Split (1)

train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
1.8 Ensure that all outputs can be perceived by users with restricted or no vision At night I can see the writing but by day I find it impossible to use. I know there's something written there but I don't know exactly what it says. " - partially sighted user I hate scrolling displays. They're nice because they are dynamic and they get your attention but I can't actually read them because I can't focus on moving text. " - partially sighted user " Queuing systems are a problem. The Revenue one is good because it speaks out 'ticket number 42 to desk 7'. But in other places I have to listen out for the number of times the counter clicks forward and sometimes I lose count and miss my turn. " - partially sighted user " A speaking ATM would be great, as long as the volume wasn't too loud, so there would be no problem with security. " - partially sighted user Directions and Techniques Text size, contrast and typeface Avoid using scrolling text or animation Provide adequate lighting and take steps to reduce glare Add voice output Add voice output to speak any information that is displayed visually. This can be achieved using either pre-recorded audio or speech synthesis. Speech synthesis, whilst more flexible, is often of much poorer quality and may be difficult to understand for some users and in noisy environments. If voice output is likely to be intrusive or if the information is of a sensitive personal nature, allow the audio to be turned off during a user session and provide a standard jack socket for connecting an earphone. Inserting a jack plug should switch off the output to the external loudspeakers. Headphone sockets Headphone sockets For all visual cues, provide corresponding audible cues Allow user-selectable settings Applying the previous techniques should result in a terminal which suits all users. However, in some cases, what is best for one group of users is not necessarily best for all. Do not rely on colour for meaning Do not rely on colour for meaning Do not rely on colour for meaning The buttons on this web page rely on the users ability to distinguish between red and green. How you could check for this: Self-test early prototypes Test with real users During development, you should test the prototype in a realistic situation with real people who have various forms of visual impairment. In particular, you should include people who are recently impaired and have not yet developed enhanced perception or coping methods. This is the only way to find out if your audio equivalents can be understood by users well enough to provide the intended information. About user testing
• nickstolerman The Healing Effects of Gong Baths: The Science and the Experience Explained Updated: Nov 9 Before human language developed, there were sounds, rhythms, music. Throughout the ages and throughout the world, every culture has used sound to communicate, to rouse, to soothe. Parents calm a baby to sleep with a lullaby, surgeons improve their concentration with music, sportspeople use it to improve focus, sports fans use it to motivate their team, film makers create fear, suspense and joy using music – the list goes on. Ancient cultures used music as medicine. Modern medicine uses sound frequency machines to break down kidney and gall stones; ultrasound machines are used to heal injuries and accelerate the repair of muscle and fracture damage. Hundreds of research studies have found that music has both physical and mental benefits, but how does it work and where does the sound and experience of the gong fit? From cave man to modern medicine The gong is one of the oldest man made sounds, dating back over 5,000 years, playing an important role in ceremonies, rituals and healing in cultures including China, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Greece, India, South America and Africa. The gong's sounds and vibrations have a quick effect on the brain and the body. They move us from our awake (Beta) state to a more relaxed and calm (Alpha) state, then on to a restful (Theta) state and finally to a deeply relaxing meditative (Delta) state. They cause the brain, heart and respiratory rates to slow down and increase the release of melatonin, endorphin and dopamine chemicals that are linked to feelings of expanded mental clarity. A review of 400 published scientific articles found strong evidence that music can improve mood and reduce stress, with rhythm providing physical pain relief. One study found that sound meditation helped reduce tension, anger, fatigue, anxiety and depression while increasing a sense of spiritual well-being. Another has linked music to a number of health benefits including boosting immune function. Sound-based vibration treatment has been shown to increase blood circulation and lower blood pressure, helping people with arthritis, menstrual pain, post-operative pain, muscle pain and stiffness. What is a gong bath meditation like? The deep sounds and vibrations of the gong vary according to the size of the instrument, the mallets used and the style of the player. The experience is unlike listening to music, you can’t identify and grasp on to specific notes as you can with music. Instead, the gong player creates a soundscape that takes the listener on a relaxing, meditative journey. A gong meditation is a passive experience, in that the listener simply lays down and lets the sounds wash over them – hence the term ‘gong bath’. It has been described as a sonic massage as your body and mind respond to the sounds and vibrations. There is nothing to learn, no skills to acquire, so for people who find it hard to switch off or meditate, the gong is an ideal experience. Apart from deep relaxation and reduced stress levels, participants report a number of gong benefits and experiences, such as strong emotions – from joy to tears – feelings of floating, bright lights, strong, colourful images and more. A typical session lasts around 45 to 60 minutes and might include some gentle physical exercise to prepare the listener by relaxing the body. In a staff wellbeing programme, the gong can be used in three main ways: 1. A stand alone stress busting session 2. Part of a meditation practice 3. Relaxation at the end of a yoga class Face to face gong bath meditations are held in many venues but during lockdown, listeners over Zoom have been able to benefit from the immersive experience of hearing the gong through headphones in the comfort of their home. Related Articles Workplace Stress – What Are The Signs And How Yoga Can Help Why Organisations Use Yoga To Improve Staff Performance And Productivity Benefits Of Meditation Classes At Work 9 Simple Meditation Techniques To De-Stress And Re-Energise What Is Gong Bath Meditation? All You Need To Know The 8 Key Benefits of Yoga In The Workplace Workplace Wellness Programmes 319 views1 comment Recent Posts See All
Latest News AI has changed the way the world works – and offers rewarding careers • Date: Tue, Jul 27, 2021 Share this article Hard to believe that the artificial intelligence Netflix uses to recommend shows today was around even before the streaming service was originally set up to send out DVD rentals by post. “A lot of the algorithms were invented in the 80s,” explains Dr Haytham Assem, a chief scientist in Huawei Ireland Research Centre. Perhaps AI’s most pivotal moment came with the publication of “Learning representations by back-propagating errors”, an academic paper in which a new learning procedure, back-propagation, for networks of neuron-like units was introduced. “This is the traditional learning method for how advanced AI architectures gets trained nowadays. Without back-propagation, most advancements in deep learning would not have been possible,” says Assem. It took a subsequent rise in computer power, fibre-optic cables and modern semi-conductor chips to accelerate widespread progress. “The invention of 3G and 4G was a stepping stone in enabling large quantities of data to move back and forth at rapid speeds,” he explains. “It would not have been possible for any of the video streaming services that we enjoy now to be possible without these. Without these communication technologies, the truth is that it would have not been possible to enable the AI app economy that we are experiencing now.” Modern AI chips developed in the last decade don’t just provide raw power but are optimised to carry the typical maths problems of AI algorithms more quickly, he adds. “Without the progress of these chips, it would have not been possible to think about autonomous vehicles, video analytics, object detection and data centre acceleration. For instance, the latest chips from Intel released in 2020 can run over 10 trillion calculations per second. To give you an idea of the scale, if you stacked a dollar bill on top of one another for each calculation, the stack would go to the moon and back, then halfway back to the moon again,” says Assem. These advances in computing power are enabling AI to deliver added value for businesses. They are, for example, the power behind chatbots providing hours support, points out Mark Jordan, chief technologist with Skillnets Ireland, the workforce learning agency. “More than 90 per cent of businesses have adapted machine learning of one form or another to drive their business forward, providing yields in areas such as enhanced decision making, helping to boost productivity, removing repetitive tasks and moving the workforce up the value chain,” says Jordan. AI has streamlined a range of industries, from automotive to logistics and healthcare. “We’re seeing it in public transportation, where heat maps and route demand feeds into time tabling,” he says. "Some workers will be replaced by automatisation, but new jobs will be introduced." Irish company CitySwift, developer of a bus data engine, is used by local authorities to match bus schedules with passenger demand, for example. AI is everywhere, from forecasting weather to filtering spam emails, to enabling search predictions in Google and voice recognition services such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa. “In the last 10 years, AI and machine learning (ML) are having a huge impact on our lives. Healthcare, security, business, economics, finance, and education have experienced the most important changes,” says Alessia Paccagnini, academic director of the Masters in Quantitative Finance at the Michael Smurfit Business School, University College Dublin. “The benefits of implementing AI in finance, in particular for task automation, fraud detection, and delivering personalised recommendations, are monumental.” But its rise is not without risk. Lack of governance around the core data used and augmented by AI and ML, and how it is used, is one. “The European Commission is really keen to build regulation around AI, which is necessary,” says Mark Jordan. And while AI has significant potential to boost economic growth and productivity, “at the same time, it creates equally serious risks of job market polarisation – the necessity to have high-skilled jobs since low-skilled ones will be substituted by automatisation – rising inequality, structural unemployment, and the emergence of new, undesirable industrial structures,” says Paccagnini. “For this reason, new regulations, at national and international levels, are necessary and important to avoid distortions and risks involved in the adoption of AI.” AI offers potential for advances in sectors such as healthcare, cybersecurity, economics, business, manufacturing, supply chain management, construction, and retail, as well as information technology, finance, climate change, education, and travel. “Some workers will be replaced by automatisation, but new jobs will be introduced and also education systems and universities will start to adapt their courses including new technologies and offering new programmes,” she explains. New courses They are already emerging. Researchers at UCD and at its Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School are working on the application of AI to cybersecurity, fintech, and digital services. UCD’s master’s degree programmes in finance, quantitative finance, and financial data science – its most recent – all include advanced courses in the statistical learning and machine learning that build the basic concepts for AI applications in finance. Trinity College Dublin has a newly launched artificial intelligence accelerator programme, Alsessor, while the University of Limerick is pioneering new integrated undergraduate and master’s degrees in partnership with technology companies such as Stripe, Zalando, Shopify and Intercom, which will support new AI based start-ups. Ireland already has the highest share of enterprises in Europe using artificial intelligence, according to Eurostat. Government-backed research centres help, including CeADAR, which specialises in innovation and applied research and development in such areas as AI, machine learning and data analytics. The pandemic has helped fuel AI’s progress too. The emergence of a hybrid workforce will imply more collaborative experiences with AI “During the pandemic we have seen how AI is already changing the way businesses operate, from how they communicate with their customers via virtual assistants, to automating key workflows, and even managing network security,” says Assem. This, he reckons, will only grow in the predicted hybrid working world of the future. “Undoubtedly, the emergence of a hybrid workforce will imply more collaborative experiences with AI,” he explains. “The human workforce will need to have access to more automated bots and various digital assistants that can support a hybrid model. It will be collaboration between the workforce and AI, one will not replace the other.” This article was written by Sandra O'Connell and first appeared in The Irish Times on July 22, 2021. Read the original article here. Image courtesy of The Irish Times Content Studio. Discover our Rankings and Accreditations
Head's Blog Today, nervously at first, I taught my first classroom lesson in eighteen months. It was a real pleasure to work with the talented Year 8 English Class on Shelley’s famous poem “Ozymandias”. To be honest, I was amazed (and a little intimidated) by their level of understanding and insight. It felt more like fronting an A-Level English Literature group and they worked me very hard! We looked at the political context in England 1815-20, the inspiration for Shelley’s poem and then conducted a line-by-line critical analysis. The pupils demonstrated their impressive knowledge of the sonnet form, iambic pentameters, irony and alliteration. We ended with a profound discussion on mortality, time and transitory nature of political power. Well done to the group for their extraordinary work!
AuteurEmma Sherlock UitgeverField Studies Council Publications AfbeeldingenKleurenfoto's, illustraties en tabellen Jaar van uitgave 2018 FSC Earthworms AIDGAP covers all the species of earthworms found living freely in the UK and Ireland. • New guidance on earthworm dissection and internal anatomy • Expanded introductory section on earthworm ecology and biology • Many new photographs within the Species Accounts taken especially for this guide, including lots of photos of live specimens Earthworms are animals in the phylum Annelida, class Clitellata and subclass Oligochaeta. Class Clitellata consists of the two subclasses Hirudinea (leeches) and Oligochaeta. Both are segmented worms which possess a clitellum, or saddle. So leeches are the closest living relatives to earthworms. However earthworms have very different feeding structures, and a number of different internal features too. Earthworms work as ecosystem engineers. Firstly their burrowing improves soil aeration and drainage. They can ameliorate the effects of intense rainfall by digging more burrows, thus allowing water to dissipate more rapidly. Secondly soil gut passage enhances soil crumb structure and nutrient availability for other organisms. Thirdly when earthworms pull dead organic matter into their burrows, they increase nutrient availability, especially lower in the soil profile. 0 from 5Based on 0 reviews Schrijf je eigen review Er zijn nog geen reviews geschreven over dit product.. Gerelateerde producten Maak uw bestelling compleet Key to the Earthworms of the UK and Ireland € 12,34 Key to the Earthworms of the UK and Ireland 3 Op voorraad: Op werkdagen voor 17:00 besteld, zelfde dag verzonden. Toevoegen aan winkelwagen Recent bekeken
why buddha left hinduism why buddha left hinduism Recent Posts Newsletter Sign Up why buddha left hinduism BUDDHA, from Samyutta Nikaya By following the Eightfold Path, anyone could reach nirvana, the Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain. Buddhists traditionally do not accept the Buddha to be a Vishnu avatar. [9][note 2] The adoption of the Buddha in texts relating to Hindu gods, and of Hindu gods in Buddhist texts, is difficult to place chronologically. Due to this separation from the distance in geography, Buddhism and Hinduism don’t interact that much anymore. ... four finger widths below the navel, with the left hand on the bottom, right hand on top, and your thumbs touching to form a triangle. Buddha's last words were "work out your salvation with diligence". Buddhism and Hinduism and Buddhism are similar in the fact that both of their origins in India. Buddha gave to the world the gist of Vedas, albeit Vedic scholars disputed the claim. Published on 28th April, 2019, in Mumbai Mirror.. For other uses, see, Interaction between Buddhism and Brahmanical traditions, Differences between Buddhism and Hinduism. [14], According to Lars Tore Flåten, Hindu perceptions, particularly in the literature by Hindu nationalists, are that "Buddha did not break away from the spiritual ideas of his age and country". [8] Though an avatar of Vishnu, the Buddha is rarely worshipped like Krishna and Rama in Hinduism. Due to the diversity of traditions within Hinduism there is no specific viewpoint or consensus on the Buddha's exact position in reference to the Vedic tradition: In the Dasavatara stotra section of his Gita Govinda, the influential Vaishnava poet Jayadeva Goswami(13th C AD) includes the Buddha amongst the ten principal avatars of Vishnu and writes a prayer regarding him as follows: This viewpoint of the Buddha as an avatar … Some of these ideas he strongly opposed, like the one of eternal atman. Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation. However, regional Hindu texts over the centuries have presented a spectrum of views on Buddhism, possibly reflecting the competition between Buddhism and the Brahmanical traditions. 1. However, he did not encourage ritualistic segment of Hinduism as he regarded all that dispensable and volitional. [18][19] Buddhologists like K.R. Similarly, in Dasaratha Jataka Buddha identifies himself as Rama. For Buddhists, Buddha is not an avatar of Vishnu. The history of Buddhism is the story of one man's spiritual journey to Enlightenment, and of the teachings and ways of living that developed from it. "Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question". The selectivity practised by the United Nations and its failure to acknowledge the rise in hatred and violence against Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism has been questioned by India. [33], The times ascribed to one "Buddha" figure are contradictory and some put him in approximately 500 CE, with a lifetime of 64 years; they describe him as having killed some persons, as following the Vedic religion, and having a father named Jina, which suggest that this particular figure might be a different person from Siddhārta Gautama. In fact, Buddha was a strong critic of whole of So called Hinduism/Brahmanism. In addition, both religions share common beliefs in reincarnation. WH6.5.5 Know the life and moral teachings of the Buddha and how Buddhism spread in India, Ceylon, and Central Asia. Mistaking Krishna for a Deer, Jara throws a spear that fatally pierces his feet, causing Krishna great pain and then his death.[40]. Among other topics, about 116 Categories, I write more on Hinduism, the name given to Santana Dharma by the West. The Buddha understood karma not only as action, but the intention behind the action. The Hindu holds that the self does exist, as do the gods and goddesses. Buddhism and third eye. For e.g. Bondage and suffering According to the Buddha, desire is the root cause of suffering and the removal of desire in all its forms results in the cessation of suffering. Sacrifices have the agnihotra as foremost; of meter the foremost is the Sāvitrī "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" [2][3], Buddha's portrayal in Hinduism varies. In India, all kinds of invention, somewhat logically connected to this status of separate religion, were then added. The Buddha's period saw not only urbanisation, but also the beginnings of centralised states. It was only in the eighteenth century that the term Hindu … lot of short comings from Lord Buddha, consider a circle, it have radius, lord buddha went on the path of one radius, next he entered in to point, this is nethi nethi path in Upanishads, it is brahma satyam Jagad mythyam path. Because of the trade on the Silk Road, Buddhism spread towards Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia. This mudra is common to Gautama Buddha (the Historical Buddha) and also to the Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya. They usually consider "Buddhism to be another form of Hinduism". With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism one … The answer to the first question is obvious. "Nindasi yajna-vidher ahaha sruti-jatam, sadaya-hridaya-darsita-pasu-ghatam; Also, “Lord Buddha, the prophet of Buddhism, hailed from a Hindu family.” (Kumar 2018) giving them an ancient connection. While Buddhism thrived and prospered in countries outside India as an independent entity, within India, Buddhism does not seem … The 10th Reason why Buddhism is Better than your Religion is… {drumroll} We’re not better than your religion. Hinduism believes in a caste-system, in which it gives certain class of people more importance and certain sections of people are treated like animals.He rejected the animal sacrifices of vedic brahmins for food and rituals.Buddha understood that Hinduism has no valid answers to many philosophical questions and it is just a backward religion full of myths and lies created by stronger … The term Hindu originally referred to those living on the other side of the Indus River, and by the thirteenth century it simply referred to those living in India. [22][23][24] According to Gombrich, modernists keep picking up these erroneous assumptions "from western authors". Krishna also dies in the Buddhist legend by the hand of a hunter named Jara, but while he is traveling to a frontier city. What is the sacred text (holy books)of Buddhism? [49] In Buddhist thought, however, this rebirth does not involve any soul, unlike Hinduism and Jainism. Conversion itself, not just the embracing of a new tradition (which any Hindu is free to do, all while staying a Hindu) but the renouncing of one’s previous religion, as the Hindu-born politician Ambedkar did, is a typically Ch… The left hand rests in the lap face up, and an alms bowl may or may not be present in the left hand. Hinduism and Buddhism have common origins in the Ganges culture of northern India during the "second urbanisation" around 500 BCE. Even today, when one travels around the world, the word “Buddha” evokes the emotion of peace, tranquillity and wisdom, while any mention of Hinduism evokes the notion of caste and misogyny. Diversification is part of cosmic life, inherently inbuilt into the system. [16] In present-day scholarly consensus, Buddhism is considered very different from pre-Buddhist Indian religion, however. There are several myths or misconceptions associated with his choice. [34], Chakra (wheel) has been a historic identifier of Vishnu's dharma, but it as Dharmachakra is also an esteemed symbol in Buddhism for the Buddha's doctrine. [25] Ambedkar, while he was a Hindu and before he launched a new form of Buddhism, reinterpreted Buddha's teachings into what he called Navayana (New Vehicle), wherein he developed a Marxist interpretation of said teachings. [2] According to John Holt, the Buddha was adopted as an avatar of Vishnu around the time the Puranas were being composed, in order to subordinate him into the Brahmanical ideology. I am personally extremely interested into knowing how come Hinduism came to be the one major pagan religion left standing. In Hinduism, Buddha is considered the ninth incarnation of Vishnu, the form of almighty god that preserves life and universe. Fantastic post. von Glasenapp 1962 page 113, cited in O'Flaherty, page 206. Why Buddha rejected Hinduism and founded a new Religion. He left his family and riches and began his search. They claim that scholars such as Hermann Oldenberg, Thomas Rhys Davids and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan state there is much in common between "Buddhism and the contemporary Hinduism". [43][44][45] The ignorance or misperception (avijjā) that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is considered a wrong understanding in Buddhism, and the primary source of clinging and suffering (dukkha). In the, Gombrich; Recovering the Buddha's Message © The Buddhist Forum, Vol I, Seminar Papers 1987–1988, Norman, KR; A note on Attā in the Alagaddūpama Sutta – 1981, Dhere Ramchandra Chintaman, Shri Vitthal: ek maha samanvaya, Shri Vidya Prakashan, Pune, 1984 (Marathi). [22], B. R. Ambedkar, the Dalit leader who in 1935 declared his intention to convert from Hinduism to Buddhism and converted about 20 years later, rejected that Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu. Riveted Metal Texture, Todd Christopher Ogx, Industrial Servo Motor, Step By Step Root Canal Treatment Book, Shark Euro-pro Handheld Vacuum, Azure Backup Policy Best Practices, Gold Strike Cinnamon Schnapps Liqueur, Electrical Drafter Resume, Solutions To Climate Change In Nigeria,
Description On Why Criminal Offense Is Essential. The term “crime” is made use of in the context of a variety of criminal activities and also culpable behavior. Though there are some legal definitions in the context of a state or neighborhood territory, there is no universally accepted, basic meaning of crime. In modern-day criminal law, words “criminal offense” has several definitions, which are defined in numerous ways. In modern criminal legislation, a basic, well-known meaning is not readily available. Some types of criminal activity are a lot more extreme than others. As an example, unlawful imprisonment, sexual offense, as well as break-in are all criminal activities. However, they are all crimes that can have a social, economic, or cultural facet. While murder is constantly a felony, poisoning with the intent to kill is not. These offenses do not need a warrant, but do need the criminal to be under the influence of drugs. There are many kinds of crime, as well as some of them are reasonable. Another kind of criminal offense entails physical violence and is an offense of the law. Often, the target of this criminal activity is assaulted with a blade or a metal object. In these situations, it is essential to have an eyewitness existing to safeguard themselves from the violence. A criminal might also be forced to utilize a gun or to utilize medications, which can be deadly. Most of the times, the criminal is found guilty of the crime. This criminal activity is usually not reported to the cops. Some criminal activity is identified as a violent one, which involves purposefully damaging one more person. While pacifist crimes entail hurting building, they are categorized as criminal activities versus nature. While there are many kinds of crime, a few of them are much more significant than others. If you have a psychological wellness issue, you need to beware and also make sure you are not devoting a fierce criminal activity. In addition to this, there are some regulations that require incarceration. Organized crime describes criminal offenses that are committed without a sufferer. In this instance, the criminal may have a weapon in their ownership. Furthermore, this kind of criminal offense is usually associated with making use of weapons. For example, an individual that fires another person while driving will need to encounter prosecution. These criminal activities are called “arranged” and are much more significant than crashes or extortion. Despite what the criminal offense is, it calls for the implementation of some type of fierce actions. No matter the specific nature of the criminal activity, a person who dedicates a fierce crime is dedicating a criminal offense. Whether the criminal offense is dedicated by a private or a team of individuals, an individual might be convicted of a felony. A felony is a significant infraction of the legislation. Some types of burglary, rape, as well as dueling may be identified as a sex offence. An individual who dedicates a criminal offense will certainly typically burglarize a structure, steal something from it, or devote a fierce act versus one more. A person that steals money or other prized possessions from a person will certainly be taken into consideration a burglar. This type of criminal will certainly commonly offer their taken home to avoid being caught. A break-in is a felony, and the wrongdoer is responsible for the criminal activity. Sometimes, a victim might have a gun. A felony is a significant crime. It can be specified as an infraction of the legislation. In the USA, an individual who dedicates a felony is taken into consideration a “criminal”. In the USA, a felony is a violation of the law. Moreover, the term “criminal offense” is made use of to define any type of deviant or dishonest act. This type of crime may lead to penalties or a jail sentence. An individual might devote a crime in several ways. A lawbreaker can either commit a criminal offense versus a sufferer or devote a criminal offense against a culture. A felony is a felony. It is a wrongful act that causes the loss of a person’s livelihood. This type of felony is typically devoted in a city. The sufferer will likely be locked up, but they will certainly not be convicted. It is prohibited to burglarize an individual. A criminal offense is a criminal activity. A target might have been murdered or has actually been attacked. The victim might likewise be harmed. A violent criminal activity could be devoted against a private or a team. The target may have been harmed because of the perpetrator’s aggressive habits. The perpetrator’s objective might be encouraged by vengeance or the demand for power. In this instance, the criminal might be seeking a way to get to residential property. The suggestion of mala in se created the original justification for common law criminal activities. These criminals make use of the power of the lower ranks to acquire monetary advantage. The term’ma’ is a latin acceptation “to” in Greek. As a result, it is likewise utilized in the feeling of an evil act. Normally, it is utilized in the plural. Nevertheless, a government lawyer might represent the federal government or a city. The meaning of criminal activity differs from one state to another. It can be any act of physical violence or various other type of criminal task. Some examples of criminal activities consist of burglary, prostitution, and even terrorists. In all areas of the USA, criminal activity is a result of legislations, guidelines, and financial patterns. There are several sort of crimes that can be identified as a criminal offense. In the United States, crimes are categorized as felonies, offenses, and violations. The meaning of a criminal offense varies by state, as well as is normally based on the sort of modification that a society has actually experienced. In the United States, the meaning of crime can differ by state. In South Korea, for instance, the law specifies a crime as an activity that goes against the legislation. These criminal offenses can be a form of physical attack, which can involve an individual’s entire body, or the act of dedicating a violent crime. Generally, nevertheless, bad guys are inspired by hate. The supposed perpetrators are encouraged by their ethnic culture, as well as their motives might be based on their social condition. Additional info Besides the physical injury that a criminal activity causes, there are other sorts of criminal offense that are lawful in nature. The most typical types of criminal activity are: fraudulence, imitation products, and fraudulence. Some criminal offenses are not illegal in their jurisdictions, yet they are considered an infraction. For instance, a firm can be convicted of a fraudulence if it has an employee who commits a felony. If an individual aims to cheat, they might devote a horrendous act. Leave a comment
how to pronounce scanner how to improve pronunciation of scanner press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of scanner. video examples of scanner pronunciation An example use of scanner in a speech by a native speaker of standard german: “… fehlt computer drucker scanner in meiner …” meanings of scanner 1. Scanner (device). 2. One who scans. words that rhyme with scanner
Thursday, December 20, 2018 The Goddess of Balachulish National Museums of Scotland: When she first came out of the peat, she looked like this. One suggestion is that she represents the goddess who protected travelers passing through the narrow strait between Loch Leven and the sea. 1 comment: G. Verloren said... I still find it strange that the default assumption in archeology seems to be "It must have been religious!". What about depictions of legendary figures, or revered ancestors, or people other than deities? What about grave markers depicting the deceased? What about simple decorations of the sort of a modern day crafter might make purely as practice, depicting whatever random figures come to mind with no real meaning? But no, every small animal figure HAS to be a child's toy instead of someone having whittled a duck for the fun of it, and every humanoid figure HAS to be a god or goddess, when it could just as easily be the ancient equivalent of chainsaw carving.
What is a short in Crypto? What does shorting mean in Crypto? Basically, shorting works by allowing you to borrow an asset, such as Bitcoins, and sell it at its current price. Later on, you purchase the Bitcoins to pay back the person or company you borrowed them from. What is short and long in Crypto? 1 A long trade is initiated by purchasing with the expectation to sell at a higher price in the future and realize a profit. 2 A short trade is initiated by selling, before buying, with the intent to repurchase the stock at a lower price and realize a profit. Where can I short Crypto? Poloniex, Kraken, GDAX, and Bitfinex are examples of popular exchanges that enable their users to short bitcoin. Shorting bitcoin on cryptocurrency exchanges functions in the same way as shorting bitcoin using CFDs — with the key difference being that you receive your profits in BTC as opposed to USD. IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Who governs a Blockchain? What is Bitcoin short and long? In order to short and long Bitcoin, you must have an account in one of the Bitcoin exchanges. … Short selling Bitcoin can be done by temporarily selling the Bitcoins that you own and buying them back at a lower price. How does shorting crypto make money? One of the easiest ways to short bitcoin is through a cryptocurrency margin trading platform. Many exchanges as well as brokerages allow this type of trading, with margin trades allowing for investors to “borrow” money from a broker in order to make a trade. Can a Bitcoin crash? Is Short Selling considered a day trade? As with current margin rules, all short sales must be done in a margin account. If you sell short and then buy to cover on the same day, it is considered a day trade. Is Bitcoin a good short term investment? How do you borrow a stock to short sell? IT IS INTERESTING: What will be the US digital currency? Can I buy puts on Bitcoin? How much is ethereum worth now? Ethereum Price Rank Currency Price 1 Bitcoin $58,106.00 2 Ethereum $2,079.95 3 Binance Coin $349.66 4 Polkadot $43.81 Can I short on Coinbase pro? Coinbase Pro / GDAX and Robinhood How do I purchase a Bitcoin? Other ways to buy or invest in bitcoin 1. Bitcoin ATMs. … 2. Peer-to-peer bitcoin owners. … 3. Bitcoin futures. … 4. Grayscale funds. What is a short vs long position? Having a “long” position in a security means that you own the security. … A “short” position is generally the sale of a stock you do not own. Investors who sell short believe the price of the stock will decrease in value. If the price drops, you can buy the stock at the lower price and make a profit. How can I get long Bitcoins? How to long Bitcoin 1. Choose the size of your trade (eg 1 BTC). 2. Select the leverage amount you wish to use. 3. Enter the price at which you would like to enter the long position. Once your order executes, you’ll buy Bitcoin at your chosen price. 4. If the price goes up, you can close your position which will sell your Bitcoin and keep the profit. IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: How many crypto currencies are there 2019? 7 авг. 2019 г. The Reformed Broker
Subscribe to Email Updates World Religions \| 3 min read What is Holi? At the beginning of each spring season, there is a large Hindu festival called Holi that is celebrated largely throughout India and Nepal. During this celebration, festival-goers enjoy throwing and putting colorful dyes on one another, singing, dancing, and listening to music, all for the purpose of celebrating the triumph of good over evil. The festival is enjoyed by entire communities and is full of laughter, joy, and making connections. This festival has a few different origin stories, all of which create deep meaning for those who celebrate the event. The first legend is connected to the story of the king Hiranyakashipu, who was known to be a cruel leader to his people. He considered himself to be a god and forced his people to worship him. But his son, Prahlad, refused to do so, instead choosing to worship the deity Vishnu. This made the king incredibly angry, and he attempted to have his son killed multiple times. There are two different versions of how this turned out. One story claims that the king had his daughter, who was immune to fire, lure Prahlad to sit on top of a burning pyre. But because her intentions were evil, the daughter was burned to ashes while Prahlad was saved. The other version of this story claims that Vishnu came to the king in the form of a half-man, half-lion and killed him, setting Prahlad free from his murderous father. Because of this legend, the first day of the festival is celebrated with bonfires, where people drag flammable items out to community pyres and dance and sing with their friends and family, celebrating this defeat of evil. The second legend that this festival is based on is the beginning of the relationship between the god Krishna and the goddess Radha. The story goes that when Krishna was a baby, he drank poisoned milk from a she-demon, which caused his complexion to become blue for the rest of his life. This made him self-conscious, and he believed that people would not like him or want to have relationships with him because of his looks. He ended up going to the goddess Radha—whom he had feelings for—and colored her skin so that she, too, had an unusual complexion. After this, they fell in love, and Krishna knew that people accepted him as he was. The act of coloring another’s skin is now largely celebrated throughout the festival, as people dance in the streets throwing and applying colored powder to one another. At the end of this day of dancing throughout the neighborhood, festival goers will remove the color from their skin, signifying the start of something new and becoming spiritually clean. They will often then go spend the rest of their night with their family and friends, ringing in the new spring season with their loved ones. Gospel Opportunity Christians have a similar day celebrated at the end of beginning of spring, celebrated by both those who regularly practice the faith and those in the community. This holiday, called Easter, is the biggest celebration of life over death and good over evil. During this day, Christians commemorate Jesus’s resurrection from the dead, and the success of the Lord over death and the devil. Believers celebrate that Jesus’s whole life was lived with the purpose of defeating the sin of the world, and through His resurrection He succeeded in bringing us this freedom. Despite the evil and hardships that our Savior experienced, He rose from death and brings life to all who call on His name. Because of this, those who believe in God have the ultimate freedom of knowing that even while we will face hardships on this Earth, we have been saved from evil and get to celebrate the goodness of the Lord and eternal life with Him. During this period, reflect on the goodness of God, and the power that comes from Him having defeated death. Consider your own testimony and what God has saved you from in your life, and share this continual triumph over evil with Hindu friends. Related Categories World Religions
Back and neck pain can sometimes be caused by a disc bulge or herniation that presses on a nearby nerve root branching off from the spinal cord. This can cause painful inflammation around this nerve root. The symptoms can include pain that radiates into an arm or leg, or weakness/numbness in a hand or foot. For these symptoms, a spinal injection can relieve inflammation and symptoms long enough for the person to bridge back into therapy and activity. Injections are often recommended because they have a dual purpose. “The purpose of a spinal injection is both therapeutic and diagnostic,” explains Dr. Eric Mayer, a fellowship-trained specialist in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at Texas Spine & Scoliosis. “If back pain symptoms respond to the injection at a certain disc level, we can then confirm that particular disc is the pain generator. So even if the relief is temporary, the injection can provide the surgeon valuable information that will help ensure a successful surgery if and when it becomes necessary.” How injections work When a disc herniates it can press on adjacent nerve roots that branch off from the spinal cord. Surgery doesn’t repair the disc wall, but rather removes the herniated tissue which in turn relieves the pressure on the nerve root. Another way to relieve pressure on a nerve root is to inject pain medication directly to this area which reduces inflammation and pain symptoms. When spine physicians choose to use injection therapy, their ultimate goal is to relieve pain long enough to enable the patient to begin physical therapy. During an injection procedure, the patient lies on his or her stomach to enable a C-arm fluoroscopic device to provide X-ray images of the spine. Local anesthetic may be injected into the skin and underlying tissues to reduce discomfort from the injection. Next, a thin needle is inserted into the epidural space, with the vertebrae serving as landmarks. The physician views images from the C-arm to make sure the needle is positioned correctly. Once the needle enters the epidural space, a syringe containing corticosteroid solution is connected to it and the solution is injected. “Years ago, a spine physician might arbitrarily perform a series of three injections,” explains Dr. Lee Moroz, a specialist in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. “That is no longer the case. Typically, you are unlikely to benefit from repeated epidural steroid injections if the first or second does not provide relief. “If the injection provides relief of symptoms, we may refer the patient to a spine therapist,” adds Dr. Moroz. “This may include some customized stretches to strengthen the back, make it more flexible and resistant to future strain. In many cases, these injections can bridge many patients back to activity without surgery.”
Chez vous chez vous (Image credit: Yelp) One use of the all-purpose preposition < kopa > (kʰapa) that may trace back to French influence is the “chez vous” expression. French “chez” is a preposition that, like Russian “u”, expresses ‘in the sphere of influence of’. (That’s how my brainy Russian teachers in college put it.) Mainly, you hear “chez vous” and “chez toi” meaning ‘at your place’ etc. < Kopa mika > (kʰapa máyka) in Chinuk Wawa can mean just the same as this. George Gibbs recognized this quite a long time ago: In my experience of Chinook Jargon, just as in French, this can express a location ‘at your place/home’ or a direction ‘to your place/home’. Some occurrences of this expression will be ambiguous, because you can often understand < kopa > as ‘with’. Gibbs’s example shown above is like that. For speakers who use the distinct preposition < konamoxt > (kʰánumákwst) ‘with’ less than others, then, the chez vous expression will be a little harder to spot. But it’s there. And I suspect it’s more evidence of Canadian/Métis French influence on early Chinuk Wawa. It seems distinctly un-English. I have to admit, I don’t yet know whether a parallel structure exists in the local Indigenous languages, so, I don’t lack for further research to do. What do you think?
Lithium chloride explained Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl. The salt is a typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characters), although the small size of the Li+ ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties. Chemical properties The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.[1] Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known.[2] The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates. LiCl also absorbs up to four equivalents of ammonia/mol. As with any other ionic chloride, solutions of lithium chloride can serve as a source of chloride ion, e.g., forming a precipitate upon treatment with silver nitrate: LiCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + LiNO3 Lithium chloride is produced by treatment of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous LiCl is prepared from the hydrate by heating in a stream of hydrogen chloride. Commercial applications Lithium chloride is mainly used for the production of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450C. LiCl is also used as a brazing flux for aluminium in automobile parts. It is used as a desiccant for drying air streams. In more specialized applications, lithium chloride finds some use in organic synthesis, e.g., as an additive in the Stille reaction. Also, in biochemical applications, it can be used to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts.[3] Niche uses Lithium chloride is used as a relative humidity standard in the calibration of hygrometers. At 25C a saturated solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative humidity of 11.30%. Additionally, lithium chloride can itself be used as a hygrometer. This deliquescent salt forms a self-solution when exposed to air. The equilibrium LiCl concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to the relative humidity of the air. The percent relative humidity at 25C can be estimated, with minimal error in the range, from the following first order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution LiCl concentration, percent by mass. Molten LiCl is used for the preparation of carbon nanotubes,[4] graphene[5] and lithium niobate.[6] Lithium chloride has been shown to have strong acaricidal properties, being effective against Varroa destructor in populations of honey bees.[7] Lithium chloride is used as an aversive agent in lab animals to study conditioned place preference and aversion. Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety of ways. While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium salts including the chloride were used in the past. For a short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured as a salt substitute, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of the compound (tremors, fatigue, nausea) were recognized.[8] [9] [10] See also External links Notes and References 2. Hönnerscheid Andreas . Nuss Jürgen . Mühle Claus . Jansen Martin . 2003 . Die Kristallstrukturen der Monohydrate von Lithiumchlorid und Lithiumbromid . Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie . 629 . 2. 312–316 . 10.1002/zaac.200390049 . 3. 10.1089/dna.1983.2.329. Cathala, G. . Savouret, J. . Mendez, B. . West, B. L. . Karin, M. . Martial, J. A. . Baxter, J. D.. A Method for Isolation of Intact, Translationally Active Ribonucleic Acid. DNA. 1983. 2. 4. 329–335. 6198133 . 4. 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.089 . 77 . Towards large scale preparation of carbon nanostructures in molten LiCl . Carbon . 835–845. 2014 . Kamali . Ali Reza . Fray . Derek J. . 5. Nanoscale. 2015. 7. 26. 11310–11320 . 10.1039/c5nr01132a. 26053881. Large-scale preparation of graphene by high temperature insertion of hydrogen into graphite. Kamali. Ali Reza. Fray. Derek J.. free. 6. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.085 . 40 . Preparation of lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt synthesis method . Ceramics International . 1835–1841. 2014 . Kamali . Ali Reza . Fray . Derek J. . 7. Ziegelmann. Bettina. Abele. Elisabeth. January 12, 2018. Lithium chloride effectively kills the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor by a systemic mode of action. Scientific Reports. 8. 1. 10.1038/s41598-017-19137-5. 29330449. 5766531. 683 . 2018NatSR...8..683Z. 8. Talbott J. H.. Use of lithium salts as a substitute for sodium chloride. Arch Intern Med. 1950. 85. 1. 1–10. 15398859. 10.1001/archinte.1950.00230070023001. 9. L. J. Stone . M. luton . J. Gilroy. Lithium Chloride as a Substitute for Sodium Chloride in the Diet. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1949. 139. 11. 688–692. 10.1001/jama.1949.02900280004002. 18128981 . 10. News: . Case of trie Substitute Salt . 28 February 1949 .,9171,799873,00.html. dead. March 2, 2007.
In various reliable sources of knowledge, while the In the first Meditation, Descartes employs ‘the method of doubt.’ He wants to find a foundation of knowledge that is so secure, it can stand up against the doubts of the strongest skepticism. Descartes presents what is, in effect, a dialogue between a person employing common sense and a skeptic. The person relying on common sense believes that there are various reliable sources of knowledge, while the skeptic claims that there is no secure foundation for knowledge. The skeptic in this debate acts in the same way as an ancient (historical) skeptic. That is, the skeptical procedure to isolate internal contradictions in the positions of those who claim that they know things. Descartes discusses two sources of knowledge, the senses and the intellect. The common-sense thinker would say that the senses are a reliable source of knowledge. To them, sense-perception is a reliable way to know things. But to the skeptic, sense-perception is not error-proof. For example, a straight stick looks bent from a distance when half immersed in water. Beyond that the skeptic would say that senses are not reliable because we could be dreaming or simply be insane. Next, we will look at intellect, which the common-sense thinker would say is a source of reliable knowledge even if senses fail. Whether someone is dreaming or not, 2+2=4 must be a self-evident truth since the a priori truths of mathematics are certain. Descartes uses the skeptics point of view to challenge that thought with the idea that we could be actively being deceived by a demon. It could be possible that an evil demon has the will, power and knowledge to make us the constant victim of deception. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now So even if we think something is self-evidently true, it is not. Here Descartes goes beyond historical skepticism and engages in exaggerated or hyperbolic doubt. Descartes thinks that since he cannot be sure that there is no such evil spirit, he cannot rightly claim to know anything about which such a spirit might be deceiving him. At this point in the Mediations, it seems that the only certainty Descartes can find is that nothing is certain. Things change though, when Descartes finds one belief that he can know with certainty: the belief in his own existence – “I think, I exist.” This belief in his own existence is the foundational belief Descartes was seeking. From this stage onward, Descartes is able to construct a series of known truths, indeed a complete metaphysics. Descartes argues that, even assuming there is an evil spirit who constantly deceives him, it is certain that his own self exists. For the very notion of an evil spirit assumes that the spirit deceives someone, namely Descartes. So even if he is constantly deceived, he can’t doubt his existence. Descartes holds that the sentence “I exist” must be true whenever he thinks it to himself. He may be utterly deceived as to what he believes, but even the most radical doubt of all – doubting his own existence – implies that he exists. Descartes shows an internal contradiction in the position of skeptic who asserts that by doubting everything (i.e. thinking about everything) he is uncommitted to all beliefs. But even a skeptic believes that he can think. Descartes uses the “wax argument” to further understand his existence. According to Descartes, when he melts wax, all the sensible qualities change (i.e. the smell, hardness) Yet he judges that the wax remains the same. He knows that it is still the same piece of wax, through his intellect. Although the sensible properties have changed, his intellect can know that the wax (whether melted or solid) is extended (material), flexible and changeable. So, when he carefully examines the way in which he comes to make claims about the world, he realizes that the claims are based on mental powers which he possesses (judgment, inference, etc.), rather than his senses. This confirms his own existence as (at least) a thinking being. I'm Gerard! Check it out
Rolls-Royce unveils plan to build small nuclear power plants in Britain. Rolls-Royce, the British jet engine maker, said on Tuesday that it was forming a new business to build a series of smaller, cheaper nuclear reactors as Britain looks for ways to cut carbon emissions and to reduce the costs of nuclear energy. The kind of reactor proposed by Rolls-Royce would cover about two soccer fields, or about one-tenth the acreage of a conventional nuclear power station, the company said. These plants would generate less power — about one-seventh the output of the giant nuclear installation being built at Hinkley Point in southwest England. But Rolls-Royce said it hopes to reduce construction costs to around £2 billion ($2.7 billion) each, compared to an estimated £22.5 billion for the Hinkley Point plant. Some of the savings would come from building a large number of plants and making modules in factories that can then be assembled at sites. The company hopes to build 16 of the plants, known as small modular reactors, and said each could power around one million homes. The British government will contribute a grant of £210 million to develop the plants, while Rolls-Royce and its partners, including Exelon Generation, an American nuclear power company, and BNF Resources, a private company, would together invest £195 million over three years. The government is looking for sources of clean power to replace Britain’s aging nuclear plants, although the Rolls-Royce models are unlikely to come online for at least a decade. Along with being a tool for hitting ambitious emissions targets, the government also views the small nuclear program as a way to deliver on its promise to generate jobs in northern England, where Rolls-Royce said much of the investment would be based. The government also hopes to create an export industry supplying such plants to other countries. Britain, though, is likely to encounter competition from France, which recently announced its own small reactor program, and the United States, where operators are working on similar concepts. Last week, Nuscale Power, based in Portland, Ore., announced an agreement to build small modular reactors in Romania. Despite risks from accidents, nuclear energy is attracting new interest in Europe and elsewhere as a tool for countries to hit increasingly ambitious targets to reduce the carbon emissions responsible for climate change. Nuclear plants are valued for providing large amounts of low-carbon electricity. Rolls-Royce’s work with nuclear power dates to the 1950s when it helped design Britain’s nuclear submarines. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
polluter corp in the united states Polluter Corp. is a company that operates three plants in the United States. They make different cleaning products which are sold to customers. The U. S. government sells or gives out emissions allowances to companies, including Polluter Corp. , which determines a set amount of pollutants and greenhouse gases a company can let into the environment. These are given out to help discourage pollution by companies. “EA’s” are assigned a year that a company can use in, and they also can be bought and/or swapped with other EA’s from different companies, as long as the swapped EA’s have the same usage year. When the usage year for the EA is over, they are returned to the government. If the company emits more pollution that the allowed amount on the EA, then the company will pay a fine. Polluter has recorded their EA’s as intangible assets. Right now, Polluter Corp. emits a significant amount of pollutants into the environment because of its old manufacturing equipment. They plan on upgrading the equipment in 2014, which will help decrease the amount of pollutants they emit from production. Since they don’t have the new equipment yet, Polluter predicted that they would need additional EA’s. They spent $3 million to purchase EA’s valid in 2012. However, Polluter believes that they will have more EA’s than they will need when the upgrade is complete. They later sold EA’s valid in 2016 for $2 million. The total costs for the equipment upgrades are expected to be $15 million. In ASC 230-10-45, which deals with the overall presentation of the statement of cash flows, Paragraph 13c says that “… the following are cash outflows for investing activities: c. Payments at the time of purchase or soon before or after purchase to acquire property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets…” To confirm that an EA is a productive asset, FASB Concept No. 6 Paragraph 26 states that “An asset has three essential characteristics: (a) it embodies a probable future benefit that involves a capacity, singly or in combination with other assets, to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash inflows, (b) a particular entity can obtain the benefit and control others’ access to it, and (c) the transaction or ther event giving rise to the entity’s right to or control of the benefit has already occurred. ” The $3 million in EA’s purchased from Clean Air Corp. will apply here. The EA’s will contribute to Polluter’s future cash flow because they will be allowed to emit pollutants that their current equipment produces from manufacturing their goods. They will control the access and gain the benefit to emit pollutants from the government or other entity that provided the EA. They also already have possession of the $3 million worth of EA’s. Therefore, this transaction will be recorded under investing activities of the company’s statement of cash flows. In Paragraph 12c of ASC 230-10-45, it says that “…the following are cash inflows from investing activities: c. Receipts from sales of property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets. ” FASB Concept No. 6 Paragraph 26 also applies here. It is proper to recognize FA’s as intangible assets. The FASB Master Glossary states that intangible assets are “Assets (not including financial assets) that lack physical substance. It also states that financial assets are “cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that conveys to one entity a right to do either of the following: a. Receive cash or another financial instrument from a second entity, b. Exchange other financial instruments on potentially favorable terms with the second entity. ” The FA itself is not cash, nor ownership in an entity, nor entitles receipt of cash, therefore it does not qualify as a financial asset, satisfying the qualifications of being an intangible asset, along with lacking physical substance. Posted in Uncategorized
Irish National Independence A. M. Sullivan c. 1900 IF mankind needed at so late a period of the world's age as the close of the eighteenth century, any experiment to prove the substantial benefits of national freedom, the progress of Ireland during this brief but bright and glorious era of independence would suffice to establish the fact forever. Happily, when referring to the events of that time, we treat of no remote period of history. Living men remember it. Irishmen of this generation have listened at their parent's knee to reminiscences and relations, facts and particulars, that mark it as the day of Ireland's true, real, and visible prosperity. Statistics—invulnerable—irrefragable—full of eloquence—momentous in their meaning—attest the same truth. Manufacture, trade, and commerce developed to a greater extent in ten years of native rule than they had done in the previous hundred under English mastery, and in a much greater proportion than they have developed in the sixty-seven years of subsequent "union" legislation. Ireland's freedom and prosperity did not mean England's injury, nor England's pause in the like onward march. The history of the period we are now treating of disposes of more than one fallacy used by the advocates of Irish national extinction. It proves that Ireland's right does not involve England's wrong. Never before were the two countries more free from jealousy, rivalry, or hostility. Never before was discontent banished from Ireland—as never since has disaffection been absent. Lust of dominion—sheer covetousness of mastery—has in all ages been the source and origin of the most wanton invasions and most wicked subjugations. Not even among Englishmen themselves does any writer now hesitate to characterize as nefarious, treacherous, and abominable, the scheme by which England invaded and overthrew in 1800 the happily established freedom of Ireland.[1] Scarcely had the rusty chain of "Poynings' Act" been wrenched off than the English minister began to consider how a stronger one might be forged and bound on the liberated Irish nation. The king's voice characterized the happy and amicable settlement just concluded as "final." The British minister and the British parliament in the most solemn manner declared the same; and surely nothing but morbid suspiciousness could discover fair ground for crediting that England would play Ireland false upon that promise—that she would seize the earliest opportunity of not merely breaking that "final adjustment," and shackling the Irish parliament anew, but of destroying it utterly and forever. Yet there were men among the Irish patriots who did not hesitate to express such suspicions at the moment, and foremost among these was Flood. He pressed for further and more specific and formal renunciation. Grattan, on the other hand, violently resisted this, as an ungenerous effort to put England "on her knees"—to humiliate her—to plainly treat her as a suspected blackleg. On this issue the two patriot leaders violently, acrimoniously, and irreconcilably quarreled; Flood and his following contending that England would surely betray Ireland on the "final adjustment," and Grattan, with the bulk of the national party, vehemently refusing to put such ungenerous insult and indignity on England as to suppose her capable of such conduct. Alas! At that very moment—as the now published correspondence of the English statesmen engaged in the transaction discloses—the British ministers were discussing, devising, and directing preparations for accomplishing, by the most iniquitous means, that crime against Ireland of which Grattan considered it ungenerous and wicked to express even a suspicion. It was with good reason the national party, soon after the accomplishment of legislative independence, directed their energies to the question of parliamentary reform. The legislative body, which in a moment of great public excitement and enthusiasm, had been made for a moment to reflect correctly the national will, was after all returned by an antique electoral system which was a gross farce on representation. Boroughs and seats were at the time openly and literally owned by particular families or persons, the voting "constituency" sometimes not being more than a dozen in number. As a matter of fact, less than a hundred persons owned seats or boroughs capable of making a majority in the commons. The patriot party naturally and wisely judged that with such a parliament the retention of freedom would be precarious, and the representation of the national will uncertain; so the question of parliamentary reform came to be agitated with a vehemence second only to that of parliamentary independence in the then recent campaign. By this time, however, the British minister had equally detected that while with such a parliament he might accomplish his treacherous designs, with a parliament really amenable to the people, he never could. Concealing the real motive and the remote object, the government, through its myriad devious channels of influence, as well as openly and avowedly, resisted the demand for reform. Apart from the government, the "vested interests" of the existing system were able to make a protracted fight. Ere long both these sections were leagued together, and they hopelessly outnumbered the popular party. The government now began to feel itself strong, and it accordingly commenced the work of deliberately destroying the parliament of Ireland. Those whom it could influence, purchase, or corrupt, were one by one removed or bought in market overt. Those who were true to honor and duty, it insolently threatened, insulted, and assailed. The popular demands were treated with defiance and contumely by the minister and his co-conspirators. Soon a malign opportunity presented itself for putting Ireland utterly, hopelessly, helplessly into their hands—the sheep committed to the grasp of the wolf for security and protection! [1] English readers as yet uninformed on the subject, and disposed to receive with hesitation the statements of Irish writers as to the infamous means resorted to by the English government to overthrow the Irish constitution in 1800, may be referred to the Castlereagh Papers and the Cornwallis Correspondence—the private letters of the chief agents in the scheme. Mr. Massey, chairman of committees in the English House of Commons, published a few years ago, a volume which exposes and characterizes that nefarious transaction in language which might be deemed too strong if used by an Irishman feeling the wrong and suffering from it.
Anglo-Norman Colony in Ireland A. M. Sullivan c. 1900 I HAVE, in the foregoing pages, endeavored to narrate fully and minutely all the circumstances leading to, and attendant upon, the Anglo-Norman landing and settlement in this country, A. D. 1169-1172. It transcends in importance all other events in our history, having regard to ulterior and enduring consequences; and a clear and correct understanding of that event will furnish a key to the confused history of the troubled period which immediately succeeded it. It is not my design to follow the formal histories of Ireland in relating at full length, and in consecutive detail, the events of the four centuries that succeeded the date of King Henry's landing. It was a period of such wild, confused and chaotic struggle that youthful readers would be hopelessly bewildered in the effort to keep its incidents minutely and consecutively remembered. Moreover, the history of those four centuries, fully written out, would make a goodly volume in itself; a volume abounding with stirring incidents and affecting tragedies, and with episodes of valor and heroism, adventurous daring, and chivalrous, patriotic devotion, not to be surpassed in the pages of romance. But the scope of my story forbids my dwelling at any great length upon the events of this period. Such of my readers as may desire to trace them in detail will find them succinctly related in the formal histories of Ireland. What I propose to do here is to make my youthful readers acquainted with the general character, course, and progress of the struggle; the phases, changes, or mutations through which it passed; the aspects it presented, and the issues it contested, as each century rolled on, dwelling only upon events of comparative importance, and incidents illustrating the actions and the actors of the period. Let us suppose a hundred years to have passed away since King Henry's visit to Ireland—that event which Englishmen who write Irish history affect to regard as an "easy conquest" of our country. Let us see what the Normans have achieved by the end of one hundred years in Ireland. They required but one year to conquer England; and, accordingly, judging by all ordinary calculations and probabilities, we ought surely, in one hundred times that duration, to find Ireland as thoroughly subdued and as completely pacified as England had been in the twelvemonth that sufficed for its utter subjugation. The nature of the struggle waged by the Anglo-Normans against Ireland during this period was rather peculiar. At no time was it an open and avowed effort to conquer Ireland as England had been conquered, though, as a matter of fact, the military force engaged against the Irish throughout the period exceeded that which had sufficed the Normans to conquer England. King Henry, as we have already seen, presented himself and his designs in no such hostile guise to the Irish. He seems to have concluded that, broken and faction-split, disorganized and demoralized, as the Irish princes were, they would probably be rallied into union by the appearance of a nakedly hostile invasion; and he knew well that it would be easier to conquer a dozen Englands than to overcome this soldier race if only united against a common foe. So the crown of England did not, until long after this time, openly profess to pursue a conquest of Ireland, any more than it professed to pursue a conquest in India in the time of Clive. An Anglo-Norman colony was planted on the southeastern corner of the island. This colony, which was well sustained from England, was to push its own fortunes, as it were, in Ireland, and to extend itself as rapidly as it could. To it, as ample excitement, sustainment, and recompense was given, prospectively, the land to be taken from the Irish. The planting of such a colony—composed, as it was, of able, skillful, and desperate military adventurers—and the endowing of it, so to speak, with such rich prospect of plunder, was the establishment of a perpetual and self-acting mechanism for the gradual reduction of Ireland. Against this colony the Irish warred in their own desultory way, very much as they warred against each other, neither better nor worse; and in the fierce warring of the Irish princes with each other, the Anglo-Norman colonists sided now with one, now with another; nay, very frequently in such conflicts Anglo-Normans fought on each side! The colony, however, had precisely that which the Irish needed—a supreme authority ever guiding it in the one purpose; and it always felt strong in the consciousness that, at the worst, England was at its back, and that in its front lay, not the Irish nation, but the broken fragments of that once great and glorious power. The Irish princes, meantime, each one for himself, fought away as usual, either against the Norman colonists or against some neighboring Irish chief. Indeed, they may be described as fighting each other with one hand, and fighting England with the other! Quite as curious is the fact that in all their struggles with the latter, they seem to have been ready enough to admit the honorary lordship or suzerainty of the English king, but resolved to resist to the death the Norman encroachments beyond the cities and lands to the possession of which they had attained by reason of their treaties with, or successes under, Dermot M'Murrogh. The fight was all for the soil. Then, as in our own times, the battle cry was "Land or Life!" But the English power had two modes of action; and when one failed the other was tried. As long as the rapacious freebooting of the barons was working profitably, not only for themselves but for the king, it was all very well. But when that policy resulted in arousing the Irish to successful resistance, and the freebooters were being routed everywhere, or when they had learned to think too much of their own profit and too little of the king's, then his English majesty could take to the role of magnanimous friend, protector, or suzerain of the Irish princes, and angry punisher of the rapacious Norman barons. We have already seen that when Henry the Second visited Ireland it was (pretendedly at least) in the character of a just-minded king who came to chastise his own subjects, the Norman settlers. When next an English king visited these shores, it was professedly with a like design. In 1210 King John arrived, and during his entire stay in this country he was occupied, not in wars or conflicts with the Irish—quite the contrary—in chastising the most powerful and presumptuous of the great Norman lords! What wonder that the Irish princes were confirmed in the old idea, impressed upon them by King: Henry's words and actions, that though in the Norman barons they had to deal with savage and. merciless spoliators, in the English king they had a friendly suzerain? As a matter of fact, the Irish princes who had fought most stoutly and victoriously against the Normans up to the date of John's arrival, at once joined their armies to his, and at the head of this combined force: the English king proceeded to overthrow the most piratical and powerful of the barons! Says M'Gee: "The visit of King John, which lasted from 20th of June to the 25th of August, was mainly directed to the reduction of those intractable Anglo-Irish princes whom Fitz-Henry and Gray had proved themselves unable to cope with. Of these the De Lacys of Meath were the most obnoxious. They not only assumed an independent state, but had sheltered De Braos, Lord of Brecknock, one of the recusant barons of Wales, and refused to surrender him on the royal summons. To assert his authority and to strike terror into the nobles of other possessions, John crossed the channel with a prodigious fleet—in the Irish annals said to consist of seven hundred sail. He landed at Crook, reached Dublin, and. prepared at once to subdue the Lacys. With his own army, and the co-operation of Cathal O'Conor, he drove out Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath, who fled to his brother, Hugh de Lacy, since De Courcy's disgrace, Earl of Ulster. From Meath into Louth John pursued the brothers, crossing the lough at Carlingford with his. ships, which must have coasted in his company. From Carlingford they retreated, and he pursued to Carrickfergus, and that fortress, being unable to resist a royal fleet and navy, they fled into. Man or Scotland, and thence escaped in disguise, into France. With their guest De Braos, they wrought as gardeners in the grounds of the Abbey of Saint Taurin Evreux, until the abbot, having discovered by their manners the key to their real rank, negotiated successfully with John for their restoration to their estates. Walter agreed to pay a fine of twenty-five hundred marks for his lordship in Meath, and Hugh four thousand for his possessions in Ulster. Of De Braos we have no particulars; his high-spirited wife and children were thought to have been starved to death by order of the unforgiving tyrant in one of his castles." In the next succeeding reign (that of Henry the Third), we find a like impression existing and encouraged among the Irish princes; the king of Connaught proceeding to England and complaining to the king of the unjust, oppressive, and rapacious conduct of the barons. And we find King Henry ordering him substantial redress, writing to his lord justice in Ireland, Maurice Fitzgerald, to "pluck up by the root" the powerful De Burgo, who lorded it over all the west. There is still in existence a letter written by the Connacian king to Henry the Third, thanking him for the many favors he had conferred upon him, but particularly for this one.
Justice, Fairness, Inclusion, and Performance. NAPA AI Government AI Government Election 2020: Make Government AI Ready August 25, 2020 August 25, 2020 By an Election 2020 Academy Working Group including fellows Alan Shark, Erik Bergrud, Kaye Husbands Fealing, James Hendler, Theresa Pardo, and Doug Robinson. Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda for 2021 Artificial Intelligence (AI) allows computerized systems to perform tasks traditionally requiring human intelligence: analytics, decision support, visual perception, and foreign language translation. AI and Robotics Process Automation (RPA) have the potential to spur economic growth, enhance national security, and improve the quality of life. In a world of “Big Data” and “Thick Data,” AI tools can process huge amounts of data in seconds, automating tasks that would take days or longer for human beings to perform. The public sector in the United States is at the very beginning of a long-term journey to develop and harness these tools. Chatbots are being used in citizen engagement systems; AI technology is augmenting decision-making in the areas of cyber security monitoring, public policy modeling, database anomalies, and waste and abuse identification. Although AI in the public sector can yield numerous benefits—including improving customer service and efficiency, while allowing employees to focus more on core agency missions—it also raises concerns about bias, security, and transparency. With biased data, AI systems will produce biased results. Cybersecurity will be more important than ever to protect against malicious actors that, by taking over AI systems, could do significant damage very quickly. Without transparency, the public may be confused about how key decisions were made. And governments may need to revamp their budgeting and procurement processes to be able to quickly acquire and deploy advanced technologies. This panoply of issues is why the National Academy of Public Administration (the Academy) identified Make Government AI Ready as one of the Grand Challenges in Public Administration. This paper by the Election 2020 Working Group for this topic provides information on the key elements of AI and its public administration and policy drivers. The Working Group has several recommendations for actions that the Administration in 2021 (whether reelected or newly elected) should take to address this Grand Challenge. These recommendations are designed to maximize the benefits of AI while protecting America through core values, safeguards, and collaboration. Read The Action Plan Read The One-Pager Please visit the Election 2020 Homepage for more action plans
How reading classics in English classes sparks enjoyment in reading Being able to identify what makes a piece of writing good—skills acquired by reading in school—will allow for more appreciation in the finer details of literature. Above are a few the titles that many English courses require their students to read, including classics like Romeo and Juliet and The Great Gatsby. Just last week, I was roaming the isles of Barnes and Nobles, looking for any books that would strike me as particularly interesting. As I was trying to get to the fiction section, I briefly passed over the fantasy section with one tiny book placed directly in the center: A Wizard of Earthsea. As I flipped through the pages, I remembered the pain of trying to read it in English class freshman year; Ursula K. Le Guin had a way of putting me to sleep whenever I would crack open the book. For me and many others, reading in school is one of the more negative experiences we have. Oftentimes, it feels like we are being forced to read something uninteresting, then analyze, and discuss it in our classes. One argument I hear repeated among my peers is the idea that students should be able to pick what books they read in English classes. Yet, this would be a great folly when taking into consideration that we are here to learn, not be entertained. I know that sounds crude, but think about it this way: just like how a math class doesn’t try to make you like geometric proofs, an English class doesn’t have to appeal to student’s interests. You’re here to learn the basics of English: the rhetoric, the arguments, and the purposes of author’s writing. In the end, you’re learning the classics so you can enjoy other literature in the future and be able to enjoy the finer details of it. When kids read books on their own, they read for the sake of pleasure. Oftentimes, this means reading once and moving on. On the contrary, reading in classes reinforces the idea of review and rereading and breaking apart the motifs, patterns, and rhetoric used by the author. These are all characteristics of critical readers; not only do students read books to apply these characteristics, but they also read essays from master essayists like Vladimir Nabokov, Scott Sanders, Flannery O’Connor, and Susan Sontag that identify what critical readers should do. The specific texts we read, like Catcher In The Rye, The Odyssey, and The Great Gatsby (which belong to a body of literature called the Western canon), are not picked based on their entertainment value, but their quality of writing. There is indeed disagreement on how interesting the topics that authors write about are, but we can all agree that the literature they craft is good writing. Even though English classes focus their curriculum on Western canon, their selection still represents a diverse demographic of authors and topics. I found great enjoyment in reading books in school like Things Fall Apart by Black Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, A Very Large Expanse of Sea by Muslim author Tahereh Mafi, and The Awakening by female author Kate Chopin. It’s not all just old white men writing these books. It may be argued that forcing students to read certain titles is not good for them in the long-term, but this doesn’t acknowledge that it prepares students for reading skills and even being forced to do things they might not want to do in the future. Being able to take apart an author’s arguments, evidence, and purpose as well as identifying what makes a piece of literature good will translate to recreational reading as well, maximizing the enjoyment one can find in reading. Also, it’s representative of real life: you won’t always be doing things in your life that you enjoy, so learning the work ethic is as important as the reading benefits it offers.
Large numbers of giant jellyfish found off the UK coast: What to do if you are stung Why holidaymakers are seeing giant jellyfish off the UK coast – and what to do if you are stung Giant jellyfish are being spotted along the Scottish coast. Credit: Shutterstock The UK has seen some exciting marine visitors recently, such as walruses, humpback whales and bluefin tuna, but a current group of arrivals has been much more of a cause of concern. Large numbers of huge stinging jellyfish have been appearing off the west coast of Scotland. If holidaymakers in Scotland this summer spot a , it is most likely to be the lion's mane (Cyanea capillata). This stunningly beautiful animal, pictured in the main image, can be one of the biggest jellyfish in the world. The largest specimen recorded had a diameter of over 2m and tentacles trailing back nearly 37m from the main body, making it probably the longest animal in the world (a blue whale's maximum length is 30m). Because jellyfish are hard to catch and count, it is hard to get the data to confirm that they are definitely more plentiful in UK waters than in previous years. But if the anecdotal evidence is correct, what could be causing this? Why do there seem to be more jellyfish? The lion's mane jellyfish is actually a cold-water, northern species, so mostly found in the waters to the north of Scotland, although there are sightings around the north Wales coast and a smaller number in other places around the UK. Despite their large size, jellyfish are still members of the plankton community—these are organisms floating in the surface layer of the sea that are at the mercy of currents and winds to move them across the oceans. While they can move up and down, their speed is not enough to counter the water movement—animals that can do this (such as fish, turtles, squid) are termed nekton. Credit: Kate Duncan/Marine Conservation Society, Author provided This means that the lion's mane is moved along by the main ocean current and wind direction. When these forces meet land, the jellyfish have nowhere to go and so more and more gather there, just like cars on a motorway blocked by an accident. The right weather pattern, pushing water in from the north or north west, will act with the ocean currents to bring these northern visitors to our shores—some years this will happen, at other times the jellyfish will not be this far south. When it does happen, it will usually be in late summer and autumn once they have grown. Such jellyfish pile-ups have even caused the closure of nuclear power stations in previous years. Lion's mane jellyfish sightings, 2003–19 There is also evidence that in some parts of the world, including around the UK, jellyfish blooms (where the jellyfish population rises suddenly) are increasing. This is potentially linked to climate change, including the warming of the oceans and changes to the acidity of sea water. But given that the lion's mane jellyfish are coming from the north, this is unlikely to be the explanation in this case. Among other possible explanations for increasing numbers of jellyfish is the impact of over-fishing: by removing the fish from the ocean surface that would usually compete with jellyfish for food, they find it easier to thrive. Natural predators of jellyfish, such as leatherback turtles and sunfish, are also seen in lower numbers than in the past. Like all jellyfish, lion's mane only live for a year, giving an indication of how fast they grow. They start life as a little polyp on the seabed, like a small sea anemone, which buds off tiny medusae (the jellyfish stage) that join the plankton community at the surface of the ocean. Here they are voracious predators, feeding off the rich soup of other small animals within the plankton, including juvenile fish, to support their fast growth. This means that having potentially benefited from over-fishing, large swarms of jellyfish can have a major further impact on fish stocks. To catch their prey, the long tentacles of the lion's mane are armed with special stinging cells called nematocysts which function a bit like a harpoon, triggered by touch to send a poison dart into their prey. The paralyzed and captured prey are then pulled back up to the jellyfish—think of a fisher with long lines of hooks trailing back from their boat. Scottish holidaymakers have a higher chance than normal of seeing a lion’s mane jellyfish this year. Credit: Sol Milne/Shutterstock What to do if you are stung The stings of most jellyfish are not harmful to humans, but for some species their toxin is strong enough to cause serious problems. The box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) off Australia is considered to be the world's most venomous marine animal, the sting of which can stop a human heart within five minutes. The lion's mane sting is unlikely to be fatal, unless you have for example a heart condition or allergy. But it can still be painful—some people liken it to a wasp sting; others to a bad nettle rash. The best treatment is to try and wash off any remaining stings with sea water (not fresh water—and try not to touch the stings with another part of the body) and then soak the affected area with some form of mild acid, such as vinegar, as soon as possible. Despite what you may hear, don't wee on a jellyfish sting—urine can be more likely alkali than acidic. If you feel further symptoms such as sickness or abdominal pain, seek urgently. It is also highly advisable to avoid contact with any jellyfish—for example if you are in the water, swim in front of a jellyfish, not behind it where the tentacles may be trailing and hard to see. Even when washed up on the beach, the stings can still be active. You can also really help us understand the patterns of jellyfish movements, and if they are getting more common, by reporting any UK sightings you may have to the Marine Conservation Society's online jellyfish survey page. There is also a handy guide to find out what species you have seen, so a chance for anyone who encounters a jellyfish to help with the science. Explore further New research findings to standardise first aid treatment of jellyfish stings Provided by The Conversation Citation: Large numbers of giant jellyfish found off the UK coast: What to do if you are stung (2021, August 17) retrieved 2 December 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2021-08-large-giant-jellyfish-uk-coast.html Feedback to editors
an analytical essay is also sometimes called A good way to check the effectiveness of a paragraph is to. A. read it in reverse, beginning with the last sentence and ending with the first. B. write a short essay based on the paragraph to see if enough information was presented. C. create a title for each paragraph as if it were the main essay. D. write three alternate 29.07.2015 - 17.10.2016 - 04.02.2018 - an analytical essay is also sometimes called. Imgur · download. Quantcast. The 9 is also sometimes long before another vowel when affixed to an aspirate, as in the third person singular of the Aorist and paslive, ejv$$ij, the reason of which will appear when we consider the metrical power of the aspirates. II. A single vowel before a single mute consonant must necessarily be short, unless there be a C Examples include case–control and cohort studies, E Generally compare two groups, I Suitable for hypothesis testing Analytical studies include two groups of participants: cases and controls can be ... It is also sometimes called 'rumination bias', e.g. depressed patients may be more likely to remember adverse life events. vor 5 Tagen - Guide to writing an essay. ... They are also useful tools to promote thinking and learning. You are required to develop an argument and apply critical thinking skills ... and suggested structures. Analytical essay; Argumentative essay; Interpretive essay; Comparative essay; Problem and solution essay; Cause and effect essay advantage and disadvantage of internet essay in urdu action research paper examples in education american non fiction essay alternatives to affirmative action essay addiction internet paper term although actually thesis statement alevel biology coursework ambition frankenstein essay admission essay texas american foreign policy theoretical essays pdf academic essay how to write a conclusion after school homework help nyc alan poland research paper acknowledgement for thesis india alexander pope's an essay on criticism accident being essay human road abstract sample in a research paper advantages and disadvantages of shopping on the internet essay allegory cave essay alexander the great leadership essay american art culture essay sex amazon web services case study harvard accounting homework help statistics abstract tesis american holocaust essay Maecenas aliquet accumsan Or visit this link or this one
Astro-STEM Workshops Show Promise of Improvement in Girls’ Enrolment EMEJA astro STEM workshops in Kenya In Kenya, although 70.4% of girls (15-19yrs) achieve some sort of primary education, only 4.5% complete secondary education (WB, 2012). Only 3.5% of women (aged 15+) have completed tertiary education (WB, 2015). This is due to various socio-economic challenges such as teenage pregnancies, early marriages, FGM, poverty and lack of mentorship. Rural areas lack outreach, leadership & mentorship programmes at the key primary-to-secondary transition where dropout rates are high. The Elimisha Msichana Elimisha Jamii na Astronomia (EMEJA) project, Swahili for ‘educate a girl child, educate the entire community with Astronomy’ or rather, society benefits when a girl is educated, supported by funding from the IAU Office for Astronomy for Development, is addressing these issues in rural Kenya via outreach programmes, mentorship, and targeted Astro-STEM workshops and scholarships opportunities, guided and supported by long-term student tracking and monitoring: 1. Mentorship and outreach Scheme: EMEJA is mentoring and supporting girls as they complete primary education. This is achieved by visiting primary schools, engaging the community in roundtable discussions, and focusing on positive actions that the community can implement in tackling these challenges. Each girl in the final year of primary education is paired with an EMEJA mentor. 2. Tracking and long-term monitoring: EMEJA mentors keep track of their mentees throughout secondary school through face-to-face or phone calls every three to four months. Aimed for EMEJA mentees transitioning between primary-to-secondary education. 3. Astro-STEM workshops and mentorship: The key objectives are to change misconceptions about STEM subjects among schoolgirls and facilitate early participation of girls in sciences; to improve grades in STEM subjects; to increase the number of girls selecting Physics in Year 3-4 and sitting for the Physics national examination; increase enrolment of girls in STEM courses at the tertiary level; and lastly, to develop critical infrastructure in target schools such as equipping their Physics laboratory with the necessary and basic lab equipment facilities. 4. Computer Literacy: providing the target schools with computers and offer introduction to computer studies these students. 5. EMEJA tuition fee scholarship: Lack of school fees is the key reason for school discontinuation in rural areas and disproportionately affects girls. Therefore, we are working with rural secondary schools to provide tuition fee sponsorship to some of the girls from economically disadvantaged backgrounds and who would otherwise fail to enroll for secondary education. EMEJA impact: So far, the project has engaged 1074 schoolgirls in both primary and secondary schools; 16 secondary school teachers; numerous primary school teachers; and 10 EMEJA Astro-STEM tutors. Four secondary schools have been provided basic Physics lab equipment and 2 secondary schools with 7 computers, with one school already starting to offer the computer studies subject which is part of the Kenya secondary education curriculum. Questionnaires completed before and after the Astro-STEM workshops reveal that 90% of the students had a concise plan for their career choices as compared to only 20% before the program. Morever, the number of Physics students at one school went from 1 to 17 after the workshop and mentoring. Further evaluation is planned as the project continues its activities.
06 Jul 2021 Vitamin D ? Never suffer from a vitamin D deficiency again with the help of Vita D shots! When the weather is bad for a long time and we are all indoors, we often say: "I'm getting a vitamin D deficiency!" But what exactly is a vitamin D deficiency? With a vitamin D deficiency you may be feeling more tired, you have weaker bones, you suffer from vibrations, muscle cramps and/or suffer from anxiety or listlessness. Our bodies normally make most of the vitamin D itself when (UV) radiation from the sun hits us. You need vitamin D to absorb calcium and phosphate from food. Vitamin D plays a major role in the functioning and recovery of your muscles. Vitamin D also plays a major role in the functioning of your immune system. It also ensures the maintenance of strong bones and teeth. A good daily amount of vitamin D is 10 micrograms per day for children up to 4 years, for the age group up to 65 years a value of 10 to 20 micrograms per day is recommended and for people over 60 the ideal intake is 20 micrograms per day. Did you know that vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin? It is also one of the few vitamins that the body can make itself. It often concerns vegans and vegetarians who suffer from a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is mainly found in oily fish, but also in meat and eggs. The elderly, people who rarely go out during the day, pregnant women and people who follow a low-fat diet can also suffer from a vitamin D deficiency. Do you want to rule out that you have a vitamin D deficiency? This can be demonstrated by means of a blood test. Don't forget to take this essential vitamin. A healthydose of daylight and a daily Vita D shot from Dr. Blend helps you on your way to the right vitamin D dose. View the range of healthy juices on drblend.com
The nearly 700 Rama Indians live in the Atlantic-coast region of Nicaragua, in the departments of Zelaya Norte, Zelaya Sur, and Río San Juan. Only 15 or 20 people now speak the Rama language, although many more speak Rama Cay Creole. The social dislocations caused by the wars of Spanish Conquest produced a mixed group of Voto, Suerre, and Guetar Indians, and out of this mixed group was formed the modern Rama people. The Miskito Indians, allies of the English, conquered and then dominated the Rama in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Rama were among the many victims of the Nicaraguan military and political fighting of the 1980s. They have lived in an autonomous political zone since 1987. Centro de Investigaciones y Documentación de la Costa Atlántica, ed. (1987). Ethnic Groups and the Nation State: The Case of the Atlantic Coast in Nicaragua. Edited by CIDCA/Development Study Unit. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Department of Social Anthropology. Vilas, Carlos Maria (1989). State, Class, and Ethnicity in Nicaragua: Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast. Translated by Susan Norwood. Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner Publishers. Also read article about Rama from Wikipedia User Contributions:
Updated at 2021-10-27 11:38:03 UTC How do you create an assignment in Java? If you want to know how you create an assignment in Java, you have to understand that it is a tough programming language. So it becomes difficult to complete programming assignments before the deadline. Creating an assignment is a difficult task so, if you can look for online Java homework help, you can search on google that can help you get the best results. However, before choosing the best one for you, read all terms and conditions of the service provider. Then, ask all the related questions about the quality of the assignment, meet the deadlines, what to do if there is some error on the assignment and many more.
Popular tips How Negri bodies are formed? How Negri bodies are formed? For rabies virus, those viral factories are called Negri bodies (NBs). NBs are cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in which viral RNAs (mRNAs as well as genomic and antigenomic RNAs) are synthesized. NBs are spherical, they can fuse together, and can reversibly deform when encountering a physical barrier. How do you diagnose rabies? What does rabies look like? At first, there’s a tingling, prickling, or itching feeling around the bite area. A person also might have flu-like symptoms such as a fever, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea, and tiredness. After a few days, neurological symptoms develop, including: irritability or aggressiveness. Why does rabies cause hydrophobia? Rabies used to be known as hydrophobia because it appears to cause a fear of water. Intense spasms in the throat are triggered when trying to swallow. Even the thought of swallowing water can cause spasms. This is where the fear comes from. What kind of body does a Negri have? Most Negri bodies are round or oval, but they can display a variety of sizes and shapes ( Kristensson et al., 1996 ). Negri bodies are most common in the hippocampal pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and brainstem nuclei ( Love and Wiley, 2008 ). Where are the Negri proteins found in the brain? Negri bodies. They are also often found in the purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex from postmortem brain samples of rabies victims. They consist of ribonuclear proteins produced by the virus. They are named for Adelchi Negri. Where are the Negri bodies found in rabies? Negri bodies. In his report, he described Negri bodies as round or oval inclusions within the cytoplasm of nerve cells of animals infected with rabies. Negri bodies may vary in size from 0.25 to 27 µm. They are found most frequently in the pyramidal cells of Ammon’s horn, and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. What was the result of the discovery of Negri? In spite of his incorrect etiologic hypothesis, Negri’s discovery represented a breakthrough in the rapid diagnosis of rabies, and the detection of Negri bodies, using a method developed by Anna Wessels Williams, remained the primary way to detect rabies for the next thirty years.
DARPA Successfully Test Fired the Hypersonic Cruise Missile By: \| September 29th, 2021 Image courtesy: DARPA The speed, maneuverability, and altitude of hypersonic missiles make them extremely difficult to track and intercept. US defense experts see hypersonic weapons as essential to preserve America’s military edge over its global rivals. Russia has already tested its hypersonic cruise missile Tsirkon (Zircon) earlier this year. China is also in the process of developing these new generation missiles. The U.S. successfully test-fires Raytheon hypersonic weapon last week The United States has tested an air-breathing hypersonic weapon last week. The Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) is capable of speeds faster than five times the speed of sound. Developed by Raytheon Technologies, the hypersonic cruise missile was released from an unnamed aircraft. The missile was thrust to supersonic speeds by its solid rocket motor before the scramjet kicked in. The Northrop Grumman developed scramjet engine, later took the missile to speeds beyond Mach 5. Scramjet engine takes oxygen from the atmosphere The scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engine compresses the incoming air and mixes it with hydrocarbon fuel before igniting this airflow mixture leading to produce large amounts of thrust. Since the missiles do not carry bulky oxygen tanks, these air-breathing hypersonic missiles can be made smaller in size. Nidhi Goyal More articles from Industry Tap...
Audio WAV file format RIFF (.wav) file format has been around unchanged since the early 1990s and still in common use today. This goes back to a time when CD audio formats were king and RIFF .wav follows the red book convention pretty closely, with the change that the number of channels, bits per sample and samples per second can vary as described in the file header. As an example file, I have selected TADA.WAV from Windows 10, \windows\media\tada.wav. This file is 285,228 bytes, the important part is in the first 44 bytes shown here. * OFFSET +0 +4 +8 +C 00000000 52494646 245A0400 - 57415645 666D7420 RIFF$Z..WAVEfmt 00000010 10000000 01000200 - 44AC0000 10B10200 ........D¬...±.. 00000020 04001000 64617461 - 005A0400 00000000 ** The first thing to notice is that .wav files and indeed all RIFF files always have “RIFF” as the first 4 characters. The RIFF header is immediately followed by a WAVE header. RIFF is “Resource Interface File Format” and in the formatting of file data, RIFF refers to everything as “chunks”. A chunk is a collection of data that starts with a 4 character code identifier and is follwed by a 32-bit length which is the amount of data in the chunk not including the chunk header. These and all numbers in RIFF are stored little endian formatted. Chunk sizes are usually even, but where it would be odd, the parser looks for the next chunk at the even address following. That is, chunks are padded to an even size. The RIFF chunk is at the start of the file, and for TADA.wav, the size of the RIFF chunk is 0x245A0400, which is 0x00045a24 in big endian equals 285,220 in decimal. The total file size equals the size of the RIFF chunk plus the 8 bytes that describe that it is a RIFF chunk and for TADA.wav, these add up and match. • Filesize = 285,228 = 8 + 284,220 Next we dig into the sub-chunks of the RIFF chunk. The RIFF chunk contains other chunks as its data. Right away we see a “WAVE” chunk. This is a .WAV file! We knew that from the file extension, but now we really know it. “WAVE” identifies the start of wave formatted data. This always starts with a “fmt ” chunk immediately following and yes, that is a space at end. Four character codes always have 4 characters even if the code is only 3 characters. Four character codes do not include line feeds, just the ASCII text (not UNICODE). The format chunk says the format of the data. The format chunk for this file disected is… Field TypeDescriptionBig endianLittle endianMeaning TAGTagIdentifier666D7420 “fmt “ PCM (format “1”) is the most common value for format. There are a number of other formats defined primarily for compressed audio and these include Microsoft ADPCM as “2” and ITU G.711 a-law and u-law as 6 and 7. It is entirely possible that a “valid” wav file can be processed by an audio player who will reply that it has been given an audio format that it does not understand, or that it has been an audio format that no audio devices in the machine know how to process. PCM is the most common audio format in .wav and PCM is “Pulse Code Modulation” which equals sound pressure levels measured by an analog to digital converter and stored into memory or file with no compression. After the format chunk is USUALLY the “DATA” chunk. For TADA.wav, this is true and the DATA chunk starts at offset 0x14 and has the following contents. Big endianLittle endianMeaning 64617461 “DATA” 005A040000045A00Data size: 285,184 datadata285,184 bytes of PCM data Since the data chunk started at offset 0x14 (20 decimal) we can add 20 decimal plus the size of the data chunk header (8) plus 285,184 (data size) to find the start of the first chunk beyond the data. Add those up, get 20 + 8 + 285,184 = 285220 which is the size of the file, so parsing is complete. Everything inside the DATA chunk is PCM formatted data. In this case, 16 bits per sample, stereo data at 44,100 samples per second. This is CD audio format, stored in a WAV file. The first PCM sample starts at offset 0x2C and it is 00000000. Notice the sample is the collection of left and right channel and the size here equals the block alignment. By convention, the left channel comes at the lower address which in this example is the 16 bits (2 bytes) at 0x2C equals 0x0000 and the right channel is 2 bytes later at 0x2E and it is also 0x0000. For PCM, 16 bit audio data is stored little endian (intel format). • 16-bit PCM data is “signed” and zero represents silence (no sound pressure) • 8 bit PCM data is “unsigned” and the half way point at 0x80 represents silence (no sound pressure) With a little bit of programming, you can plot this out and see sound waves, SIN waves even if you look at a file with perfect tone. RIFF includes additional chunk definitions and if a parser encounters a chunk type it does not understand, it should skip it and continue at the next chunk identified by the chunk length. Some wav file editors include provisions for including copyright text for example. Looking at the TADA.wav shipped with Windows, this is not present. Joe Nord Originally posted Oct 27 2017 Comment from: Jake Visitor Your text says 16-bit PCM data is “signed”. So, for example, looking at one channel of a 16-bit stereo PCM file, and lets say I had two bytes (little endian) that were “07 FF” hex. I would reverse these two to get “FF 07″ which would be 65527 in decimal. If it is “signed”, would not the max be +32768? I am confused as to how it is changed to signed. 11/25/17 @ 04:49 pm Comment from: joe Member > “FF 07″ which would be 65527 Close! FF 07 is -249. This is pretty close to zero on a 15 bit scale which means reasonably close to quiet. By 15-bit scale, I mean 15-bits of positive numbers and 15-bits of negative numbers. The top bit is “sign”. > I am confused as to how it is changed to signed. The sign bit (most significant bit) is a 1 (negative) so that requires a bit more work. Answer: 2’s compliment the data to find out how negative it is. How far is the value away from 0. 1) Reverse all the bits. FF 07 becomes 00F8. 2) Add 1. 00F8 + 1 = 00F9 3) Convert to decimal. F = 15. 15*16 = 240. 240 + 9 = 249 4) Change the sign. -249 Leave a Reply
SkyRyse Builds Bridge Fully Autonomous Flight SkyRyse goes into service in January 2019(Credit: SkyRyse) Self-flying aircraft are a bit like self-driving cars – the idea sounds brilliant, but how long it be before they’re really practical and what will they look like when they arrive? The answer to the first question is, that depends. As to the second, they’re already here (sort of), but you just don’t recognize them. The thing is, autonomous vehicles – whether on the air or on the ground – are complex machines made up of many different systems and subsystems that have to take up the slack when the human operator is taken out of the loop. This means that a practical self-driving anything isn’t likely to suddenly show up as a full-blown achievement, but gradually. SkyRyse’s app works with sensors aboard the aircraft(Credit: SkyRyse) That is exactly what we’re seeing in cars. Yes, there have been any number of autonomous cars and lorries on the road in recent years in various experimental forms, but we’ve also seen increasing sophisticated driver assist features to take over the tedious tasks of parking, keeping a constant speed, staying in the proper lane, and avoiding pedestrians to mention a few. In fact, there’s one school of thought that says that when the first true self-drive car hits the showroom, we’re all going to be very disappointed because it won’t be that different from the ones we’ll already be driving. SkyRyse’s technology will find its first application with emergency services(Credit: SkyRyse) “Every year, billions of hours are wasted in traffic and spent following inefficient travel corridors, taxing our well-being and economic productivity,” says Mark Groden, CEO and co-founder of SkyRyse. “We are building an air transportation service that is not limited by today’s infrastructure. Because the stakes are highest in emergency response situations when minutes can mean the difference between life and death, we’re launching SkyRyse Emergency Response to support governments and municipalities first, with plans to change how we get around our cities in the future.” Source: SkyRyse SkyRyse claims to improve emergency response times by a factor of four(Credit: SkyRyse) SkySyse may one day have broader transport applications(Credit: SkyRyse) The SkyRyse technology works with any FAA approved VTOL aircraft(Credit: SkyRyse)
Paris Accord Has Just Lost a Big Member United States has formally left Paris Agreement, which is trying to curb global warming By Newser Editors and Wire Services Posted Nov 4, 2020 6:52 AM CST A Done Deal: US Leaves Paris Climate Accord A makeshift globe burns in front of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, Germany, on Oct. 21, 2020. Activists of the so-called KoalaKollektiv, an organization asking for climate justice, protested with the burning of the globe against the ECB's climate policy. (AP Photo/Michael Probst) (Newser) – The United States on Wednesday formally left the Paris Agreement, a global pact forged five years ago to avert the threat of catastrophic climate change. The move, long threatened by President Trump and triggered by his administration a year ago, further isolates the United States in the world but has no immediate impact on international efforts to curb global warming, per the AP. Some 189 countries remain committed to the 2015 Paris accord, which aims to keep the increase in average temperatures worldwide "well below" 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), ideally no more than 1.5 C (2.7 F), compared to preindustrial levels. A further six countries have signed but not ratified the pact. Scientists say that any rise beyond 2 C could have a devastating impact on large parts of the world, raising sea levels, stoking tropical storms, and worsening droughts and floods. story continues below The Paris accord requires countries to set their own voluntary targets for reducing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. The only binding requirement is that nations have to accurately report on their efforts. The US is the world's second biggest emitter after China of heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide, and its contribution to cutting emissions is seen as important, but it isn't alone in the effort. While the Trump administration has shunned federal measures to cut emissions, US states, cities, and businesses have pressed ahead with their own efforts. With the United States outside the pact, however, it will be harder for the rest of the world to reach the agreed goals. Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden has said he favors re-signing the US to the Paris accord. (Read more Paris Agreement stories.) Get the news faster. Tap to install our app. Install the Newser News app in two easy steps: 1. Tap in your navigation bar. 2. Tap to Add to Home Screen.
Skip navigation Climate change: Africa and South Asia energy research priorities Many African and South Asian countries are highly dependent on hydropower for electricity generation – climate change threatens their growth potential As the 25th Conference of the Parties (COP25) to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change gets underway in Madrid, our climate change consultant Ryan Hogarth discusses the climate change related topics that have emerged from the recent scoping studies from OPM-led Energy and Economic Growth (EEG) applied research programme. Discover our COP25 coverage Climate change is a core theme for the EEG programme, and more than one-third of the 25 projects underway are addressing policy questions of relevance to COP25. Topics range from how to accelerate deployment of renewables or energy efficient technologies, to how to optimise the dispatch of power plants – reducing fuel bills, electricity costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. Alongside these projects, EEG has been conducting scoping studies in several countries to inform the UK Department for International Development’s thinking on possible future research investments. Modelled on the scoping exercises that laid the foundation for the first two EEG country programmes in Ethiopia and Sierra Leone, these studies are identifying potential areas where academic research might help to inform the actions of policymakers, practitioners, funders, and other decision makers. New scoping studies have already been completed in Nepal, Uganda, and Zambia, and are planned or underway in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and South Africa. They will develop a proposed set of research questions and themes for each country, assembled through stakeholder interviews and workshops. In the three studies completed to date, topics related to climate change were among the top research priorities identified: Managing the impacts of climate change on hydropower Like many African and South Asian countries, Zambia, Uganda, and Nepal are highly dependent on hydropower for electricity generation. Hydropower can be a flexible, reliable, cost-efficient, and low-carbon source of energy. However, in many regions, climate change is likely to lead to increased variability in rainfall and hydrological flows and more frequent droughts, which could negatively impact the sector. Hydropower contributes over 84% of Zambia’s electricity generation and the country’s exposure to rainfall variability is already acutely felt. Water levels in the Kariba Dam, the single biggest power source for Zambia and neighbouring Zimbabwe, have been falling. In 2014-2015, a drought led to a 50% decline of the country’s hydroelectric generation, starting a deficit that is becoming increasingly difficult to manage. Rainfall in the 2018-2019 season has been poor for the Zambezi and Kafue basins, creating a hydrological risk for power generation. Hydropower accounts for the majority of installed power capacity in Uganda and Nepal (80% and 95% respectively). Given this heavy reliance, it is understandable that stakeholders involved in all three scoping studies see research into the resilience of hydropower systems as a priority. In all three countries, there is an urgent need for downscaled climate models and hydrological projections to understand how climate change will impact future hydroelectric generation. Zambian stakeholders proposed investigation into the frameworks needed to build an effective climate information management system, and research into how energy resource management can be optimised, in order to promote climate-resilience. In Nepal, stakeholders stressed the importance of research to address the key challenges faced in managing competing uses for water resources (power generation, irrigation, and drinking water). Scaling up wind and solar – capital costs, skills gaps, and integration challenges All three scoping studies yielded research priorities related to scaling up wind and solar. Uganda was ranked as the ninth best investment destination for renewable energy in developing countries in 2015, and third in Africa. It now has the second most independent power producers in sub-Saharan Africa, after South Africa, with several small hydro, biomass, and solar projects in the pipeline. Despite this success, Ugandan stakeholders felt that research is needed to better understand the actions or policies that could reduce the capital costs of privately generated renewable electricity. The Zambian scoping study, in contrast, focused on the skills required to build a domestic solar industry. The national energy workforce is still relatively small, with expertise and experience focused on large-scale hydropower. Zambian stakeholders felt that promoting renewable generation and off-grid access will require new skills across a range of functions, from the operation of a power system with high penetration of variable renewables to marketing pay-as-you-go solar home systems. Research could explore the key skills gaps in Zambia’s energy workforce, and the training needed to address these gaps in a growing and evolving energy sector. Nepal’s stakeholders prioritised research into grid integration of variable renewable energy. The Government’s recent white paper set a target of increasing non-hydro renewables’ share of the electricity mix to at least 10%. Net metering is now being considered as a way to promote more solar. Stakeholders proposed research questions into the challenges of incorporating household and independent power produced solar energy into the grid in terms of safety, harmonics, and synchronisation. Unlocking energy efficiency The EEG scoping process in Zambia uncovered significant interest in developing innovations and experimental measures to drive and incentivise energy efficiency. Zambia’s Government has set a goal of reducing energy usage by 2% per year until 2030. The purpose of Zambia’s energy efficiency drive is not only to reduce emissions, but also to mitigate load shedding during peak hours. The Government is also interested in the potential for energy efficient technologies and practices to increase the competitiveness of the industrial sector by reducing costs. Future research could potentially investigate whether subsidies, financial instruments, energy efficiency standards, and product labelling could stimulate energy efficiency in the country. Stakeholders also proposed exploring the role that digital technology could play in supporting energy efficiency in Zambia. With the global focus on climate targets, and sub-Saharan Africa’s and South Asia’s exposure to climate impacts, it is understandable that stakeholders involved in our scoping studies prioritised research into renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate-resilient energy systems. We look forward to continuing to support research projects that can answer these and other critical policy questions. Find out more about EEG’s existing work on energy and climate change
Today’s Solutions: December 02, 2021 Washington passed a law in 2019 allowing citizens to compost themselves after death for a more sustainable burial process. Fast forward a year later and the first human composting company is open for business in the state. Called Recompose, the company was instrumental in passing the 2019 law and is certified to break your body down into organic compost. It does this by sealing a body into a capsule with plant matter which organically breaks down the body over time to create a cubic meter of compost. Like we explained in 2019, the process of turning human remains into soil works similarly to the way farmers dispose of dead animals: using wood chips, straw, and sawdust to create the perfect conditions for decomposition. So what happens to this human compost? Well, it can either be donated to the state’s Bells Mountain nature reserve or returned to your next of kin. Ana Swenson, Recompose’s communication manager, told Gizmodo that 350 people have already prepaid for Recompose’s human compost services. The concept is certainly growing in popularity in the state. Two other companies, Herland Forest and Return Home, have also been licensed to operate, although they are not yet open. If you’re wondering why people would choose human composting, it turns out it’s much more sustainable. The US buries an estimated 5.3 million gallons of embalming fluid each year, which is toxic to the natural environment. Although cremation removes this factor, each cremation emits about as much as a 500-mile car drive. Although Washington is currently alone in allowing the practice, we will likely see other states follow suit as more people embrace this regenerative, sustainable approach to burial. And it isn’t this particular approach, it could be a different green alternative like this mycelium coffin, which we recently wrote about. Solutions News Source Print this article More of Today's Solutions Online mushroom hotline puts the power of crowdsourcing in poison control 30 White rhinos make record journey to Akagera national park This cutting edge camera is the size of a grain of salt Research shows gestures take the guesswork out of learning a new language New York City opens the country’s first safe injection site
Recently, the White House spoke out against changes to the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act that took effect in January and made it illegal to unlock your cell phone. While many people who oppose the changes are focused on personal freedom and convenience, there is also a green issue at stake that should be mentioned. The manufacturing of cell phones uses up vital minerals, which are in relatively short supply. The mining activities used to gather these minerals have had a detrimental effect on the planet and on the miners themselves, as many are forced into labor and work for little to no pay in impoverished locations throughout Africa. Every day, 426,000 cell phones are taken out of service in the United States, and since only 18 percent of used electronics are ever recycled, the majority of the minerals and other materials used to manufacture phones end up in landfills. So why are so many phones discarded? Part of the problem is the ever-evolving technology behind our mobile devices that makes the hottest new cell phone outdated in a few years, but another part of the problem is changing carriers. The average person will find a new cell phone carrier at least once every four years, and without the ability to unlock their phones, these people are forced to purchase new ones, even if they are content with what they have. The inability to unlock cell phones also makes it difficult to sell a used phone when you're finished with it or to give it to someone else to use. By removing the restrictions of the DMCA and promoting the idea of reusing electronics instead of throwing them away, we can greatly cut down on our consumption of minerals and decrease landfill waste. If you're concerned about the negative environmental impact of the DMCA changes, we urge you to contact your U.S. representative and Senators and make your opinions known. Leave a comment Comments will be approved before showing up. Back to the top
The popularity of Asian-created content doesn’t eclipse anti-Asian racism If you think Squid Game’s popularity represents greater acceptance for East Asian folks in North America, think again. When Asian media is trending, it doesn’t erase the racism experienced by the Asian diaspora. It’s wonderful that international media is increasingly influencing North American popular culture. However, which representation is privileged is influenced by the international media market—for example, most of the content made mainstream in Canada and the US comes from east Asia and ignores the vast cultural diversity within the continent. It’s also vital to acknowledge when Asian art comes to North America, it’s submerged in an environment heavily influenced by anti-Asian racism—an environment that is neither safe nor accepting. Even those who enjoy this media can consume it irresponsibly, leading to appropriation of East Asian cultures rather than a celebration of Asian creative works. Representation in the media is important, but it’s not the final goal of activism. North Americans should’ve been appreciating art from other parts of the world a long time ago. Just because Asian artists like BTS and Bong Joon Ho are receiving long-overdue recognition doesn’t mean the pervasive realities of anti-Asian racism can be ignored. COVID-19 has called explicit attention to the hate and vitriol Asian folks face in Canada. Not only that, but Asians are still struggling with systemic racism that creates barriers like a lack of accessibility to culturally relevant mental health services We’re all happy to binge Squid Game, but turn a blind eye to the racism that’s right in front of us. Hypervisibility doesn’t equal privilege. Instead, it invites other kinds of racism—like fetishization and assigning harmful stereotypes. The term “Asian” itself is used dangerously as a blanket term within Western society. Instead of acknowledging the existence and nuance of different cultures within the Asian continent, we choose to use a few pieces of media to mash them all into the same mismatched group, creating a one-dimensional view of the community. Each culture has its own history and context for creating works of art. A film from a Korean director has a different impact than a film from a Japanese director. If Western audiences truly cared about racism, Asian pieces of media would be accepted for what they are, instead of being diluted into a tokenization of East Asian folks. Media created by Asian artists usually isn’t meant to represent the struggles and experiences of the diaspora. In their home countries, the media isn’t work created by a minority—their popularity is based on the value of their plot and messaging, not on the country of origin. Western audiences who consume East Asian media without thinking critically about their role as an audience member aren’t doing their diligence when it comes to acknowledging their positionality and privilege. We shouldn’t consume media content from East Asian creators just for popularity’s sake and forget about the Asian folks facing harm in our communities. Combatting Asian hate is more important. —Journal Editorial Board
A rare moose sighting was reported by residents living near the North Platte River Valley along the Nebraska Panhandle. Officials of the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission confirmed the accounts of locals, stating that a moose was spotted on numerous occasions roaming around the area for the past few weeks. The latest recorded sighting was in Morrill County. According to wildlife experts, moose are not part of the local game in the Nebraska Panhandle. They believe that the moose in the reports possibly have wandered into the river valley from the neighboring state of Wyoming. One theory suggests that the animal could have gotten lost while looking for food or it could have been forced out of its natural habitat by other adult moose as part of a territorial dispute. The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission have launched a search for the wayward animal in order to ensure the safety of residents as well as to return the moose to its natural habitat. Locals and wildlife watchers have been strongly advised to keep their distance from the animal if encountered. While moose typically appear calm and docile initially, they have been known to quickly become aggressive especially when agitated. In 2008, a similar sighting was reported in the Wild Cat Hills. A young bull moose wandered for days along the North Platte River and Scottsbluff. The moose subsisted on the sunflower fields near Minatare until it reached Lake Minatare itself. Locals last saw it making its way to Marsland. Natural Moose Habitat The western region of the United States has long been known for its diverse and free-roaming wildlife. These animals commonly make their home in the many state panhandles in the area including the Nebraska Panhandle. What makes the moose sighting in Nebraska rare is that moose typically prefer habitats with cooler climate. In study by the United States Forests Service, these places include Wyoming, the Colorado Rockies, North Dakota, and New Hampshire. Moose also go where there is much to eat. They usually can be found near boreal or mixed-conifer forests where rich vegetation exists. Photo: USFWS Mountain-Prairie \| Flickr
Jump directly to the content Malaysia’s last ever Sumatran Rhino dies as critically endangered species creeps ever closer to total extinction THE Sumatran rhinoceros has become extinct in Malaysia after the last of the species in the country died. The Wildlife Department in eastern Sabah state on Borneo island said the 25-year-old female rhino named Iman died of natural causes. Minister Christina Liew, right, visits Iman in cage in eastern Sabah state in August Minister Christina Liew, right, visits Iman in cage in eastern Sabah state in AugustCredit: AP:Associated Press Sabah state environment minister Christina Liew said: "Its death was a natural one, and the immediate cause has been categorised as shock." The rhino was suffering significant pain from growing pressure of the tumours to her bladder but that her death came sooner than expected. It came six months after the death of the country's only male rhino in Sabah. Another female rhino also died in captivity in 2017 in the state. Efforts to breed them have been futile but Sabah authorities have harvested their cells for possible reproduction. Iman had escaped death several times over the past few years due to sudden massive blood loss. But wildlife officials managed to nurse her back to health and obtained her egg cells. It is hoped there could be a possible collaboration with Indonesia to reproduce the critically endangered species through artificial insemination. The Sumatran rhino, the smallest of five rhinoceros species, once roamed across Asia as far as India, but its numbers have shrunk drastically due to deforestation and poaching. The WWF conservation group estimates that there are only about 80 left, mostly living in the wild in Sumatra and Borneo in Indonesia. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature identifies the Sumatran as well as the Black and Javan rhinoceros as being critically endangered. Both African and Sumatran rhinoceros have two horns, while the others have a single horn. Only about 24,500 rhinos survive in the wild with another 1,250 in captivity worldwide, the IUCN says. Of these, more than two-thirds are white rhinos. Rhinos are killed for their horns, which consist of keratin similar to human hair and nails and are used in traditional medicines in parts of Asia. The species are the smallest rhinos in the world The species are the smallest rhinos in the worldCredit: Reuters
Updated for Swift 3 with Xcode 8.1 Now that I begin to feel very familiar with Swift syntax and iOS app design ; and that I am totally convinced by how easy it is to do swift code, I want to share with you how to use it to make one of the more common UI and UX of iOS : a TableView presentation for iOS ! This is the first article about iOS development on this blog and I really hope I will manage to write more. Note: There is two methods to implement a dynamic table view : using a UITableViewController, or using a UIViewController that implements UITableViewDelegate and UITableViewDataSource. I will explain this second solution in this tutorial, not because it’s the simplest, but because it allow way more customizations for the layout of the TableView if you need to. What we’re gonna build from scratch We are going to achieve today is the list of all elements from the periodic elements, ordered by atomic number. Screenshot of the result Expected result Thankfully, we’re not going to implement all of the atoms data in the code. Instead, we are going to fetch it from a plist file from an Apple sample code : First: about MVC MVC for “Model View Controller” is a pattern design that allow to separate different aspects of the code in an application : • Model: Represent the data you want to display. In swift, it’s recommended to make struct oriented models instead of class oriented model ; but it depends on what you’re trying to achieve • View: Here in our tutorial, the view will be the UITableView. Views are what are presented to the user, and the user can interact with it. • Controller: To simplify, it’s the glue between your model, and your data. The user interact with the view, the view signal it to the controller, the controller update the data, and make the view follow those changes. When the data change, the controller is responsible to update the view accordingly In iOS, MVC is the most common pattern design, and UIKit is designed to be pro-MVC. The controller will be a subclass of UIViewController. Every instances of UIViewController contains a UIView instance. That will be our main view. We will create a UITableView instance that will be a subview of the main UIView Finally our data will be structured with a simple Swift struct. Starting the project Open Xcode 8 and create a new iOS project with the “One view” template. Name the project ElementsList. Make sure that CoreData, Unit Tests and UI Tests are unchecked. Xcode created a lot of files, that are listed on the left ; It’s the very basic of an iOS app : A storyboard to design views, a view controller that is the first controller of the app, and an AppDelegate that take care of the logic of the app life cycle. Open the StoryBoard, and you’ll see a simple iOS empty view. One of the many way to make the UI of an app is to design the views and all the relations between them directly in this file. But the only thing we will do is to add a Navigation Controller for our app, that will allow us to have the iOS top navigation bar, and eventually to push new view controllers in a later tutorial. To do so, select the view controller, and in the top menu, select Editor > Embed in > Navigation Controller. This should add a view controller with a navigation bar, and an arrow lead now to our previous view controller. You just created your first Storyboard relation, congrats ! Next step is the model layer The model layer A good start before implementing something is to think about how the data will be represented in our code. If you didn’t already have, open the data file Elements.plist and take a look at it. We have a structure of an array of dictionaries. Each dictionary represent an element, and contains a lot of data. A good start would be to have all the data available in our model, to make sure we fit our future needs without redesigning the model later. To create the model, create a new Swift file in the project, named Element.swift. In this file, we will implement the model layer. Here is an example of model I came up with : struct Element { enum State: String { case Solid, Liquid, Gas, Artificial let atomicNumber: Int let atomicWeight: Float // in g.mol-1 let discoveryYear: String let group: Int let name: String let period: Int let radioactive: Bool let state: State let symbol: String // Position in the table let horizPos: Int let vertPos: Int Every data type is pretty simple in this example : Bool, Integers, Float and Strings ; but there is also an enum type. Enums are ideal when you only need to support a limited number of options. It’s the case here with an element state, that have only 4 possible values. Note that I choose to make my enumeration inherit from String, witch mean each state is a string, and that we can try to convert a string to a State. This model map all the data from apple plist and will allow us to represent one element. But what about the elements loading ? Right now, the elements are in a plist file, so we’ll need to create something that allow us to receive an array of all elements Loading the data Great, we have a model, and we have a plist file that contains our data. But we still need to translate the data in order to take advantage of our model. I would implement it that way : extension Element { enum Error: ErrorProtocol { case noPlistFile case cannotReadFile /// Load all the elements from the plist file static func loadFromPlist() throws -> [Element] { // First we need to find the plist guard let file = Bundle.main.path(forResource: "Elements", ofType: "plist") else { throw ErrorType.noPlistFile // Then we read it as an array of dict guard let array = NSArray(contentsOfFile: file) as? [[String: AnyObject]] else { throw ErrorType.cannotReadFile // Initialize the array var elements: [Element] = [] // For each dictionary for dict in array { // We implement the element let element = Element.from(dict: dict) // And add it to the array // Return all elements return elements /// Create an element corresponding to the given dict static func from(dict: [String: AnyObject]) -> Element { let atomicNumber = dict["atomicNumber"] as! Int let atomicWeight = Float(dict["atomicWeight"] as! String) ?? 0 let discoveryYear = dict["discoveryYear"] as! String let group = dict["group"] as! Int let name = dict["name"] as! String let period = dict["period"] as! Int let radioactive = dict["radioactive"] as! String == "True" let state = State(rawValue: dict["state"] as! String)! let symbol = dict["symbol"] as! String let horizPos = dict["horizPos"] as! Int let vertPos = dict["vertPos"] as! Int return Element(atomicNumber: atomicNumber, atomicWeight: atomicWeight, discoveryYear: discoveryYear, group: group, name: name, period: period, radioactive: radioactive, state: state, symbol: symbol, horizPos: horizPos, vertPos: vertPos) That a lot of code, but it’s pretty strait forward, you just need to read it to understand it. To test it, you can add in the viewDidLoad() method of your ViewController : class ViewController: UIViewController { var elements: [Element] = [] override func viewDidLoad() { elements = try! Element.loadFromPlist() When we check the Xcode console while executing, we find that the data is there ! Neat ! The loaded elements in the console A bit verbose, but it’s here Important : In Element.from(dict: _) function, there is a lot of force unwrapping ! in the code. That’s because the data is implemented code side and cannot be changed easily. But in a real world application, implement it that way could cause crash when the data is not what you expected, and it will happen ! Creating the table view First, we need to create a UITableView instance, and keep reference to this instance. To do so, just add a property right below var elements : var elements: [Element] = [] weak var tableView: UITableView! // We make it weak for memory consideration Then we need to create the tableview, by adding those line in viewDidLoad() : override func viewDidLoad() { let tableView = UITableView(frame: view.bounds) self.tableView = tableView tableView.dataSource = self tableView.delegate = self As soon as you do this, the compiler should complain that ViewController class does not conform UITableViewDataSource and UITableViewDelegate protocols* What should be do ? Well, let’s tell the compiler we implements them ! Add at the end of the file : extension ViewController: UITableViewDataSource, UITableViewDelegate { Right, now the compiler’s error have changed, and say we does not implement UITableViewDataSource protocol. Configuring the table view If we look in the documentation, we find out that UITableViewDataSource protocol contains two methods that are required to implement : • tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int : Should return the number of rows in the given section of the tableview. In our example, we just have one section, so the implementation will be simple : return elements.count • tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell : Should return a cell for the given IndexPath (IndexPath is a couple containing the number of the section and the number of the row) // Getting the right element let element = elements[indexPath.row] // Instantiate a cell let cell = UITableViewCell(style: .subtitle, reuseIdentifier: "ElementCell") // Adding the right informations cell.textLabel?.text = element.symbol cell.detailTextLabel?.text = element.name // Returning the cell return cell Now, you should build and run, and voilà your first tableview. But wait ! There is more ! A memory problem If you build and run the application at the current state, it seems right. But it’s not ! To understand why I’m saying that, during the debug session, use the memory footprint of your app in the Xcode debug console, and pay special attention on the memory as you scroll down and up in the app. Graphic of the memory growing up and up, diverging This is not going to end well… What ? Just 33MB ? And that’s why you say something is wrong ? Yes it is wrong, because we can see that when we scroll, the memory footprint just rise, some memory is never released. Witch mean the app could (and will !) eventually experience a memory crash. (hugh !) What is going on here ? Well, remember our implementation of cellForRowAt: indexPath implementation ? It create a new cell everytime it is called by the tableview. Is it right ? No, it’s not. What should I do ? You should reuse the cells. And don’t freak out, it’s very easy to do ! Reusing cells As I said, it’s very easy to use reusable cells, and we did half the job previously : we already registered a cell for reuse ! Indeed, look at the code instantiating the cell, we have set a reuseIdentifier for the cell. So let just reuse it when we can. What will be the logic ? Well, we will try to reuse a cell, and if we cannot do so, we will create a new cell. Just replace // Instantiate a cell // Trying to reuse a cell let cellIdentifier = "ElementCell" let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: cellIdentifier) ?? UITableViewCell(style: .subtitle, reuseIdentifier: cellIdentifier) Now, when initializing a cell, we first try to reuse a cell, using dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: _). This function will return a cell if it succeed, and nil if it fails. Take a look at the second line. The ?? operator uses the first value if it’s not nil, and will use the second value when the first value is nil. This way, our cell will be reused if it can, and will be initialized from scratch just like we did before if it fails. We should always have a cell to handle from now on. To be more specific, the dequeueReusableCell function will fail only the first time, because we did not registered any cell for the given identifier “ElementCell”. But then, dequeuing cells will work just fine, because Apple is able to create new cells when none of them are available for dequeuing. Final touches Ok it begins to look right now. But I can enumerate 3 problems : 1. There is no title in the navigation bar 2. If you touch a cell, it remains gray 3. You told us elements would be ordered by atomic number ! (hydrogen first, helium then, etc…) So, let correct all of that, one to three lines of code per problem ! 1) in viewDidLoad, at any place navigationItem.title = "Periodic Elements" The navigation item allow to customize how a ViewController will be displayed within a NavigationController. Here, we just want to set a title. 2) At the bottom of the file, inside the extension implementing UITableViewDelegate extension ViewController: UITableViewDataSource, UITableViewDelegate { tableView.deselectRow(at: indexPath, animated: true) As part of the UITableViewDelegate, we implement tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, didSelectRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) that is called as soon as a cell become selected. When it occurs, we ask the tableview to deselect the indexpath with an animation. Witch result a fade out of the selected cell as soon as it is selected, making the user knowing there is nothing to do by selecting cells for now in the application. 3) in viewDidLoad, right below elements = try! Element.loadFromPlist() elements.sort(by: { $0.atomicNumber < $1.atomicNumber This will sort the array right in place. Swift 3 arrays have two functions to sort arrays : • sort : Will sort the current array right in place, witch is possible only if the array is stored in a var (mutable). It returns nil • sorted : Will return a sorted copy of the array. It’s available on any array, mutating (var) or not (let) It’s a wrap ! Now when you build the app, it as completely the behavior we expected. If you need it, you can clone or download the project from this branch on Github Screenshot of the result Expected result What to do next ? I will write the next tutorials, witch should include: • A detail view to consult every properties of any element • A search bar to find your element. • A landscape mode with the element disposed like in the real table You can also try to do so by yourself ; using Apple documentation and any other blog !
Showing posts with label Mental Health. Show all posts Showing posts with label Mental Health. Show all posts How to take care of your mental health during this pandemic Mental Health Issues During Lockdown ● Misinformation and information overload ● Lack of transparency during the quarantine ● Social isolation ● The guilt of being a possible cause of infection for others ● Stay connected through chats and video calls ● Join virtual reading, cooking or other clubs ● Avoid watching continuous news cycles ● Seek professional help, if needed ● Focus on the positives, like recovered cases What Does It Mean to Have an Anxiety Disorder? What Is a Generalized Anxiety Disorder? 1. Difficulty swallowing or breathing, 2. An increased heart rate, trembling, anxiety Disorder treatment Depression - Guide to mental wellness Depression Warning Signs The normal problems of life mean that everyone suffers sadness or has "the blues" from time to time. But if loneliness and anguish have taken a toll on your life, you may have depression. Depression makes it difficult to justify and live life like you once did. Just getting through the day can be enormous. But no matter how dejected you feel, you can recover. Knowing the symptoms causes, and treatment of depression is the foremost step to cure the problem. What is depression? Sadness or deterioration in mood is common results to life’s battles, misfortunes, and setbacks. Many people prefer the word “depression” to these kinds of signs, but depression is much more than just sadness. Whatever the symptoms, depression is varied from normal sadness in that it encircles your day-to-day life, disturbing your ability to work, study, eat, sleep, and have fun. The feelings of misery, sadness, and uselessness are acute and unyielding. Are you depressed? If you relate yourself with many of the following symptoms and they just won’t go away, you may be suffering from depression. · you feel hopeless about life and things in general · you’ve lost interest in activities you used to enjoy before · you feel tired and lethargic all the time · your sleeping pattern and food habits have drastically changed · you can’t concentrate on a given task no matter how hard you try · You can’t curb your negative thoughts and feeling of hopelessness · you are much more short-tempered and aggressive than you usually used to be · Consumption of alcohol more than normal quantity or engaging in other unproductive behavior
Words of Wisdom: writing Protocols Clinical studies often falter because they are poorly designed and/or communicated in the study protocols. So what makes a good protocol and how can the writing process be optimized? Most study protocols are trying to do too much and not explaining what is required very well. The more complex a protocol becomes, the less likely it is to perform well, and more complex protocols tend to have more amendments, longer cycle times, and poor recruitment and retention rates [1-3]. For a protocol to really work, four factors are crucial in terms of the study design and its communication: precision, simplicity, practicality and clarity. Instead of trying to cover everything, the protocol should concentrate on a few precise questions and make it clear how it will answer these. Many studies collect far too much extraneous data, which means the investigators and sites are busy doing things that will not actually contribute to the task at hand [4]. The design elements of a study should specifically provide the data needed to answer the few questions it is trying to ask. The practicality of running the study and the clarity with which it is communicated are also critical to its success. When writing a protocol, the logistics of the study design need to be feasible in practice. Many protocol amendments become necessary because sites tell the sponsor that certain activities simply cannot be done as planned, or they misunderstand what was required. A protocol must present the ideas and activities in a clear and consistent way to ensure that everyone involved truly understands the intention of the study, what is meant to happen, and when. The user-friendliness of the protocol plays a huge role in making sure that the same activities happen in the same way across numerous sites, and will ultimately reflect on the consistency of the data collected. All of these factors will contribute to a protocol that is more likely to avoid misunderstanding by investigators (thereby avoiding protocol violations, difficulties in subject enrolment, and so on), is less expensive, more practical to run, and more effective overall [1,2]. Generally, the reason studies do not run well is because the protocols have not adequately considered the factors mentioned above. Common problems include too many objectives, too many inclusion and exclusion criteria and secondary variables, too many activities planned, and inconsistency and poor communication of the intentions. Study findings reported in 2012 by the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development found that a typical protocol has an average of seven objectives and 13 endpoints [4]. If a study is trying to answer seven different questions, that is probably five too many to truly answer properly. Similarly, how many secondary variables does it take to be sure that an answer is provided? Teams need to think about how the data to be collected will be used and reported later in submission documents to tell the ‘big picture’ story. Often, less is more, and having too much tangential information can simply cloud the picture and distract from what could otherwise be a crisp, clean message. Teams need to keep in mind that drug development and the task of getting a drug approved for use is a different exercise to the scientific exploration of a drug. They need to ask what data are critical to demonstrate that the drug works and is safe in the particular indication sought. If endpoints simply give the same answer in another way, a choice should be made as to the most relevant tests, and the others can be removed. Showing that a drug works (or not) in 10 different ways is probably not needed; five good, solid ways are certainly sufficient. Even if the study design is simple and practical, it will not make a difference if the information presented in the protocol is inconsistent and confusing. The different sections of a protocol should fulfil their intended purpose with minimal repetition. For example, the introduction should make clear why this study is needed; the objectives section should clearly set out the study aims; the assessments section should identify what is to be measured to answer the stated objectives; and the statistics section should make clear how the data from the assessments will be analysed. Protocols often confuse study objectives with the study endpoints, such that endpoints are given in the objectives section, leaving the readers unclear about the fundamental aims of the study (which must then be extrapolated by the reader, based on the endpoints indicated). Similarly, it is often difficult to find important information in protocols, such as the exact dosing regimen, details about dietary or other restrictions during the study, or the intended timing for all activities. While key activities are usually described in detail, others are often only mentioned in passing, leaving site staff to guess how these are meant to be done. Another common pitfall is a lack of consistency between key sections such as the study title, study objectives and the planned primary analysis (see the case study box). If these are not aligned, the investigators are left to assume what is really intended, and it is likely that different investigators will assume different things. This is not a situation conducive to obtaining streamlined data. The design and concept of a study is influenced by many different stakeholders, each of whom considers different, important aspects. Unfortunately, many study protocols are prepared by only a few of the key stakeholders, typically the regulatory and clinical functions of the sponsor, plus the study statistician. However, to be sure the study is feasible and to understand if it is being communicated effectively, early drafts should be reviewed by the investigators, study staff, laboratories and other specialist providers who will be involved, along with a medical writer. Do not overlook the fact that the medical writer is a key stakeholder in their own right. Their experience in writing an array of protocols means they can make useful suggestions about how to depict complicated study designs to make them more understandable, or suggest which protocol structures are more effective. In addition, when writing a protocol, a medical writer is already envisioning how the data collected will appear in the study report and can help teams to understand and perhaps choose which parameters are going to be the most meaningful when it comes to crystallising the take-home messages. Each of these stakeholders will review the protocol from a different perspective and provide important feedback that can help iron out problems before the study starts. They will often identify key missing information, confusing parts of the document, and activities that are impractical to perform. Getting them involved in the review of early drafts increases the likelihood that the protocol will be practical and well understood, and will decrease the need for amendments later on. The difficulty in preparing a protocol that addresses all of the issues discussed above lies in the writing process. Writing a protocol needs to start by getting input and agreement from all stakeholders. To do this properly, a detailed synopsis should be prepared that does more than identify the objectives, endpoints and sample size calculation. The devil is in the detail, and we only start to understand the difficulties of a study by teasing apart how exactly it will glean the data that is needed. The synopsis should clearly describe all inclusion and exclusion criteria, the intended treatments (with detailed dosing regimens), and have a full study schedule attached to it. It is easy for management and investigators to look at a few objectives and agree to the concept in general; it is something else to look at the details of implementing those objectives and agree to what will really be done. That is why this detailed synopsis should be given to everyone involved in the study before the protocol itself is written. Upper management of the sponsor, as well as all the stakeholders, should have a chance to provide input at this stage. For some strange reason, companies tend to wait until there is a well-developed or final protocol before they send it to the laboratories, site staff, investigators and specialist analysis groups for agreement on the concept. Not surprisingly, this often results in considerable reworking of the protocol at a late stage of the writing process. After everyone has had a chance to review the synopsis, there should be a kick-off meeting with as many of the key stakeholders as possible. This is to confirm the intentions of the study; to make sure that critical decisions are made as a team; to identify inconsistencies and impracticalities in the concept or details of performing the study; and to create action items assigned to the stakeholders to gather important information that is needed to prepare a complete protocol. So many fundamental points are often discovered and discussed during this meeting that can prevent potential problems before they happen. Once the stakeholder team has provided as much input as possible, the synopsis can be turned into a full protocol. This saves unnecessary rewriting of the document, because at this point the concept is fairly clear and stable. Nonetheless, the first draft should be given to all stakeholders again, so that they can evaluate the concept after it has been turned into a plan of action. It is essential that the medical writer is involved in review meetings to discuss the protocol, so that they are aware of the reasoning behind any changes needed and can make sure that the appropriate revisions are made. As the person consolidating ideas, the medical writer is often in the best position to direct the team. What results is a protocol that is well designed and communicated, and easy for the study sites to follow, which will improve the consistency and quality of the study data and ultimately increase adherence and compliance rates. 1. Kaitin KI, Optimizing protocol design to improve clinical study performance, efficiency and cost, Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, R&D Management Report 8(2), April 2013 2. Getz K, Predicting successful site performance, Applied Clinical Trials, November 2011 3. Getz K, Protocol amendments: a costly solution, Applied Clinical Trials, May 2011 4. Kaitin KI, One in five procedures generates extraneous clinical trials data, Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Impact Report 14(6), November/ December 2012 Julia Forjanic Klapproth Published in: International Clinical Trials, August 2013 AuthorJulia Forjanic Klapproth JournalInternational Clinical Trials, ICT Volume/YearAugust 2013 Download as PDF (369 KB) Return to Publications
Cells form the basic working units of organs and the systems that organs comprise. This course is designed to build an understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the operations of cells. Cells face challenges of maintaining boundaries, communicating with neighboring cells, transporting essential components across barrier membranes, generating chemical energy, regulating cell phenotype, and maintaining cell structure. In order to function as part of a specialized tissue or organ, cells elaborate specific subsets of organelles to dedicate themselves to performing specific functions. The course will provide the background to understand the cellular mechanisms of specialized cells, and allow one to predict the underlying cellular physiology of most tissue systems. The laboratory takes an investigative approach, introducing microscopic, molecular, and biochemical tools for studying cells. Grades for the course are to be determined by in-class examinations and laboratory reports. Additional Prerequisite: BIOL 3413, CHEM 2319, 2119; at least one Area B course or CHEM 3330 4 credits Upper Division
Author Archives: Ali Troiano Jekyll and Hyde and The Moonstone In Anna Stiles article Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Jekyll and Hyde” and the Double Brain, Stiles discusses how Stevenson may have been influenced by the “late-Victorian ideas about the brain as a double organ” (894). Stiles argues that these ideas influenced Stevenson’s portrayal of the conflict between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stiles also, however, discusses the relationship between the Gothic and the format of the text as a case study. Stiles highlights that “the Gothic emphasis on psychological interiority and emotion may seem at odds with the eminently rational aims of the scientific case study” (888). Despite these seemingly disparate genres, Stiles points out that the elements of the Gothic and scientific case study are actually interconnected. The text’s format adheres to the traditional conventions of a case study while implementing Gothic elements and using subjective narrative voice to blur the lines between fact and fiction. Ultimately, Stiles argues that the combination of these two genres parallels the double brain of Dr. Jekyll; Stiles states, “ The logical, left brain perspective of science combines with the primitive, emotional, right-brain perspective of the Gothic, demonstrating how Stevenson incorporates the polarities of the dual-brain theory into the literary form of his famous novella” (891). Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reminded me, in many ways, of Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone. They both have elements of mystery and Gothicism and they both take the form of a case study that relies on both science and subjective narrative perspectives. The idea that Stevenson combines both aspects of science and with the romantic elements of the Gothic reminds me of The Moonstone. In my last blog post, I questioned the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity in the text. I also relayed Lewis Robert’s article, “The ‘Shivering Sands’ of Reality: Narration and Knowledge in Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone,” that explored this question; Roberts states, “For Collins, realism is not only a process of scientific discovery in which everything can be explained, in which all secrets will be revealed and all revelations will be apparent; but also, realism is a state of recognition of the complexities and the mysteries involved in ‘knowing’ anything” (177). Roberts highlights the interconnectedness between the binaries in the text; Stiles argues a similar point. For me, there is a key difference between the two texts. In The Moonstone, the multiple views of narration seems to add to the mystery, while in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, both “Dr. Lanyon’s narrative” and “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case” literally solve the case and answer the mystery. I wonder if this difference highlights a difference in views of Stevenson and Collins concerning the relationship between subjectivity and science. Reality and Truth in The Moonstone While reading Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone, the narrative structure and voice forced me to question the idea of “truth” in the novel. The first-person narrator constantly reminds the reader that the he tells the story “in the interests of truth” (9). In the prologue, the narrator states, “And I declare, on my word of honour, that what I am now about to write is, strictly and literally, the truth” (1). When Gabriel Betteredge takes over the narration, he describes how he would systematically recall his memories of each day with the help of Penelope’s diaries. Throughout his narration he asserts his loyalty to the “truth” (17) and dedication to relay events “as things actually happened” (20). The meta-fictional aspects of this text strangely seems to work with this dedication to the “truth,” but also complicated it in many (obvious) ways. Betteredge speaks directly to some “you,” or the reader, in his account within the fictional context of the novel. Strangely, however, Betteredge seems to be story-telling more than providing an account of events for legal purposes. He also literally refers to the structure of the novel: “Cheer up! – I’ll ease you with another new chapter here – and, what is more, that chapter shall take you straight into the thick of the story” (53). This narrative structure forced me to question the relationship between truth and reality in the novel. I noticed another interesting passage that relates to the point. After Franklin tells Betteredge his account of Colonel’s death and questions the motive of his will, he states, “‘This question has two sides,’ he said. ‘An Objective side, and a Subjective side. Which are we to take’” (39). Ultimately, Franklin decides, “From all I can see, one interpretation is just as likely to be right as the other” (39). This question relates to the text as a whole. The entire “story” is related through a subjective perspective, yet claims a somewhat objective perspective. How do you think this relationship between the reality and truth works in the text? I found an interesting article, “The ‘Shivering Sands’ of Reality: Narration and Knowledge in Wilkie Collins’ The Moonstone,” by Lewis Roberts, that begins to answer this question for me. While Roberts makes a larger-scale argument than I will relate here, he makes some interesting points that directly address my question. Roberts highlights the artificial nature of the text including Franklin Blake’s role as a “general editor” (170) and the layers of narration throughout. He highlights how these elements force the reader to question reliability and “truth.” Roberts addresses the novel’s concern with the realism and the truth: “his concern with realism is unsurprising in a detective novel, with its impulse toward uncovering the truth and reconstructing actual events; nevertheless, Collins presents us with an understanding of reality in which the familiar and the alien, the knowable and the unfathomable, are equally present” (169). Robert’s point draws attention to his contradiction I noticed in the narration. He highlights other binaries and contradictions that exist in the text concerning the “known” and the “unknown,” including the actual moonstone itself, the shivering sands, and even the characters: “For Collins, realism is not only a process of scientific discovery in which everything can be explained, in which all secrets will be revealed and all revelations will be apparent; but also, realism is a state of recognition of the complexities and the mysteries involved in ‘knowing’ anything” (177). In this way, Roberts argues that Collins recognizes the “unknown” as both inseparable and integral to the “known.” Jane Eyre and “Bluebeard” In Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, the narrator alludes to “Bluebeard,” a figure in a fairy tale: “ […] like a corridor in some Bluebeard’s castle!” (91). Upon reading this, I immediately drew connections between the “Bluebeard” fairy tale and the novel. In Charles Perrault’s “Bluebeard” tale, an ugly man with a blue beard wishes to take his neighbor’s daughters as his wife. She agrees to marry him because of his wealth despite her disgust with his appearance. After they marry, Blue Beard leaves for a trip and gives his wife all the keys to every room in his castle. Blue Beard, however, forbids his wife from entering one specific room. Curiosity and temptation overcome the wife and she enters the forbidden closet to find the dead bodies of her husband’s previous wives; she drops the key to the room on the bloody floor. Blue Beard comes home from his trip and the bloodstained key proves the wife’s disobedience. The wife’s brothers arrive in time to kill Blue Beard and save their sister from his sword. Perrault’s version emphasizes the curiosity of the wife and her betrayal of her husband, but also punishes the murderous husband in the end. In other versions of a similar tale, such as the Grimms’ “The Robber Bridegroom,” the young maiden, before her marriage, witnesses her future husband murder a young woman. She also receives a warning from an old woman about her future husbands murderous actions that, ultimately, saves her life. After Brontë’s direct allusion to the Bluebeard tradition, I paid close attention to the parallels between the texts. On the surface, for example, the romantic relationship between Jane Eyre, a young woman, and Mr. Rochester, and ugly, wealthy man seems to parallel, in some ways, the relationship between the young woman and the murderous husband in these fairy tales. Mr. Rochester also has his own secrets, such as the forbidden chamber in that attic of his house and the “mystery of mysteries” (173) of Grace Poole’s role and existence in the house. Finally, when Jane gets close to the secret room after the attack of Mr. Mason, the narrator repeatedly refers to the “key,” an important trope in the Bluebeard tradition. For example, the narrator states, “he turned the key and opened the door” (177) and “I felt a strange feeling as the key grated in the lock” (178). While Mr. Rochester brings Jane into this locked room, there is still another secret chamber or “inner apartment” (178) that she does not enter and a secret that Mr. Rochester forbids Mr. Mason from sharing. As I read, it was impossible for me to separate these events from those in the “Bluebeard” tale. At the end of the assigned reading, Mr. Rochester even addresses this mystery and claims he will reveal an explanation in the future. In a critical essay by Rose Lovell-Smith, “Anti-Housewives and Ogres’ Housekeepers: The Role of Bluebeard’s female Helper,” Lovell- Smith explores this parallel between Jane Eyre and these versions of the Blue Beard fairytale. Lovell-Smith highlights a “female helper” figure in these tales that warn the protagonist directly (the old woman) or indirectly by showing her possible future (the dead women). According to Lovell-Smith, they both serve the same function – to guide or warn the heroine: “the underlying sympathy between the macabre bodies of Bluebeard’s dead wives and his living wife: they too are her helpers, the ghastly signs that inform her and insist on their kinship with her ” (Lovell-Smith 202). Lovell-Smith also highlights this connection or “kinship” between the dead women and the wife or future wife. Lovell-Smith highlights Mrs. Fairfax as a “female helper” for Jane: But it is Mrs. Fairfax who has most of the other necessary qualifications for a Bluebeard’s helper, being an “elderly” woman, a dependent relation of Rochester’s, and his housekeeper: she plays the helper’s role in volume 1 chapter 11, welcoming Jane to the Bluebeard’s castle, seating her by a warm fire, plying her with food, and informing her about the house and its inhabitants. (Lovell-Smith 201-2) This connection forced me to look closely at Mrs. Fairfax’s warning to Jane when she heard of their plans to marry. Mrs. Fairfax warns, “but believe me, you cannot be too careful Try to keep Mr. Rochester at a distance: distrust yourself as well as him” (226). In this way, Mrs. Fairfax directly acts as a “female helper” who warns the young maiden of some foreboding future. Lovell-Smith also highlights Grace Poole’s role as somewhat of an “old crone” figure, similar to that in “The Robber Bridegroom” and other versions of this tale. Even the mysterious woman who rips her wedding veil in the middle of the night takes on this “female helper” role. While the critical essay also explores other parallels, we haven’t read far enough in the book to discuss them. Through this comparison, I wonder – How does Brontë use this “Bluebeard” allusion and loose framework to transform the representation of women (particularly Jane) and the relationship between females in this “Bluebeard” tradition? I will warn you – the critical essay will spoil some details for you if you haven’t finished reading the book!
Query: NC_017121:2781000 Acetobacter pasteurianus IFO 3283-07, complete genome Lineage: Acetobacter pasteurianus; Acetobacter; Acetobacteraceae; Rhodospirillales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: Acetobacter pasteurianus is an acetic acid-producing bacterium commonly found associated with plants and plant products. This organism is used in the production of fermented foods, such as kefir, and vinegar. Acetic acid bacteria. - hypothetical protein; - cds: hover for description BLASTP Alignment.txt Subject: NC_006348:2738425 Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344 chromosome 1, complete sequence General Information: This type strain came from a Chinese patient in Burma who had glanders in 1944. Causes glanders in horses. This organism is rarely associated with human infection, and is more commonly seen in domesticated animals such as horses, donkeys, and mules where it causes glanders, a disease first described by Aristotle. The pathogen is host-adapted and is not found in the environment outside of its host. Rapid-onset pneumonia, bacteremia (spread of the organism through the blood), pustules, and death are common outcomes during infection. No vaccine exists for this potentially dangerous organism.
How Will Modern technology Be In The Future. Technology is the collective term for anything that assists the progress of science, modern technology, medication, engineering, and various other fields. Technical systems are typically defined as systems that have technical aspects. Modern technology is likewise used to refer to a number of technologies, the application of new techniques in different fields, or the process of adjusting known practices in brand-new areas. Technological systems are often created to serve a social or useful demand, leading to brand-new knowledge, new techniques, and also new systems of organizations. Oftentimes, technological systems are established to boost human well-being and quality of life. Technical systems are created to aid people fix issues. Innovation aids us make points quicker, provide much better remedies, decrease expenses, increase performance, as well as provide a variety of new as well as better services. To place it merely, technical systems facilitate people’s communication with each other. In this way, innovation can be viewed as the application of certain clinical as well as mathematical understanding into activities that improve people’s lives in more ordinary ways. Technological systems been available in different forms. A few of the most typical include using innovation to: construct, evaluate, design, as well as maintain points such as vehicles as well as aircrafts; usage scientific knowledge to collect, gather, shop, as well as share information as well as details; use scientific knowledge to construct as well as apply local area network; use scientific knowledge to build and also implement information monitoring systems; and also make use of scientific knowledge to design as well as manufacture items such as automobiles as well as aircrafts. Other prospective applications include utilizing innovation to: interact with others; utilize electrical energy; create and harness power; provide security services; transmit as well as receive signals and info; as well as control as well as use the physical structures of the globe around us. Various other more heavy applications are technically hard to specify, however have no lesser a result on society. In regards to what is being changed or boosted by innovation, there is a wide array of opportunities. One example is education and learning, which is often taken into consideration a high technology undertaking. Teachers in colleges utilize teaching and discovering practices such as reviewing to communicate details and understanding to pupils; developing and also building points like school networks of students; and also using digital devices as well as innovation for the purpose of sharing big quantities of info. Every one of these points can be taken into consideration technologies in education. Furthermore, education is a developed task, indicating that many procedures occur at a very high-rate in manufacturing facilities and also various other places that do not necessarily consist of educational institutions. At the same time, some believe that unfavorable results of electronic modern technologies can just be thought about as adverse surfaces. There are two main sights on this. One view is that the existence of electronic technologies has actually had adverse repercussions, whether we select to take a look at it in this way. The second view is that digital innovations have not necessarily had negative consequences, although the adverse ones that exist now might quickly be altered. It is usually the second sight that is made use of to warrant the untreated development of high modern technology. However, the existence of points like Facebook and Twitter show that there are still parts of the world where the function modern technology is being utilized without problem, recommending that the development of innovation might not always have any kind of unfavorable repercussions. For numerous instructors and policy manufacturers, the problem with the development of digital innovations, especially artificial intelligence is that it is not neutral. Rather, expert system is something that is produced for one objective, and that function is to function as a maker that can do tasks for individuals, providing them with solution to their concerns or supplying them with remedies to their issues, provided that those points are enabled by the users and also their personal privacy is shielded. Many people worry about the ramifications of artificially smart computer systems connecting unethically with human beings. On the other hand, people also are afraid about the potential danger of artificial intelligence ending up being as well human-like, and also getting so comfy that it starts to take over rather than being managed by people. One argument that appears to stand for the a lot more pessimistic sight of the influence of the 2nd industrial revolution is that of Max Weber, who holds that in the 2nd industrial transformation, innovation was merely the tool which made it possible for the development of the human condition. In his sight, there would be no long-lasting effect of technological progression, due to the fact that as individuals ended up being less inadequate, they came to be smarter, thus, innovation simply added to the abilities of the human condition, giving people accessibility to brand-new technological expertise. In his sight, there would certainly be little to be bothered with as long as humans continue to utilize their brains to introduce as well as stay productive. Nonetheless, there are also those that are downhearted about the impact of innovation on the human condition. They say that as modern technology becomes a lot more complicated, it comes to be harder for people to control, indicating that one could quickly come to be a sufferer of the system. This is due to the fact that there may be unforeseen repercussions, such as when synthetically smart software application begins to run beyond the control of its programmers. Such unexpected effects could pose a threat to individuals’s flexibility, as well as might cause alarming consequences. It is for these factors that it is essential to have a balance in between the desire for technical innovation, and also worry for the well being of the human species. The modifications that modern technology has made in society are huge as well as continual. Advances in innovation have actually produced new work opportunities, improved the economy, enhanced leisure time, and gave customers and services new means to communicate with each other. As brand-new forms of technology emerge, the ways individuals connect, conduct organization, as well as connect will certainly additionally transform. The impact of technology on culture continues to grow. One of the most significant changes in technology is the cellular phone. Cellular phone have actually become a form of modern technology that people carry about with them at all times. People can interact with others while on the go. Mobile phone firms are continuously functioning to make cell phone devices better and also appealing. Modifications in Modern technology affect virtually every aspect of our lives. Along with cell phones, other innovation staples such as televisions and computer systems are additionally becoming indispensable parts of our daily lives. While these innovations remain to enhance, they likewise typically produce new difficulties for those who utilize them. Computer game are coming to be a lot more intricate, creating the more youthful generation to play video games that are more difficult, which can bring about an increase in the number of cases of bug. Also, as culture remains to develop greater ties with innovation, it is most likely that government law of this technology will certainly become more stringent in the future. Go here The changes that technology have made in culture and in our lives are huge. Changes such as these have created tremendous possibilities for those who are proficient being used computer systems and also modern technology. Those that get involved early in the development of modern technology will be able to capitalize on brand-new innovations and make the most of their productivity. Those who are interested in studying these impact the growth of society can locate a number of sites that focus on this subject. A wonderful example of a site that shows exactly how innovation has actually impacted society can be located at TechCrunch. Leave a Reply
RO Water Purifiers Water pollution and contaminated water supplies are a problem felt everywhere, not just in the developing nations. Even in industrialized countries, groundwater is often polluted with chemicals and minerals: a detriment to a person’s health and it gives drinking water an unpleasant taste. Many people are now choosing to install water purification systems into their homes to ensure that their water is clean and fresh tasting. ro filters Some of the more popular water filtration systems include activated carbon filters, metallic alloy filters, and ceramic filters. These three kinds of filters work in essentially the same manner. They are porous materials that trap contaminant in their tiny crevices, allowing clean and filtered water to pass. While these filters are better than having no filter at all, they may not purify water completely. Particles can get through the system of pores and into the drinking water. In addition, once the filter becomes full of contaminants, it has to be changed. Buy RO Water Purifiers Today On In recent years, water filtration technology has advanced to the point where home reverse osmosis water purifiers have become available. Reverse osmosis systems have been used for industrial purposes for decades to decontaminate the water supplies for cities, process bottled water, and to desalinate seawater. Reverse osmosis purifying systems can clean water better than most kinds of water filtration systems available. What is Reverse Osmosis? In order to understand what reverse osmosis is and how it is helpful in the purification of water, it is important to know the principles behind osmosis. Osmosis is a chemical process in which fluid (i.e. water) moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane. A semipermeable membrane is a thin surface that has microscopic holes in it that allows particles smaller than the hole to pass through to one side, while keeping particles that are larger than the holes on the other side. When an equal amount of fluid and particles of contaminants are on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, the whole system is balanced and in equilibrium, a state in which the transfer of particles across the semipermeable membrane stops. Another term for the process of reverse osmosis is hyperfiltration. In reverse osmosis, the semipermeable membrane is used as a filter for contaminants. Here is how reverse osmosis works: 1. Polluted water is held on one side of the semipermeable membrane. 2. Pressure is exerted onto the polluted water, forcing it through the semipermeable membrane. 3. The semipermeable membrane, being full of tiny holes, allows water molecules through, while preventing larger contaminants from passing. 4. Purified water is collected on the other side of the semipermeable membrane. In advanced reverse osmosis purification systems, a system called crossflow is used to keep the membrane from clogging. In a crossflow system, water is continuously passed through the membrane, allowing the contaminants to be swept away without clogging the membrane. In home reverse osmosis purification systems, two kinds of semipermeable membranes are commonly used. The first is called Thin Film Composite (TFC). The second option in home reverse osmosis systems is a Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) membrane. In general, TFC membranes filter water better than CTA membranes because the holes in them are smaller and can capture more foreign particles. The one disadvantage to a TFC membrane is that it can be destroyed by exposure to chlorine in municipal tap water over a period of time. Most reserve osmosis purification systems have an activated carbon filter that removes chlorine to safeguard the membrane. What Can Reverse Osmosis Filter? Reverse osmosis is a very effective way of cleaning water, filtering out almost all contaminants that may be in home tap water. Here are some of the things that a reverse osmosis water purifying system can remove, listed by the effectiveness of the reduction: 1. Removes: Arsenic, Most bacteria and viruses, Chlorine, Fluoride, Odors, Bad Tastes, Heavy metals, Nitrates, Debris, Sediment and Iron 2. Reduces the amount of: Hydrogen sulfide, Benzene, Other volatile substances 3. No effective removal: Radon It should be noted that a reverse osmosis water purifier does not kill bacteria or viruses. In some cases, tiny viruses may pass through the semipermeable membrane and into the purified water if the membrane has been damaged due to prolonged exposure to chlorine. To safeguard against this, most reverse osmosis filtration systems are installed simultaneously with ultraviolet light filters that can kill pathogens. Pros and Cons of Reverse Osmosis Water Purification There are numerous pros and some cons to owning a reverse osmosis purification system. One advantage of a reverse osmosis system is that reverse osmosis is better than almost any water purification system for filtering out contaminants and pathogens. Reverse osmosis systems can also render water tasteless and odorless. Purified water also prevents rust and mineral build up in bathrooms, sinks, and pipes. Also, over the long term, reverse osmosis is inexpensive, costing less than 5 cents per gallon to filter. When compared with other filtration systems, it is a bargain. The biggest drawback with a reverse osmosis purifier is that it requires a lot of water to maintain the pressure required to induce hyperfiltration. Of all the water that passes through a reverse osmosis system, only between 5 and 15% of the water that goes in becomes purified, leaving a tremendous amount of waste water. Home systems are also slow, producing between 15 and 20 gallons of purified water per day depending on the system. Finally, due to degradation of the semipermeable membrane over time by exposure to chlorine, bacteria and viruses can make their way into the purified water. As a result, many people choose to install UV filters along with their reverse osmosis purifiers. Costs and Brands For installation in a home, a reverse osmosis purification system can be quite costly. Initially, a homeowner will have to pay for the system and installation that can run between $300 and $5000 depending on the quality and capacity of the water purification system. Also, from time to time, the membrane will need to be replaced. Membranes cost between $100 and $300 dollars. In addition, carbon filters are needed to increase the longevity of the semipermeable membrane. These can cost between $50 and $100. Finally, most homeowners choose to install an additional UV filtration system to kill bacteria and viruses. These can cost several hundreds of dollars in addition to installation fees. In recent years, another alternative to a house-wide reverse osmosis system is small portable units. These can cost as little as $150 and go up to $500. They can be placed in any room and can produce several gallons of purified water per day. Some popular brands include the GE Profile Reverse Osmosis Filtration System, the Aqua Pure Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water System, and The Tap Master Iron Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration System. The End Result: Opt for RO As pollutants in municipal water supplies increase, more people are looking into installing home water purification systems. While there are many kinds, none surpass reverse osmosis systems in terms of filtering out contaminants. For those interested in drinking the cleanest water available, reverse osmosis water purification systems should definitely be considered. 18 Responses to RO Water Purifiers Leave a Reply
Most day to day drugs such as caffeine and paracetamol require a dosage in milligrams to have the desired effect. Why then, does it take many tens of grams of alcohol to have a tangible/noticeable physiological impact on the body? What is it about the composition of alcohol that makes it so weak, gram for gram, compared to other recreational and medicinal drugs? Are there any other psychoactive drugs that require similar dosages to alcohol to have an effect? For clarification, as per the comments For example, as a 90kg adult I can consume 30g of alcohol (3 UK units) before it has any noticeable impact, whereas a coffee containing just 100mg of caffeine (300 times less than alcohol) produces a noticeable reaction. • 3 $\begingroup$ It is an interplay between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The question is superbly broad; you talk about overdose first and next to "being hammered". You won't get 'hammered' by paracetamol. You can get battered by it, as an overdose mostly ends through internal bleeding. In contrast, heroine OD is characterized by respiratory failure. What exactly is your question and could you focus it? I think I know where you are heading, but I'd rather not make drastic edits on such a vague question, given the risk of missing the point. $\endgroup$ – AliceD Mar 16 '16 at 15:02 • $\begingroup$ Alcohol is easily metabolized to acetyl-CoA. $\endgroup$ Mar 16 '16 at 15:03 • $\begingroup$ Plus: a regular paracetamol dose for an adult is a gram. Which is 1000 mg, but I would call it also the gram range. Likely it's just the worst kind of example drug in the light of this question. $\endgroup$ – AliceD Mar 16 '16 at 15:17 • $\begingroup$ Fats or sugar are even "weaker" drugs. In any case, don't forget that The dose makes the poison. As a consequence, water is a very "weak" drug. $\endgroup$ – Remi.b Mar 16 '16 at 15:22 • $\begingroup$ Perhaps because alcohol is fairly common in nature (e.g. in overripe fruit), so fruit-eating creatures with a low tolerance to its effects would have been selected against. $\endgroup$ – jamesqf Mar 16 '16 at 22:10 As Christiaan already pointed out, this depends on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. The effective drug concentration depends on the drug-receptor association constant and the drug degradation constant (for a highly simplified model). The degradation/removal depends on the abundance of the enzyme catalyzing this reaction. Ethanol is primarily thought to cause intoxication by activation of GABAA receptors. However, only a very specific subclass of these receptors are activated at the levels of alcohol that one consumes during "social/moderate" drinking. Others require very high alcohol concentrations (Hanchar et al., 2006). Basically alcohol is not a very specific agonist/antagonist of any neurotransmitter or neuromodulator receptors. In other words, it does not have high affinity to any of these receptors. There is no answer to "why". I would guess that since ethanol is a very common molecule (and is also used as energy substrate by some organisms, to a certain extent), high sensitivity to ethanol would have been evolutionarily selected against. Although many proteins show changes in their function at very high alcohol concentrations (>50 mM), the molecular basis for behavioral alcohol effects at low to moderately intoxicating doses experienced during social alcohol consumption remains elusive (1). GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and the inhibitory GABAergic system have long been suspected to be targets for acute alcohol effects (2–4). For example, the GABAAR agonist muscimol potentiates the sedative actions of alcohol, whereas the opposite effect, a reduction of ethanol (EtOH)-produced sedation, is detected with the GABAAR blockers picrotoxin and bicuculline (5). Although most GABAAR subunit combinations can be activated by high (anesthetic) alcohol concentrations (6), only very specific GABAAR subunit combinations (containing the δ as well as the β3 subunit) exhibit dose dependencies that mirror blood alcohol levels that are associated with mild to moderate intoxication in humans (7, 8) (≈3–30 mM, because the legal drinking limit is 17 mM or 0.08%). From Hanchar et al., 2006 Other psychoactive drugs are highly specific and have high affinity to their corresponding receptors. For example, caffeine acts on the adenosine receptors at µM concentrations (Daly et al., 1983). This is because of caffeine's high affinity to these receptors. Moreover, ethanol is readily metabolized to acetyl-CoA by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes which are quite abundant in the body. Some people who have mutations in these enzymes leading to their reduced activity, "get drunk" and experience hangovers even with a low level of alcohol consumption. • $\begingroup$ Good, nicely formulated and concise answer +1 $\endgroup$ – AliceD Mar 16 '16 at 20:38 It has to do with the general genetic makeup of most humans (I believe it differs from a a population to another [Genetic polymorphism]), but in general: There are much more receptors (both in quality and quantity) effected by the active ingredients in alcohol, than there are for other molecules like Heroin or Cocaine, so it takes more dosage to "lay the weight" over it's receptors in compare to those of these material. To better understand this whole concept you could further read on articles about Physiological addiction, Psychological addiction, and the difference between these two types of addiction: Alcohol addiction, like Heroin addiction is much more physiological than psychological, but it requires much more material, as I have explained very generally above. • 3 $\begingroup$ Is it (your answer) only "maybe/I think" one or does it contain facts? If yes (contains facts), please put some reference to those facts. $\endgroup$ Mar 16 '16 at 15:02 • $\begingroup$ @another'Homosapien' OP certainly homes in on the question, but in the q's current state, I wouldn't put a lot of research effort in an answer either. $\endgroup$ – AliceD Mar 16 '16 at 15:05 • $\begingroup$ I agree @Christiaan and that is why I aksed OP whether question contains research effort or not. Excuse me if my comment was too rude. $\endgroup$ Mar 16 '16 at 15:07 Your Answer
<img alt="" src="https://secure.leadforensics.com/130144.png" style="display:none;"> VHR Global Technical Recruitment Contact Us How Would Colonising The Moon Work? • by: Ryan Abbot • On: 9, Jan 2019 3 min read Even since mankind first set foot on the moon in 1969, we have dreamt of colonising our nearest neighbour. With resources on our planet rapidly depleting, and space travel becoming easier, cheaper, and more accessible, some are predicting we will have people in permanent residence on the moon maybe by the end of the 2020’s. How We're Going To Colonise the Moon But how would colonising the moon work? And would it be any better or easier to colonise than Mars? Elon Musk is famously attempting to colonise Mars through his company SpaceX. At the time of writing, humans haven’t even set foot on the red planet, and just getting there poses some serious problems. The moon however, could very possibly be home to some enterprising astronauts. But why would we want to live on the moon at all? Advantages Of Colonising The Moon: The moon can be reached in a matter of days, allowing for faster deployment and easier management of resources. Its also beneficial in the event of an emergency, as help could reach the moon significantly sooner than Mars, which takes months to get to. Furthermore, the close proximity means than communications with Earth would be almost real-time, with only a small delay for transmission. Water And Other Resources There are regions on the moon which are permanently dark, and have been dark for two billion years. These areas of permashadow make for excellent reserves of volatiles (chemicals which would evaporate in sunlight), including water. It’s estimated there could be a hundred billion kg of water in the lunar north pole alone. Other resources like copper, iron, and aluminium may be hidden beneath the moon’s surface, which are of high importance to the future of manufacturing. Solar power is one of the most viable methods of generating energy on the moon despite the long night cycles. The moon’s poles are home to some mountain peaks which are permanently facing the sun, making them ideal vantage points for solar panels. These points could provide much of the power needed for any initial settlements, and provide a stable framework for further expansion. Problems With Colonising The Moon: Daytime temperatures on the moon’s surface reach over 100 degrees Celsius, and plummet to around -180 at night. What’s worse: a lunar night last for 14 Earth days. This would mean any habitation would need to be designed to deal for this, as well as being hospitable to humans attempting to regulate sleep and work. One of the biggest problems with colonising the moon is dealing with the natural hazards that inherently come with space exploration. The moon has no atmosphere, meaning it has no protection from cosmic radiation or small meteorites which, without an atmosphere, don’t burn up or slow down on their way to the surface. Extensive protection would be required, including an early warning system to alert anyone outside to incoming debris or meteorites. A single cut in a spacesuit could prove fatal. One option is to set up an electrostatic radiation shield, like a forcefield from Star Wars, to protect any settlements. Legal Issues Currently, no nation can actually claim any land on the moon as their own. The laws that would have to be established in space are still vague, but currently any settlement would have to neutral, international, and non-military. This is difficult to imagine humans achieving, but if we are to start new societies among the stars, we may need to unlearn territorial behaviour, and work together as we move into the future. Learn more about the dark side of moon, or read about the best things found in space. More Posts You May Like... Aviation Skills Shortage: How to Hire In Covid The Aviation sector has long suffered a chronic skills shortage: before Covid-19, 2 in 5 industry leaders marked recruit... Read full blog What Will Leisure and Business Travel Look Like After COVID-19? The Aviation and Travel industry has taken an economic hit because of the COVID19 pandemic. The first few months were an... Read full blog 5 Ways COVID-19 Has Changed the Aviation and Airline Industry It’s hard to estimate just how much the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated airlines. Aviation companies have had to innova... Read full blog
Subject: Melanin What? Melanin protects our DNA against UV rays. It is produced by melanocytes in the basal layer of the skin. Melanin is different colors and is also in the brain. Why? History Melanin is a polymer derived from tyrosine, an amino acid. Melanin protects our DNA against UV rays. The pigment gives human skin, hair and eyes their color. Melanin is responsible for tanning of the skin that is exposed to sunlight. It is a brown or black spot in the hair, skin, and iris of people and animals. How does it relate to the skin? Granules of melanin pigment are called melanosomes. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes. Melanin is the pigment that gives the skin, hair, and iris its colors. Dark-skinned people have melanin distributed differently in their skin. Cells called melanocytes produce melanin. It is basically a protection for the sun to block its harmful UV rays. Where does it typically occur? Melanosomes leave the melanocytes (cells) and move into other cells in the epidermis. Melanin is found in the hair, irises of the eyes, and several other places. When? (Implications) Melanin is responsible for determining skin and hair color. It is present in the skin in varying degrees. Freckles which occur in people are small areas of increased melanin production. A common skin condition is freckles. They are just skin cells that contain pigment, also known as melanin. The freckles are on the skin because of exposure to the sun’s rays. Who benefits from this? If humans did not have melanin we would be albinos. It provides some protection against skin damage from the sun. All humans benefit from having melanin. If we didn’t have this pigment in our hair, skin, or iris’s, we would have a disorder called albinism. What causes this? The tyrosine is found is special cells called melanocytes. A lack of tyrosine can lead to this disorder and others. Melanin has two types of eumelanin and pheomelanin. Melanogenesis is a process where melanin is produced by melanocytes, responding to UV rays. How? Solutions (Machines/Mechanical) Use sunscreen to help aid against the protection against the sun. The application of a physical or chemical sunscreen will help prevent sunburns by protecting the skin. How? Solutions (Non Mechanical) various genes, nutrition and environmental factors plays a role in the color of the skin. Your surrounding environment plays a big role in the color of your skin. « Back to Glossary Index error: Content is protected !!
Article Presenting Problem Presenting Problem: Dyspnea in Ferrets This presenting problem article reviews the basic approach to the dyspneic ferret beginning with clinical signs of the dyspneic ferret, key points of urgent care, as well as case management. This latter section reviews tips on taking the history, performing the physical exam, important differential diagnoses, as well as the diagnostic/therapeutic approach. Gastrointestinal Disease in the Ferret The ferret is a carnivore with a short, simple gastrointestinal tract and a relatively rapid gastrointestinal transit time. Diarrhea is the most common clinical sign in ferrets with gastrointestinal disease, with the exception of gastrointestinal foreign bodies where anorexia and weight loss are the primary presenting complaints. Article Presenting Problem Presenting problem: Fever of Unknown Origin in the Ferret Disseminated idiopathic myofasciitis (DIM) is a severe inflammatory disease that primarily affects skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles as well as surrounding connective tissues. This recently identified disease typically affects young ferrets, less than 18 months of age. The cause of DIM is unknown, but this condition is suspected to be an acquired immune-mediated disease. The onset of DIM is usually acute to subacute, followed by a rapid decline over 12-36 hours. The most prominent clinical signs include a high fever ranging from… Article Presenting Problem Presenting problem: Upper Respiratory Signs in the Ferret Clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease in the ferret can include congestion, sneezing, oculonasal discharge, and non-specific signs of illness, such as reduced appetite, lethargy, and weight loss. If disease extends lower into the respiratory tract, cough, tachypnea, and… Article Presenting Problem Presenting problem: Vaccine Reaction in Ferrets Pet ferrets are routinely vaccinated against canine distemper virus and rabies virus. Anecdotally, hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are common in the ferret, and can potentially be fatal.
Leo Tolstoy Archive The Teaching of Christ Narrated for Children Chapter 11 Written: 1908 Source: From RevoltLib.com Transcription/Markup: Andy Carloff Online Source: RevoltLib.com; 2021 Leo Tolstoy More and more people went after Jesus and listened to his teaching. And the Pharisees did not like it, and they started to think how to accuse Jesus before people. One Saturday Jesus went with his disciples across a field. The disciples plucked ears of wheat along the road, crushed them with their hands, and ate the grains. And according to the teaching of Jews God established a covenant with Moses so that people should not work on Saturdays at all, but should only pray to God. The Pharisees saw that Jesus' disciples plucked the ears of wheat on Saturday, stopped his disciples, and said to them: “You are not supposed to do that on Saturday. On Saturday you are not allowed to work, but you crush the wheat ears. It is stated in the law that one should be executed to death who works on Saturday.” Jesus heard that and said: “A prophet said that God wants love, not sacrifice. If you would understand these words, you would not accuse my disciples. People are more important than Saturday.” And Pharisees did not know what to respond to those words, and went silent. On another occasion, Pharisees saw that Jesus came into the house of a tax collector Matthew, and had lunch together with everybody in his household. And those with whom he dined, Pharisees consider infidels . The Pharisees began to accuse Jesus: they told that it is illegal to dine with infidels. And Jesus said: “I'm teaching the truth to everyone who wants to learn the truth. You consider yourself being righteous and think that you know the truth, and therefore there is nothing else you can be taught. So, it is only possible to teach the infidels. And how will they learn the truth, if we do not get together with them? Then the Pharisees, not knowing what to answer, began to rebuke the disciples of Jesus for eating bread with unwashed hands. Themselves they strictly followed their instructions on how to wash hands and dishes. And regarding everything from the market, if it was not washed, they did not eat. To these words Jesus said: “You blame us for not following the formalities of ablution when we eat, but what can defile a person is not what enters the human body. What defiles a person is that what comes out of his soul, because what comes out of the human soul are: evil, fornication, murder, theft, greed, malice, deceit, rudeness, envy, slander, pride, and all evil. All evil comes only from human soul, and only evil can defile a person. Let love to brothers be in your soul, and then everything else will be pure. (Matt. 12, 1-8; 9, 9-13; Ll. 7, 1-5, 14-23) 1) What did the Pharisee think about the teaching of Jesus? 2) What were his disciples blamed for at first? 3) What did Jesus answer? 4) What were the disciples blamed for the other time? 5) What did Jesus answer? 6) What were the disciples blamed for the third time? 7) What did Jesus answer?
Ileostomy meanings in Urdu It looks like we do not have any meanings for the word "ileostomy" in Urdu. We will however try to add it as soon as possible. Ileostomy Definitions Please find 1 English and definitions related to the word Ileostomy. • (noun) : surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus; performed in cases of cancer of the colon or ulcerative colitis What are the meanings of Ileostomy in Urdu? Meanings of the word Ileostomy in Urdu are . To understand how would you translate the word Ileostomy in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Ileostomy or it’s Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Ileostomy synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Ileostomy. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Ileostomy in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.
You are here Laser Tag in the Library October 27, 2016 Children / Family Advance Planning The goal for this program was to bring teens and tweens into the library and to create a sense of community for the teens. Participants have made new friends and spend time together outside of the library. The young adult librarian, young adult intern and library director worked together to plan this program after it was suggested by members of our teen advisory board. Special care was taken to ensure the program didn’t feel violent. This included the choice of sci-fi inspired phasers, which use light to hit a target located on an opponent’s phaser, instead of traditional laser guns. The librarians also selected phasers that were intended for team play, rather than individual play, so teens would be encouraged to work together and get to know one another. The program was tested by the members of the teen advisory board, who used word of mouth to market the program to their friends. The library also used traditional marketing methods for the program, which include posters in the library and other prominent locations in town, press releases to newsletters, advertisement on the library’s website and Facebook page, and outreach to the local middle school and high schools. Budget Details The cost for this program is relatively minimal. We purchased a set of two phasers from Amazon for $64. Our library has an Amazon Prime membership, so we did not have to pay for shipping. As a small library, we opted to purchase four sets of two phasers (eight total), allowing teens to take turns playing the game. This gives teens the chance to socialize in the library and encourage other participants while they wait. This is the only equipment needed to play the game, and the phasers we purchased are sturdy enough that they have not needed replacement in the 2 ½ years we have been hosting the program. The only other costs for this program are staffing and batteries for the phasers. The young adult librarian hosts this program on her own, so she is paid for 1-½ hours for each program (one hour for the program, plus 15 minutes to open the library and 15 minutes to close the library). The phasers generally need their batteries changed after three or four programs. Day-of-event Activity There is little to no set-up for this program. The young adult librarian scans the library to ensure chairs, step stools and other tripping hazards are moved out of the way before the program begins and hands out the phasers. Simple as that! The only challenge the librarian has faced is learning how to host the program in a way that does not condone violence or bring up disagreements. We always begin the program by encouraging teens to play as a team and to retreat to the safe zone if they need to reload their phaser or take a break. Program Execution This program has been popular enough that we have made it a monthly program (with a break during our summer reading program). The first few times we have hosted this program we have had 20 teens and tweens attend. Since then attendancehas varied, but averages about 10 teens per program. This may not sound like a lot, but as a small, rural library, these are great numbers for teen/tween programs for us. We turn most of the lights off in the library to make the experience more fun for the teens, and they really get active running around and shouting. It is wonderful to see teens break away from the concept of a library as a quiet place and embrace the concept that the library can be a space where they can have fun, socialize and develop team-building skills. Parents enjoy the program, too, because it is a great way for teens to get a little exercise during the colder winter months, and they enjoy seeing them have fun with new friends. This program does not have a formal evaluation component. The young adult librarian reports to the director after each program to discuss attendance and how she feels it went. There have been times when attendance has been low and the librarians have decided to take a break for a few months to regain interest. The librarians speak to parents during and after the program to gain their input, and the teens are never shy to share their opinions about the program, either. There was one incident where a library patron and parent (whose child was not involved in the program) learned about the program and complained that it was inappropriate for a library setting and that the library should not encourage teens to engage in “gun play.” At this time, the library director and board of trustees evaluated the program in detail in order to decide whether or not to continue hosting the program. The positive aspects of the program, such as a space for teens to socialize, physical activity, team-building and the good natured way the teens engage in the game, ended up outweighing the negative connotation that laser tag is ultimately violent. The board of trustees ruled that as long as teens continue to engage in the program in a respectful and non-violent way, the library will continue to host the program. Be sure to have a plan in place in case a parent or other community member complains about the program. Our complaint was initially made via a Facebook post blasting the library for promoting violence. The library director, who handles the library’s social media accounts, immediately responded to the complaint providing more details about the program and the positive aspects. The director also invited the complaining patron to a private meeting to discuss the program. During this meeting the director provided details about the origin of the program, how it is played out and why we feel it is appropriate. The patron still disagreed, and was encouraged to bring her concerns to the attention of the board of library trustees. The patron was not able to attend the next trustee’s meeting in person, but did submit a letter, which was read and discussed by the board. Short Title Laser Tag in the Library Teens and tweens are invited to the library during its closed hours to play team laser tag. They are divided into two teams and take turns using laser phasers (purchased from Amazon) to play the game. The library lights are dimmed, and the teens and tweens have free reign of the library and can play in any part of the building, except for the young adult room. This room is designated as a “safe zone” where kids can reload their phasers if they have lost all of their lives or need to rest. Slideshow Images • A boy runs around a table while playing laser tag in the library. • A girl stand between two bookshelves while playing laser tag in the library. • A nerf phaser that is used for laser tag rests on top of a table. Teens and tweens get socializing time and physical activity in the library after-hours.
an antithesis to 11.12.2008 - Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "an antithesis to" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. How to use antithesis in a sentence. Example sentences with the word antithesis. antithesis example sentences. Define antithesis: the direct opposite — antithesis in a sentence. Definition of antithesis - a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else, (in Hegelian philosophy) the negation of the thesis as. Define antithesis. antithesis synonyms, antithesis pronunciation, antithesis translation, English dictionary definition of antithesis. n. pl. an·tith·e·ses 1. Direct contrast; opposition. 2. The direct or exact opposite: Hope is the antithesis of despair. 3. a. A figure of speech in which... Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses. The structures of phrases and clauses are similar, in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. For example: “Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.” The use of Antithesis is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introduced together for contrasting effect. Antithesis can be defined as "a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences amcas significant research essay abstracts for phd dissertation alexander pope an essay on man online accounting and finance dissertation topics alexander pope essay on man quotes alexander pope essay on man analysis american best essay academic writing online tutorial acknowledgement format for dissertation admission essay nursing school alex wright friending ancient or otherwise thesis all summer in a day thesis statement advantages of homework advantages of learning english essay academic essay style guide admission occupational therapy essay ageing population problems essay advantages and disadvantages of case studies as a research method academic writing apa style format america is a melting pot essay aib coursework america between colony essay hollow kingdom latin nation selected trilogy advantages and disadvantages of space exploration essay admission essay social work Maecenas aliquet accumsan Or visit this link or this one
How contrast can skew our perception The contrast principle affects the way we see judge or evaluate things when they are compared with another. If we compare a beach ball and a tennis ball, we will perceive the beach ball to be big and the tennis ball small. But when we compare the beach ball with the moon, we think of the beach ball as small. In other words, our judgement and perception is relative, not absolute. The contrast principle is used extensively in sales. For example, I worked for a company which sold stationary to schools. To increase the order size, we used the contrast principle by saying that other schools (social proof) were buying 20 or thirty of a certain product. We then asked, would you like to take the same or would 5 or 10 be better for you? Usually they would choose 5 or 10 (if you were lucky then you may get an order for 30). However, if the contrast principle was not used and the salesperson asked “how many do you want?”, the customer would usually buy 1 or 2. The contrast between the suggested 30 and the possible 5 was so great that it made the 5 seems small. But if the salesperson suggested 5 without the higher contrast then 5 would seem too many. Robert Cialdini also gives the popular example of the hot/cold contrast. A person sits with one hand in a bucket of hot water and the other in a bucket of ice cold water. They then place both hands in to a single bucket of luke-warm water. The result is that the person whose hand has been in the cold water perceives the new bucket to contain hot water, whereas the person whose hand has been in the hot water feels the water to be cold. Have you ever had a very warm shower before jumping in to a public swimming pool? Usually, this makes the pool feel colder then if you had just jumped straight in. So, how does the contrast principle relate to personal development? Well, one great way to make yourself value you what you have is to watch the news. Now, I don’t like to watch the news without a conscious, system 2 thinking process to ensure that I am watching it with the contrast principle firmly in my mind. There is so much bad news out there that without a positive reason for watching, it is very easy to get depressed and upset at the things which are happening in the world. The contrast principle can help you to realise that the things which make you angry, stressed and frustrated are really just a drop in the ocean. Also, by thinking proactively and using your internal locus of control, you can think of ways to improve the things you don’t like about the world. That’s the difference between world leaders and the rest of the population, some people despair, some people deny, others don’t care, leaders decide and do. Remember as Ghandi said, “You must be the change you want to see in the world”. Further Reading: Dr Robert B Cialdini: Influence: The psychology of persuasion One thought on “How contrast can skew our perception Comments are closed.
What are some common mistakes students make with isotope notation? 1 Answer Mar 5, 2017 Writing mass and atomic numbers the wrong way round. Isotopes are written as #""_Z^A X#, where X is the element, Z is the atomic number and A is the atomic mass. I was guilty of this for a long time too, I'd write the mass on the bottom because it's larger so it made more sense. Isotopes should always be written with the big number on top.
Share this : In 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic, female labour force participation in India and South Asia was 20.5% and 23.5%, respectively (ILO estimates, World Bank database). Comparable estimates for males were 76% and 77%, respectively. The Middle East and North Africa are the only regions with lower female participation than South Asia. The pandemic has made this situation worse. It has hit women disproportionately — because they work in sectors that have been the hardest hit; work more than men do in the informal economy; or because they are the primary caregivers at home. Owing to Covid-19, global female employment is 19% more at risk than male employment (ILO estimates). For India, economist Ashwini Deshpande estimates that compared to men, women were 9.5% less likely to be employed in August 2020 compared to August 2019. Ominously, girls are at greater risk of losing their human capital — in India, there is a 30% increase in new registrations on matrimonial websites, and, in South Asia, an additional 200,000 girls are expected to be forced into child marriages this year (Lancet). Recovery efforts cannot be gender-blind, because, as the saying goes, “gender-blind is not gender-neutral.” There are four areas where government policy can help ameliorate long-standing issues. First, address child care-related issues, a critical barrier to women’s labour force participation. The biggest dividends will come from focusing on women in the informal sector. In India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, 76, 89, 71 and 66% of working women, respectively, are employed on own account or as family workers (ILO). The Integrated Child Development Scheme provides some support, but it is not a full-time child care solution. The “Sangini Centres” of Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) provide full-day child care for 0-5 year olds, including nutrition, health and child care. Women using these centres report a monthly income increase of between 500-1,000. Similar centres will have to be significantly expanded. As for the formal sector, governments can mandate paternity leave on a use-it-or-lose-it basis, as one way to get men to share in infant care duties. Second, tackle the digital divide. In India in 2019, internet users were 67% male and 33% female, and this gap is even bigger in rural areas. This divide can become a barrier for women to access critical education, health and financial services, or to achieve success in activities or sectors that are becoming more digitised. To address this, partnerships between the public and private sectors will be most effective. Actions will need to address affordability of phones and computers, female digital literacy and its social context and inadequate technical content dedicated to women and girls. Third, in the formal sector, use the income tax system to push female labour force participation. Women have a higher elasticity of labour supply than men (their labour supply is more responsive to their take-home wages) — lower income taxes for women can incentivise their participation. In India, given the abysmally low rate of female participation, such a move will not have a significant impact on public finances. This can be compensated with a much smaller tax increase on male employees, if needed. This could help create incentives for female employment within households. Fourth, mainstream gender-disaggregated data collection and monitoring. What is measured gets acted upon. Globally, major gaps in gendered data and the lack of trend data make it hard to monitor progress. A UN-Women Initiative called “Making Every Woman and Girl Count” was launched in 2016 to help prioritise gender data, ensure regular production of quality and comparable gender statistics, and ensure that data are accessible and used to inform policy. In India, too, significant gaps in data on the girl child prevent a systematic longitudinal assessment of the lives of girls. This needs to be corrected. The best way to “not waste the crisis” is to ensure that women come back stronger. Women in India and other parts of South Asia can become a critical part of the recovery. Print Friendly, PDF & Email Share this :
How Can FDA Regulation Build Transparency into Health Care AI Tools? In October, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a workshop on the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care. While the FDA carefully reviews clinical trial data in a public process before approving new drugs, the agency reviews data for new AI devices privately and only provides a summary of testing after granting clearance. This can undermine clinicians’ confidence in AI devices, according to Jack Resneck Jr., MD, a dermatologist at the University of California San Francisco and president-elect of the American Medical Association. “Just as we want to know risks and benefits of a new drug, we like to see published peer-reviewed data to develop trust in an AI tool as well,” he said. Medical device manufacturers and their trade groups argued that devices using AI don’t require special regulation from the FDA. Physicians and researchers attending the workshop disagreed, asserting that AI tools must be carefully tested and monitored, as they tend to be opaque and recycle bias embedded in health data. “There is nothing unique to AI about issues of accuracy, validity, and completeness of data,” said Ralph Hall, JD, professor of practice at the University of Minnesota Law School who spoke on behalf of the Artificial Intelligence in Imaging Coalition. “To create special automatic rules for AI … may slow patient access to what can be some very important products,” he added. “We have this really incredible technology that can do all these interesting things,” said Lily Peng, a product manager in Google’s health research division. “But at the end of the day, we need to understand how we study this in real-world settings and how we get reporting back to [the FDA] in real time so that you can address problems even before an adverse event actually happens.” Agency officials have suggested developers of AI tools could disclose expected updates and modifications before they are available for commercial sale so that the FDA could review those changes without triggering another review process. Source: STAT, October 18, 2021.
Message of Family Heritage in Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" 1218 words 5 pages In Alice Walker's "Everyday Use," the message about the preservation of heritage, specifically African-American heritage, is very clear. It is obvious that Walker believes that a person's heritage should be a living, dynamic part of the culture from which it arose and not a frozen timepiece only to be observed from a distance. There are two main approaches to heritage preservation depicted by the characters in this story. The narrator, a middle-aged African-American woman, and her youngest daughter Maggie, are in agreement with Walker. To them, their family heritage is everything around them that is involved in their everyday lives and everything that was involved in the lives of their ancestors. To Dee, the narrator's oldest …show more content… Her mother says, "In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bits and pieces of Grandpa Jarrell's paisley shirts. And one teeny blue faded piecefrom Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War" (412). It is obvious that these quilts, which have become an heirloom, not only represent the family, but are an integral part of the family. However, Dee covets the quilts only for their aesthetic value. "But they're priceless!" (413), she exclaims to her mother when she finds out that her mother has already promised them to Maggie. Dee argues that Maggie is "backward enough to put them to everyday use" (413). Her mother responds to Dee's argument by saying, "I reckon she wouldI hope she will" (413). Indeed, this is how Maggie views the quilts. She values them for what they mean to her as an individual. Obviously, her mother also feels this way about the quilts. When the girls' mother asks Dee what she would do with the quilts, Dee says that she would hang them up. Again, Dee is showing her lack of understanding of her family's heritage. By hanging the quilts, she would be symbolically distancing her past and her heritage from her present life. If she were to put them to everyday use, like Maggie would probably do, she would be admitting her status as a member of her old-fashioned oppressed
In Python what is difference between Array and List +1 vote Mar 15, 2019 in Python by Shabnam • 930 points 4 answers to this question. +1 vote Lists and arrays are used in Python to store data(any data type- strings, integers etc), both can be indexed and iterated also. Difference between lists and arrays are the functions that you can perform on them like for example when you want to divide an array by 4, the result will be printed on request but in case of a list, python will throw an error message. Here's how it works: Arrays need to be declared whereas lists do not need declaration because they are a part of Python's syntax. This is the reason lists are more often used than arrays. But in case you want to perform some arithmetic function to your list, one should go with arrays instead. If you want to store a large amount of data, then you should consider arrays because they can store data very compactly and efficiently. Hope it helps!! If you need to know more about Python, It's recommended to join Python course today. answered Mar 15, 2019 by Taj • 1,080 points edited Mar 18, 2019 by Omkar 0 votes Python does not have native array data structure,but it has the list which is mutable which means we can modify the content present within the list.We can store data of heterogeneous datatypes.List is much more general and can be used as a multidimensional array quite easily. answered Mar 19, 2020 by chirag • 180 points 0 votes In Python an array.array is a 1-dimensional linear array; it is variable length (so it doesn't necessarily pack data together in memory), but it can only hold data of one fixed-size type, and so cannot hold other containers (for instance other array.arrays). This constraint enables the interpreter to efficiently allocate memory, as whenever you're going to grow the array substantially it needs to only pre-allocate space for more of a known-width data type. So, if you know your data type ahead of time, using an array.array can be quite a bit more memory efficient. Contrast that with Python's list, which is variable width but can also hold variable-width data types, and can also therefore contain N-dimensions (ie you can make lists of lists). This is much less memory-efficient, as the interpreter needs to pre-allocate quite a bit of memory to allow it to grow performantly. answered Apr 13, 2020 by beenmeckel • 180 points 0 votes • Python lists are very flexible and can hold arbitrary data. • Lists are a part of Python’s syntax, so they do not need to be declared first. • Python arrays are just a thin wrapper on C arrays. • Arrays need to first be imported, or declared, from other libraries (i.e. numpy). answered Dec 9, 2020 by anonymous • 82,880 points Related Questions In Python +1 vote 1 answer What is the difference between range and xrange functions in Python 2.X? xrange only stores the range params and ...READ MORE answered Aug 22, 2018 in Python by Priyaj • 58,140 points 0 votes 5 answers +2 votes 2 answers What is the difference between print and return in python? Return statements end the execution of a ...READ MORE answered Aug 26, 2019 in Python by anonymous 0 votes 0 answers What is the difference between isdigit, isnumeric and isdecimal in python? Can you give examples for each of ...READ MORE May 31, 2019 in Python by Waseem • 4,540 points 0 votes 2 answers +1 vote 2 answers how can i count the items in a list? answered Jul 7, 2019 in Python by Neha • 330 points edited Jul 8, 2019 by Kalgi 2,479 views 0 votes 1 answer +5 votes 6 answers Lowercase in Python answered Apr 11, 2018 in Python by hemant • 5,810 points 0 votes 1 answer What is difference between "inplace = True" and "inplace = False? Hi, Both inplace= true and inplace = False ...READ MORE answered Aug 9, 2019 in Python by Taj • 1,080 points
Ancient Persia, Parthian Empire, Orodes II, AR Drachm Period: 57-37 BC Ancient Persia, Parthian Empire, Orodes II, AR Drachm Ancient Persia, Parthian Empire, Orodes II, AR Drachm 120.00 VAT margin scheme Article code14-2704 Silver drachm of Orodes II, king of the Parthian Empire from 57 BC to 37 BC. Obverse: Diademed and cuirassed bust of Orodes II with beard and royal wart on forehead. Star before face, crescent and star behind head; horse head end to torque. Reverse: Archer seated right on throne, holding bow, monogram beneath. The dot on his forehead is the so-called "royal wart" which was regarded as a physical token of true Parthian nobility. Weight: 4,06 grams Sellwood 48/9 The Parthian Empire (also known as Arsacid Empire) was a Persian dynasty which came between the Achaemenid and Sassanian Dynasties of Persia (present-day Iran). It was founded by Mithridates the Great in 171 BC and lasted for nearly 400 years until its final demise at the hands of Ardashir I, the first Sassanian Persian king, between 206-224 AD. The Parthian empire was located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire and the Empire of China and became a center of trade and commerce. Native Parthian sources, written in Parthian, Greek and other languages are scarce. Apart from some cuneiform tablets, rock inscriptions, drachm coins and some parchment documents, much of Parthian history is only known through external sources. Trade developed greatly under the Parthians and many of their coins and art objects have been found as far away as in Volga, the Caucasus and other sites in south Russia as well as in Chinese Turkestan. It was generally believed that the Parthians only had the means and resources to start minting coins from the 2nd century BC. Since the discovery of the hoard at Seleucia in 1968 it is now accepted that coins were already minted by Arsaces I, and that during the reign of Mithradates I (171-138 BC) the first tetradrachms were struck. Parthians and Sasanians refined silver to mint coins and to make luxury items and decorations. Period Ancient Category Coins Material Silver Country Ancient Persia
Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay. Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Democratization of Islamic Countries Info: 2281 words (9 pages) Essay Published: 3rd Oct 2017 in Politics Reference this Revolutionary events that engulfed a number of Arab countries in 2010 – 2011 (in the media, they were called the event “Arab Spring”), have introduced a wide range of radical changes in the political situation in the Middle East and for the whole region had far-reaching consequences. As a result of these events, instead of the authoritarian regimes in a number of countries came to power moderate Islamist forces (“Muslim Brotherhood” in Egypt, “An-Nahda” in Tunisia), who set themselves the task of development in these countries regimes “Islamic democracy” , mainly due to the Turkish model. Moderate Islamists (the party “Justice and Development”) won the parliamentary elections in Morocco, the country that has remained a monarchy, but went to a certain democratization of their political institutions. In another country, the “Arab Spring” – Libya – as a result of the general democratic elections came to power liberal “Alliance of National Forces. “All of the above events led many experts to conclude that new prospects for democratization in the region, which eventually should lead to a homogenization of the Middle East into a single policy area, where the main role will be played by pro-Islamic democratic regimes. Get Help With Your Essay Essay Writing Service However, in other Arab countries such as Syria and Yemen, the event “Arab Spring” has not been so successful, because here they have exacerbated the internal contradictions and resulted in civil war. In 2013, the prospects for the development of Islamic democracy were at issue in Egypt, where on July 3 was a military revolt, which resulted in the management of “Muslim Brotherhood” was behind bars. Meanwhile, in late May, internal political situation deteriorated and in a relatively stable until now Turkey. All these events have reopened the debate on an issue that worries experts in recent years: whether moderate Islamic regimes to stay in power and to bring democracy and stability in the political process in the Middle East?Or region again waiting for the dominance of authoritarian rule and civil war?Unfortunately, experts’ forecasts are not as optimistic as it was a few years ago, because it is clear that the risk of political instability poses a serious threat to many countries in the region. Over 2011-2012, it was possible to observe how the democratic reforms in the countries of the “Arab Spring” began to gradually become a reality. In particular, in the elections to the People’s Assembly, the lower house of parliament in Egypt, which lasted more than 2 months, won a landslide victory moderate Islamic “Freedom and Justice Party,” which is the political wing of the Islamist movement “Muslim Brotherhood. “For this political force voted about 47% of voters. In the upper house of the Egyptian Parliament, the Advisory Council, it took another 105 members of this party. It is not surprising that the presidential elections held in Egypt in May-June 2012 he was elected leader of the country the candidate of “freedom and justice” S. Mursi, collected in the second round, more than half of all votes. Fortunately events developed for the Islamists in Tunisia. Here in the parliamentary elections, which took place in October 2011, won a landslide victory moderate Islamic party “Ennahda”, for which voted 41% of voters. According to the results of the election, the Prime Minister was elected General Secretary of the party H. Dzhebali. Overall, as a result of the impact of the “Arab Spring”, the democratic process and intensified in a number of other Arab countries of the Greater Middle East. In particular, parliamentary elections were held in February 2012 in Kuwait, where Islamists have received 34 of the 50 parliamentary seats. In Algeria, the country’s parliamentary elections took place in May 2012. They moderate Islamists (“Green Algeria Alliance”), although a small number of votes received (48 of 426 seats in parliament), but they have been admitted to the election authority and thus were included in the political process. Party moderate Islamic orientation are also a number of other Islamic countries, in particular: “The movement of the Islamic Action” in Jordan, “AK Party building” in Libya, “Hamas” in Palestine, the party “Justice and Development in Morocco” and others. Unfortunately, all of the successes of new Islamic democracy were thwarted further developments. Since the revolutions of the “Arab Spring” has passed about two years, but the situation in these countries is still unstable. In particular, in Libya armed fighting between militants of various revolutionary brigades, carried out the attacks and armed attacks on government offices. In Egypt, mass demonstrations by the secular opposition led by the “National Salvation Front” led to bloody clashes with supporters of Islamist and began to threaten to escalate into civil war, resulting in power in the country again into their own hands took the military. In Syria still ongoing civil war which resulted in the already killed more than 100,000 people. But the main thing that became restless and “exemplary” country of Islamic democracy – Turkey. May 28 at Taksim Square in Istanbul began a peaceful demonstration, which later resulted in the massive anti-government riots that swept a number of Turkish cities. On the streets of Turkish cities came mainly supporters of the Turkish secular parties and opponents of gradual Islamization of the country, who demanded the resignation of the leader of the Islamist Erdogan and Islamic forces removal from power. It is clear that all the events are not some spontaneous actions, they have deep historical roots. In general, the main difficulties faced by Islamic democracy, are as follows: The first problem is related to the existence of a deep split in most Islamic societies through secularism / Sharia. This split has developed historically: the processes of modernization, which covered most Muslim societies in the twentieth century, contributed to the formation of a new elite focused on the Western model of development. The latter, which is concentrated mainly in the cities, took an active part in the updated state institutions andbecome their mainstay. At the same time, another hourPart of society remained a supporter of traditional Islamic values. As a consequence, there was a split society through peripherals (province, traditional) and the center (urban, modern). Dissatisfied with existing secular regime organized in the Islamic movement and the beginning of democratization – in the Islamic parties. 1980-1990 were the years of revival and the triumph of political Islam in Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria. However, in defense of secular regimes in these countries have become military, led to some curtailment of democratic processes. Now another round of such aggravation we see in Turkey, where the secular circles opposed the policy of the ruling Islamic party “Justice and Development” aimed at the Islamization of the country as well as in Egypt, where the secular parties and the military opposed the president S. Mursi. The second problem is related to the existence of a difficult socio-economic situation, which is observed in most of the “Arab Spring. “Experts believe that one of the most important factors in the success of democracy is to ensure an adequate level of economic development, which, unfortunately, is not present at a number of Islamic revolutionary countries. The emergence of civil society and democracy can not be there where people need to think about their vital necessities of life. In this context, the economic problems of Egypt, which in no way failed to weaken the government S. Mursi proved to be a factor that contributed to the exit of people on the street. Find Out How UKEssays.com Can Help You! View our services The third problem is characterized by the existence in Muslim societies of the whole complex of inter-clan, inter-faith and inter-ethnic conflicts. Society of the Middle East have a pretty motley composition, because they consist of various religious groups (such as Syria, Iraq and Lebanon), the various ethnic and tribal groups (such as Libya and Yemen), patrimonial clans, etc. As part of an authoritarian regime, all these groups are under government control. But in the case of destabilization of the political situation, they actively intervene in the political struggle for power and tend to inflame tribal and religious struggle, which could result in civil war. In particular, in Syria faced the interests of a number of different groups: Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Kurds, Christians. Fourth obstacle to the development of democracy in Islamic countries stands stratum military circles that actively interfere in the internal political processes in their countries. The army’s role in politics in the Middle East has always been significant. Military circles mainly act on the side of the secular community in their struggle against political Islam. In Egypt, the secular army positions were greatly strengthened by General G. Naserom that from 1952 to 1970 led the country. The armed forces in Turkey and have always played an important role in the political life of the country. Prospects for democratization of Islamic countries “Arab Spring” There are historical experience shows that any significant shocks and abrupt changes in the policies of individual countries are becoming a significant catalyst for people’s activity, pushing it to the protest. Free elections bring to the surface of the political forces that are most consistent with the interests of the masses. It is not surprising that such forces in the countries of the “Arab Spring” in the first place were the Islamists. But the imposition of its policies mainly towards realization of the Sharia inevitably leads to the emergence of opposition from secular circles and has the effect of further destabilization of the situation in a particular country. The level of this risk is not the same for all countries. It depends on many factors: the duration and nature of the tensions in society, especially the political groups that came to power, the state of the economy, etc… But in any case it must be assumed that the current realities in countries emerging from popular uprisings and armed insurgencies characterized by imbalance and threaten to destabilize the political regimes in violation of inner balance. And this can happen in case of problems in the economy and the exacerbation of social problems. In Egypt, there was just such a situation. The revolutionary events and changes in the political regime drew deeper roots of general economic frustration, which was due to too straightforward strategy for market development in the context of significant lack of resources and numerous imbalances in the economy. The revolution led to a further decline in living standards and an increase in the number of unemployed. S. Mursi government failed to stabilize the situation, not of an economic success of the policy of Islamization of the country has caused discontent among a significant number of Egyptians and forced the military to take over power in their hands. Given recent events, the democratization of Egypt in the future looks pretty controversial. Most likely, military forces will continue to try to control the situation in the country. Tunisia, which all States “Arab Spring” looks most promising in terms of the development of democracy, is now also going through difficult times. Killing one of the leaders of the opposition Sh. Belaida caused outrage among many people. And after the military mutiny July 3, 2013 in neighboring Egypt guide Tunisia announced the introduction in the country for 3 months of emergency. Still among the Muslim countries in the region, the most successful looks Turkey. But much depends on the leadership of the ruling Islamic party “Justice and Development”. If its leaders will provide a balanced internal policies, taking into account the interests of minorities, including secular circles, the forecast further development of democracy in the country is positive. If the country’s leaders will ignore the interests of the minority, the country may also threaten political destabilization. Considering the broader context of the prospects for democratization of Islamic countries, it should be noted that some of the Arab world as a whole immune to political change. Saudi Arabia is undoubtedly the most striking example, when an authoritarian regime operates without any obstacles. Similarly, in other Gulf countries authoritarian regimes seem strong enough and immutable. Despite the existence of substantial domestic opposition, the events of the “Arab Spring” almost no impact on Iran. Local authoritarian regime seems to be safe, at least in the medium term. With regard to Iraq, after the withdrawal of US troops, the situation looks increasingly fragile and weak in the face of the fragmentation of the state. Undoubtedly, the war of 2003 and continued US military presence in Iraq has not led to the desired Americans democratic change, but on the contrary, caused a further aggravation of internal problems. Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Related Services View all DMCA / Removal Request
Past Issues: Let’s Raise a Glass to Auld Lang Syne It is a tradition around the world to count down to the New Year, followed by the singing of “Auld Lang Syne”, but where did this song come from and what does it mean? Auld Lang Syne is a Scottish poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to a traditional folk song. The song’s title may be translated literally as “old long since”, or as “long long ago”, “days gone by” or “old times”. Consequently “For auld lang syne”, as it appears in the first line of the chorus, is loosely translated as “for (the sake of) old times”. Canadian band leader Guy Lombardo is often credited with popularizing the use of the song at New Year’s celebrations in North America. Auld Lang Syne  by Robert Burns Should auld acquaintance be forgot, and never brought to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot and days of auld lang syne? For auld lang syne, my dear,  For auld lang syne, We’ll take a cup o’ kindness yet  For auld lang syne
Raids on Grades! What did online school do with your GPAs? October 21, 2021 By Chandler Feyd Crandall, High schooler at the Ask Academy What is happening? Recently, more than one pandemic has been going around; No, not COVID, it’s online learning! Last year, scholars attended online school for the majority of the year. COVID has caused some schools to be forced to do online learning. Some had a hard time with it, others just found it too easy, why is this? How Students Feel Many agreed online success was affected by environment and skillsets. Due to recent interviews, home environments could also be a huge factor in this. We may not think about this in our day-to-day lives, but the fact is not everyone has the same living conditions. When asking about why Kaila Epps (A high school scholar) had bad grades, they said that it had to do with living conditions. They said it was too distracting at home and hard to concentrate there. After interviewing two Scholars (Ben Spradlin, and Kaila Epps), they said they both had problems with distraction. However, there could be more factors. According to some sources, students who have less money are more likely to flunk school online, than in person. This is because they don’t really have enough money or time to work online. Internet and computers can cost a lot of money, and the computers may have bad internet. Despite having different experiences, scholars prefer in-person learning. This is because they both had similar experiences, despite their grades. Something they had in common was they both found time management hard. During COVID, there was a problem with procrastination. This is because, during the pandemic, Scholars were more on their own for most assignments, causing people to procrastinate, and have an overload of work. Many people have their own learning styles. Some prefer hands-on, while others prefer digital concepts. According to the NCBI, studies were shown to have a similar trend: some people increased study time, while others decreased. “The changes during COVID happened way too fast, it felt like I couldn’t keep up.”- Kaila Epps, High school Scholar at the ASK Academy “The assignments were so easy, it felt like I was not learning anything.”- Ben Spradlin, a High school Scholar at The ASK Academy. “Students spring 2020 term was higher than expected”- Ithaka “…75% of registered California voters, including parents, say that distance learning is worse than in class instruction.”-Edsource Sources (Bibliography): n/641615 Subscribe to our RSS feed and social profiles to receive updates. No comments yet. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Ana səhifə [For other helpful resources for families, churches and communities go to Yüklə 407.5 Kb. ölçüsü407.5 Kb. Ministry Safe [For other helpful resources for families, churches and communities go to http://www.stopitnow.org/] 1. TSWBAT: Identify child sexual abuse as an increasing concern throughout the South Pacific, not just Western countries. 2. TSWBAT: Explain how a child sexual abuser selects a child to sexually abuse and keeps the abused child silent. 3. TSWBAT: List how a child sexual abuser grooms the child and the gate keepers so there is a relationship of trust and time alone to sexually abuse the child. 4. TSWBAT: List 4 rules that will help make your ministry a safe place for children. 5. TSWBAT: List 4 guidelines for when a child reports abuse to you. Attention Getter: [Read Scenario] Meri is a 10 year old girl in your church’s Sunday School program and you are the Senior pastor. Meri has been attending church for 2 years, but does not seem to fit in with the other children in the program. Meri is the only one from her family who comes to church. Meri asks to speak to you privately and says Mr. Ratuva, who is the assistant Sunday School teacher, put his hands down her pants. You find this very difficult to believe because Mr. Ratuva has always been so nice and very helpful. All the children like him and Meri has always seemed a little strange to you. What should you say to Meri? What should you do? [write answers on white board, will review later] Introduction: This class is about child sexual abuse. It is not a comfortable subject. It is a subject that many people consider taboo to talk about. But we are God’s hands and feet in this hurting world and we need to protect children from the destructive plans of the enemy. God created sexuality to be pure and holy within a Christian marriage. Satan tries to twist and pervert sexuality, which is God’s creation, into something that is evil and destructive. One of the most destructive perversions is child sexual abuse. Children learn about God from adults. When adults betray the trust of children and hurt them, it damages the child’s understanding of God and of God’s creation of holy sexuality. The information presented in this lecture was taken from a course called Ministry Safe that the Nazarene Church is requiring its staff, volunteers, and missionaries to take. This lecture also includes information specific to the South Pacific that was taken from the Unicef Regional Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Pacific and the Pacific Health Dialog Journal. What is sexual abuse? The legal definition of sexual abuse is any tricked, forced, manipulated, or coerced sexual activity for the pleasure of the abuser. It can be physical, verbal, or visual. This definition is very broad. It does not need to involve touching. Sexual abuse can occur over the internet, on a phone, or by showing pictures. How common is child sexual abuse? It is difficult to know the exact numbers because it is considered a taboo subject in many cultures, because it is a sin done in secrecy, and because the victim is full of shame about what happened to him or her. Some countries that have studied the problem of child sexual abuse have found these statistics: 1 out of 3 girls is sexually abused before 18 1 out of 5 boys is sexually abused before 18 Many people think that child sexual abuse occurs mostly by a stranger to the child, but actually 90% of the time, the child knows and trusts the abuser. It is true that we need to teach our children not to talk to strangers and not to go to unsafe places. But we also need to teach our children about what is okay touch and what is not okay. We need to help protect children from anybody who is trying to hurt them even if it is a family member or a respected church or community leader. Throughout the South Pacific studies have found that the most common setting for child sexual abuse is in the home, village, or community and the most common abusers are members of the child’s family or household. In the Bible, Jesus says, “If anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone hung around his neck and to be drowned in the depths of the sea.” Being drowned in the depths of the sea is better than going to Hell, but Hell is where child sexual abusers are going unless they find salvation and righteousness through Jesus Christ. Your church needs to be a place of healing for the victim of child sexual abuse and a place of salvation and transformation for abusers. If we ignore this problem, we are part of the problem and we share the guilt. Satan comes to kill, steal, and destroy, but Jesus comes to give us life. He is our hope for healing, forgiveness, and transformation and we are his ambassadors. Check for Understanding: 1. In what percentage of child sexual abuse does the victim know the abuser? (90%) 2. Does child sexual abuse only involve physical touch? (no, sexual talk, pictures or exposure to nudity is also sexual abuse) 3. Throughout the South Pacific the majority of child sexual abuse is by what type of abuser? (someone in the family or household) Impact on Children: When a child is sexually abused there are many recognizable short term and long term consequences that can affect the child. By recognizing these patterns of behavior, you may be able to get help for a child that is being sexually abused. Some short term consequences of child sexual abuse include: -poor self esteem, shame and guilt, anxiety/nervousness/fear, loss of trust, disinterest in a situation or person that used to be enjoyed, nightmares, skipping school, running away, rebellion, anger, and self mutilation. Some long term consequences of child sexual abuse include: -depression, suicidal thoughts or acts, substance abuse, or sexually abusing other children. Abusing other children is especially common for boys that were abused who did not receive care, counseling, or validation abut the abuse. Other long term consequences include sexual promiscuity, venereal disease, pregnancy, excessive modesty, affection seeking behaviors, sexual response to normal interactions, or prostitution. 95% of prostitutes were sexually abused as children. The lesson today will focus on how to prevent child sexual abuse within the church. We want to open the doors of our church to the children of our communities so we can share the love of Jesus with them. We also want to help develop leaders in the church who can work with our children, teaching Sunday School, leading youth camps or vacation Bible Schools. Sometimes it is difficult to find workers in the church. How can we make sure that the workers in our church are helpful and not harmful? How can we keep our church children safe? You can help prevent and stop child sexual abuse by understanding the process that the abuser goes through in order to gain trust and then sexually abuse a child. You will learn: 1. How a child sexual abuser gains access to children. 2. How a child sexual abuser selects the child to sexually abuse. 3. How a child sexual abuser grooms the child and the gate keepers so there is a relationship of trust and time alone with the child. 4. How a child sexual abuser keeps the abused child silent. How does a child sexual abuser gain access to children? People who sexually abuse children have deviant sexual desires. Some prefer sexual interactions with children rather than a normal age appropriate sexual partner. They will spend great effort to seek out the specific age and sex of preference that they plan to abuse. Child sexual abusers often volunteer to work with children or get career training in order to be trusted around children. They create the appearance of being very helpful, trustworthy, and kind. They may seem very skilled at meeting a child’s needs by giving special attention to children or providing shoes or food for a child. The church is an easy place for an abuser to invest time building trust, rapport, and relationships so they can volunteer to work with children or youth. How does a sexual child abuser select the child to sexually abuse? Children who are sexually abused are often needy, looking for someone to follow or trust. They often come from a broken family or single parent home. The abuser targets children who are on the fringe—the ones who play by themselves or don’t seem to fit in. Children or youth who are involved in alcohol or drugs are easy targets, because the abuser can use the alcohol or drugs to lure the child. Children or youth who are involved with pornography are already desensitized to nudity, privacy, and normal boundaries. When a male sexual abuser targets a male child, he uses male to female pornography because that is what the child is interested in. How does a child sexual abuser groom the child and the gate keepers so there is a relationship of trust and a chance to abuse the child? First the child sexual abuser grooms the gate keeper by gaining trust. The gatekeeper is the child’s caregiver such as a parent, foster parent, or ministry leader; the ones who are supposed to protect the children. Abusers spend extraordinary time and effort to win the trust of the gate keeper so they are thought of as helpful, trustworthy, and responsible good people. This is why the gatekeeper is so shocked when the truth comes out. The most common reaction to discovering sexual abuse is, “I can’t believe it. He seemed like such a nice guy!” Abusers are looking for “trusted time alone,” from the gate keeper. Of course, not all helpful children’s workers are abusers. But as ministry leaders we must keep our eyes and ears open to warning signs and protect our children from unsupervised one-on-one time alone with an adult or older youth. These are some other warning signs. Child sexual abusers will test the gatekeeper to see if the child is protected or vulnerable. They often will tickle a child or play roughhousing games with children as a screening strategy. Those adults who do not object to these activities are viewed by the abuser as being more likely to leave their children unprotected and vulnerable to abuse. Adults who do nothing about such activities also unintentionally communicate to children that they know about the abuse because the viewed activity was tolerated. The child was not defended from the attack. Another warning sign is the way child sexual abusers tend to blur boundaries. They break rules in subtle ways and then justify their behavior. When they are challenged or confronted about their violations, they often become defensive or aggressive. Confrontation is sometimes enough to make a child abuser leave because he realizes that the child is being well protected by the gatekeeper. As the child sexual abuser is grooming the gatekeeper, he is also grooming the child. He very intentionally selects a child and prepares that child for sexual interaction. -A child abusers will often offer fun activities at his house to attract children such as games, video games, candy or food, music, movies, or a place to swim. -The child abuser will touch the children in nonsexual ways to push back natural physical barriers that children have. He will also push back the barriers through playful but inappropriate touch such as wrestling, pulling shorts down, or giving wedgies. -As he is spending time with many children he is learning which child is the easiest target and least protected. The abuser will give gifts to that child and start spending repeated time alone with the same child. -The child abuser will break rules. When he is caught breaking your ministry rules, he will justify his behavior. For instance if there is a rule about not being alone with a child in secluded areas of the church he might say, “it is okay for me to be alone with this child, because he is having a difficult time at home and needed privacy for talking.” -He may also offer alcohol, tobacco, or pornography to children to create an atmosphere of adventure and secrecy. Further grooming of the child will involve nudity and sexual touch. 1. barrier testing and erosion (every child has a natural sense of personal space, or boundary of what they are comfortable with, the abuser will push that boundary by repeated touch) 2. Sexual discussions and joking 3. Playful touch and “accidental nudity.” For instance, an abuser may have some children at his home and go to take a shower. When he comes out in a towel. The towel may “accidentally” fall. This pushes back a child’s sensitivity to nudity. 4. Magazines and movies depicting nudity and sex desensitize a child to sexual topics. Check for Understanding 1. How does a child sexual abuser select the child to sexually abuse? (He finds the one who is needy, on the fringe, from a broken home, involved in alcohol, drugs, or pornography) 2. How does a child sexual abuser groom the gatekeeper? (incredibly helpful, acts responsible, tests to see if child is protected when he pushes boundaries) 3. How does a child sexual abuser groom the child? (gift giving, playful touch, pushing back boundaries of personal space, rule breaking, playful sexual talk or pictures, “accidental nudity,” offering alcohol/drugs/pornography) How does a child sexual abuser keep the abused child silent? There are three main ways that the abuser keeps the child silent. 1. Secrecy--Secrecy is used even from the beginning: -“I will give this to you, but I can’t give it to everybody, so don’t tell anybody.” -“Don’t tell your mom I am giving you this candy, she wouldn’t like that.” -This pulls the child away from the gatekeeper. 1. Shame and embarrassment--most victims feel like they were at fault for the abuse. 2. Threats—Threats can be direct or subtle. -“If you tell, I will kill your pet.” -“If you tell, it will ruin our youth group.” -“If you tell, your mom couldn’t handle it.” -“If you tell, no one will believe you.” This is the biggest reason people don’t tell. -Often the abuse victim is not believed, because the gate keepers have been groomed to trust the abuser, and because the victim is often a child on the fringe who is less likely to be believed anyway. Peer to Peer Abuse Another type of child sexual abuse that is becoming more frequent is peer to peer abuse, or when one child abuses another child. Often the sexual abuser is a teenager; the average male sexual offender is age 13-14 when he begins victimizing children. Sometimes the abuser is just an older or larger child that is more powerful than the abused child. The sexual abuser sometimes has been a victim of abuse by somebody else or has learned the abusive behavior from movies or the internet. -Younger abusers do not have as much control as adult abusers do, so they do not try to groom a gatekeeper or the child or prepare the abusive environment. Younger abusers take whatever opportunity they can find to abuse. Places of risk for peer to peer abuse include anywhere clothes come off, such as swimming or bathing places and the highest risk place is the washroom. Any place that is less easily seen--such as behind a building, in the garden, in an unused room, or in a cook house--are areas of increased risk for abuse. -To prevent peer to peer abuse, your church needs clear rules about where children are allowed to play, and there needs to be increased adult supervision. Don’t allow kids to hangout in the washroom. When children are playing outside, the adult supervisor should not just stand in one place and talk to another adult. He should walk around and make sure rules are being followed and that children are not playing in off limits areas. Check for Understanding: 1. How does a child sexual abuser keep the abused child silent? (secrecy, shame, threats) 2. How is peer to peer abuse different from adult to child abuse? (they take whatever opportunity they can to abuse, do not try to groom gatekeeper) What ministry rules will help make your church a safe place for children? We open the doors of our church to the children of our communities so we can share the love of Jesus with them. We want to keep them safe from child sexual abusers. By creating rules for your church and ministry, we can help protect children from abuse and protect our church workers from false accusations. 1. Educate church staff and volunteers about common grooming behaviors to watch for. 2. When grooming behaviors or other warning signs are observed it should be reported to the supervisor. It may be innocent behavior, but then the supervisor has the information needed to assess the situation. 3. Decide what high risk areas around the church or in the church are off limits to children and enforce the rules. 4. Have an adequate ratio of supervisors to children so that high risk areas can be monitored. 5. Adult or youth helpers should not be alone one to one with a child. 6. Define what the appropriate boundaries for physical touch are and enforce them. For instance, children older than 5 should not sit on an adult or youth’s lap. 7. Do not tolerate inappropriate sexual talk, joking, or pictures by staff or other children. 7. Gifts should not be given from just one adult to just one child. You can say, “the church wanted you to have this coat,” or “Our Sunday School has a gift for everyone.” 8. Talk to the children in your ministry about appropriate touch and touch that is not okay. Good children are taught to obey their authorities. We must also teach children when they should say “no” to someone who is trying to hurt them. 9. Do not allow secrets. What to do when a child reports abuse: About 85% of children who are sexually abused never tell, or delay telling, about the abuse. Children who have been abused are ashamed, afraid, and think that they will not be believed. Research shows that it is very rare for a child to make up a story about being abused. These guidelines will help you to listen to what is being reported to you without judgment of the child or of the one being accused. -First, listen and respond calmly. Extreme emotions do not help the child. -Next, be sensitive to vague or partial disclosures. Commonly a child will test to see if you will get angry or believe him/her. You can say, “I will listen to you, I want to hear what you have to say.” -No secrets. If a child says “I want to tell you something, but I don’t want you to tell anybody else.” You need to reply, “There are some things I can’t keep secret. If you or another child is being hurt, then I can’t keep it a secret.” -It is important to not ask shaming questions, “What were you wearing?”, “Was it past your curfew?”, “Why were you there?” These questions imply that the victim was at fault and will further silence the victim. Tell the child that they are not responsible for what occurred. -When a child reports abuse to you, you are not responsible to investigate. You can say, “Do you want to tell me anything else?” -You are responsible to report the information to a supervisor and to the proper authorities. Reporting Abuse to Authorities Some countries have laws that abuse must be reported to authorities. Whether or not your country has that law, it is a requirement of the Church of the Nazarene. This statement was released by the Nazarene Global Ministries Center, The Church should be a place of spiritual enrichment and safety for everyone. Unfortunately, as the news too-often reveals, churches have become a place of horror for children because of the misconduct of a few. The Board of General Superintendents expressed its concern with the following statement: “The Church of the Nazarene has adopted a zero tolerance policy for sexual misconduct and inappropriate behavior with minors. All workers, leaders, and pastoral staff are to be above reproach in their conduct and to act in the best interest of others. This requires not only that they themselves refrain from engaging in any abusive or suspicious behavior involving minors; they will also be required to report without delay to the proper authorities anyone seen engaging in such behavior.” Check for Understanding: 1. List 4 rules that will help make your ministry a safe place for children. (answers above) 2. List 4 guidelines for when a child reports abuse to you. (answers above) 3. Who requires that child sexual abuse be reported to the proper authorities? (the Nazarene Church, some governments) Attention Getter Review: [Look at the ideas listed on the board of what to say to Meri and what to do. Have the class change any incorrect answers and add correct answers.] [Pretend that you are watching one of your Sunday School teachers interacting with children and that he is pushing some boundaries and showing some grooming behavior. Think aloud what your concerns would be and list them on the board. Tell yourself that you think you should report these concerns to the supervisor. Demonstrate reporting the concerns to a supervisor.] Guided Practice: [One person plays the role of the Sunday School teacher interacting with children-- pushing some boundaries and showing some grooming behavior. To help your student think independently and not copy exactly what you just listed during the Modeling section, first give him time to review the section entitled “How does a child sexual abuser groom the child and the gate keepers so there is a relationship of trust and a chance to abuse the child?” Another person makes a list on the board of the concerns. A third person can act out reporting the concerns to a supervisor. A fourth person acts as the supervisor, listening to the concerns, and says “thank you for reporting this to me.”] Most of you in this class are or will become pastors. You will be the supervisor. What will you do when one of your staff members or volunteers reports their concerns to you? Do you confront the possible abuser? Who are the proper authorities in your country? Are there resources available to help the abused child? How is the child kept safe? How can a child sexual abuser find the help that he needs? [Take 10-15 minutes for the class to discuss what a supervisor can do with concerns or reports of abuse.] Independent Practice: Share the information from this class with your church pastoral staff and volunteers. Make a list of rules for your ministry setting, including off limit areas and areas that need extra supervision. I will conclude with a statement from University of the South Pacific Senior lecturer, Roland Schultz, as documented in the Pacific Health Dialog, “A common misperception in the Pacific is that child-abuse is found only in Western industrialized countries … (but we are) not immune from this insidious and damaging problem. … Child abuse needs to be taken off the hidden list and placed firmly onto the public agenda…The Pacific needs to remember that our children are not our possessions; rather, they are our gift to the future to be nurtured, loved and valued today.”1 As church leaders we need to create a culture of communication within our church and communities. By watching for warning signs of how a child sexual abuser selects a child, grooms the child and the gatekeeper, and tries to push back boundaries, we can prevent child sexual abuse and rescue children. Encourage your church staff and volunteers to talk about any concerns, warning signs, or policy violations that they see. Enforce your rules by confronting rule breakers. Help protect children from abusive adults and abusive peers. Talk to the children in your ministry about saying "no" to abuse. 1. Ministry Safe. http://www.ministrysafe.com/ 2. http://carlavandam.com/work/stopping-sex-offenders-in-their-tracks/ 3. Schultz, Roland F. MA, Med, Pacific Health Dialog Vol. 2 No. 2 , pp 31-36. 1. Unicef Regional Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Pacific http://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/CSEC.pdf 2. http://www.stopitnow.org/ Copy permission of this page is granted for all Christian non-profit training. Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©atelim.com 2016 rəhbərliyinə müraciət
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome Updated: Mar 23, 2021 • Author: Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: William D James, MD more... • Print Epidermal nevi (EN) are congenital hamartomas of embryonal ectodermal origin classified on the basis of their main component; the component may be sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine, follicular, or keratinocytic. An estimated one third of individuals with epidermal nevi have involvement of other organ systems; hence, this condition is considered to be an epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS). Solomon defines epidermal nevus syndrome as a sporadic neurocutaneous linkage of congenital ectodermal defects in the skin, brain, eyes, and/or skeleton. Epidermal nevus syndrome is often termed the Solomon syndrome. Schimmelpenning first detailed epidermal nevi with neurologic anomalies; hence, the term Schimmelpenning syndrome. The term organoid nevus may be used to emphasize the admixture of epidermal cells often evident in individual lesions of epidermal nevi. Gustav Schimmelpenning, born in 1928 in Oldenburg (Germany), served from 1971-1994 as the head of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Kiel. [1] In 1957, he described a case of sebaceous nevus involving the head, with ipsilateral ocular lesions including coloboma of the upper lid, increased density of cranial bones, epileptic seizures, and mental retardation. He called this combination of anomalies a new phacomatosis. Subsequently, others reported this phenotype as Schimmelpenning syndrome, Feuerstein-Mims syndrome, Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome, epidermal nevus syndrome, Solomon syndrome, linear sebaceous nevus (LSN) syndrome, organoid nevus phacomatosis, or Jadassohn nevus phacomatosis. A clinical entity called epidermal nevus syndrome should be more precisely defined and distinguished by clinical, histopathologic, and genetic criteria. In this review, 4 distinct epidermal nevus syndromes, recognizable by the different types of associated epithelial nevi, are described. These include linear sebaceous nevus, linear nevus comedonicus (NC), linear epidermal nevus (LEN), and inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). Each type may be regarded as part of a syndrome with systemic associations. Linear epidermal nevus syndrome is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by linear epidermal nevus with significant involvement of the nervous, ophthalmologic, and/or skeletal systems. [2] Clinical manifestations include mental retardation, seizures, and movement disorders that are caused by a wide range of neuropathologic lesions. Intracranial and/or intraspinal lipomas may occur. Linear sebaceous nevus, also known as organoid nevus syndrome, often has the term linear deleted because almost all syndromic sebaceous nevi are linear. It has also been called Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome and Jadassohn nevus phakomatosis. Schimmelpenning syndrome, as noted above, links a sebaceous nevus with cerebral anomalies, coloboma, and lipodermoid of the conjunctiva. This neurocutaneous disorder is characterized by a craniofacial nevus sebaceus that falls along embryonic cutaneous lines and tends to be associated with neurological, ocular, skeletal, and vascular abnormalities. [3] This rare disorder represents a mosaic RASopathy due to postzygotic HRAS or KRAS mutations. [4] Linear nevus comedonicus is also known as comedone nevus, nevus follicularis keratosus, nevus acneiformis unilateralis, and nevus zoniform. Cataracts may be a prominent feature of nevus comedonicus syndrome. Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus is a linear, persistent, pruritic plaque, usually first noted on a limb in early childhood. Originally described by Unna in 1896, a few patients were reported prior to 1971 when Altman and Mehregan [5] delineated inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus as a distinct entity in 25 patients. They coined the name inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus, labeling it a clinical and histopathologic type of linear verrucous nevus that is often inflammatory or psoriasiform. Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus accounts for approximately 5% of patients with epidermal nevi and has been described in a mother and daughter. Six different syndromes with epidermal nevi as part of them have been delineated. These include (1) Proteus, (2) congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defect, (3) phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica, (4) sebaceous nevus, (5) Becker nevus, and (6) nevus comedonicus [6] syndromes. Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica is characterized by the presence of multiple organoid nevi with sebaceous differentiation, a speckled lentiginous nevus, and skeletal and neurologic abnormalities. [7] It may or may not be associated with extracutaneous involvement. One patient with it developed basal cell carcinoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and trichilemmoma within the nevus sebaceous. [8] In a study of one affected family, phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica was found to be caused by a postzygotic HRAS mutation in a multipotent progenitor cell. [9] The spectrum has been expanded with the description of linear Cowden nevus as a new distinct epidermal nevus. [10] This nonorganoid epidermal nevus is probably due to loss of heterozygosity, occurring at an early developmental stage in an embryo with a germline PTEN mutation, giving rise to Cowden disease. The combination of nevoid hypertrichosis, diffuse lipoatrophy, and epidermal nevus has been suggested as a possible new epidermal nevus syndrome. [11] Thus, the epidermal nevus syndrome may be best viewed as a heterogeneous congenital disorder that includes both the keratinocytic epidermal nevus syndrome and sebaceous nevus syndrome. [12] An individual patient may have the same postzygotic HRAS and KRAS gene mutations and be evident clinically with distinct features. Epidermal nevi arise from pluripotential germinative cells of the basal layer of the embryonic epidermis. Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus is distinct from psoriasis; however, they may share some common pathogenic pathways. These pathways are probably mediated by interleukin 1, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Epidermal nevus syndrome–associated skeletal disease focal bone defects may manifest as fibrous dysplasia, even without the typical radiographic or histopathologic findings of fibrous dysplasia. [13] A patient had elevated circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) levels with no activating mutations. This focal skeletal disease may be a source of FGF-23 in persons with epidermal nevus syndrome and thus may be a clue to its pathogenesis. A bilateral, systematized epidermal nevus syndrome patient was described with cerebral involvement caused by a mosaic FGFR3 mutation, possibly representing a distinct entity within the group of epidermal nevus syndromes. [14] Other mutations of FGFR3 have been described in keratinocytic epidermal nevus syndrome. [15] A mosaic KRAS mutation has also been documented. [16] A somatic KRAS mutation was documented in an infant with linear nevus sebaceous syndrome associated with lymphatic malformations. [17] The Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome, which is composed of a craniofacial nevus sebaceus, seizures, developmental delay, and ocular and skeletal abnormalities, is a sporadic condition hypothesized to result from mosaicism involving a lethal autosomal dominant gene. [18] It has been described in severely affected discordant monozygotic twins, supporting the concept of a postzygotic mutation. The basis of the cause may be the activation of an autosomal dominant lethal mutation that survives by mosaicism. These cells might survive only by being adjacent to normal ones [19] Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus has been described in a mother and daughter. The syndromes are uncommon. In a review by Rogers and associates [20] of 131 patients with epidermal nevi and epidermal nevus syndrome, one third of the patients had the nevus sebaceous type, 60% had the noninflammatory type, 6% had inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus, and only 2 had nevus comedonicus. Linear sebaceous nevus syndrome and nevus comedonicus syndrome have a female-to-male ratio of 1:1. This ratio may also be true of linear epidermal nevus. Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus has a female predominance, with a female-to-male ratio of 4:1. The age at diagnosis ranges from birth to age 40 years. The prognosis depends on the presence and the severity of any of a variety of associated internal defects. Mortality and morbidity are related to the associated systemic anomalies. Patient Education The patient and/or the family should be reassured that epidermal nevus syndrome is not a genetic disorder that can be passed to future children.
Plains indigenous peoples From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Plains indigenous peoples (Chinese: 平埔族群; pinyin: píngpuzúqún; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k), previously called plain aborigines, are Taiwanese indigenous peoples originally residing in lowland regions, as opposed to Highland indigenous peoples. Plains indigenous peoples consist of anywhere from eight to twelve individual groups, or tribes, rather than being a single ethnic group. They are part of the Austronesian family. Beginning in the 17th century, plains indigenous peoples have been heavily influenced by external forces from Dutch, Spanish, and Han Chinese immigration to Taiwan. This ethnic group has since been extensively assimilated with Han Chinese language and culture; they have lost their cultural identity and it is almost impossible without careful inspection to distinguish plains indigenous peoples from Taiwanese Han people. 1877 sketch of a Plains indigenous person Plains indigenous peoples have not been officially recognised by the Taiwan government, apart from the Kavalan.[discuss] It was not until the mid-1980s that Plains indigenous peoples started gaining interest from historians and anthropologists, leading to increased public attention to this group. These indigenous groups are currently continuing to fight for their identity, rights, and recognition as Taiwanese indigenous peoples. In 2016, the Tsai Ing-wen administration promised to grant official recognition to the Plains indigenous peoples,[1] and a draft bill is being reviewed by the Legislative Yuan as of June 2018.[2][3] Taiwanese Plains indigenous mother and child In The Island of Formosa (1903), former US Consul to Formosa James W. Davidson presented the first English-language account of the indigenous peoples of the whole island, which was almost entirely based on the comprehensive work collected over several years of study by Ino Kanori, the foremost authority on the topic at the time.[4] In Ino's eight-group classification, the Pepo, Puyuma, and Amis groups were known as "domesticated savages" (Japanese: 熟番, Hepburn: jukuban), primarily due to their abandonment of ancient customs. Of these three groups, only the Pepo lived in the western plains, where they remained to compete with the Chinese settlers (the Puyuma and Amis inhabited the eastern plains). The term Pepo (Chinese: 平埔; pinyin: píngpǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pêⁿ-po͘; lit. 'flat plain'), referred to indigenous peoples that resided in the Formosan plains, rather than the highland mountainous regions. Plains indigenous peoples mainly settled in the west and central mountain regions of Taiwan.[5] The term Sek-hoan (熟番; shúfān; se̍k-hoan; 'well-cooked/familiar savages') was also used to describe Plains indigenous peoples because they often lived closer to the coast and had more interaction with Dutch and Han Chinese immigrants, hence were more assimilated and civilised than highland indigenous peoples. Mention of Plains indigenous peoples have appeared in Qing texts dating back as early as 1764.[6] In summary, the Pepo were those Plains indigenous peoples who could still be easily distinguished from the Chinese, whereas the Sek-hoan had already thoroughly adopted Chinese customs, thus exhibiting no trace of their "ancient life".[7] The Dutch, who had ruled Taiwan for 38 years, have left an imprint on the Plains indigenous people. The Sinkang manuscripts, which are bilingual land contracts written in Romanised letters, have become important historical documents for studying the Plains indigenous people. This Romanised tribal language was instructed by the Dutch commissaries in order to teach Christianity. Nevertheless, the Dutch influence on the Plains indigenous people has been limited to language and religion, reaching merely around the Tainan area. Only the influence of the Han Chinese has been far and long-standing.[8] In the 17th century, Plains indigenous peoples were involved in the flourishing deerskin export market. Plains indigenous hunters often supplied deerskin to the Qing and Dutch regimes, in exchange for cash to trade for other goods and also to pay for taxes enforced under the new regimes.[9] By the 18th century, the deerskin industry had diminished due to overhunting, and the inflow of Chinese immigrants began to take up much of the grazing land.[10] Therefore, Plains indigenous peoples increasingly relied on plow agriculture and land rent from indigenous land reclaimed by Han settlers. Taiwanese Plains indigenous woman and infant, by John Thomson, 1871. Han settlers initially implemented policies that favoured Plains indigenous peoples. This was because Han officials feared a revolt against Chinese immigrants, and also because Plains indigenous peoples were tax-paying citizens and could be used as military sources.[11] Furthermore, the Chinese government initially viewed their expansion as a disruption to the indigenous people status quo, hence they introduced policies to favour Plains indigenous peoples. However, Plains indigenous peoples were increasingly not able to compete economically and ethnically with the growing Chinese population that flooded into Taiwan. Han policies in favour of Plains indigenous peoples began to disappear. Han settlers started to remove many of the Plains indigenous peoples from their original villages. It is within these "political and economic frameworks" that the Plains indigenous peoples gradually became sinicized.[10] In the course of their interaction with the Han Chinese, some Plains indigenous peoples moved to Puli Basin; the Kavalan tribe moved southward to Hualien County and Taitung County; and the Siraya tribe moved to Taitung. However, relocation could not prevent the Plains indigenous peoples from being assimilated. After the Qing Empire had officially taken over Taiwan, the Plains indigenous peoples were rapidly sinicized as a result of advocacy for their "civilising". They were forced to dress in Han clothes, change their names, and receive Han customs.[8] Plains indigenous peoples began to adopt aspects of Chinese culture, values, and language. Most importantly, intermarriage between Chinese and Plains indigenous peoples increased rapidly, leading to the acculturation of the two groups. Many of the early Chinese settlers in Taiwan were not permitted to bring women with them; hence, they married Plains indigenous women out of necessity.[5] This is the origin of the common saying "there are mainland grandfathers, but no mainland grandmothers" (Chinese: 有唐山公，無唐山媽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má).[12][13] This extensive intermarriage is the reason that many Taiwanese people today are unaware that they could be descendants of Plains indigenous peoples. Several theories have been proposed during the 2000s to suggest that a large majority of Hoklo and Hakka Taiwanese could have Plains indigenous lineage in their bloodline.[14] An increasing number of Taiwanese people are starting to search for their Plains indigenous roots and claim their status as Plains indigenous peoples.[15] Plains Indigenous Peoples Recognition Movement[edit] Taivoan women in traditional clothes on the day of the Night Ceremony in Xiaolin community. After centuries of acculturation, Plains indigenous peoples are almost completely sinicized.[16] It was already noted in the early 20th century that careful observation was required to detect their deeper eyes as compared to the Chinese; also, the women did not practice foot binding.[7] It is now nearly impossible to distinguish Plains indigenous peoples without careful inspection.[17] Through the process of acculturation, much of the language, culture, and identity of Plains indigenous peoples have become nonexistent in modern Taiwanese society.[16] The Republic of China government currently only officially recognises one (Kavalan) of all the Plains indigenous peoples.[18] Even though there was a lack of attention and interest in the history of Plains indigenous peoples until the mid-1980s, through the works of scholars, folklorists, anthropologists, historians, and remaining descendants of these groups, there has been a gradual restoration of Plains indigenous culture, history, identity, and language.[16] For example, a descendant of Plains indigenous peoples in Hualien, Chieh Wan-lai, still insists on teaching the traditional language and culture of his ethnic group.[17] More educational pamphlets are emerging to teach Taiwanese people about the existence of Plains indigenous peoples. Furthermore, a campaign was started in Yilan County for descendants of the Kavalan to find their roots.[17] Many Plains indigenous ceremonies have been revitalized around Taiwan, and these have been opened up to the public and to people who have recently discovered their status as Plains indigenous peoples.[19] Ethno-political activities and Nativist Cultural Movements flourished after the 1990s, and a "Plains Aborigine Name Correction Movement" (Plains Indigenous Peoples Recognition Movement) emerged.[17] Several protests occurred in 2001 and 2010, and a formal complaint was sent to the United Nations in 2010, demanding that the ROC government formally recognize Plains indigenous peoples.[20] Descendants of these groups today continue to fight for the official recognition of their status as Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Through the efforts of indigenous people, Tainan County became the first local government to recognize Siraya people as county-level indigenous people in 2005, followed by the recognition of local Taivoan, Makatao, and Siraya people by the Fuli Township government in 2013. In 2016, the Pingtung County government announced the recognition of local Makatao. Plains indigenous peoples have been allowed to register in Kaohsiung City since 2013 but have not yet been recognized as city-level indigenous peoples. The number of people who have successfully registered, as well as ones to whom the Kaohsiung City government has opened registration but who haven't yet been recognized as of 2017, are as follows:[21][22][23][24] Siraya Taivoan Makatao Not Specific Total Tainan 11,830 - - - 11,830 Kaohsiung 107 129 - 237 473 Pingtung - - 1,803 205 2,008 Fuli, Hualien - - - 100 100 Total 11,937 129 1,803 542 14,411 Plains indigenous people in Taipei in 1897 Plains indigenous peoples have been classified under different systems throughout history. The Dutch separated them by regions and differentiated them by communities (社名). Huang Shujing, during Qing rule, categorised all Taiwanese indigenous peoples into thirteen groups, based on geographic location.[6] It was not until Japanese rule that proper anthropological and ethnographic classification systems of Plains indigenous peoples were formed. The Japanese studies revealed that Plains indigenous peoples were not one culture, but in fact consisted of various ethnicities, languages, and cultures. The Japanese extensively studied Taiwanese indigenous peoples in order to classify, locate, and "civilize" them. Ethnographer Ino Kanori was the first to create the modern ethnological classification of Plains indigenous peoples, consisting of the following groups: Makattao, Siraya, Loa, Poavasa, Arikun, Vupuran, Pazehhe, and Kuvarawan.[25] Since then, other scholars such as Shigeru Tsuchida, Utsurikawa Nenozo, Mabuchi Toichi, and Ogawa Naoyoshi have presented various classification systems for Plains indigenous peoples.[6] There is still no full consensus over whether there are eight, nine, ten, or twelves groups of Plains indigenous peoples. The major disputes consist of: 1. Whether Arikun and Lloa should be classified separately or as one ethnic group. 2. Whether Ketagalan should be further divided into separate groups. 3. Whether Siraya, Taivoan, and Makattao are separate groups or part of one group. However, based on the latest discovery in linguistics,[26][27] the three ethnic groups should be separate indigenous peoples. 4. Whether Sao are Plains indigenous or Highland people. Historical classification of plains indigenous peoples[26][28][29][30] Year Researcher Name 1904 Ino, Kanori Kavarawan Ketagalan Taokas Vupuran Poavosa Arikun Lloa Pazzehe Makattao Sirajya 1930 Utsurikawa, Nenozo Kavarawan Ketagalan Taokas Vupuran Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Sao Tao Sirajya 1935 Ogawa, Naoyoshi Kavarawan Ketagalan Taokas Vupuran Babuza Hoanya Pazzehe Sao Sirajya 1944 Ogawa, Naoyoshi Kavarawan Luilang Ketagalan Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Sao Sirajya 1951 張耀錡 Kavalan Ketagalan Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Siraya Taivoan 1955 李亦園 Kavalan Luilang Ketagalan Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Thao Siraya 1970 台灣省通志 Kavalan Ketagalan Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Siraya Arikun Lloa Makatao Siraya Taivoan Tsuchida, Shigeru Kavalan Ketagalan Basay Kulon Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazzahe Makatao Siraya Taivoan 1991 Li, Paul Jen-kuei Kavalan Ketagalan Babuza Hoanya Pazeh Thao Siraya Luilang Trobian Basay Taokas Papora Babuza Favorlang Makatao Siraya Taivoan 1996 Li, Paul Jen-kuei Kavalan Qauqaut Ketagalan Kulon Baburan Hoanya Pazeh Thao Siraya Luilang Trobian Basay Taokas Papora Babuza Favorlang Makatao Siraya Taivoan 2006 Li, Paul Jen-kuei Kavalan Basay (Ketagalan) Kulon Taokas Papora Babuza Hoanya Pazih Thao Makatao Siraya Taivoan Main peoples[edit] Peoples Early settlement locations 1. Ketagalan New Taipei, Keelung, and Taoyuan 2. Kavalan Lanyang Plain 3. Kulon Taoyuan and partial New Taipei City 4. Taokas Hsinchu, Miaoli, and the northern region of Tachia River in Taichung 5. Pazeh Fengyan, Tantzu, Shenkang, and Houli and later spread into Shihkang, Tungshih, and Hsinshe 6. Papora Coastal plains to the south of Tachia River in Taichung 7. Babuza Southern region of Tatu River and the northern region of Choshui River 8. Hoanya Southern region of Wufeng in Taichung and the northern region of Wufeng in Taichung as well as the northern region of Hsinying in Tainan 9. Siraya Tainan and Kaohsiung 10. Taivoan Tainan and Kaohsiung 11. Makatao Kaohsiung and Pingtung Hunting, fishing, and agriculture[edit] Before the arrival of immigrants, Plains indigenous peoples lived a lifestyle based on agriculture, fishing, and hunting.[6] They produced just enough for their needs. Taros and yams were important in their diets. They used simple tools such as sticks and spades for growing food; to hunt, they used traps, spears, and arrows; to fish, they used nets, baskets, and arrows.[31] Men were usually in charge of fishing and hunting, while women were responsible for farming roles. Their hunting targets were mainly deer and wild boars. There were regular seasons for hunting deer and they refrained from hunting young deer to maintain the ecological balance.[6] The Plains indigenous peoples once used extensive land for agriculture and hunting. They solved their disputes by means of betel-nut treats, apologies, or fights. They led a life of self-sufficiency without restriction and suppression from outside regulations or foreign armies. Before the arrival of the Han Chinese, the Plains indigenous peoples only used simple agricultural tools, such as sticks and spades, to plant millet, taro, and yam. Without knowledge of fertiliser, they found new lands to plant when farmed land was exhausted. When the Dutch occupied Taiwan, they taught the Plains indigenous peoples farming skills and administered a policy of breeding farm cattle. They indirectly ruled the indigenous people and managed land cultivation. After their improvement of farming skills, the Plains indigenous peoples changed their staple crop to rice. This happened more obviously to the southern tribes that had earlier contact with foreigners. The northern tribes still mostly planted millet until the early Qing period.[8] Matriarchal society[edit] Plains indigenous peoples were based around a matriarchal society: women were often the head of the family and in charge of important household affairs.[32] Men usually lived with their wives after marriage, serving the wife's family in the form of physical labour. Females inherited property and passed on lineage. Women were usually in charge of religious issues and men were responsible for political issues.[8] In Plains indigenous traditions, singles were free to choose their spouses. There were special parties where young singles could choose their lovers freely, or they could date individually in private. When a single boy was in love with a girl, he would play his harmonica day and night in front of the girl's house. If the girl also liked the boy, they would have a date, giving each other engagement gifts. As Han culture slowly infiltrated, customs of Plains indigenous peoples transitioned to more typical forms. [8] Tribal systems[edit] Although women had higher status in the clan system, in the tribal system men were superior.[32] Tribes were treated as a singular, collective unit. Leaders of the tribes were chosen based on seniority: the oldest member of the tribe became the leader. The elders were responsible for attending community meetings, at which a community chief was chosen to lead. The elders were also responsible for solving internal and external disputes. Ritual ceremonies[edit] Plains indigenous peoples held ritual ceremonies several times a year, to worship natural and ancestral spirits. They strongly believed in the worshiping of ancestors.[6] Whenever a ceremony was held, the people would gather in the political centre of the tribe, called kunghsieh, and they would drink, sing, dance, and celebrate.[33] Their ballads were mostly merry melodies until the mass invasion of the Han Chinese and their culture was on the verge of diminishing, and then they started to create elegies to express the sadness of a disadvantaged people.[8] During the Qing period, numerous coastal Chinese of the mainland risked their lives to sail to Taiwan for the sake of survival, regardless of the sea prohibition policy of the Qing government. At that time, most Plains indigenous peoples were assimilated. Their villages mingled with villages of the Han Chinese, resulting in land loss. At first, the Han Chinese still paid the land rent, but as they gained more power, they stopped to pay or even bought off the rights. Moreover, the Han Chinese were good at plundering lands from the indigenous people by purchase, alliance, marriage, forced occupation, or exchange of irrigation sources. Sometimes, they even took advantage of the indigenous people's drinking habits and cheated on the contracts. The Plains indigenous peoples thus yielded their living space and scatted elsewhere. Since 1701, the fallow lands and hunting places of the Plains indigenous peoples gradually become the farmlands of the Han Chinese, which caused major changes in their economic life and social system. Those who refused to migrate were slowly assimilated into Han society, and those who relocated could not avoid the oppression from the Han people or other indigenous people and had to move again.[8] Now, the Plains indigenous peoples are mostly sinicized. They speak fluently the languages of the Han people. The early Han Chinese that came to Taiwan were mostly single males, who usually took aboriginal wives.[8] Since the 1990s, as the ethno-political activities and the Nativist Cultural Movement have flourished on the island, descendants of the Plains indigenous peoples have also started to demand name correction and joined the Alliance of Taiwan Aboriginal Constitution Movement. Kavalan descendants, such as Chieh Wan-lai, have endeavoured to teach traditional language and culture in Hualien; in 1991, they worked with the Yilan County Government to organise a campaign for the Kavalan to search for their roots , and in 1993, they held a Kavalan Harvest Festival. In addition, the Ketagalan tribe in the north has held several cultural activities in 1994 and 1996. Moreover, the descendants of Siraya, Taokas, and Pazeh have also tried to re-establish and pass on their traditions and cultures.[8] Geopolitical culture[edit] In spite of their considerable cultural and linguistic differences, the Formosan Plains Austronesians shared a common geopolitical culture in the seventeenth century. This culture manifested itself most materially in the physical structure of Formosan villages, which were protected by plant defenses of bamboo or wooden walls. Such defenses could be elaborate. In 1630, for example, inhabitants of the village of Mattau built "a sturdy double wall around their village, the inside filled with clay, as well as a moat and many demi-lunes."[34] Surnames were an integral part of Plains indigenous culture. Through the process of acculturation, Plains indigenous peoples gave up their naming systems and original surnames in favour of adopting Chinese surnames. In the process, several unique surnames were created in conjunction with indigenous influences; these differed from Hoklo and Hakka surnames. Some of the unique surnames include: 月、邦、宜、機、翼、力、卯、茆、同、念、東、岩、哀、曷、埕、買、猴、標、紅、雙、角、楓、詩、樟、墜、雛、乃、味、毒、陣、盂、解、棹、永、湖、振、偕、嘪、掌、奚、詠、倚、竭、北、六、水、麗、崗、崑、桌、牙、陀、秘、烏、新、糠、長、萇、霜 Recent developments[edit] Complaint to the United Nations[edit] In 2010, representatives of Plains indigenous peoples in Taiwan sent an official complaint to the United Nations in Geneva; the complaint outlined the unfairness caused by Plains indigenous peoples not being formally recognised under the current Republic of China administration.[20] The representatives of the complainants demanded for the groups to be recognised formally as Taiwanese Indigenous People and Austronesian. The complaint was rejected by the United Nations.[20] As a result, a dedicated committee under the name "Pingpu Affairs Task Force" (平埔族群事務推動小組) has been created by the Executive Yuan to deal with Plains indigenous issues.[20] Plains indigenous genetic studies[edit] Genetic studies conducted by Marie Lin [zh] of Mackay Memorial Hospital in 2001, 2008, and 2010 concluded that despite only 1.5 percent of Taiwanese people being registered as indigenous, there is a strong possibility that over 85% of Taiwanese have Plains indigenous bloodlines.[35] Lin's research was based on the study of human tissue antigens (HLA) of Hoklo, Hakka, and Plains indigenous peoples. It was claimed that through hundreds of years of assimilation and intermarriage between Han Chinese and Plains indigenous peoples, there was a high possibility that genetically, the Hoklo and Hakka bloodlines in Taiwan have been fused with Plains indigenous bloodlines. Not long after Lin's 2008 publication, several academics pointed out errors in Lin's statistical analysis, and questioned why some of her numbers contradict each another. Subsequent full genome studies using large sample sizes and comparing thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms have come to the conclusion that Taiwanese Han people are primarily of Mainland Chinese descent and have only very limited genetic mixture with the indigenous population.[36][37] Thereafter, Lin herself coauthored a paper with similar conclusions.[38] Nevertheless, Lin's research has been continuously used by many Taiwanese independence activists to build a Taiwanese identity based on ethnicity. Activists have used Lin's findings to argue the view that the majority of Taiwanese who did not descend from migrants from the Chinese Civil War are not descendants of Han Chinese but rather descendants of Plains indigenous peoples; and therefore Taiwan should not be considered as part of a Chinese state.[39] However, this position has faced political strain. Taiwanese Plains indigenous people who have suffered racial and cultural assimilation often despise these so called "blood nationalists", whom they view as pushing a political agenda by claiming indigenous status.[40] 1. ^ Pan, Jason (8 October 2016). "Pingpu recognized under Act for Indigenous Peoples". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 October 2016. 2. ^ "平埔族群身分定位立院開公聽會". Taiwanese Indigenous TV. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-06-05. 3. ^ "立法院議事及發言系統". Legislation Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 2018-06-05. 4. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 561. Note: Credited as "Y. Ino". 5. ^ a b Tai (2007). 6. ^ a b c d e f 認識平埔族 (in Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012. 7. ^ a b Davidson (1903), p. 581. 8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tai, Pao-tsun (2006). The Concise History of Taiwan. Taiwan: Taiwan Historica. pp. 1–248. ISBN 978-986-01-0950-4. 9. ^ Shepherd (1996), p. 122. 10. ^ a b Shepherd (1996), p. 123. 11. ^ Rubinstein (2007), p. 120. 12. ^ Tai (2007), p. 52. 13. ^ "Entry #60161". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. 14. ^ Lin, M.; Chu, C.-C.; Chang, S.-L.; Lee, H.-L.; Loo, J.-H.; Akaza, T.; Juji, T.; Ohashi, J.; Tokunaga, K. (March 2001). "The origin of Minnan and Hakka, the so-called "Taiwanese", inferred by HLA study". Tissue Antigens. 57 (3): 192–199. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057003192.x. PMID 11285126. 15. ^ Hsiau (2000). 16. ^ a b c Hsiau (2000), p. 168. 17. ^ a b c d Tai (2007), p. 53. 18. ^ Lee, A (2003). "Kavalan recover their aboriginal status". Taiwan Info. MOFA. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. 19. ^ Matheson, Rich (31 October 2011). "Xiaolin Plains Aboriginal Night Ceremony". Taiwan Culture Portal. Ministry of Culture, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 28 November 2014. 20. ^ a b c d 台平埔族人告向聯合國提申訴遭到否決. China Review News (in Chinese). 中國評論通訊社. 2010-07-06. Retrieved 19 September 2012. 21. ^ "The latest figures of registration of Siraya people". Ethnic Affairs Commission of Tainan City Government. 2016-12-02. Archived from the original on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-05-29. 22. ^ "呼應蔡英文平埔政策！花蓮富里首開「鄉定原民」先例，2年過去卻不滿百人登記是發生啥事呢？". Mata Taiwan. 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2018-05-29. 23. ^ "部落大小聲節目加蚋埔部落錄製平埔議題". TITV. 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2018-05-29. 24. ^ "西拉雅平埔族註記、高市熟男266人.熟女207人". Kaohsiung City Government. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2018-05-29. 25. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 580-1. 26. ^ a b Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. 台灣本鋪：前衛出版社. pp. 139–182. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4. 27. ^ Li, Paul Jen-Kuei (2010). 新港文書研究. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-986-02-3342-1. 28. ^ Paul Jen-kuei, Li (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House. pp. 139–208. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4. 29. ^ "臺灣原住民平埔族群百年分類史系列地圖". hqq~青刊社地圖工作室. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2018-01-10. 30. ^ 林, 江義 (2004). 台東海岸加走灣馬卡道族的研究. Taipei: 國立政治大學民族研究所. 31. ^ Tai (2007), p. 45. 32. ^ a b Tai (2007), p. 47. 33. ^ Tai (2007), p. 49. 34. ^ Zhan, Sujuan (2001). Pingpu zu qun yu Taiwan li shi wen hua lun wen ji / Zhan Sujuan, Pan Yinghai zhu bian. Taiwan: Taibei Shi Zhong yang yan jiu yuan Taiwan shi yan jiu suo chou bei chu, Min guo 90. pp. 1–317. ISBN 9576717973. 35. ^ 楊緒東 (2010-12-07). 我們流著不同血液. Taiwan Tati Cultural and Educational Foundation (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 September 2012. 36. ^ The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". 5959 (326). Science: 1541-1545. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 37. ^ Chien-Hsiun Chen, Jenn-Hwai Yang, Charleston W.K. Chiang, Chia-Ni Hsiung, Pei-Ei Wu, Li-Ching Chang, Hou-Wei Chu, Josh Chang, I-Wen Song, Show-Ling Yang, Yuan-Tsong Chen, Fu-Tong Liu, Chen-Yang Shen (2016). "Population structure of Han Chinese in the modern Taiwanese population based on 10,000 participants in the Taiwan Biobank project". Human Molecular Genetics. 25 (24): 5321–5331. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw346.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 38. ^ Yun-Hua Lo, Hsueh-Chien Cheng, Chia-Ni Hsiung, Show-Ling Yang, Han-Yu Wang, Chia-Wei Peng, Chun-Yu Chen, Kung-Ping Lin, Mei-Ling Kang, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Hou-Wei Chu, Chiao-Feng Lin, Mei-Hsuan Lee, Quintin Liu, Yoko Satta, Cheng-Jui Lin, Marie Lin, Shu-Miaw Chaw, Jun-Hun Loo, Chen-Yang Shen, Wen-Ya Ko. "Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People". Molecular Biology and Evolution: msaa276. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa276.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 39. ^ Sim Kiantek (2012). 血統獨立. Taiwan Nation (in Chinese). 6. Retrieved 14 September 2012. 40. ^ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). Stanford University. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Join our Math Hackathon! - Dec. 11-12th, 2021 Insurance: Introduction Edna was worried. She had just heard from her cousin that their house flooded, and they had no idea what to do. All their life savings were finished! She told Jonah that they must figure out a way to protect their savings and their livestock. She counted how many animals there were on the farm and what it would cost to replace them. There was no way she and Jonah could afford to replace the cows and chickens! She told Jonah who confessed that he was also worried about this. He also told him about Farmer Peter’s work horse. He got sick one day and could no longer work on the farm. Farmer Peter had to do all the work by hand and it was really hard. Edna also remembered what happened after her own father passed away and how difficult it was for her mother to manage to pay for things and take care of her. This was very heavy on their head and hearts. “Let’s go talk to the Bank Manager” suggested Jonah who was very impressed with how smart the bank manager was. >>Continue to How Insurance Works Shopping Cart Your cart is currently empty. Shop now
Radiologic Technician Radiologic technicians work with radiologists to determine if other scans or images need to be taken. How do you know if a bone is broken? Unless its sticking out of your skin, it can be hard to tell for sure. We use x-ray machines to view bones, among other things, and determine if a fracture or break has occurred. While a radiologist will read and interpret the x-ray for you, a radiologic technician actually takes the image. Fast Facts Minimum Degree Required: Certificate Program Top Skills: Following Procedures, Attention to Detail, Comfortable with Computers Average Starting Salary: $40,000/year Job Description Radiologic technicians use x-ray machines and other diagnostic imaging equipment to diagnose injuries or diseases. A technician might specialize in the operation of one or more of the following machines: • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Computed Tomography (CT) • X-ray • Mammography Radiologic technicians are responsible for prepping the patient, positioning them correctly, and protecting them from unnecessary radiation, if necessary. The technician then takes a set of images, checks them for clarity, and repeats the process if necessary. Radiologic Technicians may have a certificate, associate’s degree, or bachelor’s degree in radiologic imaging. Associate’s degrees are the most typical, and they involve two years of combine class room and clinical study. At the end of the program, students know how to operate imaging equipment, read images for clarity, protect themselves and the patient from harmful radiation, and maintain accurate records. In high school, students interested in radiation technology should take available courses in biology and computer science. Most states require that radiologic technologists graduate from an accredited program and pass a certification exam from either the state or The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). Check your state’s health board for specific requirements. Job Outlook: Excellent The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that radiologic technician positions will grow by 28 percent between 2010 and 2020. The median salary for a full time technician was $54,340 as of May 2010. Show Buttons Hide Buttons
Skip to Main Content History: Australia History of Australia including primary sources Primary sources Primary sources are first hand evidence or records of the time. They may take the form of diaries, letters, interviews, speeches, photographs, posters, pamphlets and official records. They can give you a first-hand account of what life was like during the event or time you're looking at, and show you what people thought and felt about the world. You can find primary sources in books, sourcebooks, newspapers and in our digital collections. Online newspaper collections Historical archives From the 1990s onwards, many Australian newspapers are available online in:- Newspapers on microfilm The UQ Library holds complete collections of some major Australian newspapers on microfilm including: Australian literary and historical texts Federal Government publications Queensland Government publications
How do you grow indoor plants with LED lights? Can you grow plants with just LED lights? Yes, you can use a normal LED light to grow your indoor plants since all of the plants under this category can thrive in artificial light. However, the growth and development of your plant may not be as good as natural lighting or other artificial light sources with specific colors. Should I dim my LED grow lights? Dimming the lights is necessary when your plants are stressed or during application of foliar and pesticides. If you choose to include dimming control in your LED grow lights, you can make sure that you are providing the right amount of light in every stage. Can I leave my grow light on 24 hours? A: In general, you should not leave grow lights on 24/7. Plants need a light-dark cycle to develop properly. It’s believed that they truly do “rest” during periods of darkness, and probably use this time to move nutrients into their extremities while taking a break from growing. Do purple LED lights help plants grow? Violet or purple light has a shorter wavelength and higher energy, and is thought to be effective as a secondary light source to facilitate growth and development of a plant’s leafy vegetation. … With more chlorophyll, a plant generates more nutrients and grows taller with more leafy vegetation. IT IS SURPRISING: How many lumens should a good bike light have? What is the difference between LED lights and LED grow lights? What’s the difference between LED lights and LED grow lights? Standard LED lights only provide illumination while LED grow lights have a wider spectrum of both blue and red light that promote vegetative growth and flowering, respectively.
Lecture 1: Algorithms and Computation Flash and JavaScript are required for this feature. Download the video from Internet Archive. The goal of this introductions to algorithms class is to teach you to solve computation problems and communicate that your solutions are correct and efficient. Models of computation, data structures, and algorithms are introduced. Instructor: Jason Ku JASON KU: Good morning, everybody. STUDENT: Morning-- JASON KU: My name's Jason Ku. I'm going to be teaching this class in Introduction to Algorithms with two other instructors here-- faculty in the department-- Eric Demaine and Justin Solomon. They're excellent people, and so they will be working on teaching this class with me. I will be teaching the first lecture, and we'll have each of them teach one of the next two lectures, and then we'll go from there. This is Intro to Algorithms. OK, so we're going to start talking about this course content now. What is this course about? It's about algorithms-- introduction to algorithms. Really what the course is about is teaching you to solve computational problems. But it's more than that. It's not just about teaching you to solve computational problems. Goal 1-- solve computational problems. But it's more than that. It's also about communicating those solutions to others and being able to communicate that your way of solving the problem is correct and efficient. So it's about two more things-- prove correctness, argue efficiency, and in general, it's about communication-- I can't spell, by the way-- communication of these ideas. And you'll find that, over the course of this class, you'll be doing a lot more writing than you do in a lot of your other courses. It really should maybe be a CI kind of class, because you'll be doing a lot more writing than you will be coding, for sure. Of course, solving the computational problem is important, but really, the thing that you're getting out of this class and other theory classes that you're not getting in other classes in this department is that we really concentrate on being able to prove that the things you're doing are correct and better than other things, and being able to communicate those ideas to others, and not just to a computer-- to other people, convince them that it's correct. OK, so that's what this class is about. So what do I mean when I say solve a computational problem? What is a problem? What is an algorithm? People make fun of me because I start with this question, but anyone want to answer that question? No? What's a problem, computationally? No? OK, so it's not such a stupid question. Yeah? JASON KU: Something you want to compute-- OK, yes, that's true. Right. But a little bit more abstractly, what I'm going to think of a computational problem being-- and this is where your prerequisite in discrete mathematics should come in-- a problem is-- you've got a set of inputs. Maybe I have one, two, three, four, five possible inputs I could have to my algorithm. Then I have a space of outputs. I don't know. Maybe I have more of them than I do inputs, but these are the possible outputs to my problem. And what a problem is is a binary relation between these inputs and outputs. Essentially, for each input, I specify which of these outputs is correct. It doesn't necessarily have to be one. If I say, give me the index in an array containing the value 5, there could be multiple 5's in that array, and so any of those indices would be correct. So maybe this guy maps to that output, and maybe this guy maps to-- I don't know-- two or three outputs. This input goes to one, two-- I don't know. There's some kind of mapping here. These edges represent a binary relation, and it's kind of a graph, a bipartite graph between these inputs and outputs. And these are specifying which of these outputs are correct for these inputs. That's really the formal definition of what a problem is. Now, generally, if I have a problem-- a computational problem, I'm not going to specify the problem to you by saying, OK, for input 1, the correct answer is 0, and for input 2, the correct answer's 3, and so on and so forth. That would take forever, right? Usually what we do when defining a problem is specify some kind of predicate, saying that, oh, we can check-- if I give you an input and an output, I can check whether that output is correct or not. That's usually how we define a problem is, if I am checking for whether this index contains a 5, I can just go to that array, look at index 5, and-- or the index you gave me, and see if it equals 5. So usually, we're putting it in terms of predicates because, in general, we don't really want to talk about small instances of problems. So let's say I had the problem of, among the students in this classroom, do any pair of you have the same birthday? All right, well, probably, if there's more than 365 of you, the answer is yes. Right? By what? Pigeonhole principle-- two of you must have the same birthday. So let's generalize it a little bit, say that-- I don't know-- I need a bigger space of birthdays for this question to be interesting. Maybe I tack on the year. Maybe I tack on the hour that you were born. And that's a bigger space of inputs, and I wouldn't necessarily expect that two of you would be born in the same year on the same day in the same hour. That would be a little less likely. In fact, as long as that space is larger than something like the square of the number of you, then I'm less likely than even to have a pair of you. That's a birthday problem you may have seen in 042, potentially. But in general, I don't-- I'm not going to mess with probability so much here. I want a deterministic algorithm, right away of checking whether two of you have the same birth time, let's say. OK, so in general, in this class, we're not going to concentrate on inputs such as, is there a pair of you in this class that have the same birthday? That's kind of boring. I could do a lot of different things, but what we do in this class-- this is for a fixed classroom of you. I want to make algorithms that are general to any classroom-- to go to your recitation. I want an algorithm that will apply to your recitation. I want an algorithm that not only applies to this classroom, but also the machine learning class before you. I want an algorithm that can change its-- it can accept an arbitrarily sized input. Here we have a class of maybe 300, 400 students, but I want my algorithm to work for a billion students. Maybe I'm trying to check if there's a match of something in the Facebook database or something like that. So in general, we are looking for general problems that have arbitrarily sized inputs. So these inputs could grow very large, but we want kind of a fixed size algorithm to solve those problems. So what is an algorithm, then? I really can't spell-- told you. I didn't lie to you. So an algorithm is a little different than a problem. A problem specification-- I can tell you what this graph looks like. An algorithm is really-- I don't know what the outputs are. I don't know what these edges are. But I want a fixed size machine or procedure that, if I give it an input, it will generate an output. And if it generates an output, it better be one of these correct outputs. So if I have an algorithm that takes in this input, I really want it to output this output, or else it's not a correct algorithm. Similarly, for this one, it could output any of these three outputs, but if it outputs this guy for this input, that would not be a correct algorithm. And so generally, what we want is an algorithm is a function. It takes inputs to outputs. An algorithm is some kind of function that takes these inputs, maps it to a single output, and that output better be correct based on our problem. So that's what our algorithm is. It solves the problem if it returns a correct output for every problem input that is in our domain. Does anyone have a possible algorithm for checking whether any two of you have the same birth time, as specified before? I'm going to let someone else have a try. Sure. STUDENT: Just ask everyone one by one, and every time [INAUDIBLE] JASON KU: Great-- so what your colleague has said is a great algorithm. Essentially, what it's going to do is I'm going to put you guys in some order, I'm going to give you each of you a number, one through however many number of students there are in this class. And I'm going to interview you one by one. I'm going to say, what's your birthday? And I'm going to write it down. I'm going to put it in some kind of record. And then, as I keep interviewing you, I'm going to find out your birthday. I'm going to check the record. I'm going to look through all the birthdays in the record. If I find a match, then I return, yay-- I found a pair-- and I can stop. Otherwise, if I get through the record list, I don't-- and I don't find a match, I just stick you at the end of the record-- I add you to the record, and then I move on to the next person. I keep doing this. OK, so that's a proposed algorithm for this birthday problem. For birthday problem, what's the algorithm here? Maintain a record. Interview students in some order. And what does interviewing a student mean? It means two things. It means check if birthday in record. And if it is, return a pair. So return pair. Otherwise, add a new student to record. And then, at the very end, if I go through everybody and I haven't found a match yet, I'm going to return that there is none. OK, so that's a statement of an algorithm. That's kind of the level of description that we'll be looking for you in the three parts of this-- theory questions that we ask you on your problem sets. It's a verbal description in words that-- it's maybe not enough for a computer to know what to do, but if you said this algorithm to any of your friends in this class, right they would at least understand what it is that you're doing. Yeah? STUDENT: Does an algorithm have to be a pure function in a mathematical sense? JASON KU: Does an algorithm have to be a pure function in a mathematical sense? As in it needs to map to a single output? STUDENT: As in it can't modify some external state. It can't take in state and it can't do I/O. JASON KU: So we're talking about kind of a functional programming definition of a function. I am talking about the mathematical-- I have a binary relation, and this thing has an output for every input, and there is exactly one output to every input. That's the mathematical definition of function that I'm using for when I'm defining an algorithm. Yeah? STUDENT: Basically, is an algorithm like a plan? JASON KU: Yeah. An algorithm's a procedure that somehow-- I can do whatever I want, but I have to take one of these inputs and I have to produce an output. And at the end, it better be correct. So it's just a procedure. You can think of it as like a recipe. It's just some kind of procedure. It's a sequence of things that you should do, and then, at the end, you will return an output. S here's a possible algorithm for solving this birthday problem. Now, I've given you-- what I argue to you, or I'm asserting to you, is a solution to this birthday problem. And maybe you guys agree with me, and maybe some of you don't. So how do I convince you that this is correct? If I was just running this algorithm on, say, the four students in the front row here, I could argue it pretty well to you. I could assign these for people birthdays in various combinations of either their-- none of them have the same birthday, some two of them have the same birthday. I could try all possibilities, and I could go through lots of different possibilities and I need to check that this algorithm returns the right answer in all such cases. But when I have-- I don't know-- 300 of you, that's going to be a little bit more difficult to argue. And so if I want to argue something is correct in-- I want to prove something to you for some large value, what kind of technique do I use to prove such things? Yeah? Induction, right? And in general, what we do in this class, what we do is-- as a computer scientist is we write a constant sized piece of code that can take on any arbitrarily large size input. If the input can be arbitrarily large, but our code is small, then that code needs to loop, or recurse, or repeat some of these lines of code in order to just read that output. And so that's another way you can arrive at this conclusion, that we're going to probably need to use recursion, induction. And that's part of the reason why we ask you to take a course on proofs, and inductive reasoning, and discrete mathematics before this class. OK, so how do we prove that this thing is correct? We got to use induction. So how can we set up this induction? What do I need for an inductive proof? Sure. JASON KU: Base case-- we need a base case. We need some kind of a predicate. Yeah, but we need some kind of statement of a hypothesis of something that should be maintained. And then we need to have an inductive step, which basically says I take a small value of this thing, I use the inductive hypothesis, and I argue it for a larger value of my well-ordered set that I'm inducting over. For this algorithm, if we're going to try to prove correctness, what I'm going to do is I'm going to-- what do I want to prove for this thing? That, at the end of interviewing all of you, that my algorithm has either already-- it has returned with a pair that match, or if we're in a case where there wasn't a pair somewhere in my set, that it returned none. Right? That would be correct. So how can I generalize that concept to make it something I can induct on? What I'm going to do is I'm going to say-- let's say, after I've interviewed the first K students, if there was a match in those first K students, I want to be sure that I've returned a pair-- because if, after I interview all of you, I've maintained that property, then I'll be sure, at the end of the process, I will have returned a pair, if one exists. So here's going to be my inductive hypothesis. If first K students contain a match, algorithm returns a match before interviewing, say, student K plus 1. So that's going to be my inductive hypothesis. Now, if there's n students in this class, and at the end of my thing, I'm trying to interview a student n plus 1-- oh, student n plus 1's not there. If I have maintained this, then, if I replace K with n, then I will have returned a match before interviewing the last student-- when I have no more students left. And then this algorithm returns none, as it should. OK, so this inductive hypothesis sets up a nice variable to induct on. This K I can have increasing, up to n, starting at some base case. So what's my base case here? My base case is-- the easiest thing I can do-- sure-- 2? That's an easy thing I could do. I could check those possibilities, but there's an even easier base case. Yeah? There's an even easier base case than 1. JASON KU: 0, right? After interviewing 0 students, I haven't done any work, right? Certainly, the first 0 can't have a match. This inductive hypothesis this is true just because this initial predicate is false. So I can say, base case 0-- check. Definitely, this predicate holds for that. OK. Now we got to go for the meat of this thing. Assume the inductive hypothesis true for K equals, say, some K prime. And we're considering K prime plus 1. Then we have two cases. One of the nice things about abduction is that it isolates our problem to not consider everything all at once, but break it down into a smaller interface so I can do less work at each step. So there are two cases. Either the first K already had a match-- in which case, by our inductive hypothesis, we've already returned a correct answer. The other case is the-- it doesn't have a match, and we interview the K plus 1th student-- the K prime plus 1th student. If there is a match in the first K prime plus 1 students, then it will include K plus-- the student K prime plus 1, because otherwise, there would have been a match in the things before it. So there are two cases. If K contains match, K prime. If first K contains match-- already returned by induction. Else, if K prime plus 1 student's contains match, the algorithm checks all of the possibilities-- K prime checks against all students, essentially by brute force. It's a case analysis. I check all of the possibilities. Check if birthday is in record-- I haven't told you how to do that yet, but if I'm able to do that, I'm going to check if it's in the record. If it's in the record, then there will be a match, and I can return it. Otherwise, I have-- re-establish the inductive hypothesis for the K prime plus 1 students. Does that makes sense, guys? Yeah. OK, so that's how we prove correctness. This is a little bit more formal than we would ask you to do in this class all the time, but it's definitely sufficient for the levels of arguments that we will ask you to do. The bar that we're usually trying to set is, if you communicated to someone else taking this class what your algorithm was, they would be able to code it up and tell a stupid computer how to do that thing. Any questions on induction? You're going to be using it throughout this class, and so if you are unfamiliar with this line of argument, then you should go review some of that. That would be good. OK, so that's correctness, being able to communicate that the problem-- the algorithm we stated was correct. Now we want to argue that it's efficient. What does efficiency mean? Efficiency just means not only how fast does this algorithm run, but how fast does it compare to other possible ways of approaching this problem? So how could we measure how fast an algorithm runs? This is kind of a silly question. Yeah? JASON KU: Yeah. Well, just record the time it takes for a computer to do this thing. Now, there's a problem with just coding up an algorithm, telling a computer what to do, and timing how long it takes. Why? Yeah? JASON KU: It would depend on the size of your data set. OK, we expect that, but there's a bigger problem there. Yeah? JASON KU: It depends on the strength of your computer. So I would expect that, if I had a watch calculator and I programmed it to do something, that might take a lot longer to solve a problem than if I asked IBM's research computer to solve the same problem using the same algorithm, even with the same code, because its underlying operations are much faster. How it runs is much faster. So I don't want to count how long it would take on a real machine. I want to abstract the time it takes the machine to do stuff out of the picture. What I want to say is, let's assume that each kind of fundamental operation that the computer can do takes some fixed amount of time. How many of those kinds of fixed operations does the algorithm need to perform to be able to solve this problem? So here we don't measure time. Instead, count fundamental operations. OK? We'll get to what some of those fundamental operations are in a second, but the idea is we want a measure of how well an algorithm performs, not necessarily an implementation of that algorithm-- kind of an abstract notion of how well this algorithm does. And so what we're going to use to measure time or efficiency is something called asymptotic analysis. Anyone here understand what asymptotic analysis is? Probably, since it's in both of your prerequisites, I think-- but we will go through a formal definition of asymptotic notation in recitation tomorrow, and you'll get a lot of practice in comparing functions using an asymptotic analysis. But just to give you an idea, the idea here is we don't measure time. We instead measure ops. And like your colleague over here was saying before, we expect performance-- I'm going to use performance, instead of time here-- we expect that to depend on size of our input. If we're trying to run an algorithm to find a birthday in this section, we expect the algorithm to run in a shorter amount of time than if I were to run the algorithm on all of you. So we expect it to perform differently, depending on the size of the input, and how differently is how we measure performance relative to that input. Usually we use n as a variable for what the size of our input is, but that's not always the case. So for example, if we have an array that I give you-- an n-by-n array, that-- we're going to say n, but what's the size of our input? How much information do I need to convey to you to give you that information? It's n squared. So that's the size of our input in that context. Or if I give you a graph, it's usually the number of vertices plus the number of edges. That's how big-- how much space I would need to convey to you that graph, that information. We compare how fast an algorithm is with respect to the size of the input. We'll use the asymptotic notation. We have big O notation, which corresponds to upper bounds. We will have omega, which corresponds to lower bounds. And we have theta, which corresponds to both. This thing is tight. It is bounded from above and below by a function of this form. We have a couple of common functions that relate an algorithm's input size to its performance, some things that we saw all the time. Can anyone give me some of those? JASON KU: Say again. JASON KU: Sorry. Sorry. I'm not asking this question well, but has anyone heard of a linear algorithm-- a linear time algorithm? That's basically saying that the running time of my algorithm-- performance of my algorithm is linear with respect to the size of my input. Right? Yeah? JASON KU: Say again. STUDENT: Like putting something in a list-- JASON KU: Like putting something in a list-- OK. There's a lot behind that question that we'll go into later this week. But that's an example of, if I do it in a silly way, I stick something in the middle of a list and I have to move everything. That's an operation that could take linear time. So linear time is a type of function. We've got a number of these. I'm going to start with this one. Does anyone know this one is? Constant time-- basically, no matter how I change the input, the amount of time this running time-- the performance of my algorithm takes, it doesn't really depend on that. The next one up is something like this. This is logarithmic time. We have data n, which is linear, and log n. Sometimes we call this log linear, but we usually just say n log n. We have a quadratic running time. In general, if I have a constant power up here, it's n to the c for some constant. This is what we call polynomial time, as long as c is some constant. And this right here is what we mean by efficient, in this class, usually. In other classes, when you have big data sets, maybe this is efficient. But in this class, generally what we mean is polynomial. And as you get down this thing, things are more and more efficient. There's one class I'm going to talk to you about over here, which is something like-- let's do this-- 2 to the theta of n, exponential time. This is some constant to a function of n that's, let's say, super linear, that's going to be pretty bad. Why is it pretty bad? If I were to plot some of these things as a function of n-- let's say I plot values of up to 1,000 on my n scale here. What does constant look like? Maybe this is 1,000 up here. What does a constant look like? Looks like a line-- it looks like a line over here somewhere. It could be as high as I want, but eventually, anything that's an increasing function will get bigger than this. And on this scale, if I use log base 2 or some reasonable small constant, what does log look like? Well, let's do an easier one. What does linear look like? Yeah, this-- that's what I saw what a lot of you doing. That's linear. That's the kind of base that we're comparing everything against. What does log look like? Like this-- OK, but at this scale, really, it's much closer to constant than linear. And actually, as n gets much, much larger this almost looks like a straight line. It almost looks like a constant. So log is almost just as good as constant. What does exponential look like? It's the exact inverse of this thing. It's almost an exact straight line going up. So this is crap. This is really good. Almost anything in this region over here is better right. At least I'm gaining something. I'm able to not go up too high relative to my input size. So quadratic-- I don't know-- is something like this, and n log n is something like this. n log n, after a long time, really starts just looking linear with a constant multiplied in front of it. OK, so these things good, that thing bad-- OK? That's what that's trying to convey. All right, so how do we measure these things if I don't know what my fundamental operations are that my computer can use? So we need to define some kind of model of computation for what our computer is allowed to do in constant time, in a fixed amount of time. In general, what we use in this class is a machine called a word RAM, which we use for its theoretical brevity. Word RAM is kind of a loaded term. What do these things mean? Does someone know what RAM means? JASON KU: Random access memory-- it means that I can randomly access different places in memory in constant time. That's the assumption of random access memory. Basically, what our model of a computer is you have memory, which is essentially just a string of bits. It's just a bunch of 1's and 0's. And we have a computer, like a CPU, which is really small. It can basically hold a small amount of information, but it can change that information. It can operate on that information, and it also has instructions to randomly access different places in memory, bring it into the CPU, act on it, and read it back. Does that makes sense? But in general, we don't have an address for every bit in memory, every 0 and 1 in memory. Does anyone know how modern computers are addressed? Yeah? JASON KU: OK, so we're going to get there. Actually, what a modern computer is addressed in is bytes, collections of 8 bits. So there's an address I have for every 8 bits in memory-- consecutive 8 bits in memory. And so if I want to pull something in into the CPU, I give it an address. It'll take some chunk, and bring it into the CPU, operate on it, and spit it back. How big is that chunk? This goes to the answer that you were asking, which-- or saying, which is it's some sequence of some fixed number of bits, which we call a word. A word is how big of a chunk that the CPU can take in from memory at a time and operate on. In your computers, how big is that word size? 64 bits-- that's how much I can operate on at a time. When I was growing up, when I was your age, my word size was 32 bits. And that actually was a problem for my computer, because in order for me to be able to read to address in memory, I need to be able to store that address in my CPU, in a word. But if I have 32 bits, how many different addresses can I address? I have a limitation on the memory addresses I can address, right? So how many different memory addresses can I address with 32 bits? 2 to the 32, right? That makes sense. Well, if you do that calculation out, how big of a hard disk can I have to access? It's about 4 gigabytes. So in my day, all the hard drives were limited to being partitioned-- even if you had a bigger than 4 gigabyte hard drive, I had to partition it into these 4 gigabyte chunks, which the computer could then read onto. That was very limiting, actually. That's a restriction. With 64 bits, what's my limitation on memory that I can address-- byte addressable? Turns out to be something like 20 exabytes-- to put this in context, all data that Google stores on their servers, on all drives throughout the world-- it's about 10. So we're not going to run out of this limitation very soon. So what do we got we've got a CPU. It can address memory. What are the operations I can do in this CPU? Generally, I have binary operations. I can compare to words in memory, and I can either do integer arithmetic, logical operations, bitwise operations-- but we're not going to use those so much in this class. And I can write and write from an address in memory, a word in constant time. Those are the operations that I have available to me on most CPUs. Some CPUs give you a little bit more power, but this is generally what we analyze algorithms with respect to. OK? But you'll notice that my CPU is only built to operate on a constant amount of information at once-- generally, two words in memory. An operation produces a third one, and I spit it out. It takes a constant amount of time to operate on a constant amount of memory. If I want to operate on a linear amount of memory-- n things-- how long is that going to take? If I just want to read everything in that thing, it's going to take me linear time, because I have to read every part of that thing. OK, so in general, what we're going to do for the first half of this class mostly-- first eight lectures, anyway-- is talk about data structures. And it's going to be concerned about not operating on constant amount of data at a time, like our CPU is doing, but instead, what it's going to do is operate on-- store a large amount of data and support different operations on that data. So if I had a record that I want to maintain to store those birthdays that we had before, I might use something like a static array, which you guys maybe are not familiar with, if you have been working in Python is your only programming language. Python has a lot of really interesting data structures, like a list, and a set, and a dictionary, and all these kinds of things that are actually not in this model. There's actually a lot of code between you and the computer, and it's not always clear how much time that interface is taking. And so what we're going to do starting on Thursday is talk about ways of storing a non-constant amount of information to make operations on that information faster. So just before you go, I just want to give you a quick overview of the class. To solve an algorithms class-- an algorithm problem in this class, we essentially have two different strategies. We can either reduced to using the solution to a problem we know how to solve, or we can design our own algorithm, which is going to be recursive in nature. We're going to either put stuff in the data structure and solve a sorting problem, or search in a graph. And then, to design a recursive algorithm, we have various design paradigms. This is all in your notes, but this is essentially the structure of the class. We're going to spend quiz 1, the first eight lectures on data structures and sorting. Second quiz will be on shortest paths, algorithms, and graphs, and then the last one will be on dynamic programming. OK, that's the end of the first lecture. Thanks for coming.
From Spanking Art Jump to navigationJump to search An elegant master whips his submissive. From Biederer Studio (c. 1930). In some forms of BDSM the role of master means one who dictates to and controls another person, who is known as a submissive or slave. A master is a dominant, but the term implies a more pervasive relationship than "dominant" does. A master is usually a master to a specific other person or persons. A Master/slave relationship suggests one that goes beyond sexual scenes, affecting the day-to-day life of the people involved. However, different people have different conceptions of the role, and may use it in different ways. There is no single accepted and definitive list of traits that a "master" must possess, nor is there clear agreement on what distinguishes a "Master" from a "dominant". Other uses[edit] The term "Master" may be used as a term of address, either alone ("I wish to speak with you, Master") or prefixed to a name ("Master Michael"). In non-BDSM contexts, a master may be a person who has achieved a high level of skill is some trade, craft, or profession (such as a "Master plumber", "Master carpenter" or "Master musician"). In this sense it evokes the guild organizations of the Middle Ages. Such a master is permitted to train apprentices. In the 19th century, boys under 13 years old were addressed as Master; boys between 13 and the age of maturity were not accorded any courtesy title; and from the age of maturity on, they were called Mister. For example, in the spanking novel The Old Rectory, the 12-and-a-half-year-old Henry Perceval is addressed as "Master Perceval", even when he is being reproved and punished. A teacher in a school, particularly one with a culture derived from the English public school tradition, may be called a master. Also some what archaic English, Master is the male equivalent of Miss, reserving Mister for married men. See also[edit]
Subscribe to a Weekly Series Posted on August 13, 2021 (5781) By Rabbi Yaakov Menken \| Series: \| Level: The traditional naming of the five books and the weekly readings in the Torah is done by simply using the first uncommon word of the book or reading. This week’s reading, though, is aptly named, for it begins with Shoftim, judges, and many of the 41 Commandments found in the reading pertain to witnesses and judges. One of these is the warning to not accept a bribe, “for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise, and twists the words of the righteous” [16:19]. The Talmud provides many examples of Sages who refused to hear a case after a litigant did him the smallest of favors. Rav, one of the earliest scholars of the Gemara, refused to hear the case of a man who had hosted him (Sanhedrin 7b). In modern terms, something as trivial as bringing a judge coffee could make him refuse to adjudicate. And we have to wonder, would that really be significant? Could something that seems like basic respect truly twist judgment? The Chofetz Chaim, Rabbi Israel Mayer Kagan zt”l, explains with a parable. He says: if Reuven describes Shimon as wealthy, one has to know Reuven’s financial situation in order to know what this truly means. After all, if Reuven is tens of thousands of dollars in debt, he might consider anyone driving his own car to be wealthy! But if you hear this from Elon Musk’s accountant, then you know that Shimon is at least a multi-billionaire, for otherwise no one dealing with the Musk family books (currently $182.1B, plus or minus a few spare million) would consider him substantial. The Chofetz Chaim then points out that the same is true of chochmah, Torah wisdom. Not everyone is sufficiently gifted to know who is truly wise. But if one of the leading scholars of the generation told you that someone is wise, or all the more so Maimonides were to say this, you would know this person was truly blessed with wisdom. If Shlomo HaMelech, King Solomon, the wisest man of all, were to describe someone as wise, you would know that he must be incredibly wise indeed. So now let us imagine if Hashem Himself were to testify about someone that he is wise (as he does about King Solomon). You would immediately know that this person contains limitless wisdom, far beyond anything we can understand. And nonetheless, the Chofetz Chaim points out, the Torah says that it is this person who will be blinded by bribery! For who is it who says that the “wise man” will be blinded? Hashem, in His Torah! So it’s not referring to someone that you or I would describe as wise, or even a great scholar of our day, or even Maimonides, or even Shlomo HaMelech — but someone with such profound wisdom that Hashem Himself calls him wise. That is the incredible power of even a small favor, such that it can twist the judgment of the wisest people you could ever meet. There is a positive lesson in this, because in our daily lives we are not corrupting judges or twisting judgment by being generous with our time or resources — except in the way that others judge us. Do someone even a small favor, and he will perceive you differently. We can accomplish tremendous things in our relationship with others, simply by showing them small acts of kindness.
Yoga can veritably drown the body in feel-good benefits, including the promotion of joint and skeletal health. As the body builds strength and flexibility, this helps support the health of the entire body. Yoga for skeletal health helps realign the body to alleviate minor aches and pains and strengthen bones against the rigors of life. Fight Against Bone Loss It’s estimated that 10 million Americans suffer from osteoporosis and another 34 million have osteopenia, the disorder that often progresses to osteoporosis. Both men and women reach their maximum bone density by the age of 30; once that has been hit, it’s merely a matter of being able to maintain that proper bone density to avoid brittle and deteriorating bones. Yoga is a strength building form of exercise, and it’s yoga’s ability to lengthen muscles and hold them in place that helps in strengthening the bones. Experts say that the pull of a muscle against the bone is the number one factor in bone strength. How Much Yoga Is Enough Yoga? It’s hard to say how much yoga is ideal for skeletal health. A study done on finding the correlation between yoga and skeletal health discovered that as little as 10 minutes of yoga a day was enough to see an improvement in bone density and strength. Yogis who have early stage bone loss might be able to reverse their bone loss with regular exercise and a good diet. However, people with osteoporosis should seek the counsel of a yoga teacher to be taught the proper alignment for each posture. A teacher well versed in yoga therapeutics is the best source for learning safety during yoga and other aids in maintaining bone mass. Yoga with Osteoporosis It’s worth saying that there are some asanas that can cause more harm than good if the yogi has osteoporosis. Forward bends, a staple in most practices, can place undue stress on the front of the vertebrae and increase the chances of a spinal fracture. Twists can also be harmful due to the stress it places on the spine. Experts recommend supine twists so the entire length of the spine is fully supported. Poses for Skeletal Health All of the postures are fair game if the yogi merely has minor bone loss or if they’re doing yoga to prevent bone loss. Postures that focus on areas most prone to fracture–wrists, hips, and spine–will strengthen those areas and help ward off fractures or bone loss in the future. Chair Pose This pose does wonders for strengthening the hips. Not only will this pose protect the hips against bone loss, it promotes balance to prevent falling, a huge factor in bone fractures. Warriors Pose The warrior poses strengthen various parts of the body. The upper back gets a workout, as do the shoulders and arms to improve posture. The legs are worked in their entirety from the calves to the gluteals. All of the warrior variations vastly improve the body’s balance, too. The skeletal system is one of the more overlooked systems of the body when it comes to preventative health. Osteoporosis is irreversible, so it’s important for people, particularly women, to ensure their bones are properly fed and strengthened. Yoga will strengthen the body, protect the bones and joints, and improve balance and flexibility.
DEAR LINDA: What is asynchronous learning in CTE? There are many times in the life of a teacher when we are filled with fear, doubt and confusion. Literally, that would be the title of my first year as a teacher. And now, in 2020, we all feel that uncertainty renewed as we navigate a new normal in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The all new Dear Linda column on PAGES, a Techniques blog has been in planning stages since fall 2019 but there seems no better time than now to launch. Dear Linda is a space for career and technical educators, where they can feel supported and encouraged to ask questions, seek answers and uncover valuable resources, now and going forward. Dear Linda, My school district provided guidance that we should teach using asynchronous learning. What does that mean for a career and technical education (CTE) course? –A Teacher from Connecticut Hello and thank you, Connecticut, for your question. This is a great question. I, too, felt overwhelmed by the word “asynchronous” when I first heard it and so what did I do? A search! Google defines the term: Asynchronous learning is the idea that students learn the same material at different times and locations. Asynchronous learning is also called location independent learning, and is opposite to synchronous learning where students learn at the same time by activities such as attending a lecture or laboratory. After reading this, I took a moment and really thought about the CTE classroom; I realized that we have been asynchronous for years. Think about your own classroom. You provide the content through slides and demonstrations; then students are offered time to work on their skills independently. The key word there is independently. CTE students are resilient and able to adapt to a variety of situations. Why? We prepare them for the ever-changing workforce. Now, in the midst of the current COVID-19 crisis, the only major difference is, your content will be delivered via a platform such as Google Classroom. What exactly does asynchronous learning look like? • Content can be delivered (whether review or new, district depending) via Google Slides. You can use Google Meet to review the slides live or you might record them and publish in your classroom. There is value added for students as they listen to you point out the key elements of the lesson. • Questions can be answered during Google Meet live sessions or during virtual office hours I have also been scheduling check-in times where students can come just to talk like they used to in my brick and mortar classroom. • Skill videos can be uploaded from a variety of resources or if you have materials at home, you can simulate. In the video below you can see how I have modified a partial bed bath for my nurse aide students using a baby doll. • Attendance can be taken using a Google Form, which transfers to a Google Sheet. Another idea is to set up an expectation for “roll call” using your system’s chat feature, where students simply comment “here” when they enter. If you are doing a Google Meet, there is an add-on feature that tracks attendance automatically. Keep in mind Many students will benefit from the added flexibility of an asynchronous learning environment; they can enter your classroom day or night to view and complete the assignments. Try not to stress. Keep things simple. Remind yourself as you remind your students… We are all learning together. Focus on keeping your virtual classroom environment, safe, loving and a place where your students feel comfortable coming to talk and learn. Let them always know how much you care! Be safe and thank you again for this wonderful question. Linda Romano Send us your questions and Linda will have the answers. Questions for Dear Linda can be emailed to Linda Romano is vice president of ACTE’s Health Science Education Division and a health science/nurse aide educator for Newburgh Enlarged City School District, where she has been a CTE teacher since 2006. In 2018, Romano was named ACTE’s Teacher of the Year. She also serves as president of the New York Health Science Educator Association. Romano is an active registered nurse and serves in several volunteer capacities for her state of New York and within the local Newburgh Community/ Newburgh Armory Unity Center. In addition to mentoring new teachers, Linda Romano developed and leads a program called Scholars in Scrubs, which provides education, health and wellness, and opportunities for young people (pre-K to high school) and their parents/grandparents.
Celebrate The Work of the NAACP, bit by bit by bit It began before it began. This was in 1905, when the great black scholar W.E.B. DuBois called a meeting of prominent black men. They met on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls because hotels in their own country would not accommodate them and formed what became known as the Niagara Movement. The Movement, which held a subsequent meeting at Harper's Ferry, W.Va., issued a statement that said, in part, "We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social, and until we get these rights, we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America." But the movement, hampered by various difficulties, soon sputtered and became inactive. Then the riot came. For six days in August 1908, a mob of white people surged through the streets of Springfield, Ill., lynching and maiming black people. The irony of this happening in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln was lost on no one, the rioters least of all. "Lincoln freed you, we'll show you your place," they cried as they flogged black people through the streets. The appalling spectacle energized white liberals like Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard. On Lincoln's 100th birthday, Feb. 12, 1909, they joined with DuBois and other remnants of the Niagara Movement to issue a call for a conference on race. That call, a century ago last Thursday, was the birth certificate of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The milestone simultaneously demands and defies commemoration. It is, after all, hard to hug an institution. And if it's true that history is biography, it's not hard to understand why the NAACP has often seemed overshadowed by larger-than-life personalities such as Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., the Rev. Jesse L. Jackson. Even its most celebrated members - DuBois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Thurgood Marshall, Medgar Evers, Rosa Parks - are better known for what they did than for the organization to which they belonged. Who regards the NAACP with the reverence those men and women inspire? DuBois notwithstanding, there is in the NAACP story no central charismatic figure. Instead, there is The Work. There is fighting voter suppression and protesting lynch laws and writing legal briefs. There is issuing press releases and filing complaints and lobbying lawmakers. There is awarding scholarships and publishing reports and sponsoring workshops and holding accountable. There is advancement made in increments. Until, one day, you look up and see that because of those increments, the world has changed as if in a bolt of lightning. The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision is the most obvious illustration, but really, the proof is the whole country since 1909. It is Sidney Poitier and Condoleezza Rice and Guion Bluford and Barack Obama. And me. Maybe even you. For all that, one often senses in African-America a certain ambivalence toward the NAACP. Too middle class, says one school of criticism. Not relevant, says another. Still others are put off by scandals of leadership over the last 15 years or so. And for some, perhaps the Baltimore-based organization's greatest sin is simply this: It is not exciting. Organizations seldom are. But they do The Work, don't they? The Work that is bigger than one person and longer than one life. Because the NAACP has done The Work, we can pause upon a milestone in a world transformed, a world in which Mr. Obama is president and Oprah is queen. If the difference looks like a lightning bolt, we know better. And we celebrate the increments by which we advance. Leonard Pitts Jr. is a columnist for The Miami Herald. His column appears regularly in The Baltimore Sun. His e-mail is
Take the time to eat breakfast in the morning. Breakfast should include complex carbohydrates and clean protein. Essentially, complex carbohydrates provide energy and the protein ensures that the body has material readily available for rebuilding tissues. Combining the complex carbohydrate with a protein stabilizes blood sugar levels and stokes the metabolism. Fail to provide your body with the energy that it requires to function properly and it will feed off of your muscle tissue and ultimately hamper your metabolism. A good combination here is a bowl of oatmeal,eggs, grapefruit and a cup of coffee. Eat Six –eight small meals per day This one requires some planning. The ‘meals’ referred to consist of a protein, complex carbohydrate and a fibrous carbohydrate. Some good combination include: chicken-rice/veritable and fish/medium baked potato-cheese/green beans-rice-dal/chapatti-dal-curd etc. Lean cuts of beef (once a week) sweet potato/salad salmon/quinoa/asparagus. Eat every three hours This also requires some planning. Eating every three hours keeps the blood sugar/insulin levels stable throughout the day, control carvings, prevent binging, reduces fat storage and keeps the metabolism burning hot. Here is the thing; eating frequently makes you burn more calories. On the contrary, missing meals immediately slows the metabolism, triggers the body’s starvation response and triggers the body’s starvation response and thus sounds the death kneel for fat burning.
The Influence Of Nature Vs. Nurture In Frankenstein 825 Words4 Pages Nature is the predetermined traits that people are born with, while nurture is the influence that affects people after they’re born. The debate surrounding Nature V. Nurture is how much of a person’s traits is predetermined and how much is influenced by the environment. Mary Shelley's believes in nurture more than nature. Victor Frankenstein has certain traits that he’s born with. Frankenstein is born into a prestigious, wealthy family. Being born into prominent family means that Frankenstein is set to follow a path to success, without much work. Victor is born with natural curiosity. He seems to exhibit this want for power and it’s evident in his creations. Early events in Frankenstein’s life influence his decisions later on. After reading a book by Cornelius Agrippa, Victor expressed interest in Agrippa’s theories. Frankenstein’s father sees him reading the book and tells him, “My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this; it is …show more content… There are many signs that happen in Frankenstein’s early life that’ll deflect him from pursuing his original studies, such as, his father not explaining why Victor shouldn’t read the book by Agrippa, the storm that he’s fasciated from and after he discovers the tree that was struck by lightening the night before. While, the Monster is traumatized after being abandoned by Victor. The Monster wants to be validated and loved by Victor. His need for validation leads him to seek it out whenever he can, though it proves to be disastrous. Overall, Shelley believes in nurture. Frankenstein is born into a wealthy family and has a natural curiosity. Whereas, the Monster is abandoned by his creator. There are signs the defer Victor from his original studies and lead him to creating his Monster. The horrible treatment leads the Monster to his bleak outlook on society. These societal and environment surroundings influenced both Frankenstein and his Open Document
Enter a phrase above to search files and articles within the site. Typically materials that are more than 5 years old will be archived Displaying 1 - 5 of 5 results Atopic Dermatitis What is atopic dermatitis? Atopic dermatitis, often called eczema, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes the skin to become inflamed and irritated, making it extremely itchy. Scratching leads to: Redness. Swelling. Cracking. “Weeping” clear fluid. Crusting. Scaling. In most cases, there are times when the disease is worse, called flares, followed by times when the skin improves or clears up entirely, called remissions. Atopic dermatitis is a common condition, and anyone can get the disease. However, it usually begins in childhood. Atopic dermatitis cannot be spread from person to person. No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis. Depending on What is scleroderma? Scleroderma is an autoimmune connective tissue and rheumatic disease that causes inflammation in the skin and other areas of the body. This inflammation leads to patches of tight, hard skin. Scleroderma involves many systems in your body. A connective tissue disease is one that affects tissues such as skin, tendons, and cartilage. There are two major types of scleroderma: Localized scleroderma only affects the skin and the structures directly under the skin. Systemic scleroderma, also called systemic sclerosis, affects many systems in the body. This is the more serious type of scleroderma and can damage your blood Sjögren’s Syndrome What is Sjögren’s syndrome? Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that happens when the immune system attacks the glands that make moisture in the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body. The main symptoms are dry eyes and mouth, but the disorder may affect other parts of the body. Many people with Sjogren’s syndrome say they feel tired often (fatigue). They also may have joint and muscle pain. In addition, the disease can damage the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. Ankylosing Spondylitis What is ankylosing spondylitis? Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes inflammation in certain parts of the spine. Over time, this inflammation in the joints and tissues of the spine can cause stiffness. In severe cases, this may cause the bones in the spine to grow together, which can lead to a rigid spine that is difficult to bend. Many people with ankylosing spondylitis have mild episodes of back pain and stiffness that come and go. But others have severe, ongoing back pain and stiffness. Other symptoms also may develop if other areas of the body are affected What is gout? Gout is a type of arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your joints, usually as flares that last for a week or two, and then go away. Gout flares often begin in your big toe or a lower limb. Gout happens when high levels of a substance called serum urate build up in your body. When this happens, needle-shaped crystals form in and around the joint. This leads to inflammation and arthritis of the joint. However, many people with high levels of serum urate will not develop gout. With early diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle changes, gout
Typically materials that are more than 5 years old will be archived Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 results What is arthritis? "Arthritis" literally means joint inflammation. Although joint inflammation is a symptom or sign rather than a specific diagnosis, the term arthritis is often used to refer to any disorder that affects the joints. Joints are places where two bones meet, such as your elbow or knee. There are different types of arthritis. In some diseases in which arthritis occurs, other organs, such as your eyes, heart, or skin, can also be affected. Fortunately, current treatments allow most people with arthritis to lead active and productive lives. Scoliosis in Children and Teens What is scoliosis? Scoliosis is a sideways curve of the spine. Children and teens with scoliosis have an abnormal S-shaped or C-shaped curve of the spine. The curve can happen on either side of the spine and in different places in the spine. With treatment, observation, and follow-up with the doctor, most children and teens with scoliosis have normal, active lives. Pachyonychia Congenita What is pachyonychia congenita? Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a very rare genetic disorder that affects the skin and nails. Most people have thickened nails and calluses on the bottom of the feet. Painful calluses on the soles can make walking difficult. Because of the pain, some people rely on a cane, crutches, or a wheelchair to help with walking. Epidermolysis Bullosa What is epidermolysis bullosa? Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare diseases that cause fragile skin that leads to blisters and tearing. Tears, sores, and blisters in the skin happen when something rubs or bumps the skin. They can appear anywhere on the body. In severe cases, blisters may also develop inside the body. The symptoms of the disease usually begin at birth or during infancy and range from mild to severe. Rheumatoid Arthritis What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that mostly affects joints, such as the wrist, hands, feet, spine, knees, and jaw. In joints, RA causes inflammation that leads to: Pain. Swelling Stiffness. Loss of function. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder because the immune system attacks the healthy joint tissues. Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection and disease. RA may cause you to feel unusually tired, to have occasional fevers, and to have a loss of appetite. It also may cause other medical problems in the heart, lungs, blood, nerves, eyes Sports Injuries What are sports injuries? Sports injuries are injuries that happen when playing sports or exercising. There are two kinds of sports injuries: Acute injuries occur suddenly when playing or exercising. For example: Sprained ankles. Strained backs. Broken bones. Chronic injuries happen after you play a sport or exercise for a long time. Sprains and Strains What are sprains and strains? A sprain is an injury to a ligament (tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint). When a sprain happens, one or more ligaments is stretched or torn. A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon (fibrous cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone). In a strain, a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn.
Typically materials that are more than 5 years old will be archived Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 results Giant Cell Arteritis What is giant cell arteritis? Giant cell arteritis causes the arteries of the scalp and neck to become red, hot, swollen, or painful. The arteries most affected are those in the temples on either side of the head. These arteries narrow, so not enough blood can pass through. It is important that you get treatment right away. Otherwise, the arteries could be permanently damaged. There is also a risk of blindness or stroke. If you have giant cell arteritis, your doctor should also look for signs of another disorder, polymyalgia rheumatica. These conditions often occur together. Spinal Stenosis What is spinal stenosis? Spinal stenosis happens when the spaces in the spine narrow and create pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that comes out of the base of the brain and runs down the center of the spine. The nerve roots branch out from the cord. In spinal stenosis, the narrowing usually occurs over time. Fibrous Dysplasia What is fibrous dysplasia? Fibrous dysplasia happens when abnormal fibrous (scar-like) tissue replaces healthy bone. The fibrous tissue weakens the bone over time, which can lead to: Broken bones. Bones that are misshapen (bowed or crooked). The disease can affect any bone in the body. Some people have no symptoms or only a few symptoms. Other people may have more symptoms. Although there is no cure for fibrous dysplasia, treatments may help to lessen pain, and physical therapy may help strengthen muscle and improve movement. Paget’s Disease of Bone What is Paget’s disease? Paget’s disease of bone is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal. Usually only one or a few bones have the disease. Many people with Paget’s disease do not have symptoms. However, the bone changes can cause: Bone pain. Misshapen bones. Broken bones (fractures). Problems in the joints near the bones with the disease. With treatment, many people can: Manage their symptoms. Improve pain. Control the effects of the disease.
Skip to main content Publish date: 1860-O Seated Liberty Dollar With a total mintage of 515,000, the 1860-O Seated Liberty dollars are 90% silver and 10% copper. Seated Liberty dollars from 1840 to 1866 did not include the “In God We Trust” motto, which was added back mid-1866. (Image courtesy of The 1860-O Seated Liberty dollar is a fascinating coin.It is also the least expensive Mint State Seated Liberty dollar with a price of $1,825 in MS-60.It goes to $2,800 in MS-63 and $48,000 in MS-65, but for Seated Liberty dollars those are very low prices with only a couple other dates even coming close. Right away, there must be questions as the 1860-O is from the New Orleans facility and New Orleans was famous, or maybe infamous, as a facility where we have poor supplies for Mint State coins, especially for the period of 1860 and before.The 1860-O is the glaring exception.The 1860-O dime is admittedly a low mintage date, but it is almost unknown in Mint State.Yet the 1860-O dollar, based on the prices, is seemingly common. There has to be a reason and there is.Back in 1860 what silver dollar production there was had basically become production simply for export.Realistically, Seated Liberty dollars had never circulated in any numbers anyway, but in 1860 if you got a dollar coin in change it was a gold dollar and not a silver Seated Liberty dollar.In fact, the change in the amounts of silver in the silver coins in 1853 basically sealed the deal as all silver denominations had the amount of silver reduced with the exception of the dollar.After 1853 when silver dollars were made, the purpose was to ship them out of the country. At first, it really did not matter because New Orleans did not make silver dollars anywhere.There had been a small 40,000 mintage in 1850 and a 59,000 mintage in 1846 but otherwise prior to 1853 New Orleans had not made any other silver dollars and that did not change after 1853. Then a strange thing happened.In 1859, New Orleans produced 360,000 silver dollars.That was not just a record for New Orleans silver dollars, it was a record Seated Liberty dollar total.Then, in 1860, another remarkable thing happened and that was that New Orleans produced 515,000 examples of the 1860-O.In the prior 18 years New Orleans had produced 99,000 silver dollars and then in two years it produced 875,000.Clearly there was something unusual going on. We cannot honestly be sure what was going on at the time but even with larger mintages, the assumption would be that the 1860-O, as well as the 1859-O, would have been shipped out of the country. In the case of the 1860-O, and probably the 1859-O as well, it appears that at least one $1,000 bag was shipped north to Washington.We can suggest that now because there appears to have been possibly a bag or two of Mint State examples of the 1860-O and perhaps one of the 1859-O in the Treasury vaults. There have been rumors over the years of such bags.The 1871 and 1872 were also mentioned, but the grading services have given us a chance to truly test the availability of Seated dollar supplies in Mint State.While the grading services have not seen every possible Mint State Seated Liberty dollar and have seen some more than once, their totals do give us some indication as to whether certain dates have the numbers available today to at least suggest that there might once have been a bag or other large hoard. What we learn is that the date most likely to have been found by the bag is the 1860-O as it has been seen in Mint State 823 times by PCGS and 492 times by NGC.The 1859-O posts Mint State totals of 496 times at PCGS and 314 times by NGC while the higher mintage 1871 is at 205 times at PCGS and 163 times at NGC with the 1872 trailing at 120 times at PCGS and 95 times at NGC. While the total of the 1860-O does not equal a full $1,000 bag, it should be noted that there are additional numbers in AU grades.Moreover, the coins in the rumored bags were in some cases reported being heavily bag marked so it is possible that some were not submitted, while others might have received an AU designation. An added interesting factor is that to have survived, any 1860-O and 1859-O would have had to have been shipped quickly to Washington as when New Orleans was seized by the state of Louisiana forces in early 1861 had there been any silver dollars they would have been used and not saved. This all makes the 1860-O an available date and a date with a fascinating and unique story which is a good combination for a collector of limited funds who wants an interesting coin.
Skip to main content Verified by Psychology Today Health Anxiety Awareness: The First Step of Getting Better Learn about the specific thoughts and behaviors that are getting you in trouble. Key points • Becoming aware of one's anxiety patterns is a critical first step in making changes. • People with anxiety engage in common thinking errors that make them more anxious. • Thought records can help systematically identify erroneous thoughts and behaviors that maintain anxiety. Health anxiety is awful. Anyone who has experienced it knows how exhausting it can be. The options of potential worst-case scenarios are endless. It is an ongoing experience of impending doom, waiting for that next symptom to pop up that threatens your life. AIDS, cancer, heart disease, meningitis, the latest mutation of COVID-19, the list of potential diseases that you fear will ultimately claim your life is endless. Bring on the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Like other types of anxiety, this type of anxiety is treatable with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). One of the first things I do when working with a client with health anxiety is to help them develop health anxiety awareness. It is critical to have a thorough understanding of your own thinking patterns and behaviors prior to diving into treatment. Once we have a solid understanding of your patterns, the real fun begins. We can then collaboratively use cognitive restructuring and behavioral techniques to help you reshape the way you see health and disease (e.g. Socratic questioning, behavioral experiments, exposure exercises). Let’s Identify Those Thinking Errors First, we identify the thinking errors that you commonly engage in. They are unhelpful and often inaccurate thoughts that creep into our minds and increase anxiety. Below are some examples of thinking errors related to health anxiety. Do any of these resonate with you? All-or-Nothing Thinking: Seeing things in black-and-white categories, ignoring shades of gray. For example, assuming you are either very healthy or very ill. Overfocusing on the Negatives: Hyper-focusing on a single negative detail and ignoring all the positives. For example, if your doctor said your headaches are probably due to dehydration, you start dwelling on the word “probably” and begin thinking about the lethal causes of headaches, while ignoring the doctor’s overall message that there is no cause for concern. Disqualifying the Positives: Rejecting positive information. For example, if your doctor said, “The test found no indication of cardiovascular issues,” you might reject the result by insisting that the positive result “doesn’t count” because the test might not have been able to detect your heart issues. Similarly, you might discount benign explanations of bodily complaints (e.g., rejecting the idea that your stomachache is the result of something you ate). Jumping to Conclusions: Assuming you know the results. For example, anticipating that the results of a brain scan will be bad news or jumping to the conclusion that back pain is the first sign of lung cancer. Another example is “fortune-telling” in which you assume that your expected negative outcome is already an established fact (e.g., “If I got a disease I would for sure die,” or “if I got sick, I would experience severe pain and suffering”). Catastrophizing: Attributing horrible consequences to minor things. For example, “A new mole means certain death.” Or, “My loss of appetite indicates a serious health problem.” Overgeneralization: Taking one example as “proof” for a general rule (e.g. “My doctor said she will order a scan to look at the lump in my breast. This must mean I have cancer.”) Emotional Reasoning: Regarding your feelings as facts. For example, “I must be having a medical issue because otherwise, I wouldn’t feel so worried about this.” Record Your Thoughts Another important part of developing health anxiety awareness is to fill out a thought record about health anxiety thoughts and behaviors. This will allow us to get an idea of the typical thought and behavior patterns around your health anxiety. See an example below from one of my many personal experiences with health anxiety. Date and Day: Saturday, 10/9/21 Health Anxiety Trigger: Noticed a blemish on my skin Anxiety-Provoking Thought: It is some type of melanoma. I am going to die and my children will grow up without a mother. Strength of Belief in the Thought (0-100): 75 Intensity of Anxiety (0-100): 85 Thinking Errors: Catastrophizing or Jumping to Conclusions Safety Behaviors (i.e. behaviors that are calming in the short-term but increase anxiety in the long-term): • Excessive checking: Repeatedly pinched, pulled, and picked at my skin • Reassurance seeking: Spent a few hours in the ol’ Google downward spiral Rational Response/Alternative Explanations: There are many other potential explanations for a skin blemish. I could have rubbed it against something unknowingly. Or it could simply be a sunspot. I will make an appointment with the doctor to have it looked at and will wait and see what the doctor says. Bottom Line Building awareness of your thoughts is a critical step in addressing health anxiety. In order to make changes, you need to first understand the thoughts and behaviors that are keeping your anxiety alive and well. Initially, it will take a concerted effort to recognize the thoughts that are making you anxious. However, like with anything, once you build this new skill, you will be able to identify and challenge inaccurate thoughts with little effort.
‘What is junk to some, is a treasure to others’. The pros of upcycling are that there are no rules and limits, one can go total bonkers. There will be no right and wrong on what you create with the concept of upcycling. Rethinking The Future Awards 2022 The words recycling and upcycling are interchangeably used but there lies a thin line between the two being equally beneficial for the environment. Recycle entails breaking down old items into its raw material e.g.: plastic, paper, glass, etc. to create new items to reduce the negative impact of old production. Upcycling takes previously used products and repurpose them with new or of equal value without the use of any additional energy. Also, the upcycle strives to minimal or no use of any additional new product or material during its process. Hence. Yes! It is a sustainable and cost-effective concept which however requires brains for innovation and time for execution. Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers The herd ideology of consumerism and capitalism has stimulated the Anthropocene and hence production and consumption become an integral debatable component in our lifestyles. The desire of new is greed which develops an attitude of hoarding our home losing the importance of commodities. The morality to upcycle at the small stage at home rather than someone else doing it for us as ‘many hands make light work’ in conserving the environment, conserving limited resources, encouraging creativity and innovation, reducing overwhelmed waste collection, reduces the cost of production and supports local industries. The ideologies of upcycling remain vast with its promising applications in the following streams 1. Art 2. Architectural Designing 3. Industries 4. Libraries 5. Fashion and Clothing 6. Food 7. Technology 8. Product Design Processes 9. Landscaping resources 10. Construction and Demolition Benefits of Upcycling 1. Environmental Impact Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers Currently, we are living in and around the trash crisis. Our atmosphere has higher CO2 levels in history, land, and oceans are somewhere close to turning into trash yards. Upcycling has a positive impact on our surroundings as the waste gets reused and reduces new waste production by reducing waste in landfills. By reducing the consumption of new materials we break the chain of using extra raw materials and natural resources. All these lead to low land, air, water pollution, and emission in greenhouse gases. Hence, a positive impact on the environment. Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers 2. Social Impact The modernization has made individuals available each and everything at our doorstep. However, people have changed and now strive for customized things and services rather than mass-produced. The culture of DIY also encouraged children to think creatively. Creating upcycling products and services for people supports small industries, artisans, and locals. Buying these products helps in supporting the cause and various communities around the world with the same mindsets stimulating community circular economy. Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers 3. Personal Impact The personal impact is the fact of knowing that one is contributing to promoting a healthier environment being part of the change. A few of the examples around will self-motivate in taking up this creative process on your own. One thing will lead to another and teach you many new skills on its way. E.g. reusing clothes to make bags will teach you sewing and necessary skills, reusing small products inside the house will give rise in new items every few months. The process and the outcome will be worth a pat on your shoulder. Following are various ways few countries are taking the culture and concept of upcycling to a whole new level: 1. Palletfest, upcycling fest in Denver Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers Started in 2014, people behind this fest are passionate about breathing new life into waste materials and especially wooden shipping pallets. The fest is filled with repurposed pallets in innovative and useful ways. This creative process and initiative reverses the down cycle approach and welcomes locals and all enthusiasts to meet people form upcycling studios presenters, retailers, recyclers, and manufacturers to form a community striving for better neighborhoods. Palletfest, upcycling fest in Denver - Sheet1 The pallet maze @www.confluence-denver.com Palletfest, upcycling fest in Denver- Sheet2 Upcycled pallet bookshelf @bethpartin.com Palletfest, upcycling fest in Denver- Sheet3 Dining Table from pallets @denver.cbslocal.com 2. Ocean Sole, Kenya Kenyan company Ocean Sole by Julie Church, started in 1997 crafts pieces of art installation, toys, jewelry, etc. from discarded rubber flip-flops from other junk and piles of rubbish accumulated along the sandy beaches in Kenya. A trade and business-based solution for native people and the global problem of marine pollution helping the locals in daily earning and contributing to supporting the cause of awareness. Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers Ocean Sole, Kenya- Sheet3 Local artisan carving the soles in a workshop in 2005, Nairobi ©edition.cnn.com Ocean Sole, Kenya - Sheet1 Elephant rubber installations made of flip flops ©oceansoleonline.com Ocean Sole, Kenya - Sheet2 Elephant rubber installations made of flip flops ©oceansoleonline.com 3. Re-tuna (mall), Eskiltuna, Sweden Re-Tuna is the world’s first upcycling/recycling products mall in Eskilstuna, Sweden (around 100km from Stockholm) an initiative led by Anna Bergstrom. Re-Tuna is a two-storey building of second hand, upcycled, recycled, and repurposed items with 14 shops covering products from clothing, furniture, DIY, tools, and everything at affordable prices. All unwanted items are collected at ‘Returen’ then distributed to recycling shops and innovators for repurposing. They can choose whatever they want and can repair, convert, and refine for its new identity and value ultimately for sale at Re-Tuna. Not just a marketplace Re-Tuna also organizes events, lectures, workshops for the people of the city for awareness and inculcating the culture of upcycling. Eduwik- Online Courses for Architects & Designers Re-tuna (mall), Eskiltuna, Sweden - Sheet1 Entrance lobby of Re-Tuna mall ©www.dailyscandinavian.com Re-tuna (mall), Eskiltuna, Sweden- Sheet2 One of the furniture shop inside the mall ©www.theguardian.com Re-tuna (mall), Eskiltuna, Sweden - Sheet3 The view of the mall building from outside ©www.bbc.com RuchiKumbhani is currently a final year B. Arch student at PVP College of Architecture, Pune. She is a curious mind & travel enthusiast. With few days of intense binge indoors to days of cycling outdoor, she loves to observeinterrelationship of different settings/spaces and penning her thoughts over it. Write A Comment Rethinking The Future Awards 2022
Weekly Text-based Coding Classes for Kids ages 11-14 Warm up & race off into the world of Python programming, where kids learn to create a bunch of fun projects in Python. In this year long Python programming series, kids will be embarking on their Python journey with first, an introductory exposure to Python and its capabilities. They’ll learn the Python syntax as well as some basic concepts such as functions, loops, and variables. Experience good programming practice and design thinking as we learn through fun projects with Python! Then, they continue on with more visual projects using the Python Turtle Library. By learning and implementing more Python concepts such as lists, sorting and object oriented programming, kids will get to add more projects to their belt with Python Programming, with their own unique twists. Here's what your child's Python digital literacy roadmap looks like. Each term-time module spans 8 weeks, totalling 16 hours of class time.New intakes every quarter. Module 1 Ready Set Python Module 0 Now available Kids learn the basics of Python programming & create text-based projects that they are proud of. Sign Up Now! Module 2 Ready Set Python Module 1 Now available In module 1, kids take their Python programming knowledge to the next level by building intermediate text based projects. Sign Up Now! View Schedule Perhaps you have questions... We’ve got answers! If you don’t see your question here, shoot us an email. Ready Set Python: Python Programming is a progressive, year-long programme consisting of 4 modules, each comprising 8 weekly classes of 2 hours. While kids are recommended to complete modules in sequence, we understand that schedules change; students who sign up for one module are not required to sign up for subsequent ones. This programme is recommended for preschoolers ages 11-14 who don’t necessarily have experience with Python programming. The programme starts off with a foundational course that teaches kids the necessary knowledge to progress further onto the more advanced modules. Each module has been designed to be progressive, therefore it’s ideal that students should complete Module 0 before moving on to Module 1. That said, most modules are also available as holiday camps, so kids also have the option of completing the relevant pre-requisite course(s) during the school holidays before continuing with this programme during term time. Please write to us for personalised advice. We’ll provide all equipment and materials, but you may want to bring a jacket and light snacks in case he/she gets hungry. Ready Set Python is not available online for the time being, but do shoot us an email if you’d like to explore that possibility. Do reach out to us with your child’s programming experience. Our qualified instructors will assess their suitability. Take a peek into our classrooms. “We shouldn’t teach computer science only because it’s useful, but because it’s interesting and intensely creative. Computer science blends intellectual pleasure of reason and logic with the practicality of engineering. It blends the beauty of arts with the change-the-world ethos of social sciences.” Linda Liukas Programmer, author, and illustrator
Study Guide Jason: Birth and Early Adventures Myth Text Bedtime and campfire stories from way, way back in the day In very ancient times there lived in Thessaly a king and queen name Athamas and Nephele. They had two children, a boy and a girl. After a time Athamas grew indifferent to his wife, put her away, and took another. Nephele suspected danger to her children from the influence of the step-mother, and took measures to send them out of her reach. Mercury assisted her, and gave her a ram with a golden fleece, on which she set the two children, trusting that the ram would convey them to a place of safety. The ram vaulted into the air with the children on his back, taking his course to the East, till when crossing the strait that divides Europe and Asia, the girl, whose name was Helle, fell from his back into the sea, which from her was called the Hellespont—now the Dardanelles. The ram continued his career till he reached the kingdom of Colchis, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, where he safely landed the boy Phryxus, who was hospitably received by AEetes, king of the country. Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, and gave the Golden Fleece to AEetes, who placed it in a consecrated rove, under the care of a sleepless dragon. There was another kingdom in Thessaly near to that of Athamas, and ruled over by a relative of his. The king AEson, being tired of the cares of government, surrendered his crown to his brother Pelias on condition that he should hold it only during the minority of Jason, the son of AEson. When Jason was grown up and came to demand the crown from his uncle, Pelias pretended to be willing to yield it, but at the same time suggested to the young man the glorious adventure of going in quest of the Golden Fleece, which it was well known was in the kingdom of Colchis, and was, as Pelias pretended, the rightful property of their family. Jason was pleased with the thought and forthwith made preparations for the expedition. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Skip to content COVID-19 Update View Our Response Plan What is Ventilation Management? December 16, 2019 \| Blog In today’s world, nurses and medical professionals are becoming increasingly likely to care for patients on mechanical ventilators. A ventilator is a tool used mostly in hospital settings, which supports breathing for those who have difficulty doing it themselves. They provide a variety of functions that our body needs to survive including the insertion of oxygen into the lungs and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body. So, what patients are most likely to need the assistance of ventilators? According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, “Ventilators most often are used during surgery if you’re under anesthesia (or) if a disease impairs your lung function.” Some diseases that may require a ventilator include: pneumonia, brain injury, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Consult with your primary care doctor if you experience any difficulty breathing or other respiratory issues such as persistent and painful coughing to see if ventilation care will be necessary. The ventilator is placed into the mouth or nose of a patient and makes its way down into the windpipe to support breathing. The American Thoracic Society notes that, “The ventilator can deliver higher levels of oxygen than delivered by a mask or other device. The ventilator can also provide what is called positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP).” In addition to those benefits, the ventilator itself does not typically cause pain apart from mild discomfort due to a disliking of having the tube in their mouth or nose. Assisted Living Services It is necessary that any ventilation management or care is done by skilled professionals in the medical field due to the complicated nature of the insertion as well as the necessary oversight during the patient’s time on a ventilation unit. Some places that tend to offer ventilation services include: • Hospitals • Emergency Rooms (ERs) • Intensive Care Unit (ICU) • Post-Acute Care Centers • Long Term Care Centers MedlinePlus discusses that further by stating, “In the hospital, a person on a ventilator is watched closely by health care providers including doctors, nurses, and respiratory therapists. People who need ventilators for long periods may stay in long-term care facilities.” A patient is typically unable to speak when they are on ventilation care. So, in addition to requiring additional attention for lung conditions, special efforts need to be taken to monitor their communication efforts and provide them with other ways to do so. A medical professional can also assist in receiving nutrition while using a ventilator through tubes into either a vein or the patient’s stomach. At Spring Hills Senior Communities, we are proud to manage post-acute care facilities which offer ventilation services onsite provided by highly skilled and trained professionals. To learn more about our Signature Touches, contact us. Contact Us
The theory is clear: disasters exist, they are not predictable, they are not an option and they are not 100% avoidable for companies. But what is in our hands is to be prepared with BaaS or DRaaS continuity plans and thus minimize the impact of these. In previous posts we saw the main differences between them and the importance of knowing how to measure the speed and efficiency of recovery. The latter is the key to choosing between BaaS or DRaaS,the fundamental parameters that define a recovery plan known as RTO and RPO. RTO and RPO: To make a decision between implementing a BaaS or a DRaaS it is very important to parameterize the LEVELS of criticality DRP (Disaster Plan), where the RPO (Recovery Point Objective) and RTO (Recovery Time Objective) are analyzed. • RPO (Recovery Point Objective) refers to the maximum volume of lost data measured in time from the occurrence of a failure to the recovery of the last available backup. This term is directly related to the limitation of setback distance over time. i.e. the amount of data that can be “lost” before it affects business operations, e.g. loss of data from • RTO (Recovery Time Objective) represents the time it takes to perform recovery from the time an incident occurs until operations are available to users again. This term relates to the downtime suffered in the event of a disaster. That is, the time it should take to recover the activity of applications and systems. Criticality to a disaster is measured by periods of time from the last backup until business is restored or recovered. RPOs and RTOs therefore have similar objectives but are aimed at different ends. Architecture RPO RTO What does your company need? BaaS and DRaaS are independent services that vary according to the characteristics of each company, but as we have seen above they can operate together. Examples of BaaS and DRaaS applications: Company B has several servers for different functions: 1. Servers hosting customer databases and their ERP, where the ideal solution is a DRaaS (Disaster Recovery) plan as they cannot afford to be without access to such sensitive information. 2. Servers that host all the documentation (contracts, images, files, etc.), in this case the solution is to make a daily backup (BaaS) and thus avoid the possible loss of information in case of disaster. Having the two scenarios outlined in the example above covered is the perfect combination as it reinforces any possible mishaps. BaaS and DRaaS services are essential to ensure business continuity. We leave the question in your hands and if you are not sure, we will advise you.
Kamus Online suggested words Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: specify (0.00876 detik) Found 3 items, similar to specify. English → Indonesian (Kamus Landak) Definition: specify menentukan English → English (WordNet) Definition: specify specify v 1: specify as a condition or requirement in a contract or agreement; make an express demand or provision in an agreement; “The will stipulates that she can live in the house for the rest of her life”; “The contract stipulates the dates of the payments” [syn: stipulate, qualify, condition] 2: determine the essential quality of [syn: define, delineate, delimit, delimitate] 3: decide upon or fix definitely; “fix the variables”; “specify the parameters” [syn: set, determine, fix, limit] 4: be specific about; “Could you please specify your criticism of my paper?” [syn: particularize, particularise, specialize, specialise] [ant: generalize] 5: define clearly; “I cannot narrow down the rules for this game” [syn: pin down, peg down, nail down, narrow down , narrow] 6: design or destine; “She was intended to become the director” [syn: intend, destine, designate] 7: select something or someone for a specific purpose; “The teacher assigned him to lead his classmates in the exercise” [syn: assign, set apart] [also: specified] English → English (gcide) Definition: Specify Specify \Spec"i*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specified; p. pr. & vb. n. Specifying.] [F. sp['e]cifier, or OF. especifier, fr. LL. specificare. See Species, -fy.] To mention or name, as a particular thing; to designate in words so as to distinguish from other things; as, to specify the uses of a plant; to specify articles purchased. [1913 Webster] He has there given us an exact geography of Greece, where the countries and the uses of their soils are specified. --Pope. [1913 Webster] Touch version \| Disclaimer
The Aluminium Industry in the UK The aluminium industry is a vital part of the UK manufacturing sector. The strategic importance of this lightweight and highly recyclable metal looks set to increase as the UK economy moves towards more sustainable and circular models of production and consumption. This report considers the ‘wider aluminium industry’, which we define to be the production of aluminium e.g., rods, bars, and pipes but also aluminium products such as casks, drums, cans, boxes, prefabricated buildings, doors, windows, and wheels which do not fall under the narrow definition of aluminium production. Economic indicators for the wider aluminium industry: • The wider aluminium industry directly employs 37,000 people across the UK, with the largest share of those employed being located in the West Midlands. • The wider aluminium industry contributes around £2.97 billion in Gross Value Added (GVA) to the UK economy. Economic impact of the wider aluminium industry: The wider aluminium industry is closely tied to many other parts of the UK economy. The production and manufacturing of aluminium goods requires purchasing from suppliers which supports output and employment across the UK. Our economic model of the UK has been used to estimate the amount of economic activity supported directly and through spill-over impacts by the wider aluminium industry, we find the wider aluminium industry supports: • The employment of 97,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs in the across the UK • The contribution of £6.8 billion in GVA Read more: The Aluminium Industry in the UK Report 2021
How Teens Can Benefit From A Calisthenics Workout It is quite alarming to note that the rate of childhood obesity worldwide has risen 10 times over the past four decades. A study published in 2017 showed that obesity rates children ages 5-19 has increased ten times from 1975 to 2016. This development is a dramatic jump that just highlights how important it is to promote fitness among the youth. While diet is a very important factor in controlling this increase, exercise and physical activity also play a major role in keeping children and adolescents fit and healthy. But a study actually found that teens, especially at 18 to 19, get as much exercise as the average 60 year old! According to the study, their goal is to encourage teens to reduce inactivity and increase lower intensity activities by focusing on higher intensity exercises. With this being said, there may be some eyebrows raised especially as higher intensity exercises for teenagers such as strength training has always been controversial. Should teens practice strength training? In 1990, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended against strength training prior to teens reaching physical maturity. However, what should be stressed out is that the report was not referring to all strength training exercises but only to weightlifting, powerlifting and bodybuilding which involves the use of highly technical movements and maximal loads. The fear with these exercises is that it can lead to injury and may damage the growth plate leading to a growth stunt. While it is true that teens should not take part in intense bodybuilding exercises, they can still engage in workouts that can safely build up their strength. One great workout that teens can certainly benefit from is calisthenics. Calisthenics Builds Strength As mentioned earlier, calisthenics exercises help in improving strength but why is this important for young people? According to the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics, muscle strengthening activities are important in the health and wellbeing of the youth. In Australia, the government guidelines clearly endorse muscle and bone strengthening activities at least 3 times a week for young people aged five to 18 years old. Maximal lift activities before reaching maturity are still not advised so the focus should be on exercises that build muscle strength endurance. Calisthenics will provide teens the right foundation so that when they reach adulthood, their bodies can then safely and confidently increase on their strength training. Improves sports performance and prevents injuries A lot of teenagers engage in different sports activities so it is not uncommon for them to experience injury once in a while. It is interesting to point out though that some of these injuries do not happen on the football field or while on the basketball court, rather, they occur while weight training in the gym. With high school and collegiate sports becoming more and more competitive, athletes resort to bodybuilding to gain advantage, however, if not carefully supervised, this can lead to major injuries. Calisthenics exercises on the other hand, have lower risk of injury, plus consistent practice can actually improve mobility and flexibility which can make teen athletes perform better and prevent sports injuries. Athletes like runners can also benefit because calisthenics exercises can help them in improving their cardiovascular endurance. Calisthenics can go hand in hand with almost any other physical sport including soccer, cheerleading, figure skating and swimming. It’s never too hard nor too easy One of the top reasons why teens get unmotivated to exercise is because they often lack self-confidence. They feel embarrassed if they cannot perform an exercise well so instead of trying harder, they just tend to give up. This is usually an issue especially for teens who are non-athletic or are already obese. Unlike sports, teens do not need to be in a competitive environment to practice calisthenics. It is also unlike weightlifting where teens have to constantly aim to lift the heavier load or bodybuilding where they are under pressure to look better than their peers. Since they are only using their body weight, teens can totally adjust the intensity of their workouts depending on their fitness level at a given time. According to Dr. Barbara Brehm-Curtis, a professor of exercise and sport studies at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, weight training programs are safer when students track their own progress rather than compare themselves to others. Creates a More Natural Lean Physique One of the most common exercise mistakes is overtraining one part of the body. This is why there are cases of what they call “chicken legs” where a person can have massive chest and arms, while having very thin thighs and legs. With calisthenics exercises, this can be avoided. This is because calisthenics targets large muscle groups in the body unlike isolation muscle training that only focuses on one muscle at a time. Push–ups for example exercise the muscles of the chest, shoulder, arms, and abdominals. While mountain climbers work the abdominals, back, hips, arms, legs and nearly the entire body at the same time. Gymnasts are a good example of athletes who use bodyweight training in building their physique. Compared to bodybuilders who focus on mass, gymnasts have a muscular look that is more symmetrically balanced. When teens practice calisthenics, they are using their body weight to build muscle but since they are getting a full body workout, the growth will be more natural and even. Accessible and Affordable One of the leading hindrances stopping teens from exercising is the lack of exercise venue and equipment to exercise. For the average teenager, paying for a gym membership is not usually an option. Calisthenics is an ideal solution to this concern because it does not really require any special equipment. It can be practiced anywhere, in the garage, in the yard or even indoors. Anyone, even teens, can start a calisthenics workout by selecting simple movements which they can advance based on their personal capabilities. A Strong Foundation Engaging in calisthenics workouts can definitely help teens to become stronger, more active and have higher self-confidence. This lays a foundation for them to be committed to fitness as they shift into adulthood. Some of the simple yet effective calisthenics exercises teens can start with include full-body squats, push-ups, planks, lunges, mountain climbers and burpees. But what if teens can’t perform these exercises? Calisthenics exercises can be practiced by most people at any level of fitness. However, if you are someone who is having a difficulty in performing the exercises or if you are not seeing your desired results, it may be the lack of personalization that’s affecting your training. This is why we created Calisthenics Academy: to offer a fully personalized training program reflecting exactly where your level is for optimal performance. Take the assessment to see how you stack up on the 8 Fundamental Calisthenics moves!
Is English a descendant of German? Does English originate from German? Is English actually Germanic? Linguists trace the origins of English as a language to the 5th and 7th centuries (600 to 800) in what is now northwest Germany. As such, English is known as a Germanic language to linguists who study the origins and evolution of language. Is English an offshoot of German? All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia. The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million native speakers; German, with over 100 million native speakers; and Dutch, with 24 million native speakers. How much of English is derived from German? In 2016, English vocabulary is 26% Germanic, 29% French, 29% Latin, 6% from Greek and the remaining 10% from other languages and proper names. All together, French and Latin (both Romance languages) account for 58% of the vocabulary used in today’s English. How many English words are Germanic? About 26% of English words have Germanic origins and the other percentages are as followed: Latin, 29% French, 29% IT\'S FUN: What machine gun was most commonly used on German tracked armored during WWII? Is English North Germanic? In their recent book, English: The Language of the Vikings, Joseph Embley Emonds and Jan Terje Faarlund attempt to make the case that from its Middle period onwards, English is a North Germanic language, descended from the Norse varieties spoken in Medieval England, rather than a West Germanic language, as … Who did the Germanic tribes descend from? Tacitus relates that according to their ancient songs the Germans were descended from the three sons of Mannus, the son of the god Tuisto, the son of Earth. Hence they were divided into three groups—the Ingaevones, the Herminones, and the Istaevones—but the basis for this grouping is unknown.
Xi’an City Walls in Xi’an, China Located in Northwest China, Xi’an is one of the oldest cities in the country. It has played a central role in the region’s culture and politics since the 11th century B.C. Of the many features that make Xi’an stand out, the fortified city walls may be the most apparent to visitors. The city walls of Xi’an are some of the largest, oldest and best preserved of their kind. They were originally built under the rule of the Hongwu Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, as a military defensive system. The emperor had been advised by Zhu Sheng, a sage, to do two things before establishing his empire: build a high wall around the city and create food storage facilities. Zhu did ad advised, and became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, which lasted from 1368 to 1644. Xi’an’s walls have stood for centuries, but they have grown in size and sophistication over time. When the wall was first constructed, it was made entirely out of tamped earth. In the 16th century, bricks were added on top of the earthen walls. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the late 18th century, the fortifications were expanded and new features were added including drainage and crenels, for shooting projectiles through. Over time the borders of Xi’an have grown beyond the wall, and the structure is now a landmark that divides the different city districts. The wall stands nearly 40 feet tall and measures more than eight miles in length. A total of 98 ramparts dot the wall, extending out about every 400 feet. These were built to defend against enemies climbing up the sides of the wall; each has a sentry building, from which soldiers could protect the entire wall. On the wall’s interior side, parapets were built to protect the soldiers from falling off. The only way for an enemy to enter the city was by attacking the gates of the city wall, there are four gates. There are many ways to traverse the top of the wall. You can rent a bicycle or even an electric golf cart. But if you want to take your time experiencing this ancient structure, a leisurely stroll in the afternoon or early evening offers beautiful views in the perfect lighting conditions. Posted by Contributor
Healthy Eating In order to stay fit and be in the best condition, you need to start healthy eating. It is important that everyone ensures that they have the balance and are mindful of what they are eating. The sooner you start healthy eating, the better you will feel, and you will gain the benefits. You need to have your five a day as fruit is healthy and it should be part of our diet on a daily basis. You can have fruit with breakfast when you are eating cereal and when having lunch, you can also have a fruit such as a banana or apple. Avoid eating too much salt and sugar as this can lead to high blood pressure and you can suffer from heart disease and a stroke. It is important to stay hydrated throughout the day and this is why we need to drink plenty of water to avoid feeling dehydrated. When you are out and about, you should take a bottle of water with you as you never know when you will feel thirsty especially during the summer.
Learn by Reading文章閱讀 Academy of Film A Brief History of Computer Animation Dr. Kelvin LEE Senior Lecturer, Academy of Film, HKBU. Dr. Kelvin LEE, Senior Lecturer, Academy of Film, HKBU Computer animation has unquestionably been one of the most fashionable forms of popular culture since the first fully computer animated movie "Toy Story" (Fig. 1) produced by Pixar Animation Studio hit the cinema with historical box office success in 1995. Despite the overwhelming public worldwide acceptance, only few computer animated movies were released once a year initially owing to the time consuming production process and limited number of computer animation studios in the industry. But thanks to the quantum leap of computing horsepower and the rapid development of animation software, computer animation has now grown up to a thousand millions US dollars international industry led by renowned studios such as Pixar, DreamWorks, Blue Sky Studios and together with many others outstanding studios all over the world. Today, computer animation is a full-fledged industry and capable to produce over dozens of blockbuster animated movies annually for worldwide release. Even though computer graphics technique has rendered contemporary animation movies with hyper-realistic image quality and lifelike fluid movement from which traditional hand drawn animation can hardly compete with, but they both share the same basic underline working principle – persistence of vision. Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Figure 1 : Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Long before animation was developed in the form of celluloid, pre-cinema devices such as Zoetrope (Fig. 2) and Praxinoscope (Fig. 3) were made in the early 19th century to create the illusion of movement by leveraging the theory of persistence of vision of the human visual perception system. Animation was not taken seriously as a medium for storytelling other than just optical effects. It was not until the advent of film by the late 19th century that animation was gradually outreached from the realm of experimental art into the main stream entertainment arena. Figure 2 : Zoetrope. Courtesy of http://education.eastmanhouse.org Figure 3 : Praxinoscope. Courtesy of http://courses.ncssm.edu The most notable hand drawn animation was the first full-length animated movie “Snow White and the Seven Dwarf” (Fig. 4) produced by Walt Disney in 1937. Hand drawn 2D animation film was then enjoying its twenty years of golden epoch until the arrival of television. Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Figure 4 : Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Television offered an affordable and convenient entertainment for general public. People can watch and enjoy their favorite programmes while seating on their own couch with their families. TV cartoons were then massively produced to address the child’s needs and consequently draw away significant numbers of audience from the movie theatres. “The Flintstones” (Fig. 5) was the first successful primetime animated series in the United States from 1960 to 1966. Initially, TV cartoons were perceived as merely child entertainment but a main drift was seen when “The Simpsons” series hit the market in the 90s and ushered primetime cartoon into an era of adult animation. Courtesy of Hanna-Barbera Productions Figure 5 : Courtesy of Hanna-Barbera Productions In parallel with the blossoming of TV cartoons during the 60s, significant developments were also seen in computer graphics research. Researchers at different Universities and laboratories around the world began to investigate diversity of techniques that could harness the power of the computer, its display and interactive devices. These concerted efforts resulted with collection of pioneer and seminal works that defined the growth of today’s computer animation industry. In the early stage of development, computer animation has very limited applications in the movie industry and was primarily served as the role of visual effects. “Tron” was the first movie to utilize computer animation in 1982. The full potential of computer animation was not realized until the visionaries, Ed Catmull, Steve Jobs and John Lasseter (Fig. 6), who founded the renowned Pixar Animation Studios by transforming a small computer division in Lucasfilm which originally only specialized in special effects, explored computer animation as a unique storytelling medium. (Left to Right) Ed Catmull, Steve Jobs, John Lasseter Figure 6 : (Left to Right) Ed Catmull, Steve Jobs, John Lasseter. Courtesy of http://pixartimes.com The success of Pixar is by no accident but through years of dedications and efforts. It took more than ten years starting with the first animated short “The Adventures of André and Wally B” (Fig. 7) in 1984 to the first computer animated movie “Toy Story” in 1995 to shape the computer animation from its rudimentary form into a sophisticated storytelling medium. Today, Pixar is the leading world class computer animation studio that could impress audience with the finest computer generated imagery and captivating stories. Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Figure 7 : Courtesy of Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios In the past ten years, the revolution of digital convergence has extended the applications of computer animation beyond entertainment. Interactions with digital screens through functional graphical interfaces and animated feedbacks are as natural as breathing to many people. Undoubtedly, we are totally immersed with computer animations through all kinds of daily activities and works. Visualization is one of the areas that have been benefited most from the advance of computer graphics and animation. Scientific visualization and medical visualization empower our sights beyond previously invisible and reveal the knowledge buried under massive and scattered data. Although this article only briefly introduces the history of computer animation, it is not hard to imagine that computer animation will continue to evolve and prevail in all different facets of our life. In not too distant future, with the realistic computer generated imagery, responsive computer animation and high-resolution head mount displays, people will be able to experience a mind-blowing computer generated world that can only be depicted in today’s sci-fi movies. By then, the line between real and virtual can hardly be drawn. (No Chinese translation is provided yet. 此文章暫沒有中文翻譯版本。)
Characterization of Cross-Genre Writing Ability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Poster Presentation Hall Grote Zaal (de Doelen ICC Rotterdam) E. Hilvert1, D. Davidson2 and I. Misiunaite3, (1)Loyola University, Chicago, IL, (2)Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, (3)Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL Background: With an increase in the prevalence of technology, effective writing is not only critical for academic success, but it is also essential for obtaining a high-skill, high-wage job and maintaining daily social interactions. Unfortunately, it is estimated that writing may be one of the most significant academic problems for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), with as many as 60% of children having a learning disability in writing (Mayes & Calhoun, 2006). Despite evidence from standardized assessments that writing is generally challenging for children with ASD, little is known about how children with ASD write in different genres. In neurotypical (NT) development, children begin to make important inter-genre distinctions around the age of 9. Typically, children master genre structure earlier in narrative writing compared to expository writing, but use more complex syntax and vocabulary earlier in expository essays (Berman, 2008). More research is needed to understand whether children with ASD are also developing these important distinctions between text genres. Additionally, the mechanisms that influence writing development in children with ASD are still unclear. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to comprehensively characterize the cross-genre (i.e., narrative, expository) writing development of children with ASD; and (2) to better understand how heterogeneity in handwriting, language ability, and cognitive processing contribute to the writing ability of children with ASD. Methods: Eighteen children with ASD (Mage= 11;02) participated in the present study. All children had an IQ > 70 and were native English speakers (see Table 1). Children completed two writing tasks on the computer: one personal narrative and one expository essay. Writing performance was assessed in terms of productivity, lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, use of evaluative devices (i.e., hallmark feature of narratives, including character’s internal states, hedges, intensifiers), and genre structure. Measures of handwriting, language, theory of mind (ToM), and executive functioning were also administered. Results: We found that children with ASD wrote expository essays that were more syntactically complex in terms of the frequency of noun phrases compared to their personal narratives. However, there was also a trend towards children with ASD using better structure and more evaluative devices when writing their personal narratives, but writing longer expository essays. No other differences between the text genres were found (see Table 2). After controlling for variation in non-verbal IQ, we found that ToM ability was related to syntactic and semantic complexity across text genres. Additionally, greater executive functioning ability was related to the use of more complex syntax and better text structure. Surprisingly, chronological age, language ability, and handwriting fluency were not related to writing performance in either genre. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that children with ASD make some distinctions in text style when writing in different genres. Additionally, we found that ToM and executive functioning were significant mechanisms for various aspects of writing development in children with ASD. These results have important implications for the development of effective writing curriculum and interventions for children with ASD.
Repeated genomic sequences may adopt several substitute DNA structures that change Repeated genomic sequences may adopt several substitute DNA structures that change from the canonical B-form duplex (non-B DNA). usually do not code for proteins they perform important PF-04620110 tasks in regulating chromatin function and structure. For instance many repetitive sequences possess the capacity to look at alternate DNA conformations that change from the canonical B-DNA framework referred to by Watson and Crick a lot more than 50 years back and are therefore known as non-B DNA constructions. Under suitable physiological conditions a lot more than 10 types of non-B DNA conformations have already been described [2-4]. Basic repeats can develop slipped constructions and/or looped areas when both repetitive strands misalign and distinct [5]. If a single-stranded looped-out area consists of inverted CCR8 repeats and may self-anneal to create intra-strand Watson and Crick foundation pairs a hairpin framework (or cruciform framework if both strands type hairpin constructions at the same placement) can develop [6]. If a single-stranded area consists of polypurines with mirror-repeat symmetry after that it can set using the purine-rich strand from the duplex Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to create a three-stranded helix departing the complementary strand unpaired [7 8 This specific kind of non-B DNA is known as H-DNA or intramolecular triplex DNA. Purine bases in alternating purine/pyrimidine sequences such as for example GT or GC repeats can adopt a conformation as the pyrimidine nucleosides stay in an anti verification. Such a changeover can flex the phosphate backbone right into a zig-zag form (known as Z-DNA) and alter the winding path of every strand from right-handed to left-handed [9 10 In particular series contexts four guanine bases can align Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to create a square planar framework known as a guanine tetrad [11]. Further areas containing four works of three or even more guanines have the to form PF-04620110 steady G-quadruplexes where three or even more guanine tetrads stack with one another. Other styles of non-B DNA conformations consist of “sticky DNA” an intramolecular framework used by two triplex-like constructions and A-DNA a DNA conformation which PF-04620110 has a rise in the amount of foundation pairs per rotation a deeper main groove and a shallower small groove than B-DNA (evaluated in ref. [2]). A few examples of PF-04620110 non-B DNA structures are illustrated in Figure 1 schematically. Shape 1 Non-B DNA constructions. (A) Cruciform DNA shaped at inverted repeats (B) left-handed Z-DNA shaped at alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences (C) intermolecular triplex H-DNA shaped at mirror do it again symmetric polypurine/polypyrimidine areas (D) G-quadruplex … Non-B DNA conformation and [12-15] and natural and genetic research of non-B DNA constructions have exposed both physiological and pathological tasks of non-B DNA DNA replication transcription restoration) and era of adverse supercoiling in the unwound DNA facilitate non-B DNA framework development. Non-B DNA plays a part in hereditary instability Using algorithms as stated above to find genomic DNA for sequences with the capability to look at non-B DNA constructions led to a significant finding; non-B DNA-forming sequences frequently co-localize with hotspots of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) deletions rearrangements and chromosomal translocations [24-26] implicating non-B DNA in hereditary instability. For instance polypurine mirror-repeat H-DNA-forming sequences [27-34] combined GT and GC Z-DNA-forming repeats [35 36 and purine-rich tracts with the PF-04620110 capability to create intramolecular G-quadruplex constructions [37 38 had been found within a huge selection of bps next to the main damage hotspots inside the P1 promoter from PF-04620110 the gene. H-DNA-forming sequences had been also within the main breakpoint area (Mbr) from the gene which can be implicated in follicular lymphomas [39]. Changing the linear series in the Mbr area somewhat (CCC to GGG) to avoid the forming of H-DNA considerably reduced the rate of recurrence of translocation occasions in the Mbr recommending a job for H-DNA in hereditary instability [40]. Z-DNA-forming sequences had been also discovered within a huge selection of bps encircling the translocation breakpoints in lymphoid tumors [41] as well as the DNA damage hotspot cluster area from a subgroup of B-cell precursor severe lymphoblastic leukemia [42]. An extended AT-rich inverted do it again on human being chromosome 11q23 and 22q11 co-localizes. Comments are closed.
Qty available: 0 A is for Ability, B is for Belief, C is for Class. All people have the right to be treated fairly, no matter who they are, what they look like or where they come from. This bestselling book An ABC of Equalityintroduces complicated concepts surrounding social justice to the youngest of children. From A to Z, simple explanations accompanied by engaging artworkteach children about the world we live in and how to navigate our way through it. Each right-hand page includes a brightly decorated letter with the word it stands for and an encouraging slogan. On the left, a colourful illustration and bite-size text sum up the concept. Cheerful people from a range of backgrounds, ethnicities and abilities lead the way through the alphabet. L is for LGBTQIA. Find the words that make you, you.N is for No. No means no.P is for Privilege. Be aware of your advantages.X is for Xenophobia. Ask questions and you'll see there's nothing to be afraid of. Celebrate your Differences, ask more Questions, share your Kindness and learn to Understand the world. Publisher: Frances Lincoln Publishers Ltd ISBN: 9781786037411 Number of pages: 52 Dimensions: 158 x 130 mm
Skip to content COVID-19: How are the UK's travel lists decided? COVID-19 case numbers are just one small piece of a complex puzzle used to make travel list decisions. Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player How does govt make decisions on travel? Why you can trust Sky News Changes to the travel list have caused huge frustration this summer, with holidays cancelled and plans shattered at short notice. It has at times drawn consternation, with questions over why countries with lower case numbers than the UK should be effectively off-limits. Some have called for an 'infections threshold' above which a country's status should shift. But the reality is that case numbers are just one small piece of a complex puzzle used to make travel list decisions. They are made by assessing and balancing risks based on varied and often opaque data, where what we don't know is as important as what we do know. A body called the Joint Biosecurity Centre (JBC) has developed the risk assessment criteria. It reviews over 250 countries and territories and presents its findings to ministers who make the ultimate decisions. Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player Shapps: No travel changes for three weeks The assessment is a four stage process. First comes variant assessment - its prominence tells you everything you need to know about how important it is. It includes keeping tabs on transmissibility, how ill people become and whether variants have any resistance to natural or vaccine induced immunity. Secondly, the countries are 'triaged', or assessed on set criteria, with some then being selected for closer inspection. While those criteria do include case numbers, they also include testing rates, how many cases are being exported to other countries and whether somewhere has the capacity to identify variants using genomic sequencing. Countries which emerge as contenders for switching to the red or green lists are then given a more comprehensive risk assessment using additional data sources. Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player 'Unforgiveable' govt 'chaos' on travel advice And finally the overall assessment is presented to ministers for a final decision. Things such as travel connections to the UK and vaccination information are included as context. So, there is a lot more going on than just a straight look at case numbers, and a closer inspection of the data shows why that alone is not enough. If you were to look just at case numbers, the UK is faring significantly worse than lots of countries on the red and amber lists. On 4 August the UK recorded 386 cases per 100,000 people, Mexico recorded 122 per 100,000 and Pakistan just 22 per 100,000. But both of these countries are on the red list. One reason for that could be that they are testing proportionally fewer people. There is likely more virus spreading that is not being detected. We can tell this by looking at figures that show the proportion of positive cases per tests taken. In the UK on 1 August it was 3.4%, in Pakistan 8.4% and in Mexico an astonishing 41.1%. Not only has the WHO warned that anything above 5% is concerning, but this data could indicate less robust testing regimes that add extra reasons to be cautious. Notably countries like India and the UAE that are being upgraded from red to amber had lower proportions than the UK on 1 August. It's important to emphasise that travel list decisions are taking into account what we don't know every bit as much as what we do and that is particularly the case when it comes to new variants. The UK has some of the best genomic sequencing in the world and we are testing for variants much more than our European neighbours. From 28 June to 12 July, the UK tested 52,451 genome samples for new variants. Despite faring much better than the majority of the world, France only tested 2779, Spain tested 3211, and Germany just 2319. To give an even clearer sense of just how little we know about what's going on in some places, the genome sequencing in India and Pakistan is illuminating. There has been some contention over why India is now amber while Pakistan remains red, but while India tested 1585 genomes in the latest two-week period for which we have comparable data, Pakistan tested just 19. If a new variant was taking hold, authorities are unlikely to know about it and this matters in decision making. Finally of course where new variants are detected it is deemed vital they are kept at bay. Places where new variants have taken hold are being routinely treated with more caution. It is telling, for example, that despite cases per tests being similar, Germany has been moved to the green list while France has until now been 'amber plus' (meaning even the double jabbed are required to quarantine on return). This is probably partly because in Germany the Delta variant dominates as it does in the UK. In France however, 11.6% of cases are now the Beta variant, of which there are a small number of cases in the UK. That's concerning because it is believed Beta may have some vaccine resistance. Similar calculations are no doubt being made about the amount of Beta variant in Spain. Many more data sets than just these are used to make these decisions, but they are all balancing acts that weigh up risks and probabilities.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.