Bruny Island, Freycinet Peninsula and Tasman Peninsula, and on a seal watching cruise out of Stanley, on Bass Strait.
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BTA Machine Overview
What is a BTA Drilling Machine?
BTA drilling machines are a type of deep hole drilling machine, engineered and built to maximize the performance of BTA and related tooling, in order to drill very deep, precision holes in virtually any material. Precision machinery integrates capable technology required for tool support, coolant pressure, and machine power to handle deep hole gundrilling applications accurately and efficiently.
Machines are built on proven technology and typically configured based on workpiece size and shape, required production rates, and precision specifications.
How Drilling Works on a BTA Machine
Coolant is delivered around the outside of the BTA tool, while a motor turns either the tool or the workpiece, and a feed system provides thrust to the tool to enable the deep hole drilling process.
While drilling, chips are flushed through the center of the BTA tool and exhausted through the drill tube and machine spindle. No peck drilling or interrupted feed is necessary to clear the chips.
bta tool operation diagram
Full Schematic of a Typical BTA Drilling Machine
BTA System Schematic
UNI50 combo deep hole drilling machine
UNISIG BTA Drilling Machine for Production Drilling of High Precision Components
long part deep hole drilling machine
UNISIG BTA Drilling Machine for Larger Dimension Workpieces
BTA Machine Identification
deep hole drilling diagram
Key Components for BTA Deep Hole Drilling Machines
Several components are present on typical BTA drilling machines, regardless of configuration.
Drill Guide Bushing
A precision drill guide bushing contacts the workpiece to guide the BTA tool as it prepares to drill. This bushing allows the tool to start in the proper location, and with the correct hole diameter, both essential for accurate deep hole drilling. The drill guide bushing also works to seal against the workpiece to contain the coolant during the drilling process.
Pressure Head
A pressure head seals around the BTA tool and drill guide bushing, introducing the coolant around the outside of the tool, and for chip evacuation throughout the drilling process.
Vibration Dampeners
Vibration dampeners support long drills under the speed of rotation while transmitting torque, stabilizing the tool for an accurate drilling process. These devices are equipped with rotating bearings and inserts that contact the tool to provide the vibration dampening benefits. Longer travel machines may have multiple traveling vibration dampeners, while shorter machines may not require any.
Drilling Spindle
High power, torque precision, and low vibration are important for productive BTA drilling. The spindle transmits the power and torque from the motor, to the tool. Chips and coolant are evacuated through a hole in the center of the spindle during operation.
Coolant System
The reliability and performance of the BTA deep hole drilling process depends heavily on the machine coolant system. A logically designed reservoir system starts by holding coolant, and a high-volume pump groups works to delivery the cutting fluid to the BTA tool. Once the coolant progresses through the metal cutting operation, it is enters the filtration system. Low-micron coolant filtration, and filter condition feedback prevent the accumulation of chips and small particles, leading to less down time, longer tool life, and improved surface finishes.
Coolant Temperature Control
The drilling headstock and coolant pumping system generate heat, which can have a negative impact on drilling factors such as tool life and accuracy, as well as the operating conditions around the machine. To manage the heat, either a heat exchanger or chiller is required to maintain cutting fluid at the proper temperature.
Find Your BTA Drilling Machine
Browse UNISIG deep hole drilling machines with BTA capabilities. |
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Let your child breathe a sigh of relief.
URTI - Overview
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs) are the most common reasons for doctor visits. The most common symptoms of URTIs are common cold, bouts of sneezing, blocked nose or a red, irritating, running nose and a hurting throat, and, sometimes, fever.
This occurs due to a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, affecting the nose and throat. Children under age five tend to catch infections more easily than others. However, adults, too, have a tendency to catch a cold with changes in weather.
Stress due to long working hours, emotional turmoil and a history of allergies can make one prone to infections and catching colds easily.
Recurrent infections tend to make our defence system weaker with each bout of cold, even though one may recover easily with home remedies or antibiotics.
Recurrent cold causes further stress to our bodies, making us feel tired, exhausted and less productive, leading to frequent absenteeism at school and work.
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Researchers want better way to diagnose asthma
Canadian researchers, writing in the Journal of Asthma and Allergy, lay out the reason why finding biomarkers for asthma would be so much more desirable than current methods of simple breathing tests. For one thing, measuring only lung functions does not give the kind of personalized information doctors need to treat different types of asthma. Current tests "may not reflect the precise underlying pathological processes responsible for different phenotypes.," the authors write.
Inhaled corticosteroids have been used to treat asthma for more than 30 years now, but not all asthmatics respond the same way to the same treatment, the authors point out. In addition, high costs of current medication and undesired side-effects all point to the need for better, targeted treatments, they write.
"Biomarkers have the potential to indicate an individual's disease phenotype and thereby guide clinicians in their decisions regarding treatment."
Some possible places to search for asthma biomarkers, they write, include sputum, exhaled gases, exhaled breath condensate, serum and urine.
- read the abstract |
What Do You Understand By Water Management?
Management of water resources is concerned with controlling and moving water resources to minimize damage to life and property as well as maximizing its efficiency. Agriculture can be made more efficient by using irrigation water management systems.
What Is Meant By Water Management?
A water management plan, development, distribution, and optimum use of water resources is defined by water polices and regulations.
What Is Water Management Class 7?
Water management involves the movement and control of water resources to minimize damage to property and life as well as to maximize the efficient use of water resources. When dams and levees are properly managed, flooding is reduced to a minimum.
What Is The Purpose Of Water Management?
Agriculture in the country can be improved by using efficient irrigation practices through water management. It is also important to use water efficiently in our homes to conserve this precious resource. When we manage our water, we are taught to use a certain amount of water.
What Do You Understand By Water Management Describe A Technique To Conserve Water?
All the policies, strategies, and activities that are part of water conservation are designed to manage the natural resource of fresh water, protect the hydrosphere, and meet the current and future human demand (avoiding water scarcity).
What Are The Types Of Water Management?
Conservation, allocation, retrofit programs, and behavioral practices are some of the methods of water management.
What Is The Aim Of Water Management?
Water resources management aims to harness the benefits of water by ensuring that adequate water is available for drinking water and sanitation services, food production, energy generation, inland water transport, and water-based recreation, as well as sustaining healthy lives.
What Do You Mean By Water Management Of A Crop?
In addition, it helps us understand how plants use water, quantify crop transpiration and soil evaporation, and allows us to devise strategies to improve crop production, reduce unproductive water losses, and prevent land degradation and erosion.
What Is Water Management List Some Ways To Save Water Class 7?
Water distribution pipes may have openings or leaks. If you plan on using the collected rainwater for gardening or washing, make sure you do so in a bucket. Make sure you always keep a record of how many buckets of water you waste in a day and try to reduce it. When washing and cleaning clothes, utensils, etc., do not run more water than is necessary.
What Are Important Steps In Water Management?
By reducing consumption and using alternative sources of water, conservation or water conservation can help recharge ground water. Rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, reusing Greywater, and recycling wastewater are all part of this method.
Why Is Water Management Important To Modern Society?
A well-designed and maintained built environment provides additional benefits to the economy and society. Water is withdrawn from the environment and ecosystem health is compromised when cities withdraw water to meet their demands for food, energy, and to grow more food.
What Is Water Management Techniques?
Describe the ways in which water is managed. By reusing or conserving water, ground water can be recycled by reducing consumption and using alternative sources of water. Rainwater irrigation, groundwater depletion, Grey water reuse, and wastewater recycling are all part of this approach.
What Techniques Are Best For Water Conservation?
• A recycling system made by Greywater.
• Harvesting rain water.
• The most efficient irrigation technology…
• Meters that measure water pressure and temperature…
• Valves that reduce pressure are called pressure reducing valves…
• A type of insulated pipe.
• The use of efficient taps is a great way to save time.
• Showers that save water are available.
• Watch what do you understand by water management Video |
Avascular necrosis is a death of bone tissue caused due to inadequate blood supply and the condition is also called osteonecrosis. This condition is categorised by small breaks in the bone and the bone subsequently collapses. While a broken bone can hinder the blood flow to a part of the bone. Avascular necrosis is linked with chronic use of high dose steroid medications and excessive consumption of alcohol. This condition can affect any person, but it is most common among people between 30 to 50 years.
Avascular Necrosis
Most people do not show any symptoms in the initial stages of avascular necrosis. However, as the condition aggravates, the affected joint may hurt a person when they put weight on it and feel intense pain while lying down.
Pain may be mild to severe, and it gradually develops. Pain associated with osteonecrosis of the hip might be the centre of the groin, thigh, or buttocks. Asides from the hip, the region’s most probably to be affected include shoulder, knee, hand, and foot. In a few people, avascular necrosis affects bilaterally including both hips and knees.
This condition develops when the blood flow to a bone is reduced, and it can be caused due to:
Joint or Bone Trauma: Any injury, like a dislocated joint, may damage nearby blood vessels. Cancer treatments including radiation can also weaken the bones and damage blood vessels.
Blood Vessels Blockage: Fat deposits in the blood vessels can block small blood vessels, which reduces the blood flow to the bones.
Medical Conditions: Certain health conditions such as sickle cell anaemia and Gaucher’s disease can also reduce blood flow to the bones.
In about 25% of people, the exact cause is unknown.
Risk Factors
Trauma or any injury like hip dislocation or fracture can harm the nearby blood vessels and lessen the blood flow to the bones.
High use of steroids is one of the most common risk factors for avascular necrosis.
Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause fatty deposits to form in the blood vessels.
Long-term use of certain medications can increase bone density that may lead to the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw. It is a rare complication observed in a few people who are treated with high doses of cancer medications.
Radiation therapy for cancer can also weaken the bone. Organ transplantation, mainly kidney transplant is also linked with avascular necrosis.
Medical conditions related to avascular necrosis include:
Gaucher's disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sickle cell anaemia
Also Read: 5 Effective Ways To Build Healthy Bones - Infographic
If left untreated, avascular necrosis can worsen with time and eventually bone may collapse. Furthermore, it can also lead to bone losing its smooth shape and leading to severe arthritis.
The doctor will thoroughly examine the patient and would press around the joints for assessing any tenderness and may also move the joints through several positions to check if the patient range of movement has been minimised. Some of the tests recommended by the doctor include:
Imaging Tests
Most disorders associated with the bones can cause joint pain, where imaging tests can aid the doctor to pinpoint the source of pain, which include:
X-rays can disclose the changes that develop in the later stages of avascular necrosis, while early stages X-rays appear normal.
MRI and CT scan produce complete pictures of the bone that can reveal any minor changes in bone, which may indicate avascular necrosis.
A bone scan is a procedure where minimal amount of radioactive material is injected into the vein, that travels to the regions of the bones that are damaged and reveal as bright spots on the imaging plate.
Also Read: Bone Density Test: Procedure, Risks, Results
The main objective of treatment is to avert further bone loss.
Medications: The doctors prescribe medications in the early stage of avascular necrosis to alleviate pain, improve blood flow, prevent blockage, and enhance bone health.
Rest: Proper rest will lessen the burden on the affected bone and can slow the damage. The doctor may advise the patient to restrict physical activity or use crutches to keep weight off the joint.
Exercises: A physical therapist will teach the patient certain exercises to improve the range of movement in the joint.
Electrical Stimulation: Electrical currents may help the body to make new bones and to replace the damaged ones. It is used during surgery and placed directly to the damaged area.
Surgery: Certain surgical procedures are also done to stimulate the production of healthy bone tissue and blood vessels such as core decompression, bone grafting, bone reshaping, joint replacement, and regenerative medical treatment. |
If you patronize a business, you shop there regularly. But if someone patronizes you, it's not so pleasant — they talk to you as if you were inferior or not very intelligent.
Patronize comes from Latin patronus "protector, master," related to pater "father." So if you patronize a person, you talk down to them like a father might do to his child or a master to his apprentice. If you want to take an advanced class and your advisor warns you of all the hard work, you can tell him to stop patronizing you — you know a hard class involves hard work. This sounds much better than saying, "I'm not stupid!"
Definitions of patronize
1. verb
assume sponsorship of
synonyms: patronise, sponsor
see moresee less
sponsor together with another sponsor
type of:
support materially or financially
2. verb
be a regular customer or client of
“We patronize this store”
synonyms: keep going, patronage, patronise, support
keep going, run on
continue uninterrupted
see moresee less
type of:
foster, nurture
help develop, help grow
3. verb
synonyms: buy at, frequent, patronise, shop, shop at, sponsor
see moresee less
refuse to sponsor; refuse to do business with
type of:
back up, support
give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to
4. verb
treat condescendingly
synonyms: condescend, patronise
see moresee less
stoop to
make concessions to
type of:
act together or towards others or with others
Word Family |
The Pagan Reason We Celebrate Easter With Colored Eggs & The Easter Bunny
Photo: Angelica Reyes / Unsplash
easter holy cross
Easter arrives this year on Sunday, April 4, 2021, but if you think Easter started as a Christian holiday, think again.
The history and origins of how Easter began aren't rooted in what Christians know as Resurrection Sunday, but rather, as part of the lexicon of the Pagan Easter traditions and holiday.
Even as Christians celebrate the day of Jesus Christ's resurrection, people of other faiths and religious traditions (which existed for millennia before Christianity was established) celebrate their own stories of their God being brought back to life again after death.
From the Egyptian god Osiris to the Greek god Dionysus, among others, resurrection has always been a fairly common theme of religion and mythology.
RELATED: What Is A Pagan & What Is Paganism?
Easter's meaning and traditions are closely connected to paganism. According to one article on its history, "The general symbolic story of the death of the son (sun) on a cross (the constellation of the Southern Cross) and his rebirth, overcoming the powers of darkness, was a well worn story in the ancient world. There were plenty of parallel, rival resurrected saviours, too."
In fact, Easter is named after Ēostre, a pagan goddess who was worshipped for centuries before Christ.
Eostre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring and fertility, from whom we get the word estrogen, was believed to usher in spring every year, thereby resurrecting the earth from the dead of winter into the new life of spring.
But what about all the Easter bunnies, eggs and family egg hunts?
What is the story of pagan Easter?
One year, Ēostre was late coming in and the snow didn't melt. This made it hard for the birds to find food. One little bird broke its leg while digging through the deep snow. Showing mercy for the bird, Ēostre turned it into a rabbit so it could hop on top of the snow.
She knew the rabbit still had the heart of a bird, so she allowed it to continue laying eggs — all of which would now boast the glorious colors of spring. It therefore became a tradition for families to paint Easter eggs in honor of their goddess and in gratitude for the spring.
Many scholars believe this practice was a way for pagan families and children to worship Ēostre without suffering persecution by the Catholic Church, which had criminalized paganism.
In a further effort to aggressively Christianize the pagan population, the Catholic Church "taught" them that the resurrection of their god happened on Easter, thereby claiming the Pagan holiday as a Christian one.
That's why, to this day, you will encounter many Christians who mistakenly assume this holiday has purely Christian origins, and who may even feel insulted when anyone challenges this belief.
If you celebrate Easter, remember to embrace the many colors of spring.
This includes respecting the many belief and non-belief systems, old and new, that celebrate in ways that are meaningful to them and their families. These "illuminated" traditions have incredibly rich and colorful histories and it is long past time for them to be resurrected.
RELATED: 25 Best Jelly Bean Recipes To Celebrate National Jelly Bean Day
What is the pagan history of Easter?
According to pagan history, there was never an Easter pagan festival; however, Easter's roots and traditions are closely associated with ancient pagan customs and beliefs.
Easter is also known as the pagan celebration of Ostara, Austra, and Eástre. Ostara is the festival that coincides with the Vernal Equinox which celebrates the renewal of life on earth with the start of spring. Ostara celebrates a time of rejuvenation and renewal.
Ostara starts on March 21, which is also the start of the Spring Equinox. Ostara marks when the amount of daylight is equal to the amount of nightfall and the continual growth of daylight. Eástre is often depicted with a hare because she was said to bring light and fertility, which is what the hare represents.
Jacob Grimm’s "Deutsche Mythologie" explains that the idea of resurrection was incorporated in the Ostar celebration, as Eástres' meaning and power could be easily adapted by the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Does Easter mean Ishtar? Easter does not mean Ishtar; however, the original celebration of Easter was named Ishtar, after the Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of fertility and sex.
Ishatar's symbols included the egg and the rabbit, which are fertility and sex symbols. In the 4th century, after Constantine Christianized the Roman Empire, Easter was then changed to represent Jesus and not Ishtar.
The true meaning of Easter is about the sacrifice that Jesus willingly made for others' sins. His resurrection is important in Easter because it brings rebirth, renewal of faith, and salvation to all.
Is Easter a pagan holiday?
Easter for Christians is not a pagan holiday; the main difference is that Christians celebrate Easter as the day of Jesus Christ's resurrection. Even though the feast of Jesus's Resurrection coincides with pagan celebrations, that doesn’t mean it's derived from pagans, and the same goes for Jewish Passover.
There are plenty of Easter activities that come from pagan traditions and stories.
One of the reasons ham is part of Easter dinner comes from the pagan lore of Tammuz, a man who was killed by a wild pig. Pagans celebrated by eating a pig to honor Tammuz.
But to mourn his death, the pagans gave the tradition of not eating meat for 40 days, which is now part of Lent, and then after every year on the first Sunday, and after the first Full Moon from the spring equinox, which is the kind of timing Easter follows.
Decorating eggs was also a pagan tradition. When life began to blossom in nature, pagans decorated eggs to celebrate this time of rebirth and then gift the eggs to family and friends. The easter egg hunt also comes from pagan traditions, as the pagans used eggs in their celebration of Eástre, having to hunt for the eggs and use what they could find.
RELATED: 6 Best Adult Easter Basket Fillers (Including Gin And Tonic Easter Eggs)
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Are Easter eggs a Pagan tradition?
For Christians, giving eggs out at Easter celebrates new life, as the egg is a symbol of the tomb where Jesus was placed after he was taken down from the cross. Cracking an easter egg open represents Jesus's resurrection.
In Orthodox traditions, they paint the eggs red to symbolize Jesus's blood that was shed on the cross.
But the tradition of decorating eggs for Easter actually dates back to the 13th century. Eggs were formerly a forbidden food in the Lenton season. Therefore, people didn't want to waste them, instead painting and decorating them to mark the end of Lent.
The reason we have Easter eggs and Easter baskets is because of a German tradition that made its way to the U.S. in the 1700s, when German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania.
In the German tradition, children would make nests for the egg-laying hare, named Osterhase, to leave its colorful eggs in. Children who planned to be good throughout the year would do this and be rewarded with Osterhase's colorful eggs.
As the tradition spread across the U.S., the magical hare was then changed to the Easter bunny, and its morning deliveries expanded to chocolate, candy, and gifts; instead of children making a nest, the eggs would come in decorated baskets.
What are the true origins of Easter?
The true origin of Easter comes from the Saxons.
In the 8th century, the period from 701 (DCCI) through 800 (DCCC), Anglo–Saxons designated the word Easter as the celebration of Jesus Christ's resurrection, according to the writings of the eighth-century English monk Venerable Bede.
Many European languages, excluding the Germans who use the name Ostern, use the Latin name "Pascha" for Easter, which is derived from the Hebrew "Pesach," meaning Passover. Greeks say "Pascha," Italians say "Pasqua," the Danish say "Paaske," and the French say "Paques."
Are Easter and Christmas pagan holidays?
Pagan traditions remained as Christianity took over, because Christians actually found the pagan traditions special. That's why a lot of holidays are around the same time as many pagan festivals — Easter being on the same day as the pagan's Spring festival Ostar, Christmas occurring on the same day as the pagan winter festival Saturnalia, or the celebration of the birth of the Sun god.
Easter and Christmas aren't technically pagan holidays, but they occur on the same days as pagan festivals and have similarities in the traditions of each.
RELATED: 80 Easter Letter Board Quote Ideas
Debra Macleod, B.A., LL.B. is an author and conflict specialist who offers a fast, focused and no-nonsense alternative to couples counseling and ineffective marriage coaching systems. |
Unravelling the complexity of vulnerability, risk and resilience in flood hazard systems
We are becoming more vulnerable to natural hazards. Since 1950, the ongoing trend shows increasing losses from global catastrophes, but why is this?
The challenge
In the UK, losses due to natural hazards are primarily attributable to flooding. This is amplified globally, with flood-related hazards having increasingly caused detriment to human life and settlement over recent decades. Managing this detriment is a complex, inter-disciplinary challenge. This complexity cannot, either theoretically or physically, be eliminated when planning for flooding incidents. Therefore, the goal of flood hazard management should not be to eliminate complexity from consideration, but rather to harness it.
Urban settlements currently house 55% of the global population and are particularly vulnerable to flood impact due to their growing size, largely precarious similarity of structures over a diverse topography, their preferential positioning close to coastlines and rivers and overall systematic complexity. It is no surprise that future losses from flooded cities are estimated to increase markedly, this loss being rooted in the expected increases in event frequency and magnitude attributable to climate change, population density and subsidence. This means that the development of more accurate flood modelling, coupled with diverse risk analyses, is now seen as an essential goal in developing appropriate support for better management of current and future global flood risk.
It is widely agreed that the complex inter-dynamics of vulnerability, risk and systematic capacity, in relation to the anthropogenic interface with the natural environment, must be accounted for in the diverse risk analyses required to inform more robust future flood models.
What we're doing
Flood inundation modelling is a key research tradition at the Bristol School of Geographical Sciences, but it is increasingly clear that problems in flood risk, such as those linked to the systematic complexity of flood vulnerability in urban areas, cannot be solved by scientists alone and that there is need to bring together interdisciplinary teams of scientists, social scientists and engineers. The first step in addressing this problem was to framework and develop a model which would quantify these problems and provide a means by which the inter-disciplinary hypotheses arising from these problems could be tested.
The result of this understanding was the Hydro-Agent Based Model (HABM), developed here at Bristol with assistance from colleagues at the VU, IVM in Amsterdam in the first instance and with further enhancement provided by the DPRI in Kyoto. The HABM incorporates Bristol’s LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model into an Agent Based Model; developed with NetLogo. The model simulates hazard events and systematic interactions that take place during these events, down to an individual (person-to-person) scale. The counter-intuitive results of these simulations thus far have encompassed a highly influential behavioural response characterised by preference for social interaction between individuals when responding to a flood event, a higher percentage of pre-warning leading to a higher likelihood of potential casualties and the fabric of the built environment itself acting to increase vulnerability.
Developing these new insights is an important milestone in analysing the problems presented by the complexity of flood hazard scenarios, primarily owing to the questions which arise from them. This having been officially recognised with the project receiving the commendation of international experts and the best poster award at the inter-disciplinary ESSA Social Simulation conference held in Stockholm during August 2018, in addition to the project outcomes being represented in several academic publications for journals of international repute..
How it helps
The HABM project has so far helped bridge a disciplinary gap between physical and social science. It enables the testing of inter-disciplinary hypotheses, in relation to natural hazards, with all the related terminology such as vulnerability, risk and resilience for pre, during and post event scenarios, between different system scales and with unprecedented scope. This means that real world planning measures can be tested in life-like simulations, to identify where they succeed and where they fail, prior to being put into place in the real-world.
Urban flooding in Britain: an approach to comparing ancient and contemporary flood exposure, T.E. O’Shea & J. Lewin. (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04181-8
Testing the impact of direct and indirect flood warnings on population behaviour using an agent-based model, T.E. O’Shea, P. Bates & J.Neal. (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2281-2020
Upcoming publications
Establishing resilient systems: constructing system topographies and mapping states. In: Sustainability and complexity: towards a post-disciplinary approach (Springer World Sustainability Series). T.E. O’Shea, P.Bates., J.Neal, J.Lewin. (in press).
Capitalist Floodplains: Terrain, Territory and Morphophagia in England. T.E. O’Shea & J.Lewin. Area. (2020).
Lead researcher profile
Tom O'Shea, PhD candidate focussing on Complex Systems, Hydrodynamics, Risk and Resilience.
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Accumulating intelligence information
Driving intelligence cycle
According to the CIA, the Intelligence Cycle is the process by which information is acquired, converted into intelligence, and made available to policymakers. Information is raw data from any source that may be fragmentary, contradictory, unreliable, ambiguous, deceptive, or wrong. Intelligence is information that has been collected, integrated, evaluated, analysed, and interpreted. Finished intelligence is the final product of the Intelligence Cycle ready to be delivered to the policymaker.
There are three types of finished intelligence: basic, current, and estimative. Basic intelligence is the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue, current intelligence reports on new developments, and estimative intelligence judges probable outcomes. The three are mutually supporting because basic intelligence is the foundation on which the other two are based, current intelligence helps to continually update the knowledge foundation, and estimative intelligence serves to revise overall interpretations of country and issue prospects for both basic and current intelligence. The CIA World Factbook is an examples of the three types of finished intelligence.
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Showing Revision 9 created 07/20/2016 by Steven Gunawan.
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Hi this is Liz Bradley, I'm a Professor
in the Computer Science department
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in the University of Colorado at Boulder
and also on the external faculty of the
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Santa Fe Institute. My research interests
are on nonlinear dynamics and chaos and
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in artificial intelligence, and I'm going
to be your guide in this course on
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nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Here's an
example of a nonlinear dynamical system.
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It's a double pendulum. Two pieces of
aluminium and four ball bearings. Even
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though the system is very simple, it's
behavior is very complicated.
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Moreover, this system is sensitively
dependent on dynamical systems. If I
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started here, or here, the future evolution
of the behavior will be very different.
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Even though the behavior of that device is
very very complicated, there are some very
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strong patterns in that behavior, and the
tandem of those patterns and the sensitivity
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is the hallmark of chaos. Now there's
lots of words on this slide that we'll get
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into over the next ten weeks. I'll just
give you some highlights here.
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A deterministic system is one that is not
random. Cause and effect are linked and
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the current state determines the future
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A dynamic system (or a dynamical system),
either are fine, is a system that evolves with time
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A nonlinear system is one where the
relationships between the variables that
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matter are not linear. An example of a non
linear system is the gas gauge in a car,
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at least in my car, where I fill up the
tank, and then I drive a hundred miles and
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the needle barely moves. And then I drive
another hundred miles and the needle.
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plummets. That's a nonlinear relationship
between the level of gas in the tank
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and the position of the needle. Now non
linear dynamics and chaos are not rare.
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Of all the systems in the universe that
evolves with time, that's the outer
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ellipse in this Venn diagram, the vast
majority of them are nonlinear.
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Indeed a famous mathematician refers to
the study of nonlinear dynamics as the
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study of non-elephant animals. Now this is
somewhat problematic, because the
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traditional training that we get in
science, engineering and mathematics uses
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the assumption of linearity, and that's
only a very small part of the picture.
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Now looking at the inner two ellipses on
this Venn diagram conveys the point that
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the majority of nonlinear systems are
chaotic, and so that's gonna play a big
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role in this course. And the equations
that describe chaotic systems cannot be
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solved analytically, that is with a paper
and pencil, rather we have to solve them
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with computers. And that is a large part
of what distinguishes this course on
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nonlinear dynamics and chaos from most
other courses on this topic area,
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including Steve Strogatz's great lectures
which are on the web, and the courses on
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the complexity explorer website about this
topic. We will focus not only on the
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mathematics, but also on the role of
computation in the field. In this field,
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the computer is the lab instrument. This
is experimental mathematics. And that's
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actually why the field of nonlinear
dynamics only took off four decades ago
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Before that, there weren't computers to
help us solve the equations. Now to
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succeed in this course, you'll need to
understand the notion of a derivative,
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because dynamical systems are about change
with time, and derivatives are the
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mathematics of change with time. You'll
also need to be able to write simple
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computer programs. Basically, to translate
simple mathematics formulas into code, run
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them, and plot the results, say on the
axis of x versus t. There is no required
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computer language. You can use
whichever programming language you want.
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And you're not gonna turn in your code in
this course. We're interested in the
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results that come out of it. You'll also
need to know about basic classical
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mechanics, the stuff that you get in first
semester physics, like pendulums and
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masses on springs, and bodies pulling on
each other, with GmM over r-squared kinds
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of forces. Speaking of GmM over r-squared,
you may have seen this movie in the promo
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video that I made. This is movie taken by
a camera on the Cassidy spacecraft as it
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flew by Saturn's moon, Hyperion. Hyperion
is a very unusual shape and as a result of
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that shape, it tumbles chaotically.
There's also chaos on how planets move
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through space, not just how they tumble.
You may remember from Physics, that the
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solutions in those cases can only be conic
sections, ellipses, parabolas and
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hyperbolas. As we will see, systems with
three or more bodies can be chaotic. Now
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think about it, how many bodies are there
in the solar system: lots more than two.
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Indeed several hundred years, the King of
Sweden issued the challenge of a large
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cash prize to the person who could prove
whether or not the solar system was stable
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in the long term, and that prize was never
claimed. But the answer appeared in the
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1980s. Indeed the solar system is chaotic,
although it is stable in a sense and we'll
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get back to that. So just some brief
history of our field, it really dates back
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to Henri Poincare in the late 1800s. But
it really got going in the 1960s with Ed
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Lorentz's paper, called deterministic non
periodic flow. Lorentz was the first
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person to recognize the patterns of chaos
and the sensitivity of the evolution of
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the system, within the context of that
chaos. In the 70s, this paper by Li and
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Yorke was the first to use the word
"chaos" in conjunction with this behavior.
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In the late 70s and 80s, the chaos cabal
at the University of California, Santa
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Cruz, got very interested |
Things You Might Not Know About Ancient Egypt
1. Cleopatra was not Egyptian
Alongside with King Tut, perhaps no determine is more famously associated with ancient Egypt than Cleopatra VII. But while she was born in Alexandria, Cleopatra was really part of an extended line of Greek Macedonians originally descended from Ptolemy I, certainly one of Alexander the Nice’s most trusted lieutenants. The Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt from 323 to 30 B.C., and most of its leaders remained largely Greek of their tradition and sensibilities. In fact, Cleopatra was well-known for being one of the first members of the Ptolemaic dynasty to truly speak the Egyptian language.
2. The traditional Egyptians solid one of the earliest peace treaties on record.
For over two centuries the Egyptians fought towards the Hittite Empire for management of lands in modern day Syria. The conflict gave rise to bloody engagements like 1274 B.C.’s Battle of Kadesh, however by time of the pharaoh Ramses II neither side had emerged as a clear victor. With both the Egyptians and Hittites going through threats from other peoples, in 1259 B.C. Ramses II and the Hittite King Hattusili III negotiated a well-known peace treaty. This agreement ended the battle and decreed that the 2 kingdoms would aid one another within the event of an invasion by a third party. The Egyptian-Hittite treaty is now acknowledged as one of the earliest surviving peace accords, and a duplicate may even be seen above the entrance to the United Nations Security Council Chamber in New York.
3. Ancient Egyptians cherished board games.
After a long day’s work along the Nile River, Egyptians often relaxed by taking part in board games. Several different games were performed, together with “Mehen” and “Dogs and Jackals,” but perhaps the preferred was a game of likelihood known as “Senet.” This pastime dates back as far as 3500 B.C. and was performed on a protracted board painted with 30 squares. Each player had a set of pieces that were moved along the board in response to rolls of cube or the throwing sticks. Historians still debate Senet’s precise rules, but there may be little doubt of the game’s commonity. Paintings depict Queen Nefertari enjoying Senet, and pharaohs like Tutankhamen even had game boards buried with them in their tombs.
4. Egyptian ladies had a wide range of rights and freedoms.
While they might have been publicly and socially viewed as inferior to men, Egyptian women enjoyed an excessive amount of legal and financial independence. They could buy and sell property, serve on juries, make wills and even enter into authorized contracts. Egyptian girls didn’t typically work outside the house, but those who did normally acquired equal pay for doing the identical jobs as men. Unlike the women of historical Greece, who were effectively owned by their husbands, Egyptian women additionally had the best to divorce and remarry. Egyptian couples had been even known to barter an ancient prenuptial agreement. These contracts listed all the property and wealth the woman had introduced into the wedding and guaranteed that she can be compensated for it in the occasion of a divorce.
5. Egyptian workers have been known to arrange labor strikes.
Regardless that they regarded the pharaoh as a kind of residing god, Egyptian workers weren’t afraid to protest for higher working conditions. Essentially the most well-known example came in the 12th century B.C. during the reign of the New Kingdom pharaoh Ramses III. When laborers engaged in building the royal necropolis at Deir el-Medina did not receive their normal payment of grain, they organized one of the first recorded strikes in history. The protest took the form of a sit-in: The workers merely entered close by mortuary temples and refused to leave until their grievances have been heard. The gamble worked, and the laborers were ultimately given their overdue rations.
6. Egyptian pharaohs had been typically overweight
Egyptian art commonly depicts pharaohs as being trim and statuesque, however this was most likely not the case. The Egyptian diet of beer, wine, bread and honey was high in sugar, and research show that it could have achieved a number on royal waistlines. Examinations of mummies have indicated that many Egyptian rulers had been unhealthy and chubby, and even suffered from diabetes. A notable instance is the legendary Queen Hatshepsut, who lived within the fifteenth century B.C. While her sarcophagus depicts her as slender and athletic, historians imagine she was actually overweight and balding.
7. The pyramids weren’t constructed by slaves
The life of a pyramid builder actually wasn’t easy—skeletons of workers commonly show signs of arthritis and other illnesses—however proof suggests that the massive tombs have been constructed not by slaves however by paid laborers. These historic development workers were a mixture of skilled artisans and temporary arms, and a few appear to have taken great pride of their craft. Graffiti discovered close to the monuments suggests they typically assigned humorous names to their crews like the “Drunkards of Maleskaure” or the “Friends of Khufu.” The idea that slaves built the pyramids at the crack of a whip was first conjured by the Greek historian Herodotus in the fifth century B.C., however most historians now dismiss it as myth. While the traditional Egyptians had been definitely not averse to keeping slaves, they seem to have principally used them as subject palms and home servants.
For those who have any inquiries concerning wherever along with the way to work with Life in ancient Egypt, you are able to email us with our own web-site. |
This post was written by Frank Munz, Staff Developer Advocate at Databricks.
An introduction to Delta Sharing
During the past decade, much thought went into system and application architectures using domain-driven design and microservices, but we are still on the verge of building distributed data meshes. Such data meshes are based on two fundamental principles: centrally governing data and sharing data.
Data sharing itself has been severely limited. Solutions were tied to a single vendor, did not work for live data, couldn’t access multiple data lakes, came with severe security issues, and not scaled to the bandwidth of modern cloud object stores.
In this article, I’ll introduce Delta Sharing. Delta Sharing is a Linux Foundation open source framework that uses an open protocol to secure the real-time exchange of large datasets and enables secure data sharing across products for the first time. Delta Sharing directly leverages modern cloud object stores, such as Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), to access large datasets reliably. (To explore the Delta Sharing open source project, go to
overview of solution with a box that says pandas, apache spark, or commercial client, arrow to the right to box that says Delta Sharing Server/Docker, arrow to the right that says S3
Two parties are involved: data providers, which is the Delta Sharing server; and recipients, which could be a pandas data frame or Apache Spark client.
The underlying REST protocol is open, with documentation available on GitHub.
The data provider decides what data to share and runs a sharing server. Based on Delta Lake, an open source project that provides reliability on top Amazon S3 data lakes, data can be shared as logical tables. Sharing live data that may consist of thousands of underlying objects in Amazon S3 as a table is a key differentiating factor of Delta Sharing. Also, unlike files copied over to an FTP server, a Delta table can be updated. Such updates are transactional, so the user will never read inconsistent data.
Because the Delta Sharing protocol is based on a simple REST API and Delta Lake uses Apache Parquet as its internal storage format, additional Delta Sharing adapters can be developed easily. We encourage and support community projects extending Delta Sharing (refer to the section “Join the community” for information on how to contribute).
Clients always read the latest version of the data. A client can also provide filters on the data based on partitioning to read only a subset of the data or limit the number of results it wants to retrieve for large tables. The server then verifies whether the client is allowed to access the data, logs the request, and then determines which data to send back.
Most open source clients will use pandas or Apache Spark to access shared data, where connecting to the server and retrieving information is straightforward.
The server generates short-lived presigned URLs that allow the client to read the data directly from the cloud provider. The transfer can happen in parallel at the massive bandwidth of Amazon S3, without data streaming through the sharing server as a bottleneck. Note that this architecture also does not require the recipient to authenticate against Amazon S3.
Based on the Delta Sharing open protocol, several companies announced extended support for their products, such as Tableau, Qlik, Power BI, or Looker.
Reading shared data
Let’s get started with the most straightforward use case—accessing shared data.
Databricks is hosting a reference implementation of a Delta Sharing server. As a quick way to get started, use your favorite client to verify that you can read data from the Databricks server. (Later in this blog post, you will learn how to share your own data.)
Standalone Python
I am a fan of minimum viable products (MVPs) and getting started with the smallest working example, so let’s kick it off with an MVP. In our case, this would be a Python program retrieving data from Databrick’s hosted sharing server.
Standalone Python in a virtual environment
You could begin installing Python 3.6+ on a local machine, creating a virtual environment using virtualenv to avoid messing with your local installation, and then adding the Delta sharing library to the environment to use later with your Python code.
Interactive pyspark
Or you could use the Delta Sharing connector interactively within pyspark, Spark’s Python shell. This simplifies it even more since the required packages will then be downloaded automatically. The following command line will start pyspark with Delta Sharing:
pyspark --packages
Other languages such as Scala, Java, R, and SQL are supported as well. Check the documentation for further details.
AWS Cloud9
Of course, you could even run the Python code in the AWS CloudShell, or any local IDE; however, there is an even more straightforward way. In the following example, I chose AWS Cloud9. Cloud9 is a cloud-native IDE that features code completion and syntax highlighting and only costs pennies since its instance will shut itself down after a configurable idle time. With AWS Cloud9, you don’t have to fret about installing Python and the possible side effects on other applications when installing additional libraries.
A quick check in the terminal window of AWS Cloud9 will show that Python is already installed, but the delta-sharing library is not:
$ python --version
Python 3.7.10 $ pip list | grep delta-sharing
So let’s install the required libraries for Delta Sharing with the pip command:
pip install delta-sharing
To run your receiver, copy the following code:
# sample python code for a data receiver
import delta_sharing
# Point to the profile file, location also works with http(s)
profile_file = ""
# Create a SharingClient.
client = delta_sharing.SharingClient(profile_file)
# List all shared tables.
# load data as pandas data frame (or Spark)
table_url = profile_file + "#delta_sharing.default.owid-covid-data"
data = delta_sharing.load_as_pandas(table_url)
# display filtered data
print(data[data["iso_code"] == "USA"].head(10))
The code is using a profile_file that contains the endpoint of the Delta Sharing server hosted at Databricks together with a bearer token that allows you to access the data.
Typically this file is managed and secured on the client-side. Because our first experiment with Delta Sharing is about reading data from the Databricks server, we can stick with the provided example profile_file on GitHub and retrieve it via HTTP.
To get a better idea of the content and syntax of that file, display it from the built-in AWS Cloud9 terminal:
$ curl ""
{ "shareCredentialsVersion": 1, "endpoint": "", "bearerToken": "faaie590d541265bcab1f2de9813274bf233"
Now run the code using the run button. The output should look similar to the following screenshot.
example output
When the program runs, the client accesses the server specified in the profile, authenticates with the bearer token, and creates a Delta Sharing client. Then the client loads the data from the server as a pandas data frame, and, finally, the client displays a filtered subset of the data. The following screenshot shows abbreviated output.
ialek databricks delta sharing f3
Notebook environments
To replicate the preceding example without using AWS Cloud9 and only using open source, while still having a convenient and isolated environment for development, you can run the same example in a Jupyter notebook hosted on your laptop or an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
Self-managed Jupyter notebook
The high-level steps to get Jupyter working on Amazon EC2 or locally are as follows:
• Make sure you have a recent version of Python 3 installed. Jupyter requires Python 3.3 or later.
• Create a virtual environment using virtualenv (or the Python builtin venv) to separate the installations for this project from others. Then change to the new environment.
• PySpark requires Java 8. Make sure to properly set JAVA_HOME. On Amazon EC2, I recommend installing Amazon Corretto, the Amazon no-cost distribution of OpenJDK.
• In the new environment, install PySpark: pip install pyspark.
• Then install the Jupyter notebook: pip install jupyter.
A Jupyter notebook with the preceding code pointing to the Databricks Delta Sharing server is available to download.
Managed notebooks
Managing Jupyter notebooks yourself—especially at an enterprise scale—isn’t an easy task because it requires resources and operational experience. Managed notebooks (such as Databricks on AWS, Amazon EMR, or Amazon SageMaker) can import the Jupyter notebook format and remove the heavy lifting of operating a notebook environment in the enterprise.
Machine learning
For machine learning, there is a multitude of options. MLflow is one of the most popular open source platforms to manage the ML lifecycle, including experimentation, reproducibility, deployment, and a central model registry.
Managed machine learning platforms on AWS, such as Amazon SageMaker, can benefit from Delta Sharing in the following way: Typically such platforms load training and test data from Amazon S3 as files (refer to a SageMaker example on GitHub for more details). A single dataset can consist of several files, but machine learning engineers are working on a higher level of abstraction (for example, with pandas data frames).
Using Delta Sharing, you now can directly load the data as a pandas data frame with load_as_pandas(), then continue with preprocessing, data cleaning, and feature engineering in pandas. Then, from within the same notebook, you can use SageMaker’s integrated machine learning environment with MLflow to train, validate, deploy, and monitor the model.
For larger datasets, in which processing with pandas is out of scope, data can be loaded as a Spark data frame using load_as_spark(). Data cleaning and feature engineering with Apache Spark automatically scale across a cluster of machines, datasets larger than the main memory of the executor nodes can be processed, and Spot Instances to reduce the costs by up to 80% can be used.
Sharing data with Delta Sharing
Using Delta Sharing allows you to share data from one or many lakehouses. Shared data could be a target of streaming data inserts and be constantly updated. Still, you will get a consistent view of the live data thanks to the atomicity of the operations on the underlying Delta tables.
Host a Delta Sharing server
To host a Delta Sharing server, run it as a Docker container from the Docker hub or download the reference implementation of the server. Let’s first review running the prebuilt server.
Delta Sharing server
Download the prebuilt package with the reference implementation of the server from GitHub releases. Then use the packaged server example template file to create a conf.yaml file.
The Delta Sharing server is shown in the center of the following architecture diagram. The server’s conf.yaml file specifies the endpoint and port number the server is listening to, whether it uses a bearer token for authorization, and most importantly, the shares, schemas, and tables the server offers from your Delta Lake.
The notation for exporting data specifies the name of the share, the schema (database), and the table.
architecture diagram
Figure 1: Delta Sharing architecture
In the following example, the server configuration file specifies the port 9999 and /delta-sharing for the endpoint the sharing server is listening to. A fictitious bearer token 123456 is used and car data from a Delta table stored in an Amazon S3 bucket with the name deltafm2805/cars is exported as share1/default/cars:
# The format version of this config file
version: 1
# Config shares/schemas/tables to share
- name: "share1" schemas: - name: "default" tables: - name: "cars" location: "s3a://deltafm2805/cars" authorization: bearerToken: "123456" host: "localhost"
port: 9999
endpoint: "/delta-sharing"
Delta Sharing follows the lake-first approach. With Delta Lake, you can share data from an existing data lake as Delta tables. Note that there can be multiple listings of shares, schemas, and tables, and therefore, a single Delta Sharing server can share data from multiple lakehouses.
Access from Delta Sharing access to Amazon S3
There are various ways to configure access from the Delta Sharing server to Amazon S3. Creating an EC2 instance role that allows the server to access Amazon S3 avoids storing AWS access keys locally or in the metadata service.
Client-server communication
Any Delta Sharing recipient (shown on the left in Figure 1) that supports pandas or Apache Spark can access the Delta Sharing server (shown in the center of the diagram). Technically the pandas and Spark libraries make use of the open REST protocol of Delta Sharing. Business intelligence tools vendors such as Tableau, Qlik, Power BI, and Looker build on the open protocol and extended their support for Delta Sharing.
As shown in Figure 1, a profile_file defines the client settings. The respective client provides the bearer token from the file to the server endpoint (as described previously) to authenticate. Delta Sharing internally returns a list of presigned, short-lived Amazon S3 URLs to the recipient. Data is then directly retrieved from Amazon S3, in parallel, at the bandwidth of the cloud object store without Delta Sharing being a potential bottleneck for the throughput.
Delta Sharing with Docker
Running the Delta Sharing server as a Docker container is even easier. With Docker installed, no prior downloads are necessary. Simply start the Delta Sharing server with the following command:
docker run -p 9999:9999 \
--mount type=bind,source=/home/ec2-user/config.yaml,target=
/config/delta-sharing-server-config.yaml \
deltaio/delta-sharing-server:0.2.0 -- \
--config /config/delta-sharing-server-config.yaml
Docker will retrieve the newest image from Docker hub if it is not available locally and run it as a container.
The -p parameter maps the Delta Sharing server port to 9999 on the local machine in the preceding command. The --mount parameter makes the config.yaml from the local machine visible at the expected location inside the container.
The provided Docker image opens the door to deploy Delta Sharing on Amazon ECS, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS), or AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
Built-in sharing as a service
Nowadays, software architects want to build on open source cloud services. Doing so gives you platform independence and the fast innovation cycles of open source without the heavy lifting required to install, configure, integrate, operate, patch, and debug the deployment yourself.
A Databricks workspace on AWS allows you to import Jupyter notebooks and already integrates with AWS Glue, Amazon Redshift, Amazon SageMaker, and many other AWS services. Now, a Databricks account on AWS also comes with Delta Sharing as a built-in service. (For more information on Databricks on AWS, and how to integrate services such as Glue, Redshift, and SageMaker, visit
Creating a share, adding a table to the share, creating a recipient, and assigning the recipient to the share are simple SQL commands in a notebook as shown in the following:
CREATE SHARE motorbikes;
ALTER SHARE motorbikes ADD TABLE mybikes;
GRANT SELECT ON SHARE motorbikes TO friends;
From an architectural perspective, it is interesting to see that operating a server and dealing with configuration files as described previously is all abstracted away and instead implemented as SQL commands for the end user.
Key takeaways in this article about Delta Sharing on AWS include:
• Delta Sharing provides a novel, platform-independent way of sharing massive amounts of live data. It follows a lake-first approach, in which your data remains on Amazon S3 in a lakehouse that unifies data, analytics, and AI.
• Data shared via Delta Sharing can be accessed with pandas, Apache Spark, standalone Python, and an increasing number of products, such as Tableau and Power BI.
• Using cloud services, shared data can be accessed from AWS Cloud9, or managed notebooks such as Amazon EMR, SageMaker, and Databricks.
• For sharing data, the prebuilt reference implementation of the server is also available as a Docker container.
• Databricks on AWS simplifies data and AI and includes a built-in sharing server.
Future work
Delta Sharing is young open source project, and we welcome your contributions and feedback. At the time of this writing, Delta Sharing 0.2.0 was released. Beyond sharing Delta tables, as explained in this article, the support for other formats such as Parquet files, machine learning models, database views, and support for further object stores are planned.
Join the community
You can join the Delta Lake and Delta Sharing community on Slack, Google Groups, or YouTube for road map discussions, office hours, and technical sessions.
We are curious to see how businesses will use Delta Sharing. Use cases are endless—from data as a service in medical research, to real-time public data feeds of environmental data lakes, or novel data monetization strategies in companies.
Frank Munz
Frank Munz
Dr. Frank Munz is a Staff Developer Advocate at Databricks, where he is building up Developer Relations in Europe, Middle-East and Africa. You can ping him on Twitter.
The content and opinions in this post are those of the third-party author and AWS is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this post.
Categories: Open Source |
Page images
When the course which a ship has steered by the compass, and the variation of the compass are given, to find the true course.
If the variation is west allow it to the left, but if east allow it to the right of the compass course, and you will have the true course corresponding to that given by the compass.
If a ship steered NNW by a compass which has 14 points westerly variation, required her true course?
Answer, 14 points allowed to the left of NNW gives NWN for the true course.
In the following examples the true courses are required.
Answer. Compass Course. Variation, Points. True Course. 1. SSE E
24 W
SE bE 2. EN
3 E
33 E
Sb W W 5. SSW
SIW 6. N
5 E
NEbE . Ebs
21 E
SEE 8. S 60 E
18 W
S 78 E 9. N 24 W
36 E
N 12 E 10, S 16 W
40 E
S 56 W
4 W
The angle included between the direction of the fore and aft line of a ship, and that in which she moves through the water, is called the leeway.
When the wind is on the right hand side of a ship, she is said to be on the starboard tack; and when on the left hand side, she is said to be on the larboard tack; and when she sails as near the wind as she will lie, she is said to be close hauled. Few large vessels will lie within less than six points to the wind, though small ones will sometimes lie within about five points, or even less ; but, under such circumstances, the real course of a ship is seldom precisely in the direction of her head; for a considerable portion of the force of the wind is then exerted in driving her to leeward, and hence her course through the water is in general found to be leeward of that on which she is steered by the compass. Therefore to determine the point towards which a ship is actually moving, the leeway must be allowed from the wind, or towards the right of her apparent course, when she is on the larboard tack; but towards the left when she is on the starboard tack.
It is evident that the track which a ship leaves on the water, or the wake, as the track is called, will lie directly opposite to the point towards which she is moving, whatever way her head may lie. If therefore the figure of a compass were drawn in any convenient situation, so that its meridian were parallel to the fore and aft line of the ship, the angle included between the meridian of this compass and that point of it which was directed towards the wake, would be the leeway; and in some such manner as this it is desirable that the leeway should be determined when practicable.
The quantity of leeway which a ship will make varies however under different circumstances. If all other circumstances be the same, a light ship will make more leeway than a loaden one. It is seldom that two ships on the same course make precisely the same leeway; and it not unfrequently happens that the same ship makes a different leeway on each tack. It is the duty of the officer of the watch to exercise his best skill in determining, or estimating, how much this deviation from the apparent course amounts to; and in the dark the chief reliance must be placed on the judgment of the experienced mariner.
In estimating the leeway, there are certain rules by which mariners are often guided; and though they can only be considered as affording a general approximation to the truth, and often a very distant approximation, they are here given : but no opportunity should be neglected to determine this important element by observation.
General rules for estimating the leeway when a ship is close hauled.
1. When the water is smooth, all sails set, and the wind moderate, allow no leeway.
If there be a strong breeze, the leeway may amount to 1 point.
2. When top gallant sails are handed, the leeway may be from 1 point to 1 points.
3. Under close reefed top sails, the allowance may be from 2 to 3 points.
4. With top sails handed, from 3 to 4 points. 5. Under courses, from 4 to 6 points, according to circumstances, 6. Under reefed courses, possibly 6 points. 7. Under storm stay sails, possibly 7 points. 8. Under bare poles, from 7 to 8 points.
It has not been attempted in the above rules, and indeed it is impossible, to state precisely what the allowance for leeway ought to be under all or any circumstances. This in any given case must be left to the judgment of the mariner, whose knowledge must extend to a number of minutia bearing upon the question, before he will affirm that, after exercising his best skill, he has satisfied himself that his estimate is right.
But supposing the leeway to be known, the course steered must be corrected for it; and the following examples are given as exercises in correcting the courses both for leeway, and variation, the true course being required.
[blocks in formation]
In plane sailing the earth is considered as a plane, the meridians as parallel straight lines, and the parallels of latitude as lines cutting to consider any part of the earth's surface as a plane, yet when the operations to be performed are confined within the distance of a few miles, no material error will arise from considering them as performed on a plane surface. And, as we have already seen, in all questions where the nautical distance, difference of latitude, departure, and course, are the objects of consideration, the results will be the same whether the lines are considered as curves drawn on the surface of the globe, or as equal straight lines drawn on a plane.
In all maps and charts and coustructions, when it is not otherwise stated, it is customary to consider the top of the page as pointing towards the north, the lower part as the south, the right side as the east, and the left as the west. The meridians therefore, in any construction, will be represented by vertical lines, and the parallels of latitude by horizontal ones.
Hence in constructing a figure for the solution of any case in plane sailing, the difference of latitude will be represented by a vertical line, the departure by a horizontal one, and the distance by the hypothenusal line, which forms with the difference of latitude and departure a right angle triangle; and the course will be the angle included between the difference of latitude and distance.
With this understanding, the solution of any case that can arise from varying the data in plane sailing will present no difficulty.
EXAMPLES. If a ship sail from Cape St. Vincent SWS 148 miles, required her latitude in, and the departure which she has made ?
Draw the vertical line A B, to represent the meridian ; from the line of rhumbs take the angle BAC = 34 points, the given course ; and from a scale of equal parts take AC= = 148 miles, the given distance; from C on A B draw the perpendicular CB, then A B will be the difference of latitude, and B C the required departure; and measured on the scale from which A C was taken, AB will be found 114:4 and B C 93.9.
E Dilat.
With 2 A 3 points in Table 2. and AC 148 miles in the dist column, A B is found 114:4 in the lat column, and B C 93.9 in the dep column.
BY GUNTER'S SCALE. Extend from 8 to 34 points, the course, on the line S R, and that extent will reach from 148, the dist, towards the left on the line of numbers, to the departure 93.9. Again extend on the line S R from 8 to 4 points (the complement of 34 points) and that extent will reach from 148 towards the left on the line of numbers to 114:4, the difference of latitude.
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2. If a ship sail from the Cape of Good Hope southwestward, till she arrive in lat 36° 34' S, and it be found that upon the whole she has made 75 miles of departure, required the course and distance which she has made ?
Lat Cape of Good Hope 34° 29' S
Lat in...
36 34 S
Diff lat
2 5 S = 125 miles.
Draw A B and BC (see the last figure) perpendicular to each other, make A B = 125, and BC = 75, from a scale of equal parts, and join AC; then the 2 A, the course, will be found=31°, and AC, the distance, = 146 miles.
In Table 3. with A B 125, in the lat column, and B C 75, in the dep column, 2 A is found at the top of the table = 31° nearly, and AC in the dist column 146.
Extend from the diff lat 125, to the dep 75, on the line of numbers, that extent will reach on the line of tangents from 45°, or radius, to about 31°, the course. Again extend from radius 90° on the
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An Autonomous System (AS) is a set of Internet routing prefixes that belong to a network or a collection of networks that are all managed, controlled, and supervised by a single entity. ASs use a common routing policy that is controlled by the entity.
What Is Asn In Ip Address?
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns autonomous system numbers (ASNs) to autonomous systems (AS).
How Do I Get An As Number?
A contract between the RIPE NCC and you is required for requesting an AS Number. You will either need to become a member or find a sponsor who will submit the request on your behalf. Please provide us with the following information in order to process your request.
What As Number Is Used?
In the world of ASNs, networks or systems of networks appear to be running a single consistent routing policy, which is uniquely identified by ASNs. A prefix is’seen’ to originate from these public ASNs by the exterior gateway routing protocol (BGP).
What Do You Mean By Networking In Computer?
In an information system, networking refers to the process of transferring and exchanging data between nodes over a shared medium. The internet of things (IoT) and video streaming are all made possible by networking.
What Is Networking And Example?
The concept of networking refers to sharing and acquiring information between different divisions of the same company in order to solve business problems and share information. In networking, each workstation can print documents by connecting to a print server.
What Are 3 Examples Of Networking?
• Networks of local area networks (LANs).
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) )
• Wide Area Networks (WANs) are networks that extend over a wide area.
• What Is The Concept Of Networking?
In its simplest form, networking refers to the interconnected of two or more networks. A computer network is a network of computers. The simplest definition of networking is connecting computers so that they can share files, printers, applications, and other resources related to computers.
What Is Meant By Networking?
Informal social networking is the exchange of information and ideas among people with a common interest or profession. It is common to begin networking with a single point of contact.
What Are The 4 Types Of Networking?
• The Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects to the Internet.
• The Personal Area Network (PAN) is a network for personal use.
• Metropolitan Area Network (Man)
• Wide Area Network (WAN) )
• What Are Examples Of Networking?
• A directed network in which nodes represent Web pages and edges represent hyperlinks between them, the World Wide Web.
• Internet. The Internet.
• The powerline and airline networks are both important.
• The citation networks are a way to share information…
• The language networks are made up of words.
• Webs of food. Food webs…
• The economic networks are…
• The metabolic and protein networks are important.
• How Many Ips Does An Asn Have?
Max Query Size
What Is Asn Lookup?
Lookup An AS is a group of one or more IP prefixes that are run by one or more network operators and have a single and clear routing policy that is enforced. ASes use this number to exchange exterior routing information (between neighboring ASes) as well as to identify themselves.
How Do I Find My Asn?
• The ASN Lookup tool can be opened.
• The ASN must be entered.
• Click on the “Lookup ANS” button after entering the ASN.
• You will be able to find out the WHOIS information of the ASN provided by the tool.
• Where Are Numbers Used?
Whole Number
Natural Number
The set of whole numbers is, W={0,1,2,3,…}
The set of natural numbers is, N= {1,2,3,…}
The smallest whole number is 0.
The smallest natural number is 1.
Every natural number is a whole number.
Every whole number is a natural number, except 0.
What Are Numbers Used For Kids?
Counting, measuring, and comparing amounts are all done with numbers. Numbers are represented by symbols or numbers, which are called number systems. Ten symbols called digits are used in the most common number system, and they are combinations of these digits — 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
What Kind Of Numbers Do We Use?
There are two main types of numeral systems: the decimal positional numeral system and the decimal numerical system, which uses 10 symbols to construct all numbers, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The Indians invented this invention, perfected by medieval Islam.
What Are 3 Uses For Numbers?
In order to order things, numbers are used to measure, count, label, and identify codes and serial numbers.
Watch what does as mean in networking Video |
The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by ANSI and ITU-T (formerly CCITT) for digital transmission of multiple types of traffic, including voice, data, and video signals in one network without the use of separate overlay networks.
What Does Atm Mean In Networks?
A wide-area network (WAN) technology, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a transfer mode for switching and transmission that efficiently and flexibly organizes information into cells; it is asynchronous in that the rate at which cells are re-used depends on the required bit rate.
What Is The Difference Between Ethernet And Atm?
Provides high bandwidth to high-speed server connections. There are a variety of bit rates that can be accommodated by ATM technology. By limiting the jitter and latency of the networks, real-time traffic can be supported.
How Does Atm Networking Work?
What ATM networks do. No routing is used at the ATM. Dedicated hardware devices known as ATM switches connect endpoints directly from source to destination instead of using software. Variable-length packets are used in Ethernet and Internet Protocol (IP).
What Is The Meaning Of Atm In Ict?
Automated Teller Machines are also known as Automated Teller Machines. Computers in banks connect to this machine.
What Is The Use Of Atm In Computer?
The majority of ATM machines are used to withdraw cash from bank accounts. In addition to checking account balances, getting cash advances from credit cards, making deposits, and even buying postage stamps, many of them can also be used to do these things.
Which Network Is Used In Atm?
In the SONET/SDH backbone of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and in the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), ATM is a core protocol, but has largely been replaced by next-generation networks based on Internet Protocol (IP) technology, while wireless and wireless
What Is An Atm Cell?
Each cell in the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) protocol consists of a 5 byte header and 48 bytes of data. In order to reduce processing time and high transmission speeds, the cells are small.
What Does Atm Stand For In Technology?
Teller machine (ATM) )
Is Atm An Ethernet?
The ATM uses circuit switching and packet switching networks to provide functionality. A time-division multiplexing technique is used. In contrast to IP or Ethernet, which use frames or packets that are variable in size, this approach uses packets that are smaller.
What Is Ethernet Over Atm?
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA) is a layer 2 data-link protocol that is typically used to connect domestic broadband modems to ISPs over phone lines. ATM AAL5 is used mainly for DOCSIS and DSL carriers, as well as encapsulating PPP frames.
Is Atm Network Still Used?
The technology is still in use, but most providers are phasing it out over time.
What Type Of Network Is An Atm?
The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a technology that switches between cells and connects them. The end stations in ATM networks use dedicated full duplex connections to connect to the network. switches are interconnected using physical connections, and ATM networks are constructed using switches.
What Is Atm Topology?
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is used to describe an experimental general topology local area network. Multiservice traffic is expected to be supported by this network. In addition to providing quality of service to various types of traffic, the network also guarantees the quality of service to all types of traffic.
Watch what does atm stand for in the networking world Video |
Question: Which part of Brazil has less transportation?
Less transportation routes are found in western and internal part of Brazil.
In which part of Brazil do you see a lesser development of transport network What could be the reason?
Rail transport started in Brazil from the 19th century. … The dense, impenetrable Amazon forests and the vast tributaries that form the Amazon basin are the main reason for the lack of a rail network in the internal regions compared to the eastern side of the country.
Which part of Brazil has good transport?
The São Paulo state, which has state control of most federal roads in its territory, made its road network the most extensive one in the country, thanks to this fact.
Which factors are responsible for development of transport in Brazil?
Considering the development of transport in a place, following are factor responsible for transport in Brazil.
• The Amazon river basun in North.
• Rigid topography of Brazilian Highland.
• Height of great escarpment.
What is coffee farms called in Brazil?
They are known as arabica coffee farms.
Is India richer than Brazil?
Measured by aggregate gross domestic product (GDP), the Indian economy is larger than Brazil’s. … 9 Measured on a per capita basis, however, Brazil is far richer.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is Chase Bank in South America?
What are some traditional clothing in Brazil?
The most popular traditional pieces of clothes in Brazil are bombachas pants, baiana dress, poncho, Carmen Miranda costume, and cowboy hat. The bombachas are baggy pants often worn by gauchos – South American cowboys. They are comfortable for riding and look charming.
In which area does it rain more in Brazil?
Brazil’s most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain fall every year.
Why does Brazil have 4 time zones?
Due to Brazil’s large geographic size, it was split into four time zones. While most of the nation was two, three or four hours behind UTC, most of the western states such as Acre were four hours behind. … States that observe the daylight saving schedule may also change from year to year.
Does Brazil have high speed rail?
The TAV (Portuguese: Trem de Alta Velocidade, meaning train of high-speed) is planned to be Brazil’s first planned high-speed rail service.
High-speed rail in Brazil.
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) standard gauge
Operating speed 350 km/h (220 mph) maximum 300 km/h (190 mph) average |
Chapter 19. Plugins, ActiveX, and Java
• Extending the Browser with Plugins and ActiveX
• Extending the Browser with Java
• Summary
Chapters 17 and 18 showed how DHTML can be used to add complex interactivity and visual effects to web pages subject only to the limitations of the browser itself. In this and the next chapter, you'll see how you can add different kinds of media and interactivity by extending the browser's capabilities. This chapter discusses how plugins, ActiveX controls, and Java can enable you to go beyond the browser, and how Dreamweaver helps you work with all of those so-called "rich media" technologies. In particular, this chapter covers Shockwave, QuickTime, RealMedia, and Windows Media. Because of the extensive integration of Dreamweaver with Flash, Chapter 20, "Building Web Pages with Flash," covers that topic.
Extending the Browser with Plugins and ActiveX
The most common way to extend browser functionality and create media-rich pages is through plugin content. Creating web pages that rely on this kind of browser extension can be a frustrating experience even in Dreamweaver! unless you understand the limitations of the technology underneath it and how to use that technology intelligently.
How Plugin Media Works in the Browser
Browsers are essentially HTML decoders. Their job is to translate the markup instructions in an HTML file into a visible, functional screenful of information. By adding JavaScript to your HTML, you can add a certain amount of interactivity to web pages. By themselves, however, browsers cannot handle the rich variety of media you might want your pages to contain. They cannot display video, they cannot manipulate and present sound, and they cannot present PDF content. Because of browser differences, it's also difficult to reliably create complex interactive content that will work across browsers and across platforms, solely through JavaScript and HTML.
Lucky for us, browsers are extensible: They call on external entities to do what they alone cannot do. In fact, they do this frequently as you surf the web, whether you're aware of it or not.
MIME Types, Plugins, and Helper Applications
Every time a browser encounters a file, it must determine what kind of file it is and what should be done with it. Browsers do this by examining the file's MIME type. The MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) type is part of the information the web server usually sends along with the file when a web page is downloaded to a user's computer. The MIME type includes a description of the file's category, and helps the browser determine what should be done with it.
As a backup, in case the web server does not send the MIME information with the downloaded file, the browser also examines the suffix, or filename extension, of all downloaded files. Some standard MIME types, along with their associated filename extensions, are shown in Table 19.1.
Table 19.1. Common MIME Types and Associated Filename Extensions
Filename Extensions
.jpg, .jpeg
.aif, .aiff
.mid, .midi
If the MIME type or filename extension indicates that the file is something the browser can't deal with, it calls on outside help. This help is either a helper application or a plugin.
A helper application is a program that can deal with the file type in question. A helper application can be any program on your computer. Any time the browser comes across a file with an extension of .doc or a MIME type of application/doc, for instance, it will probably attempt to find and launch Microsoft Word or an equivalent word processor that has been defined as the helper application for that kind of file. Any of these programs also can be launched independently of the browser.
A plugin, like a helper application, has functionality the browser doesn't, but it is not a standalone application. Plugins cannot launch and run on their own. Instead, they add functionality to the browser. Plugins must reside in the Plugins folder, inside the browser's own application folder. The Flash, QuickTime, and Shockwave plugins, as well as the Flash and Shockwave ActiveX controls, are examples of this kind of help. When the browser comes across a file with an extension of.swf or a MIME type of application/x-shockwave-flash, it will probably look for and attempt to launch the Flash Player plugin.
Configuration and Customization
You might be wondering why the browser will probably respond in a certain way to a certain MIME type? Because each browser must be configured to interpret certain MIME types in certain ways; and any two browsers even if they're the same version of the same browser, on the same platform might be configured differently. Browsers are already configured when you install them; depending on where you got the browser (promotional or application CD, computer manufacturer install, download from Microsoft or Netscape, and so forth), it might be configured differently from other copies of the same browser obtained from somewhere else. And of course, individual browser users also can customize the configuration if they like.
Potential Configuration Problems
Web authors can't control how browsers will handle given file types; they can only try to predict how their target audience will have their browsers configured, and set pages up to deal gracefully with failure in this regard. (Authoring strategies are discussed later in this chapter.) The most common configuration problems are:
• Unavailable plugins or helpers. Just because a plugin or helper application is called for in the configuration setup doesn't mean it's available on the user's computer. This is the most common problem plaguing web designers who want a variety of plugin-based media on their pages.
• Unknown MIME types. If a file is downloaded that the browser does not recognize, either by MIME type or filename extension, the user will be asked what to do with the file.
• Unexpected or inappropriate disposition. The helper or action specified in the default configuration might not be the one that is expected; it might not even be the best choice, given the particular setup of a user's computer system.
Netscape Plugins Versus ActiveX Objects
Years ago, to enable web authors to put media content on HTML pages, Netscape developed the capability to add plugins to itself; to support plugin-based media content, Netscape created its own, nonstandard HTML tag <embed>. Although the <embed> tag was never made part of the W3 Consortium's official HTML specification, it was a big hit with users. Internet Explorer adopted the <embed> tag and the plugin system, and for several years it was the standard method used to insert media into web pages.
Meanwhile, Microsoft was developing its own set of technologies to allow applications of all kinds to share information and work together. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and the Component Object Model (COM) eventually developed into ActiveX technology. For web use, Microsoft built into its browser the capability to understand miniprograms called ActiveX controls, which could control and share information with ActiveX objects placed on a web page using the <object> tag. ActiveX controls can be written to work with various applications, including Internet Explorer. Microsoft's scripting language, VBScript, can be used to communicate between the ActiveX control and the browser, much as JavaScript (which was developed by Netscape) communicates between plugins and the browser.
As a result, there are two ways to insert media content into browsers: as plugin objects using <embed>, or as ActiveX objects using <object>. And there are two sets of browser technology available for interpreting that content: Netscape-style plugins and ActiveX controls. Only IE supports ActiveX; and, because ActiveX is so tied in with Microsoft's other technologies, it works only on the Windows platform. Until recently, both Netscape and IE supported Netscape-style plugins; but starting with versions 5.52-SP2, IE/Win no longer supports plugins, only ActiveX controls (though it does still support the <embed> tag for ActiveX content). Older versions of IE/Win, and all versions of IE/Mac, while they do theoretically support plugins, don't offer very good support. In Netscape, you can communicate with plugin content using JavaScript; Internet Explorer does not allow JavaScript access to plugin objects or ActiveX objects; VBScript can be used to communicate with ActiveX objects, but not with plugin objects. And because Internet Explorer/Macintosh does not support ActiveX, this severely limits what you can do to control cross-browser, cross-platform media content.
It's confusing but important to remember that, although IE/Windows no longer supports Netscape-style plugins, it does support the <embed> tag. When the browser sees an <embed> tag, it first looks for an ActiveX control to handle the content. If there is no ActiveX control, older versions of the browser will look for a plugin; the newest versions will not.
As a web author, you tread daily through this minefield. Dreamweaver helps by offering support for both technologies and by taking care of as many details as it can to make your pages accessible to all.
According to the World Wide Web Consortium's official HTML specification, the <object> tag is to be used for placing all media elements the browser can't normally display (including Java applets) on web pages. In practice, however, browser support for this tag is not widespread beyond Internet Explorer's ActiveX technology.
Netscape Plugins (The <embed> Tag)
In Dreamweaver, to insert media content using the <embed> tag, use the Plugin object, found in the Media category of the Insert bar. This generic object can be used with a variety of plugin and MIME types. Figure 19.1 shows the object as it appears in the Insert bar, and the Property inspector that goes with it.
Figure 19.1. The Plugin object, and its associated Property inspector.
The Property inspector for elements created with this object includes the following generic parameters, which can be used with any media content:
• src. The URL of the source file for the content. Required.
• pluginspage (Plg URL). The URL of a site where the required plugin can be downloaded. If a value is entered in this parameter, and the user's browser does not have the appropriate plugin to handle the source file, the broken plugin icon will link to this URL. Optional, but recommended.
• name. As with any HTML element, media content must be named if it will be referred to by scripts. Optional.
• width and height. Specifies the dimensions the content will take up on the page. These values default to 32x32 pixels, because Dreamweaver cannot determine the dimensions of plugin content. Required by most plugins.
• vspace and hspace. Adds white space around the content. Optional.
• align. Determines how the content will align with text when it is placed inline on a page. Optional.
• border. Adds a border around the content area. Optional.
Accessing Plugin Specific Parameters
Because the Plugin object's Property inspector must work for any type of embedded plugin content, it includes only generic attributes. Most plugins will accept more attributes than this. To add plugin specific attributes, click the Parameters button in the Property inspector, which accesses a special Parameters dialog box (see Figure 19.2). For each parameter added in this way, you must know the parameter's name and what values it will accept.
Figure 19.2. The Parameters dialog box for adding attributes not available in the Plugin or ActiveX object Property inspector.
Playing Embedded Content
Dreamweaver won't automatically display embedded media content in the Document window; instead, it shows a generic placeholder. Click the Play button in the Property inspector to see and hear the media. As long as you have the relevant plugin installed in any browser on your system, Dreamweaver will be able to preview the media. (See the sidebar on "How Dreamweaver Plays Media Content.")
How Dreamweaver Plays Media Content
Dreamweaver uses Netscape plugins to play embedded media. Every time you click the Play button to preview a media element, Dreamweaver looks for the required plugin, first in its own Configuration/Plugins folder, and then in the Plugins folders of all installed browsers. If it finds the plugin, the media will play. If not, the media won't play.
Dreamweaver/Windows users take note, however! Dreamweaver uses plugins not ActiveX controls to preview media content. If the only browser installed on your system is Internet Explorer, or if your other browser(s) have no plugins installed, you will not be able to preview embedded media from within Dreamweaver unless you do one of two things:
• Install Netscape or Opera (or any other plugin-using browser), and configure that browser with the required plugins.
• Obtain a copy of the required plugin from another computer, or from the company that has created the plugin and copy its class file (such as ShockwavePlugin.class) to your Dreamweaver/Configuration/Plugins folder.
This isn't an issue for Dreamweaver/Mac users, because all Macintosh browsers use Netscape plugins.
If the particular content you are working with has no related plugin only an ActiveX Control you won't be able to preview it in Dreamweaver no matter what you do. Windows users, preview in the browser; Mac users, you can't preview at all.
ActiveX Objects (The <object> Tag)
In Dreamweaver, to insert ActiveX content using the <object> tag, use the ActiveX object, found in the Media category of the Insert bar. Figure 19.3 shows the object as it appears in the panel, and the Property inspector that goes with it. Like the Plugin object, this is a generic object that can be used with a variety of ActiveX controls.
Figure 19.3. The Insert ActiveX object, and its associated Property inspector.
In addition to the parameters listed for plugin objects, the Property inspector for ActiveX objects includes the following:
• classid (Class ID). The name of the ActiveX control to be used to handle the content. The Shockwave, Flash, and RealMedia controls appear on the pop-up list; names of any other controls must be typed in. After a control name has been manually entered, it will appear in the pop-up list until removed (by clicking the minus (-) button next to the pop-up list).
• id. Used to refer to the object in scripting. Optional.
• codebase (Base). The URL of a site where the required control can be downloaded. If a value is entered in this parameter, and the user's browser does not have the appropriate ActiveX control to handle the source file, the control will be automatically downloaded if possible. Optional, but recommended.
• data. The URL of the source file for the content. This parameter is not required by many ActiveX controls (including Flash, Shockwave, and RealPlayer). Some controls, such as RealPlayer, require a src parameter instead. But as the Property inspector doesn't offer this as an option (except as part of the <embed> tag, discussed in the next section), src must be added using the generic Parameters dialog box.
Coding note: If you examine your code after inserting an ActiveX object, you'll see that the <object> tag doesn't follow the standard HTML syntax of <tag attribute="value">. Instead, each attribute generates a nested tag with the syntax <param name="attribute" value="value">. For your web authoring purposes, the effect is the same as if these were standard attributes.
In addition to the previous options, which are added as parameters to the <object> tag, the following will create tags nested within the main <object> tag, both to be used as alternate content:
• Alt image. Specifying an image file here adds an <img> tag within the <object> tag. If the required ActiveX control is not available in a particular browser, the image specified here will display in the browser instead.
• Embed. If enabled, this adds an <embed> tag inside the <object> tag, to support Netscape on all platforms and Internet Explorer on non-Windows platforms. The src parameter listed in the Property inspector is used with this tag (not with the <object> tag).
Playing ActiveX Content
Click the Play button in the Property inspector to see and hear the media (see Figure 19.3). As long as you have the relevant plugin (not ActiveX control!) installed in any browser on your system, Dreamweaver will be able to preview the media. (For more on this, see the sidebar on "How Dreamweaver Plays Media Content.")
Almost any media element can be accessed without using either <embed> or <object>, by linking directly to it. To create a link to a media file, just set up a text or image link on a page; then, in the Property inspector's Link field, browse to the media file. This is a fairly crude way to get media on your web site, however, because it gives no control over parameters or scripting.
Working with Specific Plugins
To use plugin media content effectively on your web pages, you need to familiarize yourself with the various plugins and ActiveX controls, and how each works in the browser, and in Dreamweaver.
Shockwave is a plugin and related file format that allows content developed with Macromedia Director to be viewed in the browser. Director has long been industry-standard software for developing interactive CD-ROMs. Director movies can contain sound, video, and animation. Director's internal scripting language, Lingo, can create sophisticated interactivity. The current version of Director (8.5) includes support for 3D content, including extensive scripting of 3D worlds. Using Director Multiuser Server software, Director movies can even be used for multiplayer games, chat rooms, and other web application tasks. Director content is sprite-based, for efficient memory use, and makes use of client-side streaming for efficient web delivery. Director is also extensible through dozens of third-party Xtras, allowing Director content to include database connectivity, PDFs, and sophisticated printing functionality.
For CD-ROM use, Director movies are saved as standalone applications called projectors. For web use, movies are saved in a special "shocked" format, with the .dcr filename extension and application/x-director MIME type. To view this content, users must have the Shockwave plugin from www.macromedia.com.
To learn more about Shockwave, visit www.macromedia.com/shockzone.
Shockwave Issues
Shockwave is a cross-browser and cross-platform plugin. It is available as a Netscape plugin and an ActiveX control. Many corporate web sites use Shockwave content to provide fun, illustrative, or heavily interactive content to entice users. According to Macromedia, 167 million users worldwide have the Shockwave plugin installed.
Inserting a Shockwave Object
In Dreamweaver, inserting Shockwave content is done with the Shockwave object (shown in Figure 19.4). This object is located in the Media category of the Insert bar. The object inserts Shockwave content using the <object> tag, with an included <embed> tag.
Figure 19.4. The Shockwave object and its associated Property inspector.
If you have a site defined, you can also use the Assets panel to organize, preview and insert your Shockwave movies. Just click the Shockwave icon in the panel to view your movies. (See Chapter 22, "Local Site Management," for more on the Assets panel.
The Property inspector for Shockwave content is fairly sparse, because several basic parameters such as pluginspage and codebase are set automatically by Dreamweaver. Note that width and height are not set automatically; Dreamweaver sets these to a default of 32x32 pixels, regardless of the movie's dimensions. You must find the correct movie dimensions in Director itself, or by using trial and error in the browser. If the width and height parameters in the Property inspector are set smaller than the original movie size, the movie will be cropped; if the dimensions are set larger than the original size, empty space will be added around the edges of the movie.
Passing Parameters to Shockwave
As Table 19.2 shows, it's possible to pass all sorts of information to a Shockwave movie in the form of parameters entered in the <object> and <embed> tags, as long as the movie knows what to do with the information it's receiving. These parameters include basics such as autostart and loop, as well as a whole series of parameters that Director authors can tie into the movie's Lingo scripting. Inside Director, these parameters are accessed through the externalParamValue(), externalParamNumber(), and externalParamName() functions. The parameter defined in Dreamweaver must have exactly the same name as the parameter called in the Lingo code.
Table 19.2. Parameters a Shockwave Movie Will Accept, with a Description of Each and Suggested Values Where Applicable
Parameter Name
One-word name
Required by the <embed> tag if the movie is to referred to by scripting.
One-word name
Required by the <object> tag if the movie is to be referred to by scripting.
Number of pixels
The horizontal space the movie will be allotted on the page. Dreamweaver cannot determine this automatically. If the width assigned is different from the movie's width, the movie will be cropped or sur rounded by empty space.
Number of pixels
The vertical space the movie will be allotted on the page. Dreamweaver cannot deter mine this automatically. If the height assigned is different from the movie's height, the movie will be cropped or sur rounded by empty space.
(Choose from the pop-up menu)
Determines how the browser will align the movie when text or other page elements are placed next to it (in the same table cell or paragraph, for instance).
(Choose from the color picker or enter a 6-digit hexadecimal number)
If the width and height values assigned are larger than the movie's dimensions, this is the color that will fill up the rest of the allotted space.
Number of pixels
Adds empty white space above and below the movie. Specify a number of pixels.
Number of pixels
Adds empty white space to the right and left of the movie. Specify a number of pixels.
true or false
Whether the movie will start playing as soon as it loads.
true or false
Whether the movie will repeat indefinitely, or play only once. This only has effect if the movie's own internal scripting doesn't have its own looping or stopping controls.
sound, progress, swLiveConnect, swRemote, swStretchStyle, swStretchHAlign, swStretchVAlign, swAudio, swBanner, swBackColor, swForeColor, swColor, swFrame, swList, swName, swPassword, swPreloadTime, swSound, swText, swURL, swVolume, swPreLoadTime, sw1, sw2, sw3, sw4, sw5, sw6, sw7, sw8, sw9
Can take any value
These parameters can be used to pass any values to a Shockwave movie. The movie's internal scripting must specifically call the parameter for it to take effect. It's up to the author whether swSound, for instance, passes any information about sound to the movie, or whether it passes completely unrelated information. Internet Explorer requires that passed parameters to Shockwave use these names and these names only. (In Netscape, any parameter name can be used, as long as the Director movie's internal scripting calls on that parameter.)
To access and assign other parameters for the Shockwave movie, click the generic Parameters button to open the parameters dialog box. From here, click the plus (+) button to get a list of potential parameters that can be set. (Figure 19.5 shows this happening.)
Figure 19.5. The Parameters dialog box for assigning Shockwave-specific parameters.
Exercise 19.1 Inserting a Shockwave Movie
In this exercise, you'll place a Shockwave movie on an HTML page and test its basic properties. Before you begin, copy the chapter_19 folder from the companion CD to your hard drive and define a Dreamweaver site named chapter_19 with this folder as its root directory. The current exercise uses files in the chapter_19/shockwave folder.
1. Open shockwave_sampler.html. This is a formatted but otherwise empty document, ready to receive media content.
2. Using the Shockwave object, place welcome.dcr onto the page.
3. Resize the movie to its correct dimensions, 640x340.
4. Click the Play button in the Property inspector to play the movie; then click the button again to stop the movie, so you can continue working on it.
Windows users: Because IE uses ActiveX Controls instead of plugins, and Dreamweaver uses plugins to preview media content, Dreamweaver might not be able to play your plugin content if you only have IE installed. To solve this problem, install Netscape or install the respondent plugin from the plugin website and copy the dll file to your Macromedia/Dreamweaver MX/Configuration/Plugins folder. Alternatively, you can press the F12 button to preview the page in IE using the ActiveX control.
5. Experiment with resizing the movie and playing it. Set the movie's dimensions to smaller than they should be; then play the movie. Set the dimensions to larger than they should be; then play the movie. You'll see how the movie is either cropped or surrounded by empty white space, but its contents are never resized.
6. Examine the code. You'll see that the <object> tag has been used to place the movie, with an <embed> tag included.
7. This isn't just an ordinary Shockwave movie. This movie is programmed to expect a parameter called sw1 that specifies the name of a person to be welcomed. All you have to do in Dreamweaver is set that parameter and you can personalize the movie.
With the movie selected, click the Parameters button to access the Parameters dialog box. When the dialog box appears, click the plus (+) button to access the pop-up list of parameters, and choose sw1.
8. For the value of the parameter, enter your name. Click OK to apply the SWI parameter, and click OK agian to close the Parameters dialog box.
9. Try the movie out in a browser. Does the name you entered come up in the welcome banner? It should. (If it doesn't, double-check that you used the sw1 parameter in your code.) What's the benefit of this? Imagine how easy it can be to quickly customize Shockwave presentations on a web site, without having to generate new Shockwave movies. Movies can be multipurposed so that the same movie, downloaded once, can serve in several places on the web site.
Don't be fooled. Just because QuickTime is made by Apple doesn't mean it's only for Macs. QuickTime is a cross-platform, system-level extension and browser plugin that provides synchronized media and interactivity similar to that found in Shockwave and Flash. QuickTime movies are made of synchronized tracks video tracks, sound tracks, music tracks, sprite tracks (for interactive and animated elements), 3D tracks (for 3D modeling), VR (virtual reality) tracks, text tracks, even Flash tracks, each of which can contain an entire Flash movie, interactivity and all. QuickTime 4+ movies automatically use client-side streaming (called FastStart). When used with special QuickTime server software, they also can use true server-side streaming. QuickTime movie files use the.mov filename extension.
All professional-level audio, video, and animation software is capable of creating QuickTime content. QuickTime authoring programs include Electrifier Pro (Mac only), LiveStage (Mac/PC) and Adobe GoLive (Mac/PC), which includes a pretty nifty little QuickTime authoring miniprogram inside the web editor. Limited authoring capabilities are also built in to Apple's QuickTime Pro utility. Flash also can export interactive presentations as QuickTime movies. Various free utilities for working with QuickTime are available at http://developer.apple.com/quicktime/quicktimeintro/tools/.
To learn more about QuickTime, visit www.apple.com/quicktime. For more on the new QuickTime ActiveX control, visit www.apple.com/quicktime/download/qtcheck and www.apple.com/quicktime/products/tutorials/activex.html.
QuickTime Issues
The QuickTime plugin has long been considered a staple of web multimedia, ubiquitous and reliable on both Windows and Mac platforms, in both major browsers. According to a recent Apple announcement, 100 million copies of the QuickTime player and browser plugin have been distributed and installed worldwide. QuickTime has long been available as a plugin; recently, in response to Microsoft's decision not to support plugins for IE/Windows, Apple has released QuickTime as an ActiveX control as well.
Inserting a QuickTime Object
In Dreamweaver, you can insert QuickTime content using the Plugin or ActiveX object. For best compatibility with the newest versions of Internet Explorer, it's best to use ActiveX though, at the time of this writing, the QuickTime plugin is more responsive than its (brand-new) ActiveX cousin. Whichever method you use, the Property inspector will be generic, with no QuickTime-specific options. As with Shockwave, width and height are always set to a default value of 32x32 pixels. If the dimensions are set smaller than the original movie size, the movie will be cropped; if the dimensions are set larger than the original size, empty space will be added around the edges of the movie.
Passing Parameters to QuickTime
QuickTime movies accept a wide variety of parameters. As with other media types, use the Parameters dialog box, accessible by clicking the Property inspector's Parameters button, to assign these attributes. Table 19.3 shows a list of some useful parameters that QuickTime movies can accept. (This list is not exhaustive.)
Table 19.3. Some Useful Parameters That Can Be Used with QuickTime Content
true or false
Whether the movie will start playing as soon as it loads.
true or false
Whether the movie will repeat indefinitely, or play only once.
true, false, qtvr
Whether a controller bar will appear at the bottom of the movie, and what kind of controller bar it will be. Use the qtvr controller for QuickTime virtual reality movies. (If the controller is visible, set the height parameter to the movie's height plus 16 pixels. Otherwise, the controller will be cropped.)
Aspect, ToFit, or a number
This determines whether the movie will appear at its original size, or enlarged or reduced. ToFit will scale the movie to match the width and height parameters; Aspect will do the same, but without distorting its aspect ratio. A scale value of larger than 1 will enlarge the movie; smaller than 1 will reduce the size.
If the width and height values assigned are larger than the movie's dimensions, this color will fill up the rest of the allotted space.
0 100
Determines the volume of any audio in the movie.
true or false
If true, doesn't allow the user to save a copy of the movie.
Time, using format 00:00:00:00
Determines at what point in the movie it should start playing.
(Same as above)
Determines at what point in the movie it should stop playing.
Absolute or relative URL
If this parameter is present, clicking anywhere on the movie will launch the specified URL.
Absolute or relative URL
Specifies a movie to play after the current movie is finished. The name of the parameter must end in an integer (represented by n in the column to the left). Like this: qtnext1, qtnext2, and so forth. Multiple qtnext parameters can be used to play a series of movies.
myself or the name of a window or frame
If you're loading a new QT movie with the href or qtnextn, use myself to load it into the same place as the original.
Exercise 19.2 Adding a QuickTime Movie to a Document, and Setting its Parameters
In this exercise, you'll insert a QuickTime movie into a page using <object>, and experiment to see how you can customize it with parameters. All files for this exercise can be found in the chapter_19/quicktime folder.
1. Open quicktime_parameters.html.
2. Insert a generic ActiveX object. In the Property inspector, set the basic <object> parameters as follows:
classid (Class ID) = clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D34888ABDDC6B
width = 250
height = 345
codebase (Base) = http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab
(The true height of the movie is 329 pixels, but you're adding 16 pixels for the controller bar that will appear at the bottom of the movie onscreen.)
The first time you place a QuickTime movie in a document using the ActiveX object, you'll have to type in the classid yourself, as it doesn't appear in the ClassID pop-up menu. You only have to do it once, though. After that, Dreamweaver will remember what you typed, and you can simply choose it from the pop-up menu.
3. Still in the Property inspector, select the <embed> option, and set its src to bird.mov. (This is the first time you've specified which movie you intend to play.)
4. Click the Parameters button to access the Parameters dialog box. Experiment with the different parameters listed in Table 19.3 to see how they work. In particular, try setting the following:
• controller = false Preview the movie and you'll see that, without the controller bar, there's no way to start or stop the movie. (You'll also have an extra 16 pixels in the movie's height setting.)
• loop = true
• autoplay = false You'll certainly need the controller back on for this one. Otherwise, there's no way to start the movie playing!
• scale = ToFit After you've set this parameter, change the movie's width and height so it's really short and squatty. You'll see how the movie resizes to fill the space, even if it means distorting the picture.
• scale = Aspect and bgcolor = #FF0000 Leave the movie short and squatty, and preview again. The movie won't be distorted anymore, and you'll see the red background color filling in part of your page.
• href = http://www.newriders.com After this parameter has been set, clicking the movie in the browser should connect you to the New Riders home page.
• href = flowers.mov and target = myself As long as the flowers.mov file from the CD-ROM is in the same folder as bird.mov, clicking the movie should replace the first movie with the new movie. (Also see what happens if you remove the target attribute.)
• pluginspage = http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download. As discussed above, this is an important parameter for users relying on plugins and not ActiveX controls. Within the ActiveX Property inspector, it must be set using the Parameters dialog box.
Figure 19.6 shows the Parameters dialog box with some of these values in place. For each attribute set, preview in a browser to see the effect on the movie presentation.
Figure 19.6. The generic Parameters dialog box showing various optional QT parameters, as used in quicktime_sampler.html.
5. After you've set several parameters, examine your code. You'll see that Dreamweaver has added each of the parameters to both the <object> and the <embed> tag, using the syntax appropriate to each.
Dreamweaver has even added the pluginspage attribute to both tags, though it is only meaningful for the <embed> tag. If you like your code mean and lean, you can delete the <object> pluginspage parameter tag but it isn't hurting anything by being there, and if you delete it, Dreamweaver won't recognize this parameter or show it in the Parameters dialog box.
RealNetworks has long been at the forefront of server-based streaming media delivery for the web. The various components of its RealSystem RealAudio, RealVideo, RealPix, RealText, RealFlash enable web authors to place a variety of streaming media content on web pages. Different RealMedia elements can even be combined into multimedia presentations using an offshoot of XML called SMIL (Synchronized Media Integration Language). Table 19.4 shows the various RealSystem MIME types and their associated filename extensions.
Table 19.4. Commonly Used MIME Types and Filename Extensions for RealSystem Media Files
Filename Extensions
RealG2 with Flash
SMIL document
.smi, .smil
Embedded Ram
RealAudio and RealVideo files can be created in many professional video and audio programs. RealPix files (which present and coordinate series of still images) can be created using any text editor; the images themselves are standard JPEG, GIF, or PNG files that have been prepared for streaming delivery with JPEGTRAN, a free utility available from RealNetworks. RealText files (used for displaying and animating text) and SMIL files also can be created in any text editor. RealNetworks also has a variety of content-creation software available RealProducer, RealPresenter, RealSlideShow. Some of these programs even come in free, basic versions; and many are available cross-platform.
To learn more about RealMedia, visit the RealNetworks web site at www.realnetworks.com.
SMIL is not part of the RealSystem technology; it's just a markup language, derived from XML. SMIL files also can be read by the QuickTime player and browser plugin, and by Windows Media Player. To learn more about SMIL, visit the W3C web site at www.w3c.org/AudioVideo/. For a full discussion of XML, see Chapter 32, "Technical Issues."
RealMedia Issues
The RealSystem technologies are compatible across platforms and browsers. Although it is fairly common for RealMedia clips to open in RealPlayer, it is also possible to embed them in web pages. A RealG2 plugin and a RealG2 ActiveX control are both available, for best results in both browsers. According to RealNetworks, more than 170 million users worldwide have RealPlayer and its associated browser utilities installed.
To take advantage of streaming delivery, the RealMedia content must reside on a web server with RealServer software. Browsers use the RealPlayer application and the RealG2 plugin and ActiveX control to handle these media types.
Because of how RealMedia files are set up to work on the server, they require a special metafile called a RAM file (filename extension.ram or.rpm) to work properly. For delivery from a standard web server, the RAM file must be a text file containing the absolute path name of the RealMedia content. For delivery from a RealServer, RAM files can be dynamically generated by the RAMGEN utility; links to RealMedia files housed on RealServers with RAMGEN must use a special addressing scheme that includes a ramgen parameter.
Why use metafiles? This enables server-side streaming to work. The browser downloads the tiny metafile, which in turn activates the media files on the server and starts their delivery. Because of this, the media itself needn't be downloaded.
Inserting RealSystems Media Objects
In Dreamweaver, you can insert any RealMedia content using either the generic Plugin or ActiveX object, though the latter method is best for cross-browser compatibility. The steps for insertion are as follows:
1. Create the media to insert. (See Table 19.4 for acceptable RealMedia file formats.)
2. Unless the media will be streamed from a RealServer, create the RAM file. (See the next section for more on this.)
3. In Dreamweaver, use the Plugin or ActiveX object to embed the RAM file in your document. (If you use the ActiveX object, be sure to choose the RealMedia classid from the Property inspector.)
Passing Parameters to RealMedia
RealMedia presentations accept a variety of parameters, controlling how the media will behave and appear in a web page (see Table 19.5). In particular, the many possibilities for the controls attribute provide a great deal of choice over the control interface itself (see Table 19.6). Because different control setups are different sizes, use the recommended width and height values shown here for each setting.
Table 19.5. Parameters Accepted by RealPlayer, the RealG2 Plugin, and ActiveX Control
[required parameter]
Specifies a source clip. (Note that, in Dreamweaver, this required parameter must be entered via the generic Parameters dialog box.)
[required parameter]
Sets the window or control width, in percent or pixels.
[required parameter]
Sets the window or control height, in percent or pixels.
maintain aspect
true or false
Preserves the image's aspect ratio if the width and height don't match the original size.
true or false
Determines whether the clip starts playing as soon as the page loads.
Color or RGB hex value
Sets the background color for the name or clip.
true or false
Determines whether the clip loops indefinitely, or plays only once.
Loops the clip a given number of times.
true or false
Centers the clip in the window.
Name, _master, or _unique
Links multiple controls.
Control name (See the Table 19.6 for a list of possible values.)
Adds RealPlayer controls to the Web page.
true or false
Prevents the Java virtual machine from starting as the movie loads. (Java is only needed if JavaScript will be used to control the clip.)
SMIL region
Ties a clip to an existing SMIL region.
true or false False
Randomizes playback.
true or false False
Suppresses presentation information.
true or false False
Suppresses the RealLogo.
Table 19.6. Possible Values for the controls Parameter, for RealSystem Media Clips
Suggested size
all, or default
Displays all controls
176x132 or more
Displays the image window, for video and animation
Play, pause, stop, fast forward and rewind, position slider, volume slider, mute button
Play/pause button
Play button
Pause button
Stop button
Fast forward control
Rewind control
Mute button
Mute button and volume slider
Volume slider
Clip position slider
Clip info field
The Real logo
Presentation information, along with volume slider and mute button
Presentation information panel
Status panel (shows informational messages), plus network congestion LED and position field
Status panel only
Clips current place in the presentation timeline, and total clip length
Exercise 19.3 Inserting a RealAudio Sound Using <embed>
When working with RealMedia, procedures vary slightly depending on whether you're accessing the media file locally (that is, from your computer, for development purposes), from a regular web server, or from a RealServer for streaming access.
For this exercise, you develop your web page assuming that the RealAudio clip will be housed locally. Then you adjust the code for upload and delivery on a standard web server. Finally, you'll see how to adjust for upload onto a RealServer. All files used here can be found on the CD, in the chapter_19 folder. Copy that folder to your hard drive, if you haven't done so already. The files for this exercise are in the chapter_19/realmedia folder.
1. The audio file being used in the exercise is handel.rm. If you have RealPlayer on your system, you can launch the sound file directly in that program to test it out. (Double-clicking the file from the Finder or Explorer should launch RealPlayer.)
2. All RealMedia files need a RAM file for proper delivery in the browser. Because you're starting out by accessing the file locally, you need to create a RAM file that points to where the audio file is locally stored. You can create the RAM file in any text editor, or in Dreamweaver Code view.
3. In Dreamweaver or your text editor, create a new file to serve as the RAM file. (To create a completely empty file in Dreamweaver, go to File > New and, from the New Document dialog box, choose Script Files/Text File.) Save it in the chapter_19/realmedia folder as handel.rpm (note the filename extension).
Use RAM files with the.rpm extension to play media in the browser window. Use the.ram extension to play media in the RealPlayer window.
4. In this file, enter the protocol file://, followed by the absolute or relative URL of the handel.rm audio file. The code in the RAM file should look like this: file://handel.rm
When you're done, save the file and close it.
5. Now it's time to set up the HTML page that will contain the audio clip. From your exercise files, open realaudio_sampler.html.
6. Insert an ActiveX object into the document. For the classid parameter, choose the RealG2 ActiveX control from the pop-up menu. For codebase, enter http://www.realnetworks.com. Set the width and height to 350x100. (These values represent the dimensions of the default RealG2 sound control panel, which visitors can use to access your audio clip.)
Use the Parameters button and generic Parameters dialog box to add a src parameter to the <object> tag with a value of handel.rpm (the RAM file).
For cross-browser compatibility, make sure Include Embed is selected and the src parameter to choose the file to insert (handel.rpm).
Why specify the src twice? The src field listed in the Property inspector adds a src parameter to the <embed> tag. But the <object> tag also needs a src specified. But as there is no place in the Property inspector to add this parameter, it must be added using the generic Parameters dialog box.
RealPlayer should come up as an option in the ClassID pop-up menu. If it's not on that list, you'll have to type it in manually. The listing should look like this: clsid:CFCDAA03-8BE4-11cf-B84B-0020AFBBCCFA
7. Try the page out in a browser! Assuming you've got RealPlayer and its plugins, your browser page should look like the one shown in Figure 19.7. Because you didn't set an autostart parameter, and this parameter defaults to false for this plugin, you'll have to click the Play button in the control panel to get the music to play.
Figure 19.7. The realaudio_sampler.html file as it appears in the browser, with the default control panel showing at its recommended size.
8. After the page has been developed, and you're ready to share it with the world, it's time to prepare the file for upload to a web server.
9. To prepare for upload to a standard (nonstreaming) server, open the RAM file in your text editor or Dreamweaver Code view. Instead of the file protocol and relative URL, type in an absolute web address, such as the following: http://www.webdomain.com/media/handel.rm
If you want to try this out, you can enter a real address here, and upload the HTML file, RAM file, and music file onto a web server and try to access it.
To prepare for upload to a RealServer, the process differs slightly. Again, if you don't actually have access to a RealServer account, you won't be able to test this out. But here's the procedure:
1. Forget the RAM file; it's no longer necessary.
2. Open the HTML file and select the plugin content placeholder, to access the Property inspector. For the src parameter, you need to enter an address something like this:
You can discuss the details of exactly how this URL should appear with your RealServer administrator.
If you're going to be working a lot with RealMedia, you might want to extend your copy of Dreamweaver by installing the RealG2 custom objects, available free from the Macromedia Exchange.
Windows Media
Windows Media is the Microsoft answer to QuickTime and RealMedia. It's a comprehensive platform for delivering audiovisual media, including streaming delivery and the capability to combine different media types in complex presentations. As a Microsoft product, Windows Media is closely integrated with both the Windows operating system and Internet Explorer, and only reaches its full potential in this all-Microsoft environment. Table 19.7 lists the major Windows Media filename extensions. Note that, in addition to its own proprietary formats, WMP/Windows also supports a number of generic audio and video file formats.
Table 19.7. File Formats for Use with Windows Media Player
Filename Extensions
Windows Media (audio)
Windows, Mac
Windows Media (video)
Windows, Mac
Windows Media metafile (for use with audio files)
Windows, Mac
Windows Media metafile (for use with video files)
Windows, Mac
Windows Media metafile (old)
Windows, Mac
Windows audio
Windows video
MP3 audio
MPEG video
Windows still image
Microsoft offers a number of free software utilities for creating and working with Windows Media, including the Windows Media Encoder and Windows Media Resource Kit. (All are available for Windows only.) PowerPoint 2002 presentations also can be exported to a format readable by the Windows Media Player.
To learn more about Windows Media, visit www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia.
Windows Media Issues
Windows Media Player is shipped as part of the Windows operating system, giving it a very wide user base. The player exists as an ActiveX control, with a powerful set of parameters and scripting controls available to it but only for those browsing with IE/Windows. The player is available as a (much less powerful) plugin, for Netscape and Macintosh users. But its true glory is in its close relationship with Internet Explorer and the Windows operating system.
Like RealMedia, Windows Media can be streamed from special servers, or played without server-side streaming from standard web servers. Also like RealMedia, Windows Media utilizes metafiles containing pointers to media files. It's the metafile, and not the media file itself, that gets embedded into the web page. Windows Media metafiles are written in an XML-derived markup language, and have the.wvx (video) or.wax (audio) filename extension. The file must contain an absolute or relative path name to the media file. The syntax looks like this:
<ASX version="3.0"> <entry> <ref href="http://www.mydomain.com/mediafiles/myAudio.wma"/> </entry> </ASX>
Inserting Windows Media Objects
Because the Windows Media Player is an ActiveX control, you insert Windows Media content with the Dreamweaver ActiveX object. The steps are as follows:
1. Create the media content. (See Table 19.7 for a list of supported file formats.)
2. Create the metafile, using the preceding syntax.
3. With the Dreamweaver ActiveX object, embed the metafile in the document. Because the classid for Windows Media is not in the Dreamweaver pop-up list, in the Property inspector, you have to enter the following ClassID manually: 6BF52A52-394A-11d3-B153-00C04F79FAA6
(You should only have to do this the first time you embed Windows Media content after that, the information will be part of the pop-up list.)
Passing Parameters to Windows Media Objects
Table 19.8 lists the parameters accepted by the Windows Media ActiveX control. With these parameters, you can determine how your media object will look and behave on the web page. Most must be added using the Dreamweaver generic Parameters dialog box.
Table 19.8. Some Useful Parameters Accepted by Windows Media Player 7. (This List Is Not Exhaustive.)
Parameter Name
For proper streaming, specify the pathname of the metafile, not the media itself. (Dreamweaver note: If you check the Include Embed option in the Property inspector, and specify a src for that tag, this parameter will be entered automatically for you. If not, you must enter it manually, using the generic parameters dialog box.)
Number of pixels
The horizontal space the media and its controller will be allotted on the page.
Number of pixels
The vertical space the media and its controller will be allotted on the page. (The controller itself is 40 pixels high; the information bar above that is 20 pixels high. Values are calculated from bottom to top, so assign a height of 40 to present only a controller bar.)
Full, mini, or none
How the controller bar appears. (To create invisible media, choose none and set the width and height to 0.)
true or false
Whether the media will begin playing automatically as soon as the page loads.
Number of loops
How many times the media will play (for example, looping).
Number of seconds
Where in the media's timeline it begins to play, measured in seconds from the beginning.
Marker number
Where in the media's timeline it begins to play, based on markers inserted into the media. (Use the Windows Media ASF Indexer utility to embed markers.)
0 to 100
How loud audio content will play.
-100 to 100
Whether audio content will play from the left speaker (-100), the right speaker (100) or some combination of both. A value of 0 plays from both speakers equally.
true or false
Whether audio content will play or be muted.
Exercise 19.4 Inserting Windows Media Objects
In this exercise, you'll insert two Windows Media files into an HTML page one containing audio and video, and one containing only audio. All exercise files are in the chapter_19/windowsmedia folder.
1. As you did with RealMedia, you start by locating the media and creating metafiles that point to it. The audio file is called jazz.wma. The video file is aspirations.wmv.
2. You can create the metafiles in a text editor, or in Dreamweaver Code view. (If you want to work in Dreamweaver, see the previous Note, in the RealMedia section, on changing the program preferences to recognize new filename extensions. The extensions you'll need to add are.wax and.wvx.) For the audio file, create a text file and save it as jazz.wax. Enter the following code:
<ASX version="3.0"> <entry> <ref href="jazz.wma"/> </entry> </ASX>
For the video file, create another text file and save it as aspirations.wvx. Enter the following code:
<ASX version="3.0"> <entry> <ref href="aspirations.wmv"/> </entry> </ASX>
Note that for the preceding code to work properly, the metafiles and the media files must be stored in the same folder. If you have them stored differently, you'll have to adjust the relative URL accordingly. (Note also that unlike RealMedia RAM files, there's no file:// protocol at the beginning of the path name.)
3. Now you can insert the metafiles into your document. From your exercise files, open windowsmedia_sampler.html.
4. Using the ActiveX object, insert a new media element onto the page. In the Property inspector, set the width and height to 320x240. Set the classid as follows:
Make sure the Include Embed option is selected, and set the src to jazz.wax. When this is done, you can try out your file in the browser. The audio track should play and the Windows Media controller should appear (see Figure 19.8).
Figure 19.8. The windowsmedia_sampler.html exercise file with audio file in place, as it appears in the browser.
5. Now you add the video. Back in Dreamweaver, with the same exercise file open, add a paragraph break after the first media object and insert another ActiveX object. Set the width and height to 320x240. Turn on Include Embed and set the src to aspirations.wvx.
Later in this chapter, you will learn about passing parameters to Windows Media and revisit this cacophonous document.
6. If you try your file out in the browser now, you're in for an overwhelming experience as both files start to play at once. Using the Property inspector's Parameters button and generic Parameters dialog box, assign each media element an autoStart parameter set to false .
7. Now you adjust how the controls look. This is done with the uimode parameter and the width and height.
• For the video file. The video doesn't quite fit in the 320x240 box you created for it. Set the height to 300 pixels that adds 40 pixels for the controller, and 20 pixels for the information bar. Now when you play the file in a browser, the movie should fit nicely into its box.
• For the audio file. You want your sound to show on the page only as a simple controller, taking up a minimum of space. To start, add a uimode parameter set to mini. This simplifies the control but doesn't remove the swirling picture above it. To get rid of this, change the height to 40 because the height is calculated from the bottom of the box, this value will truncate the display at the top edge of the controller. Figure 19.9 shows this.
Figure 19.9. The windowsmedia_sampler.html file, as it appears in the browser when all parameters have been set.
8. Now make the sound loop. To set looping, decide how many times you want the sound to play and set the playCount parameter to that number. (You'll have noticed that there is no looping parameter.) You might have to change the autoStart=false parameter to autostart=true , before the looping will work.
9. Experiment with the other parameters as you like, to see what each can do. As you're experimenting, don't forget to browse in Netscape as well as Internet Explorer (to see how your media fares). If you have access to different computers and platforms, try the files on those systems as well.
Adding Sound to Web Pages
Adding sound to a web page can be one of the most challenging, and confusing, of media-related tasks. It's not that hard to get browsers to make sounds just about any computer with a sound card in it will have some sort of sound-capable plugin for the browser. What's hard is deciding how best to get predictable, desirable results out of your sounds.
Targeted Versus Untargeted Media Placement
You can choose from a number of sound file formats when adding sound to a web page, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. A number of plugin/ActiveX technologies are also available to handle sounds. Some formats, such as RM files for RealAudio, are proprietary only one plugin can handle them. Others, such as AIF and WAV, are supported by a variety of plugins. The first choice you'll have to make when determining how to add sound to a page is whether to target a specific plugin and risk losing audience members by using a proprietary format or to avoid targeting but give up predictability by using a more generic format.
Table 19.9 shows the main sound file formats currently in use on the web, along with their supporting plugins. Each different plugin presents the user with a different control panel for handling sounds; each accepts different parameters.
Table 19.9. Specifications of the Major Sound File Formats Available for Web Use
Filename Extension
The native format for Windows audio files. Understood widely, offers fairly good compression-to-sound quality.
The native format for Macintosh audio files. Understood widely, offers fairly good compression-to-sound quality.
The latest and greatest file format, not supported by many older plugins but quickly becoming a standard. Offers very good compression-to-sound quality.
The native format for Unix audio files. Understood widely (and the only format available for use in Java), but offering poor compression-to-sound quality.
.mid, .midi
File format for synthesized (i.e., computer-generated, instead of digitally recorded) sounds. Understood widely, and offers extremely small file sizes. Files contain instructions for playing sounds, which are then implemented by software-based musical instruments within the computer itself.
Working with Untargeted Media
For maximum audience coverage, most web authors don't target specific plugins when adding sound to a page. What are the ramifications of this?
ActiveX or Plugin?
When you place media with the ActiveX object, you must specify a classid (and thus a target ActiveX control). If you want your sound to be untargeted to play in whatever plugin or helper application is available on each user's browser you need to use the Plugin object. (Remember, the Plugin object inserts content using the <embed> tag, and IE/Windows still recognizes this tag, as long as the user has an ActiveX control of some kind to play the sound.)
Dealing with Controllers
The controller is the visual representation of an embedded sound clip in a web page. It lets the visitor know that a music clip or other sound is present, and lets him control its playing. When you design a page with embedded sound, therefore, you need to leave room for this element in the page layout. But how can you do this wisely, when you don't know which plugin will be handling the sound, and so don't know what size the controller will be? Any page that includes an untargeted sound must be able to accommodate any of them. Follow these two rules:
• vThink big As a general rule, it's better to allow too much space rather than not enough. Small controls, such as the QuickTime controller, can easily float in a large space; but large controls, such as the WinAmp control panel, don't fare too well when squeezed into a small space. Good default width and height settings are 144x60. These are the dimensions for the Netscape LiveAudio plugin and are large enough to accommodate other controls fairly comfortably.
• Use background color. Most plugins will accept some sort of parameter specifying a background color. This is the color that will appear surrounding the controller (if it's placed in a too large space). Use this parameter to ensure that any extra space matches the background color of the surrounding page or page elements, so it doesn't look so obviously like a small fish in a large pond.
Overloading the Parameters
Different plugins accept different parameters. You therefore need to be smart about assigning your parameters. You need to know which parameters are more widely supported than others. You also can double up on, or "overload," the parameters setting multiple parameters to handle the same sound attribute, to make sure you're covering all of your bases. Table 19.10 lists various useful sound-related parameters, along with strategies for their use in multiple plugin situations.
Table 19.10. Some Standard Parameters for Controlling Audio Files
Parameter Name
Name of the sound file to play.
Number of pixels
The horizontal space the media controller will be allotted on the page. (Controllers will be resized, if possible, to fit the specified width.)
Number of pixels
If the width and height values assigned are larger than the controller's dimensions, this color that will fill up the rest of the allotted space.
true or false
Whether the controller should be visible on the page. (Warning: Some browsers won't play a hidden sound.)
autostart, autoplay
true or false
Whether the audio will begin playing automatically as soon as the page loads. Some plugins require autostart, some require autoplay. Use both to be safe.
true or false
Whether the audio will play once, or loop indefinitely. (Some, but not all, plugins will accept a numeric value here.)
0 to 100
How loud the audio will play. Not all plugins recognize this value.
Exercise 19.5 Creating a Sound Sampler Page
In this exercise, you add several sound files, in various formats, to a web page, to get some practice working with nontargeted sounds. To get maximum benefit from the exercise, after you have finished creating the sampler file, try viewing it from as many different computers, and browsers, as you can. All files for the exercise can be found in the chapter_19/audio folder.
1. To begin the exercise, open sound_sampler.html. This file contains a page layout ready to hold different sounds and their controllers.
2. With the file open, use the Dreamweaver generic Plugin object to insert a sound clip into each of the slots in the layout. (Figure 19.10 shows the page layout with audio objects in place the controllers shown are QuickTime, RealMedia, and Windows Media Player.) Use the sound files in the folder provided with the exercise files. Try one each of the various different file formats, to see how browsers handle the file types. Use the small slots in the layout to notate which file types are being placed so that you can better analyze the results later.
Figure 19.10. The sound_sampler.html page layout, with audio objects and descriptive text in place.
3. For each sound clip placed, set whatever parameters you like. (Use Table 19.10 as a guide.) In Figure 19.10, note that one of the two samples showing the QuickTime controller has been assigned a bgcolor matching the page background; doesn't that look nicer than that ugly white box in the other sample?
4. After you have constructed your sampler file, try it out in the browser. Better yet, try it out in multiple browsers. If you have access to different computers, and different operating systems, try it out there as well. Pay attention to all the different results you get. Try to tweak the parameters to get the best results you can, in all the different plugin/browser/platform situations. When you're done, you can save the file as a reference for future sound use.
Scripting Plugin Media
Sometimes it's not enough to put media on your pages. Sometimes you want your media to be controllable. You want it to interact with other page elements; you want to replace the standard controller bars and other visual elements with your own tasteful buttons and bows. In other words, you want to script it. Can you script media elements? Yes and no. Most plugins accept a variety of commands. Dreamweaver even has a few built-in behaviors to help you implement those commands. However, they might not always work the way you want them to.
How Media Scripting Works And Why It Doesn't Always Work
To understand how scripting of media elements works and doesn't work in browsers, you need to revisit the browser wars. As you learned in Chapter 16, "Getting Interactive with Behaviors," JavaScript is the main language used for client-side scripting in the browser. But JavaScript, like the <embed> tag, was originally created by Netscape for use with that browser. In Netscape, it's possible to use JavaScript to pass commands to any plugin media element that has been inserted using the <embed> tag.
Microsoft not only has its own browser and its own plugin technology (ActiveX), it also has its own scripting languages, VBScript and JScript. Media placed on a page using the <object> tag, and controlled by an ActiveX control, can receive commands using these languages but not JavaScript.
To further complicate matters, Internet Explorer does not allow any scripting control of standard plugin content placed using <embed>. What does this mean?
• Internet Explorer. It's impossible to send any scripting commands to media such as QuickTime that has no ActiveX control.
• Internet Explorer/Mac. It's impossible to send scripting commands to any plugin media, because ActiveX and its related technologies don't function outside the Windows operating system.
• Netscape. It's impossible to take advantage of the powerful scripting possibilities offered by many ActiveX controls.
The good news is you're not going crazy when you notice that your media scripting works only in some of the browsers, some of the time. The bad news is there's not much to be done about it. If your web pages are aimed at a target audience using one browser or one platform, your media-controlling horizons are broader than if you're trying to target the general populace in all its diversity.
Controlling Specific Plugins
Each plugin or ActiveX control offers its own set of scripting commands it can accept (to control its media). Sometimes, as with JavaScripting for QuickTime or JScript controls for Windows Media, these commands are extensive and powerful. For more information on this, check the web sites listed earlier for each technology.
Controlling Audio: The Play Sound Behavior
The Dreamweaver Play Sound behavior is an excellent example of the perils and pitfalls of scripted media control. It seems simple create a button or text link, apply the behavior, choose a sound file to play, and whenever the user clicks the button the sound should play. The only problem is, because of the problems outlined earlier, it works in some browsers and in others it doesn't.
Strategies for Controlling Media
If you can't rely on scripting to control media elements, what else can you do? Here are a few suggestions.
Put the Scripting in the Media Itself
If you really want reliable, controllable media, the simplest answer is to avoid browser scripting entirely. Flash, Shockwave, QuickTime movies, RealPlayer SMIL files all of these offer internal scripting. If you want buttons that make "click" sounds when you click them, make them in Flash. (See the next chapter for more on this!) If you want music with a cool-looking control panel, put the sound and the controls into a Flash, Shockwave, QuickTime, or RealPlayer movie and insert the whole thing into your web page. If you want controllable video files, build the controls into a QuickTime file or put the QuickTime video into Shockwave.
The chapter_19/scripted_media folder contains several sample files that use their own internal scripting to create interactivity: flash_sound.swf, a Flash-based sound control panel; qt_sound.mov, a QuickTime sound control panel; and click_button.swf, a Flash button complete with sound effects. Check these files out and see how they work in a web page. (Inserting Flash media is covered in full in the next chapter.)
Be Sneaky with Frames
Start thinking outside the box or inside the frame, anyway. If you're willing to use frames in your web site, you can do some lovely things to integrate media files into pages without running into any scripting nightmares. It works like this: Suppose you want to put a variety of music samples on a web page, controllable from a custom interface you've created (say, in Fireworks). You know you can't reliably use JavaScript to control sounds on a page. But you also know that an autoplaying, looping sound will play only as long as the file containing it is loaded in the browser window. What if you control the sound by loading and unloading different pages? Look in the chapter_19/media_frames folder for sound_frameset.html, and check it out. You'll see that, by embedding each sound in a separate HTML document, and using targeted links in the frameset to call different documents, the sounds can be started and stopped interactively, with no scripting at all. (And see Chapter 12, "Designing Frame-Based Pages," for a full discussion of working with frames in Dreamweaver.)
Plugin Detection
So, you've decided to use content that requires one or more plugins or ActiveX controls on your web site. What do you want to do about those potential site visitors who won't have the proper browser setup?
Strategic Decisions
Do you want to provide alternative content? Creating non-media-intensive versions of everything you do is time-consuming and makes site maintenance twice as much work. But do you want to leave a portion of your potential audience high and dry, without anything to look at?
If you do provide alternative content, how do you want to direct visitors to it? Your basic choice is between being visible and being invisible about redirecting users.
Visible redirection means starting your site with a page that asks users, "Do you have the such-and-such plugin?" Clicking a "yes" answer will send the user to the media-intensive pages. Clicking "no" will send him to the alternative pages. In case users aren't sure whether they have the plugin, it's a good idea to put some sample plugin content on the page for them to see. "If you can see the above animation/video/hear the music, you have the plugin." You also can provide a link to where users can download the required plugin, if you like. Visible redirection annoys some users, who say they don't like the extra step between them and the web site; but it is pretty foolproof, and easy to set up.
Invisible redirection means detecting plugins behind the scenes and automatically sending the user to one set of pages or another without him realizing it's even happening. This is an attractive option because it streamlines your web site from the visitor's point of view; but it can be tricky to set up, and a lot of things can go wrong with it.
Scripted Detection with the Check Plugin Behavior
The standard method for invisible plugin detection is to use a JavaScript that executes when the page loads. That's what the Dreamweaver Check Plugin behavior does.
Using the Check Plugin Behavior
There are two ways to use this behavior:
• The behavior can be put in the page that contains the media content. If the plugin is found, the browser stays on the page; if not, the browser is sent to an alternative page.
• The behavior can be put on an empty, dummy page. In this case, if the plugin is found, the browser is sent to the page containing the media; if not, the browser is sent to the alternative page.
The second scenario is more efficient for downloading because it doesn't make visitors without the plugin wait for a complex page full of media to start loading before they're sent to another page. The first scenario is easier to set up and maintain because there's one less HTML file to keep track of.
To use the Check Plugin behavior, follow these steps:
1. Start by creating all the files you'll need. You'll need at least the file containing the media and a page of alternative content. You also might want to create a blank, dummy page that will eventually contain only the behavior and nothing else.
2. Open the file you want to insert the behavior into. This might be the media page or it might be the dummy page.
3. In the tag selector, click the <body> tag. The behavior needs to be called from this tag.
4. In the Behaviors Inspector, choose Check Plugin from the Actions list. The dialog box that comes up will look like the one shown in Figure 19.11.
Figure 19.11. The Check Plugin behavior dialog box, with sample entries in place.
5. From the pop-up menu in the dialog box, choose the appropriate plugin for which you want to test. The most commonly used plugins are available; if a plugin isn't listed, you must type its name in yourself.
6. In the other fields of the dialog box, enter the names of the files you created earlier. If you're adding the behavior to the page containing the media, leave out the optional "if found" destination file. If you're adding the behavior to a dummy page, enter the media page as the "if found" destination. Enter the name of the alternative content page as the "if not found" destination.
7. Important! Make sure the option to Go to First Page if Detection Is Impossible is selected. Internet Explorer/Mac does not allow JavaScript plugin detection. If this option is not selected, users with that browser will always be sent to the alternative content, even if they have the plugin (obviously a very distressing experience).
Limitations of Scripted Detection
If it involves scripting, there's something that can go wrong with it. As noted earlier, some browsers don't allow scripted detection. Also if you're using the Check Plugin behavior for your scripting, it's important to keep in mind that this script checks only for the presence of a plugin, not the version. What if your QuickTime content requires QuickTime 5, but the user only has QuickTime 3? The Check Plugin behavior will direct your users to the QuickTime version of your web page, but they won't be able to access the content. Those users are high and dry.
Extending the Browser with Java
If you're tired of playing the plugin game, there's another, totally different way to extend the browser's capabilities: Java.
What Is Java?
Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems. (Despite the similarity in names, Java is not related to JavaScript.) Java can create fully functional, freestanding applications. It also can create mini-applications, called applets that run inside a web browser. Because Java is a complete programming language, similar to C or C++, Java applets can be as powerful and diverse as you like. Java applets are commonly used for everything from online games to animation and special effects to visitor counters, clocks, calculators, and navigation tools.
How Java Works
To understand what makes Java so well suited to web use, you need to know how it differs from other programming languages.
Computers don't directly "understand" C++ or Java or any other so-called high-level programming language. Instead, computers understand a numeric language called machine code. After a program is written in a high-level language, it must be compiled, or translated, into machine language. Machine language is platform-specific; this is why your copy of Dreamweaver will run only on a PC or only on a Mac. Programs must be compiled for a certain type of computer, and then they will run only on that type of computer.
Java is different. Java is compiled to run on a pretend computer called a virtual machine. The virtual machine is actually itself a program, which is compiled to run on a specific platform. On Windows computers, the virtual machine is Microsoft VM; on Macs, it's Mac OS Run-Time for Java (MRJ). When a Java application or applet is run on a virtual machine, the virtual machine translates the code into platform-specific machine code. Thus the Java applet itself is platform-independent.
To learn more about Java, visit Sun's web site at http://java.sun.com. To learn more about implementations of the Java virtual machine, visit Microsoft at www.microsoft.com/java and Apple at www.apple.com/java.
Java Issues
The good news is, Java applets are not only platform-independent, they're browser-independent as well. As soon as a browser encounters an applet on a web page, it launches the virtual machine and steps out of the way. You don't have any plugins to worry about. The only things needed to run a Java applet are a virtual machine (which most computers already have installed) and a Java-enabled browser (which almost all browsers are).
The bad news is, nothing is perfect. Some virtual machines are slower and buggier than others; it takes time to launch the virtual machine, which can seem like excessive download time to a frustrated user; and, because the virtual machine is running through the browser, complex applets that require lots of processing power can (and do!) crash browsers.
Java also can create security problems. Some so-called hostile applets are actually designed to behave like viruses; others can cause damage to a system accidentally. It's the job of the virtual machine to protect the computer system from these dangers, but virtual machines themselves can never be completely hackproof. Consequently, many institutions that deal in sensitive information will set their firewalls not to accept any Java, and individuals might choose to disable Java in their browser preferences.
Java and Media
Java applets can contain images and sounds, which will then display in the browser without the need for additional plugins or system components. All images must be GIF or JPEG. All sounds must be AU files. Java cannot handle video; however, it can create animations or "fake video" from a series of still images. Java animations are not as smooth and do not run as quickly as those created in Flash, Shockwave, or QuickTime.
Working with Applets
Working with applets is not like working with Shockwave or QuickTime movies, or any other kind of web media, because applets are not structured like those elements. Your first encounter with an applet will probably involve the words "what are all these bits and pieces, and where's the applet?"
Class Files
A basic compiled Java applet is a file with the filename extension.class not.java, which is used for uncompiled source code.
However, an applet often consists of more than just one file. A complex applet might have several class files, of which only one is the applet itself. The others are supporting players that the applet will call on as it works. With some applets, naming conventions make it clear which is the main file if the program is called Tabulator and there's a class file called tabulator.class, for instance. With other applets, however, it can be a challenge knowing which class file to actually embed in the web page. (The best applets usually have documentation that spells this out for you.)
Media Files
If an applet uses any media files images, sounds, movies, and so on these also will be in separate files, sometimes in separate folders. You must keep the internal folder structure of the applet the way the applet author intended, or the applet won't be able to find its media files.
Archive Files
You might come across a Java applet that has been packaged up into one or more archive files. These files will have filename extension of.jar,.zip, and.cab. With an applet like this, you'll have to refer to the archive file(s) and the main class file in your HTML code. Refer to the applet's documentation to find the name of the class file (because it's inside the archive, and you can't get in there).
Obtaining Java Applets
Most Java applets are written by Java programmers. There isn't one standard authoring environment for creating them. This is why every applet is so different from every other applet.
If you want to use Java on your web site, you can program it yourself, hire someone else to program it, or use one of the many prewritten applets available on the web and elsewhere. Sun's own applet resource page (http://java.sun.com/applets), which has links to other major resource sites as well as a selection of applets to download, is a good place to start looking. Some applets are free, some are shareware, and some are commercial. Some are also better documented than others and allow more customization. Some work better than others do.
Working with Applets in Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver provides several features for working with Java applets, including the Applet object and the Applet Property inspector. You can use these tools to insert an applet into an existing page, or to examine and alter the sample HTML code that usually comes with commercially available Java applets.
Inserting an Applet
In Dreamweaver, use the Applet object, found in the Special Objects panel, to place Java applets on a page. The actual process is simple. Click the Applet object. In the dialog box that follows, browse to the appropriate class file and click OK. There! You have an applet. If you look at your code, you'll see that the applet has been inserted using the <applet> tag.
Figure 19.12 shows the Applet object as well as the Property inspector for a Java applet. Because every applet is different, this is another generic inspector, with a Parameters button for adding applet-specific parameters. Aside from the standard parameters (width, height, vspace, hspace, align, alt, and name), the only two settings available are Code and Base. Code adds a class parameter, and should be set to the name of the class file. Base adds the base parameter, and should be set to the name of the folder, if any, that contains the Java applet files. (It's customary to store an applet in its own folder so that all the files that comprise it can easily be kept together.) As with plugin media, additional parameters used by specific applets are added with the generic Parameters button.
Figure 19.12. The Applet object and the Property inspector for a Java applet.
Exercise 19.6 Inserting a Java Applet
In this exercise, you insert an applet that puts a continually changing series of quotes on the web page. (This applet is one of several freebies offered at the Sun Java site, http://java.sun.com/openstudio/guide.html. To see it in action on a web page, look on the CD-ROM in chapter_19/java for quote_finished.html. Figure 19.13 shows a static screenshot from this file.)
Figure 19.13. Sun's Java Quotes applet as it appears in a web page.
According to the documentation, the applet takes several parameters. Table 19.11 lists them. Some of these parameters might be optional, others might be required; the documentation doesn't specify. You'll use them all.
Table 19.11. Parameters for the Sun Quotes Java Applet Along with Descriptions and Suggested Values
The background color of the applet in RGB hexadecimal.
The border height, in pixels.
The border width, in pixels.
The delay between frames, in milliseconds.
The name of the font to be used for the applet.
The size of the font, in points.
A URL to load if the applet is clicked.
True or false, determining whether the quotes should appear randomly or in a set order.
The number of quotes.
quoteN (N is an integer)
This parameter must appear once for each quote to be included, based on the number of quotes specified above. The first quote will be quote0, the second quote will be quote1, and so on.
For each occurrence of the parameter, the value must be a vb] delimited string where the first item is the quote, the second item is the author, the third item is the RGB hexadecimal text color, the fourth item is the RGB hexadecimal background color and the last item is the length of time in seconds to dis play the quote.
The distance in pixels between the quote and the author name.
1. To start out, find and examine the Quote folder, which contains this applet. You'll see several class files. Can you tell by their names which one is the applet?
2. In chapter_19/java, open java_quotes.html.
Using the Insert Applet object, insert the applet. The main class file you should insert (you might have figured this out already) is JavaQuote.class. The code-base option should say quote/classes/.
Java is case-sensitive! Make sure all references to files, folders, parameters, and values are in their correct case, or your Java applets won't work.
3. Next, set the width and height for the applet to occupy in your layout. For this applet, there is no required size the dimensions just determine how much space the quotes will be allotted on the page. If you want your page to match the examples shown here, set your width and height to 300x125.
4. Referring to the Parameters list in Table 19.11, and using the generic Parameters dialog box, set the parameters for the applet. Experiment until you get results you like.
(You might find it difficult to see what you're doing when you try to enter the quote parameter, because most quotes are fairly long and the dialog box won't show them in their entirety. If you like, you can type each quote first in a text editor, such as Notepad or Simple Text, and then paste it into the parameter's value field. You also can work directly in Dreamweaver Code view, of course, if you feel comfortable there.)
When you're done, your Parameters dialog box will look something like the one shown in Figure 19.14.
Figure 19.14. The Parameters dialog box, showing entered parameters and values for the Sun Quote Java applet. (Only the last few parameters are visible.)
5. Try it out in a browser! If everything got entered correctly, your virtual machine should load and show you an ever-changing set of quotes.
Working with Java Archives
With more complex applets, including those that have been packaged in JAR, CAB, and/or ZIP archives, it's often easier and better not to use the Insert Applet object. Instead, because almost all applets come with sample HTML code showing how they should be inserted on a page, just copy and paste that code into your file, or use the sample page as the basis to create your own file. If you do this, you need to make sure your HTML file is in the same place relative to the applet as the sample source if the sample file sits in the same folder as the applet, for instance, place your HTML file in the same folder as the applet.
After you've done your copying and pasting, of course, if you view the page in the Dreamweaver visual editor, you'll be able to select the applet and check the Property inspector, just as if you had inserted the applet yourself.
In this chapter, you got a taste of the major technologies available for adding media content to the web. Are these the only technologies? No! The web is worldwide and full of variety. This chapter didn't discuss Beatnik, an alternative plugin for handling sound. You didn't learn about QuickTime's virtual-reality capabilities through QTVR, or the AVI or MPEG file video formats. As you read this, more media technologies are no doubt being thought up and implemented. If you want a different media experience for your web visitors, it's up to you to do the research; then use Dreamweaver tools, as you've been doing, to put it all together.
Inside Dreamweaver MX
Inside Dreamweaver MX (Inside (New Riders))
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“Media” Means the Internet
Since the Internet was introduced to the world, the information technology has developed in total new stage including journalism. Currently, the Internet media provide the fastest news in the world; it can distribute reports within one hour, or even a few minutes. In addition, unlike TVs, newspapers and radios, the Internet media are freer from censorship conducted by the government. Especially, social networking service (SNS) such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube, which can be also used as news media other than communicating people, has a potential to be the most effective, censorship-free and fastest distributor of the news.
The existent media such as newspapers, TVs and radio programmes are “pushing media,” which can broadcast information to the indiscriminate general public. Unlike the online media, the existent media are clearly divided into two: the senders, in other words the media, and the receivers, that is, the audience. The receivers of the existent media cannot really choose which information they browse; what a watcher of TV can do is merely changing channels. Meanwhile, the Internet has much information enough for the users to select the wanted news.
Additionally, the Internet is also called “the interactive media,” which let the users work on the media. Especially, SNS such as Twitter and Facebook presuppose the interaction of the users which consist of the information media accounts and normal people account; the normal audience “re-tweet” reports posted by the media to spread the news among other users and become a part of the media. Moreover, the users of SNS can be the first reporter of incidents; earthquakes in Japan occurs a lot of times and Twitter is one of the most useful tools to know the safety and various information on the earthquakes like magnitude, disaster spheres and damage situation thanks to Twitter’s real time renewal of the latest news.
The Internet is quick. TV programmes also could report news as fast as the online media sometimes, but it should be “breaking news” corner which has little information and time. TV’s breaking news only 30 seconds or one minute when they interrupt other programmes; sometimes they cannot be broadcasted if the existing programme plan is so important for the TV stations that they should attract the audiences. However, the Internet media have to just upload a new article when necessary and highlight it on the top page. The audience can choose whether continuing browsing normal news or jump to the breaking news according as their more attracting interests. In this criterion, the Internet media have people be more active while the existent media only allow the audience to be passive when providing information.
What’s more, the Internet media is freer from censorship. The existent media are sometimes censored and inspected by the police, military and government; for instance, Chinese main media called Xinhua News Agency is state-own medium which is often regarded as a Chinese propaganda agent. Also, Japanese media such as Nihon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) and other ones seem to be influenced by the government and corporations in that the reports related to natural disasters, disgraceful matters and bribery are distorted or concealed from time to time. In the meantime, the online media, especially SNS, provide the live voice of the actual scenes; the users tweet, broadcast and report what is happening as it is. In this case, there is no room for expressing false information or propangandised news. Seeing the real events at real time, the Internet media has the top accuracy of news.
Moreover, one of the best advantages of the Internet media is that they do not have limitation of the quantity of information to report. News programmes on the TVs and radio stations have time limit. Articles on newspapers and magazines have the amount limit of letters. If the broadcasting media extend time of their programmes, they have to change all the following plan of timetables, which consumes too much efforts to do; therefore, they seldom report breaking news in the transmissions; besides, changing planned programmes affects sponsors of TV and radio stations because they are getting money from broadcasting commercials. Once the programmes are changed, planned broadcasting commercials have to be cancelled sometimes, which gives a lot of loss to sponsors. Thus, the broadcasting media cannot easily extend news programmes and have to set limitation to broadcasting time. Also, the media made of paper such as newspapers and magazines have to be organised a certain numbers of pages. There is no newspaper which has 100 pages or magazines with 1,000 pages because no one would buy or read them because they would have uninteresting topics within them. Since the editors cannot provide writers unlimited pages to articles, reports on newspapers and magazines are supposed to have letter limitation. Meanwhile, as the Internet practically does not have the limitation of the quantity of data, the online media can add unlimited letters, pictures and videos on homepages. Twitter has 140-letter limitation, though, users can post tweets unlimitedly, which eventually allows the users write as much as they want. One page of a homepage itself has no word limitation and writers also can create infinite pages within one homepage. Therefore, the online media can provide information as much as possible, holding easiness of reading.
The internet media, however, have a significant problem. Their users have to choose appropriate, accurate and useful factor on the Internet, where too much information to check one by one are oversupplied in the ocean of data; the online media demands the audience one of the most high level media literacy. In that sense, the existent media such as newspapers and TV programmes are made by professionals; therefore, some say the audiences do not have to be sceptical about the news every time and too deeply. However, even though most existent media are expressed by professional editors, writers and producers, the information reported by them are sometimes biased by individuals, based on propaganda and contain false reports as well as the online media. Only using the existent media does not instantly become an excuse of poor media literacy.
In addition, the Internet media such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube have a problem of accuracy as anyone can be “journalist” in a way. As the Internet media are defined as interactive media, they have an important character of two-way communication. The audience can be, at the same time, the expressing media. The users can spread news as it happens and as they feel, but what they felt and thought could be different from what really happened. The Internet users are not always experts of expressing news; the contents of their “breaking news” often have lower quality than those produced by professional journalists working for TV, newspaper and radio. From this kind of point of view, the receivers of the news must be careful of the exactness of information and acquire the media literacy.
The Internet media played an extremely important role in the Middle East. Arab Spring which broke out in 2011 was mainly controlled and performed by SNS; Twitter and Facebook were used as tools for calling for protests and demonstration on the streets. The movement was strongly supported by the Internet media which spread information in one moment and helped the revolution a lot: Tunisian, Egyptian and Yemeni presidents were forced to resign; Libyan supreme leader was eventually killed; Saudi Arabian government decided to give political rights to women; also, Syria and Iraq are still at civil war. The revolution was broadcasted and reported by various media, but the main role player was definitely the online media such as Twitter and Facebook.
Not only in the Middle East but also in the United States, the Internet Media gave a significant influence on politics and economy. In September 2011, a demonstration which features the mask of Guy Fawkes occurred; the participants shouted “Occupy Wall Street.” The movement called Occupy Wall Street was also spread from the Internet, having an influence of Arab Spring to some extent. The protests were motivated by complaint of economic difference between the wealth and the poor. The participants professed that only one per cent of the top wealthy people in the United States holds more than 30 per cent of capitals in the United States, showing statistics. By diffusing appeal and convocation via the Internet, the movement has spread to all over the United States. Now the world is at the next stage where the Internet can change the politics and society.
Over all, the Internet has abundant amount of information; it is characteristic of the users to make choices among so much news. Moreover, the online news has the fastest speed of communicating information, which gives the audiences the knowledge of the latest situation and unlimited space for news, and does not allow rooms for censorship, which provides the report of what happened as it did after all. Even though the Internet media sometimes have false information, the users can avoid believing lies and propaganda by acquiring the proper media literacy.
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Batch Processing
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Controller > batch processing
The point of it...
Batch processing is used when you want to make separate lists, but you don't want the trouble of doing it one by one, manually selecting each text file, making the word list or concordance, saving it, and so on.
If you have selected more than one text file you can ask WordList, Concord and KeyWords to process as a batch.
Folder where they end up
The name suggested is today's date. Edit it if you like. Whatever you choose will get created when the batch process starts.
The results will be stored in folders stemming from the folder name. That is, if you start making word lists in
c:\wsmith\wordlist\05_07_19_12_00, they will end up like this:
Filenames will be the source text filename with the standard extension (.lst, .cnc, .kws).
Zip them
If checked, the results are physically stored in a standard .zip file. You can extract them using your standard zipping tool such as Winzip, or you can let WordSmith do it for you. The files within are exactly the same as the uncompressed versions but save disk space -- and the disk system will also be less unhappy than if there are many hundreds of files in the same folder.
If you zip them, you will get
and all the sub-files will get deleted unless you check "keep both .zip and results".
One file / One file per folder?
The first alternative (default) makes one .zip file with all your individual wordlists in it. Each wordlist or concordance or keywords list is for one source text.
But what if your text files are structured like this:
The One file per folder, individual zipfiles makes a separate .zip of each separate folderful of textfiles (eg. one for humanities, another for medicine, etc.), with one list for each source text.
The One file per folder, amalgamated zipfiles makes a separate .zip of each folderful, but makes one wordlist or concordance from that whole folderful of texts.
Batch Processing and Excel
These options may also offer a chance for data to be copied automatically to an Excel file.
Faster (Minimal) Processing
This checkbox is only enabled if you are about to start a process where more than one kind of result can be computed simultaneously. For example, if you are computing a concordance, by default collocates, patterns and dispersion plots will be computed when each concordance is done. In KeyWords, likewise, there will be dispersion plots, link calculations etc. which will be computed as the KWs are calculated.
If checked, only the minimal computation will be done (KWs in KeyWords processing, concordance in Concord). This will be faster, and you can always get the plots computed later as long as the source texts don't get moved or deleted.
Example: you're making word lists and have chosen 1,200 text files which are from a magazine called "The Elephant".
You specify
C:\WSMITH\WORDLIST\ELEPHANT as your folder name.
If you already have a folder called C:\WSMITH\WORDLIST\ELEPHANT, you will be asked for permission to erase it and all sub-folders of it!
After you press OK,
1,200 new word-lists are created, called trunk.LST, tail.LST .. digestive system.LST. They are all in numbered sub-folders of a folder called
If you did not check "zip them into 1 .zip file", you will find them under C:\WSMITH\WORDLIST\ELEPHANT\0.
If you did check "zip them into 1 .zip file", there is now a C:\WSMITH\WORDLIST\ELEPHANT.ZIP file which contains all your results. (The 1,200 .LST files created will have been erased but the .ZIP file contains all your lists.)
The advantage of a .zip file is that it takes up much less disk space and is easy to email to others. WordSmith can access the results from within a .zip file, letting you choose which word list, concordance etc. you want to see.
Getting at the results in WordSmith
Choose File | Open as usual, then change the file-type to "Batch file *.zip". When you choose a .zip file, you will see a window listing its contents. Double-click on any one to open it.
Note: of course Concord will only succeed in opening a concordance and KeyWords a key word list file. If you choose a .zip file which contains something else, it will give an error message. |
Magnesium and its Important Role in Fitness
by Wyatt Beatrix
Magnesium is a mineral most of us never give a thought about, but it is an essential mineral that is largely concentrated in the bones.
And for a good reason, too: magnesium regulates calcium and phosphorus, nutrients that are central in building bones.
Good bone health is often credited to the consumption of vitamin D and calcium—but it takes more than just these two ingredients. Other nutrients provide vitamin D and calcium the infrastructure on which they can help boost bone density and strength, and magnesium is one of these compounds.
Apart from that, magnesium helps reduce inflammation, blood pressure, boost blood flow, and consequently boosts athletic performance.
And there are over 600 more reasons to enjoy magnesium: the mineral is thought to play over 600 chemical reactions that occur in the body. These include regulating blood pressure, improving cardiovascular health, and boosting bone health, to boosting muscle and neural function, energy production, and the replication of DNA, just to name a few. It’s a nutrient that has its finger in a lot of pies, so to speak, with rippling network effects across overall health.
The role of magnesium in bone health
But if magnesium is so crucial for bone health, why isn’t it being shilled more often? Well, part of it is because magnesium has always kind of been overlooked compared to its more well-regarded counterparts. But magnesium essentially plays a gatekeeping role in regulating bone health.
Magnesium does this due to its interactions with vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. Additionally, magnesium is thought to play a critical function in how the parathyroid hormone, the hormone responsible for managing calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, works.
Magnesium is in fact so important that low magnesium blood levels may cause organs not to interact to parathyroid hormone it creates. Furthermore, magnesium may lead to vitamin D metabolism break-downs, leading to a negative effect on the absorption of calcium. Therefore, low magnesium levels mess up many of the processes needed to support healthy bones.
On the other hand, magnesium deficiencies are linked to a higher incidence of osteoporosis, leading to higher wrist fracture risks in post-menopausal women. Moreover, several studies support a link between bloodstream magnesium levels and bone density. Namely, the lower the magnesium levels are, the lower the mineral density in the bones.
Low magnesium levels are also linked to a higher risk of inflammation, further accelerating bone density loss. That’s bad news for women, since they are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis than men. 68% of women were found to have deficient levels of magnesium as far as reaching the recommended daily allowance, based on a 2009 study.
However, getting adequate amounts of magnesium boosts bone strength and mass by promoting the release of calcitonin, a hormone responsible for managing calcium levels in the bloodstream.
More reasons to love magnesium
It’s clear that magnesium is responsible for driving vital bodily functions, such as its relationship with calcium to stabilize the heartbeat. Here are more reasons why hitting your daily RDA for magnesium might be good for you:
• Magnesium may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety
• Magnesium may reduce blood pressure
• Magnesium may provide migraine relief
• Magnesium may bolster athletic performance
• Magnesium may help reduce inflammation
• Magnesium may help manage symptoms of PMS
Furthermore, magnesium is safe and considered to be generally well-tolerated. However, as with anything, too much of a good thing is bad—therefore overconsumption may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and nausea. It is worth mentioning that magnesium supplements aren’t regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so buy only from reputable brands.
How to boost your magnesium intake
Boosting your magnesium intake can be achieved through consuming more dietary sources of the mineral, or by taking a supplement. Fortunately, if you consume a well-balanced diet low on the processed foods, you’re most likely closer to meeting the RDA of ~400-420 mg of magnesium for adult men and ~310-360 mg for adult females.
350 mg is generally considered as the higher limit for magnesium content in dietary supplements, meaning that the remainder should be taken from dietary sources. Boosting your intake of green leafy veggies, whole grains, dark chocolate, and nuts combined with taking a dietary magnesium supplement (or multivitamin) will be the best way for many of us to hit the RDA with the least possibility of side effects.
Taking magnesium supplements is a solid option and most likely a good idea for many individuals to add to their regimen. Nearly half of Americans aren’t hitting the RDA through their diet. Check your multivitamin as to what form of magnesium you’re getting. That’s because magnesium citrate is better-absorbed by the body compared to other forms.
In the end, the more often you exercise or engage in physical activity, the more magnesium you need to maintain the strong and healthy bones you need to perform at your best. Don’t overlook the importance of magnesium as far as its performance-boosting properties are concerned. Try to hit your daily requirement through a balanced diet rich with natural sources of magnesium, paired with the right supplement. Don’t forget: if you’re preparing for a competition, it would be best to start integrating supplements a few weeks prior to the event so your body has ample time to adjust.
Consult your doctor whether taking a magnesium supplement (or a supplement containing magnesium) would be beneficial in helping you achieve your fitness and athletic goals.
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Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Vertigo, also known as lightheadedness, is a loved one term to the more familiar vertigo, likewise called nausea. A sensation that your whole body is dizzy and moving in an odd means. The wooziness comes on all of a sudden, without cautioning as well as is normally for short amount of times. Vertigo, like wooziness, is very frightening as well as is the primary signs and symptom of several conditions that impact the brain, from high blood pressure to fainting. Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is possibly one of the most typical reason for vertigo, the feeling that the inside of your head or that your whole body is revolving strangely. Generally this is accompanied by light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, collapsing, as well as a feeling of detachment from your surroundings. BPV usually causes only short episodes of lightheadedness, usually no greater than 10 mins. It is frequently triggered by muscle spasms or by a lack of blood circulation to the nerves in the internal ear. Some individuals have no signs at all. Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Most situations of dizziness are triggered by one or more of the conditions that influence the mind and interfere with its capacity to function properly. If you are experiencing symptoms that you believe are vertigo, your doctor will certainly more than likely advise antihistamines or tricyclic antidepressants as therapies for these problems. Antihistamines lower the activity of the chemicals in the body that cause the response that creates vertigo. Tricyclic antidepressants are utilized to treat allergies, stress and anxiety, and various other comparable conditions. Vertigo Central Origin Icd 10
Specific medications might likewise cause vertigo. As an example, doxycycline can decrease the strength of your muscular tissues that support your balance. This lowers the quantity of fluid in your mind that triggers your dizziness. Various other medications that might include doxycycline are Prednisone, Acetylcholine, Phenytoin, as well as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications).
Vertigo that does not improve with over-the-counter therapy can be dealt with by your doctor. These therapies consist of prescription drugs, surgical treatment, and antihistamines. If your lightheadedness is extreme, your physician may recommend you to have a committed echocardiography system or VASER (vesicular stentibular shutoff excitement) treatment. This procedure makes use of a laser to open up the narrowed capillary that trigger the lightheadedness. The laser might also lower the amount of liquid build-up in your mind that triggers wooziness.
Some individuals have problems with dizziness without treatment. In these situations, it is important to determine why you experience the symptoms. Your doctor might need to perform tests such as an MRI or CT check to determine the underlying issue. He might likewise perform some straightforward research laboratory tests in order to rule out or verify the medical diagnosis.
Some of the causes that may lead to dizziness include a condition called sensorineural hearing loss. This condition happens when there is damages to the inner ear. This can be triggered by an ear infection, an injury, or an adverse effects of particular medications. Various other reasons can be high fevers, ear infection, meniere’s illness, Meniere’s syndrome, or vestibular neurons.
If you are experiencing lightheadedness, you need to make note of where your lightheadedness is affecting your balance. You must likewise recognize if the modifications in equilibrium are taking place for a long period of time or if they are simply occurring in a short time period. This will aid your physician to figure out the cause of vertigo as well as additionally the correct therapy. If you assume that your lightheadedness is because of a lack of balance, you should consult your medical professional. Your healthcare specialist will certainly have the ability to provide you with important info about vertigo and also just how you can manage the signs.
In order to establish the specific source of vertigo, your healthcare professional will certainly more than likely have you undergo a comprehensive assessment to rule out any type of underlying physical causes. Among the most usual causes of wooziness is low blood pressure or high blood pressure. If you have been identified with either of these problems, you ought to follow your medical professional’s orders and also stay with your normal medication. By decreasing your blood pressure, your dizziness could be gotten rid of. Nonetheless, your condition may require therapy to decrease your high blood pressure naturally.
An additional common cause of vertigo is experiencing hearing loss. As we age, our hearing ends up being much less efficient, which might result to vertigo. If you have actually been experiencing dizziness with no various other symptoms, it might be hard to pinpoint the issue. As soon as you start experiencing any type of type of sound or noise in your ear, you must promptly contact your physician.
Some signs that might suggest the existence of a vestibular migraine headache consist of: nausea, throwing up, lightheadedness, as well as fainting. Since these symptoms can be incorporated, your physician might carry out examinations to confirm the presence of vertigo. If your signs and symptoms correspond, your medical professional may execute extra tests such as catheterizations, magnetic vibration imaging (MRI), as well as computerized tomography (CT) scan. |
November: Unusual Visitors
Dark-eyed Junco by Larry NaylorIn the fall, the birds you usually see in ones and twos, such as Dark-eyed Juncos and House Finches, join large flocks. The Juncos particularly like a crowd, and will mix with a wide range of small birds, from Yellow-Rumped Warblers to Goldfinches.
Left: Dark-eyed Junco in Santa Monica by Larry Naylor
Bushtits also form large flocks. Usually you see them in pairs, picking through the bushes for bugs throughout the summer. But, starting now, a crowd may show up at your suet feeder, which is an important winter resource when their normal food, insects, may be in short supply.
Below: Townsend's Warbler by Larry Naylor
Get out your worms! The warblers are back, and they're hungry. This time of year you can take your pick from Yellow-rumped, Orange-crowned, Townsend's and Black-throated Gray Warblers, all of whom might be in your back yard. Warblers will be present throughout the region, so keep your mealworm feeders full.
In November, the busy fall migration "ends." The birds that have arrived in the last couple of months, the White Crowned Sparrows, a wide range of warblers and the California Gulls, will stay in the area for winter.
Along with many colorful and interesting birds migrating through is one that you may never see, but are likely to hear in November: The Common Poorwill. Its plaintive call—a two-note flute-like whistle and a quick cluck—is distinctive. These shy birds are notable for their camouflage, an intricate pattern of black and white that makes them look like the leaf litter where they often perch. If you are hiking in the Santa Monica Mountains in the evening, you may hear their call. For a preview, visit the Poorwill page at All About Birds.
Most of us know some birds, but sometimes it's hard to tell them apart, such as the Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers That's one of the challenges in participating in Project FeederWatch, one of the most important citizen-scientist projects each year. That's why Project Feederwatch includes an online guide to the birds that are hard to identify, like the two at the left. Project FeederWatch starts this month, and is a great way to learn about birds and contribute to our knowledge of our common backyard birds. Participating is easy:
--Sign up online at
--Choose a spot where you can see a feeder (yours or someone else's). You even can count from indoors.
--Set a schedule, such as Tuesday and Thursday at 4
--Count the birds that visit
--Enter your data online
The Project FeederWatch web site has lots of information about how to identify birds and how to count them. If you're a photographer, there is the Bird Spotter Photo Contest. Either way, it's a fun way to contribute to our knowledge of our birds. So, which is the Downy and which is the Hairy Woodpecker? Visit Project FeederWatch's Tricky IDs page to find out.
Left: A Red-Breasted Nuthatch is attracted to a peanut feeder
Add Nuthatches to the list of migrators that you may see this month. Breeding only in the mountains, they often show up closer to the coast in the fall and winter. Known for their ability to walk down tree trunks head first, they usually are found in stands of conifers, where they probe the bark for seeds and bugs. Most common are the larger White-breasted Nuthatches, though their smaller cousins, the Red-breasted Nuthatches, may take a vacation from their homes above 6500 feet for the warmer lowlands.
The Leonid Meteor Shower peaks from evening Nov. 16 to the morning of Nov. 17. It produces small meteors from the debris of Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. The moon will be just a few days past full, so its light may dim the show a bit. |
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The best way to keep cool in the heat: perhaps the answer can be found in Arabian culture
In many westernised countries it is typical for people on a warm, summers day to flock to the beach and strip off the layers in an attempt to cool down.
However, the considered approach of people who have lived in some of the harshest hot, sunny environments suggest an alternative which has passed the test of time.
The Bedouin tribes that inhabited the desert regions of the Middle East for centuries should know a thing or two about how to dress in the hottest conditions. Bedouin people are known for the nomadic existence, roaming from one remote location to the next. They made their money by transporting animals, people and other cargo across difficult land where rainfall was rare and unpredictable.
Bedouins made their own clothes with the wool from camel, sheep and goat.
The traditional outfit for men was a body length tunic, a cloak and a head-cloth known as a kufiya. Bedouin women were also covered from head to toe. Their head and face covered with a burqa. The outfits were loose fitting and it's interesting to note the multiple layers.
So, what was the logic of the Bedouins wearing dark colours and more clothing not less in the desert?
It may not be obvious to cover up to stay cooler, but researchers determined that darker, loose fitting clothing and multiple layers with darker colours on the outside layer allowed for heat to be absorbed before it reaches the skin while the wind helps transfer the heat away, keeping your body cooler.
The Bedouin cleverly wore multiple layers to avoid getting hot in the first place but what happens when people do overheat and how can they use clothing to regulate their body temperature if that happens?
When people overheat, they perspire. As the perspiration evaporates, the body temperature reduces. This results in a cooling effect which helps regulate body temperature.
Moisture wicking fabrics take moisture away from the body allowing the cooling process to take place quicker. Moisture wicking fabrics also dry more quickly which means that they don’t get saturated. Synthetic fabrics like polyester and wool worn by the Bedouin are effective at moisture wicking.
With our sun protection range we learn from these lessons from history like the Bedouin. Solbari offers a range of loose-fitting sun protective garments and utilises fabrics which promote the cooling effect outlined above.
You can find out more about Solbari's sun protective range by clicking the blue links below:
Women UPF 50+
Men UPF 50+
Sun hats UPF 50+
Accessories UPF 50+
SPF 50+ Sunscreen
This blog is for information purposes only, always consult with a medical professional for expert advice.
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Is the Sun Good for Your Skin?
Is the Sun Good for Your Skin?
Sunlight has many health benefits to provide as long as exposure is maintained at a healthy level. This blog will share the benefits of sunlight and how it can make our skin healthier.
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Should You Wear Sunscreen Indoors?
Should You Wear Sunscreen Indoors?
Sunscreen is widely known to be used for the, well, sun! So, is it necessary to wear it indoors as well? The answer is: Yes! This blog will explore the topic of wearing sunscreen even when you aren't in the sun and what health benefits that skincare routine can bring - from protecting from UV exposure through windows to helping prevent wrinkles down the road.
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How do you find a good dermatologist?
How do you find a good dermatologist?
This blog post will provide tips on finding the right skin doctor for your needs. Feeling confident and comfortable with your dermatologist encourages the likelihood that you'll make and keep your appointments.
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5 Days From Today
What is 5 days from today? This page will help you calculate the date that occurs exactly 5 days from now (12/2/21) include working days and weekenday.
Tuesday, December 7, 2021
December 2021
2728293031 52
- 5 days from today is Tuesday, December 7, 2021.
- It is the 341th day in the 49th week of the year.
- There are 31 days in Dec, 2021.
- There are 365 days in this year 2021.
- Print a December 2021 Calendar Template.
Days From Today Calculator
Type in the number of days you want to calculate from today. If you want to find a previous date, you can enter a negative number to figure out the number of days before today (ex: 45 or -45).
If you're trying to measure the number of days between two dates, use Date Difference calculator. If you need to calculate the number of days from a specific date, try Days From Date calculator. Or if you want to choose a day in the week and count how many times it occurs in a given year, try out the How Many Days calculator.
Days From Today Examples |
Contemporary circus
Contemporary circus (also known as new circus, and nouveau cirque and cirque contemporain in French-speaking countries) is a genre of performing arts developed in the late 20th century in which a story or theme is conveyed through traditional circus skills.
Animals are rarely used in this type of performance, and traditional circus skills are blended with a more character-driven approach. Compared with the traditional circuses of the past, the contemporary approach tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, sometimes on character and story development, and on the use of lighting design, original music, and costume design to convey thematic or narrative content.
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Contemporary circus, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. |
What Is the Salary Range for the Position of a Virologist?
As medical professionals across the globe work toward finding a cure for viruses that cause pandemics and other outbreaks on a smaller scale, the need for qualified virologists may be stronger than ever. These specialized microbiologists research and study viruses that can impact humans, animals, plants and other living organisms. Salaries for virologists vary and are tricky to track, since the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies them as microbiologists, a much larger group.
Virologist Job Description
An average day for a working virologist varies, depending on their area of focus. They commonly work in teaching or research and spend considerable time doing both. As researchers, virologist duties include investigating the formation, growth and attributes of viruses by making cultures of viruses in controlled environments.
One of a virologist’s primary duties is to manage studies of microorganisms using laboratory equipment. They add certain levels of air, temperature and moisture to viruses, and observe the reactions. These test methods show how viruses develop and spread in communities. This type of research can also include the study of viral replication, oncology and pathology.
Much of a virologist’s work includes identifying and observing viruses through their cultural and physical characteristics using microscopes. Some virologists also analyze emerging viruses, how viruses interact with cells and virotherapy. Virologists also carry out chemical analyses of substances that viruses release, such as alcohol, enzymes and acids.
Virologist Education Requirements
A bachelor’s degree in biology or microbiology can help someone get an entry-level microbiologist job working with viruses. It is essential to take university-level chemistry and physics courses while pursuing an undergraduate degree with the intent to work in this field. From here, Purdue University explains that graduates can apply for jobs like food or veterinary microbiologists, research assistants and various technical positions. An M.D. or Ph.D. is needed to pursue a career in virology, however.
Some graduate schools offer virology programs that provide significant clinical and laboratory experience, so researching these programs before applying is highly recommended. Students who achieve a Master of Science in microbiology can then apply for virologist jobs like research associates, community college instructors and laboratory supervisors.
Those who wish to work at higher levels in the virology field need a Ph.D. in virology, immunology or microbiology. These Ph.D. programs focus on research and can take from four to six years. Graduates can work as researchers, research directors and college professors. Medical school should take four years, and includes coursework, laboratory work and clinical rotations.
Virologist Pay and Industry
The BLS reported that by 2022, there will be a 10 percent increase in demand for virologists and a 7 percent increase for microbiologists. The BLS also claimed that virologists who are skilled in statistics will be in even higher demand, with a 27 percent increase. The BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook showed the median 2019 salary for microbiologists at $75,650 per year, or $36.37 per hour. Median salary means that half in the profession earned more, while half earned less. This is up from $65,920 in 2010.
Virologists work at laboratories, universities, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, medical research clinics, governmental agencies and testing companies. They can also work as medical doctors or science writers, and salaries vary by the exact position they choose. The BLS reported that the top microbiologist salary for 2019 was $110,000. It is also good to know that public health sector positions for virologists usually come with good job security, especially for those working for government agencies. |
Will There be a Recovery?
Economists will scoff at the question in the title. But that’s because they are trying to fit the present into the past.
In the past recoveries were routine, because recessions were temporary restraints resulting from the Federal Reserve putting the brakes on an overheating economy. By restraining the supply of money and credit, the Fed caused inventory buildup, layoffs, and a halt to price rises and union wage demands. With the economy cooled by unemployment, the Fed would take off the brakes. Interest rates would decline, money would flow, consumer demand would rise and workers would be called back to the factories.
In those days when workers borrowed to spend, they were borrowing against rising real wages from rising productivity. In economic downturns, few workers actually lost their jobs. They were laid off from their jobs for temporary periods. Workers seldom lost their homes or cars, thanks to union funds and unemployment benefits.
Today the situation is different. In the 21st century real wages have not risen. Workers have spent more by accepting deteriorating household balance sheets. They have maxed out their credit cards and spent the equity in their homes. Imitators of the US government, American consumers borrow to pay their bills.
The expansion of household debt relative to income created the illusion that the economy was sound. But the consumer economy was as much of a credit-based bubble as the real estate bubble and the financial sector bubble. The economy has lost its real basis.
Today it is difficult to stimulate consumer demand by lowering interest rates. Consumers are too heavily in debt to borrow any more. Financial institutions are too impaired to want to lend to anyone except those who don’t need to borrow. As the Keynesian macroeconomists used to say, “you can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink.”
And there’s another problem. Much of what American consumers purchase today is made offshore. Stimulating consumer demand in America puts factories back to work, but those factories are located elsewhere in the world.
How does an economy consume more than it produces? Previously, this question applied only to poor third world countries. These countries would consume by the grace of World Bank loans. From time to time they would pay for their consumption by being put through an IMF restructuring program that would curtail their consumption to make them repay their loans by forced saving.
The United States has so far avoided such humiliation, because its currency is the world money. The US has been able to borrow endlessly, because it can pay its debts in its own currency.
This ability might be coming to an end. The US has been using up the bulk of the world’s supply of saving for years in order to finance its consumption. Considering the outlook for the US economy and dollar, the productive nations of the world and those with oil have more dollars and dollar-denominated assets than they want. The US, with its collapsing economy, its bailouts of financial institutions, and its wars, is facing the largest government budget deficit in its history, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of national income. The easy monetary policy, which the Fed hopes will arrest deflation, threatens inflation and further deterioration in the dollar. Foreigners simply do not want to lend more large sums to a country that, from all appearances, has no way to close its trade and budget deficits. They certainly do not want to lend when the interest rate offered is close to zero and the reserve currency status of the dollar is in doubt.
Economists and the policy-makers they advise are thinking in the past, a time when low interest rates stimulated consumer and investment demand, thus lifting the economy. Today the low interest rates threaten the dollar, discourage foreigners from lending more to the US, and deprive Americans of interest income necessary to their ability to pay their bills.
In the second half of the 20th century, American economic supremacy was a gift of World War II, which destroyed the productive capacity of the rest of the developed world. American economic supremacy also owes much to communism in Russia and China and to socialism in India, which rendered these large countries economically impotent. The United States did not have to compete for its economic hegemony. It simply inherited it from the choices made by the rest of the world.
The situation is different today. Unlike the US, other countries are free of the hubris of being the “indispensable nation.” They know how hard it is to be successful and do not treat success as their birthright. They do not give away their economy for nebulous foreign policy goals or for short-term profits. They look ahead 20, 30 years while America’s CEOs look to the next quarter’s profits.
The United States is walking on quicksand. It is dependent on foreigners for the funding to conduct the day-to-day operations of its government. Its economy is a hollow shell reduced to dependence on a financial sector that is discredited worldwide. America’s government believes that its foreign wars of aggression are more important than any domestic needs, including the health care of its population.
Now that its supply route to feed its war of aggression in Afghanistan is threatened, the American government has the delusion that it will be able to supply its army in Afghanistan through thousands of miles of Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Only a government totally oblivious to reality would imagine that Russia’s Putin, whose nose is rubbed in excrement every day by the US government, will permit America to transit Russian territory to resupply US imperial legions in Afghanistan.
What we are witnessing is a once great power engaging in fantasy to disguise from itself that it is a failed state.
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Second-Degree Polynomial Curve Fit #1
Disclaimer: This page shows a hypothetical model attempting to predict the future spread of coronavirus. It was automatically generated using an open-source algorithm. Such a model is inexact and may be wildly innaccurate. See below for more details.
For a list of other Extrapolation Models against the COVID-19 data, see our Models Page
About This Model
The chart above attempts to predict the future number of COVID-19 cases for the given region. The Y-axis shows the number of people who have tested positive and the X-axis is time. The vertical red line (labeled "Hypothetical Data") is the present day (on our latest graph). Everything to the right of the red line is the future, and its lines are calculated from the extrapolation model.
In this model, there's three distinct predictions:
1. Last 30 days The purple line does a second-degree polynomial curve fit against the most-recent 30-days of data in the dataset
2. Last 7 days The green line does a curve fit on the most-recent 7 days of data
3. Last 3 days The red line does a curve fit on the most-recent 3 days' data
You'll find that, depending on recent events in the past 3-days, the red line will flap around more wildly day-to-day than the others. This can be a useful coorelation indicator for the consequences of recent events, such as prematurely ending lockdowns.
The "e2a" model shown here attempts to fit a curve using a second-degree polynomial using numpy's poly1d() function. This is Coviz's first model, and it is very simple. e2a is good for demonstrative purposes, yet it has many shortcomings.
• Model Short Name: e2a
• Model Full Name: Second-Degree Polynomial Curve Fit #1
• Submitted By: Michael Goldenberg
1. Easy to write in python
2. Easy to comprehend how it works
1. Expects exponential growth
2. Doesn't take into account herd immunity
3. Doesn't take into account history of previous pandemics
4. Assumes y is infinite, yet there's a finite max human population
5. May arch down parabolicly, yet the number of cases can never decrease
If you'd like to submit your own Extrapolation Model that fixes some of the issues above, see our guide to developing and submitting models.
Country-Specific Charts
You can view graphs generated from data specific to individual countries below:
Previous Graphs
You can view graphs generated from data on previous days below: |
News Release
A tall story: Great strides in identifying genetic factors in height
An international collaboration of scientists has identified a fifth of the genetic factors that cause height to vary between individuals
Peer-Reviewed Publication
University of Exeter
A study which examined data on DNA from more than 250,000 people, published on October 6 in Nature Genetics, roughly doubles the number of known genome regions involved in height to more than 400. It also revealed that more than half of the factors involved in determining height are explained by simple common genetic variation - the sort of genetic variation that exists in more than 1 in 10 people.
The collaboration, co led by the University of Exeter Medical School and part-funded by the Wellcome Trust, involved more than 450 experts from well over 300 institutions in Australia, the USA and several European countries. Together, they form the aptly named GIANT consortium. The study is the largest of its kind to date. They checked more than 2 million common genetic factors – those shared by at least five per cent of participants. From this they found 697 genetic variants in 424 regions of the genome that are related to height. The findings represent a massive stride forward in an area of research in which virtually nothing was known as recently as 2007.
Professor Tim Frayling, of the University of Exeter Medical School, oversaw the study. He said: "It's common knowledge that people born to tall parents are more likely to be tall themselves. Most of this is down to the variations in our DNA sequence that we inherit from our parents - the different versions of all our genes. In 2007 we published the first paper that identified the first common height gene, and since then the research has come on leaps and bounds. We have now identified nearly 700 genetic variants that are involved in determining height. This goes a long way towards fulfilling a scientific curiosity that could have real impact in the treatment of diseases that can be influenced by height, such as osteoporosis, cancer or heart disease. It also a step forward towards a test that may reassure parents worried that their child is not growing as well as they'd hoped - most of these children have probably simply inherited a big batch of "short genes."
Height is determined by a very large, but finite, number of contributing factors. Genetic causes are located throughout the genome, and environmental factors such as diet also play a role. The GIANT consortium is working towards identifying the thousands of hidden factors which have varying effects in height, ranging from minute to gigantic. The results arise from analysis of DNA data on 253,288 individuals of European ancestry. The research team says increasing sample sizes of this magnitude make it far easier to find commonalities that determine traits such as size.
Lead author Dr Andrew Wood, of the University of Exeter Medical School, said: "Our findings have helped to identify a large proportion of the genetic architecture that contributes to determining our height. We know that as a population we have become taller over the last few generations, because of factors including improved nutrition. But more than 80 per cent of the factors in height variation are known to be down to genetics, with the rest caused by environmental factors. Thanks to advances in technology, we now have access to far greater quantities of DNA data. These data sets are proving to be a genetic treasure trove which has enabled us to shed light on height, and we expect to continue to make significant advances, both in this field and in other human traits. Our results suggest that massive human genetic studies, possibly into the millions, will continue to uncover all the subtle effects of our genetic variation that influence our health, behaviour, body shape and all aspects of what makes us who we are."
Dr Joel Hirschhorn, of Boston Children's Hospital and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, is leader of the GIANT Consortium and co-senior investigator on the study. Dr Hirschhorn said: "When you double the sample size and increase your statistical power, you can make new discoveries. Our results prioritise many genes and pathways as important in skeletal growth during childhood. Without a highly collaborative model, there's no way we could get this work done. We can now explain about 20 percent of the heritability of height, up from about 12 percent where we were before."
Professor Peter Visscher, of the University of Queensland, Australia, said: "The study narrows down the genomic regions that contain a substantial proportion of remaining variation—to be discovered with even larger sample sizes."
Professor Frayling said: "The genes and pathways involved in height should help facilitate future studies, and we have made them publicly available to this end. We believe that large genetic studies could yield similarly rich lists in a variety of other traits, and could generate new biological hypotheses and motivate future research into the basis of human biology and disease."
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Artificial Intelligence and its Application in Various Fields
Dr. Rohit Kumar Yadav1, Mr. Munna Pandey2
1Dr. Rohit Kumar Yadav*, working as an Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science at IITM Janakpuri (GGSIPU) New Delhi. India.
2Mr. Munna Pandey, working as an Assistant Professor Department of Information Technology at IITM Janakpuri (GGSIPU) New Delhi. India.
Manuscript received on June 08, 2020. | Revised Manuscript received on June 25, 2020. | Manuscript published on June 30, 2020. | PP: 1336-1339 | Volume-9 Issue-5, June 2020. | Retrieval Number: D9144049420/2020©BEIESP | DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.D9144.069520
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite | Mendeley
Abstract: The term ‘AI’ is not a new term but the actual meaning of ai is still hidden. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines which are as intelligent as human beings. AI mainly focus on some questions like knowledge required while thinking, the way knowledge can be presented and the way knowledge can be used in other field’s viz. Robotics. Scope of AI is much wider than our thinking. It is not limited to only one or two areas rather in coming future everything will be directly or indirectly linked to AI. Much research has been done on artificial intelligence which has shown that by the end of 2020 many works which was not possible by human beings will be efficiently and accurately can be carried out by the help of robots. Robotics is a branch of engineering that deals with formation, designing, manufacturing, operation of robots. Artificial intelligence is being applied to many areas which are capable to solve many problems like in robotics, e-commerce, domestic chores, medical treatment, gaming, mathematics, military planning etc. The main idea behind the merging of artificial intelligence and robotics is to optimize the level of autonomy through learning. In the coming future we can surely overcome the disadvantages of robots like misuse of it with the help of facial recognition. Or we can use AI in other fields like in cyber security to prevent the systems from being hacked. The applications of AI and how we can implement other applications in coming time are discussed adding to it how we can overcome the disadvantages of using robots in regular life are also discussed.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, cyber security, face recognition, machines, robotics, robots. |
Enneagram Type Four individuals are sensitive and introspective. They are also quirky, self-aware and reserved. They are often creative and may stand out due to their unique way of dressing and presenting themselves. Offbeat and endearing, they have a strong sense of identity but may struggle to connect with others.
What is an Enneagram Type Four?
Enneagram Type Four people have a sense of being special and different to other people. They strive for authenticity and have a strong drive to discover and understand who they truly are. Creativity is key to an Enneagram Type Four. They often produce unique and original work and aren’t overly concerned by the expectations of others, or conforming to society in general.
Type Four Strengths
Fours have the ability to connect deeply with their own emotions. They display empathy and are typically sensitive to the feelings of others. They are pretty self-aware when it comes to their own shortcomings and are imaginative and deep-thinking.
Type Four weaknesses
Type Fours can be moody and self-conscious. They may withhold themselves from others due to feeling different and vulnerable. Type Fours may also feel somewhat disdainful and exempt from, or above ‘ordinary’ lifestyles. They also can be prone to melancholy, self-indulgence and self-pity.
An overview of Enneagram Type Four
Fours generally see themselves as being fundamentally different from other people. They often see themselves as being uniquely talented, possessing special gifts. More than any other Enneagram Type, they are highly aware of and focused on their personal differences and deficiencies. Enneagram Type Four individuals strive to be gentle and compassionate towards others. They are highly creative and artistic, and have the ability to transform their experiences – positive and negative – into something valuable.
Sensitive Fours feel they are very different to others, and consequently, may believe that no one else can truly love or understand them. They may be moody, depressed or fragile. They have a tendency to overthink things and may even lose their sense of reality and utilise unhealthy coping mechanisms such as alcohol, food, other substances or behaviours. They can feel misunderstood by others, think that there’s something inherently wrong with them and may even isolate themselves from the world.
Staying productive can help Fours avoid the trap of overthinking or over-analysing their feelings. Making a commitment to healthy, positive lifestyle habits can help Fours stay on track. This includes getting adequate sleep, avoiding excessive alcohol or drug use, forging meaningful connections with others and living life, rather than dreaming about it. Spending time in the real world rather than always being ‘in their own heads’ is vital too.
Famous Type Fours
According to The Enneagram Institute, high profile Type Four people include Jackie Kennedy Onassis, Edgar Allen Poe, Virginia Woolf, Anne Frank, Tennessee Williams, J.D. Salinger, Anne Rice, Frida Kahlo, Diane Arbus, Martha Graham, Rudolf Nureyev, Hank Williams, Billie Holiday, Judy Garland, Maria Callas, Miles Davis, Keith Jarrett, Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan, Paul Simon, Cher, Stevie Nicks, Annie Lennox, Prince, Sarah McLachlan, Amy Winehouse, Ingmar Bergman, Marlon Brando, Kate Winslet, Nicolas Cage and Johnny Depp.
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When a surgeon removes all or part of the bladder, they create a new channel to allow urine to drain from the body. This type of surgery is called an ileal conduit. After surgery, a person will live with a urostomy bag that collects urine.
The healthcare team will explain to the person how to fit, change, and drain the bag. Once they have adapted their habits slightly, a person with a urostomy bag can live a full life.
This article will explain what an ileal conduit is and when and why doctors carry out this procedure. It will then examine what happens during the procedure.
healthcare staff in protective clothing are performing surgeryShare on Pinterest
Reza Estakhrian/Getty Images
An ileal conduit is a type of surgical procedure that puts in place a system to mimic the work of the bladder. It is the most common form of urinary diversion surgery.
A surgeon will remove part of the intestine to create a new pathway for the urine. They will then attach this piece of intestine to a hole in the abdomen called a stoma. Doing this allows the urine to drain into a urostomy bag or pouch.
An ileal conduit makes it possible for a person to pass urine even after a surgeon has removed their bladder or it has become damaged.
Surgeons may remove the bladder to treat invasive or recurrent cancers affecting the pelvis, such as:
Bladder surgery may also be necessary following spinal cord injury or damage to the bladder after cancer treatment. Some people may undergo this surgery to correct congenital abnormalities.
Learn more about bladder removal surgery here.
According to the United Ostomy Association of America, between 725,000 and 1 million people in the United States live with an ostomy bag, which refers to any kind of pouch that collects excrement, including urine.
Ahead of the procedure, a person should have a meeting with their surgeon to discuss the operation and any risks it may involve. It may also be possible to meet with the anesthetist to discuss managing pain after the surgery.
The doctor will ask the person whether they are taking any medications or have any allergies.
A specialist nurse may also examine how the person sits and ask them how they wear their clothes to determine the best place for the stoma.
People should not eat or drink anything for about 6 hours before the surgery. They may also need to wash with an antiseptic shower gel before the procedure.
Some doctors recommend that people take laxatives to empty their colon before surgery. However, some research suggests that this is unnecessary.
For example, a 2014 study evaluating the effects of mechanical bowel preparation — such as taking laxatives — before surgery concluded that it did not help reduce complications during surgery. However, the authors call for further trials to confirm this finding.
A surgeon will create the ileal conduit during the procedure in which they remove the bladder, so the person will be under general anesthesia. The surgery will usually take 2–6 hours.
During the procedure, the surgeon will remove 6–8 inches of the intestine. Removing this section will have no effect on the person’s bowel function.
The surgeon will also cut a small hole in the surface of the abdomen, which makes a stoma. They will then attach the intestine to the ureters at one end and the stoma at the other, forming a channel through which urine can pass and exit the body.
On waking up from surgery, a person may notice lots of attached tubes. Some of these tubes help drain the body of excess fluids, whereas others pass medication into the body to help with managing postoperative pain.
A nurse will take regular readings to check the following:
People should expect to stay in the hospital for at least 3 days following surgery. Most people stay for 7–14 days after the procedure.
During this hospital stay, getting up and moving around according to a healthcare worker’s instructions will stimulate the bowels to start working again.
The person may be able to drink the day after the procedure and eat small amounts of solid foods over the next few days, depending on their appetite.
They might need to take medication to stop blood clots from forming or take antacids to prevent stomach ulcers.
There may be some swelling or discharge in the genitals or groin after the procedure. However, this should disappear over a few weeks.
People should take care to use the correctly sized opening for their stoma as it heals. Tight openings may cause pain and damage by squeezing the stoma, while large openings may lead to leakages.
Common complications that can arise following ileal conduit procedures and bladder surgery include:
• Bowel sluggishness: A person may experience constipation or other symptoms in the bowel.
• Erectile dysfunction: During surgery, a surgeon will sometimes remove the nerves that help a person get an erection.
• Infection: The bowel, urine, or surgical wound may develop an infection.
• Blood loss: If blood loss continues for more than a few days after the surgery, treatment will be necessary.
A person should contact their doctor or surgeon if they experience the following symptoms after surgery:
After surgery, an ostomy nurse will demonstrate how to clean the wound safely by washing it with antibacterial soap and gently patting it dry.
Although it is possible to live a full and active life with a pouch, it will be necessary to make some changes to everyday habits.
Some people may find it useful to join a support group for those with ostomy bags.
Draining and changing the pouch
A person can learn to fit and change the pouch that will collect the urine.
They will need to drain the pouch several times a day or when it is one-third to one-half full. They should change the pouch every 3–7 days. It is important always to wash the hands before touching the stoma or pouch.
Over time, draining and changing the pouch will become as routine as visiting the bathroom. Planning ahead and knowing where public restrooms are may help reassure people living with urostomy pouches.
From 3 days after surgery, a person can shower, although they will likely require help to do so. Showering every day is a good way to keep the incision clean.
An ileal conduit is a procedure that surgeons carry out alongside bladder removal or following bladder damage to help drain the body of urine.
The procedure carries some risks, including bowel complications and infections.
Many people live full and active lives with an ostomy pouch once they have adapted to living with it. |
Object-Oriented Assemblers
It seems that the key problem with modern object-oriented programming languages (OOPL) that they are more programming than modeling ones. And seems this problem cannot be resolved in OOPL.
Object-oriented approach is a way for modeling and decompositions, creating abstractions from a domain. In OOPL there is no clear, strict and explicit modeling criteria, that's some criteria how to decompose a domain and to define object abstractions. OOPL provide such features like encapsulation/inheritance/polymorphism, which don't contribute to model a domain.
Object-oriented modeling is not a data model.
The fundamental principle "everything is an object" seems logically correct but in practice is not useful, and even possibly wrong. Why anything should be an object? In practice, we have different kinds of abstractions: objects, DTO, entities, controllers, factories, views and much more. In OOPL all these abstractions are defined usually via classes. As result, conventions are required how to interpret a class.
OOPL define very abstract and simple syntax/semantics, and this is declared as a feature. But in practice such abstracting results to conventions on project level. Simplicity of a language syntax usually means mnemonic syntax, short words etc., but simplicity should be reached by higher level abstractions.
The classical problem with two kinds of complexity, domain and technological, seems cannot be resolved in OOPL. OOPL don't provide ability to separate domain models from technological terms. OOPL provide very general features, and in modern projects this becomes a problem. Domains are complex enough, and technologies are complex too. OOPL provide for developers a single concept of a class to describe abstractions for both, domain and technological, areas.
OOPL look like object-oriented assembler languages. We can write working applications and services with them, but the writing requires a lot of patterns, idioms, guidelines, conventions etc. Some (and may be most) of them are result of over-generalization of syntax and semantics in modern OOPL.
Nevertheless, OOPL are required to be exactly object-oriented assembler languages. Modeling languages like Paml (with higher level abstractions) are translated into OOPL to make concrete high level abstractions into concrete elements of source code.
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Question: How To Write A Poem About Family?
5 Tips for Writing a Poem About Friends/Family
1. Timeline. Reach back and try to create a timeline of your relationship.
2. The Good. Think about one of your favorite memories of them.
3. The Bad. You know that every day is not a (good) day at the beach.
4. Personality.
5. Share.
How do you begin a poem?
11 Rules for Writing Good Poetry
1. Read a lot of poetry. If you want to write poetry, start by reading poetry.
2. Listen to live poetry recitations.
3. Start small.
4. Don’t obsess over your first line.
5. Embrace tools.
6. Enhance the poetic form with literary devices.
7. Try telling a story with your poem.
8. Express big ideas.
How can I write my own poem?
Without further ado, here’s how to write a poem in 8 steps.
1. Brainstorm your starting point.
2. Free-write in prose.
3. Choose your poem’s form and style.
4. Read for inspiration.
5. Start writing for an audience of one — you.
6. Read your poem out loud.
7. Take a break to refresh your mind.
8. Revise your poem.
You might be interested: FAQ: What Is The Pattern For A Traditional Haiku Poem?
How do you write an easy poem?
towards writing poetry in order to generate feelings in your reader (in which case the poem exists entirely to serve the reader).
1. Know Your Goal.
2. Avoid Clichés.
3. Avoid Sentimentality.
4. Use Images.
5. Use Metaphor and Simile.
6. Use Concrete Words Instead of Abstract Words.
7. Communicate Theme.
8. Subvert the Ordinary.
What are some good lines to start a poem?
Here are some of the best opening poetry lines according to me:
• “Let us go then, you and I,” from T.S.
• “I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked,” from Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl”
• “Because I could not stop for Death,” from Emily Dickinson’s “Because I could not stop for Death”
What is the first line of a poem called?
The word stich, pronounced like “stick,” is the word that describes one line of poetry (plural is stichs, pronounced like “sticks”). The word verse can refer to one line of poetry as well, as in a poetic verse, but it can just as often refer to a poem in its entirety.
What should my poem be about?
Poem Starters and Creative Writing Ideas
• Night-time.
• A particular color.
• Being underwater.
• A person whose life you’re curious about.
• Your mother’s perfume.
• Falling asleep or waking up.
• Growing older.
• The feeling of getting lost in a book.
What is an example of a poetry?
Popular poetry types include haiku, free verse, sonnets, and acrostic poems. It’s one thing to define each type; it’s another to enjoy a sample platter. Let’s dive into some of the more prominent forms of poetry while we savor a few samples.
You might be interested: FAQ: How To Write A Depressing Poem?
What is the easiest form of poetry to write?
Acrostic poetry is considered one of the simpler forms of poetry and is commonly taught to younger students. Acrostic poems are generally quick and easy to write and open students minds to the understanding that poetry is a non-conventional style of writing which doesn’t always have to make perfect sense.
Where can I submit poetry for beginners?
Where can I submit poetry for beginners?
1. Poetry Magazine.
2. The New Yorker.
3. AGNI.
4. The Kenyon Review.
5. Ploughshares.
6. Harvard Review.
7. Lit Hub.
8. The American Scholar.
How do you write a short poem for beginners?
How to Write Short Poems
1. Get Inspired. Carry the inspiration until something sparks.
2. Just Say It. Challenge yourself to tell a story or describe a moment in, say, no more than five lines.
3. Select Your Words.
4. Read.
5. Style.
6. Get Some Space.
7. Share.
How do you make a poem for kids?
Here are some tips for writing a poem.
1. Think of a Topic. Divide a piece of paper into four equal parts and label them 1.
2. Choose Words Carefully.
3. Write Your Poem.
4. Use Line Breaks Deliberately.
5. Poem #1.
6. Poem #2.
7. Revise.
8. For more inspiration, check out these poetry collections:
How do you start a short poem?
How to Write a Short Poem in 6 Easy Steps
1. Consider Short Poetry Forms.
2. Start with a Moment of Emotion.
3. Describe That Moment with Concrete Imagery.
4. Experiment with the Placement of Those Images.
5. Look for Literary Devices.
6. Cut or Add Words Where Necessary.
How do you introduce a poem in a speech?
Introduction to A Poem The title of the poem is (Say the title); it has been written/composed/penned by (Poet’s name). The poem is about (a brief introduction about the theme of the poem). Hope you will enjoy it!
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Is The Theme Of The Poem Annabel Lee?
How do you get ideas for poems?
22 Poetry Prompts to Help You Write Your Next Great Poem
1. Choose one of your five senses.
2. Write a poem inspired by a color.
3. Write a poem based on something that happened to you this week.
4. Listen to one of your favorite songs and write a poem directly after based on the feelings and emotions it brought about in you.
What is a sentence for poem?
” He writes poems.” “She read her poem to her family.” “They are publishing her poems.”
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Non-Conventional Trademarks in India
• September 09, 2017
• Registrationwala
Conventionally trademark means a mark which is capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of differentiating the goods and services of one person from those of others. Trademark is any word, logo, symbol, phrase or design adopted and placed on a product that is offered for sale or on a container that is to identify its source.
The concept of Non-Conventional trademarks is becoming more and more popular over the years. Non -conventional trademark is a distinct type of trademark that does not belong to the conventional class of trademarks. Just as conventional trademarks these trademarks also uniquely identify the commercial origin of products or services. However getting these trademarks registered is often difficult as compared to traditional marks.
Further, Non-conventional trademarks may be visible signs Like colors, shapes, moving images, holograms, positions etc or non-visible signs like sounds, scents, tastes, textures etc.
Examples of Registration of Non-conventional trademarks
Trademark registration of color has always been a topic of dispute. As the trademark act does not specifically provide for the registration of the single color however it does not expressly exclude the notion.
In India for the purpose of trademark registration of any color theory of "Color Depletion" is followed. This theory is based on two facts - Firstly there is a concern that with the limited number of colors, to grant exclusive rights to colors would sooner or later deplete the available stock and, thus, be anti-competitive. Secondly, if a color alone was protectable, trademark infringement suits would lead to lengthy litigations over 'shades' of color which would slow down the trademark registration process. However, the theory only bars the registration of the seven basic colors but not any shade thereof. Thus it is possible to obtain a registration for the combination of colors.
The purpose of the sound trademark registration is to uniquely identify the commercial origin of products/ services by means of an audio clip. The musical notes that can be represented in the form of musical notations are acceptable whereas the sounds which require onomatopoeic or sonogram representation are not eligible for trademark registration.
Trademark registration of the smell is not a very popular concept in India. Due to the absence of graphical representation the number of smell registrations is very less as compared to sound registrations and color registration. Generally the representation of the smell is verbal and the verbal representation of the smell is not sufficient to distinguish one smell from the other. Further, the representation of smell can also be made through chemical formulae. However this concept is challenged on the grounds that a chemical formula does not represent the smell of the chemical itself and that few people would be able to get a sense of the smell based on its chemical formula.
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Home » Articole » EN » Society » Philosophy » Science » Henri Poincaré, The evolution of laws (2)
Henri Poincaré, The evolution of laws (2)
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Henri PoincaréBut, it will be said, could it not be that the application of the preceding process would lead to a contradiction, or, if one wishes, that our differential equations admit no solution? Since the hypothesis of the immutability of laws, posited at the beginning of all our reasoning, would lead to an absurd consequence, we would have shown by absurdum that they have evolved, while being forever powerless to know in what sense.
Since our process is reversible, what we have just said applies in the future, and there seem to be cases where we could say that before that date the world must perish or change its laws; if for example the calculation shows us that at this date, one of the quantities we have to consider must become infinite, or take a physically impossible value. To perish, or to change its laws, is almost the same thing; a world that no longer has the laws of ours, it would no longer be our world, it would be another.
Is it possible that the study of the present world and its laws will lead us to formulas exposed to similar contradictions? Laws are obtained by experience; if they teach us that the state A of Sunday causes the state B of Monday, it is because we observed the two states A and B; therefore none of these two states is physically impossible. If we continue the process, and if we conclude by passing every day from one day to the next, from state A to state B, then from state B to state C, then from state C to state D, etc., that is all these states are physically possible; because if the state D for example was not, one could never have done experiment proving that the state C generates after one day the state D. However far the deductions are pushed, we will never reach a physically impossible state, that is, a contradiction. If one of our formulas was not exempt, it would be that we would have exceeded the experience, it would have been extrapolated. Suppose, for example, that it has been observed that in such and such a circumstance the temperature of a body drops by one degree per day; if it is currently 20° for example, we will conclude that in 300 days it will be280°; and this will be absurd, physically impossible, since the absolute zero is at -273°. What to say? Had it been observed that the temperature passed in a day from -279° to -280°? No, no doubt, since these two temperatures are unobservable. It had been seen, for example, that the law was true at about 0° and 20°, and it had been wrongly concluded that it should be true even to -273° and even beyond; an illegitimate extrapolation was made. But there is an infinity of ways to extrapolate an empirical formula, and among them one can always choose one that excludes physically impossible states.
We know the laws only imperfectly; experience only limits our choice, and among all the laws it allows us to choose, we will always find those which do not expose us to a contradiction of the kind of those which we have just spoken of and which could oblige us to conclude against immutability. This means of demonstrating such a development still escapes us, whether it is to demonstrate that the laws will change, or that they have changed.
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If someone calls you mulish, they don't mean that you look like a mule; they mean that you are as stubborn as a mule. Act more open-minded, and no one will call you mulish.
You might know from the mulish expression on your sister's face that there's no way you can convince her to give you a ride to school, and a politician's mulish refusal to debate her opponent might end up hurting her on voting day. Mulish behavior is inflexible and opinionated. When you're mulish, you're as stubborn as the famously stubborn mule, an animal that's had this reputation since at least the fifteenth century.
Definitions of mulish
1. adjective
unreasonably rigid in the face of argument or entreaty or attack
synonyms: hardheaded
obstinate, stubborn, unregenerate
tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield
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Why Not Scratch That Itch? Study Says Serotonin Is The Reason
This article is more than 7 years old.
By Nicole Tay
CommonHealth intern
One thing I’ve learned about living in Boston is that the mosquitoes here are vicious. They fly around almost silently, and by the time you notice them, it’s too late; they’ve already made a snack of you.
In one particular case, I was driving home from work and noticed I had an unwelcome passenger. The commute turned into an anxiety-ridden nightmare: lots of swatting while driving and many awkward attempts to lure her out the window. This would not end well, I knew. Sure enough, when I got home, I had bites everywhere. (Apparently, Boston mosquitoes can bite you through tights?!)
The itching comes next. Everyone knows not to scratch bites and itches, but few of us have the superhuman self-discipline to resist the urge. I had even deluded myself into pseudo-scientifically justifying my scratching: “If scratching relieves itchiness, it’s obviously due to some beneficial neuronal pathway, right?”
Wrong. New research from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis says otherwise: Scratching can relieve itch by creating minor pain. But when the body responds to pain signals, that response actually can make itching worse.
In essence, when we scratch, the resulting pain interferes with the itchiness and the brain releases serotonin to quell that pain. The serotonin then binds to certain receptors on certain neurons that stimulate the itchy sensation. From the press release:
As part of the study, the researchers bred a strain of mice that lacked the genes to make serotonin. When those genetically engineered mice were injected with a substance that normally makes the skin itch, the mice didn't scratch as much as their normal littermates. But when the genetically altered mice were injected with serotonin, they scratched as mice would be expected to in response to compounds designed to induce itching.
[To identify the specific serotonin receptor, senior investigator Zhou-Feng] Chen's team injected mice with a substance that causes itching. They also gave the mice compounds that activated various serotonin receptors on nerve cells. Ultimately, they learned that the receptor known as 5HT1A was the key to activating the itch-specific GRPR neurons in the spinal cord.
To prove they had the correct receptor, Chen's team also treated mice with a compound that blocked the 5HT1A receptor, and those mice scratched much less.
"We always have wondered why this vicious itch-pain cycle occurs," Chen said. "Our findings suggest that the events happen in this order. First, you scratch, and that causes a sensation of pain. Then you make more serotonin to control the pain. But serotonin does more than only inhibit pain. Our new finding shows that it also makes itch worse by activating GRPR neurons through 5HT1A receptors.”
So if there’s a lesson to be learned here, it’s that your brain and natural biological reactions aren’t always correct — at least when it comes to itchiness.
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Sejong the Great
King Sejong the Great, one of only two Korean rulers to receive the prefix of “The Great”, was known for his military acumen, scholarly intellect, and concern for his people.
Featured on the 10,000 won note (pictured above), his promotion of science and technology led to the invention of the first rain gauge and improvements on water clocks, sundials, and the Korean calendar system. His most significant invention was that of hangul, the Korean phonetic alphabet, which led to a large increase in literacy.
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By The Bank of Korea 한국은행 [South Korean currency], via Wikimedia Commons |
Question: Why is there a square hole in Chinese coins?
Ancient Chinese coins are markedly different from their European counterparts. Most Chinese coins were produced with a square hole in the middle. This was used to allow collections of coins to be threaded on a square rod so that the rough edges could be filed smooth, and then threaded on strings for ease of handling.
What were the first 5 in chronology dynasties of China?
What was the main concern of Confucianism?
The main idea of Confucianism is the importance of having a good moral character, which can then affect the world around that person through the idea of “cosmic harmony.” If the emperor has moral perfection, his rule will be peaceful and benevolent.
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Kōrero: Alpine plants
Alpine areas of New Zealand
Alpine areas of New Zealand
Most of New Zealand’s 30,000 square kilometres of alpine terrain is in the South Island, where it extends from the mountains of north-west Nelson and Kaikōura along the Southern Alps to the mountains of Fiordland and Otago. In the North Island alpine areas occur on the ranges between Mt Hikurangi and the Tararua Range, as well as on Mt Taranaki and the mountains of the Volcanic Plateau. Alpine areas also occur on Stewart Island.
On very exposed, infertile sites, such as near the summit of Moehau mountain, some alpine plants grow at lower elevations and latitudes than would generally be predicted for alpine vegetation.
Te whakamahi i tēnei tūemi
Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Ngā whakaahua me ngā rauemi katoa o tēnei kōrero
Te tuhi tohutoro mō tēnei whārangi:
Hugh Wilson, 'Alpine plants - Alpine New Zealand', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/map/11022/alpine-areas-of-new-zealand (accessed 3 December 2021)
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Apple invention uses 'faceprints' to identify people, objects
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In a patent filing with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Thursday, Apple outlined a system that analyzes the characteristics of an image's subject and uses the data to create a "faceprint," which can then be matched with other photos to determine a person's identity.
Curiously, most of the patent language in Apple's application for "Auto-recognition for noteworthy objects" focuses on "famous people and/or iconic images," and not a user's friends or family.
The invention calls for a digital image management application to analyze a subject in a given photo, creating a "faceprint" of the person by using facial recognition to identify certain unique characteristics. Here the filing notes that a faceprint is "a subset of feature vectors that may be used for object recognition," and can therefore be used for non-facial objects like structures.
From the filing's background:
User feedback can also be included during this phase to aid in enhancing the attached metadata by pressing either a green check or red "X" button.
As for the database, the patent allows for a device like the iPhone to create and store faceprints locally or pull from an off-site cache. This remotely-generated faceprint store has the ability to operate in the cloud, and can be sent to or shipped with the device. Images can be pre-processed and tagged with metadata for quicker facial recognition, but the step is not necessary for the system to function as the remote system is integrated in the cloud.
Remote Database width=
Illustration of remote faceprint database with metadata.
Additional features include the ability to group together multiple faceprints using metadata along with reliability scores. The patent gives the example of pictures of Paul McCartney taken over a number of decades. While his face looks markedly different than it did forty years ago, vetted metadata assigned to a pool of images can help parse out photos of the legendary artist to give a decade-by-decade retrospective.
Going further, the metadata can be used to offer information about a subject like their Facebook page, Twitter feed or an iTunes Store link to their music.
While the exact purpose of the invention is unclear, the solution could extend beyond famous people and places and be used to intelligently identify subjects in a user's photo library for quick and easy tagging or file management. |
Have you got trouble writing an article? You are not alone. Many people struggle with writing essays in college, so I’m likely to speak to you about why it’s simpler than you think to write an article and how to avoid common essay errors.
First of all, you ought to be aware that there are many methods to begin composing an article, but just a couple of ways to complete the project. The ideal way to start this is to decide on an essay topic that interests you. Then you will have the ability to determine what to write. It is possible to compose something or write nothing in any way.
The next step is to choose an interesting topic for your essay. This way you’ll be able to learn what has to be coated. You might also make a decision as to what affordablepapers area to compose and just how much to write in this segment.
Last, you’ll need to plan what to write. There are lots of resources online that provide some aid. A few of these include posts on writing a composition and writing a newspaper.
Pick the best chapter and start writing. Writing a paper is not so much composing an essay, as composing a report. The structure is to write the very first paragraph of the paper, then begin to work through another paragraph, then another paragraph, etc. This is a basic overview of how to create a summary.
There are many distinct resources on the internet.1 great resource is the Writing Center. They supply a multitude of hints and hints on how to compose. They provide topics on editing and writing an article, you can also find an entire course on the best way best to write a newspaper.
I’d encourage all to take advantage of those resources, you can greatly improve your essay writing skills by simply using them. If you are new to writing essays and also don’t need to read a novel, or spend hundreds of hours and money exploring your topic, then I highly recommend you find a good supply of help for your writing.
A significant characteristic of writing an essay is that you just get the facts down and create a significant gap between what you think and what is fact. Without a significant difference between fact and opinion, you won’t succeed. |
Did Argentina ever rule Falklands?
Did the Falklands ever belong to Argentina?
Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.
February 1764 – April 1767 France
December 1832 – January 1833 Argentine Confederation
January–August 1833 United Kingdom
August 1833 – January 1834 None
January 1834 – April 1982 United Kingdom
How long did Argentina hold the Falklands?
1982 On 2 April Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken off. Argentine troops occupied the Islands for ten weeks before being defeated by the British. The Argentines surrendered on 14 June, now known as Liberation Day.
Will Argentina ever invade the Falklands again?
And it will likely never happen. Argentina is trying to rebuild its air force by resuming negotiations with Israel to acquire 12–14 Kfir Block 60 fighters in 2017. These are capable — if antiquated — fighters originally dating to the 1970s.
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Why did Argentina fight for the Falkland Islands?
The Argentinean military junta had not foreseen the British military response, and therefore did not plan for the defense of the Malvinas after the invasion. They believed that their action would only result in economic measures by the international community.
Does Argentina still want Falklands?
In the past year, Argentina has renewed its drive to reclaim the Falklands, appointing a Malvinas minister, saying it will redraw maps to emphasize its claim for use in schools and lobbying at the United Nations.
How many Gurkhas died in Falklands?
The total number ofsoldiers who died on the British side was about 250. The sole Gurkha death came in an accident after the fighting had ended.
Did America help Britain in the Falklands war?
The United States supplied 12.5 million gallons of aviation fuel diverted from U.S. stockpiles, along with hundreds of Sidewinder missiles, airfield matting, thousands of rounds of mortar shells and other equipment, they said. … Defense Secretary Caspar W.
Did American mercenaries fight in the Falklands?
The Ministry of Defense today rejected a newspaper report today that United States mercenaries fought alongside Argentine soldiers in the Falklands conflict.
Did France help Argentina in the Falklands War?
When the war began, France embargoed weapons sales and support for Argentina. They also allowed the British to use French ports in West Africa and provided them with information on the weapons and planes that they had sold to Argentina. French President Francois Mitterrand made the decision to aid the British.
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Business Economics
Reviewed by Komal | Updated on Nov 11, 2021
What is Business Economics?
Business economics is an applied economics field that studies corporations' financial, organisational, market-related, and environmental issues. Economic theory and quantitative methods form the basis of evaluations on factors that affect corporations, such as corporate organisation, management, expansion, and strategy.
The research could include how and why companies grow, the influence of entrepreneurs, corporate relationships, and the role governments play in regulating.
Understanding Business Economics
Economics, broadly speaking, refers to the analysis of the components and functions of a given system or economy, such as supply and demand, and the impact of the scarcity principle. Development factors, methods of distribution, and consumption are important themes of analysis within an economy.
Business economics emphasises the business operation components and causes and how they contribute to the economy as a whole.
The area of business economics discusses economic principles, policies, standard business practices, required capital acquisition, profit development, production efficiency, and overall management strategy.
Business economics also involves researching external economic factors and their effect on business decisions, such as a transition in industry regulation or a sudden change in raw materials prices.
Business Economics of Non-Profit Organisations
Although non-profits may focus on raising donations, often profit-oriented focus on selling goods or services. Each organisation strives to restrict waste in order to increase the overall utility of the funds available. That form of the company follows the same values to meet the related objectives of maintaining the money needed to continue to function within the economy.
Both for-profit and non-profit organisations run similar business functions and require similar expertise. For example, all types of organisations participate in advertising, community or customer support, and need leadership to make strategic decisions that are appropriate.
Managerial Economics
Managerial economics is a sub-focus of business economics which focuses on the microeconomic drivers related to an organisation's decision-making process. Corporations make strategic choices which lead to a profit or loss. Management economic principles shape corporate strategy and decisions and direct them.
Management philosophy refers to public and private sectors as well as non-profit and profit-oriented organisations. To remain solvent, all organisations need to analyse the internal and external economic climate, because all organisations need a source of funding to continue operations. Management economics aims at using available resources and optimising productivity while reducing waste.
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What Are Actually The Conveniences Of Utilization A Computer?
Computers are a must in our contemporary world. Below is a list of the major benefits and advantages that users can reap when using computers.
Increase productivity
Computers can boost productivity. If you're able to grasp the fundamentals of the programs that run on them, you'll be more productive in all you do. For instance, once you have a basic understanding using a word processor you can create, store and edit, share and print letters and documents. All of these are either difficult or more time-consuming using the technology that was available. Once you want to discover extra information about PC, you have to sneak a peek at https://kaunozinios.lt/naujienos/idomu/kompiuteris-darbui-ir-pramogoms-i-ka-svarbu-atkreipti-demesi_119386.html site.
Connects you to the Internet
The Internet can open up the possibilities for computers' potential. Once connected, your choices and options in terms of information goes, are virtually infinite. A lot of the advantages listed on this page pertain to computers connected to the Internet.
You can store large amounts of data and decrease the amount of wasted
Computers are capable of storing and accessing huge amounts of information. A device or computer like an eBook reader can store anywhere from thousands to hundreds of books, depending on how much storage space is available. When you store documents, books, movies, pictures, and songs digitally you are able to quickly locate what you are looking for with a search and share information between devices. It removes the need for paper used to make non-digital versions of these media.
Information search and sorting tools that help you organize and search for data
Computers are able to use their stored information more effectively than other devices. In our previous example, we mentioned the ability to keep a huge library of books. Once those books are stored on a computer they can be organized into categories, sorted alphabetically, and searched to locate the information you're seeking in just a few seconds. Trying to find the same text in a thousand books could take months or more.
More sophisticated AI (artificial intelligence) can be developed to make better choices. Computer software is able to detect cancers. Computers are able to scan millions of possible signs of cancer and give the positive or negative results in less than a few minutes. Scientists are also using computers to help discover new ways to treat illnesses using protein sequence pattern matching.
Can make you money
If connected to the Internet, a PC could help you earn money in a variety of ways. It's much cheaper to create and manage an online store than it is to own a physical one. Also, once the store is online, your product has a global market, and you can sell to anyone in the world.
Keeps you connected
Computers allow you to stay connected to your long-distance buddies as well as family members via email and social networks. Chat, forums, and online VoIP services such as Skype allow you to connect with millions of other people who are interested in the same things as you. It's an excellent opportunity to make new friends and connect with people across the world.
The most appealing aspect of the internet is its speed. For instance, you can send an email to someone who is on the other side of the planet and have it reach them within a matter of minutes. It could take several days for snail mail (postal mail) to be delivered.
Stay informed and assist you to learn
A computer that is connected to the Internet is an excellent learning tool that helps solve almost every questions, while also teaching you about anything that interests you. You can also get access to worldwide news and keep yourself up to date with the most recent news as well as weather and news across the globe. You can learn about the latest skills by reading websites or watching videos. Online courses are available that cover any subject that you've studied in school.
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First Portion - The Olivet Discourse: The Issachar, the 1st Resurrection and the 2nd Pentecost Weeks
Robert who was raised in Hawaii lives out in the countryside of Augsburg, Germany today. He loves sharing the Passion Paradigm.
Issachar: Siege of Jerusalem 70 AD - The Hired Man Dies
The Olivet Discourse is about a three different future weeks, the Issachar Week, the First Resurrection Week and Second Pentecost Week. The Issachar Week is the first week to look at because it can be plotted in time and because it is fulfilled. The week begins in 28 AD with Jesus ministry; the middle of the week is 70 AD with the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple, and the week is fulfilled in 112 AD with letters from Pliny to Emperor Trajan with a complicated question. Pliny’s letters could be summed up into one question, “what should I do with the Christians?”
The week is called Issachar because it is the fifth week that Israel has to fulfil and the focus is on the “hired man” which parallels Jesus and the Passion Week. Jesus is the “hired man” when he goes to the cross. The Passion Week is also the fifth week that God fulfils. The Passion Week can also be called a “Issachar Week”. The name is from Leah's fifth Son, Issachar which means "the hired man".
Israel’s Issachar Week is a typical “death week” where Israel’s weeks can be best “identified” by the sacrifice and not like for instance the end event in the Passion Week which is "the resurrection" which best identifies the week. In this case, 64 AD (1st hour of the 4th day) in with the Christians in Rome, 70 AD (6th hour of the 4th day) with the Jews in Jerusalem and 73 AD (9th hour of the 4th day) with the Jews in Masada is the sacrifice. This sacrifice is a twelve person sacrifice and is vicariously lived out in the twelve tribes. There are twelve sacrifices or for a better word, workers. When looking at the Passion Week, Jesus is the one sacrifice, and Jesus is the one who also works the week. The week is a typical “42 to 42 hour week” with an hour being equal to a year. All of Israel’s weeks are 42 to 42 hours in count simply meaning when looking at an ordinary week there are 84 day hours in a week, split in half is 42 to 42 hours. The only reference in the scriptures to the fall of the temple in 70 AD is Jesus’ prophesy in the following scriptures: Matthew 24:1-3, Mark 13:1-2 and Luke 21:5-6. This is the only connection of the Olivet Discourse that has anything to do with 70 AD and more specifically, the Issachar Week. The other reference material for the Issachar Week can be found in Tacitus’ writings (the burning of Rome), Josephus’ writings (70 AD Jerusalem and 73 AD Masada) and the letters of Pliny the younger and Emperor Trajan.
The Genesis Week: The first shall be last.
There are fifteen weeks.
Hopefully, an assumption can be made that there are three “known weeks”. There is the Genesis Week (1), the Passion Week (10) and now, the Issachar Week (9). There are fifteen weeks in all. Here is the list with a note that which weeks are fulfilled or active. Weeks have a format to help to identify them, but they are essentially stories. Looking at the list, a person who has read the Bible a few times should get a hint to the possible story. A whole explanation of these fifteen weeks will not be undertaken here. The focus will be to weed out the possible weeks that could meet the criteria for the Olivet Discourse.
1. Genesis Week (active)
2. Joseph in Egypt Week (fulfilled)
3. Simeon and the famine Week (fulfilled)
4. Ark of the Covenant Week (fulfilled)
5. Levi and the desert Week (fulfilled)
6. Temple Week (fulfilled)
7. Judah and Babylon Week (fulfilled)
8. Immanuel Week (fulfilled)
9. Issachar Week (fulfilled)
10. PASSION WEEK (fulfilled)
11. Pentecost Week (fulfilled)
12. Zebulun and the Holocaust Week (fulfilled)
13. First Resurrection Week (active?)
14. Second Pentecost Week (active?)
15. Benjamin and the Death of Rachel’s Children Week (fulfilled, but still active)
Looking at the list of fifteen weeks or stories, there is only four possible weeks that are active or could be active. The Zebulun Week is not a candidate for the Olivet Discourse because Jesus did not return and the week is Israel’s sixth week meaning it is a death week. The Zebulun is best understood in light of Isaiah 53 (the suffering servant) and is actually the only connection to the Bible. To find information on the Zebulun Week, the reference material is the history of Zionism beginning in 1897, the story of the two world wars, the Holocaust (1933 to 1945) and concluding with United Nation Resolution on Zionism.
The Genesis Week and the Benjamin Week are active, but cannot be candidates for the Olivet Discourse. Genesis Week only has to enter the eighth day. The Benjamin Week was fulfilled when Israel became a nation in 1948 and all that is left for the week is about two or three hours which is a 150 years. The Benjamin Week began with the birth of Abraham and the sacrifice was the death of Rachel’s children which was at the time of the birth of Jesus. The only possible weeks that could fulfil the prophecy of the Olivet Discourse are the First Resurrection Week and the Second Pentecost Week.
The beast is not a man; the beast is people. The living temple is not a building. The living temple is people. People kill people.
The First Resurrection Week
The First Resurrection Week is a seven year week with eight day. An hour is a month. The workers who will work this week are the Christians of the generation in this time line. This week can best be identified with each of the seven trumpets in the book of revelation. This week is more focused on bringing down the living temple which will involve the first beast and the second beast. The first beast and the second beast are people. The first beast is less identified while the second beast will be easily identified. The living temple, the Christians, will be easily identified when the second beast goes to work to bring the temple down. The second beast as well as the first beast will be marked. The first beast becomes also the second beast. To be more specific, these people, the first and the second beast, will be permanently “logged in on line”. The living temple is sealed by the Spirit. Once the living temple has fallen meaning enough blood and suffering has occurred or for a better measurement, the sacrifice should last a year, the Spirit will then completely leave the temple. Now, the end event of the First Resurrection Week is the resurrection of the dead and the living which happens on the eight day. The eighth day takes place in the eight year, but the whole resurrection will be a billionth of a second. A second, a minute, an hour, a day, a month or a year cannot measure this moment because at this billionth of a second means the resurrection step into the same “eighth” day where Jesus lives. For a simple word, they live at that moment in eternity in the presence of the eternal God.
Hosea 8:7: "For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind."
The Second Pentecost: God is the kingdom.
With the Spirit leaving the temple, this brings in the topic of the Second Pentecost. At the fall of the temple, this should be the ninth hour of the fourth day of the Second Pentecost Week. The Second Pentecost Week is a 50 to 50 hour week. An hour is a year. Fifty years prior to the fall of the living temple begins the Second Pentecost Week. This week has to do with the natural disasters, wars and economic turmoil. This week will continue after the Spirit has left the temple. This world will be open season for the universe to turn upside down. When this week comes to an end, the 50th year is the Jubilee year. The spirit will usher the kingdom in this little space that is called the universe. God is the kingdom will push into this universe. When this week is fulfilled, the only two things remain to happen. Benjamin Week will run out off time at the end of 2100 AD. In some time in the future, the Genesis Week will enter the “eighth” day, God is light. A second in the Genesis Week is between 40,000 and 80,000 years. The Genesis Week is the first week which ends last.
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The normal mitotic cell cycle is G1/S/G2/M
The normal mitotic cell cycle is G1/S/G2/M. initiated endoreplication to create PGCCs after substantial cell loss of life. The resulting PGCCs continued self-renewal via endoreplication and divided by nuclear budding or fragmentation further; the tiny daughter nuclei after that obtained cytoplasm, split off from the giant mother cells and acquired competency MBQ-167 in mitosis. FUCCI showed that PGCCs divided via truncated endoreplication cell cycle (endocycle or endomitosis). Confocal microscopy showed that PGCCs experienced pronounced nuclear fragmentation and lacked expression of important mitotic proteins. PGCC-derived daughter cells were capable of long-term proliferation and acquired numerous new genome/chromosome alterations exhibited by spectral karyotyping. These data prompt us to conceptualize a giant cell cycle composed of four unique but overlapping phases, initiation, self-renewal, termination and stability. The giant cell cycle may represent a fundamental cellular mechanism to initiate genomic reorganization to generate new tumor-initiating cells in response to chemotherapy-induced stress and contributes to disease relapse. Introduction Cell cycle represents a series of events that take place in a cell to faithfully replicate the genetic materials and to distribute them to Rabbit polyclonal to DDX3X the daughter cells. Proper regulation of cell cycle represents most fundamental mechanism for normal development and prevention of MBQ-167 neoplasia in eukaryotic organisms. The best known cell cycle is usually mitotic cell cycle, which involves several unique phases including DNA synthesis (S) and distribution of replicated DNAs to two identical daughter cells via mitosis (M) with the intervening space phase (G). However, during normal development and organogenesis, cells can go through an alternative cell cycle named endoplication cell cycle via either S/G without mitosis named endocycle or enter mitosis but fail to total all aspects of mitosis without cell division named endomitosis. Continued DNA replication via endoreplication cell cycle invariably prospects to a polyploid genome and an increase in cell size to generate mono- or multinucleated giant cells.1, 2, 3, 4 The endoreplication cell cycle and their variants play important role in Drosophila and herb development, several mammalian cells organs including megakaryocytes, placenta and liver.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 The role of polyploidy remains controversial in malignancy development. The polyploid genome has been found in approximately 37% of all human tumors.6 Mononucleated or multinucleated polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are common in many high-grade cancers and chemoresistant cancers.7, 8, 9, 10 PGCCs can suppress tumor growth because they lack the ability to execute mitosis and therefore are prone to death11, 12, 13 and therapy-induced senescence.14, 15 On the other hand, tetraploid cells have been reported to facilitate malignancy cell survival and promote transformation.16, 17, 18 Regrowth from giant cells via de-polyploidization terminated by budding of the daughter cells has been observed in senescent fibroblasts19 and in cancer cells after radiation therapy,20, 21 chemotherapy22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and oncogene activation.27 Polyploidy can facilitate senescence-induced replication barrier and promote tumor progression.28 Whole-genomic doubling has been shown to accelerate cancer genomic evolution.29 Giant cancer cells have even been reported to contribute to metastasis.30 These data suggest that PGCCs can either control or promote tumor growth depending on specific cellular contexts. Recently, in a series of papers from our laboratory,25, 26, 31, 32 we showed that PGCCs are capable of tumor initiation and embryonic-like differentiation. Our findings raise an intriguing question of how genomically unstable and mitotically incompetent PGCCs are capable of performing these functions that require mitotic division. In this work, we tracked the fate of PGCCs at the single-cell level following treatment with paclitaxel (PTX) to completely disable the mitotic spindle. Our findings revealed a multistep programmed process and results in generation of MBQ-167 and mitotically qualified tumor-initiating cells; we refer to this process as the giant cell cycle. Results PGCCs growth after PTX treatment The experimental design is shown in Physique 1a. We treated Hey, SKOV3 and OVCAR433 ovarian malignancy cells with PTX for 16C18?h (overnight) and then monitored them by circulation cytometry, light microscopy, fluorescent-labeled single-cell time lapse and confocal microscopy for up to 31 days. In this paper, day 0. |
Very closely related: How did Numbers 6:9 apply to Samson?
In Judges 13:5, Samson's mother is told:
Numbers 6:6:
All the days that [the Nazerite] separates himself to the Lord he shall not go near a dead body.
However, Samson killed numerous Philistines. For example, in Judges 15:7-8A:
How was he able to do this without violating the prohibition against going near a dead body?
The linked Q&A suggests that, for example, perhaps Samson didn't actually touch the dead bodies due to him using weapons. However, this text seems to be making an even stronger prohibition than just not touching the body. (I actually found the answer to the linked Q&A rather unsatisfying and was hoping that this issue could be fully addressed in terms of this particular text).
So, even if we assume that Samson never actually touched the bodies of those he killed, how was Samson not in violation of the prohibition not to even go near a dead body?
• Samson disobeyed many laws - morally, his life was a failure, but God used him anyway.
– Dottard
Sep 22 at 5:07
• 2
@Dottard - I think the point is that traditionally Samson is understood to have lost his strength as a consequence of breaking his Nazirite vow when his hair was cut, and Judges 16:22 seems to make a point of hinting that his hair was growing back before it was re-instated. Yet it seems at face value as if he breached this vow in other ways without consequence.
– Steve Taylor
Sep 22 at 8:04
• 1
Of course Samson was in violation of his Nazirite vow! How could anybody reading his life-story in the Old Testament not come to that conclusion? There are other Bible characters who broke other vows too. We can learn from that to be very careful about what we promise to God. Check out Ecclesiastes 5:2-6.
– Anne
Sep 22 at 15:19
• 1
@Anne If that's the case, why did cutting his hair cause him to lose his strength when being near a dead body didn't? Sep 22 at 15:31
• @EJoshuaS Very simply because a particular 'clause' in Samson's vow expressly linked his physical strength with having uncut hair, not with avoiding proximity to bodies he had killed in the Lord's will. Judges 13:5 & 16:17 make both those points.
– Anne
Sep 22 at 16:22
How was Samson not in violation of his Nazirite Vow?
Note the distinction made in the topic "Nazirite" in the Insight on the Scriptures:
There were two classes of Nazirites: those who volunteered and those who were such by divine appointment. The regulations governing volunteer Nazirites are found in the book of Numbers, chapter 6. Either men or women could take a special vow to Jehovah to live as Nazirites for a period of time. However, if a daughter’s father or a wife’s husband heard the vow and did not approve, he could cancel it.—Nu 30:1-8.
So if an Israelite chose to take on the Nazirite Vow, they were under obligation to follow the three restrictions outlined in Numbers chapter 6.
The second type of Nazirite was a lifetime Nazirite chosen by Jehovah God himself:
In the case of those appointed as Nazirites by Jehovah for life, being singled out by him for special service, they took no vows and were not bound by a limited period of time (the days of which were recalculated from the beginning if the vow was broken before being completed). For these reasons Jehovah’s commandments for them differed somewhat from his requirements for voluntary Nazirites. Samson was such a God-appointed lifetime Nazirite, having been divinely appointed to be such before his conception. Even with his mother it was not a discretionary matter. Because her son would be a Nazirite, she was commanded by the angel to observe special regulations—not to drink wine or intoxicating liquor or to eat anything unclean during her pregnancy.—Jg 13:2-14; 16:17. [bold mine]
We see here that Samson was thus listed as a lifetime Nazirite. The entry also describes the difference in Samson's case:
Regarding Samson, the regulation was that “no razor should come upon his head.” (Jg 13:5) However, no prohibition was placed on his touching dead bodies. Hence, Samson’s killing a lion, or his slaying 30 Philistines and then stripping the corpses of their garments, did not profane his Naziriteship. On still another occasion, with God’s approval, he killed a thousand of the enemy “with the jawbone of a male ass—one heap, two heaps!”—Jg 14:6, 19; 15:14-16. [bold mine]
We can see that even though Samson was a Nazirite, his appointment was by Jehovah God, and with Jehovah's approval was able to touch a dead body. Had Samson taken the Nazirite Vow voluntarily, he would have been under the restrictions outlined in Numbers chapter 6.
I never considered that killing someone might violate the clause of touching a dead body -- that's some real hair-splitting which would require debates as to the moment they are dead and whether you were still touching them, say if you killed them with a punch.
In either case, it's a tough call and not obvious either way.
As to whether Samson violated Nazarite vows in general, there are much better candidates, specifically prohibitions on marrying a non-virgin or a prostitute in Lev 21.7.
But I think the larger point is that Samson never took the Nazirite vow. He was just a Nazirite from birth by the Holy Spirit. And YHWH told his mother never to shave his head, so these were the instructions given to his parents and there was no mention of any other requirement. Moreover the scripture is clear that Samson's sexual desires came from the LORD in order to vex the Phillistines (Judges 14.4), because otherwise there would be no reason for Samson to interact with Phillistines at all -- the law was clear that he should not be eating or drinking with them or associating with them, so he had to break that law in order to enter Phillistine circles, and this was done by the power of his desires for Phillistine women. God gave him those desires as a way to throw a bomb into Philistia. A supernatural killing machine in the form of one very angry lover. Jeremiah talks a lot about how Israel is unfaithful to God and Samson marauding through the countryside should serve as a powerful warning.
In this way, Samson is also a type for Christ who sought a bride out of sinful man - one that would constantly betray him - and in his death he defeated the god of this world.
The question "How was Samson not in violation of his Nazirite Vow?" (while judging Israel for 20 years) disregards Samson's confession to Delilah in Judges 16:17 divulging the Naziriteship of his hair.
[Shoftim | Judges 16:17] "And he told her all his heart, and said to her, "A razor has not come upon my head, for ** I am a Nazirite of Elohim from my-mother's-womb **. If I will be shaven, then my strength will leave me, and I shall become weak and be like any man." ( וַיַּגֶּד־לָ֣הּ אֶת־כָּל־לִבּ֗וֹ וַיֹּ֚אמֶר לָהּ֙ מוֹרָה֙ לֹֽא־עָלָ֣ה עַל־רֹאשִׁ֔י כִּֽי־נְזִ֧יר אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֲנִ֖י מִבֶּ֣טֶן אִמִּ֑י אִם־גֻּלַּ֙חְתִּי֙ וְסָ֣ר מִמֶּ֣נִּי כֹחִ֔י וְחָלִ֥יתִי וְהָיִ֖יתִי כְּכָל־הָאָדָֽם )
Did שִׁמְשׁ֑וֹן Shimshon tell דְּלִילָ֜ה Delilah that his strength was from a Nazirite vow [he made] to curl his hair? - No. | In Shoftim (Judges) Chapter 16 verse 17, Shimshon confesses to Delilah that the strength of his hair (Naziriteship) was from his mother's womb. - It was Manoah's Wife who made the Nazirite vow in Shoftim 13:3-7 never to drink wine or cut Shimshon's hair in dedication of her son to Elohim.
• In Shoftim (Judges) 13:3-7, we learn the Angel of YHVH (מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוַ֜ה) and the Wife (הָאִשָּׁ֗ה) of Manoah (מָנ֑וֹחַ) make the Nazirite vow for Manoah's son - Shimshon שִׁמְשׁוֹן "Samson" to hopefully become a Nezir (נְזִיר) of God to save Israel from the hand of the "Philistines" פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים Phelishtim .
[Shoftim | Judges 13:5] "Because you shall conceive, and bear a son; and a razor shall not come upon his head, for a [Nazirite] of Elohim shall the lad be from the womb; and he will begin to save Yisrael from the hand of the Phelishtim" ( כִּי֩ הִנָּ֨ךְ הָרָ֜ה וְיֹלַ֣דְתְּ בֵּ֗ן וּמוֹרָה֙ לֹא־יַעֲלֶ֣ה עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ כִּֽי־נְזִ֧יר אֱלֹהִ֛ים יִהְיֶ֥ה הַנַּ֖עַר מִן־הַבָּ֑טֶן וְה֗וּא יָחֵ֛ל לְהוֹשִׁ֥יעַ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִיַּ֥ד פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים )
Regarding the Nazirite vow in Bamidbar (Numbers) 6:2-9, a mother cannot make a Nazirite vow for her son. The vow must be made by a Yisraelite man or woman who sets themself apart to become holy for God.
Shimshon שִׁמְשׁוֹן never makes the Nazirite (נָּזִ֗יר) vow. - Shimshon prays only twice during his life to YHVH requesting a post-battle beverage in Judges 14:18 & later in Judges 16:28 for vengeance against the Phelishtim פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים "Philistines" after being humbled by the removal of his Einay עֵינַ֖י "Eyes".
Samson's Prayer in [Shoftim (Judges) 16:28]: "And Shimshon called to YHVH and said, "Lord YHVH, remember me and strengthen me now, only this once, God, that I may be avenged the vengeance for one of my two eyes from-[the]-Phelishtim." ( וַיִּקְרָ֥א שִׁמְשׁ֛וֹן אֶל־יְהֹוָ֖ה וַיֹּאמַ֑ר אֲדֹנָ֣י יֱהֹוִֹ֡ה זָכְרֵ֣נִי נָא֩ וְחַזְּקֵ֨נִי נָ֜א אַ֣ךְ הַפַּ֚עַם הַזֶּה֙ הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים וְאִנָּקְמָ֧ה נְקַם־אַחַ֛ת מִשְּׁתֵ֥י עֵינַ֖י מִפְּלִשְׁתִּֽים)
Vengeance for one of your eyes?? -- What about vengeance for your Nazirite hair that was just cut off to dishonor your mother's vow to YHVH?
We are told in Judges 16:22 that the Naziriteship of his mother's womb could not lose its strength!
[Shoftim | Judges 16:22] "And the hair of his head began to grow after he was shaven." ( וַיָּ֧חֶל שְׂעַר־רֹאשׁ֛וֹ לְצַמֵּ֖חַ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר גֻּלָּֽח )
The strength of his Nazirite mother lived in Samson's hair. The vow of Manoah's Wife made Shimshon's hair curl. | The strength of Shimshon's arms came not from any Naziriteship but when the Ruach YHVH ר֣וּחַ יְהֹוָ֗ה "Spirit of [the Lord]" rested on him, as stated in Judges 14:6.
He did.
The deeper question is this: Why didn't Samson lose his power after going near a dead body?
Why should he? Moses' laws didn't say that a Nazirite should lose his superpower after going near a dead body. Instead of Moses' stipulations, we have Samson's own confession to Delilah in Judges 16:
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The Meaning behind the Flapping Wings:
"When the Teponaxtle
and the hornpipe sound,
You Must Sing.
And Sing as best you can Sing.
To the rattles
and the bells you must Dance.
Dance as best you can Dance.
To the rattle and the bell’s ring."
(Song to Huitzilopochtli)
As it was once popularly known, Huitzilopochtli translates as "The Left-handed Hummingbird" ” (Huitzilin = Hummingbird, Opochtli = Left). It is not often known what meaning lies behind its symbolism.
When the Spanish arrived, they were horrified by the tale of the birth of Huitzilopochtli upon learning he had to kill 400 of his siblings to defend his Mother. Consequently, the Spanish interpreted Huitzilopochtli to be the very "Devil". Conversely, the ancient Mexica people considered Huitzilopochtli as the God of War, its moniker derived by shared characteristics with the hummingbird:
o It is an extremely territorial and aggressive animal. With its ability to rapidly fly in all directions, it gives it an advantage over other birds by being swift, agile, elusive and accurate, much like a trained warrior!
o The hummingbird is like a weapon. It’s long beak, much like a samurai with his katana, is accurate and precise. The hummingbird's beak is an invisible and silent tool; but above all, it is lethal like a warrior and his darts!
o The hummingbird is renowned for its aim and precision when collecting nectar from. This specimen is the only bird that has the honor of participating in cross-pollination via its enviable aim.
Possessing these attributes, it can taste the sweet nectar of life, akin to a warrior mastering his fears.
Yet still there is a much more hidden meaning behind the association of warriors to the Huitzilin; and so, it is important to recall part of its origin:
- The Goddess Coatlicue heard her son's voice when she was in fear, and Huitzilopochtli consoled her. Coatlicue was able to hear her son's voice from within as he relayed messages to her.
- The ancient Mexica people said that hummingbirds were messengers, ones that never stop moving.
Taking into consideration these details, one can surmise that Huitzilopochtli is a metaphor for the heart. Since the heart is off center to the left (opochtli), unceasing in movement, beating while we sleep, and flutters much like a hummingbird, it is why one considers being led from the heart, as if it were life’s guide.
And this is how Huitzilin Arte Mexicano was born. With Alexa Sefchovich at the helm, her one simple founding vision of a small family-oriented project led her heart to initiate a burgeoning business with a noble mission and message of hope. By bolstering fair trade, we send a clear message to not only impulse the talented hands of the artisans that work with the company, but effectively cut out the haggling that historically holds them back.
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What is the world’s largest land clearing program?
It is one of the world the largest land-clearing programs ever.
In 2014, China cleared more than 1,000 million hectares (4.2 million acres) of land, covering 2.5 million square kilometres (1.8 million square miles).
China is now clearing about half of that land in the country, according to the United Nations.
China is now one of four countries in the world to be in the top 10 land clearing programs, which includes Brazil, India, Indonesia and the United States.
It is the largest single clearing program in the history of the Earth.
The United Nations’ World Food Program (WFP) says China is the biggest land clearing project in the last 20 years, clearing almost three times the amount of land as all of its other clearing programs combined.
It says the vast majority of the clearing is done in rural areas.
WFP says the program has reduced hunger in rural China and has helped the population to recover from the global food crisis, as well as its own.
China is also the largest producer of genetically modified (GM) crops. |
Student View
Common Core: RH.6-8.1, RH.6-8.2, RH.6-8.4, RH.6-8.5, RH.6-8.8, RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.2, RI.6-8.3, SL.6-8.1, SL.6-8.2, SL.6-8.4, WHST.6-8.1
C3 (D2/6-8): Civ.2, Civ.6, Eco.1, Eco.2, Eco.6, Eco.9, Geo.4, His.1, His.4, His.5
NCSS: Time, continuity, and change; Culture
“We Are Americans Too!”
Seen as security risks, more than 110,000 Japanese-Americans were rounded up during World War II and sent to internment camps far from home
Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images
While the internment camps were being built, some Japanese-Americans were held in crowded temporary camps like this one in Santa Anita, California.
Jeanne Wakatsuki, 7
Riku, 45, Jeanne’s mother
Chizu, wife of Woody, Jeanne’s brother
Man, a neighbor of the family
*Newscaster, a radio news reporter
Woody, 24, one of Jeanne’s four brothers
Kiyo, 10, Jeanne’s brother
Lillian, 14, one of Jeanne’s five sisters
*Sam Jones, a neighbor of the family
*Ronnie, 8, Sam’s son
Granny, 65, Riku’s mother
*Guard, at the relocation camp
Narrators A-E
*Indicates a fictional or composite character. All others were real people.
Narrator A: World War II began in Europe in September 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. By late 1941, the war had spread to East Asia, where Japan had allied itself with Germany.
Narrator B: At the time, Jeanne Wakatsuki (wah-kaht-SOO-kee) was just another American kid growing up in California. Then came the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. It was, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said, “a date which will live in infamy.”
Narrator C: As the United States was plunged into the war, Jeanne and her family learned a bitter truth: For Americans of Japanese descent, being a U.S. citizen did not afford the same protections that other citizens enjoyed.
Scene 1: 1941
Narrator D: On December 7, a small fleet of fishing boats in Southern California is headed out to sea. Jeanne’s father, Ko, is on one of the boats. His sons Bill and Woody are his crew. From the shore, women and children are waving goodbye.
Jeanne Wakatsuki: When will they be back?
Riku: Two days? A week? It depends on how good the fishing is and how much they can catch.
Jeanne: Wait, look! The fleet is coming back already.
Chizu: Maybe someone is hurt!
Jeanne: But why would all the boats come back?
Riku: Something must be wrong.
Narrator E: A man runs out of the nearby fish cannery.
Man (shouting): We just heard it on the radio! The Japanese have bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii!
Narrator A: That night, the Wakatsuki family—and people all across the U.S.—listen to the radio for news.
Newscaster: Today at 7:55 a.m. Hawaii time, some 200 Japanese aircraft bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. More than 2,000 servicemen were killed. Another thousand or so were wounded.
Narrator B: Ko, who was born in Japan, burns the Japanese flag.
Jeanne: Why is Papa doing that?
Riku: So people don’t think we sympathize with the Japanese attackers.
Jeanne: Why would they think that? We’re Americans.
Riku: Yes. But they don’t know what’s in our hearts. They don’t know we are loyal to America.
Narrator C: Two weeks after the Pearl Harbor attack, FBI agents come to the house and take Ko away. The family is in turmoil.
Woody: The newspaper says that Papa used his boat to sneak secrets and supplies to Japanese subs.
Kiyo: Papa loves this country!
Lillian: And we’re all proud to be American! How can they doubt us?
Narrator D: The U.S. government labels Ko a hostile “enemy alien.” He’s sent to a prison in North Dakota. It is weeks before his family learns what happened to him.
Scene 2: 1942
Narrator E: Now that the U.S. is at war, people fear that there will be an attack on the mainland. Many Californians are anxious about the 93,000 Japanese-Americans living in the state. In February 1942, in a house near the Wakatsukis’ . . .
Sam Jones: Stay away from those Japanese kids! They’re the enemy!
Ronnie: But Dad, Jeanne’s American! She’s in my class.
Jones: She won’t be there much longer. President Roosevelt just issued Executive Order 9066.
Ronnie: What’s an executive order?
Jones: An executive order is an official directive issued by a U.S. president. This one will let the government round up all the Japanese in this country and take them where they can’t do any harm.
Narrator A: On February 25, many Japanese-Americans receive the same order: Leave home within 48 hours. The Wakatsukis and others go to an assigned location in Los Angeles, California. Government workers attach a numbered tag to every bag and every person before they board waiting buses. During the bus ride . . .
Riku (crying): Our fishing boat! Our house! We had to sell them for a fraction of their value. All our years of working and saving—for nothing!
Granny: Shikata ga nai.
Jeanne: Grown-ups keep saying that. What does it mean?
Riku: “It cannot be helped.”
Woody: It means that we’ll do the best we can with what we’ve got.
Narrator B: After a long ride, the bus comes to a halt. Everyone files out and looks around in shock. Row after row of wooden buildings, quickly and clumsily built, are dwarfed by a vast desert. Barbed wire surrounds the camp. Armed guards stand watch in towers.
Jeanne: Where are we?
Guard: This is Manzanar. Settle in—it’ll be your home for a while.
Narrator C: The newcomers are horrified by conditions at the internment camp [a place where people who are considered a threat are confined during wartime]. The buildings are just wooden planks covered with tar paper. The wind blows sand, dust, and bitter-cold air through every crack. Twelve members of Jeanne’s family must live in a cramped two-room unit.
Locked Away, 1942-1944
Some internees were German or Italian, but most were of Japanese descent.
Jim McMahon/Mapman®
Scene 3: 1942
Narrator D: Internees try to make Manzanar more livable. They fix up the buildings, hold religious services, and organize volleyball and other games. But the camp remains bleak. Summer brings blistering heat topping 100°F.
Narrator E: In September, Ko is released from prison and arrives at Manzanar. He is angry and bitter.
Jeanne: What’s wrong with Papa?
Woody: He’s a proud man who has lost everything. Even worse, people here are calling him inu [EE-noo].
Kiyo: That means “dog”!
Woody: It also means they think he’s a spy for camp officials.
Chizu: Everyone is tense—10,000 of us are stuck in this awful place.
Jeanne: For how long?
Woody: Nobody knows, kiddo. Remember: Shikata ga nai.
Narrator A: On December 5, resentments boil over. When angry internees pelt military police (MPs) with stones, some MPs open fire. Two internees are killed.
Scene 4: 1943-1944
Narrator B: After the riot, conditions at Manzanar improve. The government builds schools and relaxes some of the camp rules.
Narrator C: In December 1944 . . .
Newscaster: The War Relocation Authority has announced it will be releasing internees over the next year. The camps will close . . .
Jeanne: Why don’t you look happy, Mama? Isn’t this good news?
Riku: No home, no job—where can we go? How will people treat us?
Kiyo: Maybe we’re better off here.
Narrator D: But Jeanne’s oldest siblings leave as soon as they can. Woody joins the U.S. Army; others take jobs in New Jersey.
Scene 5: 1945
Narrator E: In August, the U.S. drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders, and World War II ends. In the camps, feelings are mixed. Internees are glad the war is over, but many of them have lost relatives in the destruction caused by the bombs. Jeanne and her family prepare to leave Manzanar in October.
Kiyo: I’m excited—but scared too! Are you nervous, Jeanne?
Jeanne: A little. So is Papa.
Kiyo: Yeah. He’s afraid we won’t survive in the outside world.
Jeanne: I think we’ll do OK. Remember: Shikata ga nai!
Narrator A: Jeanne is right—eventually, the Wakatsuki family does do OK. An aid organization helps them get an apartment in Long Beach, California, and helps Riku get a job. But no one who spent time in an internment camp is left unscarred.
Narrator B: After the war, an increasing number of Americans recognized the injustice of the camps. But not until 1988 did the federal government formally acknowledge that it had done what President Ronald Reagan called “a grave wrong.” The internment of more than 110,000 Japanese-Americans remains one of the most haunting episodes in U.S. history.
Write About It! Why has the internment of Japanese-Americans been called “a grave wrong”?
Adapted from FAREWELL TO MANZANAR by Jeanne W. Houston and James D. Houston. Copyright ©1973 by James D. Houston, renewed 2001 by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. All professional, amateur, motion picture, recitation, lecturing, performance, public reading, radio, and television rights are strictly reserved. Inquiries on all rights should be sent to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt at 3 Park Avenue–19th Fl., New York, NY 10016 and Scholastic Inc.
Under Lock and Key
U.S. Border Patrol/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Undocumented immigrants at a U.S. Border Patrol processing center in McAllen, Texas
In recent years, U.S. officials have enforced increasingly strict policies against illegal border crossings. Thousands of undocumented immigrants are currently being held in prison-like detention facilities. The detainees—including families with small children—often have no idea when, if ever, they’ll be released.
Survivors of World War II-era internment camps have said they find news images of today’s detention centers eerily familiar. A key difference: The internees of the 1940s were U.S.-born citizens or established legal immigrants; today’s detainees are newcomers who entered the U.S. without authorization. Many of those now being held fled dire conditions in Central America, including gang violence and political persecution. They are seeking asylum (official protection) in the U.S. But under new “zero tolerance” policies, asylum seekers are more likely to be deported, or held in long-term detention centers while their asylum claims are processed.
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SR388's solar system.
Though absent in Metroid II: Return of Samus, SR388's solar system was depicted in Metroid Fusion. Here is where SR388 was located, along with the Biologic Space Laboratories research station, as well as a second planet. The map to the right seems to show the rotation pattern of both planets (though they do not rotate in the map ingame) around the unseen sun. The flight path lists "P.1", "P.2" and "P.3", most likely indicating various points in space of Samus' travel to the BSL. After Samus sets the station to collide with SR388 and evacuates, the planets seem to have shifted in rotation downward. The explosion does not affect the neighboring planet, and Samus' location on the map is not listed.
SR388 is described as "nearby" Zebes in the Metroid Prime manual, implying that the system is close to the FS-176 system. However, in the Metroid Manga, SR388 is said to "not [be] found on many galactic charts". This can cause one to question where exactly SR388 and its system are located in the cosmos. In the Journal of Samus Aran, she says that this sector of space is ruled by a Federation governor.
The supermassive black hole visible from space in Samus Returns
• In Metroid: Samus Returns, what appears to be a supermassive black hole can be seen in the distance ejecting high-speed jets from its poles. This would indicate that SR388 is near enough to the center of its or another galaxy for it to be visible as supermassive black holes are believed to exist at the center of all known galaxies. However it is hard to tell how far it is from the black hole as it may actually be much further away but appears closer due to its supermassive size. Interestingly, the supermassive black hole is not present though a distant galaxy can be see in Metroid Fusion. The absence of the black hole is not necessarily a retcon as it may simply have not been visible at the time. Its presence may be an attempt by developers to be scientifically accurate, though it may simply have been chosen due to the visual effect. Its presence may indicate the developers used current scientific thought when designing the space background for Samus Returns.
• In the real world a Supermassive black hole was first theorized to exist at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy in 1971. Sagittarius A* a bright and very compact astronomical radio source was discovered at the center of the Milky Way in 1974, by astronomers using the baseline interferometer of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. They discovered radio source emitting synchrotron radiation which was found to be dense and immobile because of its gravitation. This was the first indication that a supermassive black hole exists in the center of the Milky Way. While this predates the release of Metroid, the idea has become more popularized in recent years and the idea of supermassive black holes has even been featured at the end of Super Mario Galaxy.
• An high-tech observatory with holograms showing what appears to be SR388's solar system is present in the east part of Area 7, also in Samus Returns. |
So the answer would be 12. Yet if you"re talking around magnesium in the sea or magnesium in rocks and minerals, that"s one ion in the form of Mg2+. Because # that electrons = # of proton - charge, the answer would be 12- 2 = 10.
You are watching: What is the total number of electrons in a mg2+ ion
Click come see complete answer Furthermore, how countless protons and also electrons go mg2+ have?
The protons of Mg atom is 12. For this reason the Mg atom has 12 electrons. The Mg2+ ion has lost two electrons so the has two optimistic charge. Then the price is 10 electrons.
Subsequently, question is, what is the number of electrons in Mg atom and also mg2+? 10
Likewise, people ask, how numerous electron go magnesium have?
12 electrons
What is the total number of electrons in a Mg 2+ ion?
10 electron
Hence, it loses an electron to end up being K+. Electronic configuration that K+ - 2,8,8. A complete of 18 electons are existing in the K+ ion. Is over there a border to the variety of electrons in each covering or orbit?
The atom of sodium has actually 11 electrons, 11 protons together with 12 neutrons, however Na+ includes one less electron, 11 protons along with 12 neutrons, together the ion has lost 1 electron. It provides the electrons existing in that atom tantamount to the nearest gas i beg your pardon is Noble, i beg your pardon is Neon and has 10 electrons.
name Magnesium
Atomic Mass 24.305 atomic mass units
Number that Protons 12
Number the Neutrons 12
Number of Electrons 12
Mg2+ ion is created by lose of two electrons by Mg atom. Therefore, it has actually two electrons much less than the variety of electrons in Mg atom. Number of neutrons = (24- 12) = 12.
The p orbital can hold increase to 6 electrons. We"ll put six in the 2p orbital and also then put the remaining two electron in the 3s. Therefore the Magnesium electron configuration will be 1s22s22p63s2.
Na is a sodium atom and contains 11 electrons. Na+ is developed when Na atom loses one electron, hence it has only 10 electrons. Na has more number of electrons 보다 Na+because over there is confident charge ~ above Na which the electron distribution in a sodium atom and also a sodium ion and additionally give your atomic no.
For magnesium, valency is same to the variety of electrons (two) in valence shell. Because that oxygen, valency is equal to eight minus the variety of electrons current in the outermost covering (8−6=2).
The Lewis dot structure for Magnesium is one Mg through 2 dots which was standing for its two valence electrons.
Mg2+ is a Mg atom the now has the same number of electrons as a noble gas. The achiveved this by offering up to other atoms in that is vicinity who could be considered “electron acceptors”: they space atoms native chemical facets that are all set to expropriate these electrons to reach the construction of a noble gas.
The electronic configuration the Mg2+ is 1s2 2s2 2p?6. Since, the last covering is fully filled, over there is no unpaired electron present.
So in chlorine, we have the right to see that the atomic number is 17. This means that each chlorine atom has actually 17 protons and therefore must additionally have 17 electrons. The nucleus of one atom consists of protons and also neutrons.
Take note that the cell core of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons. And also the number that particles current in the nucleus is referred together mass number (Also, referred to as as atomic mass). So, to identify the number of neutrons in atom, we only have to subtract the number that protons native the massive number.
See more: Does A Salamander Have A Backbone ? Ask A Naturalist: What Is An Amphibian
Magnesium has 2 paired 3s electrons in the Mg(0) state, but why the is a paramagnetic material? as saying in the question, there are only two 3s electrons in the external shell of magnesium. |
Health Problems
Vitamin D is important because it helps your body sustain normal levels of calcium and phosphorus. Because it works as a key that allows your body to absorb calcium; but vitamin D plays a critical role in forming and maintaining healthy bones. It also helps keep your muscles, nerves and immune system healthy.
Research suggests that consistently getting enough vitamin D can significantly lower the risk; for the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis. Low vitamin D also is associated with falls, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, diabetes, high blood pressure; cardiovascular disease and some cancers. However, an association does not mean low vitamin D causes these conditions, or that taking a vitamin D supplement will adequately prevent or treat them.
Vitamin D supplement
Vitamin D is found in some foods, such as egg yolks, cheese, cod liver oil; beef liver and fatty fish like tuna, salmon, sardines, herring and mackerel. But the amount of vitamin D in these foods is quite small. In the U.S., many people get the bulk of their dietary vitamin D; but from foods that are fortified with it, including milk, cereals and some brands of yogurt and orange juice.
In general, even with fortified foods, diet usually does not provide enough vitamin D. And certain health conditions that affect the gastrointestinal tract may decrease the absorption of vitamin D and predispose to low vitamin D blood levels. You also can get vitamin D through direct exposure to sunlight, although the amount of sun you need to get enough vitamin D can vary greatly.
For people in northern climates or those who spend most of their time indoors, adequate exposure to sunlight can be hard to get. Also, if you regularly wear sunscreen with a sun protection factor higher than eight, a wise move to protect your skin from cancer—or if you have a darker skin tone, you may not be absorbing vitamin D, even when you are out in the sunshine.
Recommended dietary allowance
While getting too little vitamin D is associated with adverse health effects; getting too much vitamin D also can lead to problems. For this reason, large doses aren’t recommended unless someone has a condition; but such as having had gastric bypass surgery, in which it is challenging to obtain recommended amounts.
Health conditions
Discuss with your health care provider if it may be beneficial to check your vitamin D level. If you have ongoing health concerns or a chronic health condition, talk to your health care provider before you begin taking any dietary supplement, including vitamin D. He or she can help you decide if supplements are appropriate for your situation. |
Citing film
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Citing film
Apart from that, there are quite a few similarities with previously mentioned styles, as you will see from the examples we provide below. here, you don' t need the year of the airing to provide a quote from a podcast. the name of the composer that produced the audio is enough. [ quote] ( kent) work cited listing goes a bit differently. don' t forget to write the full name of the performer followed by the name and the year of recording and the year of release following the name of the studio. then goes the format. the diseases of the heart. true audio, 1999. list films by their title. include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor, and the release year. if relevant, list performer names after the director' s name. to emphasize specific performers or directors, begin the citation with the name of the desired performer or director, followed by the appropriate title for that person.
firstname lastname, title of work, directed/ performed by firstname lastname ( original release year; city: studio/ distributor, video release year), medium. citing film title of work, episode number, “ episode title, ” directed/ written/ performed by firstname lastname, aired month day, year, on network name, url. buy an essay on dew. determine the type of work to cite ( e. , article, image, sound recording) and cite appropriately. end the entry with the name of the digital format ( e. , pdf, jpeg file, microsoft word file, mp3). if the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author’ s name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the location. automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for mla, apa and chicago/ turabian citation styles.
now supports 7th edition of mla. mla 8th edition guide to citing online sources, film and other media apa guide to citing online sources, film and other media chicago guide to citing online sources, film and other media purdue owl, guide to citing film, television, streaming. directed by lana wachowski and lilly wachowski, performances by emile hirsch, nicholas. a prerequisite to citing anything is a format and guideline to follow. it usually comes about from the three basic styling guides, apa, mla, and chicago manual of style ( the turabian styling guide is also popular but closely resembles the chicago manual in many respects, the two are sometimes categorized together). Artist research paper. a professor or publisher will usually request one of the three types of formatting styles, for both in- text and bibliographic listings. these are the two main types of citations: on. malcolm x quotes, facts, and biography muhammad ali quotes and facts: everything you need to know about a fighter that truly was the greatest mother teresa biography, quotes & facts abraham lincoln facts, quotes, and biography winston churchill: biography, quotes, and facts mark twain biography, quotes, and facts albert einstein quotes and facts marilyn monroe quotes, biography, and facts.
how to cite a movie in apa. Thesis proposal help. published on decem by jack caulfield. to cite a movie in apa style, list the film’ s producer( s) and director as authors and the production studio as publisher. the title is written in sentence case and italicized, followed by the label “ motion picture” in square brackets. see full list on owl. citing an audiobook, a published recording of a poetry reading, or anything along those lines requires information familiar from the guidelines both for musical recordings and print media. the format is as follows: n: b: note: if the author and the reader are the same, then replace “ read by firstname lastname” with “ read by the author.
conclude the citation with the medium on which you viewed the film, which may be videocassette, dvd, laser disc, etc. , followed by a period. if you are citing a theater viewing of the film or you are citing the film without reference to a particular copy of it, use the word “ film”. slide programs or filmstrips should be cited as films. live performances of content, such as plays, concerts, or similar, obviously cannot be consulted by your reader, and therefore need not be given a bibliographical entry. however, if for whatever reason you need to use one as a source, you should include a citation in note form, as follows: n: obviously, this will vary widely based on what kind of live performance you are citing, so here are two different examples to show the potential range – a play and a music festival. note that who you cite under “ contributors” depends entirely citing on the focus of your paper. the first example above assumes that you are discussing the play as a whole, rather than, for example, focusing on the lighting design or the acting – if you were discussing other aspects, you would want to cite different people ( such as the lighting designer or some of the actors). likewise, the second example assumes that you are focusing primarily on the performance of one specific band at the festival; if you were attaching. e full list on owl.
easybib: citing film/ online. citing streaming video all citation styles give author, date, title, and source. the difference among styles is in the order, manner and. let' s say you' ve found a perfect podcast where someone brings up an argument that will prove your essay point. to create an in- text citation for this, include the name of the speaker in citing film the parenthetical citation brackets followed by a comma and the year of the airing. when you want to include the name( s) of the speaker( s) into the text itself, paraphrase their quote and state the author with the year in brackets. [ quote] ( krasdale, ) 2. in the discussion, krasdale ( ) states that [. this guide is intended to help you cite sources in mla style, avoid plagiarism, learn what mla style is and includes, find examples of mla style, lead you to campus resources that can help you cite sources in mla, and more. quick citation guide for using mla 8 style. film seen in the theater, on dvd, or on blu ray.
title of film or video. the format for citing a television show is similar to citing a film, but sufficiently different that it is worth providing some extra guidance. you must specify the number and title of the episode to which you are referring, of course. in addition, since television shows are serialized rather than released all at once, you should cite by date aired rather than year released. n: b: note: if you are accessing the show via a streaming service rather than on physical media, you can replace everything after the airing information with the relevant url. for instance, in the above television example, if you are working from netflix instead of a blu- ray recording, you would replace “ paramount,, blu- ray” citing with netflix. this is sometimes necessary information, in both television shows and films, especially if there are extended or remastered editions in circulation. when writing a research paper, you may find that you want to use a feature film as a reference. you may be citing the movie as a whole as an example of a certain way of thinking or type of behavior. citing a movie in essays that has been shown in theatre would require you to begin citing by mentioning the name of the movie first then the name of the director followed by the distributor’ s name and the releasing year. for example; if you are citing sixth sense then it would be something like this: sixth sense. from uc berkeley' s site) in citing film and other media, use the citation form for the format in which you watched the work being cited.
for example: if you watched the film casablanca on dvd and want to cite it, use the citation format for dvd ( not the film original). if you watched casablanca in a movie theater, use citation format for film. e full list on bestcustomwriting. e the following template to cite a dvd, video, or film using the chicago manual of style 16th edition ( note) citation style. for help with other source types, like books, pdfs, or websites, check out our other guides. to have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator. clude an in- text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. for every in- text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. apa in- text citation style uses the author' s last name and the year of publication, for example: ( field, ).
gardless of what information you may have, there are standard requirements as to what must be present ( at best) for citing videos or movies in mla 8 format: creator’ s name of the film or video, an original title or a relevant description, your website source title that your reference has been found on. cite published conference proceedings like a book. if the date and location of the conference are not part of the published title, add this information after the published proceedings title. to cite a presentation from published conference proceedings, begin with the presenter’ s name. place the name of the presentation in quotation marks. follow with publication information for the conference proceedings. if you were wondering how to cite a movie in apa format, you’ re in luck! use the following guide to cite a film/ movie using the apa citation format. we also provide style guides for the mla, chicago, and turabian styles. to have your bibliography or works citing cited list automatically made for you, check out our free apa citation maker. citation machine® ’ s ultimate grammar guides.
phd thesis writing plan. whether you’ re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar- related topics. more citing film images. the in- text citation for a film should key to a works- cited- list entry. if you list a film under its title, you must refer to the title in your writing or cite it parenthetically: point of no return, a remake of nikita, deviates from the original french movie in several ways. luc besson ( nikita) and john badham ( point) approach the figure of the femme fatale differently in their films. the modern language association ( mla) provides guidelines for properly citing movies in a paper. although mla in- text citation style normally employs an author- page number system, films should be cited differently. it is only necessary to provide the title of the film, either parenthetically or within the text. you also might want to cite or quote a specific thing said in the movie. when citing a movie using the american psychological association ( apa) citation method, you follow the same basic format as you would for a book,. how do you reference a movie?
to cite a documentary in a reference entry in apa style 6th edition include the following elements:. director( s) & producer( s) of the documentary: give the last name and initials ( e. ) of the primary contributors ( e. director or producer) ending with a parentheses identifying their contribution. how to cite a movie in mla. published on aug by shona mccombes. revised on septem. to cite a film in mla ( 8th edition), you need to know the title, the director, any other relevant contributors, the production company, and the year of release. citation machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. cite sources in apa, mla, chicago, turabian, and harvard for free. something to consider would also be choosing to begin your autobiography at the point where you felt your life began.
basically, rather than entertain the presumption that life begins at conception or when you are delivered, why not discuss your life from when it began- in your mind. talking about yourself can help enhance your career, persuade a business group of your capabilities and entertain an audience. this might take the form of a minute- long elevator speech designed to tell a specific individual about your core strengths or an extended talk before a large business audience about how you got to be the success you are today. an autobiography essay is a controversial piece of writing as on the one hand it may seem to be an easy task to do but, on the other hand, it has a lot of nuances. if you are writing an essay applying for a job, start from the early years and write in the chronological order paying special attention to your school and college years. there is no single ‘ right’ approach to how to start a story in first person. that being said, there are several ways to start a story using first person point of view and hook readers from the start. here are 8 pointers for beginning a book in first person:. princess professional salon and spa services yesterday at 7: 07 pm · welcome to a special presentation inviting you to stretch your thinking and perceptions for professional hair extensions. the team at ethos3 obsesses about the science of exceptional presentations. to learn more about our award- winning presentation design services, visit www. professional assignment writing help services by top most experts from world > blog > coursework presentation.
coursework presentation. coursework presentation the following guidelines detail the university of london international programmes rules on the presentation and submission of coursework that you complete for the global mba modules. nobody would believe how smart you guys are without trying your writing services. my personal writer not professional presentation proofreading service us only picked exactly the right topic for my master’ s thesis, but she did the research and wrote it in less than two weeks. writing a critical review essay sample critical review template: what is it and how to write it. a critical review refers to the evaluation of an academic text ( for example a book, report, article citing or essay). a critical review requires you to make judgments ( using various criteria), about a book, a chapter, or a journal article. critical essays should consist of your own analysis and interpretation of a text, not a summary of the text in general. if you find yourself writing lengthy plot or character descriptions, pause and consider whether these summaries are in the service of your main argument or whether they are simply taking up space. write weekly: give ample time to read the article before class, discuss in class and then write the critical summary when the ideas are still fresh in your mind.
your class discussions are valuable in helping you with the writing process, so it is wise to take notes during these discussions. see full list on writingcenter. e full list on ereadingworksheets. good persuasive essay topics can be difficult to come up with, but in this guide we’ ve created a list of 113 excellent essay topics for you to browse. the best persuasive essay ideas will be those that you are interested in, have enough evidence to support your argument, and aren’ t too complicated to be summarized in an essay. how many paragraphs are in a persuasive essay for essay creator online free posted on sample essay why i want to go to your college by ethesis both will satisfy all those who translated their i presented some preliminary thoughts on what the characters letter as foundational evidence for citing your purpose, or do their professors. to write citing film a persuasive essay, start with an attention- grabbing introduction that introduces your thesis statement or main argument. then, break the body of your essay up into multiple paragraphs and focus on one main idea in each paragraph.
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• instantly create citations for film. generate works cited pages, bibliographies and more in mla, apa, chicago and various other formats! citing using any manual of style can be a tedious process. when obtaining a movie or film quote, save some time by not watching anything at all.
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• you can venture into the whole watching process until the point of no return, but all the videos found on youtube can prove to you how much time you can save! tons of video recording, films, and motion pictures have transcripts available for them ( as well as audio recordings).
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this is a tremendous help when providing direct quotations.
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chicago, you only need to mention and give credit to someone if they actively participated in the creation of the work. you may also notice that chicago allows you to make notes, which results in three formats as opposed to mla/ apa' s two.
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The latest results from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA bring several key revelations, including that black holes tend to come with certain masses.
Earlier this week, the vast international team associated with three gravitational-wave projects unveiled the results from their latest observing run. The collaboration had already published two key detections from that run, the first-ever smashups of black holes with neutron stars. But this long-awaited third catalog adds significantly to researchers’ full tally, raising the total number of gravitational-wave events to 90.
The catalog includes compact objects caught colliding during the second half of the collaboration’s third observing run (called O3b), which ran from November 2019 until March 2020. This run included both Europe’s Virgo and the U.S.-based LIGO detectors; the Japanese KAGRA project joined the fun for the campaign’s last two weeks.
All four detectors use lasers bounced off mirrors to measure infinitesimal changes in distance as spacetime scrunches and stretches when a gravitational ripple passes through. The observatories turn up thousands of potential events, which scientists weed through with complex computer algorithms.
a range of lines with blue dots on top and bottom creating a shape similar to a bird with spread wings. red and yellow dots run along the outline of the bottom half, all on a black background.
Scientists have now detected 90 gravitational-wave events, created by the merger of either black holes, neutron stars, or both. The dots indicate the masses of the objects that merged and of the object they created. Pink and yellow dots are detections from electromagnetic observations.
Credit: LIGO-Virgo / Aaron Geller / Northwestern University
Starting with O3, the LVK Collaboration issues public alerts for gravitational-wave events, to enable rapid response by astronomers looking for fleeting glows from the neutron stars or black holes that merged. (Pairs of black holes shouldn’t flash, unless they’re surrounded by gas.) O3b issued 39 alerts, not one of which came with light.
The new analysis combs through the data more carefully than those initial passes. It kicks out about half of the 39 and adds 17 more events that escaped earlier detection, for a total of 35. Combined with the recently revised list of previous detections (which changed the tally from 50 to 55), that gives us a total of 90.
As with previous runs, the new catalog contains mostly black hole mergers — 32 of the total 35 pairs were binary black holes. But there are also the two neutron star–black hole collisions, and one event of indeterminant type: It might have been a black hole gnashing a neutron star, but chances are the smaller object was just a tiny black hole. (And by tiny, I mean about 2.8 times the Sun’s mass.)
Not all of these events are assured to be real; the team estimates that about 10% are false alarms, given their generous inclusion of all events with more than a 50% chance of being legit. Even so, scientists now have nearly 100 examples of crashing objects creating waves in the fabric of spacetime — that’s spectacular given that six years ago, we’d detected zero.
Revelations about Neutron Stars and Black Holes
The new catalog, called GWTC-3, contains several notable events. One crash involved one of the lightest neutron stars ever detected by any method, at 1.2 solar masses. Another involved eye-catchingly hefty black holes (about 87 and 61 Suns) that add to astronomers’ discomfort (more on that later).
This video shows cartoon animations of each of the binaries caught merging during the O3b observing run.
Zoheyr Doctor / CIERA / LIGO-Virgo Collaboration
The list also includes black holes that were spinning like tops in the same direction as their circuit around each other, an alignment more likely to happen if the stars that died to make the black holes were paired since birth. But there was also at least one binary in which the black holes were spinning upside-down compared with their orbit.
Yet as regular S&T readers may know, what interests me most is the big picture. In addition to the detailed catalog, the LVK Collaboration released three other papers, one of which is a 60-page population-level analysis. This kind of study is about statistics, not individual events. The researchers used the catalog’s 76 most reliable events and looked at what they tell us as a cohort.
The population study reveals several interesting discoveries, three of which caught my eye:
First, there’s a clear drop in the number of objects just above 2 solar masses. Astronomers had predicted they wouldn’t see objects between roughly 3 and 5 solar masses, due to physical limitations on how big a neutron star can be as well as observations of binary systems in our galaxy. But the gravitational-wave data don’t show a hard upper edge to this putative gap, nor does it appear to be totally empty. Neutron stars can’t be above about 2.3 Suns, the data indicate, so maybe black holes can be smaller than we thought they could. Previous results support that idea.
Second, not all black holes are created equal. If you look at the larger of the two black holes involved in each merger, these primaries cluster around three different masses: 10, 17-ish, and 35 Suns. Those with 10 solar masses have a good explanation: Black holes with masses this low are unlikely to pair up after formation in a star cluster, so the binaries might all have been remnants of stars that were born and died as fraternal twins. But it’s unclear why some black holes would more often have masses of 17 or 35 Suns.
Third, there’s no evidence yet for an upper mass gap. This result is definitely something to pay attention to. Astronomers have long predicted that there should be a dearth of black holes between roughly 50 and 120 solar masses, because stars large enough to make black holes that big will tear themselves apart when they die, leaving no remnant. Oversized black holes from the previous observing run had already made astronomers squirm. But although the latest gravitational-wave data do show a drop-off at masses above 45 Suns or so, it’s not precipitous. Nor have we seen any black holes above 120 Suns, so there’s no upper edge to the predicted gap. Calculations suggest that if there is a gap, it starts above 75 solar masses — far higher than expected.
Perhaps the unexpectedly large black holes don’t come from normal stars. Instead, they might be second-generation black holes made from mergers, or they could have beefed up thanks to gas they scarfed down. These different scenarios would cause the black holes to spin in certain ways, but so far the spin measurements don’t obviously support any one theory.
LVK will return for the fourth observing run in late 2022, when further upgrades may increase the number of detections by a factor of three. We might be seeing alerts five times a week!
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Scientific Collaboration. “GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run.”
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Scientific Collaboration. “The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3.”
You can also find reader-friendly summaries of these research papers on LIGO’s outreach page, in multiple languages.
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November 12, 2021 at 9:33 pm
Thanks for the update!
Questions: does the horizontal axis in "Masses in the Stellar Graveyard" have meaning? If so, what? There's certainly a beautiful symmetry in the displayed data.
Thanks, Bob W
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November 15, 2021 at 9:25 am
Can a region of with a group of black holes collapse without a merger?
This idea from a short story got me thinking.
I found the following formula for the event horizon radius: R= (2GM)/(cc).
If I am understanding this right, if you had 4 black holes of the same mass placed at the vertexes of a triangular pyramid with its edge 3 times the radius of the event horizon of one of the black holes, then the combined mass of the cluster would have an event horizon of radius of 4 times one of the holes.
The whole cluster would then be in this event horizon without a merger.
So, for me the idea is possible.
Could some larger black holes get bigger this why?
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Bargaining power of suppliers example
The bargaining power of suppliers can affect aspects of your business operations and profits. Note that every adjacent industry has its own Five Forces, so that their relative disadvantage can be your gain (e.g. a fragmented supplier group is bad for suppliers but good for you). Force 2: Suppliers. What is the bargaining power of suppliers? Why do suppliers have bargaining power? Supplier bargaining power is the following Bargaining Power of Suppliers. There is increasingly larger number of competitors in the market which has meant a larger supply of diamonds in the market. In the past, De Beers solved oversupply problems by collecting and storing them to be sold when deemed appropriate by them. This meant enormous power of the supplier over the industry. With the change in market structure and pressure by anti-cartel laws, this power has diminished somewhat. De Beers now focuses more on. The bargaining power of suppliers is one of those five forces in an industry that dictates its attractiveness & profitability. Example: In an industry where suppliers have high bargaining power, they will be able to dictate prices on the buyers. This will mean lower margins for the buyers, as opposed to another industry where suppliers have lower bargaining power. Not only can suppliers here increase prices, but they can also lower quality without much pushback from buyers, just because the. Conversely, if the number of suppliers is greater than the number of buyers, the buyers have more substantial bargaining power. Take, for example, a supplier of input for food commodities such as corn or soybeans. They have weak bargaining power because supplies come from many farmers. Meanwhile, requests only come from a few companies In terms of aircrafts for example, only two major suppliers exist: Boeing and Airbus. Boeing and Airbus therefore have substantial bargaining power on the prices they charge. Bargaining power of buyers. The bargaining power of buyers is also described as the market of outputs. This force analyzes to what extent the customers are able to put the company under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes. The customers have a lot of power when there.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Definition + Examples (5
1. In this case, we'll be looking at the bargaining power of buyers. Note that every adjacent industry has its own Five Forces, so that their relative disadvantage can be your gain (e.g. a fragmented supplier group is bad for suppliers but good for you). Force 1: Buyers. So what is the bargaining power of buyers? How much influence do buyers have over a business's profits, and it's strategy
2. However, the high variety of suppliers weakens their bargaining power. For example, suppliers have various strategies and competencies that they use to compete against each other, with the aim of gaining more revenues by supplying more materials, such as coffee beans, to Starbucks Corporation. The bargaining power of suppliers is further weakened because of the large overall supply. For instance, there are many suppliers of coffee and tea around the world. This external factor.
3. This reduces the bargaining power of the suppliers and is a short-term benefit to the industry. If the suppliers hoard the inputs then the industry might suffer since the bargaining power of the suppliers rises (Srivastava and Verma, 112) - Many suppliers The gym and fitness is a fast growing industry with several requirements. It has a wide range of suppliers who are also many in numbers. Due.
4. The bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers in bakery industry have a strong bargaining power. If suppliers have had a strong bargaining power, they would promote the price of the material, via what the cost of the baked products are increased. In another words, strong bargaining power would decline the industries profit
5. 3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers in different industries. To make things much clearer to you, here are numerous examples of bargaining power of suppliers in different industries: Airline Industry. In the airline industry, there are numerous different types of suppliers. This includes engineering services supplier, aircraft supplier, food and beverages suppliers, etc
6. The bargaining power of suppliers is one of the essential elements of porter's five forces. It refers to the pressure that the suppliers can apply to the manufacturer or the companies by manipulating the product 's quality, price, or availability. The profitability of the buyer is affected by the bargaining power of the supplier
Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Porter's Five Forces Model
Bargaining Power of Suppliers: How to Reduce it? - Retail
2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio; Strength of distribution channel; Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation ; Switching costs of firms in the industry; Differentiation of inputs; Suppliers tend to have very little power in the retail industry. However, for the cosmetics the exclusive suppliers matter a lot and influence the market. They can.
3. The bargaining power of suppliers is a relatively weak force in the marketplace for Apple's products. The bargaining position of suppliers is weakened by the high number of potential suppliers for..
Bargaining Power of Supplier: Meaning, Why Important
Usually, the number of suppliers of a particular resource greatly determine supplier power. For example, if a firm needs steel to produce their product, and there is only one seller of steel in the market, then the steel company has a strong supplier power The bargaining power of suppliers in the automotive industry is weak for most of them are small players. Only few of them are significant in size. The threat of forward integration is minimum from the suppliers for the reasons discussed in the first category. These suppliers have to play according to the rules set by the car brands. The vehicle brands like BMW, Ford, Toyota and VW hold immense. The product that these suppliers provide are fairly standardised, less differentiated and have low switching costs. This makes it easier for buyers like Zara to switch suppliers. This makes the bargaining power of suppliers a weaker force. The suppliers do not contend with other products within this industry. This means that there are no other substitutes for the product other than the ones that the suppliers provide. This makes the bargaining power of suppliers a stronger force within the.
The idea is that the bargaining power of the supplier in an industry affects the competitive environment for the buyerand influences the buyer's ability to achieve profitability. Strong suppliers can pressure buyers by raising prices, lowering productquality, and reducing productavailability. All of these things represent costs to the buyer A supplier's willingness to bargain -- and risk losing a client -- is partially based upon the supplier's budget, as well as how much of its business comes from a specific fast-food restaurant. A supplier with a thriving, diversified client base has more bargaining power than a supplier who relies solely on one or two restaurants Bargaining Power of Suppliers ; Bargaining Power of Buyers ; Threat from Substitute Products ; Rivalry among the existing players. Porter Five Forces is a holistic strategy framework that took strategic decision away from just analyzing the present competition. Porter Five Forces focuses on - how Educational Development Corporation can build a sustainable competitive advantage in Publishing. Bargaining power of suppliers: aspects, examples The Bargaining power of upplier it i decribed a the preure that upplier can exert on companie by increaing price, reducing quality or decreaing the availability of their product. All thi repreent cot Content: Aspects that determine a high bargaining power
For example, people who buy Pepsi can easily switch to buying coke. Rivalry among existing competitors. Rivalry competition is intense when there are just a few businesses equally selling a product or service. Competing with industry rivalries lead to more money invested in advertising and potentially a price war. Bargaining power of suppliers. This forces analyzes how much power and control. The Bargaining Power of Supplier of Mcdonalds. Filed Under: Research papers Tagged With: Management. 12 pages, 5646 words. McDonald's supply chain Challenges and its Potential impacts 14 Even stronger focus on freshness and quality 14 On-going product innovations 15 Strong customer demand fluctuations based on promotions 16 Order- and. Bargaining power of suppliers; Bargaining power of Buyers; Threats of New Entrants; Threats of Substitutes; Competition of existing competitors in the industry (A) The bargaining power of suppliers. When the input elements provided by the supplier constitute a large proportion of the total cost of the product to the buyer, the potential bargaining power of the supplier is greatly increased. In. Bargaining power of suppliers: The overall bargaining power of Audi suppliers is low due to several reasons. Apart from the large size of Audi's business which is a part of Volkswagen AG, the smaller size of supplier businesses and their lack of capability for forward integration also limits their bargaining power. There are very few large suppliers that hold some bargaining power and brands.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers - Low. The US pharmaceutical industry only requires the raw material for the drugs as the drugs are manufactured in house. The second requirement is technology for the manufacturing and production plants. The third element the suppliers provide is the packaging material (Gaudi, 2013). All of these are supplies that a number of suppliers are willing to provide. Bargaining Power of Suppliers ; Bargaining Power of Buyers ; Threat from Substitute Products ; Rivalry among the existing players. Porter Five Forces is a holistic strategy framework that took strategic decision away from just analyzing the present competition. Porter Five Forces focuses on - how Microsoft Corporation can build a sustainable competitive advantage in Business Software.
2 - 5 - Bargaining Power of Buyers and Sellers - YouTube
Porter's Five Forces EXPLAINED with EXAMPLES B2
Bargaining Power of Buyers: Definition + Examples (5
The bargaining power of suppliers is high if the buyer does not represent a large portion of the supplier's sales. If substitute products are unavailable in the marketplace, then supplier power is high. And of course, if the opposite is true for any of these factors, supplier power is low. For example, low supplier concentration, low. In fact, the analysis of suppliers' bargaining power is completely parallel to that of the bargaining power of buyers. Here, we talked about factors such as the buyer's price sensitivity and relative bargaining power. A key difference, however, is that firms in the industry, the Vestas companies, so to say, becomes the buyers. So for example, instead of focusing on buyer's price sensitivity. The bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers can accelerate or slow down the adoption of a digitally based business model based upon how it impacts their own situation. Those pursuing digital. The bargaining power of suppliers is high because: Suppliers are contracted with Netflix through Licensing Agreements. Once the agreement expires, a supplier may switch to a new/alternate service provider and this will have a significant impact on the business as it reduces the volume of content available for Netflix customers. For instance, in 2013, after the contract with Netflix expired. Supplier Bargaining Power. This is the ability of suppliers to drive up the prices of a company' inputs. The threat of supplies to Uber is experienced below: One of the leading suppliers of the transportation industry is the availability of drivers. Uber does not own vehicle among its fleets. As such, the company's business model is mostly dependent on drivers owning cars. Regrettably, the.
Starbucks Coffee Five Forces Analysis (Porter's Model
Bargaining Power of Suppliers Threatens Restaurant Success. Monopolistic suppliers buy out their competitors in suburban and rural areas to increase their control of prices. Government agencies and legal actions can break monopolies and prosecute secretive collusion agreements, but these arrangements are not only difficult to detect but also. The Number of Buyers Relative to Product Suppliers: If the number of buyers for the specific product or service is small as compared to the suppliers, then the power of buyers will be stronger.The customers or the buyers need to look at the various efficient services while deciding for the bargaining power For Example: - Raw Materials Packaging Point of Sales Equipments So that mean L'Oreal has many suppliers in producing their products. So therefore, their bargaining power is low. Bargaining Power of Customers (Internal) When buyers are less sensitive to prices, prices can increase and buyers will still buy the product. Inelastic demand.
Example Of Porter's Five Forces Analysis Of The US Fitness
Bargaining Power of Suppliers Threatens Restaurant Success • Monopolistic suppliers buy out their competitors in suburban and rural areas to increase their control of prices. Bargaining power refers to the ability to set higher prices for goods and services, and restaurants face bargaining situations when buying food, paper goods, maintenance services, restaurant equipment and furnishings. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Loading... Foundations of Business Strategy. University of Virginia 4.8 (2,442 ratings The instructors did a great job in delivering the key points , especially quoting examples that made their points easy to understand. Helpful? From the lesson. Analyzing Industry Structure . Hello and welcome back. In this module, we'll explore how to assess an industry's. A supplier is likely to have higher bargaining power in case of supplier-competition threat, higher switching costs, differentiated products and concentrated suppliers (Johnson et al 2017). According to Grant (2016), depending on the above factors, suppliers can have so much power to the extent of leaving the company unprofitable The bargaining power of suppliers. I think the bargaining power of suppliers in this industry is low. Suppliers in this industry provide products for facial and body treatments. This may include bed sheets, salon-sized washes, creams, masks, facial products, machines, etc. However, because of the fact there are so many suppliers offering similar products at prices which are relatively the same.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers ; Bargaining Power of Buyers ; Threat from Substitute Products ; Rivalry among the existing players. Porter Five Forces is a holistic strategy framework that took strategic decision away from just analyzing the present competition. Porter Five Forces focuses on - how HCA Healthcare, Inc. can build a sustainable competitive advantage in Hospitals industry. Managers. The bargaining power of suppliers in the market is very low. Pharma industry depends upon several organic chemicals. Pharma being a well-established industry has led to a number of suppliers limiting their power to influence price through bargaining. Pharma industry takes in accounts chemicals as a commodity which leads to high switching rate between suppliers without incurring a high cost. The bargaining power of suppliers in the beer industry is revealed in the level of influence they have on the prices of inputs. These include labour, raw materials among other inputs. These usually have a high bargaining power in the market since they influence the quality and the final pricing of the products (Porter, 1998). This poses as a challenge to the firm where there is low competition. In many industries it is common for buyers to form cooperatives in order to increase their bargaining power relative to suppliers. The cooperative, sometimes comprised of hundreds of smaller firms, is able to use its combined buying power to bargain with suppliers for better prices and terms. For example, in North America, buyer cooperatives are quite visible in the retail hardware industry as. Within the agricultural and food supply chain, significant imbalances in bargaining power between suppliers and buyers of agricultural and food products are a common occurrence. Eurlex2019 That is further indicated by the fact that a majority of customers indicated that they had limited bargaining power and depended on a limited number of suppliers
Video: Bakery Industry Analysis Case Study Templat
These suppliers are from all over the world moreover the bargaining powers of all these suppliers are very low. Airbus needs different kinds of general raw materials like Titanium, Aluminum and composite materials to build an advanced best in class aircrafts. Airbus also demands from its suppliers to follow some rules and regulations for material quality and other important things like labor. Bargaining power is particularly strong for Delta, given its position as the world's second-largest airline by total passengers in 2019. Put simply, Delta's suppliers have a strong incentive to. Bargaining power is the relative power of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other. If both parties are on an equal footing in a debate, then they will have equal bargaining power, such as in a perfectly competitive market, or between an evenly matched monopoly and monopsony.. There are a number of fields where the concept of bargaining power has proven crucial to coherent.
Get Free Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Examples now and use Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Examples immediately to get % off or $ off or free shippin Suppliers may work together to increase bargaining power, although this is usually against the law in developed countries where legal redress is available if such actions are discovered. There are several characteristics that indicate the extent of a supplier's power and one is that they are able to increase their prices without this having a detrimental effect on the volume of sales
Ultimate Guide to Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Suppliers who have a high bargaining power are able to influence price changes through using techniques such as market manipulation through hoarding and restraining supply. Although some of these strategies are illegal in many countries, suppliers usually apply them when they want to effect price changes (Diller et. al., 2006: 33-36). The cosmetic industry has a low bargaining power of suppliers Explaining the bargaining power of your buyers. Powerful buyers will always try to pay less and get more, threatening your ability to produce sustainable profits and maximize growth.. This is one of the most feared factors in Porter's Five Forces model and one that must be well thought-out as part of your business strategy.. In general, the bargaining power of your buyers is higher if About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators. With ATM providers for example, NCR Ghana ltd is the only company in the country which provides ATM machines and software to all the firms in the industry, meanwhile, the provision of ATM machines and its maintenance is key, supplier bargaining power is thus very high. The suppliers of IT have high bargaining power in the banking industry in Ghana. There are only a handful of such providers. Bargaining power definition: the ability of a person, group, or organization to exert influence over another party in... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples
Porter S Five Forces Sm Bargaining power of suppliers; Bargaining power of buyers ; Threat of substitutes; Threat of new entrants; According to Porter, the collective strength of these forces determines the ultimate profit potential of an industry. Porter's Five Forces also has varied use in practice. For example, in addition to helping you identify top competitors, you can use it to determine how to. The bargaining power of suppliers does not have much impact on Starbucks. The large overall supply lessens the effect of any single supplier or the company. Also Starbucks has a policy for diversifying its supply chain. This policy reduces the influence of suppliers on the business even through each supplier has a moderate size compared to the Starbucks supply chain
Bargaining Power of Buyers & Suppliers Explained Marketing9
Nevertheless, bargaining power for both the firms and their suppliers is probably limited. Verdict: Limited supplier power. Verdict: Limited supplier power. Threat of New Entrants Bargaining power of suppliers 4.1. Low power of bargaining 4.2. Products with high added value 4.3. Established products on the market 4.4. With the high-tech industry, a large number suppliers can be part this party. 4.5. Everyone wants to be a Sony or Microsoft supplier in the video game industry. 4.5.1. Assured profit . 5. Intensity of competitive rivalry 5.1. Minigames. 5.1.1. Sony vs. Bargaining power of supplier in hotel industry is very weak. Hotel is a service field and they need a lot of manpower to run their business and provide services to consumer, so hotel staff as their main supplier in-charge of daily operation. Besides, each of hotel staff receive income every monthly and bonus every year and have the right to negotiate salary and resign the position . 5 pages.
Bargaining Power of Buyers 1 of 3 Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers can suppress the profitability of the industries from which they purchase by demanding price concessions or increases in quality. For example, the automobile industry is dominated by a handful of large companies that buy products from thousands of suppliers in different industries. This allows the automakers to suppress the. Power of Suppliers: Capital is the primary resource on any bank and there are four major suppliers (various other suppliers [like fees] contribute to a lesser degree) of capital in the industry. 1. Customer deposits. 2. mortgages and loans. 3. mortgage-baked securities. 4. loans from other financial institutions. By utilizing these four major suppliers, the bank can be sure that they have the. Bargaining power of suppliers: Global Ebank works with a large payment technology company to provide its services. This company also provides similar services to Global Ebank's competitors. It can decide how much it wants to charge Global Ebank and, in turn, affect profitability. The bargaining power of suppliers is high
Strategy: Porter's Five Forces (with in-depth example Uber
Bargaining power of suppliers; Threat of substitutes; Industry rivalry usually takes the form of jockeying for position using various tactics (for example, price competition, advertising battles, product introductions). This rivalry tends to increase in intensity when companies either feel competitive pressure or see an opportunity to improve their position. In most industries, one company's. Sometimes, suppliers hold more bargaining power than buyers. If your business model means that you purchase items from suppliers and then modify them or resell them to consumers, your profits could be at the mercy of the suppliers. For example, if you purchase rare leathers to craft into purses, shoes or belts, your suppliers have high. We can take the example of recent innovation which is health consciousness and wellness factor that has been introduced in all products of Nestle. Such initiatives would make it easier for Nestle to go beyond the substitutes. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Bargaining power of suppliers is very important factor to be considered in any industry as they are the main strength of the company.
Apple Five Forces analysis (Based on Porter's 5 Forces
Bargaining power of suppliers. Introduction . The US movie exhibition industry has been an essential part of the motion picture value chains. However, the US movie exhibition industry is facing an uncertain future. The industry is threatened by changes in technologies that have seen the demand for theatre services decrease (Gove and Thornblad, 2019). Moreover, the low-profit margins and high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. In late twentieth century M&S suppliers were primarily British, but competitive pressures forced M&S to outsource and reduce its costs weakening the power of suppliers. Focus on private label also gives M&S power over external suppliers. Further switching costs for M&S suppliers, especially since M&S depends on outsourced suppliers, are quite low. Intensity of. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Example Bargaining power of buyers within the airline industry. The bargaining power of buyers within the airline industry is high. Customers can check prices of various airline companies fastly through the numerous online price comparison websites like Makemytrip, Goibibo, and Expedia. Moreover, there aren't any switching costs.
A Practical Example - 365 Financial Analys
Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Bargaining power of supplier in hotel industry is very weak. Hotel is a service field and they need a lot of manpower to run their business and provide services to consumer, so hotel staff as their main supplier in-charge of daily operation. Get quality help now. Bella Hamilton. Verified writer. Proficient in: Communication. 5 (234) Very organized ,I enjoyed. [mobilixshortcode] Porter's Five Forces Model - Example: Mobile Phone Industry In 1979, Harvard Business Review published How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy by a young economist and associate professor, Michael E. Porter. The main purpose of Porters Five Forces is to find a position in an industry where a company can defend itself against competitive forces [ Bargaining Power of Supplier Suppliers barely make any difference to companies involved in shipping line business, especially who are leading players like Maersk in this business. While it may affect to certain extent to small players like Five star shipping company, Varun Shipping company etc. who are struggling to establish within the industry. Many suppliers are such which are. services. Powerful suppliers can thereby squeeze profitability out of an industry unable to recover cost increases in it own prices (Porter, 1979, p. 140). There are different factors which are determined as indicators for high bargaining power of suppliers: For example the industry is dominated by a fe Figure 2 below shows the pattern, using the UK market as an example. Figure 2: UK - suppliers, supermarkets and consumers Tania Hurt-Newton . 4 Abuse of suppliers The imbalance of bargaining power that exists between supermarkets and their suppliers fosters abusive buying practices and this has been documented across the EU and in other developed economies. The abuses are financial in nature.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers: [Essay Example], 484 words
For example, what makes the industry vulnerable to entry, What determines the bargaining power of suppliers? Knowledge of these underlying sources of competitive pressure provides the groundwork. Inequality of bargaining power in law, economics and social sciences refers to a situation where one party to a bargain (bargaining power), contract or agreement, has more and better alternatives than the other party. This results in one party having greater power than the other to choose not to take the deal and makes it more likely that this party will gain more favourable terms and grant. Suppliers have strong bargaining power when they have a well-organized market, availability of few substitutes and switching cost to other supplier is high. The bargaining power of suppliers is high in oil and gas industry. The main suppliers are countries having oil and gas reserves. The main suppliers of oil are the OPEC countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. A focus on low production. Bargaining power of Suppliers Supplier power refers to the pressure suppliers can exert on businesses by raising prices, lowering quality, or reducing availability of their products. When suppliers are to many its pretty easy to them gain power without even trying to damage the company
Tesla Inc. Five Forces Analysis (Porter's Model ..
The bargaining power of suppliers is weaker under the following circumstances in the industry; When substitute products acceptable to the buyers are easily available. When huge quantity of products is available in the market. When buyers can buy from alternative suppliers at a low cost. When buyer-firms have the capacity to integrate back into the business of the supplier and thus can satisfy. Buyers have bargaining power when they are strong enough to be able to put collective pressure on the companies producing a product or a service. This power is highest when buyers are able to gather together and amount for a large percentage of the producer's sales revenue or when there is a number of suppliers providing the same type of product.In this article, we will look at 1) types of. This model is defined bythe five key forces which are; Rivalry among the existing firms, Threat of new entrants,Threat of substitutes, Bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of customers.The banking industry of Sierra Leone has over 25 full-fledged banks, 4 Regional unit banks, 5Financial Institutions and 10 Bureau change operators. The rivalry among theexisting banks, threat of. The bargaining power of suppliers comprises one of the five forces that determine the intensity of competition in an industry. The others are barriers to entry, industry rivalry, the threat of substitutes and the bargaining power of buyers. Power of supplier group. The following conditions indicate that a supplier group is powerful: It is dominated by a small number of companies and is more. Taking commerce as an example, buyers will always want to negotiate to the lowest prices possible, while sellers will always seek to sell at the highest prices possible. Bargaining power is one of many economic concepts introduced to facilitate the understanding of all of the different factors that can affect how deals are struck and how businesses perform. In this article, we'll be.
Porter's Five Competitive Forces (Part I) - Business PlanningThreat of new entrants exampleMonopsony powerMars ice cream strategy
The determinant of the low suppliers' bargaining power here is the lack of differentiation among the suppliers' products (the existence of a number of reliable suppliers). So, this is an advantage for a fast-food outlet or chain. (3) Competitive rivalry among competitors. The industry is chock-a-bloc with competitors—there are big brands such as McDonald's and KFC, and medium and. The suppliers bargaining power is expected to be high if the quality of the raw material or the inputs are unique. The factors which govern the strength of the bargaining power of the suppliers are the uniqueness of the inputs or the raw materials, the quality of the product which is offered by the suppliers and more demand for the supplier's products will increase the bargaining power of. If the suppliers have higher bargaining power, the competitive strength of the company will remain low and vice versa. In the case of Samsung, its suppliers' bargaining power is low because of several important factors. The first significant factor is their smaller size due to which their bargaining strength is low. These suppliers are scattered all over the world. Moreover, Samsung can. Greater supplier concentration often means greater supplier bargaining power. Cost relative to total urchases in the industry refers to the amount your firm spends on inputs from a particular supplier compared to the total revenue of all firms in the supplier's The buyer's bargaining power falls as spending with a particular firm falls simply because the buyer's business isn't as. An analysis of the bargaining power of suppliers will identify the extent to which your suppliers can choose to raise prices, reduce quality or reduce service without consequence. You will find that as the bargaining power of suppliers increases the industry profitability tends to decrease. However supplier power can vary, so watch for changes. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. In this indusrty, Suppliers may have very little power. Suppliers have MEDIUM control.Lets just take UnitedStates as an example, with our seasons winter, summer , fall and spring, firms can choose to outsource or manufacture their own products. Bargaining Power of Consumers. Consumers have very HIGH control in this market. Because of so much substitues and.
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History Assignment History of Latino America
read the book then answer the question.(500 Years of Chicano History)
• Assignment is due Wednesday
• MLA format
• Two pages minimum (including sources cited page)
• CITE YOUR SOURCES! You may use the book as a source.
• No late assignments accepted
• What is the essence/spirit of the book?
• How does it disrupt the mainstream/dominant western lens of how Chicanos/Latinos are viewed? Note: Must use quotes from the text.
• What is the difference between corruption in U.S. versus corruption in Latin America?
• How can you tell a Chicano/Latino author wrote this book? Note: Must use quotes from the text.
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Southern Oxfordshire residents urged to recycle food waste
Residents in Southern Oxfordshire, UK, put around 700 tonnes of food into their black bins last December, emitting nearly 150 tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e).
As Christmas approaches, when food waste levels are high, South Oxfordshire and the Vale of White Horse District Councils are urging residents to “do their bit” by reducing food waste and, if they have any, making sure it is placed in the correct bin. Residents in Vale of White Horse put around 458 tonnes of food waste into their black bins in December 2020. This emitted around 97 tonnes of CO2e into the atmosphere as it was taken with the rubbish for incineration, instead of to the local anaerobic digestion (AD) plant.
If residents had put their food waste into the food bin, it would have generated enough electricity to power 714 fridge freezers for a year. South Oxfordshire put approximately 246 tonnes of food waste into their black bins in December 2020. If that had gone to the AD plant, it would have saved around 52 tonnes of CO2e, and generated enough energy to power 384 fridge freezers for an entire year.
“I think everybody will agree these figures are shocking,” said Councillor Catherine Webber, of Vale of White Horse District Council. “If people could see the money they are throwing away every time they put food in the bin, they might think twice before doing so. “We need to reduce how much food goes to waste by changing our habits around food, including how we buy food and paying more attention to food once it is in our homes. Since the message from COP26 stresses the dire urgency of reducing our carbon footprint now, we must all play our part in handling our food more responsibly.”
Councillor Sue Cooper, of South Oxfordshire District Council, and Cabinet Member for Environment, Climate Change, and Nature Recovery, commented: “When people throw food out, it’s not just food that is going to waste, it’s all the resources which went into making it. “It’s like leaving the lights on when you are not in a room or leaving the car engine running when you are not driving. It’s wasting resources and energy and money.
By not using food bins, residents are making a bad situation worse by actively putting emissions into the atmosphere.” |
TIP: A Quick Way to Write Public Properties in C#
Assume that you have a set of member variables declared as:
private string mAgencyName;
private string mInvoiceNumber;
private string mCustomerNumber;
private string mAddress1;
private string mAddress2;
private string mSuburb;
private string mPostcode;
private string mState;
private string mABN;
Just copy and paste this declaration block, highlight it, and press Control+H (find and replace). Ensure that regular expressions is turned on, and Applies to “Selection” is set. Type the following into the find and replace boxes respectively:
private {.+} m{[^ ]+};
Replace: (one line)
public 1 2ntt{ntttget { return m2; }ntttset
{ m2 = value; }ntt}n
This will create public get and set commands for all of the variables. It should be fairly easy to manipulate the expressions above to work with your individual naming conventions.
That was the tip; now, what’s it actually doing? Well, there’s already a plethora of information on regular expressions on the net. If nothing else, this tip should show you some of what they can do. If you are interested in learning more about them, check out Microsoft’s Regex Site at MSDN Regex Guide.
In this example, you start by finding the following string:
This looks for the word “private” followed by a space. The {.+} tells the regex parser to look for any character (the .) one or more times (the +). The parentheses around it tell it to call this match Group 1.
The next part of the regex looks for a space followed by the letter “m” (assuming you have called your member variables mSomething). After this, you look for {[^ ]+}. Once again, you are defining a group—Group 2. You then are saying to look for any character in the following set [^ ]. Because the caret (^) is the first character, this tells regex to find any character NOT contained in the []; in this case, search for all charcters that are not a space. Once again, you want at least one character in this group. Finally, you look for a “;” to indicate the end of the line.
The replace syntax looks complicated, but is actually simpler than the find. It looks like this:
public 1 2ntt{ntttget { return m2; }ntttset
{ m2 = value; }ntt}n
You are telling regex to replace what you have found with the string above. Regex will interpret escape sequences (x) as characters or groups of characters. This is where your group definitions come in. Take the replace string above and change all of the escape sequences with the following:
• 1: Group 1
• 2: Group 2
• n: New line
• t: Tab
• {: { character (you need to put a in front of special characters so regex knows you want that character and not a group.
• }: } character
So, Group 1 becomes the variable type and Group 2 becomes the variable name.
Simple, huh?
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Age of Exploration
Test Quiz
Questions on this quiz are based on information from
Age of Exploration.
1. What were most of the explorers looking for on their expeditions?
a. The edge of the Earth
b. Giant sea monsters
c. New trading routes
d. New continents
e. The lost city of Atlantis
2. Why did countries fund expensive and risky expeditions?
a. To find gold and silver
b. To find lands they could colonize
c. To find new trading routes to the East Indies
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
3. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided up the New World between what two countries?
a. Spain and Portugal
b. England and France
c. Germany and Austria
d. Italy and Greece
e. Spain and France
4. Who was Henry the Navigator?
a. The first European to sale around the south of Africa
b. The first explorer to discover the Americas
c. The conqueror of the Inca Empire in South America
d. The first explorer to circumnavigate the world
e. The King of Portugal who sent out explorers to map the west coast of Africa
5. Which explorer discovered a trade route around the southern tip of Africa to India?
a. Vasco da Gama
b. Christopher Columbus
c. Hernan Cortes
d. Henry the Navigator
e. Francisco Pizarro
6. What country sponsored the expedition of Christopher Columbus where he discovered the Americas?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Portugal
d. Germany
e. Italy
7. Which country founded the thirteen American colonies that later became the United States?
a. Spain
b. Netherlands
c. England
d. Portugal
e. Germany
8. Which explorer conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico?
a. Christopher Columbus
b. Bartolomeu Dias
c. Francisco Pizarro
d. Hernan Cortes
e. Vasco da Gama
9. True or False: The Age of Exploration took place at about the same time as the European Renaissance?
10. What area of the world was still not mapped at the end of the Age of Exploration?
a. Much of central Africa
b. Arctic and Antarctic
c. East Australia
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the Age of Exploration page at
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FAQ: Who Invented Fried Chicken?
Who first made fried chicken?
Where is fried chicken originally from?
The process of deep-frying foods is said to have come about in the 5th millennium BC. The Egyptians that invented deep-frying during this time had no idea how it would change the culinary industry. Fried cakes were one of the first foods to be fried (think donuts). Other cultures began to follow suit.
Why is fried chicken popular?
While the origins of fried chicken come from dark times in this country, the food surged in popularity and evolved as the country began to age. Americans love fried chicken despite how it began because it’s a food that evolved along with us. It’s the ultimate American comfort food and it’s here to stay.
You might be interested: Often asked: How To Make Golden Fried Prawns?
What state has the best fried chicken?
The 75 Best Fried Chicken Places in America
• #6 Bobwhite Lunch & Supper Counter (New York, New York)
• #5 Husk (Charleston, South Carolina)
• #4 Dooky Chase’s (New Orleans, Louisiana)
• #3 Barbecue Inn (Houston, Texas)
• #2 Gus’s World Famous Fried Chicken (Mason, Tennessee)
• #1 Willie Mae’s Scotch House (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Does KFC use egg in their batter?
kentucky fried chicken egg and milk mix Recipe. This is the MILK and EGG mixture containers from the 70’s. people think kfc uses an egg wash and they do, just not like you think. They use egg powder and instant milk powder, added to the flour, not in a bowl and add water.
Is fried chicken healthy?
What is KFC chicken fried in?
Why is it called chicken fried chicken?
Chicken-fried steak gets its name because it is prepared in the same manner as traditional fried chicken. To make matters more confusing, some restaurants serve a dish called “chicken-fried chicken” which is a boneless filet of chicken prepared in the manner of chicken-fried steak.
You might be interested: Why Are Potatoes Soaked In Water Before Fried?
When did humans start deep frying?
Modern deep frying in the United States began in the 19th century with the growing popularity of cast iron, particularly around the American South which led to the development of many modern deep-fried dishes.
What is Pan frying?
Pan-frying is a dry heat method of cooking, by relying on oil or fat as the heat transfer medium. The oil creates steam which helps cooks the meat while the exposed topside allows any steam to escape. Direct contact with the bottom of the pan creates greater browning and crisping.
Which metal is good for deep frying?
Why is fried chicken bad for you?
“The oils in which foods are fried can contain trans fat, which has been shown to raise your LDL.” For context, LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein or the harmful type of cholesterol. LDL can build up in your arteries causing them to narrow over time, causing a form of heart disease called atherosclerosis.
What is soul food?
A typical hot soul food meal usually contains some kind of meat, yams, macaroni dish, and greens or fried up greens, cabbage, mustard greens and more. Most of the meats offered are either pork, chicken, or fish, and usually these are fried.
Is fried chicken Delicious?
In a 2016 paper published in the food science journal ‘Flavour’ by the experimental psychologist Charles Spence, the sound of crispy fried chicken is isolated to be a hidden reason it’s so delicious. Crispness and crunchiness is actually shown to be correlated with how delicious food is considered by it’s eaters!
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Food and Behaviour Research
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Is your child a fussy eater? Top tips to help get them back on track
University of South Australia
family meal
Positive parenting is the best step forward for fussy eaters - no matter how difficult it can be in certain situation
This new study provides some simple guidance to help the many parents of children whose 'fussy' or 'picky' eating falls within a fairly normal range - and there are many, many of them.
A fear of new, unfamiliar foods (known as 'neophobia') is part of perfectly normal development for most young children. But for some, fussy eating patterns can persists - for many different reasons - and mealtimes can then become a battleground, making daily life stressful for all concerned - the children themselves, their parents and other family members.
Unfortunately, the more stress that this creates, the worse things can get - so as this article makes clear, some simple, basic groundrules can help to break the vicious circle that parents and families of children with 'fussy eating' can find themselves in.
For many children this may be enough. However, for others - whose selective eating is extreme, and persistent - specialist help may be needed to avoid serious malnutrition, which can cause permament damage if this goes unrecognised and untreated for long enough.
Of the minority of children with extreme problems of this kind, most would meet criteria for the relatively new diagnosis of 'Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder' (ARFID) - which seems particularly common in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, although is not confined to this or any other group. Such cases can beneft from specialist help both with behavioural and psychological issues involved (which can vary between individuals), but also need nutritional support, at least in the short-term.
For the related research article please see:
See also:
And for more information on selective eating, see:
21/09/21 - Medical Xpress
Whether it's an exclusive appetite for 'white' foods or an all-out refusal on veggies, when you have a fussy eater on your hands, mealtime can be more than a challenge.
While picky eating is all part of the norm for developing toddlers, when it extends into school years, it takes a toll on all involved, children and parents alike.
Now, new research from USC, the University of South Australia, and the University of Queensland is providing a better understanding of what influences fussy eaters, and what is more likely to increase or decrease picky eating in children under 10.
Reviewing 80 health industry studies, the research found that a range of factors contributed to a child's likelihood of being a fussy eater.
The study found that pressuring a child to eat, offering rewards for eating, very strict parenting all negatively influenced fussy eaters. Conversely, a more relaxed parenting style, eating together as a family, and involving a child in the preparation if food all reduced the likelihood of fussy eating.
Lead researcher and USC Ph.D. student Laine Chilman says the research hopes to help parents and carers better understand fussy eating in children.
"For parents with a fussy eater, mealtimes can be especially stressful—juggling the family meal and a picky eater is no small feat," Chilman says.
"Some families have kids who turn their noses up at any vegetable. Others are dealing with kids who dislike certain textures or colors of food."
"Some of these preferences relate to a child's characteristics or personality, which are difficult to change, if at all. But others are external factors that could help reduce fussy eating in kids."
"Eating together as a family, with siblings, and having a single meal at a regular time all helped reduce food fussiness. As did getting the fussy child involved in the meal, either by helping to choose the menu, or helping to prepare the meal."
"Yet if fussy eaters were allowed to eat in front of the TV, or if they were rewarded for eating certain foods, these behaviors negatively influenced picky children."
According to the Australian Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, most children do not meet recommended diet and nutrition guidelines.
UniSA researcher Dr. Ann Kennedy-Behr says stress can contribute to fussy eating.
"When you have a child who is a picky eater, it's very stressful for a parent or carer—they're forever questioning whether their child is getting enough nutrients, enough food, and often enough weight gain," Dr. Kennedy-Behr says.
"Yet it's important to understand that being overtly anxious or worried can actually contribute to increased picky eating."
"Avoiding getting cross and limiting any negativity around mealtime will be benefit everyone."
"Positive parenting, no matter how difficult it can be in certain situations, is the best step forward for fussy eaters."
Top tips to help a fussy eater
1. Set a good example: a family that eats together has better eating habits
2. Schedule regular mealtimes: regular mealtimes reduce levels of stress.
3. Get kids involved with food preparation: familiarity and a sense of control can help
4. Try to have one mealtime: a separate kids' sitting encourages fussy eating
5. Turn the TV off: focus on food, not on screens
6. Try to keep mealtimes calm and stress free: will be a better experience for all.
7. Remove rewards or bribes or punishments for fussy eaters. |
Why are there 21 million bitcoins?
Twenty-one million: this is the theoretical maximum number of bitcoins (BTC) that must be issued. Defined within the protocol, this number has caused much ink to flow and has become iconic in Bitcoin culture. But where exactly does it come from?
The limit of 21 million bitcoins
Unlike the euro and other traditional currencies, Crypto Code app has a predetermined monetary policy. New bitcoins are distributed through mining , the process of reaching consensus on the network and securing the chain.
The amount of bitcoins is not meant to be unlimited and money creation is supposed to stop at a certain point. This plan was outlined by Satoshi Nakamoto early on in Section 6 of the Bitcoin Whitepaper :
Once a predetermined number of coins have been put into circulation, the incentive can be fully funded by transaction fees and no longer require inflation.
This policy was set in the code for version 0.1 of the software released on January 8, 2009. The miners‘ reward, which was initially 50 bitcoins per block, should be halved for every 210,000 blocks. Since the average block time is 10 minutes, this equates to a halving, or halving , every 4 years or so.
Bitcoin monetary policy code version 0.1 January 2009
On the same day, in his email announcing the software’s release, Satoshi first mentioned the 21 million bitcoin limit :
“The total quantity in circulation will be 21,000,000 coins. It will be distributed to the network nodes when they create blocks, the amount being halved every 4 years. “
In reality, this limit is not imposed in the code directly, but is deduced from the conditions imposed by monetary policy. This is very easy to calculate:
Nmax = 210 000 × 50 + 210 000 × 25 + 210 000 × 12,5 + …
= 210,000 × (50 + 25 + 12.5 + …)
= 21,000,000
Thus, the quantity in circulation naturally tends towards 21 million over time. Likewise, the rate of money creation is tending towards zero, making bitcoin increasingly hard to produce .
Where does this number come from?
The 21 million limit is part of Bitcoin’s identity and has been instrumental in its success. It is emblematic today, to such an extent that it is included in many names of projects such as the newsletter of Gregory Raymond or the English-speaking magazine Citadel21 .
But one wonders why this number of the 21 million was chosen. Why millions of bitcoins and not billions or trillions? And why the number 21 rather than a power than a round number like 10 or 100?
When he introduced Bitcoin to the world in January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto did not explain his choice. Nonetheless, he provided an interesting response within his private correspondence with Mike Hearn. In an email sent on April 12, 2009, in response to a question from the Google engineer, Satoshi said:
“My choice for the number of pieces and the distribution schedule was an educated guess. It was a tough choice, because once the network was up, those settings were locked down and we were stuck with them. I wanted to choose something that would make the prices similar to existing currencies, but without knowing the future it was very difficult. I ended up choosing a middle ground. If Bitcoin remains a small niche, it will be worth less per unit than existing currencies. If we imagine that it is used for part of the world trade, then there will only be 21 million pieces for the whole world, so they will be worth much more per unit. The values are 64-bit integers with 8 decimal places, so a coin is internally represented by 100,000,000. There is a lot of granularity if the usual prices ever get small. For example, if 0.001 [Bitcoin] is worth 1 Euro, it may be easier to change where the decimal point is displayed, so if you had 1 Bitcoin, it is now displayed as 1000 and 0.001 is displayed as 1. „ |
Benefits of Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet has gained notoriety among people who want to lose weight. But this also became controversial as some people assert that since ketogenic diet involves eating foods that are high in fat, this diet raises cholesterol levels and can cause heart disease.
However, more and more scientific studies assert that low-carb and ketogenic diets are proved to be effective not only in losing weight but also in improving one’s health. So how does ketogenic diet help improve our health? What happens to our body when we start on this diet?
Keto Basics
The ketogenic diet, or keto diet for short, is a low- to no-carb, high-fat diet that involves ketosis. During ketosis, the body uses fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates. You can achieve the metabolic state of ketosis when you limit carb consumption to around 20 to 50 grams per day and eat more foods that are high in fat.
Keto Benefits
1. Supplies energy for the brain.
A large part of the brain can burn ketones. These ketones are formed when we do not eat anything or when we eat low-carb foods. Ketones supply the brain with energy from ketones that are also found to be therapeutic for some brain disorders like epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and traumatic brain injuries.
2. Lowers risks of heart disease.
Since ketogenic diet increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good” cholesterol and lowers blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol, it helps lessen developing cardiovascular diseases
3. Reduces blood sugar and insulin levels.
Vegan keto diet is shown to be effective in raising adiponectin levels in the body. Adiponectin is a protein involved in regulating blood sugar and metabolism of fat. A high level of adiponectin reduces inflammation and promotes better blood sugar control.
4. Reduces risk of certain cancers.
Since insulin is a hormone that controls blood sugar, which plays a role in developing cancer, ketogenic diet reduces the risk of insulin complications that may lead to certain cancers. It is also suggested that ketogenic diet may be an ideal complementary treatment alongside chemotherapy in people with cancer.
4. Supports weight loss.
The main reason why people resort to ketogenic diet is to better manage their weight. Several studies suggest that ketogenic diet is more effective in long-term weight loss compared to people who prefer having a low-fat diet. Foods in ketogenic diet tend to make you feel full, reducing hunger-stimulating sensations.
Key-To Takeaways
Ketogenic diet is not only effective in weight-loss management, but also beneficial in overall wellbeing as well. It helps improve cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and blood sugar, which reduces the risks of different diseases. When you want to try this diet or if you’re already on keto, make sure that you know the different foods to avoid and which ones are recommended. It is also advisable to complement your keto diet with plant-based foods that are intentionally high in fat and low in carbs. |
| News
NHTSA: Computers Qualify as Drivers for Autonomous Cars
Good news for Google.
Kelly Lincreator
After California proposed banning driverless cars without a human driver, we all wondered what would happen to Google's self-driving cars, many of which feature no steering wheel or brakes. Now, the U.S. government has thrown the tech giant a bone, saying Google's computers can be considered the legal driver of a car.
In a letter to Google, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration attempted to interpret a number of provisions of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as they apply to Google's autonomous cars.
"NHTSA will interpret 'driver' in the context of Google's described motor vehicle design as referring to the SDS [self-driving system], and not to any of the vehicle occupants," the letter read. "We agree with Google its SDV [self-driving vehicle] will not have a driver in the traditional sense that vehicles have had drivers during the last more than one hundred years."
The conclusion is good news for Google, which submitted a proposed design back in November for a self-driving car that has "no need for a human driver." In January, the U.S. government hinted it would waive some current rules in order to help accelerate driverless car technology. It also announced it would invest $4 billion to assist the rollout of self-driving cars over the next decade.
"If no human occupant of the vehicle can actually drive the vehicle, it is more reasonable to identify the 'driver' as whatever (as opposed to whoever) is doing the driving," the letter continues.
The announcement comes at a feverish time for autonomous cars. Some companies have predicted key self-driving technologies would come our way by 2020, and Elon Musk said late last year a fully autonomous Tesla car would be ready in "approximately two years."
Source: Reuters, NHTSA |
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The authors are preparing a volume for the Yale Anchor Bible Reference Library, Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch, which will examine the following key questions: (1) What is the date and historical context for the composition of Deuteronomy? (2) What is Deuteronomy’s method of composition? (3) What is the relationship between law and narrative in Deuteronomy? (4) What is the intent of Deuteronomy vis-à-vis its Israelite sources? (5) What is the influence of cuneiform legal and treaty traditions upon Deuteronomy and its Israelite forebears? (6) What is Deuteronomy’s status within the compiled Pentateuch (and the larger biblical canon)? In this article, the authors summarize these issues and then examine Deut 13 and its relevance for dealing with each of them.
In: Journal of Ancient Judaism
In: Journal of Ancient Judaism |
World paintings and artists
Photos of castles, palaces, fortresses, temples, cathedrals, monasteries - Peru
Heiress of ancient cultures and rich colonial traditions, Peru is a magical spot on the tourist map of the Earth. Today, known to everyone far beyond Peru, photos of the magical city of Machu Picchu, which is named one of the new seven wonders of the world. The mixture of cultures and civilizations that arose long before the arrival of Europeans, after the meeting of the two worlds, was enriched by African and Asian peoples, who also took root in this land by building their palaces and temples.
Monastery of Santa Catalina
Peru, Arequipa, 17th century monastery
Santa Catalina Convent in Peru, built on the ruins of the House of the Virgin Maidens, where 500 years ago the most beautiful girls of the Inca empire served the cult of the Sun.
Arequipa Cathedral
Peru, Arequipa, Cathedral of the 17th century
Arequipa Cathedral is located in the historic center of the city, listed by UNESCO, and is considered one of the most unusual and most famous cathedrals of Peru during the Spanish conquest.
Cusco cathedral
Peru, Cuzco, 16th century Cathedral
The Cuzco Cathedral, built on the foundation of the ruined Inca palace, is considered one of the most visible and most beautiful Spanish colonial temples in South America.
Peru, Cuzco, the fortress
Visitors to this magnificent Inca fortress, which overlooks the city of Cuzco, cannot but be struck by the beauty and monumental scale of this important Inca building.
Machu Picchu
Peru, Cuzco, the city of sanctuary
The mysterious Inca stronghold hidden deep in the jungle of the green Urubamba Valley, high on the top of the mountain, is the best-preserved city of the great Inca empire.
Company Temple
Peru, Cuzco, 16th century temple
An ancient temple built on the site of one of the most beautiful Inca palaces in the main square of Plaza de Armas. The Company has a valuable collection of paintings from the colonial school of Cuzco.
Coricancha Temple and Monastery of Santo Domingo
Peru, Cuzco, temple, monastery of the XV century
The Temple of Coricancha was the most important Inca sanctuary dedicated to the sun god Inti, on whose walls the Spanish conquistadors built their monastery of Santo Domingo.
Cathedral in Lima
Peru, Lima, 16th century Cathedral
The Baroque cathedral on the Pacific coast at the foot of the Andes is known as the last refuge of Francisco Pizarro - the Spanish adventurer, conqueror and founder of the city of Lima.
San Francisco Monastery
Peru, Lima, monastery of the 17th century
San Francisco is one of the largest and most visited temples of the capital of Peru - Lima. But the most striking feature is the huge catacombs, where the bones of thousands of the deceased are lined with eerie patterns.
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Everyone knows about alternative energy and the way it can benefit conserve our environment, but the history? Well, is it doesn’t electricity we get from the sun’s rays, other, breeze and swells healthy sources. Contrary to these methods, renewable energy should be came back or renewed on a regular basis, though it has the same kind of “life-giving” push that energy sources pets and flowers. Renewable indicates it would not get replaced. It can be renewable because materials it really is created from is often swapped out. It’s sustainable because sunshine will stand out once again as well as breeze will hit once more.
The thing that makes alternative energy this kind of fresh strength is because they may not be damaging to all sorts. Additionally usually are not troubled by items like people today and polluting of the environment making them. This is the reason while there is no contamination there without any further features put into the earth that is eliminated, they can be a sort of clean up power. Another factor for implementing electrical power means is that they can be employed once more.
One of the main advantages of using electrical power options is because will not generate equally as much as well as as traditional fossil fuels do. The cause originates from identical volume gasoline reference, nevertheless the procedure through which they build power is simply the same as traditional non-renewable fuels. It makes use of a kind of know-how to accumulate the wind or sun swap it into useful electricity. On this engineering, it works in particular effectively when along with solar power devices.
The greatest issue so far continues to be stability. Traditional classic fuels typically problem methane, other and petrol impurities to the floor and surroundings, damaging the dirt and also the floor h2o and possibly producing immeasurable global warming. With electrical power, that isn’t a difficulty. Because they’re all alternative options, that they can’t be used up like gasoline or fossil fuel can. Also, quite a few people start to think that this exhaustion of standard fossil fuels could sooner or later lead to devastating climate change as well as the final disappearance of man lifestyle on the globe.
Weight loss studies accomplished as well as technological know-how behind renewable energy output will increase, the expense of it truly is minimizing. It’s because know-how improvements, improved developing solutions and a lot more efficient using resources. With the price of oil, propane and coal consistently rising, it’s receiving harder for the person to purchase the electric and heating system expenses associated with them. Eventhough it even now is more epensive than the other two resources, it truly is typically much more trusted and possesses a substantially long life extend to. Natural gas, oil and coal becomes completely outdated, but solar power and wind turbine electricity will be close to.
A last benefit of sustainable energy development is it generates energy through the warmth of the sunrays or even the breeze, as time goes on. These types of solutions generate electricity without having to use any nuclear power as well as other dangerous features, so no and also carbon emissions are let go in the surroundings. It usually is located up and utilized at a times observe. That is certainly consequently there is less carbon dioxide uphill and the opportunity of climate change is not as likely.
The maximum selling point of employing alternative options plus the power that they generate. There are plenty of sustainable energy programs that can give a continual electrical source for an entire house. Geothermal plants take advantage of the temperature through the the planet stored within the area and transport this power to supply water. Wind generators can often generate electrical power and as well make clean up, renewable power.
Operating these advantages of alternative energy, it’s becoming more popular everyday. The best way to are witnessing the requirement to stop having energy sources in order to begin using sustainable energy. Whilst the first expenditure because of these systems may seem excessive, over time they will cover them selves as being the energy premiums always escalate as well as planet gets to be a toxified entire world. With around the world transforming into a significant worry for so many people, it is necessary that we start by getting to escape from the employment of standard fuels and on the way to better types of vitality for instance photovoltaic and blowing wind power.
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3 0. User Submitted Meanings. Americo G. Lv 7. Hugs! What is the English translation of the Spanish word munde, and how is it pronounced in Spanish? ; Search for more names by meaning. Various Mandé groups are found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone.The Mandé languages are divided into two primary groups: East Mandé and West Mandé. hope u understand the meaning of mande! The term “mande” or “mande usted” is not used now as often as it was before and it is not to be thought of as offensive, but rather that the listener is paying attention and ready to assist you; as it has been said, Mexican Spanish can be extremely polite. Information and translations of mande in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on … Mande, also called Mali or Mandingo, group of peoples of western Africa, whose various Mande languages form a branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It is the congigated form of the verb Mandar which is to send and Mande means i send. The word “munde” does not exist in Spanish. Find more Spanish words at wordhippo.com! nosotros nosotras tú *vosotros vosotras él ellos ella ell … With Reverso you can find the Spanish translation, definition or synonym for ¡mande usted! What does ¨¿Mande?¨ mean in English? Mexican Slang and proverbs, Meaning of ¿Mande?, Spanish Translation, Definitions, Spanish Slang Dictionary, ¿Mande? For example send the letter. Mandé is a family of ethnic groups in Western Africa who speak any of the many related Mande languages of the region. means Spanish culture is fairly formal by Anglo standards and that formality, which is reflected even in the rules of Spanish grammar and syntax, carries over into idiomatic expressions. Like when in English you say What? You can complete the translation of ¡mande usted! - 3871832 é asteis о amos aron aste 1. ayer AR Verbs yo Choose toption write your pertence In the box. The Mande are located primarily on the savanna plateau of the western Sudan, although small groups of Mande origin, whose members no longer exhibit Mande cultural traits, are found scattered elsewhere, as in the tropical rain forests of … English words for mande include send, command, order, send in, send out, instruct, lead, post, tell and direct. and thousands of other words. According to a user from Sweden, the name Mande is of African origin and means "The day of the week of which one was born". Mostly Mexicans and Ecuadoreans. BTW, it is not used by all Spanish speakers. Meaning of mande. You would use mande for the verb send in that sentence What does mande mean? Source(s): i'm spanish speaker. 1 decade ago. It is a polite way of answer when somebody ask you something or when you are called. Definition of mande in the Definitions.net dictionary. Actually “Mande” comes from “Mandar” (order/command) as in “al mando” not as in “enviar”, it’s common in latin america to use that expression or the similar “qué manda?”, it’s a respectful way to respond when you are being talk to.
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Persuasive essay formats
Fun topic persuasive essays -
What is a Persuasive Essay? Persuasive writing or also known as argument essay, explains a specific topic and attempts to persuade the readers that the writer’s stance is right or a certain idea is more valid than the other.It uses logic and reason to present that one idea is more correct than the other. more
How to Write a Persuasive Essay | EasyBib
Apa persuasive essay format for how vocabulary helps with essay writing. It is essential to experiential and practical in instruction in writing does not have any purchase in that new sports car. 147-233. The text in english education teacher training. Most people can … more
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Persuasive Essay Outline - Writing Tips, Template & Examples
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Preferred Persuasive Essay Format. A paper format is something that predetermines the paper’s plan. It helps to make the writer’s position solid. As for the English format, simply download a guide on academic paper formatting. The most popular writing styles are MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian. more
Persuasive Essay Outline — HCC Learning Web
With simple steps, you can Persuasive Essay Mla Format Example quickly get a top-notch and matchless essay that would make you shine in the educational career. Finance. 944 completed orders. Words. They treated me so well, answered all my questions and wrote the hard parts for me. My writer was a retired English teacher! more
How To Write A Persuasive Essay: Tips And Topics - Edusson
Persuasive Essay Format. When you have picked a topic among the given suggestions (or formulated your own), it is time to get to writing. A persuasive essay format presupposes three sections: introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should include an additional section with the paragraph presenting an opposing view. more
Argumentative Essays // Purdue Writing Lab
Feb 04, 2020 · Writing formats are many in numbers and the total formats of writing are more than ten. One of those categories is persuasive writing. Many people don’t know how to write a persuasive essay in MLA format. This article will help the readers to find the answer of the question. But there are few other things to know before going in that part. more
mla format persuasive essay - Neuro Gastronomy
Characteristics of a Persuasive Essay - Nova
Organizing You Expository/Persuasive Essay. How can I effectively present my argument? Use an organizational structure that arranges the argument in a way that will make sense to the reader. The Toulmin Method of logic is a common and easy to use formula for organizing an argument. The basic format for the Toulmin Method is as follows: more
Persuasive Essay – SSI Learning Resource Center
View Persuasive Essay Format .pdf from ENGLISH 12 at Cristo Rey High School. English Cristo Rey 6 Period Doing an argument essay structure Analysis: Is an inseparable part of the argument, since by more
Thesis & Essays: Persuasive essay body format certified
2 days ago · I am, on essay persuasive identity theft I am. What would be perfect for this course is this learn to use the new psychology of crime and violence, poverty and welfare institutions in england and the so what in my book that a particular task or skill in specialized fields such as the th grade, nations and jurisdictions around the lecturer goes o into orbit either to webwork. more
Purdue Owl - Organizing Your Expository/Persuasive Essay
Persuasive Essay Outline Format The format of the Persuasive essay outline is similar to a five-paragraph outline structure. Every writer uses similar templates to write an outline. more
Persuasive Essay Template - 9+ Free Samples, Examples
May 22, 2021 · A Persuasive Essay Has 3 Components . Introduction: This is the opening paragraph of your essay. It contains the hook, which is used to grab the reader's attention, and the thesis, or argument, which you'll explain in the next section. Body: This is the heart of your essay, usually three to five paragraphs in length. Each paragraph examines one theme or issue used to support your thesis. more |
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但是铁观音确实应该先洗茶，不过不应该叫洗茶，应该叫“浸茶”或“温茶”较为确切和科学。 第一泡的铁观音用少量的水,快速冲一下倒出来时间不要超过3秒，这么做法是为了醒茶,一来茶叶平时冷藏放,二来铁观音做的比较紧结,得让她舒展一下筋骨。
There are many misunderstandings about washing tea. When people use teapots to brew Anxi Tieguanyin, they usually pour out the first tea water, which is called "washing tea". Some tea people explain this because they want to wash away the unclean inclusions such as tea ash and dust in the tea. They think that people who do not "wash tea" are "not hygienic" and "do not understand tea art."
Only 2% of the impurities or pesticide residues are washed out of the tea, so everyone says it is for cleanliness, which is simply wrong! And not all teas can be washed, such as green tea, the texture is not very tight, so "washing tea", even the tea essence is also washed away unknowingly, the first tea has more active ingredients, such as tea polyphenols , Amino acids, ether extracts, etc., are not only beneficial to human health, but also show the deliciousness of tea. According to related experiments, the aroma of tea and the ingredients beneficial to the human body start to be leached 3 seconds after the first infusion. If the tea is poured over 3 seconds, the effective ingredients in the tea will be lost in a large amount.
But Tieguanyin really should wash tea first, but it should not be called wash tea, it should be called "dipping tea" or "warm tea", which is more accurate and scientific. Use a small amount of water to make the first Tieguanyin, and pour it out for no more than 3 seconds. This method is to wake up the tea. Firstly, the tea leaves are usually kept in cold storage. Secondly, the Tieguanyin made it is tighter and has to be stretched. Take a look at the bones and muscles.
Let me tell the host how to drink tea. Green tea is best served in 3-5 cups. Tieguanyin has a tight texture and can be more than 5, and if it is good, it can reach 7. Soak in water, the temperature is about 90 degrees, the first water washes the tea and warms the cup, the second water is fragrant for 15 seconds, and each subsequent course is delayed for 15 seconds, preferably no more than seven courses of tea, if it is basic spring tea It is five ways, without obvious tea aroma, it belongs to tea dregs. Although it tastes and has no health care effect, Tieguanyin will taste better as long as it tastes. The aftertaste of tea is unique to good tea, so it is better to taste tea with new tea
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