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a tickle of words to create smiles Archive for February 15, 2012 Holiday! What does this really mean? Broken into its two components there is HOLY and DAY, a holy day. For most a holiday surrounds a religious event like the birth of Jesus Christ with Christmas. According to Wikipedia, a Holiday is a day designated as having special significance for which individuals, a government, or a religious group have deemed that observance is warranted. It is generally an official (more common) or unofficial observance of religious, national, or cultural significance, often accompanied by celebrations or festivities. A holiday does not necessarily exclude doing normal work: the relatively minor Jewish holiday of Chanukah has been described as a “working holiday” and those who celebrate a holiday such as Diwali may have to work a normal schedule in countries where it is not a public holiday. One can take a holiday or go on a holiday, which means taking time to go on vacation or a breakaway from one’s regular work or school schedule. Some holidays, like Christmas, coincide with vacation time like the winter break for schools and universities in the Northern Hemisphere. Thanksgiving is a holiday observed in the United States where most are off from their regularly schedule on the fourth Thursday in the month of November and that Friday following it so it creates a four-day holiday weekend for many. Yesterday was a “holiday”… St. Valentine’s Day. How many really celebrated it? How did you celebrate it? Would it not be nice to have your own personal holiday? What would that look like? It could be a day devoted entirely to one’s personal needs and wants. Take a moment and close your eyes; think about all your own personal needs and wants. What do they look, sound, taste, smell and feel like? For many it could be taking an extra long shower or bubble bath using the most fragrant soaps he or she has. It could be indulging in one’s favorite meal or dessert. It could be taking time to do some arts and crafts, playing a musical instrument, singing or dancing. It can be relaxing in your favorite space, reading that novel you have put aside for summer reading. Why not pretend to have summer day right now, in this very moment. Who says you cannot experience your own personal holiday right at this moment. Take an hour or take a few minutes, and spend that time totally on yourself engaged in an activity, which totally delights every part of you. Consider having a holiday, everyday, even if it is just for a few moments to celebrate yourself. %d bloggers like this:
The Best of Acoustics2 Noise Isolation vs Sound Absorption What is Noise Isolation and Sound Absorption? And the common errors that occur in design that confuses the two! What is Noise Isolation? When sounds from an activity inside an enclosed space or a built habitat need to be contained within and not leak out, nor does the activity want to be disturbed by external noises, then what we need is Noise Isolation What is Sound Absorption? When the sounds from an activity inside need to be free of echoes or reverberation and emanate a pleasant ambience within then what that space needs is Sound Absorption. The design approach to Noise Isolation and Sound Absorption is totally different. Hence the common error comes in here! Noise Isolation \| Sound Insulation \|Sound Proofing 1 Airtightness Airtightness means that space has to be fully enclosed and airtight since airborne sound travels through a medium, air. Hence a Noise Insolated space has to be air-conditioned. 2 Mass \| Density Only airtightness is not enough. In an AC vehicle you can still hear the honking of loud horns. Which means such loud horns vibrate the windows which vibrates the air within and we hear. So you need mass or density in enclosing the space. Suppose the same window was a thick, heavy, bulletproof window then it would resist the vibration of the loud horn outside At Anutone we have Mat BSB and Tufbloc. Two high density products that enable Noise Isolation. 3 Resilient \| Damping Yet again you need the enclosure to be not rigid but resilient. Hence dampness has to be built into how the noise isolating acoustical panels are installed. However, Noise Isolation is not so simple as 1, 2, 3 and you need to ensure openings like doors, windows, HVAC ducts and conduit penetrations are fully blocked for it to be effective. Sound Absorption \| Echo Control Sound Absorption is just the opposite approach as in you need lightweight, porous materials on available wall and ceiling surfaces to absorb the sound waves and bring down Reverb Time. Anutone has plenty of choices for Sound Absorption to suit your décor. Do you need both Noise Isolation and Sound Absorption? The bad news is yes but the good news is if you design for it initially the cost impact is much less. There are plenty of projects to prove this! Forest Headquarters \| Goa Convention Centre \| Digha Once a building is ready, the floor plate anyways needs to be divided into useful spaces. Think of sound proofing drywalls like Tufbloc. Then think of ceiling and wall finishes. Might as well go for acoustic finishes instead of just aesthetics. With this smart, intelligent approach, the acoustics gets built in automatically. Something to think about during Self Quarantine? Undisturbed video calling? How about undisturbed WFH? Pleasant Ambience? Pristine movie watching? So why not better quarantine and chill? Check out more videos on our website Download newsletter as a PDF Pin It on Pinterest Share This
Justin Trudeau: Srebrenica genocide must never be forgotten NEWS 11.07.2020 11:47 Source: N1 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau addressed the 25th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide, saying that the events of July 1995 were a dark period in history that we must never forget. “Today Canada joins communities and countries around the world to pay tribute to the memory of the victims of the Srebrenica genocide. This is a dark period of history that we must never forget. And as we mark the 25th anniversary of this tragedy, we vow to remember and honour those who unjustly suffered and lost their lives. We mourn with the families, friends, and loved ones of the victims and pay tribute to the survivors who continue to live with these painful memories and who keep fighting for truth and justice. On reste un membre engagé du Conseil de mise en œuvre de la paix. Et on continue d’aider la Bosnie Herzegovine à instaurer une démocratie stable, multiethnique et viable sur le plan économique. On réaffirme aussi notre engagement à bâtir un monde où il n’y a plus de discrimination et personne n’est victime de persécution. Today and every day we must reflect and learn from these dark periods in human history and together we must all stand firm against hatred, intolerance and discrimination. Because by standing up for human rights around the world we will honour the victims and make sure atrocities like this never happen again. To Bosniaks in Canada and around the world: Canada stands with you and mourns with you today. Merci, thank you,” Trudeau said in his video message.
Half-Empty Planes: Utilization Rates for California’s Electric Grid Part I airliner landing at dusk, panoramic frame The electric grid is designed to handle the highest demand expected in a given period, commonly referred to as peak demand. Depending on many factors, the time needed for peak demand and period of high demand approaching peak can be a small percentage of the hours in a year. California utilities generally hit their peak level of demand in the summer, when temperatures are hot and air conditioners are running. But for most of the rest of the year, demand is relatively low. This means that there is capacity in the grid that is not used much of the time. To measure how much of this peak capacity is used on average we use asset utilization rates – or the more wonky term, load factor. This is not a new concept but one that rarely comes up in energy policy conversations. We do hear about demand reduction, demand response, and load shifting. These important concepts are implemented through programs and tariffs offered by California utilities. They may also come up in relation to rate structures like time-of-use rates or the contribution of solar energy production or electric vehicles toward peak needs. These all are important topics in their own right but ultimately contribute to and affect overall grid asset utilization rates. What is Load Factor? To understand the role of asset utilization in the electric industry, it is important to distinguish between energy and demand. Demand is a measure of capacity (in megawatts, or MW) and refers to an instantaneous level of power. Energy is a rate that measures the amount of MW consumed over time (megawatt-hours, or MWh). A water analogy is helpful to illustrate the difference. Imagine a water pipe connected to your home or business. The diameter of the pipe is analogous to demand (MW) and the amount of water flowing through he pipe is analogous to energy (MWh). If you need a lot of water, you may need a larger pipe, so more water can flow through. Now expand this analogy to an entire utility service territory. The size of the pipe is analogous to the peak capacity (MW) of an electric grid. That capacity determines how much water (or energy in our case) can flow through the pipe. So, load factor is the ratio of average demand to peak demand. As a measure of asset utilization, a higher number is better. That means fewer assets are idle over time. Imagine a plane flying from San Diego to San Francisco 3 times a day. Now assume the plane has 200 seats (peak demand) and on average over the year it only fills 100 (average demand) of those seats on each flight. At the end of the year the plane was never more than half full on average. The load factor in this case would be 50%. In the electric industry load factor compares average demand to the peak demand as measured in megawatts (MW). In California load factors for the three investor-owned utilities (IOU) are in the low 50% range. This means that average demand is half of the peak. Put another way, peak demand is twice average demand. So, much of the time we have grid capacity not being used, much like those empty seats in the plane example above. Ultimately, load factor is important because it affects customer rates. As mentioned above, the electric grid is designed to serve load reliably. That means the physical grid must be sized in a way that can accommodate the peak demand – the one moment of when demand on the grid reaches its highest point. In general, as demand grows, so grows the physical grid. And, because investor-owned utilities earn a regulated rate of return on their rate base, and because that rate base includes the physical assets of the utility, the size of the physical grid affects utility costs, which in turn affects rates. Load Factors for California’s Investor-owned Utilities Load factor for California’s IOUs varies yearly but over the past 20 years the general trend has been declining – that is, peak demand is growing faster than average demand. Figure 1 plots load factors the three California IOUs. Generally, load factors declined through 1998 converging between 50-55. Shortly thereafter load factor increased in part due to the decrease in demand during the California Energy Crisis. SDG&E’s load factor spiked at this time with a load factor above 65, which likely is attributed to the fact that SDG&E service territory was the first to have divested itself of generation assets and to have market based rates under the industry restructuring rules at the time. Then a steady decline ensued as historic energy patterns resumed. Then lower demand due to the economic downturn seemed to have caused another uptick. The figure also shows that load factors differ fairly significantly among the IOUs. Figure 1 Load Factor Trends for California Investor-Owned Utilities Load Factor Trends Figure 2 shows the relationship between load factor, average demand, and net peak demand for the SDG&E service territory. In periods when net peak demand declined faster than average demand load factor increased. This occurred in the early 1990s and then again in the late 1990s to early 2000s. Since about 2000 peak demand has risen more than average demand, therefore load factor has decreased. Figure 2 Relationship between Load Factor, Average Demand, and Net Peak Demand Relationship Chart Optimizing Load Factor Can California IOUs do better than a 50% load factor? What is the optimal load factor? In Part II, we will discuss the factors that contribute to load factor and consider the effect of California’s aggressive greenhouse gas policies. About Scott Anders Mr. Anders is the Director of the Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), an academic and research center of the University of San Diego School of Law. He joined EPIC in October 2005 as its inaugural director and developed both its academic and research programs. Mr. Anders has 15 years of experience working on energy issues in California. His current work focuses on regulatory and policy issues relating to the electricity and natural gas industries and greenhouse gases. He has authored or co-authored numerous reports and papers on topics including energy efficiency, distributed generation, mitigating greenhouse gases, and smart grid strategies. This entry was posted in Energy, Greenhouse Gas and tagged , , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. 3 Responses to Half-Empty Planes: Utilization Rates for California’s Electric Grid Part I 1. Two observations: First, the decline load factor may have to do more with declining loads overall than with the ratio of peak to average loads, particularly after 2006. California peak demand has been flat since 2006. To the extent that is this the case, it means that the falling load factor is an indicator of stranded assets rather than utilization factors. The solution becomes a financial one rather than an engineering or conservation one. Second, it appears that PG&E’s load factor is driven substantially by hydro conditions. The peaks, including the recent 3 year period, correlate with droughts, and the dips with wet years. 2. Jack Ellis says: Richard, I think you’re confusing load factors, which are computed based solely based on customer demand, with capacity factors, which are based on generating asset production. 3. 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Grass Root Efforts Promote Earth Day What is Earth Day? While you’ve got probably heard the words “Earth Day”, did you recognize there are two observations of Earth Day? The United Nations celebrates on the equinox; many countries celebrate Earth Day annually on April 22nd. Both events were birthed in 1969, with grassroots efforts, attention on environmental awareness, and celebration of Earth. Events to resulting in Earth Day Prior to 1970, conservatism was a thought held by a minority of individuals . The notion that natural resources would become devastated to the purpose of extinction didn’t enter our collective thought. Pollution, from our buildings, cars, and behavior, was a traditional industry by-product. the thought of being the world’s steward was lumped during a mindset of ‘a hippie thing’ and not understood by mainstream America. Two previous events tilted our environmental awareness: a book and an image . In 1962, marine biologist Carson published Silent Spring. The book talked about the commonly used, toxic pesticides utilized in agriculture and lifestyle . The title mentioned the results of the devastating pesticides: a world without birds. Surprisingly, Silent Spring became successful . Americans cared, and that they wanted the facts. In 1968, the planet saw the whole Earth for the primary time. Apollo astronauts photographed the earth on their flight home from the moon. the world looked beautiful with its swirls of blues and whites. The photo provided a startling awareness: people saw Earth as vulnerable and needing human care. Earth Day is Born In 1969, John McConnell promoted Earth Day as a worldwide celebration of Earth’s gifts. The equinox seemed fitting time because it was the mid-point of spring and autumn across the hemispheres. A peace activist, McConnell first presented his Earth Day idea to an audience at the UNESCO Conference on the Environment. He wanted Earth Day to be a worldwide holiday, where the planet celebrates Earth’s wonders and gifts. On March 21, 1970, cities across the world celebrated Earth Day. McConnell created an Earth Day proclamation that called upon people to require action against crises of the planet , like famine, war, and poverty. The proclamation also stated that participants would celebrate a world Earth Day to make one community and embrace Earth’s gifts. The proclamation was endorsed by well-known people and leaders round the world: astronaut Buzz Aldrin, anthropologist Mead , inventor-scientist Buckminister Fuller, Japanese environmental scientist, Y. Fukushima, American senators, U.N. President S.O. Adebo, and UN Secretary-General Thant. In April of 1970, the planet celebrated another Earth Day event. The April 22nd event also began as how to spread awareness of environmental issues. American Senator and conservationist, Gaylord Nelson, had actively toured the U.S. within the mid 1960’s with an environmental awareness agenda. Wanting the U.S. government to require a lively role in environmental concerns, Nelson presented the thought for a national conservationist tour to Kennedy , who supported the thought. While President Kennedy’s tour didn’t turn environmental issues into mainstream conversations, it had been a beginning in changing America’s role in environmental issues. Nelson presented his Earth Day idea to other officialdom and news organizations. He promoted Earth Day to senators, governors, mayors, and college campuses’ newspaper editors. In November 1969, he formally announced a nationwide, environmental teach-in, called Earth Day, would be held within the spring of 1970. because the event became headline news, the general public reacted enthusiastically. Nelson first handled Earth Day PR from his senate office, but with the public’s overwhelming interest, the office moved into its own organization. founding father of Common Cause John Gardner helped with a short lived office, and college students helped field the office. Nelson appointed Dennis Hayes as coordinator of activities. Approximately 20 million people celebrated the primary Earth Day. In America, participation was high in schools, which ten thousand grade schools and high schools, two thousand colleges participating. Amazing numbers, considering the event started as a grassroots movement. Government Actions The strength of the world Day movement was clear to legislatures. Following Earth Day’s success, the U.S. government passed laws that targeted cleaner living. In 1970, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established. The Clean Air Act followed with attention on reducing pollution , with the Clean Water Act doing likewise for water clean-up in 1972. The U.S. also passed the species Act to guard animals from extinction. Mainstream Americans talked about recycling and conservation. within the 1980’s, many of us recycled within their neighborhood recycling programs. People’s awareness of their ecological responsibility became a part of their lives and actions. Children learned the importance of taking care of their environment; they were taught to worry for the world and its animals. the long-lasting Smokey Bear (originated within the mid 1940’s) featured poster slogans, like “If not you, who?” and “Only you’ll prevent forest fires. We can’t.” Americans appeared to step-up to their roles as Earth trustees. In the 1990’s, recycling programs reduced overall waste by one-fifth . With people and the government taking responsibility, companies followed suit. Manufacturers check out ways to scale back toxic by-products and appear environmentally responsible to their customers. Their marketing campaigns highlighted eco-friendly actions, like reducing environmental waste. Even with progressive responsibility, people didn’t celebrate Earth Day as that they had within the beginning year. Celebrations were still held, but they weren’t as widely attended or announced. In 1990, the first Earth Day coordinator, Dennis Hayes, organized a worldwide Earth Day. For the thirtieth anniversary of Earth Day, Hayes planned for a worldwide celebration, with participation from countries around the world. The event was observed by 200,000 people across the world . The movement continued with recognition that environmental issues impacted the planet and spurred the international community to figure as a unit and combat its shared problems. In 1992, leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) recognized their joint responsibility and planned for future projects on sustainable living. Earth Day Birthday In 2009, visionary Simon Ford led a grassroots effort on the web. This global community focused on a renewed urgency about environmental issues. Their first major campaign focused on worldwide environmental crises, the responsibility of mankind to unravel them, and a project to unite participants across the planet. The event, Earth Day Birthday, formed, as a worldwide event to celebrate Mother Nature’s gifts. Successful Earth Day events within the past came from grassroots efforts in spreading environmental awareness and informative earth day quiz. Earth Day Birthday joins online social networks with world actions. Earth Day event organizers and participants find one another online. Supporters are spreading the word on environmental issues and taking action in their own communities. Earth Day Birthday provides the 20th century, grassroots effort in reaching eco-friendly people and making an impression on the earth.
Ibn Sina and the History of Geology How much was the Persian polymath responsible for geology’s foundational ideas? (Cover image credit: portraits of Ibn Sina, Nicolas Steno, and James Hutton: Public Domain. Grand Canyon from Upsplash CC0). A few months ago now, I asked the question “who invented paleontology?”. I concluded that it is difficult to give any single person credit. Fossils have been an important aspect of human existence long before anyone scientifically studied them. However, in my last post I described how Ibn Sina conceptualized uniformitarianism (that geology results from uniform, continuous processes) and stratigraphy (the study of rock layers) hundreds of years before anyone else. It also seems that Ibn Sina’s ideas were original and not based on any previous work.1 So, the follow up to my previous question is: did Ibn Sina create the science of geology? The “Founding Father” of Geology James Hutton sitting at a desk. He has short hair, and is wearing a brown coat and vest with hands folded on his lap. James Hutton, who many call the “Father of Geology.” (Public Domain) Most geology textbooks name Scottish geologist James Hutton as the “Father of Geology.” Hutton’s publications were the earliest European comprehensive works on geology and started it as a formal science. However, I already established how Ibn Sina (and Shen Kuo) both described similar concepts hundreds of years earlier. It seems likely, therefore, that Hutton based his work on, or was at least inspired by, these earlier writings. Hutton’s training as a physician makes this idea plausible. Hutton studied medicine across Europe in many institutions with libraries full of Islamic texts.1 Given how Ibn Sina’s medical treatise was the most commonly-used medical teaching tool in Europe until relatively recently, it seems almost certain that Hutton would have read Ibn Sina’s work.1 Is it then possible that he became inspired by Ibn Sina’s remarks on geology, and used Ibn Sina’s concepts to understand his geologic observations. But did Hutton outright plagiarize Ibn Sina? While we like to think of Hutton coming up with his ideas out of thin air, several other scholars were discussing uniformitarianism around the same time. One such thinker was Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Buffon explained the rock record as the result of steady processes of deposition resulting from the Biblical flood. Buffon’s ideas are an odd combination of Biblical realism and geologic uniformitarianism. He published his work around the same time as Hutton’s foundational work.2 Buffon illustrates that uniformitarianism was not a new idea. Hutton’s version of the idea was less literal to the Bible and more naturalistic. Hutton may have just been the first to describe an already common idea in the context of a more modern, and European, scientific culture. Because this culture is one we relate more to today, we give Hutton credit for inventing the concept. Hutton’s ideas were not necessarily new, but his interpretation of the rock record was a unique reflection of his personal belief system and philosophy.2,3 Hutton attributed aspects of his ideas to Nicolas Steno.2 Steno, who I pointed out last post, was the first European who published the principles of stratigraphy. If Hutton derived his work from Steno, did Steno derive his work from Ibn Sina? The Origin of Stratigraphy The front page of Steno's work on geology, the Dissertationis Prodromus, written in Latin with a stylized shield below the text. Nicolas Steno’s work on geology in its original Latin text.4 To determine how Steno developed his stratigraphic concepts, I read a translation of his Dissertationis Prodromus.4 I wanted to see if he used Ibn Sina’s work in any way. Steno, like Hutton, studied medicine in Europe and so was likely exposed to the writings of the Persian polymath.1 The Dissertationis Prodromus outlines how Steno came to his conclusions. He was intrigued about how fossil sharks teeth became entombed inside solid rock. To explain the phenomenon, he came up with stratigraphic principles of how rocks were laid down and the age relationships between layers. Throughout his dissertation, Steno directly referenced older works.4 Steno quoted Greek authors who, as I wrote about in my “Who Invented Paleontology?” post, provided several possible explanations for marine fossils in terrestrial rocks. However, Steno never mentioned Ibn Sina. He did, interestingly, refer to the work of René Descartes.4 René Descartes is known more for his philosophy (“I think therefore I am”) and his work in other math and science fields. But he also studied geology. Unfortunately, the manuscript in which Descartes discussed geology is in Latin, and I was unable to find a (free) translation. I found the original Latin text of Descartes’ work, and I passed it through the Google translator. What came out was a jumbled mess, but it implies Descartes correctly suggested rocks made of sand grains were deposited in the same manner as sand on beaches. In the Principles of Philosophy, dated to 1644, Descartes clearly identified uniformitarianism well before Hutton or Steno. But Descartes does not refer to older texts in his work. Steno quoted Descartes in his dissertation. Descartes said rocks were “particles in stony stratum” where each layer was laid down at the same time. In this quote, Descartes described the same stratigraphic principles that Steno published. Steno even acknowledged Descartes as a direct inspiration for his stratigraphic ideas. So then did Descartes truly invent geology? That would be a new twist! I doubt many think of the French philosopher as the “founding father” of geology. The Universality of Geology Steno's text and figures describing age relationships of rock layers that show how different patterns of layers can result from erosion and tectonic movements after rocks were originally horizontally stacked oldest to youngest. Nicolas Steno’s original figures showing his stratigraphic principles. His text (translated) is on the left. It describes the original horizonal relationship of strata and how erosion and tectonic movement disrupted the original horizontality to construct modern geomorphology.4 Each of the European thinkers I mentioned, Hutton, Buffon, Steno, and Descartes, all were in position to have read Ibn Sina and used his ideas to explain geology. At first pass, the similarity between their geologic conclusions and Ibn Sina therefore seems like they derived their ideas from the Persian scientist. But did they? After reading Steno and at least trying to read Descartes, I’m not so sure. Each of the Europeans approached the topic differently based on their personal beliefs and philosophy. Steno and Buffon, for example, tried to explain geology in the context of the Bible and the Noachian flood.2,4 Hutton’s work seems to have been derived from his philosophical and religious beliefs. He thought the world was made for us to understand and that it takes personal experience to explain natural phenomenon.3 Both the literal Biblical interpretation and Hutton’s naturalistic approach are completely different Ibn Sina. Take, for example, the description of stratigraphy from Steno compared to Ibn Sina. Steno described rocks as being fluid and their deposition as spreading out into layered strata.4 Ibn Sina, however, described the deposition of rocks in layers representing the sea coming and and coming out, each time depositing another layer of mud or sediment.1 While the end conclusion is the same, the rationale for that conclusion is vastly different. I do not think Hutton, Buffon, Steno, or Descartes plagiarized Ibn Sina. I’m not even certain they read his work on geology, which was not in the same medical text they were exposed to. Instead, I think that fundamental aspects of geology, like uniformitarianism and superposition are so obvious, for lack of a better word, that they were derived by multiple people in different times and places. Each of these thinkers interpreted geology through their individual culture, religious beliefs, and philosophy. They generated a series of different flavors of these universal concepts. Although the conclusions are the same, the manners in which they are derived are different. More importantly, this speaks to the universality of science. We should not expect that the only cultures really “doing science” are our own. People from around the world and from different times, can all contribute to science even if they approach it differently. Nobody can truly be a “founding father” (or mother) of geology because geology is a fundamental aspect of the human experience, common to us all. 1. Al-Rawi, M. 2002. Contributions of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences. https://muslimheritage.com/ibn-sina-development-earth-sciences/. 2. Rudwick, M. J. S. 2014. Earth’s Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters. University of Chicago Press. 3. O’Rourke, J. E. 1978. A comparison of James Hutton’s Principles of Knowledge and Theory of the Earth. Isis, 69(1):4-20. 4. Winter, J. G. 1916. The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno’s Dissertation concerning a solid body enclosed by process of nature within a solid: An English version with introduction and explanatory notes. The MacMillan Company. One thought on “Ibn Sina and the History of Geology Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Redefining Indian Agriculture At Green Orbit Farms, we are moving away from a conventional approach to agriculture, to a more sustainable approach that ensures consistency, traceability, and safety of food. How It Works We grow our produce hydroponically. Every choice ensures that you receive your vegetables at the height of freshness, flavour and nutrition. The Hydroponic Process In Hydroponics, plants are grown in a soilless medium. A well-balanced nutrient solution is supplied in a controlled and automated manner based on parameters such as plant size, stage of growth, climate, water requirements etc. Consistent size, taste, and quality. Seamless supply through the year. Nutrient-Rich Water We use water to deliver the same nutrients you would find in the highest quality soil. And by providing our plants with only the exact amount of water required, we're able to use less water than traditional agriculture. Hydroponics uses upto 90% less water. Yield achieves its full genetic potential. Controlled Environment Food is typically vulnerable to extreme weather and pests. Hydroponic systems are set up indoors, away from harmful elements. Less or no herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides. The sterile environment means 98% fewer pests. Precision Farming By monitoring the growing process and capturing data along the way, we’re able to give our crops exactly what they need, from nutrients and water to oxygen and light. Higher productivity and yield. Supervision from agronomists. Post Harvest Activities Our state of the art integrated pack-house handles all post-harvest activities for products grown in-house or sourced from outside. This includes collection, pre-cooling, washing, grading, sorting and packaging. Minimize loss and wastage. Increase product shelf life. Farm To Your Table Once picked, our produce reaches stores and restaurants within a few hours. Quality produce year round. Always fresh on your table.
Islamic medicine During the expansion of the Empire of Islam and its ensuing Golden Age, physicians from Spain to Samarkand advanced the medical sciences by reviving existing Greek medicine and adding their own innovations.1 There were many prominent physicians, dating back to the days of the Prophet himself. Often associated with hospitals or schools of pharmacy, some were members of the important Academy of Jundi-Shapur in south-west Persia.2 Distinguished physicians worked at the Umayyad court in Damascus, but the great flowering took place later at the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, especially during the reign of Harun al Rashid and his successors. We select here the most prominent physicians, and reference those written about in this journal, designating them by their Latinized as well by their Arabic names: Mesua (Yalhya ibn Masawaih, c.777-857), was a Persian or Assyrian who became director of a hospital in Baghdad and personal physician to four caliphs. He wrote an important anatomy book called Kitab at-tashrih, and also composed medical treatises on fevers, leprosy, headache, eye diseases, melancholy, diet, as well as a set of aphorisms called Axioms of medicine. Joannitius (Hunayn ibu Ishaq el Ibadi, 809-873), director of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, probably the most well-known and industrious translator of his era, translated more than one hundred manuscripts from Greek. He knew the four major languages of his time: Greek, Syriac, Persian, and Arabic, and has been called “the sheikh of the translators.” He is credited with an immense number of translations on medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics. Rhazi (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, 865-925),1,3 the most learned physician of his time, was born near present-day Teheran and became director of a hospital in Baghdad. Author of an eight-volume encyclopedia of medicine, he also contributed to chemistry, physics, biology, and philosophy. He distinguished smallpox from measles, described allergic asthma, and is considered one of the fathers of pediatrics. Al Kindi (c.801-c.873),1 the “Philosopher of the Arabs,” was physician and also mathematician. In Baghdad, he oversaw the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts into Arabic, and wrote on metaphysics, ethics, logic, psychology, medicine, pharmacology, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and optics, and also on perfumes, swords, jewels, glass, dyes, zoology, tides, mirrors, meteorology, and earthquakes. He introduced the Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world, and developed a scale to allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication. Haly Abbas (Ali ibn al-‘Abbas al-Majusi, or Masoudi, 982–994), was a Persian1 physician and psychologist. He is remembered for his textbook on medicine and psychology, the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art. Albucasis (Abu Al-Qasim Khalaf Ibn Al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi, 936-1013 AD),4 born near Cordova in Spain, was one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era, also skilled in using simple and compound remedies and therefore known as the “Pharmacist Surgeon.”3 His greatest contribution is the Kitab Al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical and surgical practice, with books on cauterization, incision, perforation, venesection, wounds, and bone-setting. Al Hazen (Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, c.965-c.1040)1 came from Basra but lived in Cairo under the Fatimid Caliphate. Scientist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, he made significant contributions to optics, astronomy, mathematics, meteorology, visual perception, and the scientific method. He discussed spherical and parabolic mirrors, lenses and vision. He believed that a hypothesis must be proven by experiments and was honored in medieval Europe as the “Second Ptolemy” or “The Physicist.” Avicenna (Ibn Sinna, 980-1037)5-7 was born near Bukhara and remembered for his Canon of Medicine. He had been characterized as “one of the most extraordinary men ever to grace this earth,” one the “giants of medieval times,” and “the prototype of the successful physician who was at the same time statesman, teacher, philosopher, and literary man.” His impact on medicine in the West lasted until well into the seventeenth century, and apart from medicine and philosophy, he also made significant contributions to mathematics, physics, astronomy, psychology, geology, religion, music, and poetry. In his lifetime he was a legend and his name still evokes awe. Avenzoar (Abumeron, or Abu Merwan Abd-al-Malik ibn Zuhr, beginning of twelfth century), was a member of a family of distinguished physicians, and wrote Al Teysir, a medical work believed to show more practical experience than the writings of Avicenna, that was translated into Latin and reprinted several times. Averroes (Ibn Rushd, 1126-1198),8 born in Cordova, Spain, is most famous for his General Principles of Medicine, which included commentaries on Galen and Avicenna, and for centuries was an established textbook in European countries. In its Latin translation as The Colliget, it was used at the University of Padua as a scholastic book for instruction in medicine. He was much in favor of anatomy and dissection, and wrote about Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and sexual and erectile dysfunction. In therapeutics he relied on a combination of oral drugs and diet, and studied the treatment of poisons and venoms by the appropriate antidote. Ibn al-Nafis,9 born Syria in 1213 before moving to Egypt, he worked at the Al-Mansouri Hospital in Cairo and became chief physician and personal physician to the Sultan. He rejected the long-held dogma of Galen that blood passed from the right ventricle to the left through pores in the interventricular septum, rather than through the pulmonary circulation. He also described the coronary circulation, the cranial nerves, the anatomy of the gall bladder and the eye, and also wrote on law, theology, philosophy, sociology, and astronomy. Maimonides (Moses bin Maimon, or Abū Umran Mūsā ibn Maymūn ibnʿUbayd Allāh, 1135-1204), a Hebrew rabbi and Torah scholar, was also a preeminent physician and astronomer. Born in Spain, he moved to Cairo and became a practicing physician. His fame as a physician spread rapidly, and he became the court physician to the sultan Saladin. He also continued a private practice and lectured before his fellow physicians at the state hospital. References and Further Reading in Hektoen International: 1. Philosophy of science and medicine series – VI: Islamic science by Philip R. Liebson 2. The medical university of Jundi-Shapur by Andrew Miller 3. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi by Ramin Sam 4. Abulcasis, the pharmacist surgeon by Fadlurrahman Manaf 5. Avicenna, the prince of physicians by Shireen Rafeeq 6. Ibn Sīnā cures a prince who thinks he is a cow by Alan S. Weber 7. Episteme and translation in an annotated copy of the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) by Adam Komorowski and Sang Ik Song 8. Ibn Rushd (Averroes), medieval polymath 9. Ibn al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation GEORGE DUNEA, MD, Editor-in-Chief Fall 2018 \| Sections \| Antiquity
You are here Monograph Series No. 1: Indonesia on the Threshold of Population Ageing In the early 1970s, Indonesian women had an average of 5 to 6 children. Recognizing high fertility as major factor contributing to widespread poverty, the government launched a comprehensive family planning programme to bring it down. The programme came to be rated as one of the most successful in the World. Indonesia being a predominantly Muslim country made the success of the family planning all the more spectacular. The Indonesian experience was used as an example of how proponents of family planning could engage and work with orthodox religious groups.
Since English descends from Proto-Germanic, which descends from PIE, would either of those two languages be relatively easy to learn (compared to, say, Japanese), or has the language changed too much to be learnable? Certainly people are able to learn Latin, especially those native speakers of Romance languages and English, so would they have much difficulty with Proto-Italic? • 3 Good question. I sometimes wonder the opposite: if someone (coming from whatever language background) learns a certain proto-language, would it become a lot easier to learn its modern descendants? Aug 7 '12 at 3:26 • That's a very good point as well. I think that would be useful for learning a lot of languages. If you want to learn a family, learn the proto, then the descendants. Aug 7 '12 at 11:15 • 2 @NickAnderegg: if an anglophone wanted to try and learn Spanish, I certainly wouldn't advise him to learn Latin first... – JPP Aug 14 '12 at 12:48 This is subjective, but take into consideration the following points. • PIE was a quite complicated language with multiple cases and rich inflections. It had more complicated morphology than English, but compared to Latin, German or Russian it does not look too exceptional. • Much of PIE vocabulary is quite well preserved in Latin and Greek so for a person familiar with modern European languages many roots and stems will be easily recognizable. Your Answer
Space radiation, which is comprised of high-energy charged (HZE) particles with different high-linear energy transfer (LET), induces more severe biological effects than the Earth's radiation. NASA has mandated that risk estimates of carcinogenesis induced by exposure to HZE particles with different LET be determined before conducting human explorations of Mars. Because lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in humans, it is critical the risk of that radiation-induced lung tumorigenesis be included when estimating the risks of space radiation to astronauts. To address this, we examined the incidence of lung tumorigenesis in wild-type C57BL/6 mice at 1.5 years after 1 Gy exposure (single or fractionated dose) to different types of radiation with different LET (iron, silicon, oxygen and X ray). We chose wild-type mice for this study because previous studies of radiation-induced lung tumorigenesis using mutant mice models (either downregulated tumor suppressors or upregulated oncogenes) may not accurately reflect the response of healthy individuals (astronauts) to space radiation. Our study clearly showed that HZE particles (iron, silicon and oxygen) induced a higher incidence of lung tumorigenesis than X rays, and that their relative effectiveness at 1 Gy was >6. In addition, we found that silicon exposure appears to induce more aggressive lung tumors. These results provide valuable information for future followup experiments to study the underlying mechanism of lung tumorigenesis, which will improve risk estimation of space radiation-induced lung tumorigenesis and help in the development of mitigators to reduce risk if it exceeds NASA guidelines. You do not currently have access to this content.
The Gift Economy Guan Xi = Relations, personal connections, or social networks intentionally cultivated Arranging a good job. Important before, very important today. In China today Ã art of gift giving. Business talks. Art of GuanXi Ã how to cultivate social relationships in order to be successful. Have to know GuanXi/ the local policemen etc in order for business to run smoothly. Always keep this in mind. Why this is such a distinct phenomenon to China? What makes it so different Ã people intentionally practice this Ã emphasis that people put on this is very strong in china. Here it’s done but less. Ã specific rules of what’s appropriate. Being generous Ã sign of trying to be nice but if over-do it, problems may come up. The degree to which this practice permeates society Ã so important to people’s lives that they intentionally cultivate their practice/ intentionally put so much effort on this practice Ã critical/ will determine your fate Ã has a bigger influence than here in U.S. Two Versions of GuanXi A Power Game As a life style Ã cultivating the guanxi network to obtain deserved resources Rely on this network to get things done. City people are more orientated towards GuanXi (Art of Social Relationships) Ã as a whole Ã egalitarian aspect Ã gift economy is a form of subversion of the dominant economy at that time. How people in China maintain themselves as social persons Ã maintaining proper social relationship and distance through gift giving Ã crucial in the making of the self. œGift Economy because it is actually a central part of the rural economy how they distribute and redistribute their resources. Ã guanxi Ã creates a gift economy and moral economy. When do rea-estate and business Ã extremely important. Importance of Guanxi in article Ã in village Ã gift expenditure = 500 yuan Ã 20% of household income. Ã in China people do keep a list of everyday life Ã would write down who gave them what and what time. 3. Concept of œRenQing Means human feelings. But more complicated “ Ã œa system of ethics that guides and regulates one’s behavior when dealing with others within one’s guanxi network Ã based on certain basic rules and norms such as reciprocity and sharing Ã knows RenQing or doesn’t’ The Principle of Reciprocity Ã obligation of giving, receiving and returning gifts. Cannot refuse Ã implications. Refuse gift = clear gesture not interested in that relationship. Choose the proper gift Ã that exists in the social rules and hierarchy. Ã if it’s too flashy Ã can be considered offensive. So must be proper. “ Ã every social context is different. Delayed return Ã when you practice Guanxi Ã you don’t immediately return a gift Ã seen as not very proper. Ã you take note of it for the next time you visit. You don’t pull out something immediately in that moment Ã insulting. Principle of Sharing: very important, part of RenQing Ã obligated to share resources within your networks. Very important for GuanXi practice. In China, sharing secrets is very famous. Ã initiating relationships. Hard for men to do business in China if they don’t’ drink or smoke becausei t’s kind of expected as form of creating social bond and relationship. Ã carry 2 packs, one is for yourself one is for show. Sharing food is also very important. Ã œfamily style Ã use chopsticks to share, don’t need serving spoons. The principle of Face: give recipient face. Status and recognition. Ã failure to show up and bring gifts Ã do harm to person there. 4. The Art of Doing GuanXi A( between two parties who are not total strangers b) constant maintenance of the relationship in order to have an effective guanxi relationship. Ã can’t just do it once and drop cold. Need constant cultivation Ã in an endless cycle c) choosing proper gifts If really want to get something done and don’t know the person, get someone who does know that person to introduce you guys. Grad students always feel compelled to bring something to their professors Ã constant gift giving going on. 5. Functions of GuanXi 1) Economic: very important in both city and countryside. In countryside when you have large guanxi network Ã can rely on them for mutual assistance Ã rely on friends within gift exchange network to help Ã people prefer to work for friends free labor Ã don’t want to get paid Ã just you owe me when I need a favor. 2) Social Function: social mechanism Ã especially under socialism Ã if had this social circle Ã under famine could survive Ã get other kinds of social help Ã gain social prestige and face from guanxi circle Ã rituals Ã people see how many people actually come to celebrate. 3) Political: those who need certain favors (provide gifts or money) Ã Those who monopolize resources (provide favors/services)- Ã create hierarchy, asymmetric. The flow of gift giving isn’t always fair/ equal Ã villagers vs their urban relatives. When rural relatives go to urban cities Ã look for their urban relatives for help. For political purposes when want to get certain favors done ” >, and create a situation of debt and expect a return over timeCorruption is very clear. Ã give smaller gift for small favors. Ã gets tricky how you define that because sometimes they don’t do anything for you, just take your gift. You have to be able to deal with both. Some business people westerners they’re very idealistic Ã as long as I follow the rules I’ll get things done/ be fine. But they’re wrong. In certain areas, guanxi is still very important Ã especially in state owned job. Boundaries between corruption and gift-giving and how important it is in Chinese society and how it still plays a certain role. How can this thing be useful, be of value. After you have your paper topic already Ã you should make notes every time after you do a reading Ã in relation to your topic Ã this author has a particular way of thinking Ã but I would read this moment a different way Ã I would use the this -author’s way to think about can also use it in economics. Use readings to support exam essay questions.Gonna have to read the readings. He doesn’t’ care about general point of author Ã he cares about how you use what you get from the reading. Should be able to identify the author of the reading or title. Don’t’ need to memorize authorsnames but he needs to be able to recognize the reading you’re using. Why could anthropologists be interested in gift giving? They have been interested in forms of exchange outside the capital. The way you interact with people and the way you give gifts Ã helps form their identity. Ã who people are and how they interact with others. -> securing not only resources but also yourself. How you think about gift giving Ã as exchange, or corruption, or unfairness or mechanism for cultivating relationship, need to see what they’re effecting/changing. We shouldn’t be making broad generalizations about people and their behaviors. We’re telling stories. Ã documenting and describing. Need to interpret moments -> this reading claims something broad but if you actually think about this one moment in your reading, not as corruption but as something else Ã offers a different interpretation Gift giving same as buying and selling? Are they different? Ã look at article. Gift giving vs. Buying/selling
Survival of the fittest: ocean acidification produces winners and losers As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase, the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide. This absorption comes at a cost, since it makes the ocean more acidic. An acid ocean will affect all marine species, but the potential severity of these effects is the subject of debate. Most research on ocean acidification has focused on the response of pooled groups of animals. A recent study published in the journal PLoS ONE by a research team at Macquarie University has examined the responses of individual animals. They used the common purple sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) to test if some individuals benefit from a more acidic ocean. The Macquarie team, led by PhD researcher Peter Schlegel, examined the effect of CO2-induced pH changes on sperm swimming behaviour and fertilisation success. While ocean acidification generally decreases sperm activity and fertilization success, some individuals actually perform better under the more acidic conditions that will characterise near-future oceans. “Our results suggest that some individuals will exhibit enhanced fertilisation in acidified oceans, supporting the concept of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ of climate change at an individual level”, said Schlegel. It also suggests that adaption to the changed conditions is already underway. Selection for individuals that can reproduce under more acidic conditions may happen quickly, particularly since the selection occurs during the critical life phase of spawning and fertilization. The effects observed in sea urchins may apply to diverse marine species, all of which will undergo intense selection as the oceans acidification. For more information, the research paper can be found online http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053118 Macquarie University, 21 January 2013. Press release. 1 Response to “Survival of the fittest: ocean acidification produces winners and losers” 1. 1 Lina Hansson 21 January 2013 at 4:59 PM Note that the terminology used in this article is misleading. The definition of “acidic” in the Oxford English dictionary is “having the properties of an acid; having a pH of less than 7″. Despite the process of ocean acidification (the acidity of seawater has increased 26% since preindustrial time), the oceans are alkaline (pH higher than 7) and will not become acidic in the foreseeable future. Hence, the words “acid” or “acidic” should not be used when referring to seawater. Note that there are few exceptions, seawater can be acidic in the immediate vicinity of CO2 vents or in purposeful perturbation experiments. Comments are currently closed. • Reset OA-ICC Highlights %d bloggers like this:
Bipolar II disorder (A complete guide) This article is a detailed overview of Bipolar II disorder (BPD-II) and discusses some pertinent aspects related to this disorder. Also, this article reveals possible symptoms, diagnostic aspects and possible treatments that offer insight into this problem. Bipolar II disorder (A complete guide) Bipolar II disorder is a psychological ailment that is characterized by alternating hypomanic and depressive periods. In this disease, an individual’s mood might suddenly go up or down over certain intervals of time. It resembles bipolar I disorder, but is different from it in terms of treatment and certain symptoms. It is to be noted that in this condition, the ‘up’ mood never really reaches an extreme. The intensity of the elevated moods is less and they are called hypomanic intervals or hypomania. An individual suffering from this condition will have at least once hypomanic interval in his life. But the depressive moods are more frequent in most patients. ‘Manic depression’ is a term used to refer to this type of depression. The low or down episodes are often long-lasting and cause traumatic mental effects. These depressive episodes can also pose a threat to one’s physical health. During the up and down episodes, an individual is under the influence of the disorder. But between these intervals, the individuals are normal and stable. This means that the manic episodes are not long-lasting. Furthermore, extreme episodes or intense mood swings can be more damaging than short intervals. And long episodes also cause more mental and physical stress. An individual suffering from this condition may be happy about something at one moment, and then the next, they may start getting depressive feelings all of a sudden. These ‘ups’ and ‘downs’ result in bad decisions and ultimately cause negative consequences as experienced by many individuals diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Poor decision making is one of the major symptoms of bipolar II disorder. According to reports, this condition prevails among approximately 5.7 million individuals in the U.S., which is about 2.6% of total U.S. population aged between 18 and older. Bipolar II disorder starts showing symptoms in individuals when they are in their early childhood or when they are in their 40s or 50s. Anyone can develop bipolar II disorder. Both females and males have equal chances of having it. Bipolar II disorder does not depend on an individual’s race, ethnicity or culture. It is common to all. A female diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder is more likely to suffer from frequent mood changes than males with the same condition. According to research, females with this disorder show more intense depressive episodes, which are also more mixed than males with the same condition. Bipolar II disorder (A complete guide) At-risk Populations Nearly 2.5% of the people of U.S are suffering from bipolar disorders, this makes about 6 million individuals. Technically a normal individual can develop bipolar II disorder. Symptoms start appearing when the individuals are youngsters, in their teenage years or in early adulthood. Before the age of 50 years, all individuals diagnosed with bipolar II start showing symptoms. If one’s close relative has bipolar disorder, then there is a higher chance of him having the disorder as well. Causes or Contributing Factors The cause of Bipolar II disorder has not been discovered yet. It can be because of physical abnormalities in the brain structure or due to variation in certain specific brain chemicals. Genes which cause this disorder are being searched for. Bipolar II also runs in families like many other similar mental illnesses. For example, if a close relative of an individual happens to be suffering from bipolar disorder, the individual will have a higher chance of developing it himself. Other causes according to research, include stress, drug and alcohol abuse, traumatic incidents like the loss of a loved one or childhood abuse. Risk factors There are some factors that may contribute to early onset of bipolar II disorder in individuals or increase the chance of developing the condition. These include: • Drug and alcohol abuse. • Tragedies, for example, the death of a loved one. • Complications. • Having a family member who has previously been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Leaving bipolar II disorder untreated can possibly cause potential damage as it influences all aspects of one’s life. The damage caused may be in the form of the following few consequences. • Suicidal feelings or thoughts. • Financial burden. • Legal complications. • Drug or alcohol addiction. • Domestic instability. • Low performance at work. Bipolar II disorder (A complete guide) Symptoms of Bipolar II Disorder An individual going through depressive moods or a less intense form of mania called hypomania can be diagnosed for Bipolar II. Individuals with this disorder may suffer from symptoms of manic, but are also able to functional normally during daily life activities. They might even experience a positive increase in performance at work and at home, or towards achieving a certain goal. Additionally, the ‘up’ moods are not as severe. An individual will not necessarily have to visit the hospital in case of a manic mood attack. An individual should exhibit at least 5 or more of the following characteristics to confirm that he is suffering from bipolar disorder. • Changes in sleep routine. • Changes in diet habits. • Weakness or lack of stamina. • Loss of interest in activities that were previously liked by the individual. • Negative thoughts or depressed feelings. • Feelings of restlessness or being tired. • Inability to make even small decisions or difficulty in making decisions in general. • Guilty feelings or feeling unworthy. • Suicidal feelings or attempts. Treatment Options for Bipolar II Disorder First of all, treatment for bipolar I is different from bipolar II. Treatment for bipolar II usually involves medications and psychotherapy. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar II are prone to longer intervals of depressive episodes than bipolar I individuals. For bipolar II, following medications are usually prescribed: • Mood Stabilizers: These will help in reducing the intensity of manic episodes or hypomania. • Antipsychotics: These are usually prescribed along with mood stabilizers. • Antidepressants: These are used to help manage depression. As these may trigger a manic episode, hence they are prescribed along with mood stabilizers or antipsychotics. • Antidepressant-antipsychotic: Several antidepressants contain a combination of an antidepressant with an antipsychotic. It helps as a mood stabilizer and treats depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy CBT is used to indicate negative aspects of the individual’s behavior and beliefs. And then the therapy involves turning these negative aspects into positive ones by introducing healthy and optimistic beliefs. Social rhythm therapy helps by promoting healthy routine changes in daily personal and social life. This helps the individual in managing his mood. Joining support groups or treatment programs can help the individual learn helpful ways to cope or manage his bipolar disorder from people having the same condition. In case of extreme condition of an individual, the doctor may encourage him to get hospitalization in order to prevent harmful consequences. Self-management strategies include altering your routine to make healthy changes in your eating, sleeping and other daily habits or activities. This will create awareness and confidence in the individual about his condition. And he will be more likely to easily manage his mood swings. Some Helpful Resources 1. If you want to gain a holistic understanding about the psychopathology of bipolar II disorder, then, the book titled: Bipolar II Disorder: Recognition, Understanding, and Treatment, is a great read. 2. Another interesting book on bipolar-II disorder is, The Bipolar II Disorder Workbook: Managing Recurring Depression, Hypomania, and Anxiety (A New Harbinger Self-Help Workbook) 3. The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide: What You and Your Family Need to Know is quite helpful when it comes to navigating through the uncertain pathway of recovery and management of this disorder. 4. My Bucket Has Holes: Living with Bipolar II is another great read. 5. Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring and Managing offers factual account on the disorder. Bipolar II disorder (A complete guide) Bipolar II disorder is one of many mental illnesses present in the world. The best way to cope with this condition is by reaching out for treatment to avoid any possible mishaps. Early diagnosis and treatment will help manage the problem more efficiently and easily. It is to be noted that in case an individual feels like he may have the problem and possibly shows similar symptoms, then he should talk to his family and reach out to a doctor. If you know someone that might be going through this condition, you can show concern by recognizing the pattern changes in his behavior. Then let him know and proceed to recommend a visit to the doctor to get a medical evaluation. This will help avoid the situation from getting worse. Frequently Asked Questions Some of the most commonly asked questions about bipolar II disorder are given below. Are there any specific tests present to diagnose bipolar disorder? There is no test available right now that can confirm whether you have the disorder or not. It is also highly unlikely that a single gene will be the cause of this disorder in each and every bipolar individual. Is there a similar condition like bipolar II disorder where the symptoms are the same, but the illness is a different one? Yes, there are some disorders which exhibit the same symptoms as bipolar II, but these are not related to it in any way. Some examples of these disorders include thyroid complications, neurological problems like epilepsy, stroke or brain tumors, brain infections, etc. What to do in case someone you know happens to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder? As a family member, you can begin by trying to indicate changes in the activities and behaviors of the individual. Talk to him and let him know, making sure you do not come off as being judgmental. At work, if you know a colleague or someone suffering from this condition and they happen to exhibit any sort of foul behavior, then it should be reported to the authorities to prevent future mishaps. As an individual suffering from this condition, will I have to take to receive medication for it throughout my life? It is not necessary. But if the individual has been through a tragic incident due to his condition before, then the doctors will encourage him to continue taking medication. The tragic condition can be of any type, it may cause traumatic consequences for both the individual and his family. How can you cope with your bipolar disorder? First it is important to know each and every detail about your mental illness. You should visit doctors, read books and listen to related lectures to know yourself what you are going through. This will help you cope with your condition more easily. Similarly, you can talk to other individuals diagnosed with the same disorder. In addition to this, you can join support groups where you can relate with individuals with same condition. You can learn how they go about their lives, while managing their mood swings alongside. How is lifestyle affected by bipolar II disorder? Changes in sleeping and eating habits can cause unhealthy consequences, both for the individual and his family. One should opt for comfortable work choice and pleasure activities to improve both mental and physical health. Family members waking up and sleeping at the same time can improve mental relations between members, and promote a positive atmosphere at home. What we recommend for Bipolar disorder Professional counselling If you have Bipolar disorder, then ongoing professional counselling may be your ideal first point of call. Counselling will utilize theories such as Cognitive behavioural therapy which will help you live a more fulfilling life. Was this post helpful? [Sassy_Social_Share type="standard"]
Methods of Processing Plastics 4 Methods of Processing Plastics are explained in this article. Reading it will avail you of the necessary information you need. Methods of Processing Plastics Plastics are materials that can be reshaped or remolded by applying heat and pressure. Most plastics are made from synthetic resins or polymers through the process of polymerization. Plastics are soft enough to be molded yet capable of hardening into a desired shape and form. Read Also: How To Produce Rubber From Rubber Tree 4 Methods of Processing Plastics Methods of Processing Plastics – Photo Source: Methods of Processing Plastics Production of plastics involves mixing some raw materials and heating them at a very high temperature. Raw materials for plastics are obtained as chemical compounds from crude oil. The raw materials are in an unrefined state. Resin for the instance is one of the raw materials and it is a by-product of crude oil distillation. Resin is mixed with other materials and colors to produce plastic. Read Also: Factors That Determine What To Produce The mixture is heated to become soft. It is then shaped and molded into any desired shape, cooled, and hardened. The cooling can be done using air, water, or solvents. Furthermore, several methods are used in the processing of plastics. The method used depends on the type of plastics to be made, which will be used for the cost of production. The Methods of Processing Plastics are: 1. Extrusion Moulding This is the commonest method of processing plastics. In this method, an extraction molding machine is used. The raw materials for making plastics are fed into part of the machine called a funnel or feeder hopper. Heat is used to dissolve the raw materials into a molten form. The molten form is cooled and gas into the forming die of the machine where the plastic is formed. The shape of the opening in the forming die determines the form of plastic is made. This method is used to produce plastic pipes and tubes. Read Also: Benefits of Self and Paid Employment 2. Injection Moulding Injection Moulding is used to produce both small and large plastics but the machines are costly and this makes the process costly too. In this method, the plastic powder or granules are heated until there are soft and can flow. There are then injected into a closed cavity where it is cooled to form the desired shape. The solid plastic is then removed from the mold. Due to the high cost of this method, it is mainly used where a large quantity of various sizes of plastics is needed. 3. Calendaring method The calendaring method deals with the finishing and smoothening of a produced plastic product. It is the final stage in the process. The produced plastic is passed between heated rollers in a calendaring machine in order to smoothen it and give it a shiny surface. Plastic materials like polyvinyl chloride are processed in this way. Read Also: Factors That Determine What To Produce 4. Compression molding In compression molding, the powdered raw material is placed in an oven and heated at a very high temperature. The molten form is then forced into a mold and compressed into a specific shape by applying pressure. In Conclusion, the compressed method is mainly used in the production of plastics. When it comes to plastic production every mold cavity has both female and male sections. The female section contains the cavity where the materials are formed and pressure is used to force the male section in the production of plastics. By Wisdom Enang Leave a Reply
When did most of the phyla of marine animals alive today first appear? approximately 541 million years ago What is a species definition? Species, in biology, classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding. This biological species concept is widely used in biology and related fields of study. What makes a species unique? Most evolutionary biologists distinguish one species from another based on reproductivity: members of different species either won’t or can’t mate with one another, or, if they do, the resulting offspring are often sterile, unviable, or suffer some other sort of reduced fitness. What is a species example? A species is a group of organisms that share a genetic heritage, are able to interbreed, and to create offspring that are also fertile. Thus, some animals like the Red fox, Vulpes vulpes, are both in the genus Vulpes and their species name is vulpes. Is a mule a species? Mules are not a species and do not have a scientific name. Scientists classify them as crosses between horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus assinus). How many species are there on Earth in 2020? Summary: It is estimated that 15 million different species live on our planet, but only 2 million of them are currently known to science. What are the six mass extinctions on Earth? But sea-level falls are very probably the result of other events, such as sustained global cooling or the sinking of the mid-ocean ridges. Sea-level falls are associated with most of the mass extinctions, including all of the “Big Five”—End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, and End-Cretaceous. Which is most loyal dog? Top 10 Most Loyal Dog Breeds • #8: Yorkshire Terrier. • #7: Dobermann Pinscher. • #6: German Shepherd. • #5: Golden Retriever. • #4: Staffordshire Bull Terrier. • #3: Labrador Retriever. • #2: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. • #1: Xoloitzcuintli. Do dogs pick their favorite person? Which is the most protective dog? The Most Protective Dog Breeds • Belgian Malinois. The Belgian Malinois are brilliant dogs, highly capable, and love to work. • Rottweilers. • Doberman Pinscher. • Bullmastiff. • Giant Schnauzer. • Rhodesian Ridgeback. What is the stupidest dog breed? 3. Bulldog. Bulldogs are known for their stubbornness. 5. Borzoi. 6. Bloodhound. 7. Pekingese. 8. Beagle. Which is the smartest dog breed? Top 5 Smartest Dog Breeds • Border Collie. The majority of obedience champions, agility stars, flyball wizards and sheepdog herding winners are Border Collies. • German Shepherd. A German Shepherd is a very common working dog, and it’s thanks to their huge intelligence. • Toy Poodle. • Papillon. • Shetland Sheepdog. Do dogs know they are getting old? Originally Answered: Does my dog know hes getting old? They don’t know they are old and they don’t know they are sick. Not knowing they are sick helps them beat odds. Humans, on the other hand, can get depressed knowing they are sick and that alone can interfere with getting better.
Pottery is the manufacture of ceramic art. One of the most ancient arts that have been recorded with archaeological finds that characterize the culture of each season. Wet clay takes the desired form from human hands and dried to obtain a solid form. Later will be baked in a special oven to increase its mechanical strength. Because of the ease in creating desired shapes such as pots and figurines, but also the strength of ceramics in time, the pottery is the art / technology for which there are very old archaeological findings. Modern traditional pottery is the end of the long history of Greek pottery. With origins in the Byzantine period and even earlier and new directions which meet the habits and needs of an era with particularly difficult economic and social conditions, formed its own morphological and stylistic features, as simply utilitarian shapes, simple decor and design. Share Button
You are looking at 1 - 5 of 5 items for : • Social Justice x • Refine by Access: All content x Clear All Restricted access Jennifer Ward and Victoria Damjanovic Restricted access Deanna Pecaski McLennan Restricted access Hyunyi Jung and Sarah Brand Five approaches led to multiple valid solutions, considered students’ real-world knowledge, and increased students’ interest. Restricted access Jennifer Ward Four-year-old children used mathematics to examine the location of and access to public playgrounds in their community. They collected and recorded data, using the information to advocate for a social justice issue. Restricted access Daniel Edelen, Heather Simpson, and Sarah B. Bush
Which of the following statements is/are correct about the Ashokan Pillars? 1. The shafts were monolithic. 2. They were mainly inscribed of the limestones. 1. 1 only 2. 2 only 3. Both 1 and 2 4. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1 : 1 only Detailed Solution Download Solution PDF The correct answer is 1 only. Key Points Ashokan pillars: • Composition: • The shaft of the Ashokan pillars was monolithic, i.e. they were inscribed from a single piece of stone. So, statement 1 is correct. • They were mainly chunar sandstones. So, statement 2 is NOT correct. • Location: • The Ashokan pillars were independently erected by royal diction. Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India
Addressing corruption to promote and attain the SDGs Corruption is a major threat to the promotion and attainment of the global goals most especially in developing countries. it weakens political leadership, both public and private institutions. It again increases the perception amongst the citizenry as very pervasive which erodes trust. Unfortunately, it affects minority and disadvantaged groups through the lack of social inclusion. This encourages and fuels inequality, impedes prosperity for all and affects the environment. Our desire to achieve the 5Ps (People, Prosperity, Planet, Partnership and Peace) will be strongly undermined. Corruption is one of the greatest constraints on development, it heightens vulnerability and insecurity, undermines the legitimate rights of people, denies the citizenry their basic services and causes major environmental disaster. According to the World Economic Forum, the annual cost of global corruption is estimated to USD3.6 trillion, that is equivalent to more than 5% of the global GDP, in forms of bribes and stolen money. Whiles at the same time there are statistics presenting that USD16 billion could end world hunger, USD8.5 billion could help us eliminate malaria. Again, USD26 billion would be an adequate amount for providing basic education for all children and USD1 trillion would be sufficient to extend the global infrastructure worldwide. This is rational reasoning on how the amount of lost money through corruption could contribute to sustainable development. There is the urgent need to tackle corruption and to implement laws that address it. The significance of corruption is clearly stated in SDG16, it aims at reducing corruption and bribery in all its forms and shapes substantially. Some targets of goal 16 seek to reduce illicit financial flow, promote effective, accountable and transparent institutions, promote diversity and inclusive, active participation and elaborate consultation in decision-making. SDG16 is a manifestation that countries have realized the importance of anti-corruption, considering the cross-cutting approach in the attainment of the goals. Sectorial reforms require good governance framework and strong anti-corruption institutions. Corruption is a deep-rooted canker and exposes the vulnerability of our institutions. This has been a major problem for public sector organizations but unfortunately, it is so widespread that it has found its way into the private sector. Procurement has been one major tool used in the administration of corrupt practices. We have witnessed the inflation of projects and overly quoted cost of items been purchased. However, these acts pose as a negative consequence on the quality of service delivery. Lives have been lost due to corrupt practices either in the health sector, construction of road network just to mention a few. Tendering processes leading to the award of contracts have been characterized by undue advantage given to certain companies over their competitors. Shockingly, the poor and less privileged are subjected to the payment of bribe before gaining access to basic human rights like clean water, healthcare, education, food, employment, electricity, fair judicial system etc. A careful look at corruption will point us to the fact that it does not only affect human lives, but it also has an enormous effect on the general economy. It reduces expansion of the economy and kills infant businesses who can ordinarily execute projects more effectively and efficiently but for their inability to pay a bribe. This obviously denies them the opportunity of business expansion where more unemployed youth could gain decent employment. This will directly affect the quest to promote and attain SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) whiles the attainment of SDG1 (No Poverty), SDG2 (Zero Hunger), almost becomes an impossibility. Again, SDG3 (Good Health and Well-Being), SDG4 (Quality Education), SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) will be impacted negatively due to this single act of corruption. Purging ourselves of corruption will require effective legislative reforms, there is the need for institutional framework against corruption which must be underpinned by a vigorous application of the law. The punishment must be punitive to serve as a deterrent to others. A zero-tolerance policy on corruption must be outlined to ensure the eradication of corruption whiles we promote a fair and just environment. A weak judicial system and rule of law is a setback in the fight against corruption and the socio-economic development agenda. Foreign investors consider a strong legal institution and a stable economic environment the world over before investing in any economy. Anti-corruption measures must be outlined and promoted, there must be a demonstration of quick justice delivery transparency, accountability, integrity in the administration of justice in the fight against corruption. One major institution needed in the fight against corruption is the media, they can provide checks and balances on government and the private sector’s involvement in corrupt practices. The media also offer an essential service by informing the public about the positive progress being made and giving support to those who take a stand in the fight against corruption. They can offer their platform for public education and awareness on the effect of corruption. One significant achievement is the passage and signing into law The Right to Information Act 2019, Act 989. This provides for the right to access of information to the general public. The state has the sole responsibility to respect, promote and protect the freedom of individuals who will demand information for the purpose of publication and exposing corruption practices. Anti-graft agencies, civil society, NGOs, religious organizations and other interest groups have a unique position to help in the prevention of corruption. This can be manifested through public awareness creation and strengthening stakeholder engagement. Anti-corruption institutions must be seen to exert some level of pressure to ensure political commitment towards the fight against corruption. Exposing corrupt leaders both in public and private sectors will guarantee accountability from leaders and raise people’s consciousness on what matters to their communities. The youth can demand from their leaders’ specific measures put in place to tackle corruption. More so, communities will know what their resources are used for. A Specialized Agency of the African Union (AU), the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) was initiated in 2002 and established in 2003 by the African Union in the framework of the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Africa has experienced bad governance and leadership over a long time and undertaking self-monitoring in all aspects of their governance and socio-economic development, especially in the fight against corruption, will help in the fight against corruption on the African continent. Corruption comes as a halt on national development, denying many people around the world the prosperity, rights, services, employment and opportunities they genuinely merit. The prevalence of corruption is a threat to development. When corruption is not attended to, it serves as an impediment to the promotion and attainment of sustainable development. The ultimate objective of achieving the SDGs is defeated when corruption succeeds. An entire community, sector, industry or generation can be left unattended to in the development agenda especially in infrastructure, provision of schools, roads, hospitals etc. Addressing corruption is not only an aim in itself, but also serves as the most effective and efficient way to ensure the promotion and attainment of the sustainable development goal. It will guarantee a meaningful and dignifying life for mankind and again ensure a sustainable environment through social inclusion, economic growth and environmental protection. Leave a Reply
Do British singers use American accent? Why do British singers sing with an American accent? So, what gives? Some British singers sound American as the American accent offers easier pronunciation, greater scope for rhyming and the ability to market to an American audience. Some British singers will also adopt an American accent due to their musical influences. Why do British people say bloody? Is the American accent neutral? In American English, there is a neutral accent called General American. … While General American is not restricted to any one region in the United States, it is most commonly spoken in the Midland region. As such, the terms Midland accent and General American are often used synonymously. Why do British people say Zed? THIS IS FUN: Who is the most successful rugby league team in England? Do Americans have accents? Like many countries, the United States is one filled with a diverse set of people, and thus a great number of English accents exist. As American pop culture is widely disseminated across the world, you may already be familiar with the more notable accents. Is Adele a Cockney? Adele is a famous British singer and who better to learn English with than her. She has a distinctive cockney accent at times and at other times she speaks with received pronunciation. Does Daniel Radcliffe have an accent? Radcliffe intended to make his accent uniquely Canadian, but the finished film instead features the 25-year-old speaking with his native West London accent. Why do Australian singers sound American? Rather, when singing, accents become neutralized as words and vocal pitches are more drawn out. … Therefore, the sounds become more neutral and more similar to what a general American accent would sound like.
Interpretations:Solid Liquid Gas From This Might Be A Wiki I was watching this video with a few friends, and they noted how when Linnell sings "Solid", the song is slow. It gets a bit faster with "Liquid", and it's fast with "Gas". Perhaps there may be a relation between the molecules of each and the tempo? Since Solid molecules just shake in place, Liquid molecules move around a bit, and Gas molecules fly around. -- Jason DeLima - ! - 02:49, 9 September 2009 (UTC) Same applies for the next phrase of "plasma" which is set to a super-excited rate with a (perhaps unwisely chosen) ultrasonic frequency. The politics of science[edit] I agree, it's like musical onomatopoeia, like in "Mrs. Train". Clever indeed, though the song itself is pretty simple in its message. ...OR IS IT?!?! Maybe the Giants are trying to get kids to grow up to be world negotiators and peacekeepers. Observe: • "So could you make the air so cold it would be solid?" -- referring to the Cold War, perhaps? The air became so cold it formed an iron curtain? • "Could you make rock so warm it would be liquid?" -- referring to softening immovable things, like bickering governments on hot-button issues. • "Could you make milk so hot it would be a gas?" -- here, the slang definition of "gas" could be used to imply that negotiations would be a "gas" after the listener got involved in the process. Oh yeah, that's overthinking it wayyyyy too much, but it's fun. :) --MisterMe 12:20, 24 March 2012 (EDT)
Menu Close Digital photography has changed the way we see everyday life by giving us pictures that are instantly accessible and portable. Today, we can carry around our favorite pictures with the click of a camera. They are called digital photos. Digital photography has been around for years but its real breakthrough was in 2021 when two Japanese companies released the first digital camera that could store and deliver a large amount of information to a user’s computer. Digital photography is simply defined as any kind of photography that utilizes digital technology to make a photograph. Digital photography utilizes cameras that contain arrays of tiny photodiodes to create pictures instead of an ordinary exposure on film. The captured photos are then digitized and then stored as a hard drive file ready for immediate viewing, printing, or further digital editing. These days, many people use their digital cameras to take fashion photos, shoot family events, and even to document one’s travels. The photos can be viewed instantly or they can be saved to a hard drive and then viewed at a later time. A digital photo is a digital version of a normal picture. This means you will never lose a copy of your digital photo. Your digital photo can be printed on photo paper or they can be converted into a regular photograph that you can hold in your hand and look through. A passport photo is a very special photograph because it is able to be sent over the Internet. No matter where you are in the world, your passport photo will be able to be viewed online at anytime and anywhere. A digital photo frame can also be called a digital photo frame. It is like a normal photo frame only it contains digital photos. It is a great way to store and display your favorite photos and allows you to save space. It will not hold as many photos as a regular photo frame but it can hold an unlimited amount. You can have more than one frame on one screen if needed. A digital photos also comes with its own software program. Some programs allow you to edit the picture elements which can change the resolution and colors of the image. If you want to add text or a title to your digital photos then you will need to have the right software program to do that. The programs also store the picture elements in different resolutions which means the pixels of each element will be adjusted to fit the proper image. The reason these types of devices are popular is due to the fact that most people take hundreds of photographs during a vacation, birthday, anniversary, graduation, or other special occasion. With a digital photo frame, you can easily take hundreds of pictures and display them on your computer monitor for a fraction of what it would cost to purchase a traditional photo frame. Many models allow you to save the photo on your hard drive so you can view your photographs from several years ago without having to download the photo again. You can also print out the images for posterity and keep them stored in your home for future use. There is another benefit to owning a digital photo frame besides storage and displaying your pictures. If you download the free version of the photograph to your device, you can share them with others through the sharing option in the device’s software program. You can send the pictures to a friend through email or through the social networking sites like Facebook. If your friends find the photos intriguing, they can also share them with their network. In essence, you are creating a back up of your original photographs in the event that something should happen to your laptop or other digital device. If you are wondering what is a digital photo, then you definitely need to look into a digital photo frame or album. It serves several purposes. First, it allows you to save space in your closet or desktop by providing a backdrop for your photos. Second, it allows you to have a version of the photograph available to you at any time. Third, it allows you to share the image to others or keep them on your computer or flash drive for safekeeping. Lastly, it lets you take pictures for fun or just to save space and maintain your photography hobby. error: Content is protected !!
kidzsearch.com > wiki Isamu Akasaki KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. Jump to: navigation, search Isamu Akasaki Isamu Akasaki Born(1929-01-30)January 30, 1929 Chiran, Kawanabe District, Kagoshima, Empire of Japan DiedApril 1, 2021(2021-04-01) (aged 92) Nagoya, Aichi, Japan FieldsPhysics, Engineering InstitutionsMeijo University Nagoya University Alma materKyoto University Nagoya University Notable awardsAsahi Prize (2001) Takeda Award (2002) Kyoto Prize (2009) IEEE Edison Medal (2011) Nobel Prize in Physics (2014) Charles Stark Draper Prize (2015) This person won a Nobel Prize Isamu Akasaki (赤崎勇 Akasaki Isamu?, January 30, 1929 – April 1, 2021) was a Japanese engineer and physicist. He was best known for inventing the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p-n junction blue LED in 1989.[1][2][3][4] Akasaki was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 2009.[5] He was also awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in Physics with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura[6] "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources". Akasaki died on April 1, 2021 at his home in Nagoya, Japan from pneumonia, aged 92.[7] 1. "Japanese Journal of Applied Physics". Jsap.jp. http://jjap.jsap.jp/link?JJAP/45/9001/. 2. "Japanese Journal of Applied Physics". jsap.jp. http://jjap.jsap.jp/link?JJAP/47/3781/. 3. Amano, Hiroshi; Kito, Masahiro; Hiramatsu, Kazumasa; Akasaki, Isamu (1989-12-20). "P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN Treated with Low-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation (LEEBI)". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (Japan Society of Applied Physics) 28 (Part 2, No. 12): L2112–L2114. doi:10.1143/jjap.28.l2112 . ISSN 0021-4922 . 4. Isamu Akasaki; Hiroshi Amano; Masahiro Kito; Kazumasa Hiramatsu (1991). "Photoluminescence of Mg-doped p-type GaN and electroluminescence of GaN p-n junction LED". Journal of Luminescence (Elsevier BV) 48-49: 666–670. doi:10.1016/0022-2313(91)90215-h . ISSN 0022-2313 . 5. "INAMORI FOUNDATION". Inamori-f.or.jp. http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/laureates/k25_a_isamu/ctn_e.html. 6. "The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics - Press Release". Nobel Media AB 2014. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.html. 7. "Nobel-Winning Scientist Isamu Akasaki Dies at 92". April 2, 2021. https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021040200887/.
Total Number of words made out of Nieve = 13 Nieve is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 8 points. Nieve is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 10 points. Nieve is a 5 letter medium Word starting with N and ending with E. Below are Total 13 words made out of this word. 4 letter Words made out of nieve 1). vine 2). vein 3). nevi 4). neve 5). even 3 letter Words made out of nieve 1). nee 2). vee 3). eve 4). vie 2 letter Words made out of nieve 1). ne 2). in 3). en Find Words which Also see:- 1. Words that start with Nieve 2. Vowel only words 3. consonant only words 4. 7 Letter words 5. Words with J 6. Words with Z 7. Words with X 8. Words with Q 9. Words that start with Q 10. Words that start with Z 11. Words that start with F 12. Words that start with X Word Finder Tools 1. Scrabble finder 2. Words with friends finder 3. Anagram Finder 4. Crossword Solver Words made from adding one letter at the End of nieve Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in nieve lieve sieve Note There are 3 vowel letters and 2 consonant letters in the word nieve. N is 14th, I is 9th, E is 5th, V is 22th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Essay about Behavioral Finance One fundamental notion in the finance and economic fields with regards to decision making has always been based on the underlying assumption that individuals or decision making agents are rational and objective. However, in many cases, rationalistic explanations have failed to answer major financial occurrences in the past. A good and simple example is given by Fromlet (2001), In 2001 the Swedish currency – the crown- was seriously undervalued in the foreign exchange market despite the fact that Swedish economy enjoyed a good economic growth record, had the lowest inflation rate among the 12 European Monetary union members, surplus government budget and a good, positive balance of payment position. Thus in this case all the rationalistic theories could not adequately explain the weakening of the crown given the fact that all economic indicators showed that it should be stronger. According to many theorists, even though realism cannot be attained, a good theoretical model should include mechanisms that help in relaxing as much assumptions as possible to attain a near realistic empirically based theory. Most of the traditional and neoclassical financial theory such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and expected utility theory (EUT) are based on the unrealistic assumptions that can be explained as: • Representative agents and players in the financial market are rational therefore base their decisions with the objective of maximizing wealth therefore asset pricing reflect the real value of the asset at any particular time (Thaler, 1999). • The market given time will settle on an equilibrium point and that the equilibrium price reflects the real value of the asset that can rationally be explained using traditional theories (Ideal or rationally explained equilibrium) (Thaler, 1999). Behavioral finance is a relatively new field of study that has made tremendous progress in the attempt to answer these unrealistic assumptions and offer an alternative explanation of the financial market. Behavioral finance holds that the market is unrealistic due to the human element; therefore, in evaluation of financial market decision making and market condition, financial theories should recognize the role of human behavior in financial assets price determination. The composition of financial investors is diverse from fathers and mothers, household, spouses, students, businessmen, government leaders etc. are all decision makers in the financial market thus the assumption of rationality as provided by these theories is unrealistic (Ritter, 2003). These paper is an in depth evaluation of the behavioral theory and its application in the financial market. The paper will look at the strength and weaknesses of behavioral finance in an attempt to show its applicability as a tool in the financial market. Definition and description of behavioral finance. Behavioral finance is an empirically based theory, Behavioral finance theorists argue that to understand the performance and decision making in market, it important to integrate psychological and behavioral variables and classical financial theories in decision making and market atmosphere. According to this theory, the market is sometimes information inefficient and participants do not often make decision rationally. Behavioral finance uses to main concepts namely cognitive psychology and limits to arbitrage. Cognitive psychology as applied in behavioral finance focuses on behavioral factors influencing investor’s decision making or how people think; it postulates that investors make systematic errors in the manner they think and this contributes to irrationality in decision making. For instance, some investors might be overconfident and end up loosing due making investment decision based on this behavioral trait. This cognitive biases lead to irrational decision and can explain the weaknesses of classical financial theories with regards to why the market fails to attain equilibrium or conceptual expectation of rational investor decision in the financial market. (Ritter, 2003). Cognitive biases. Cognitive psychologists hold that there several cognitive biases that affect investor’s decisions in the market, as mentioned this biases lead investors to make systematic errors hence explaining irrationality in the financial market. This paper will highlight the cognitive biases by combining some of the documented behavioral patterns in arguing the case and behavior finance model case in the financial market it should be noted that psychological patterns and behavior categories as presented are interlinked to the extent that an individual can make decisions due to several behavioral patterns (Fromlet, 2001): 1/n Heuristics or rule of thumb. Heuristics or the rule of thumb is one common behavioral technique applied in decision making. According to the definition (as quoted in Fromlet, 2001), “ heuristic means ‘use of experience and practical efforts to answer questions or to improve performance. ” Heuristics mean fast, selective interpretation of information, determined to a high extent by intuition–taking into account that the conclusions may not give the desired results because of the velocity and/or the incompleteness in the decision-making. ” This technique makes it easier for investor’s since information in the market usually spreads faster, changes often and has become more complicated to interpret. Therefore, given various options many investors use the 1/n rule by spreading their funds equally or proportionately on the available options since it is easier than choosing the rational option based on the information hence introducing irrationality in the market in terms of decision making. A good example is if in a given financial market six different economic indicators are published, economists and investors have to assimilate and use the information as fast as they can to take advantage of the market, some result to heuristic approach. This sometimes leads to suboptimal results and explains the difference between the ideal classical financial market of a rational investor and the real world. (Fromlet, 2001 and Ritter, 2003). Thaler (1999), argue that from empirical evidence collected in their research most individuals investing for retirement have little or no knowledge of the financial market hence uses the rule of thumb or 1/n heuristic approach to make decisions on where to put there retirement savings. Overconfidence and preference for certain information. Another pattern that manifests itself and lead to irrationality in decision making in the financial market is overconfidence. Ritter (2003), notes that entrepreneurs tend to be overconfident and hence invest too much in stocks or options that they are familiar with. This can be termed as an irrational tendency to the extent that it leads overconfident entrepreneurs tend to limit their options by not diversifying their portfolio hence irrational since they tie up their assets (for example real estates) to the company they are familiar with partly due to the fact that they would feel in control of local familiar stocks compared to high returns stocks that are outside their control, this is referred to as control illusions. A good example world over is the fact that most workers tend to invest too much in the company they work for and this has led to loss of entire savings to many of the companies in the event of insolvency (see Ritter, 2003 pg. 434 for examples). Furthermore, it was noted that generally, men are more overconfident than women and this behavior extends to investment decisions. It was found out in a research by Bernard and Odeon (2001 as quoted in Ritter 2003) that the more men on average perform worse than women and this is partly attributed to the fact that they are overconfident than women. Given the fact that some people are overconfident and tend to invest in familiar business stocks there is also another pattern or behavior that compounds the problem of irrationality. Analysts found out that investors make decisions based on information and familiarity of the business, however, due to attachment and preference new information that might make a rational investor change his decision does not make many investors in the real world do so. It is less and less likely for investors to change their position in light of new information due to attachment to the current stocks or business preferences especially where unimportant information emerges with regards to the old news or supporting their current position (Fromlet 2001, p4). Interpretation of information. Information from the efficient market hypothesis point of view is assimilated immediately and is reflected in the current prices. However, this notion might not be true since: Individuals tend to be slow in picking up is and analyzing information due to a conservative wait and see approach, thus given change people might under react in the short run due to the conservatism bias thus introducing irrationality. In addition different people interpret information differently even among analysts and this contributes to irrationality and sub optimal decision making in the market. And thirdly, information in the real market does not reach all players at the same time, it might just be available to a few, moreover not all players in the market can interpret the information thus cannot capitalize on the information when it comes to decision making (Fromlet, 2001 & Ritter, 2003). Framing. Another behavioral pattern that has a fundamental influence on human behavior in the financial market is framing. It refers to the manner in which information is presented to individual decision makers. Cognitive researchers hold that people tend to react more to information that is attention grabbing and more salient thus framing of information can easily lead investors to make irrational decisions. For example if relevant information is framed in an unappealing manner while on the other hand obsolete or useless information is framed or presented in a captivating manner, investors will tend to react to the captivating news in decision making. Another example is the technique used by salesmen; say a product A’s actual price is $5, salesmen tend to make more if they use the strategy of buy one product at $10 and get one free. Limit to arbitrage On the other hand limit to arbitrage is concepts refer to the conditions when holds arbitrate forces will be effective and under what circumstances it will not. The arbitrage theory is based on the standard asset pricing model and holds that stock prices will always tend to equilibrium position that reflect their real value. Therefore, in the event where financial assets are overvalued or undervalued arbitrageurs believe that it is possible to make profits from this anomaly-by shorting overvalued stocks or buying undervalued stocks – in the market since given time, prices will readjust themselves to their real value (assuming a rational market). However, empirical evidence has shown that there is a limit to this theory since the market is irrational. According to Thaler (1999), the underperformance of arbitrageurs in the market proves that equilibrium position based on rational “textbook theories” – As referred in his text – prove that the there exist limits to arbitrage since the market is irrational, information inefficient and the equilibrium position cannot adequately be explained by standard model theories (Thaler, 1999 & Ritter, 2003). The arbitrage theory holds that these hedge funds are important in that they shield market against undervaluation and overvaluation of assets thus contributes to restoring an efficient market to equilibrium position by avoiding further under/overvaluation situations in the market. A lot of scholars have produced findings showing that there is a limit to the ability of a few investors with huge sums of money to control the market through hedging. Behavioral scientists also argue that limit to arbitrage connotes that the market is not efficient as arbitrageurs would like to believe, a good example is one of the largest arbitrage firms in America (long term capital management LTCM) which had been successful for four years was liquidated after loosing $4 billion in the market and as it turned out in, the long run based on ex post financial analysis they were right. This can only be interpreted as inefficiency in the market since the market or investors did not act rationally forcing the arbitrageurs out of business. Furthermore, it shows that there is a difference between unpredictability of the market and irrationality in the market. Fromlet argues that a rational decision might not bear fruits due to unpredictability of the market. Eugene Fama held that the stock market development cannot be forecasted by professional analyst based on public information therefore it is hard for fund managers and other analysts to successfully out shine the stock market as a whole based on public information. These notions makes the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and other financial theories unrealistic and partly explain the demise of LTCM since it is impossible to consistently out perform the market based on rational decision (Fromlet, 2001 & Ritter, 2003). Application of behavioral finance. Richard Thaler and Terrance Odeon are among the pioneers of behavioral finance and have done extensive research on the application of the theory, though the theory has not yet fully been accepted as a tool in financial market. Thaler (2001) postulates that the theory has the potential to answer or explain some of the unexplained market occurrences in the past and in determining aggregate investors behavior and reactions in relation to decision making. Behavioral finance theory is a fundamental complementary theory that can help explain market occurrences when classical financial models assumptions are relaxed and hence should be used as an analytical tool together with ‘textbook theories. ’ Applying the theory on aggregate investor behavior and analysis of the market has enabled behavioral finance experts come up with strategies to avoid making irrational decisions. Behavioral finance model is important in that it helps differentiate between what people do and what ought to be done. Biases, decision traps (like those presented in framing) over and under reaction can be used by experts to formulate strategies of avoiding these cognitive behavior thus leading to better decision making. A practical example is that it was found out that investors tend to be less risk averse if they have had consistently high returns to investment in the financial market. According to Thaler’s example (1999), if a gambler is playing using house money he tends to be sloppier if he/she continues to win. Therefore, in advising an investor who has had luck of maintaining a streak of high returns one should take this into accounting while evaluating his portfolio (Fromlet 2001, p5 & Thaler 1999). Behavioral finance has also a big role in explaining past occurrences in the market over and above the rational based models. There are some anomalies in the market that clearly call for the application of alternative models and behavioral finance has the potential of explaining this phenomenon. For instance, rational models more particularly the expected monetary hypothesis stipulate that prices changes in light of fresh information in the market however, researchers have noted that the degree of volatility and fluctuation of asset prices in the world cannot entirely be explained by changes in real prices as induced by information in the market. In addition to volatility, the volume traded in the real world is not in agreement with a rational market. For example, in a rational market the selling a volume of 700 million might be unrealistic to the extent that a rational buyer (assuming one buyer and one seller) would wonder what information you have that I don’t. Therefore, behavioral finance can be applied in explaining these anomalies in the market hence help analysts understand the market better and develop strategies to deal with such occurrences in the future (Thaler, 1999). Lastly, besides analyzing past and future human behavior influence and aggregate behavior in the market, behavioral finance can play an important role in analyzing areas and even markets where arbitrage can be applied and where they cannot. Behavioral science has made it obvious the extent that price-to-book ratios and other mechanisms used in by arbitrageurs to determine overvaluation and undervaluation of asset does not apply in the real world. Thus the same mechanism can be used by fund managers to analyze the market in terms of asset pricing, offer insights in portfolio management and hence improve market analysis for fund managers and other experts at large with regards to asset pricing and investment portfolios. (Fromlet, 2001 & Thaler, 1999). To simply summarize the application of behavioral finance as a tool in the market, the fact that stock take a random walk as postulated by the efficient market hypothesis can be compared to a drunkard walking in a field, though there is no rational explanation on the direction he will choose (unpredictability) behavioral finance can be applied in studying how the drunkard navigates through the field thus can help in explaining possible steps that are likely to be taken by the drunkard and thus complements financial theories which seek to explain the direction. (See Thaler, 1999). Conclusion. Behavioral finance is an important contribution to the financial market field. The theory does not per se contradict classical financial theories but complements them by focusing and adequately answering the anomalies presented by standard models and relaxing the assumptions presented by them. It involves the integration of psychological aspect of human behavior as the driver of decision making and postulates that inclusion of human behavior with regards to how it affects decision making is vital and can explain many of the unexplained market occurrences in the past, help in analysis of future decision making and market performance and in creating a basis for further research and formulation of better financial models and macroeconomic theories. Behavioral finance holds that the real world financial market is irrational and sometimes is information inefficient and thus dismisses fundamental assumptions used in classical financial models applied in the market. The model is based on two distinctive approach namely the cognitive biases model and the limit to arbitrage approach. The cognitive approach postulates that investors who are subject to human behavior extend this patterns to investment decision and thus on aggregate how people think affects the performance of the market due to systematic errors induced by behavioral patterns. This paper has shown that psychological findings show that individuals tend to be overconfident and controlled with illusions, there are elements of wishful thinking and attachment to assets, others tend to be conservative and apply different interpretative tools that adversely affect decision making and introduce the element of irrationality in the market. With regards to limits to arbitrage, there certain market where this theory can be applied and others where it can’t. The notion that one can profit from overvaluation and undervaluation in the market is not entirely true or al least not sustainable since the market is not rational and thus adjustment to a set equilibrium based on rational objective development in the market is not realistic. Moreover, unpredictability is apparent in the market thus fund managers cannot consistently out perform the market by making abnormal profits. Therefore, given the obvious irrationality and unpredictability aspects of the financial market, it is necessary to integrate the current financial theories with behavioral finance in an attempt to come up with a holistic approach in dealing with the financial market. The theory has vast application including studying the individual decision makers patterns to the extent that it influences decision making and devise measures to avoid errors and irrational tendencies in decision making, Applying cognitive bias model to analyze the aggregate investors behavior and performance in the market in an attempt to understand the current financial market performance and devise correctional strategies if need be and lastly, to help in analyzing limits to arbitrage and explaining past performance in the market. Given that the theory is still new in that has not been fully incorporated in financial market analysis and studies need to be conducted extensively on its potential and application in the financial and economic sectors at large, the discoveries and contribution of behavioral finance cannot be questioned. Therefore researchers and other players need to come together and facilitate the maturity and extensive application of behavioral finance as a financial analytical tool as a complementary theory in the market. REFERENCES: Fromlet, H. (July 2001). Behavioral Finance- Theory and practical application. Accessed 20th May 2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1094/is_3_36/ai_78177931 Ritter, J. (September 2003). “Behavioral Finance. ” Pacific-Basin Financial Journal. Vol. 11. No. 4 pp 429 – 437. Thaler, R. (December 1999). The end of Behavioral Finance. Accessed 20th May 2008 Financial analyst Journal. Available online at http://faculty Place your order (550 words) Approximate price: $22 Calculate the price of your order 550 words Total price: The price is based on these factors: Academic level Number of pages Basic features • Free title page and bibliography • Unlimited revisions • Plagiarism-free guarantee • Money-back guarantee • 24/7 support On-demand options • Writer’s samples • Part-by-part delivery • Overnight delivery • Copies of used sources • Expert Proofreading Paper format • 275 words per page • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman • Double line spacing Our guarantees Money-back guarantee Read more Zero-plagiarism guarantee Read more Free-revision policy Read more Privacy policy Read more Fair-cooperation guarantee Read more
Lecture: Neutron Stars are Weird (online, English) Anna Watts. (c) UvA Anna Watts. (c) UvA Maastricht University has invited professor of astrophysics Anna Watts (University of Amsterdam) to give a Studium Generale lecture on neutron stars. The lecture will be online and in English and is free to attend after registration. There are thousands of curious stars in our galaxy, called neutron stars, which are the size of a city but weigh as much as the sun. Gravity on a neutron star is 100 billion times stronger than on earth, atoms get crushed together to form strange types of nuclear matter, and their magnetic fields can be a staggering 1000 billion times stronger than a fridge magnet. In this lecture, Anna Watts will explore why this weirdness makes them special. They allow us to study physics at the limits of our imagination: from gravity to magnets, and to the very tiniest particles that make up everything around us. Bron: Universiteit Maastricht
About Us : Online Enquiry Q3. Non-alignment is not Neutrality. Analyze Non-alignment is not neutrality or partiality. Neutrality is an attitude of non-participation or refusal to take sides on any issue irrespective of its merits whereas alignment implies advance declaration of the sides disregarding the merits. Whereas a non-aligned country will judge each case as arises on its merits as it sees it and not as others see it. It is a concept of liberty and freedom at State level. Neutrality is a concept relevant only in times of war; being aloof from war. Neutrality imposes certain limitations and confers some rights. A neutral country has to prove in practice its neutrality in war. Non-alignment is a relevant both in peace and war. Non-alignment, on the other hand, believes in furthering one’s own interest in the light of the prevailing circumstances according to one’s own independent judgment, both in peace and war. Non- alignment means freedom from obligations and commitments. Non- alignment does not debar alliance with a country to advance national interests. Even Nehru declared that, “We are free to join an alliance.” Speaking before the U.S. Congress in 1949, Nehru said, “India cannot and shall not be neutral where freedom is threatened or justice denied. To be neutral would be a denial of all that we stand for.” But in case of non-alignment, the commitment of a country may change with change in Government. We find that India under the Janata Government opted for what they termed ‘genuine non-alignment’ which stressed policy of equidistance. Send this to a friend
Frequently Asked Questions If you have a question that is not answered on this page, feel free to call us at 616-796-9995. Why does my child have to wear glasses? Children may need glasses for several reasons—some of which are different than for adults. Because a child’s vision system is growing and developing, especially during the first 5-6 years of life, glasses may play an important role in ensuring normal vision development. Though your child may have excellent vision out of glasses, sometimes correction is used to control any misalignment of the eyes. Where and when do eye injuries occur? An eye injury can occur in any place, at any time. They can be sudden or occur over time. Adequate prevention is important and could probably eliminate most eye injuries. Close to 50% of injuries occur in sports and recreational activities- more often in children and teens than any other age group. What is the difference between our office and an optical shop? We provide medical diagnosis and treatment for the eye itself, while optical shops provide glasses and the measurements to do so. Our office does not merely care for patients who fail vision screens, though that may be the reason you are directed to us. Some optometrists do provide the care and treatment for certain eye conditions and may refer you to an ophthalmologist for further care. What is strabismus? Strabismus is misalignment of the eyes. How is strabismus caused? Most strabismus is the result of an abnormality of the poorly understood neuromuscular (including brain) control of eye movement. Less commonly, a problem with the actual eye muscle causes strabismus. At times, especially with younger patients, the eyes can appear crossed due to a strong prescription in one or both eyes. How is strabismus treated? The goal of strabismus treatment is to improve eye alignment which allows for better work together (binocular vision). Treatment may involve eye glasses, eye exercises, patching, prism, and/ or eye muscle surgery. Problems associated with strabismus (including amblyopia, ptosis, and cataract) are usually treated prior to any eye muscle surgery. What is amblyopia and how is it treated? Amblyopia is a difference in visual acuity between the eyes. We frequently treat patients with amblyopia in our office. The most common form of treatment is patching. Another common way is by using a dilation drop in the eye with the better vision.
How to wash fruit and vegetables correctly Ever wondered whether a quick rinse under the tap is enough to keep nasties at bay? Washing fruit and vegetables before you eat them is one of the top food safety commandments. But have you ever thought about whether giving your freshly picked apple a quick rinse under the tap is really effective? "Whether they're from your home garden, a farmer's market, or supermarket, there is always some risk of contamination," says Dr Kim-Yen Phan-Thien, a Lecturer in Food Science at the University of Sydney. "Washing fruit and vegetables before consumption is one of the steps that a consumer can take at the household level to reduce their risk of foodborne illness." Likewise, Jessica Langdon, founder of Koala Eco says even organic produce needs to be cleaned thoroughly before you toss it into a salad, as it "all undergoes human handling" and can be covered in fertilisers, mould spores, animal waste, dust and dirt. Washing fruit and vegetables before consumption is a fundamental food safety practice. Photo: Dave Wheeler / Styling: LIsa Burden / Story: Home Beautiful Is rinsing with cold water enough? Because the contamination of fruit and vegetables occurs mostly on the surface, rinsing produce under clean running water is a great first step to take. But the process involves more than just flushing an apple under the tap and hoping for the best. "Rinsing under running water may remove some contaminants, but bacteria can adhere to surfaces, so gently rubbing while you rinse greatly increases the effectiveness of washing" says Dr Phan-Thien. Freshly harvested carrots at Burnside Organic Farm in WA's Margaret River region. Gently rubbing vegetables as you rinse them will greatly increase the effectiveness of washing. Photo: Mark Roper / Story: Country Style Should you soak produce in a mix of water and white vinegar? In recent years, many DIY guides to washing fruit and vegetables in a mix of equal parts water and vinegar have appeared online. "Soaking produce in a vinegar solution can help to inactivate or kill microorganisms, as the acidity (low pH) disrupts their metabolism, but I do not consider this a necessary step to take, and it is likely to leave an undesirable aftertaste on your fruit and vegetables," says Dr Phan-Thien. Should you use a fruit and vegetable wash? An additional step you can take to ensure fresh produce is clean is to buy a specialised fruit and vegetable wash, a new product you may have seen in stores. The purpose of these washes is to help remove not only bacteria, but the waxy coating that can be found on items such as apples, lemons and eggplants. But pay close attention to the ingredients before you invest in one of these products, says Koala Eco founder Jessica Langdon. "It's crucial to look for a product that is composed of plant-based, non-toxic and ideally food-grade ingredients. Our Fruit and Vegetable Wash is powered by pure mandarin essential oil and uses biodegradable, food-grade surfactants and solubilizers." Fruit and vegetable washes are a popular new product that many consumers swear by. Photo: Wendy van Zyl Dr Phan-Thien says while many fruit and vegetable washes contain reasonable ingredients and are safe to use, "I don't use them and I don't think they are necessary!" So in the end, whether you use one or not really comes down to personal preference. Jessica believes the taste of thoroughly washed produce speaks for itself, and that once you are accustomed to eating food without the wax, you'll find "your fruits and vegetables taste far better!" When should you use a vegetable scrubbing brush? "Supermarket produce like apples, capsicums, cucumbers, eggplants and citrus fruits often have wax applied to prevent moisture loss and make them look more appealing to consumers," says Jessica. She recommends giving these items a good scrub before you consume them. Dr Phan-Thien says tougher produce, like rockmelons and potatoes, can also be given a good scrub without causing damage. "The rough surfaces of these products can collect dirt and provide harbourage for pathogens," she says. A bucket of Kennebec potatoes at Melanda Park Farm on the NSW Hawkesbury River. Scrubbing potatoes with a brush will help to remove dirt and germs. Photo: Michael Wee / Story: Country Style What is the best way to wash leafy greens? For salad leaves like cabbage, kale and spinach, Jessica recommends filling a clean sink or prep bowl with cold water, adding a cap full of fruit and vegetable wash to the mix and allowing the salad leaves to soak for about five minutes before rinsing thoroughly under cold running water. Soaking the leaves first will allow any dirt or sediment to sink to the bottom of the water, while rinsing the leaves thoroughly while giving them a gentle rub will help to remove surface bacteria. Soak leafy greens like kale for about five minutes before rinsing well with cold water. Photo: Scott Hawkins / Does washing produce remove residue from chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides? "Chemical residues are a potential hazard, but not considered to be a major food safety concern in Australia," says Dr Phan-Thien. "Chemical residues in Australian foods have been closely monitored since the 1990s and are consistently low." This is because there are several governing bodies including the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and state food regulators dedicated to monitoring and maintaining consistently low rates of chemical residue on fresh produce. Lorraine Haase of FSANZ spoke to SBS in 2016 and says residue surveys have consistently found very low levels of pesticides on fruit and vegetables grown in Australia. "A lot of the time, we find absolutely no trace of residue on the fruit and veg." Chemical residues are not a major food safety concern in Australia, says Dr Phan-Thien. Photo: Felix Forest / Story: Belle Does washing fresh produce remove all bacteria? Washing fresh produce is just one step in a list of many safe-handling food practices, but eliminating all risk is, quite simply, impossible, says Dr Phan-Thien. "Fresh fruit and vegetables are not (and cannot be) produced in sterile environments. There is always some risk - even if very low. "We want people to be aware of risk and that it is sensible to follow 'good practice'. But we also want people to keep things in proportion. Regular consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables has overwhelming, proven benefits for health, plus they are a sensory delight in the diet!"
Busy As a Bee Learners define the term 'simile,' write their own similes using the words as or like, and work cooperatively to write similes. In addition, students write stories that include similes and illustrate picture books that contain similes. 5 Views 17 Downloads Classroom Considerations
Can you help us sustain this work? Thank you, Peter Wagner, Executive Director Visualizing 10.6 million jail admissions illustration by Mona Chalabi of a person with their hands handcuffed behind their backThis is one jail admission. A staggering 731,000 people are held in local jails across the U.S. every day. But the real impact of jails is actually far greater: People go to jail 10.6 million times each year. We collaborated with data journalist and illustrator Mona Chalabi to visualize just how vast a number 10.6 million jail admissions is. Grasping the scale of this problem is critical, as even short-term jail stays can be devastating. Suicide rates in jail dwarf those in the general population and the prison population. Just two or three days of pretrial detention increases the odds of rearrest, imprisonment, and longer sentences. Jail incarceration impairs economic mobility, contributes to homelessness, and causes disruption in medical care, essential benefits like food stamps and Medicaid, and family life. You’ve seen just one day: 29,000 people. Three days: 87,000 admissions. 26% of jail suicides occur within three days of admission. One week: 204,000 admissions. 40% of all jail deaths occur within one week of admission. 25 days: 726,000 jail admissions. 25 days is also the average length of stay in jail. By mid-March, there are about 2 million jail admissions. This is already more than the number of Bachelor’s degrees granted each year. College degrees lead to higher wages and net worth, while incarceration hurts economic prospects and reduces net worth. By Mother’s Day: 3.8 million admissions. Over 100,000 women are in jail on any given day. 80% of them are mothers. By the end of June: 5.3 million jail admissions. This is just the halfway point. By September: 7 million jail admissions. As students head back to school, 3,700 youth are confined in adult jails. By Thanksgiving: 9.5 million jail admissions. While families get together for the holidays, many will be missing incarcerated loved ones. 1 in 4 women has an incarcerated family member, and 1 in 12 children has a parent who has been to jail or prison. 10.6 million: one year of jail admissions. Data Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Jail Inmates in 2016. (Graph: Mona Chalabi, 2018) This graph originally appeared in Artist collaboration: Visualizing 10.6 million jail admissions each year. Stay Informed Get the latest updates: Tweet this page Donate
From Rise: The Vieneo Province Revision as of 14:34, 17 November 2021 by reskin (talk \| contribs) (→‎Amendments) Rise is a prime example of a free market economy. The economy in Rise is player-driven. In Rise there are four (4) forms money can take... 1. Cash-in-hand 2. Balance in the Banking 3. Options in the Futures Market 4. Cash in the colony tills Green Marble Theory Of the three mine-able resources, fuel ore makes up 21% of the global market... However, compared to rare grade A material, it only makes up 4.5% of the available natural resources. Hence, for fuel ore to be as cheap as we have it (74 CR per MT) we would have to increase the abundance of fuel ore on the planet's surface by 366% unless fuel (fuel ore and/or refined fuel) is brought in regularly from outside our system and then transported to the surface cities If grade A was constant (as in the above example) then grade C has to be decreased by 27% globally (not much in comparison to the 366%). The problem is that I set out to make the ore maps and then developed a cost basis in line with present day Earth markets. But Earth markets are driven by supply (crude oil has been a topic of great concern lately). Vieneo markets should also be driven by supply but the natural resources are disproportionate to that of Earth's. An example of how brilliant this method is can be seen here... Natural resource Start basis Inverse cost Price influence City has 800 MT but say we had new price would be Grade A 3636 CR/MT 0.0002750275 0.431% 3.4 MT 10 MT 1236.24 CR/MT Grade C 20 CR/MT 0.05 78.38% 627.1 MT 60 MT 209 CR/MT Grade D 74 CR/MT 0.0135135135 21.18% 169.5 MT 170 MT 73.78 CR/MT In addition to the natural resource abundance adjustments, we would need to stockpile (as we discussed previously) the cities with proportionate amounts of these materials to make this cost structure keep in line with the amount of each commodity in storage globally. This is partly because users have been able to mine for many months from soil that yields disproportionate amounts of these materials. Once all this is set up properly, the economy will take on a life of it's own... it will be fairly stable in the short term because of the global commodity stockpiles. However, users will directly impact pricing based on the decisions they make. I have conceived of several scenarios that will work perfectly with this "green marble" system... 1. An alliance of users coordinates a large number of mines that are on high concentrations of fuel ore. In all they control about 8% of the global production of fuel ore (and thus refined fuel). They can set exorbitant prices at their facilities and control export of this commodity to the cities and out-of-alliance colonies. This will cause the global commodity market to remain unchanged, but cities thirst for fuel ore will drive prices slowly up until it reaches a point where it is cheaper for out-of-alliance colonies to step-up their own fuel ore production or it will cause out-of-alliance players to attack this alliances strongholds of fuel ore and remove the material forcefully. 2. Based on the current problem, food is becoming scarce. Players are relying on the cities to make up for shortages of food at their colonies until the city can not meet it's own demands. Prices increase to the point where players focus their expenditure on developing new farms to supply the cities and make up for their own shortcomings. Some players/alliances will become dominant and reliable suppliers of food so that new players will neglect this issue and the problem comes full circle. I imagine food to be the most volatile, and that is without any spoilage over time (which we could add later to spice things up even more!). 3. A player (Bob) has created a mega-cluster of townships all producing quality consumer goods. He has a network of other players that drive huge transports of consumer goods to the cities each day. He is visited by players far and wide for small purchases for their own colonies. Bob's feed of consumer goods is so efficient it causes cities to cease production of goods internally and shifts all of it's efforts to fabricated materials and refining. Bob's profit margin is terrific, but it slowly narrows as global prices for consumer goods drop as a surplus builds. Bob gets bored with goods production and sells it to someone that is not quite so efficient. The market re-stabilizes. Bob dies in a fiery crash due to inexperience with atmospheric reentries. Since the economy was initialized almost 20 years ago we have made some tweaks to this system. We got away from the "inverse" law and instead we take the total number of buy, sell, and horded tonnage. Horded tonnage is always weighted at the target price for market stability. • 03/24/2006 - We started recording the global and Deois pricing for historical graphing and analysis • 05/27/2017 - Commodity futures are included in the market derivation to add stability • 01/07/2019 - Now using "positions" which take into account total money on hand and space available (for demand) • 10/19/2020 - Demand is now scaled by the deviation from the global price (for example, Bill is willing to buy 30000 MT of Consumer Goods at 1 CR/MT which previously would drive the weighted price down but since Consumer Goods are globally valued at 9082 CR/MT it is like he is only willing to buy 3 MT now) and elasticity was introduced by using the old global price (instead of a "desired" value that was established in the beginning which is now reserved as a "target" for adjustments like those recently done to mining output and fabricated production). • 10/22/2020 - No longer taking the "buy" position amount off the total amount in "storage" to compute the "hording" value • 11/13/2021 - Introduction of the off-world Zygus markets commodity futures and FTZ status for Easydock Pages in category "Economics"
Skip to content. \| Skip to navigation Personal tools You are here: Home / Library / RBINS Staff Publications / Dwarf spiders (Erigoninae, Linyphiidae, Araneae): good candidates for evolutionary research D. Vanacker, J. Vanden Borre, A. Jonckheere, L. Maes, S. Pardo, F. Hendrickx and J. Maelfait (2003) Belgian Journal of Zoology, 133(2):143-149. Males of numerous erigonine dwarf spider species, including those in the genera Oedothorax and Diplocephalus, are characterised by elaborate structures on the head region. Three evolutionary hypotheses for these head structures are : lock-and-key (reproductive isolation) hypothesis, "conflict of interest hypothesis" and diverse sexual selection hypotheses. Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 184 1) is a dwarf spider characterised by male dimorphism; the gibbosus morph has a hunch on the last third of the carapace, anterior to which is a hairy groove; the tuberosus morph does not have these features. During the so-called gustatorial courtship the female inserts her chelicerae into the hairy groove of gibbosus. Species recognition experiments reveal the occurrence of interspecific homo- and heterosexual "gustatorial courtships" of the female as well as the male of the closely related species Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) towards the gibbosus male. These interspecific courtships can be interpreted as robbery of the nuptial gift located in the groove and the hunch of the gibbosus males. Gibbosus males can also rob the nuptial gift of each other, but this occurs only rarely. We have never observed a 'gustatorial robbery' between a tuberosus male and a gibbosus male. There are also interspecific interactions between a tuberosus male and an O. fuscus female suggesting poorly developed reproductive isolation between these sister species. These interspecific courtships are in disagreement with the lock-and-key hypothesis. Indeed, according to this hypothesis the head structures of erigonine males should function as an early prevention of hybridisation. Female chelicerae and male head structures thus do not operate as key and lock. Therefore, the head structures might have evolved under the influence of sexual selection. Vanacker, D Vanden Borre, J Jonckheere, A Maes, L Pardo, S Hendrickx, F Maelfait, JP Document Actions add or import reference(s) • add a PDF paper (Please follow editors copyrights policies) • add a PDF poster
Final Letter Guidelines The idea behind the final letter is to show a context for the class. The point of teaching in a portfolio style is that I, the instructor, am able to evaluate you, the student, based on your process as a young writer, not on the final products that you produce. Here is your chance to explain your process and effort to me, before I grade your work. The letter should answer some or all of the following questions: 1) What was your attitude about writing before you entered this class? 2) How were these ideas about writing listed above, challenged or affirmed in this course? What challenged them? What was your favorite discussion? 3) What was your writing process like during the course? What did you feel was your biggest achievement? How did you grow as a writer? 4) How would you evaluate your “level of engagement” in the course? How intellectually engaged were you with the readings we read, the workshops, and finally, your own work? 5) How did the readings impact your own sense of creative writing? What were your favorite pieces? What were the pieces that most affected you, challenged you, made you see another way of thinking? What pieces did you struggle with the most, and how did you respond to that friction? The best final analysis letters are the ones that vividly show me your process as a writer, using specific texts, making specific reference to moments in the class or moments in your writing, referring to and even quoting your own work and the work of others. In other words, specificity is the key. Don’t write this letter in general terms, saying that “this was good,” or “I didn’t understand this. . .” Dig deep into your experience. Ask questions, and try valiantly to answer them. Popular Posts
Skip to Main Content • Clinical toxicology encompasses the expertise in the specialties of medical toxicology, applied toxicology, and clinical poison information. • Important components of the initial clinical encounter with a poisoned patient include stabilization of the patient, clinical evaluation (history, physical, laboratory, and radiology), prevention of further toxin absorption, enhancement of toxin elimination, administration of antidote, and supportive care with clinical follow-up. The history of poisoning and poisoners goes back to ancient times. Formulas for creating poisonous and noxious vapors have been found in Chinese writings dating back to 1000 BC. Documentation regarding the use of antidotes can be found in Homer’s Odyssey and Shastras from 600 BC. Additional history is found in Chapter 1. In the United States, poison control centers are staffed by a medical director (medical toxicologist), administrator, specialists in poison information, and educators for poison prevention programs. Personnel provide direct information to patients with expert recommendations for medical treatment, critical diagnostic and treatment information for health care professionals, education for health care professionals, and poison prevention activities through public education. Poison control centers serve as a potential early-warning system for a potential chemical or biologic terrorist attack. The following general steps represent important components of the initial clinical encounter with a poisoned patient: 1. Stabilization of the patient 2. Clinical evaluation (history, physical, laboratory, and radiology) 3. Prevention of further toxin absorption 4. Enhancement of toxin elimination 5. Administration of antidote (if available) 6. Supportive care and clinical follow-up Clinical Stabilization The first priority in the treatment of the poisoned patient is stabilization. Initial assessment of airway, respiration, and circulation is crucial. Some toxins or drugs can cause seizures early in the course of presentation. The steps and clinical procedures incorporated to stabilize a critically ill, poisoned patient are numerous and include, if appropriate, support of ventilation, circulation, and oxygenation. In critically ill patients, sometimes treatment interventions must be initiated before a patient is truly stable. Clinical History in the Poisoned Patient The primary goal of taking a medical history in poisoned patients is to determine, if possible, the substance ingested or the substance to which the patient has been exposed as well as the extent and time of exposure. In the setting of a suicide attempt, patients may not provide any history or may give incorrect information so as to increase the possibility that they will successfully bring harm to themselves. Information sources commonly employed in this setting include family members, emergency medical technicians who were at the scene, a pharmacist who can sometimes provide a listing of prescriptions recently filled, or an employer who can disclose what chemicals are available in the ... Pop-up div Successfully Displayed
Table of Contents Professional Spider Pest Control San Jose CA The spider is an “arthropod” with four sets of legs, fangs, a segmented body, and appendages. Most species of spiders are venomous. The “Uloboridae” family does not have glands that generate venom or poison, as some people like to call it. Spider venom varies in potency, with the Brazilian wandering spider, brown recluse, yellow sac, black and red widow spiders, camel spider, six-eyed sand spider, and hobo spiders are the most venomous species. While most people view the daddy-long-legs as a harmless species of spider, it is one of the most venomous. The major difference between the daddy-long-legs and other venomous spiders is the length of the fangs. Scientists claim the spider’s fangs are too short to penetrate the skin of humans or animals. What many refer to as the “most venomous” spider in the world is less dangerous than other venomous species of its kind. Why Are Spiders In My Crawlspace? The spider is one arthropod drawn to dark, damp, and discrete hiding places. While the spider is drawn to this type of environment, it does not set out to infiltrate your crawlspace. In fact, entomologists believe spiders most often accidentally find their way indoors. With this out of the way, you need to understand why the spiders accidentally infiltrated your crawlspace. We can help you make this determination. With a visual inspection of your crawlspace, our exterminators will know how and why the spiders infiltrated your property. What Is The Most Effective Spider Management Strategy? We firmly believe it is in the property owner’s best interest to address spider infiltration immediately. Most San Jose residents do not have the knowledge to identify or differentiate between various spider species. To identify specific spider species and differentiate between two or more spider species, you must know the physical characteristics of each. We believe it is possible to achieve a successful identification upon immediate detection of a spider. However, it will only be possible if you know the spider’s physical characteristics. Our professional spider control targets all species of spider. It targets non-venomous and venomous spiders in San Jose. We strive to achieve full eradication of a spider infestation in the shortest duration. We can do this without compromising the client’s health and assets. Do Spiders Pose Health Risks For Humans? Yes, even a small spider is a health risk. However, it is possible to avoid these risks by identifying the species immediately upon the encounter. Of course, this will not be possible with the knowledge of the arthropod’s unique features. Most species of spiders have glands that generate venom or poison. Spider venom is extremely dangerous to humans of all ages. Routinely inspecting your basement and crawlspace will definitely help keep you safe from spider bites. Between 1989 and 1993, less than 5,000 spider bites were reported by medical facilities across the United States. Fortunately, most of these incidences did not result in death. According to evidence, only 1 out of about 50 million spider bites results in the death of humans. How Long Does It Take To Process A Spider Inspection Request? Our service requests are processed immediately upon receiving. However, it can take up to 48 hours to complete the process, depending on the demand for our services. Some spider species are problematic year-round, while others spend the winter in hibernation. This state allows impacted spiders to enter deep sleep at the onset of the winter season. This results in a longer lifespan in many cases. Our San Jose customer support can be accessed via email, social media, and landline. We are available Monday through Friday and some weekends. Do not hesitate to reach out to our pest control experts with any questions or concerns you have about our spider management services. What Is The Most Effective Spider Prevention Solution? We believe it takes a combination of strategies to create a 100 percent safe proof environment against spiders. We also believe no spider prevention strategy will work without assistance from the occupants of the property. There are several ways you can help us make this transition. We suggest starting with the following tips: • Seal all access points utilized by spiders to infiltrate your home • Educate your family on the dangers of a spider infestation • Know over-the-counter spider bait is not always effective • Learn how to identify the most common spiders found in San Jose Why Hire Us! Our pest control company is locally owned and operated in San Jose. We employ pest control experts from our local communities. Our spider management services include consultation, with a free home inspection. We believe custom treatments offer a higher level of effectiveness when eradicating spiders. Our pest control company is licensed with the State of California. We have an entire host of competitors in California. But none of them can even get close to offering the same high-quality pest control service. We Accept:
Carlisle County, Kentucky Not to be confused with Carlisle, Kentucky. Carlisle County, Kentucky Carlisle County Courthouse Map of Kentucky highlighting Carlisle County Location in the U.S. state of Kentucky Map of the United States highlighting Kentucky Kentucky's location in the U.S. Founded 1886 Named for John G. Carlisle Seat Bardwell Largest city Bardwell Total 199 sq mi (515 km2) Land 189 sq mi (490 km2) Water 9.5 sq mi (25 km2), 4.8% (2010) 5,104 Density 27/sq mi (10/km²) Congressional district 1st Time zone Central: UTC-6/-5 Carlisle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,104,[1] making it the fourth-least populous county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Bardwell.[2] The county was founded in 1886 and named for John Griffin Carlisle, a Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky.[3] Carlisle County is a prohibition or dry county. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 199 square miles (520 km2), of which 189 square miles (490 km2) is land and 9.5 square miles (25 km2) (4.8%) is water.[4] The county's western border with Missouri is formed by the Mississippi River. Adjacent counties Historical population Census Pop. Est. 20154,874[5]−4.5% U.S. Decennial Census[6] 1790-1960[7] 1900-1990[8] 1990-2000[9] 2010-2013[1] As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 5,351 people, 2,208 households, and 1,574 families residing in the county. The population density was 28 per square mile (11/km2). There were 2,490 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5.0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.78% White, 0.95% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 0.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 2,208 households out of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.50% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.88. In the county the population was spread out with 23.40% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 18.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males. The median income for a household in the county was $30,087, and the median income for a family was $33,433. Males had a median income of $29,523 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,276. About 10.50% of families and 13.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.40% of those under age 18 and 11.00% of those age 65 or over. Unincorporated communities See also Coordinates: 36°51′N 88°59′W / 36.85°N 88.98°W / 36.85; -88.98
L Events In The Areas Of War Regional Conflict Religion Or Race Relations Do You What three historical events (in the areas of war,regional conflict, religion, or race relations) do you think most impact the collective culture and memory of the South? Is the collective memory more impactful to people’s daily lives than the actual history, or not? Explain your position in detail. I would like to know more about these Three historical events that took place that impact the collective culture and memory is the Mexican War that took place between 1846 and 1848. A second event would be the Texas Revolution from 1835-1836. A third would be the Lost Cause Movement. I believe collective memory is more impactful of daily lives than actual history because it allows groups of people within a culture to share knowledge of what has been passed down. Groups will remember more than individuals. Collective memory may also help connect the dots with what has been written and conveyed as history and the historical memory/collective memory that has been shared within a group or culture. t Posted in Uncategorized
culinary traditions of Australia Travel topics > Food and drink > Australian cuisine Australian cuisine often has a reputation of being very sweet. Often, the first thing that comes up first thing in mind to foreigners, is Vegemite, which is a thick, dark brown food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. While this may come to a surprise for many, Australian cuisine is far from the cuisine of Britain and Ireland. While in the 19th century, it was heavily influenced by Britain and Ireland, the early 20th century largely diminished that, and rather brought a lot of mainland European cuisines into Australia, while in the late 20th century, when Australia was largely Americanised, a lot of American foods became popular. Nevertheless, while European and North American cuisines started to dominate Australia, Asian cuisines (specifically referring to East and Southeast Asia) also dominated Australia throughout the 20th century, mainly due to its sheer proximity and the heavy influence of Asia. All this makes Australian cuisine a truly multicultural cuisine, hence why many Australians have heard of most popular foods in Europe, Asia and North America. The term "bush tucker" specifically refers to indigenous Australian food, and what indigenous Australians had pre European colonisation, and often lived off unique native flora and fauna of the Australian bush for over 60,000 years. While the numbers are not certain, it's believed that around 5,000 species of Australian flora and fauna were eaten by indigenous Australians, including kangaroos, wallabies and emus. Rice and noodlesEdit Due to the heavy Asian influence on Australia ever since the gold rush in the 1850s, rice and noodles have essentially been integrated into Australian culture and cuisine. You can easily find traditional Asian rice (both jasmine and basmati but mostly jasmine), and it's increasingly common to see rice served with European/North American cuisines in Australia. • Vegemite - a salty yeast extract spread which is often spread on toast. It is similar to marmite in UK and NZ. • Bunnings snags - sausage sizzles sold at a community fundraiser held in the car park of a Bunnings hardware store. Ethnic cuisinesEdit Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme It'd be strange to think that a hydroelectric project would kickstart the large migration to Australia, bringing in different ethnic cuisines, but in 1949, when the program was created to divert water from the Snowy River through 160 km worth of tunnels which to dams and hydroelectric power stations, it kickstarted multiculturalism in Australia. The scheme brought over 100,000 migrants from all over the world, between the years of 1949 to 1974. While there were migrants from all over the world, the effects of the Second World War had on jobs throughout Europe wasn't too pleasing, and wages in the US and the Philippines were only starting to increase after the WWII, hence why there were more migrants from Europe and North America compared to the rest of the world. Given the higher stable wages in Australia, this attracted a lot of migrants, bringing along ethnic cuisines with them. Australian Chinese foodEdit Chinese food is generally of the Westernised takeaway variety, very similar to American Chinese food, and hardly recognisable from the food actually eaten in China. It is generally based on Cantonese cuisine, but has been heavily modified to suit Australia's predominant Anglo-Celtic palate. Wok in a Box and Noodle Box are two particular chains specialising in Australian Chinese cuisine, being the Australian equivalent of Panda Express in the United States, while nearly every suburb in the major cities will have a "Chinese takeaway" shop. That said, authentic Chinese cuisine is available in the Chinatowns of major cities, or in suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents. Italian foodEdit Along with the United States, Canada and Argentina, Australia was one of the most popular destination for immigrants fleeing poverty in southern Italy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Italian restaurants are a thus staple in major Australian cities. Like its North American counterpart, Italian food in Australia is primarily based on southern Italian cuisines, but has been heavily modified to suit the dominant Anglo-Celtic palate, thus making it more similar to Italian-American food than to the authentic versions served in Italy. Italian dishes such as pizza, spaghetti and risotto have thus become staples in Australia, and are widely available and many pubs and cafes. Authentic Italian food can also be found in Australia, but it tends of be served in more expensive restaurants. The chicken parmigiana (chicken parmy in Australian slang) is a staple of Australian pub food, having its origins in the Italian eggplant parmigiana, but making its way to Australia via the United States. The main difference from its American counterpart is that it is usually a standalone pub dish in Australia, while it is usually served with pasta in the United States. German and Austrian foodEdit The schnitzel (or known as "schnitty" in Australian slang) has been widely adopted and has become a staple of Australian pub food. That said, while the original German/Austrian schnitzel is most commonly made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. Schnitzels in Australia are also often served with barbecue sauce or ketchup and cheese as condiments, and depending on which pub you go to, you may also get mushroom sauce with your schnitzel. The apple strudel is an Austrian pastry that has been significantly Australianised and become a local speciality of Perth. German-style sausages are also popular in Australia, and available at many butchers throughout the country. British foodEdit Fish and chips is a very popular dish in Australia due to its British settler colonial history, and is widely available in Australian pubs, as well as in specialist fish and chips shops in the suburbs of major cities, as well as the small coastal towns. That said, fish and chips in Australia has diverged somewhat from the British original. For instance, while Brits traditionally eat their fish and chips with salt, vinegar and mushy peas as condiments, Australians generally prefer their fish and chips with ketchup and tartar sauce. Thai foodEdit Similar to Australian Chinese food, Thai food is often very westernised and hardly the same type of food seen in Thailand. While it's easy to find authentic Thai food, particularly in Thai town in Sydney CBD as well as in any other big city, Thai restaurants can usually be found anywhere in a city with more than 50k residents. Thai food is the third most popular cuisine in Australia, only behind Chinese and Italian cuisines and Australia has the most Thai restaurants per capita, outside of Thailand (not even its neighbouring countries get that spot). But in general, Thai foods like Pad Thai, Tom Yum, Thai Green Curry, Spring Rolls, or Thai Fried Rice (Khao Pud) can be found in nearly every single Australian Thai restaurant, although some of it may be altered from the original Thai version, particularly when it comes to spice levels. On top of Thai cuisines at restaurants, some of the key Thai ingredients such as lemongrass, coriander, ginger, coconut milk or chilli can easily be found at most grocery stores. Mediterranean foodEdit Vietnamese foodEdit • Anzac biscuits - a sweet biscit made with oats, golden syrup and coconut, named after the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. • Chiko roll - a hot pastry snack • Eucalyptus drops - a eucalyptus and menthol hard candy sweet • Iced VoVo - a biscuit with soft pink icing and coconut • Fairy bread - white bread with butter with sprinkles sugar confectionary. • Minties - a chewy mint sweet • Nutella - a chocolate and hazelnut spread, originally from Italy. • Tim Tams - a chocolate biscuit, similar to Penguins in the UK. This is also really popular in the US as well, so much to the point where there's been some similar local branded products such as "Trader Joe's Aussie-style Chocolate Creme Sandwich Cookies" • Caramel shortbread (caramel slice) – this is a shortbread biscuit base topped with caramel and milk chocolate, which often comes in either square or rectangle pieces. The shortbread can sometimes be replaced with ANZAC biscuits. • Jelly slice • Lamingtons - a sponge cake covered in chocolate sauce and coconut. • Pavlova - a meringue base topped with fruit and cream. This is usually prepared as a large cake from which slices are cut. • Vanilla slice - a vanilla custard sandwiched between puff pastry with icing on top. • Jaffles • Triple honey chocolate trifle • Weis bar - a fruit ice cream bar • Wagon Wheel - a biscuit sandwich filled with marshmallow and covered in chocolate Indigenous food (bush tucker)Edit Bush tucker just means any food native to Australia and used as sustenance by indigenous Australians, which include emu, kangaroo, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as "quandong", "kutjera", and spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. The traditional use of bushfoods was severely affected by European colonisation in Australia and subsequent settlement by non-indigenous people. The introduction of non-native foods, together with the loss of traditional lands, resulting in reduced access to native foods by Aboriginal people, and destruction of native habitat for agriculture, all contributed to bush tucker being consumed less. The sole exception is the macadamia nut, which was brought to Hawaii, cultivated there, and exported round the globe, to the point that it is now popularly associated with Hawaii in global culinary culture, and its Australian origins remain largely unknown outside Australia. However, ever since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously ever since. Kangaroo meat has been mostly available in supermarkets since the 80s, and a number of other foods is sold in restaurants or packaged as gourmet foods, which all led to expansion of commercial cultivation of native food crops. Some cafes and restaurants that exclusively sell indigenous bush tucker have also popped up, and some others with a fusion of international food with an indigenous ingredient or two. Although they are largely only found in NSW, these types of cafes and restaurants have been popping up nationwide. In the 21st century, there are also fine dining restaurants that use bush tucker to season their food. If you are in the Adelaide area in the summer, farmers' markets often have a stall run by Bush Tucker Ice Cream that is worth checking out. However, one rule of thumb is that endangered species are unavailable to most residents, including most indigenous people, let alone visitors, and are normally only available to those in remote outback communities, under special permits. Types of bush tucker Chicken and beef are the most common types of meat eaten in Australia. Lamb holds a special place in Australian culture and is traditionally eaten on the Australia Day public holiday (26 January). Pork is also well eaten as well, particularly in areas which have had a high Asian influence. One iconic meat food in Australian cuisine, is the meat pie, often containing diced or minced meat and gravy, sometimes with onion, mushrooms, or cheese. Meat pies are not usually found in restaurants, but they can easily be found in cafes, service stations, and roadhouses. A dish unique to Adelaide is the pie floater, which comprises of a meat pie inverted into some thick pea soup. • Barramundi • Fish and chips Non-alcoholic beveragesEdit A cup of Milo • Cordial • Coffee • Milo - a branded chocolate malted drink powder which is mixed with hot water or milk. • Billy tea Alcoholic beveragesEdit Penfolds Grange from the Barossa is Australia's most revered and awarded wine. The benchmark to which all other red wines are compared. Australia is stereotyped to be a beer-drinking nation, and it's true that Australians love their beer. Contrary to stereotypes about Foster's being the typical Australian beer, the brand is actually not popular in Australia, with Australian beer loyalties generally dependent on state. The respective state beers are Tooheys and Hahn in New South Wales, Carlton Draught and Victoria Bitter (VB) in Victoria, XXXX in Queensland, Swan and Emu in Western Australia, Coopers in South Australia, and Boags and Cascade in Tasmania. However, wine has taken over to become the most popular alcoholic drink consumed in the country. The most prominent wine regions are the Barossa Valley in South Australia, famous for its Shiraz and Rieslings, and the Hunter region in New South Wales, which produces Shiraz and Chardonnay in plentiful amounts. Other wine regions include the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, which due to its colder climate produces excellent Pinot Noir, and the Margaret River and Swan District in Western Australia, known for its Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. While Australian whiskies were traditionally overpriced and poor quality knockoffs of Scotch whiskies, this has changed in the 21st century, with Tasmania leading a whisky revolution with numerous high-quality craft distilleries that have won prestigious international awards. Due to the similarity of Tasmania's climate with that of Scotland, Tasmanian whiskies are generally based on Scotch whiskies. Dietary requirementsEdit Most of the time, Australian cuisine is kosher certified and the same applies for halal most of the time. In urban areas halal, vegan and vegetarian food can also be found most of the time. However, most of the time, none of these are easy to find outside the seven cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle and Canberra. Halal snack packs (HSPs)Edit Halal snack packs (often abbreviated as HSP") are a type of fast food from the "Big 3" eastern cities of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, with exclusively halal food as the name suggests. The meal consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (lamb, chicken, or beef) and fries and comes with chilli, garlic or barbecue sauces. Cheese, yogurt, and jalapeño peppers are also commonly found in these HSPs. Adelaide has a variant known as the AB, though unlike the HSP of the eastern states, it is typically not halal. The meal is mainly a fusion of Middle Eastern and Western cuisines, and such similar meals exist in other countries as well, such as the "kebab ranskalaisilla" in Finland, the "kapsalon" in the Netherlands and Belgium, the "döner telle" in Germany or the "gyro fries" in the US. Typical examples of halal snack packs See alsoEdit
Snow King and Snow Queen From TSL Encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Other languages: English • ‎español • ‎português Aerial view of Greenland The Snow King and Snow Queen ruled an ancient golden age civilization where Greenland now is. They are twin flames who represented the Father-Mother principle as rulers of that civilization that reached its height long before the Ice Age. Gautama Buddha has spoken of the Snow King and Queen: These twin flames once ruled an ancient civilization, tropical in nature, that was where Greenland is today and covered a good part of the North Pole. Blessed ones, when the ages changed and the inversions took place, thus they were remembered for the end of their period as the Snow King and the Snow Queen. Thus, you understand how the white-fire light may also descend, and that which was once green and lush and beautiful as a Garden of Eden, even as a Lemurian paradise, might be covered over with a white-fire/blue-fire energy of the sun. And thus, the age of snow comes as a purification of the etheric plane, purifying even the physical body and preparing once again for a new order. Thus, all things in their cycles have a cosmic purpose. And that which was once snow may blossom again and become the pink and the gold and the violet hues and the azure blue and the light of many worlds twinkling, sparkling in tropical waters that show all manner of opportunity of life forms moving toward the sun.[1] Their “cosmic snow” In 1979, the Elohim Purity and Astrea spoke of their service: The mighty Snow King and Queen, who keep the flame of crystalline purity from the North unto the South Pole and hold the balance of Alpha and Omega, now hold in the earth the blanketing of white light wherever our chelas are present. Therefore, the mighty light of God does now release its rays. And we are blessed to have begun with you this day a twenty-four-hour cycle from midnight unto midnight when all of the hosts of heaven are gathered, garlanding the earth with white flowers of every sort—roses and lilies, lilies of the valley and gardenia, the jasmine light.[2] The Snow King and Queen work with the beings of the elements to hold the balance in nature and in the four lower bodies of the planet. Their “snow” glistens with the radiance sometimes of pink, sometimes gold, sometimes blue, violet or green, depending on the action they desire to accomplish through purity’s focuses on this planet. They are cosmic beings of great attainment and stature, having great love for the evolutions whom they serve. Theirs is a tremendous momentum of purity that may be invoked to blanket an entire area with a dazzling white radiance of purity’s flame. This blanket may be used to stay the hand of riot, war, oppression, revolution and the uncontrolled masses. Their focus of purity often manifests as physical snow. Sanat Kumara speaks of the “cosmic snow” they release: May I introduce the twin flames, the mighty Snow King and the Snow Queen, whose Light has graced in ancient time the land known as Greenland, beloved ones. And thus they ruled there in an era when all was tropical and beautiful, and therefore the name remained. Beloved hearts, dwelling in the white fire core of the holy purpose of this ancient civilization, these twin flames release in this hour the light of a cosmic snow which comes upon earth as a cloud of infinite energy such as you call forth according to the alchemy and ritual of Saint Germain. Therefore, beloved, know that this light of cosmic snow has the same absorptive quality of the cloud of infinite energy. It comes to earth, then, in a release of light, clearing the debris for the descent further and further into the physical octave of the etheric body of Light, the swaddling garment given to earth thirteen months ago.[3] Blessed ones, this cosmic snow is to absorb ten thousand times the weight of each particle in human creation and substance of the astral plane. Such is the quality of this light. Throughout the world, then, a new purity of light goes forth and a clearing action that comes in answer to your calls to the violet flame.[4] Mark L. Prophet and Elizabeth Clare Prophet, The Masters and Their Retreats, s.v. “Snow King and Snow Queen.” 1. Gautama Buddha, Pearls of Wisdom, vol. 26, no. 39, September 25, 1983. 2. Purity and Astrea, December 30, 1979. 3. See Sanat Kumara, December 31, 1984, “The Turning Point of Life on Earth: A Dispensation of the Solar Logoi,” Pearls of Wisdom, vol. 28, no. 6. 4. Sanat Kumara, “The Ancient Mantle Is Restored,” Pearls of Wisdom, vol. 29, no. 24, June 9, 1986.
Nystagmus, Spontaneous Nystagmus, Horizontal Nystagmus, Vertical Nystagmus, Lateral Nystagmus, Direction Changing Nystagmus • Definitions 1. Nystagmus 1. Repetitive, oscillating movement of the eyes 2. Direction of Nystagmus 1. Named for quick component of Nystagmus 2. Right Nystagmus suggests a left-sided lesion, and left Nystagmus a right-sided lesion 3. Speed 1. Slow Nystagmus: <40 jerks per minute 2. Fast Nystagmus: >100 jerks per minute 4. Amplitude 1. Fine Nystagmus: <1 mm 2. Coarse Nystagmus: >3 mm 5. Involvement 1. Associated Involvement: Bilateral eyes 2. Dissociated Involvement: Unilateral eye • Background 1. Nystagmus is a slow involuntary eye movement in one direction, and then rapidly in the opposite direction 2. Nystagmus is typically in the horizontal plane (right or left) 1. Occurs normally on looking laterally 2. Atypical findings include vertical or rotary Nystagmus 3. Nystagmus is seen in Vertigo 1. Most cases are peripheral (e.g. BPPV, Vestibular Neuronitis) 2. Central cause (e.g. stroke) may be indicated by vertical or Direction Changing Nystagmus 4. Nystagmus can be provoked 1. Head turning 2. Cold Calorics 1. Infusing cold water into an ear 2. Allows for testing the Cerebral Hemispheres and Brainstem in coma 1. Absent Nystagmus in severe Acute Vestibular Syndrome (AVS) or Vertigo is unusual 1. Casts doubt on the symptom (consider other causes of Dizziness) • Exam 1. Midline gaze 1. Observe for Spontaneous Nystagmus with the patient looking straight ahead 2. Smooth Pursuit 1. Patient follows examiners finger in all directions as the examiner moves the finger slowly up, down, left and right 2. Observe for Nystagmus 3. Lateral gaze 1. Patient looks at the examiner's finger placed >60 degrees from midline 2. Observe for Nystagmus (common, even in the absence of pathology) • Interpretation • Normal Findings - Lateral gaze Nystagmus 1. Associated with stretch receptor 2. All patients have a few beats of end point Nystagmus • Interpretation • Abnormal Findings 1. Spontaneous on Forward gaze, on moderate lateral gaze 2. Direction 1. Horizontal Nystagmus 1. May indicate either peripheral disease or Central DIsease 2. Unilateral vestibular pathology 2. Vertical Nystagmus (or torsional Nystagmus) 1. Indicates Central DIsease 2. Brain Stem lesion 3. Direction Changing Nystagmus 1. Rightward Nystagmus with rightward gaze and leftward Nystagmus with leftward gaze 2. Suggestive of central Vertigo (e.g. posterior CVA) 3. Other abnormal findings 1. Peduncular Nystagmus 1. Eyes move at equal speeds in both directions 2. Seen in congenital disorders or with prolonged blindness • Causes • Nystagmus in Infants and Children 1. Albinism (iris and Retinal Hypopigmentation) 2. Bilateral Optic Nerve hypoplasia 1. Seen in de Morsier's Syndrome 3. Bilateral media opacities 4. Achromatopsia 5. Usher's Syndrome (Retinitis Pigmentosa)
What To Know About The Triple Jump? The triple jump is an approach run, and three consecutive jumps, different from each other. The athlete hits the takeoff board with one foot on the first jump and must land on it. In the second jump, the foot that will take off is one, and the one that will take the fall is another. The third jump is similar to the long jump, where the athlete pushes off with one foot and lands in the sandbox with both feet. It has the following phases and the muscles used in each of them Approach Phase Identical to the one used in the long jump mentioned above, with the difference that, before reaching the impulsion board, the athlete does not emphasize lifting the body. Boost Phase At this moment, the athlete performs an extension of the hip joints (hamstrings and gluteus maximus in concentric action), the knee (quadriceps and sartorius acting concentrically), and the ankle (sural triceps concentrically activated) in the leg that is pushing, doing pressure on the impulsion board. At the same time, the other leg is lifting with hip flexion (iliopsoas, rectus femoris), flexion, and abduction of the glenohumeral and elbows (anterior and medial deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps action). First Jump Phase In the first jump, the raised leg moves back, and the takeoff leg bends the knee forward and goes forward, stretching and preparing for the next takeoff. Arms move to help jump. Second Jump Phase The takeoff leg makes a touch to the ground and breaks the fall, followed by tremendous pressure on the ground, performing hip, knee, and ankle extension. In contrast, the free leg goes forward and upwards, raising the center of gravity, and the arms follow that impulse. On the second flight, the arms will move backward (preparing for the next jump), and the leg’s knee that will sustain the fall will be extended. Third Jump Phase As the movement continues, the athlete extends the leg and swings the arms forward and upward, seeking to elevate the center of gravity. All power will be used in your jumping effort than in speed. Fall Phase Very similar to the long jump; however, the arms are at the sides of the body and not in front. Try to touch the ground as far as possible. So far, we have noticed that the muscles used in the modalities are very similar; that’s why athletics grouped them. But athletics athletes perform only in one style. Despite not having a tradition in athletics, it is a sport that is easily accessible at universities, and in some schools, talents are discovered. Running, for example, can be practiced by anyone, and the number of adepts who seek this type of activity has grown. Proper guidance and prevention of injuries, especially in the knee, are essential for the athlete’s success and audacious goals. Leave a Reply
Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154) Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY. Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts. An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site. 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil. Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA. A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA. A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-. Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria. A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed) Collaborative process of research involving researchers and community representatives. The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated. Endonucleases that remove 5' DNA sequences from a DNA structure called a DNA flap. The DNA flap structure occurs in double-stranded DNA containing a single-stranded break where the 5' portion of the downstream strand is too long and overlaps the 3' end of the upstream strand. Flap endonucleases cleave the downstream strand of the overlap flap structure precisely after the first base-paired nucleotide, creating a ligatable nick. Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.
MOSSMAN, BURTON C (FAMOUS) - Jackson County, Missouri \| BURTON C (FAMOUS) MOSSMAN - Missouri Gravestone Photos Burton C (Famous) MOSSMAN Mount Washington Cemetery Jackson County, April 30, 1867 September 5, 1956 First Captain Arizona Rangers One would think that by the time the 20th century came into being that the Old West would be relatively tame. But not so in the Arizona Territory (AT). As law and order pushed its way west, many of the outlaws were pushed into Arizona where lawmen were scarce, the population was sparse, the open range provided rustling opportunities and the rugged terrain provided many excellent hideouts. On February 15, 1900, five bandits boarded a train pulling into Fairbanks, AT. Only heroic action by Jeff Milton, who was severely wounded and passed out from blood loss, caused the bandits to get away without gain. In March, cattle rustlers killed Gus Gibbons and Frank Leseuer near St. Johns, AT. In the search for the rustlers, famous lawman George Scarborough was shot in the leg, had it amputated and died the next day on April 6, 1900. Two days later a former lawman turned train robber, Billy Stiles, forced the Cochise County jailer to open the jail and release prisoners. Murderers, rustlers and outlaws seemed to be running the asylum. Cattle owners, miners, businessmen, railroad officials and newspapermen were pressuring the governor to form a law force similar to the Texas Rangers. On March 21, 1901, the Arizona Territorial Legislature enacted the Arizona Ranger Legislation. The act funded one captain at $120 per month, one sergeant at $75 and thirteen privates at $55 each. The only person that the governor considered for the position of captain was Burt Mossman. He reportedly refused the position two times before the governor called him to a hotel room where the governor and several of the most powerful men in the state, some who were his friends, met him. He finally accepted under the provision that he would be the one to select the men, serve only one year, not be interfered with and name his own successor. Mossman was born on April 30, 1867, near Aurora, Illinois, to a Scot-Irish farming couple. His father rose from private to major with the 36th Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. After the war the family moved to Lake City, Missouri, and in 1882 they moved to New Mexico where Mossman learned to speak Spanish like a native. At the age of 17 he turned to cowboying and his temper cost him a few jobs in the beginning. By twenty-one he was a foreman and five years later he was hired as the manager of the Bar 00 Ranch just north of Phoenix, AT. In 1897 the Bar OO Ranch was sold and Mossman was hired as superintendent of the Aztec Land and Cattle Company, commonly known as the Hash Knife, which grazed 50,000 head of cattle and 2,000 horses on two million acres near Holbrook, AT. He realized that the ranch was full of lazy cowboys and that some of them were either rustlers or helping the rustlers. After one week on the job he fired the foreman and fifty-two of the eighty-four cowboys. By 1900 the Hash Knife owners decided to liquidate their holdings and Mossman and a partner bought a slaughterhouse and retail store in Bisbee, AT. Burt then opened a branch store in nearby Douglas, AT, and built a new brick building. He soon sold the building for a hefty profit. Shortly thereafter, he moved to Phoenix in 1901 and accepted the position as Arizona Ranger Captain. His commission was dated August 31, 1901. The Ranger Act stipulated that the captain should select “as his base the most unprotected and exposed settlement of the frontier.” He chose Bisbee located just eight miles north of the Mexico border and in the center of the territory’s most lawless region. Mossman completed the recruitment of the thirteen Rangers in October. Democrats complained that all the Rangers were Republican. Mossman had never asked any man about his political affiliation. The Democrats would always consider the Rangers as a Republican organization. The first Ranger gun battle took place on October 8, before the thirteen man force was completed. On that date Rangers Carlos Tafolla and Duane Hamblin, along with seven posse members, caught up with the Bill Smith Gang in the beautiful, but foreboding, wilderness along the Black River. In the shootout Tafolla and posse member Bill Maxwell were killed and the gang escaped. Tafolla was the only Ranger killed while on active duty. Jeff Kidder was killed on April 5, 1908 in Naco, Sonora, Mexico, but his enlistment expired on April 1st. He was waiting for his captain to arrive for the swearing in of the next enlistment. Mossman as the first captain of the Rangers was to spend almost all of his time in recruiting, organizing and administrating and very little in the field making arrests. But in the final months of his term he was obsessed with the capture of Augustin “Peludo” (Hairy) Chacon a black-hearted bandit and murderer. Chacon was believed to have killed more than two dozen men. Chacon was known to be hiding down in Mexico. Mossman enlisted the help of Billy Stiles and Burt Alvord in his plans to capture Chacon. Both of these men were former law enforcement officers who had turned to outlawry. Alvord had been known to have run with the Chacon gang in the past. Mossman learned that Stiles was driving an ore train in Mexico. Mossman established contact with Stiles and persuaded him to help find Chacon. To acquire his assistance, Mossman told him he would participate in the reward money for Chacon, he would place him on the Ranger payroll and he would speak on his behalf in court. Alvord was desperately in love with his wife who was beginning divorce procedures. Mossman spoke to his friend Judge William C. Barnes who wrote a letter to Alvord promising he would try to persuade the wife to drop the divorce proceedings, agreed to try to get train robbery charges dropped if he returned and surrendered and gave assurance that he could totally trust Mossman. Upon reading the letter from the judge, Alvord agreed to set Chacon up for capture. The plan called for Mossman to pretend that he had escaped from the Tucson jail and that they were going to steal a herd of fine horses across the border in the U.S. In August Stiles returned from one of his frequent visits into Mexico with a letter from Alvord to Mossman. Mossman and Stiles were to proceed to a spot sixteen miles into Mexico to a spring where they would meet Alvord and Chacon. From there the four would venture into Arizona and steal the horses. On September 2nd the four finally met and laid out their plans to steal the horses. Chacon seemed to be suspicious and remained extremely wary. Mossman was finally able to get the drop on Chacon and had Stiles disarm and handcuff him. They were still in Mexico where the arrest was illegal and his commission had ended on September 1st but no one but Chacon was ever going to testify to the Mexico arrest. Chacon was put on a train and taken to Solomonville (since shortened to Solomon) where he would be hung on a scaffold that was built to hang him five years earlier. Chacon had escaped the night before he was to hang. Mossman was unemployed for several months before he began operating the vast Diamond A in South Dakota. In 1905 he married his first wife Grace in Kansas City. She gave birth to a son and then a daughter. She died nine days after the daughter was born. In 1916 he moved permanently to Roswell, New Mexico, where he married again in 1925. In the ‘30s he began to suffer from arthritis and he died on September 5, 1956, after several years in a wheelchair. He is buried next to Grace in the Mount Washington Cemetery in Independence, Missouri. Excerpted from Tombstone by Tombstone by Tom Todd Contributed on 1/30/14 by tomtodd Email This Contributor Suggest a Correction Record #: 747238 Additional MOSSMAN Surnames in MOUNT WASHINGTON Cemetery Submitted: 1/30/14 • Approved: 1/30/14 • Last Updated: 4/8/18 • R747238-G0-S3
Is Israel a low power distance culture? Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. With a score of 13 points Israel is at the very low end of this dimension compared to other countries. Which country has the lowest power distance? Is Israel high or low context culture? Is Israel a high or low context culture? low-context: Communication in Israel is low-context. Israelis can come off as very blunt to foreigners, who are not used to their “straight to the point” style of communication. What is a low power distance culture? In low power distance cultures, everyone expects to be listened to regardless of rank or background, and they will reject leaders whom they perceive as autocratic or patronizing. The notion applies in any sort of community, from countries to companies to communities to families — anywhere there are two people or more. Is Pakistan a low power distance culture? IMPORTANT: What does the letter D mean in Hebrew? Which country is most individualistic? The highest ranked countries for individualism ratio are: • United States. • Australia. • United Kingdom. • Netherlands. • New Zealand. Is Israel a collectivist culture? The Israeli society as a whole is usually considered a collectivist society with “strong local patriotism” as one of its basic elements. How do you deal with low power distance? 4 Strategies To Reduce Power Distance Using Technology 1. Create open forums with equal participation for project feedback. … 2. Develop interactive systems through networks of cross functional teams that drive high levels of collaboration. … 3. Encourage and enable open communication channels. What culture is silence most valued in? Asian and Nordic countries have listening cultures where silence denotes careful thought. These cultures think that pauses (silence) in a conversation keep the interchange calm. In some cases, silence can be a way to allow everyone to save face. In these cultures, what is not said can be as important as what has been. Travel to Israel
9 Foods That BOOST Your IMMUNITY, & 3 That Weaken It Oct 13th, 2021 1. Diet and Immune Function (2019): 2. A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione Support (2019): 3. Food Central- Broccoli, raw (2019): 4. Cruciferous Vegetables and Human Cancer Risk: Epidemiologic Evidence and Mechanistic Basis (2007): 5. Lean beef contributes significant amounts of key nutrients to the diets of US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 (2010): 6. Bioactive Egg Components and Inflammation (2015): 7. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients (2017): 8. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data (2017): 9. Chicken Soup Inhibits Neutrophil Chemotaxis In Vitro (2000): 10. β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight (2012): 11. Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System (2019): 12. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: a randomized controlled trial (2011): 13. Getting the most out of spinach: Maximizing the antioxidant lutein (2018): 14. Alcohol and the Immune System (2015): 15. Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe? (2006): 16. Diet and Immune Function (2019): RAW Paste Data
Rosa Parks - Voices of Freedom Last night I had that dream again... The one where I am running so fast. But this dream is different, Not like my dreams in the past I am not running for the bus, So what, might you ask, is all the fuss? I’m running so I won’t be late To work so I can be sure to make The money my family depends on each week. I don’t get paid a lot; the money is bleak. You see, recently there was a very fine lady; Her name is Ms. Rosa, she used to ride the bus daily. Until a day came when she refused to move seats To move to the back of the bus for a deadbeat. Why did Ms. Rosa refuse to give in? They wanted her to move because she didn’t have white skin. She broke no rules, she was in the right section... The one for “colored” people, because of her complexion. But the bus was quite full, and a white man wanted her seat, So he told her to move and she refused to retreat. She stood her ground, but to no avail. They called the police, and took her to jail. Our people are tired of being mistreated; Of being second class citizens and always feeling defeated. There is no difference between black and white, Except the color of our skin, which shouldn’t be a fight. Yet every day since as long as I’ve known We as black people have had to atone For this birthright that white people think they possess; That the color of our skin somehow makes us “less”. No more will we accept the injustices we’ve endured. We will not sit down until we are assured That one day our children will not be treated like slaves And be judged NOT by their skin color, but by how they behave. Until then we will boycott Every bus in Montgomery because they forgot That we, too, are people. We deserve equal rights. Until that day comes, we will continue to fight. This poem is about: My country Need to talk?
It"s very common when learning about fractions to want to know how transform a portion like 16/20 right into a percentage. In this step-by-step guide, we"ll display you how to revolve any fraction into a percentage really easily. Let"s take a look! Want to easily learn or display students how to convert 16/20 come a percentage? pat this really quick and fun video clip now! Before we get started in the fraction to percent conversion, let"s go over some very quick portion basics. Remember that a numerator is the number over the portion line, and the denominator is the number below the portion line. We"ll usage this later in the tutorial. You are watching: What grade is 16 out of 20 When we are using percentages, what we room really saying is the the portion is a portion of 100. "Percent" means per hundred, and so 50% is the very same as speak 50/100 or 5/10 in fraction form. So, since our denominator in 16/20 is 20, us could change the fraction to do the denominator 100. To perform that, we divide 100 by the denominator: 100 ÷ 20 = 5 Once we have actually that, we can multiple both the numerator and denominator by this multiple: 16 x 5/20 x 5=80/100 Now we can see that our fraction is 80/100, which means that 16/20 together a percent is 80%. We can also work this the end in a simpler way by an initial converting the fraction 16/20 come a decimal. To perform that, we simply divide the molecule by the denominator: 16/20 = 0.8 Once we have actually the prize to that division, we have the right to multiply the prize by 100 to do it a percentage: 0.8 x 100 = 80% And there you have it! Two different ways to convert 16/20 come a percentage. Both space pretty straightforward and also easy come do, yet I personally like the convert to decimal method as the takes much less steps. I"ve viewed a most students get perplexed whenever a concern comes up around converting a fraction to a percentage, however if you monitor the steps laid out right here it have to be simple. That said, you may still need a calculator because that more complex fractions (and you can always use our calculator in the type below). If you desire to practice, grab yourself a pen, a pad, and also a calculator and try to convert a couple of fractions to a percentage yourself. Hopefully this tutorial has helped you to understand just how to convert a fraction to a percentage. You deserve to now go forth and convert fountain to percentages as lot as your small heart desires! Cite, Link, or recommendation This Page If you found this content advantageous in your research, please do us a good favor and use the tool listed below to make certain you properly reference us wherever you use it. We really evaluate your support! "What is 16/20 together a percentage?". Accessed top top November 7, 2021. Https:// "What is 16/20 as a percentage?"., Accessed 7 November, 2021. See more: List Some Reasons Why Growth Characteristics Are More Useful On Agar Plates To What is 16/20 as a percentage?. Retrieved native Fraction to portion Calculator Fraction together Percentage Enter a numerator and denominator
Visual disturbances migraine Visual Disturbance of Migraine is Short-Lived The visual disturbances of migraine generally last less than an hour, most commonly 10-30 minutes. Sometimes they only last seconds. They may or may not be associated with a headache, and some individuals only experience the visual symptoms without headaches Visual disturbances in migraineurs, such as visual aura, are typically episodic, that is, associated with the headache attack, and overlaid by head pain and other symptoms that impact the patient A visual migraine is a temporary visual distortion that often begins with a small sparkling, shimmering area that slowly expands outward. The growing spot often has jagged, zig-zag edges. The visual symptoms typically last approximately 20-30 minutes and then completely resolve Visual impairments associated with migraine can happen with or without a headache Ocular Migraine is a term that has been used to refer to a number of migraine subtypes that are characterized by a variety of visual disturbances including visual loss, blind spots, zig-zag lines, or seeing stars Usually, there is no headache during the visual disturbance. A visual disturbance should not be confused with a retinal or ocular migraine where there is a partial or total loss of vision in one eye, normally with a headache. Example of a visual disturbance or migraine aura. Who is affected by visual disturbance A visual disturbance is any change to your vision that is not indicative of normal health and function. The term is most commonly associated with the disturbances seen with migraine headaches, but they can also be a sign of more serious issues like a stroke Ocular migraine sometimes is used as a synonym for the medical term retinal migraine. A retinal migraine is a rare condition occurring in a person who has experienced other symptoms of migraine. Retinal migraine involves repeated bouts of short-lasting, diminished vision or blindness. These bouts may precede or accompany a headache An ocular migraine is a rare condition characterized by temporary vision loss or even temporary blindness in one eye. Ocular migraines are caused by reduced blood flow or spasms of blood vessels in the retina or behind the eye. In an ocular migraine, vision in the affected eye generally returns to normal within an hour A migraine that involves visual disturbance is called an ocular migraine. Ocular migraines can develop with or without the accompanying pain of a classic migraine. During an ocular migraine, or.. For migraine sufferers, visual disturbances like zigzag lines or flashes of light are common occurrences, especially in those who experience an aura prior to a migraine. But some people experience these visual disturbances and do not get the pain associated with a migraine Migraine aura symptoms include temporary visual or other disturbances that usually strike before other migraine symptoms — such as intense head pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine aura usually occurs within an hour before head pain begins and generally lasts less than 60 minutes Last van migraine - Probeer eens acupunctuu 1. Bottom line Ocular migraine, or migraine with aura, involves visual disturbances that occur with or without migraine pain. Unusual moving patterns in your field of vision can be startling,.. 2. Migraine, a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology, is a common cause of a variety of visual disturbances. This review describes the visual alterations associated with migraine syndromes of particular interest to the ophthalmologist; acephalgic, ocular, and ophthalmoplegic 3. Visual disturbances with migraine include flashes of light (photopsia), jagged lines or objects (teichopsia or fortification spectra), and tunnel vision. Learn more about each type of migraine visual disturbance and when to get help for migraine visual symptoms 4. utes Visual Disturbances Related to Migraine and Headach 1. Visual migraine is typically a headache that presents with changes in vision. However, if a person is experiencing a silent migraine episode, they will not have a headache. Visual migraine types.. 2. A specific type of migraine with aura with a visual component is retinal migraine. Retinal migraine has similar symptoms to typical aura, but they only affect one eye. Positive aura symptoms (flashing lights, zig zag patterns, etc.) as well as negative symptoms (partial blindness, blind spots) are reported with this type of migraine 4. Ocular migraine is a term that usually refers to a condition known as migraine visual aura, which involves episodes of passing visual disturbances, such as bright spots, affecting both eyes. Visual aura usually precedes a migraine headache. However, it may also occur during a headache. In some cases, as with ocular migraine, people experience. 5. Most of us are familiar with the term aura and understand it to be a visual disturbance that precedes the headache phase of a migraine attack. An aura often presents as wavy or zig-zag lines that spread across the visual field. Patients may also experience blind spots, flashing lights, auditory or olfactory hallucinations 6. Now migraine visual disturbance may not cause pain or a full blown attack, but the symptoms can still be very scary. Not being able to see properly, especially if it happens suddenly, can impact significantly on your safety and life in general 7. Ocular migraines cause visual disturbances that are almost always temporary. Although migraines are commonly associated with headaches, an ocular migraine can occur with or without a headache. Visual symptoms with migraine, typically called aura, can be distressing, as many MyMigraineTeam members have shared: Second migraine aura in five hours Persistent and Repetitive Visual Disturbances in Migraine Migraine, a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology, is a common cause of a variety of visual disturbances. This review describes the visual alterations associated with migraine syndromes of particular interest to the ophthalmologist; acephalgic, ocular, and ophthalmoplegic. Several current theories of migraine pathophysiology are discussed Various disturbances of visual perception in migraine have been reported over the past century, and 40 years ago Klee and Willanger reviewed the available literature and added eight cases of their own (Klee and Willanger, 1966)—although their observations are limited by the lack of graphic representation of these disturbances. It was, however. Ocular migraines may occur with or without head pain. Types of Ocular Migraines. Migraine with Aura. Symptoms involve flashes of light, visual lines, blind spots and other possible visual disturbances. Migraine aura may also affect other senses causing numbness in the face or hands, speech interference, or disrupted taste or smell A retinal migraine causes a variety of visual symptoms, possibly blindness in one eye, before and during the headache. Fortunately, these problems go away with it, but permanent vision loss may be. Some people experience a type of silent migraine with visual disturbance but no head pain. Ocular migraine also known as retinal migraine is often confused with visual migraine which is a symptom of visual changes or vision loss resulting from the aura phase of the common migraine That's also been known to happen, apparently, the silent migraine is a thing. The visual disturbance was right eye only. My tinnitus is right ear only. I started looking into the connection between tinnitus and a migraine, and obviously that is there. I also found this, and I've been experiencing several of the symptoms listed under ear. It has been 10 years + of constant visual disturbance. I get aura migraine as well. I have had every test under the sun but, no answers (was told at 19 either MS or tumor, yikes!) I live with a constant feeling of disconnection due to the visual disturbance, it has created many challenges in daily life These can include visual disturbances such as seeing rainbow-like colors around objects. They make you see black dots in your vision which seem to float. I get little orange spots inside the black dots that float around. Zig-zag patterns occur with atypical migraines as well as with typical headaches Ocular Migraine \| Mountain View Optometry Ocular Migraines can be categorized into different types such as: Silent Migraines; Ophthalmic Migraines; Acephalic Migraines; Silent or Acephalic Migraines are characterized by the strange visual disturbances described above, usually lasting less than an hour, but no headache pain What is Pain Management? Chronic Pain Stats. Acute & Chronic Pain. Partners. Boost Medical. Non-Discrimination Statement. Education. Pain Conditions. Pain Treatments - The most common presentation of migraine with aura is a visual disturbance that slowly increases, peaks and then disappears resulting in a headache. But not all migraines with aura are visual. Ocular migraines may or may not come with head pain but are most commonly found with it Retinal migraines are generally painless, though they can feel highly disorienting. The visual disturbances associated with these migraines only affect one eye at a time. Retinal migraines manifest with periods of blindness or dimmed vision. These episodes usually last only a few minutes, but can potentially continue for 30 minutes Causes of Ocular Migraines. Some scientists think that ocular (visual) migraines are caused by or triggered by inflammatory substances released in the tissues surrounding the circulatory and nerve system of the head and brain. Ocular migraines may be due to stress and fatigue - the same probable causes of migraine headaches If you get migraines, you might wonder if your symptoms are from a migraine with aura or from a similar condition called ocular migraine. Both problems involve changes in vision, but there are. An ocular migraine is a migraine that involves a visual disturbance. When experiencing an ocular migraine, or a migraine with an aura, an individual will see flashing or shimmering lights, lines, stars, or, in some cases, blind spots. These visual disturbances can even include partial or total temporary blindness in the affected eye Within the two major types of migraines, there are diagnosable subtypes—including ocular migraines, explains Dr. Wang. Generally speaking, an ocular migraine is a headache that's accompanied by visual disturbances (zig-zags, flashes of light, etc.), according to the Mayo Clinic.But an ocular migraine is different than a migraine with aura, says Dr. Wang 2 - Migraine with Aura (formerly called Classic or Complicated Migraine) This type of Migraine includes visual disturbances and other neurological symptoms that appear about 10 to 60 minutes before the actual headache and usually last no more than an hour. You may temporarily lose part or all of your vision Wavy Lines In Ocular Migraine. Ocular migraines refer to the vision loss or disturbances that may accompany migraine headaches in some instances. It is a rare condition affecting less than 1% of people who suffer with migraine headaches. The visual disturbances are temporary, lasting anywhere between 4 to 72 hours Aura: Aura can happen before a migraine or while you're actually having one, but the point is that they often cause those visual disturbances that can make your eyesight go bonkers. Sometimes. Ocular Migraine vs. Retinal Migraine. People may use the terms ocular migraine and retinal migraine to mean the same thing, but there are some important differences. An ocular migraine generally occurs in both eyes. A retinal migraine is rare and tends to occur in just one eye, when vessels that supply the eye with blood narrow. It usually. The cause of migraines with aura and of PMA is unknown, though the aura may be owed to a type of electrical disturbance in the brain that creates the visual changes. The triggers are similar to that of migraines without aura: stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, bright light, and not getting enough sleep The visual disturbances tend to go away before the headache begins for the migraine with aura but can last longer for the ocular headache. Also, the headache, which can also be accompanied by symptoms of nausea and severe light sensitivity, tends to be right behind the affected eye of an ocular migraine but can be more spread out for a migraine. An ocular migraine is a type of migraine headache that is associated with visual disturbances in one eye. This type of migraine is not common, and is often diagnosed after other possible causes for the symptoms are ruled out. Ocular migraines are often treated with the same drugs that are used to prevent and treat the more common types of migraine Migraine with visual aura is when disturbances in vision occur right before head pain begins. Those disturbances may include seeing wavy lines or flashes of light, or having blurry vision or blind. Patient's Guide to Visual Migraine - Brigham and Women's Understanding Ocular Migraine American Migraine Foundatio DISTURBANCES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN MIGRAINE Review of the Literature and a Report of eight Cases . Axel Klee. Corresponding Author. David Myland Kaufman, Seymour Solomon, Migraine visual auras, General Hospital Psychiatry, 10.1016/0163-8343(92)90078-O, 14, 3, (162-170), (1992) While ocular migraines themselves aren't harmful, Dr. Estemalik cautions that other medical conditions can cause vision disturbances, so if anyone experiences this as a new symptom, they should. Persistent and Repetitive Visual Disturbances in Migraine: A Review Christoph J. Schankin, MD, PhD; Michele Viana, MD; Peter J. Goadsby, MD, PhD Visual disturbances in migraineurs, such as visual aura, are typically episodic, that is, associated with the headache attack, and overlaid by head pain and other symptoms that impact the patient Visual disturbances seen in migraine aura. Positive visual phenomena are the most common. An object in the way of the patient's view moves from center to periphery in a centrifugal, spreading pattern (left). Negative visual phenomena such as a missing area of visual field develop, last for 10 to 30 minutes, and then resolve (center) The most common cause of photopsias or visual disturbance in the child is migraine. 3 Fifteen to 30% of children with migraine report visual symptoms. Five percent of these children only experience the aura without headache. 4 As in adults, the visual symptoms are episodic visual hallucinations (not based on environmental images) that are. / Visual disturbance (visual aura, migraine aura)Look Migraine with aura is experienced by around 5% of the general population. (1) An aura may not be present with every attack. Only 19% of those with migraine experience an aura with every migraine. A further 30% of patients will experience migraine aura with some of their attacks. (1) Most people associate migraine aura with visual disturbances The term ocular migraine often is used interchangeably to refer to two different conditions: Migraine aura that involves visual disturbance, which usually isn't serious, and retinal migraine. Migraine aura symptoms include temporary visual or sensory disturbances that typically precede the usual migraine symptoms — such as intense head pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine aura usually occurs within an hour before head pain begins and generally lasts less than 60 minutes Other factors that may trigger migraine headaches include weather changes and sensory stimuli, including certain noises, smells, and visual disturbances. Light is the most common reported trigger for the development of aura and photophobia, and can worsen acute migraine A migraine is usually a moderate or severe headache felt as a throbbing pain on 1 side of the head. Many people also have symptoms such as feeling sick, being sick and increased sensitivity to light or sound. Migraine is a common health condition, affecting around 1 in every 5 women and around 1 in every 15 men Migraine Headache - Physiopedia, universal access to Visual Disturbances: What Are They? (& What to Do Introduction. Migraine is a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology, leading to a variety of visual disturbances. Migraine with aura is an incapacitating myriad of transient neurological symptoms, often characterized by aura disturbances which can be visual and occasional sensory or dysphasic, preceding headache This type of migraine impairs vision, with symptoms like flashes of light, blind spots, seeing stars or patterns and other visual issues that go away after a short period. Migraine aura can occur with headache or without, and is typically short in duration. Migraine with Aura occurs in 25-30 percent of people with migraine, and less than 20% of. Typically, visual auras indicate an ocular migraine that can become another type of migraine in an hour or less. Visual auras can also be a sign of a different serious condition, called a retinal migraine. These typically lead to visual disturbances or even temporary blindness in one eye, not both. Signs of a retinal migraine need to be. An ocular migraine - despite its name - is a set of visual disturbances that may or may not be accompanied by pain. Sometimes also called ophthalmic migraines, they are characterized by a small blind spot in the center of one's vision that starts to enlarge and is often accompanied by flashing lights, as well as other visual. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome - Hallucinogenic Migraines. Many of you who either suffer from chronic migraine headaches or have a close friend or loved one, who has them, are familiar with the visual disturbances that can occur prior to the migraine pain, known as auras. Some symptoms of auras are bright flashing lights, zigzag line in your. Ocular migraine: When to seek help - Mayo Clini Although data from clinical series indicate that the vast majority of subjects with migraine accompaniments experience visual phenomena as part of the symptom complex, some subjects only experience nonvisual neurological disturbances during the attack. 1 3 These subjects were not identified in our study. In addition, in a few subjects who. While the most common type of migraine aura involves visual disturbances (flashing lights, zigzags, blind spots), many people experience numbness, confusion, trouble speaking, vertigo (spinning dizziness) and other strokelike neurological symptoms. Some patients may experience auras without headaches A visual migraine, also known as an ocular migraine, causes temporary visual disturbance. This disturbance often appears suddenly and may create a blind spot moving across the visual field or the sensation of looking through a cracked window. There are two types of ocular migraines: migraine auras; retinal migraine; Migraine aura The term ocular migraine (sometimes spelled occular migriane) is another one that is no longer generally used. Most often in the past it has referred to retinal migraine, a rare type of migraine that has severe visual disturbances or blindness in one eye during an attack Ocular Migraines and Visual Migraines Explaine What Causes Ocular Migraines? Causes, Treatment, and Mor Ocular migraines display the same symptoms as normal migraines, but they also include visual disturbances called auras. Auras can look like flashing, zigzagging, or shimmering lights or stars. Sometimes they even cause blindness in one or both eyes. Many people report seeing these auras before they feel the ocular migraine. Other aura symptoms. Visual disturbances are a common symptom of migraines. Having said that, if you've not had a migraine before, or your migraines have changed in nature to include visual disturbances, or become more frequent, you should let your GP know Ocular migraine causes and triggers include reading small text, harsh lights, being tired, or not drinking enough water. Genetics is also a major cause of ocular migraines, as they tend to run in families. Ocular migraines can be treated with medications like ibuprofen, Excedrin, or prescription drugs — or prevented with daily medications. Persistent migraine aura (PMA) - A migraine aura is a disturbance that can precede a migraine or accompany it. Often these auras are visual and the patient may experience flashes of light, flares, or other vision disruptions Visual field defects can be altitudinal, quadrantic, central, or arcuate. The headache is usually ipsilateral to the visual loss. Almost 50 percent have a history of migraine with visual aura. Some patients who report monocular visual disturbance have hemianopsia which they are not aware of since they do not do a cover/uncover test Some migraine sufferers experience visual disturbances during an attack. This is referred to as a migraine aura. For women with a history of this type of migraine, birth control may not be recommended, as it could lead to stroke. Best birth control pill for migraines. Birth control may help relieve symptoms of migraines without aura I know that visual disturbances are quite common before and during migraine but that seems to normally be flashing lights though I wasn't aware of that until a few years ago and hadn't noticed that I also got flashing lights until I was talking to a friend who has headacheless migraines where the only symptom is visual disturbances (bad news as she is a minature artist) Causes of Frequent Ocular Migraines - Optical Migraine Migraine with aura - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clini Migraine with retinal aura causes fully reversible visual disturbances in one eye, such as shimmering or flickering of vision, blind spots, or blindness. Symptoms last anywhere from 5 minutes to one hour and are usually accompanied or followed by a head pain. In migraine with retinal aura, the visual symptoms typically only occur in one eye Abstract: Headache, particularly migraine, is the commonest neurological problem with which patients present to general practitioners and neurologists. Episodic migraine affects up to 18% of women and 6% of men. Acute migraine attacks can be severely disabling and chronic migraine is even more disabling. Of the mental and neurological disorders, migraine ranks eighth worldwide in terms of. Ocular Migraines and Stroke Risk: Is There a Connection A typical ocular migraine will last for roughly 30 minutes, usually affecting one eye at a time. Types of Ocular Migraines. Migraine With Aura; Ocular migraine with aura is a recurring headache that typically starts at the same time or after sensory disturbances known as an aura. These disturbances (aura) include visual changes such as blind. Unfortunately, the term ocular migraine is often used to describe a much more common (and harmless) condition — called a visual migraine or migraine aura — characterized by temporary visual disturbances that generally disappear within 30 minutes. Unlike ocular migraines, a visual migraine typically affects both eyes 2. Aura. Typically lasts from 5 to 60 minutes and is characterized by visual disturbances such as flashing lights or sensory symptoms like pins and needles. 3. Headache. This is when the migraine is experienced which lasts between 4- 72 hours. The pain is often on one side of the head and throbbing Visual disturbances of migraine An ocular migraine gives a temporary visual disturbance, or 'aura'. This will often be described as 'zig-zagging' lights or lines (like looking through a kaleidoscope) or, occasionally as though the vision has become 'rippled' ( like looking through water) Migraine aura symptoms include temporary visual or other disturbances that usually strike before other migraine symptoms — such as intense head pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine aura usually occurs within an hour before head pain begins and generally lasts less than 60 minutes. Sometimes migraine aura occurs with. To clarify, these symptoms can include loss of vision or visual disturbances that can be very unsettling. An ocular migraine without headache can be a major inconvenience for any sufferer. Symptoms are known to affect your senses and perceptions are much the same as you would feel from ocular migraine stroke subjective visual disturbances due to vitamin A deficiency (E50.5); visual hallucinations (R44.1) ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H53.1. Subjective visual disturbances. Abdominal migraine intractable with status migrainosus; Allergic migraine intractable with status migrainosus;. Migraine With Aura; Once called a classic migraine, a migraine with aura causes visual disturbances and neurological symptoms before your headache starts. Visual disturbances include flashing lights, blind spots, zig-zag and wavy lines, which can last for 10 minutes to more than one hour. Several, lesser known, migraines also exist 4 Types of Visual Disturbances Associated With Migraine Migraine aura is a series of sensory disturbances that often occur shortly before a migraine attack or may sometimes occur during or after the migraine attack. Migraine auras are reversible symptoms of the nervous system. They occur in the form of visual and physical disturbances or sensations. These disturbances range from seeing bright dots. Visual and/or sensory and/or speech/language symptoms — visual aura is the most common type of aura and occurs in over 90% of people who have migraine with aura . Sensory aura often presents with unilateral pins and needles and or numbness which gradually moves away from the point of origin on the body, face and/or tongue [ ICHD, 2018 ] 17 Best images about Visual Disturbance on PinterestThis Is What A Person Sees When They Have A Migrainemigrain \| Migraine aura \| Pinterest \| Migraine auraMigraine Headache: Causes, Symptoms, Migraine Treatment
by Ankur Podder and Rhea Grover figures by Jovana Andrejevic Electric Vehicles (EVs) were once regarded as hopeless, tasteless, and incapable of replacing the fossil fuel-powered vehicles. In 2006, the award-winning documentaryWho Killed the Electric Car? illustrated the impending obsolescence of EVs after a series of failed experiments by the automotive industry. The predicted doom didn’t stop environmentalists from pressing for the industry to make better EVs, however. Over the course of the next decade, the industry responded to these requests by rolling out EVs like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf as frontline products. These EVs fueled a new wave of strategies to combat the effects of climate change, and today, these vehicles strongly foreshadow the imminent end of fossil fuel-powered vehicles. The worldwide projection of EVs as mechanical messiahs begs us to ask the question: are EVs really as environmentally friendly as they seem? Embodied energy emissions of EVs Although EVs are purported to be energy efficient, the energy required to produce these vehicles is actually relatively high. EVs seem eco-friendly if we only consider their operating energy emissions, or the emissions produced while driving the car. For example, the fact that EVs have zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during operation suggests that these vehicles are very eco-friendly. However, achieving zero CO2 emissions while driving EVs does not necessarily make them environmentally friendly because this metric does not account for embodied energy emissions. Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce a product (including raw materials extraction, assembly, and transportation of the product), treating that energy as though it was incorporated or ’embodied’ in the product itself (Figure 1). The production of batteries and other EV components contributes to the majority of embodied energy emissions for these cars, as noted in this 2011 study. In fact, CO2 emissions related specifically to materials and EV assembly are higher than that of a traditional car. In the end, EVs do have lower total energy (embodied + operating) emissions as compared to traditional cars, making them more environmentally friendly overall. Being better, though, is not the same as being the best. These vehicles could be significantly more eco-friendly if we innovate to lower their unexpectedly high embodied energy emissions. Figure 1. Embodied energy emissions during EV production. (i) Burning coal and natural gas to provide energy for mining, drilling, processing and transportation of materials for battery and other vehicle components leads to CO2 emissions embodied in a typical EV. (ii) Multiple factors contribute to the embodied energy emissions of a typical EV; as depicted, materials contribute significantly to this emission profile. Innovative lightweighting of EVs One of the reasons that the embodied energy emissions of EVs is higher than expected is because the materials required to make them are quite heavy, and thus their acquisition, processing, and transport leads to relatively high CO2 emissions. To render EVs as environmentally friendly as they are purported to be, we must devise novel methods to lower the amount of heavy materials required to produce EV components. One method is lightweighting: a process that makes products lighter by reducing the amount of materials used to make them. Using fewer materials reduces embodied energy emissions in the stages of material extraction, transportation, and assembly. As part of their EV Everywhere Grand Challenge, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposed to lightweight EVs by 2022, specifically reducing 35% of the weight of a car’s body structure, 25% of its base frame supporting the rest of the car, and 5% of its interior. Various approaches to lightweighting EVs include transitioning to lighter materials (e.g. substituting strong but lightweight organic materials for heavier, more traditional materials like iron) and redesigning battery components with less heavy metals. Additionally, a breakthrough method of lightweighting is being devised by Volvo with the goal of integrating battery components into the vehicle body. According to Volvo, the future EV body (made of reinforced carbon fibers) would sandwich the battery components. These battery components would be molded and formed to fit around the car’s frame, such as its door panels, trunk door and wheel bowl (Figure 2). Figure 2: Lightweighting EVs reduces the amount of materials and lowers total embodied energy emissions. (i) Heavy battery packs and electric drive components compose tradition EVs and contribute to high embodied energy emissions. (ii) One approach to reducing these emissions is to lightweight batteries and vehicle components. (iii) Another, innovative approach is to integrate batteries into the vehicle body. All of these lightweighting techniques will require the use of novel, sturdy, lightweight materials. A recent material science study presents a proof of concept of using cellulose and carbon-fiber composites as materials that are strong enough but also light enough to achieve these lightweighting goals. However, these novel materials still need to be demonstrated at a commercial scale. According to the same study, organizations such as the Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing (a materials science research center at University of Toronto) are actively working to achieve success on this front. They have demonstrated that using cellulose and carbon-fiber composites instead of traditional materials like steel could reduce the weight of a vehicle by 15 to 30%. Such innovation at a commercial scale would make lightweighting a logical game-changer in the reduction of embodied energy emissions of EVs. EVs without lightweighting: More raw material extraction In addition to lowering the embodied energy emissions of EVs, lightweighting will also have an impact on the sustainability of EV production. Specifically, many of the materials used to achieve lightweighting are polymers that can be synthesized in laboratories. Some examples are polypropylene, polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride (these three can be used for approximately 66% of EV parts). This is in stark contrast to the traditional, heavier materials used to make EVs, such as lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. These raw materials must be mined and extracted from the earth prior to use, making them a less sustainable option than lightweighting materials. Until our goals of lightweighting are achieved at a commercial scale, EVs will continue to depend on these heavy materials, thereby maintaining the need for continual raw material extraction. According to a study by U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. already imports many of these rare earth minerals from other countries each year, adding to the increasing mining dependency for EVs. As EV demand increases in the future, existing mining locations may become overexploited. Mining areas in Argentina (with 9 million tons of lithium resources), India (for manganese), Japan (for nickel), China (for carbon), and conflict zones of Democratic Republic of Congo (for cobalt) could face more pressure of resource extraction to meet these demands. Notably, these lands are natural habitats rich in flora and fauna, and mining these areas could harm their habitats. If mining practices in these lands are left unregulated, there could be a high environmental price to pay. The Gigafactory approach: Source globally, produce locally Besides lightweighting, embodied energy emissions can also be lowered by transitioning from shipping batteries and other EV components over long distances to producing them locally, closer to where the EV is assembled. The United States International Trade Commission reported that the U.S. was the second highest importer of lithium-ion batteries (the batteries used in EVs) from 2013 to 2017, with $2.5 billion worth of lithium-ion batteries imported in 2017 itself. There is a hidden environmental cost here, associated mainly with emissions from commercial container ships. Thus, producing batteries and EV components locally at EV factories could help reduce these emissions. The good news for the U.S. is that Tesla’s Gigafactory, a massive EV assembly factory, will also produce lithium-ion batteries. The novel factory aims to account for 60% of global lithium-ion battery production by 2020. The Nevada Gigafactory produced over 20 gigawatt hours (GWh) worth of batteries in 2018 (in collaboration with Panasonic) while hoping to generate 35 GWh once fully operational. Once this is achieved, the U.S. would no longer need to import batteries but only source raw materials from existing global trade ties, thus decreasing energy expenditure on heavy battery transport (Figure 3). Figure 3: World map of production and U.S. trade connections for battery and vehicle components (i) The Tesla Gigafactory is located in Nevada (ii) Major materials like cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), lithium (Li), nickel (N), and carbon (C) required for EVs must be imported from around the world to produce batteries and other vehicle components at the Gigafactory. Future opportunities for making EVs truly ‘green’ Reducing embodied energy emissions requires government support in establishing a framework of rules and regulations to ensure cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally-friendly practices of raw material extraction and global transportation for EV components. Research investment in lightweighting EVs and environmentally-friendly manufacturing of EVs can be promoted through appropriate policy measures. Reducing embodied energy emissions from EVs, coupled with expanding our use of public transit systems and eco-friendly living decisions (like choosing to walk rather than drive), can accelerate humanity towards the bigger goal of a fully low-carbon civilization. Ankur Podder is a second-year student of Master of Science in Architecture Studies (SMArchS) Urbanism program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) researching embodied energy and design. Rhea Grover is a first-year Master’s student in English Language and Literatures program at University of Delhi (India) researching ecocriticism and policy. Cover image: “Electric Hybrid car parking only”by JeepersMedia is licensed under CC BY 2.0 For more information: • For a review of embodied energy emissions, check out this description from Smarter by Nature • To learn more about how composite materials may contribute to lightweighting, check out this paper from Scientific Research • To find out how eco-friendly your EV is, use this online tool • For more information on the EV battery supply chain, check out this paper from the US International Trade Commission • To learn more about battery components and sources, see this piece from The Conversation • To read about how cargo ships and oil tankers may be able to evade attempts to regulate carbon emissions, check out this article from Clean Technica • For information about challenges faced by Tesla’s Gigafactory, see this blog post • To learn about how the U.S. relies on other countries for mineral resources, see this description from the United States Geological Survey • For information about how trade policy is impacting EV distribution, see this piece from The International Centre for Trade and International Development • For more on Tesla’s Gigafactory, see this Verge article This article is part of our SITN20 series, written to celebrate the 20th anniversary of SITN by commemorating the most notable scientific advances of the last two decades. Check out our other SITN20 pieces! 4 thoughts on “How Electric Cars Can Become Truly ‘Green’, Once and For All 1. this focuses on investing energy efficiently in making a functionality which serves a human. The desires for various functionalities are growing exponentially from the human. How can these two be in balance 2. The article says ‘In the end, EVs do have lower total energy (embodied + operating) emissions as compared to traditional cars, making them more environmentally friendly overall.’ If you purchase a brand new EV and then have to scrap it a year later due to an accident surely that does not equate to ‘lower total energy’. How mamy years do you have to run the EV before it actually becomes ‘more environmentally friendly overall’? 3. It reflects on effectively spending in resources having a product that fits an individual being. The preferences for different functionalities emerge continuously from the humming Leave a Reply
Tag Archives: greater prairie chicken Episode 144: Strange Bird Sounds This week we’re going to learn not about strange birds, but about strange sounds some birds make. Thanks to Sam for the suggestion, and thanks to Llewelly and Leo for suggesting two of the birds we feature today! Further watching: Greater prairie chicken courtship display A bittern, weird swamp bird: An American woodcock, adorable: Ocellated turkey, beautiful and goofy: Greater prairie chicken: Show transcript: Halloween is over and we’re all just about sick of candy, or maybe that’s just me. Either way, if you live in the northern hemisphere we’re heading into winter, but if you live in the southern hemisphere spring is in full swing! And spring means birdsong! Thanks to Sam for the suggestion that we do a whole episode about interesting bird calls, and thanks to Llewelly and Leo for some excellent bird suggestions. But we can’t cover all the weird bird calls out there in one episode. I think I’ll make this a recurring topic, and every so often we’ll get a weird birdsong episode. This time we’ll learn about a few birds of North America, although one is from Central America. Let’s start with this unusual sound. [Bittern call] That’s the call of the male American bittern, a type of heron that lives throughout most of North America. It’s brown with paler streaks that help camouflage it in the reeds and water grasses where it spends most of its time. It likes freshwater marshes and other wetlands with lots of tall plants to hide in. When the bittern feels threatened, it stands still, points its long bill upwards with its neck stretched out, and sways slightly to imitate the reeds around it. But it still does this even if it’s standing out in the open, because while it’s a neat bird, it maybe is not exactly a genius. The bittern eats fish, crustaceans, insects, and other small animals. Like many birds, whatever parts of its food it can’t digest, like fish scales and dragonfly wings, form into pellets in its digestive tract that it regurgitates later. Males sometimes fight over territories by flying upwards in a spiral, both birds trying to stab each other with their bills. The male is the one that makes the weird call we just heard. He gulps air to inflate his esophagus, which is the inside part of the throat, and uses the air to make his call. This is more similar to the way frogs call than birds. He also clacks his bill. He only makes this call during breeding season, which is in the spring and summer. Next, let’s listen to the call of another North American bird, the American woodcock: [American woodcock sound] The American woodcock is a relatively small bird with short legs, basically no tail, large black eyes, and a long pointy bill. It’s considered a game bird although I’m not sure why, since people don’t seem to eat it. It’s brown with black and lighter brown markings which camouflage it perfectly among dead leaves, and it looks like a shore bird because it’s actually closely related to shore birds like sandpipers. It lives in woodlands and pastures throughout eastern North America. It uses its long bill to probe the ground for earthworms, and the tip of the upper half of the bill, properly called a mandible, is flexible so the woodcock can grab a worm without actually opening its beak. It also eats small insects and other invertebrates, and seeds. It’s mostly active at dawn and dusk, and it migrates at night. In spring, the male woodcock attracts females by a flight display called sky dancing. He spirals upward, then down again, chirping melodically while the wind through three specialized primary feathers in his wings make a twittering sound, which is what we just heard. Next is this bird, which was suggested by Llewelly. [ocellated turkey call] That’s the ocellated turkey, also called the green peacock. It mostly only lives in a small area of Mexico called the Yucatan Peninsula. It’s a type of wild turkey and at first glance it looks and acts like an ordinary turkey. But when the male fans his tail as a display to females, the tail feathers have colorful eyespot patterns like a peacock’s tail. The ocellated turkey has a bluish head bare of feathers, with a red wattle on its face. Its body feathers are black, copper, green, and white, which makes it even prettier than an ordinary turkey. I know people think turkeys are ugly, but wild ones are actually quite attractive birds. Both males and females have eyespots on the tail feathers. The ocellated turkey is smaller than the wild turkey, which it’s related to. It’s also related to chickens, pheasants, partridges, and peacocks, more properly called peafowl. Like most of these other birds, it can fly but prefers to walk or run on its sturdy legs. It eats seeds and other plant parts, insects, and other small animals. Most of the year, males form small bachelor flocks while females form larger flocks together with their half-grown babies. In breeding season, though, males will fight each other, although mostly they just want to impress hen turkeys with their elaborate display dances and gobbling calls, which we just heard. The ocellated turkey is related to another bird with an interesting call, this one from the Midwestern area of North America, the greater prairie chicken. Thanks to Leo who suggested this one ages ago! This is what the greater prairie chicken sounds like: [greater prairie chicken calls] It’s about the size of an actual chicken with a short tail, rounded wings, and mostly brown and black feathers. The male has big round patches on either side of the neck that are bare of feathers. The skin on this patch is a yellowy-orange, as is the male’s comb. During mating season, the male inflates the neck patch to show off for females and performs a display dance. The display takes place in groups where both males and females come together on what are called booming grounds. A male inflates his neck pouches, raises his tail to show a white patch of feathers, raises long black feathers on his neck to look like horns, and lowers his head. Then he stamps the ground, leaps in the air, makes cackling and loud cooing sounds, rushes at other males, and basically tries to impress as many females as he can. It’s actually really funny to watch. I’ll try to find a good video of it and link to it from the show notes. There used to be a subspecies of greater prairie chicken called the heath hen that lived in the eastern United States, but it went extinct in 1932 from overhunting. It actually pretty much went extinct by 1870, maybe as early as 1840, with only a small population remaining on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. The Martha’s Vineyard birds were protected in 1908 and started to rebound from only 70 birds to nearly 2,000, but a combination of inbreeding, poultry disease, a fire that destroyed most of the nests in 1916, and several unusually severe winters sent the population plummeting again. In 1927, only 13 birds remained, and 11 of them were males. The next year only males remained, and by 1932 the very last male was seen all alone on the booming grounds. He died soon afterwards, and that was the end of the heath hen. Modern conservationists have considered introducing greater prairie chickens to Martha’s Vineyard, since the heath hen was important to the local ecosystem. There’s even been speculation that the heath hen might be a good candidate for de-extinction, with genetic material collected from museum specimens and edited into the closely related greater prairie chicken genome. We’ll finish up with a chirping song that some of you may recognize. See if you can figure it out. Did you get that one? It was a trick question, because that’s not a bird! It’s a CHEETAH! And now you have a hint about what next week’s episode is about. Thanks for listening!
How did they build Scottish castles? How long did it take to build a castle in Scotland? Castle building employed about 3,000 workers (like carpenters, masons, diggers, quarrymen and blacksmiths) under the direction of a master builder (Master James of St. George built the Welsh castles of King Edward I). Castles generally took two to 10 years to build. How did they build Edinburgh Castle? In 1103, Edinburgh Castle was built on Castle Rock (which was formed as the result of a volcano erupting several hundred million years previously) that had been both a royal residence and military base for a long time. This makes the Castle over 900 years old. How many castles in Scotland are still lived in? The country of Scotland, on the island of Great Britain, is home to more than 1,000 castles. THIS IS FUN: How expensive is being a student in London?
Ulmus plotii Tracheophyta MagnoliopsidaUlmaceaeUlmusUlmus plotii A distinctive narrow tree formerly lending a characteristic appearance to the landscape in its native area, where it occurs in hedgerows and field-borders. It is particularly common on neutral to base-rich soils in the English E. Midlands, mostly in moist, deep-soiled river valleys. Lowland. World Distribution Broad Habitats Boundary and linear features (eg hedges, roadsides, walls) Light (Ellenberg): 5 Moisture (Ellenberg): 5 Reaction (Ellenberg): 7 Nitrogen (Ellenberg): 7 Salt Tolerance (Ellenberg): 0 January Mean Temperature (Celsius): 3.4 July Mean Temperature (Celsius): 16 Annual Precipitation (mm): 667 Life form information Height (cm): 2000 Perennation - primary Life Form - primary Mega-, meso- and microphanerophyte Clonality - primary Clones formed by suckering from roots Count of 10km squares in Great Britain: 128 Count of 10km squares in Ireland: 0 Count of 10km squares in the Channel Isles: 0 Distribution information JNCC Designations Scarce Atlas Account Scarce Atlas Account: Ulmus plotii Druce Plot's elm Status: scarce This elm is typically a constituent of lowland hedgerows and shelter belts. It is believed by some authorities to be endemic in the flood plains of the river systems in the North Midlands of England, and to have been spread elsewhere by artificial means. When closely trimmed, it is indistinguishable from several other typical hedgerow elms, but it becomes identifiable when allowed to grow untrimmed for several years. Regeneration from seed in the wild has not yet been proved, but it has been raised from seed in botanic gardens and arboreta. Well grown trees flower freely in most years and produce crops of fruit. Suckers are produced in the wild, but not as freely as in other elms, and it is only conjectural that this is an effective means of propagation, or of regeneration after trees have been felled. Many authorities believe it capable of hybridisation with other British taxa, but doubt whether this occurs freely in the wild, or that its products survive in significant numbers. However, it is one possible explanation of the comparative scarcity of U. plotii even before the outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1970s. Fewer than 50 populations are known to have survived that outbreak, and of those only four or five contain mature trees. Vegetative propagation probably accounts for the remainder, and the grubbing out of hedges after the felling of diseased trees for a significant proportion of those that have not survived. It is not known to occur in the wild outside Great Britain. The oldest authenticated records date from 1910, but it was misunderstood until Melville's (1940) account of it. For an account of this species, see Richens (1983). K. G. Messenger Atlas text references Coleman M, Hollingsworth ML, Hollingsworth PM 2000. Application of RAPDs to the critical taxonomy of the English endemic elm Ulmus plotii Druce. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 133:241-262. Melville R 1940. Contributions to the study of British elms, III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce. Journal of Botany. 78:181-192. Richens RH 1983. Elm. Stewart A, Pearman DA, Preston CD 1994. Scarce plants in Britain.
Simply Speaking This Simply Speaking lesson plan also includes: Emerging orators distinguish between effective and ineffective public speaking strategies. They read a text that fits in with a Native Americans unit and speak about the text with both ineffective and effective volume, tone, phrasing, eye contact, and gestures. It's a silly way to illustrate how important effective speaking skills are, and it will definitely get your kids interested in the lesson! 32 Views 47 Downloads Classroom Considerations
is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million. The city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague is home to a number of famous cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, the Jewish Quarter, Petřín hill and Vyšehrad. Since 1992, the extensive historic center of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas and other historical exhibits. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination making Prague the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome.
Study Guide Digging Family By Seamus Heaney My father, digging. I look down (5) This is such great line. Why? Because it's the one place in the poem where you get to see the speaker and his father in the same place at the same time. Of course they're separated by a window, but still – there's a connection. Bends low, comes up twenty years away (7) It's amazing how just one image – his father bending over in a garden – can conjure up such an old, vivid memory. To scatter the new potatoes that we picked, Loving their cool hardness in our hands. (13-14) In a way, potato farming brought the family together. Here we see father and son working together to plant. So how do you think the father might feel to find out his son will be a writer? By God, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. (15-16) You know what's interesting about these lines? They tell us that it's not farming per se that runs in the family, but spade-handling. So it's not the job that these men pass down – it's the skill. My grandfather cut more turf in a day (17) Here we see the speaker remember the skill of his grandfather, just as he remembered the skill of his father. The speaker seems very connected to his paternal roots. We wonder if they feel the same way about their descendants. […] the curt cuts of an edge Through living roots awaken in my head. (26-27) The mere sound of a shovel going into the ground reminds the speaker where he comes from and who his family is. Now that's some good hearing. But I've no spade to follow men like them. (28) So why does our speaker become a writer instead of a farmer, really? Here he would lead us to believe it's because he can't handle a spade as well as his father and grandfather. But could there be some other reason? This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Failure to manage ADHD could mean serious repercussions later As this chronic condition persists, it continues to negatively impact many areas of life.1 Repercussions of Nontreatment A serious and complex disorder like ADHD requires a comprehensive treatment approach ADHD is a chronic condition with functional repercussions that increase in severity if left untreated as a child grows into adulthood. In addition to disease comorbidity, having ADHD as a child increases future risk for: Icon: Money Financial issues Employment and economic status are generally lower in adults who had ADHD as children; this may be due to impulsivity in financial management and difficulties adjusting to a workplace environment.2 Icon: Car Collision Motor vehicle accidents Individuals who had ADHD as children are more likely to be in 2 or more car accidents and/or have a suspended driver’s license as adults.2 Icon: Alcohol Substance use disorder Alcohol and drug use both occur at higher rates in adolescents and adults with ADHD.2 Icon: Lock Legal issues One longitudinal study of a population with childhood ADHD found that nearly half had been arrested or served some time in jail.2 Clinical guidelines recommend evidence-based multimodal treatment intervention as soon as a diagnosis of ADHD is made3,4 This includes a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies3,4 Treatment interventions vary based on the individual needs of the patient, as well as the patient’s age and severity of symptoms.3 ADHD is always present Image: Doctor Talking To Parent And Child Icon: Clock Treating a “24/7” disorder ADHD is always present. Parents frequently ask about drug “holidays” for their child who takes medications for ADHD. This may be because parents5,6: • Feel that when school is not in session (eg, over summer break), there is less need for medication coverage of behavioral symptoms • May want the opportunity to monitor their child’s symptoms more closely over the course of a few days or weeks without medication However, it should be emphasized that ADHD is a complex, chronic disorder; ineffective treatment may exacerbate not only core symptoms of ADHD, but the comorbidities that commonly occur.7-9 ADHD Linked to Personality Disorders There is an observed link between childhood ADHD and the development of certain personality disorders. Longitudinal data has shown that children with ADHD are significantly more likely to develop personality disorders later in adolescence than those without the condition.10 One study found that approximately 60% of adults with personality disorders reported severe ADHD symptoms in childhood11 Cluster B personality disorders occur most commonly in adults with ADHD, including10: • Narcissistic personality disorder10 • Borderline personality disorder10,12 Cluster B personality disorders share certain clinical features with ADHD, including12: Icon: Question Mark Icon: Person Stomping Emotional and Icon: Group Talking Image: Kids Whispering In Hallway However, individuals with ADHD do not typically display the fear of abandonment or self-harm tendencies often seen in Cluster B personality disorders12 Different hypotheses have been offered to explain the overlap between ADHD and personality disorders10,12 • Personality disorders may be seen as a natural outcome of ADHD in a certain segment of the population • It has been suggested that ADHD causes stress and distortions in important social relationships, leading to the eventual development of personality disorders • A more controversial theory is that, given their high degree of symptom similarity, ADHD and certain personality disorders may represent different manifestations of the same disorder ADHD has been shown to convey a higher risk for antisocial behavior seen in conduct disorder (truancy, criminality, defiance of authority)—particularly if ADHD symptoms are severe or persist into adulthood.2 A meta-analysis of longitudinal data demonstrated significant linkages between ADHD and impulsive or risky social behaviors, including: • Difficulty maintaining financial stability2 • Risky sexual behavior2 Key Takeaways • Undertreated ADHD can have significant, negative downstream effects • ADHD requires a multimodal approach and adherence is key3,4 • There is an observed link between childhood ADHD and serious personality disorders10,12 Stay in the know and access an exclusive ADHD resource PDF: Unmasking ADHD “Unmasking ADHD” can help you differentiate between ADHD and the most common overlapping comorbidities in children. Sign Up Today 1. Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Medicine. 2012;10:99:1-15. 2. Barkley RA, Fischer M. The Milwaukee longitudinal study of hyperactive (ADHD) children. In: Hechtman L, ed. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Adult Outcome and Its Predictors. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2016:63-104. 3. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement Management, Wolraich M, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Supplement. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):1-43. 4. Hervás A, de Santos T, Quintero J, et al. Delphi consensus on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evaluation by a panel of experts. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2016;44(6):231-243. 5. Felt BT, Biermann BE, Christner JG, et al. Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Oct 1;90(7):456-64. 6. Briars L, Todd T. A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):192-206. 7. Brown TE. Developmental complexities of attentional disorders. In: Brown TE, Ed. ADHD Comorbidities: Handbook for ADHD Complications in Children and Adults; Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2009:3-23. 8. Koolwijk I, Stein DS, Chan E, Powell C, Driscoll K, Barbaresi WJ. “Complex” attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, more norm than exception? Diagnoses and comorbidities in a developmental clinic. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35:591–597. 9. Banaschewski T, Becker K, Dopfner M, Holtmann M, Rosler M, Romanos M. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(9):149-159. 10. Miller CJ, Flory JD, Miller SR, Harty SC, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Childhood ADHD and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psych. 2008;69(9): 1477-1489. 11. Fossati A, Novella L, Donati D, Donini M, Maffei C. History of childhood attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms and borderline personality disorder: a controlled study. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:369-377.
clock menu more-arrow no yes Filed under: Go read Bloomberg’s interactive and educational breakdown of the semiconductor shortage New, 11 comments A confluence of factors and a visual cascade intel silicon The global chip shortage has been a growing concern in the tech industry (and it has even grabbed the interest of the US president) as it starts to affect the production of more and more products, from cars to graphics cards to game consoles. For a great explanation of all the factors that have led to the shortage, you should read Bloomberg’s breakdown. It digs into factors like pandemic-fueled demand and the small number of companies actually able to produce the chips that now power so much of our digital lives. One of the most interesting features of the article is an interactive graphic that shows the customers and industries that make use of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), which gives a great idea of the scale and potential downstream effects of the manufacturing bottleneck when one company becomes a dominant force in the consumer electronics component pipeline. You’ll probably learn something new from playing around with it — like the possibly surprising size of Texas Instruments, a company many mostly associate with calculators. This graphic is a wealth of knowledge. Image: Bloomberg The article also dives into factors that are more obscure but no less important, like lead times and inventory planning. Despite the depth, the Bloomberg piece still manages to show the interplay between all of the global occurrences and companies involved with surprising clarity, which is why it’s well worth a read.
History of Vaccines • Edward Jenner performs the first vaccination Edward Jenner performs the first vaccination Edward Jenner exposes his gardener's son to the cow pox virus, and then exposes him to small pox. He does not contract smallpox. This process is later called vaccination. • First anthrax vaccine First anthrax vaccine Louis Pasteur weakened anthrax germs and used them to create a vaccine. His vaccine was challenged to a test in which the vaccine would be given to one group of sheep, and another group of sheep would not recieve it. Then all the sheep were exposed to anthrax germs. All of the sheep without the vaccine died, while the sheep that had been given the vaccine remained completely healthy. • First rabies vaccine First rabies vaccine Rabies was becoming more common in France, so Louis Pasteur decided to try to make a vaccine. He and his team discovered that the rabies germ made its way to the brain and then attaked the body's nervous system. Using this knowledge, they created a vaccine. • First cholera vaccine First cholera vaccine Louis Pasteur created this vaccine when farmers were having trouble with chicken cholera. He discovered that if chickens were injected with a new strain of cholera after being injected with an old strain, they would not get the disease. • First typhoid fever vaccine First typhoid fever vaccine Almroth Edward Wright discovered the firt typhoid fever vaccine. This vaccine consisted of heat killed typhoid bacilli. • First Tuburculosis vaccine First Tuburculosis vaccine French scientists Calmette and Guerin invented this vaccine. They did this by using a low virulence strain of the disease for the vaccine. • First yellow fever vaccine First yellow fever vaccine Max Theiler created the yellow fever vaccine. After passing the yellow fever virus through lab mice, he found that this weakened form of it effectively stopped Rhesus monkeys from getting yellow fever. • First vaccine for influenza First vaccine for influenza Dr. Thomas Francis Jr. is said to be the father of the influenza vaccine because he led the team that created the vaccine from a virus grown in minced chicken embryos. • First vaccine for Polio First vaccine for Polio Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine using "killed" polio virus. It was proved successful after being tested on his children, his wife, and himself. • First chicken pox vaccine First chicken pox vaccine Michiaki Takahashi developed the first chicken pox vaccine in Japan by growing it in many animal and human cell cultures.
What is Productivty? Why do we need to be more productive, and what does that mean exactly? Our aim in this series of articles is to firstly raise your awareness of the habits, behaviours and activities that impact the ability to get more done in a day, and secondly, more importantly to provide guidelines and a framework which will enable you to develop new habits and behaviours that will transform the way that you approach each day. Defining Productivity How then are we going to define productivity? One way is to think of our productivity goal for any activity could be to aim to achieve the desired output in a given time, using the minimal amount of energy and resources. Or put slightly more formally, productivity is simply the amount of output you get per unit of input. It is a way to compare the cost of something to its benefit. (Ref: Productivity501) Productivity can take on various forms but is usually associated with a business and refers to the amount that you get out of a process per unit of input. Clearly, it’s going to be hard if not impossible to specify personal productivity in similar terms. What we can do however is to look at it in the context of our daily lives at work and at home using relative rather than absolute terms, and maybe get a little more specific in our definition. Before we do that however, we first need to understand where we are currently, and what it takes to reach our potential. We also need to examine what impacts our performance, the critical factors and barriers to becoming more productive and overall more effective. What impacts our productivity? Well there’s a long list but the main contenders are: • The nature of the activity, the context in which it’s carried out. For example are we at home, in a crowded office or maybe on a train or plane? • The amount of time we are given or have allocated for an activity or task. It’s a well known fact that an activity expands to fill the time allocated or allowed for it. If we take more time than necessary then we are not working at maximum productivity. • Our access to tools and how effectively we use them to help achieve the task. We may have computers and Apps and set processes to help us to do the job but if we are not proficient in their use, or if they are not suitable or optimised for the task in hand then it will make us much less productive and may actually add to the workload. • Our access to the relevant information to complete the task, and how easy it is to find that information. • Our energy levels at a particular time of the day. Our energy fluctuates throughout the day, so knowing when you are at your peak levels can help a lot. • Our motivation to get the job done or task completed. Is the task well defined and does it have a specific goal or desired outcome? The amount of influence each of these has on any task clearly depends on the nature of the task. We’ll also be covering each in future articles. So, for example, we can say that by adopting this system or these regular behaviours and rituals, and given the appropriate set of tools we can become more productive. We can get more of the important tasks done in a given period of time, complete tasks on-time, access information more effectively and generally reduce the amount of stress in our lives. This benefits not only ourselves but all of those with whom we interact at home and at work. The importance of “Important” It’s critical to note here the use of the word “important”. We’re not aiming to get everything done in record time, but we are aiming to get the important tasks done and done consistently. This means that we need to be aware of what the important tasks are – sounds obvious and simple but from experience of dealing with many people and organizations, most people have no real idea of what tasks are really important or if they have an idea they don’t have a system for prioritising tasks. Instead, they rely on instinct or “gut feel” which may be fine at times but is not a recipe for consistent results. In future articles we’ll go into detail on how to determine what is important and create priorities. Just following this simple strategy can yield tremendous results. Becoming Organised (or not?) The idea that being organised and tidy breeds success is well accepted by most people. Intuitively it makes sense that a tidy office and well organised filing system would lead to a more productive and efficient way of working. But what if a little bit of chaos and messiness, for example a messy desk, offers its own rewards? What if this messy desk enhanced our creativity, or maybe to your colleagues it appears chaotic but to you, you know where everything is and could in fact find information faster than someone with a meticulous filing system? Can you cope with a messy environment or does everything have to be in its place, or are you somewhere in between? How do you feel when your office gets a little untidy? The link between organisation and stress In his book The Organised Mind, cognitive psychologist Daniel J. Levitin explores the evolution of the human brain and examines how we can organise our minds and lives in the age of information overload. Levitin suggests that, “Many successful people report that they experience mental benefits from organizing or reorganising their closets or drawers when they’re stressed. And we now understand the neurological substrates: this activity allows our brains to explore new connections among the things that clutter our living spaces while simultaneously allowing the mind-wandering mode to recontextualize and re-categorize those objects’ relationships to one another and our relationship to them.” Putting it another way, the very act of organising our information and work spaces has been shown to reduce stress and make us generally more productive. Taking a couple of minutes to organise our environment may help us to sort our thoughts as well. Emphasis on the word “may”. We are all different and as we’ve mentioned above, what works for you in this area may not be appropriate for someone else,. In general in these articles we will err on the side of those who want to work in a more ordered environment, but not exclude those who want to work slightly differently. Other people’s influence Whilst we can choose to control our own actions we can’t predict with any certainty when someone else is going to make a call on our time or attention, nor can we usually stop them trying. What we can do however is to put in place routines and rules (which we place on ourselves) which mean that we are less likely to be interrupted when we do not wish to be, for example when we are focusing on an important project or a particularly difficult problem. We are conditioned from young to react to and fit in with other people’s agendas and it’s tough to break out of this pattern. We tend to just check our email or pop on Facebook for a moment, or we see a call coming in and wonder what they want. Too often that’s not where it ends since email often contains something that you may feel is important and get diverted, even if in reality it’s of less importance than the task that you were doing. Same with Facebook where you get diverted to a website or video since your curiosity has been piqued. We all do it but it can be a killer when it comes to getting things done. Not only do these diversions lose time but you may also lose a train of thought – how many times has that happened to you? A good few I’d bet. And when it did, how easy was it to recapture that moment and thought? Since most of us don’t work in isolation in that we interact with others throughout the day face to face, on the phone, email, through social media etc we need to find a way to manage or handle the interactions in a manner that has a minimal impact on our productivity without completely destroying all of our relationships or place us in danger of becoming a social outcast. Luckily there are ways to do this which we will be exploring in this series of articles. We’ve all experienced a day which may have started so promisingly, only to end in frustration due to perhaps certain key tasks not being completed or something has been forgotten. Where did the day go? How did that happen? Unfortunately we can’t get it back. The result of this can lead to increased levels of stress putting even more pressure on yourself the next day to make up for lost time, compounding the problem. Let’s work to avoid that happening! Although we may not always be able to put a number on it, you will certainly know when you are working and living more productively! Share this post Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Using Mindmaps - VBP Keep it simple Read More » Start The Day - VBP Start the day with an important task Read More » Habits - VBP Habits and rituals Read More » Don't just think it - do it! Don’t just think it – Execute! Read More »
1. obtrude upon to intrude upon, infringe, encroach on, violate 2. obtrude push to thrust outward 3. prudent marked by sound judgment 4. intrude on to intrude upon, infringe, encroach on, violate 5. agreed upon constituted or contracted by stipulation or agreement 6. Arthur Tappan United States abolitionist (1786-1865) 7. obdurate stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing 8. obturator a prosthesis used to close an opening 9. Eupatorium aya-pana low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium 10. enter upon take possession of 11. interdepend be connected 12. obturator vein a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles; empties into the internal iliac vein 13. beta radiation radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay 14. obtuse of an angle, between 90 and 180 degrees 15. upright piano a piano with a vertical sounding board 16. stereotype a conventional or formulaic conception or image 17. output routine a routine that controls an output device 18. about turn act of pivoting 180 degrees, especially in a military formation 19. obturate block passage through 20. aptitude inherent ability
Dog Behavior: Understanding the Process of Desensitization Understanding the Dog Desensitization Process How do you desensitize a dog, and how does systematic desensitization work on changing behavior in your canine companion? If you are here, most likely you own a dog that has developed a strong emotional response to certain stimuli in his environment. Anxiety, fear, aggression or excitement may be the underlying emotions at play, while barking, lunging, pacing, snarling or shaking are the outward manifestations of such emotions. Whether your dog responds negatively to people at the door, the sight of other dogs, or thunder, the process of desensitization may be effective if you introduce it correctly and know how to increase its benefits. So what exactly is desensitization? Desensitization is a form of behavioral therapy used in the field of human psychology, but it is effective in animals as well. Its primary function is to present the frightening stimulus in such a way that it appears less intimidating. For instance, if you suffer from arachnophobia (fear of spiders), most likely a therapist will have you take a look at pictures of spiders; he will never start out by placing you in a bathtub full of them! This gradual approach, where the frightening stimulus is presented in a less frightening way, is what desensitization is all about. The process of desensitizing a dog is therefore done while keeping the dog under threshold so the dog can cognitively function and the lines for learning are open. To learn more about threshold levels, please read "Understanding Threshold Levels in Dogs." What this means is that your dog is exposed to the smallest amount of the frightening stimulus, just enough to detect and create awareness of it but without making him freak out. In other words, if you see a picture of a spider, most likely your heart will not race and you will be less likely to scream than when you have one crawling on your arm! Sensitization and Desensitization in Dogs How and why is a dog likely to react to certain stimuli he or she perceives as frightening/exciting/arousing? Let's imagine for instance, that your dog is a puppy. The first spring storm comes through, and he seems pretty much unfazed by the thunder. Then another storm rolls in a week later and a strong rumble of thunder startles him. About 15 minutes later, another loud rumble comes and your dog runs under the bed. Because running under the bed makes your dog feel safe, this behavior will self-reinforce. In other words, he will continue seeking the bed now every time he hears thunder. Because the continuous rehearsal of this behavior along with nothing happening to your dog (after all, when he hides, he makes it through the storm with no harm), this behavior puts roots, and soon you have a pretty reliable behavioral problem. Suddenly, you have a dog scared of thunder—actually, not only is he scared of thunder, he has learned to even start getting frightened at the very first signs of a storm coming. Yes, dogs are very good in sensing drops in barometric pressure, vibrations, and subtle changes in the static electric field preceding a storm, according to Alex Liebar. And because dogs live through associations, they soon learn to pair these changes with the upcoming storm. So what happened? If the dog didn't care much about the thunder initially, but got scared at a later time due to the stimuli being more intense, most likely the dog became sensitized to it. Sensitization is the opposite of de-sensitization. While a dog can become sensitized to stimuli, it is also true that a dog can become desensitized to stimuli, so the process is reversed. In other words, a stimulus that becomes more intense, more frightening, and more intimidating is more likely to lead to sensitization, whereas a stimulus that becomes less intense, less frightening, and less intimidating is more likely to lead to desensitization and habituation. For this reason, should you decide to desensitize your dog to a stimulus, you must make sure you have a pretty good program with good sub-threshold exposure, 'cause sloppy desensitization will lead to sensitization. Sloppy in this case means sudden exposure to intense stimuli rather than gradual, subtle stimuli. Basically, you are "flooding the dog." What If There Is No Threshold Level? In some unusual circumstances, you may notice that you cannot find a way to work your dog under threshold, either because your dog's reactivity levels are too high or because the environment you are working at allows little to no distance from the trigger. What to do in such cases? In such a case, you have some options: • Walk the dog for an hour prior to the desensitization session. When tired, some dogs are less likely to be reactive. • Find a calming aid to take the "edge off" so your dog will be less aroused. In some cases, Thundershirt, an Anxiety Wrap or Storm Defender may be helpful. • For severe cases, ask your veterinarian for advice. Your dog may need drugs and a behavior modification program with a behavior professional. • Find the highest value treats and try to use counter-conditioning. While it's ideal that counterconditioning is combined with desensitization, using counterconditioning alone with the aid of some calming aids may be productive. So How Would You Desensitize a Dog? Curious to see a step-by-step process on how to desensitize a dog? Let's take a peak. For instance, let's say your dog is reactive towards door-knocking. We saw a little part of this previously, but now let's go more in depth. Here is a gradual step-by-step guide: 1. Start knocking on a table far away from the door very lightly. If your dog barks, you need to knock more lightly, almost imperceptibly. 2. If your dog does not react, then you can proceed and make the knocking louder. If your dog barks, you need to knock more lightly. 3. Start knocking in areas closer to the door, at increasingly louder levels than before. As always, if your dog reacts, you are going too fast for his comfort, so start at a lower level of intensity. 4. Then start knocking the door from inside. Start lightly, and then gradually knock louder. 5. Knock from behind the door; start lightly and then gradually knock louder. Because all these knocks were not accompanied by a guest entering the home, they are gradually becoming less relevant and more meaningless. In order for desensitization to have an effect in this case, the number of knocks with no guests coming over, has to outnumber the number of knocks resulting with a guest. As much as desensitization may appear like an effective way to get a dog to become less reactive, it may not deliver the promising results as wanted. Pamela Reid in the book Excel-erated Learning explains how a dog may appear to be desensitized to repeated doorbell ringing, but then should the doorbell ring after a break of 20 minutes, the frantic barking starts all over. This is why I avoid using desensitization alone and prefer to power it up with classical counter-conditioning. An Example of Desensitization and Counter-Conditioning © 2012 Adrienne Farricelli Rudy on April 05, 2020: Dog reacts to grooming his fronf paws Jung on July 12, 2019: Hi Adrienne, I appreciate your article! I have a new puppy in a building with an elevator, it seems hit or miss if the puppy is fine waltzing in or is trying to back away or hesitant to come in - I offer a treat every time the puppy comes into the elevator (willingly or with a little tug of the leash), but would of course prefer to just call the puppy in. Sometimes my pup will take the treat happily and sometimes will look at the door as it closes and not be interested in the treat. Once we are moving he usually relaxes. Would carrying my puppy into the elevator be a good desensitization tool in this case? And/or with crowds? Interested to hear your thoughts. Thank you! Adrienne Farricelli (author) on October 12, 2012: Thanks you, I am happy you found my article on dog desensitization helpful, kind regards! sangeeta verma from Ludhiana India on October 11, 2012: Voted up. Your hub is a through guide for a pet owner. Adrienne Farricelli (author) on October 11, 2012: Thanks for stopping by Eiddwen! Eiddwen from Wales on October 11, 2012: Interesting and very very useful. Funom Theophilus Makama from Europe on October 10, 2012: A hub of great quality, fantastic and very engaging. It is a complete page which I greatly enjoyed and appreciate. Thanks for the awesome share and definitely voted up GiblinGirl from New Jersey on October 10, 2012: Another interesting technique I'll have to try out with my dog. Ideally, the program should be designed and carried out in such small steps that the problem behavior never occurs during the program. This means that all the stimuli that cause the behavior should be identified and that you should find a way to lower their intensity until your pet doesn’t react to them. For example, if a cat becomes afraid if someone approaches closer than six feet, then the starting point would need to be much further away than six feet. For example, if a cat is afraid of being picked up, you would want to figure out exactly what she's scared of. Is she more afraid of adults than children? More afraid of men than women? More afraid of a family member or someone she doesn’t know? Some common factors to consider include location, loudness, distance, speed of movement, length of time near the other animal or person, response of the other animal or person, and body postures of the animal or person who induces fear or aggression. A counter conditioning and desensitization program needs to begin by using combinations of stimuli that are least likely to cause a fearful reaction. In our cat example above, perhaps the cat is least afraid of being handled by a familiar adult female who approaches slowly and speaks softly to her, while she’s lying on the bed in the bedroom. She is most afraid of a nephew who runs up to her yelling while she’s in the kitchen. Begin with the easiest combination of characteristics of the situation, and gradually work up to the most difficult. If a cat will be less afraid of a male child approaching slowly than an adult female approaching fast, then we know speed of approach is more critical than type of person. Don’t make all dimensions more intense at the same time. If a dog is afraid of the sound of the hair dryer, the sound must be presented to the dog at a low intensity that doesn't provoke the fearful behavior. This could be done by turning the dryer on and off quickly before the dog shows fear, turning the hair dryer on in another room, covering the dryer with towels, etc. Help your pet associate good things with the situation rather than bad things. Good choices are food (especially favorite treats), toys, and social reinforcements like petting, attention, and praise. If food is used it should be in very small pieces and be highly desired by your pet (cheese, hot dogs or canned tuna often work well). You may need to experiment a little to see what food is the best motivator for your pet. People commonly want to know how long they need to repeat each intensity level. This will depend entirely on your pet, who should be demonstrating that he is indeed expecting good things to happen. Perhaps he looks to you for a treat, or looks around for his toy. This should be in contrast to his previous reactions such as trembling, tensing up or other fearful or aggressive responses. Counter conditioning and desensitization take time and should be done very gradually. Think through the steps you need to take. Rather than expecting progress in leaps and bounds, look for small, incremental change. It can be very helpful to keep a record of your results, since day to day changes will not be very big. You may need to supplement the behavior modification program with other approaches, such as avoiding situations that provoke the problem, using a headcollar like the Gentle Leader collar or treating your pet with anti-anxiety medication. Your veterinarian or an animal behaviorist can give you more information on these options. Behavior Adjustment Training (B.A.T.) What is BAT • systematic desensitization • Functional communication training • Constructional Aggression Treatment • clicker (marker) training • understanding the effects and the importance of environmental factors in a dogвЂ™s life • understanding a dogвЂ™s signals and body language. The base is to work at a distance from the trigger where your dog displays a mild reaction to the stimulus, and then you wait for your dog to offer an alternative behavior other than the usual fear/aggressive response, something like looking around, smelling the ground, etc. at that moment you would вЂњmarkвЂќ that new behavior (clicker training principle) and reward your dog. Functional rewards • Most of the attention seeking behaviors exist because you do something that your dog вЂњrequiresвЂќ at that moment which serves as a functional reward So where to start? This is also one of the reasons why it is difficult to deal with some behaviors like aggression because they are вЂњhighly rewardingвЂќ for the dog he quickly learns that by displaying this type of behavior he can control the environment in the way he wants. • Environmental cue (the trigger in the environment to which the dog reacts for example, another dog) • Expose the trigger at a distance where the dog doesnвЂ™t react (low arousal level) Negative reinforcement в†’ Positive reinforcement в†’ Positive reinforcement This approach became familiar to me quite some time ago, during a seminar with Bart Bellon, a world famous dog trainer who described a training method that he refers to as вЂњNE-PO-POвЂќ (short for negative-positive-positive reinforcement). This is a relatively fast behavior rehabilitation process simply because it is based upon the foundations of nature itself dogs quickly learn how to get rid of the unwanted scenario in order to access the reward. Your job is just to control all the aspects of the exercise. Using Behavior Adjustment Training (B.A.T.) Now that you know how behavior adjustment training (B.A.T.) works, you can apply it in the real world. However, this is easier said than done. Depending on your dogвЂ™s issue and the environment where you live, you may find it easier or more difficult to organize the dog behavior adjustment training (B.A.T.) scenarios. Although the scenarios for this type of training may be easier to set up then in the classic desensitizing and counter conditioning scenario, you will still run into situations where the вЂњtriggerвЂќ will pop up closer than you expected and that your dog will react in the way that you donвЂ™t want him to. One of the differences in the scenarios between desensitizing and counter conditioning and behavior adjustment training (B.A.T.) is the slightly different blueprint of the scenario. For example, in the B.A.T. therapy, you are approaching the trigger, or the trigger approaches you, and the end of the exercise is leaving the stressful situation which doesnвЂ™t have to be the case with the behavior adjustment training therapy approach. Things to keep in mind Just like any other exercise, the success of the behavior adjustment training (B.A.T.) process will mostly depend on you, as your job is to manage the environment, read your dogвЂ™s signals, understand what is going on at every moment of the process, and you need to have good timing in order to communicate with your dog. Once you are focused on the technical part of the exercise which some find quite challenging in itself ( organizing scenarios, reading dogвЂ™s signals, making sure to mark at the correct time, etc.), many people tend to forget about their own language and about secondary things that happen in those types of situations, like tightening the leash, holding your breath, etc. Always keep in mind that your dog will react to your energy and your body language, so keep yourself relaxed and calm. You donвЂ™t want to be the reason for your dogвЂ™s failure. Again, I would like to recommend the materials and articles from Turid Rugaas (Norway) she is a world renowned dog trainer and her programs will help you understand your dogвЂ™s body language, especially the calming signals. I think that every dog owner should invest time in learning a dogвЂ™s body language this is a great help and beneficial knowledge that will help you in numerous situations throughout your life. Desensitizing and Counter-conditioning (CC&D) Desensitizing and counter-conditioning (CC&D) is a wide spread behavior modification technique whose ultimate goal is to change the emotional response (which leads to an overall change in the dogвЂ™s approach to the subject) towards a given вЂњtriggerвЂќ that caused the dog to react in the first place. On this page you will find the details that you need in order to successfully create a rehabilitation plan. You will also find information about dog calming signals, at the bottom of the page, which are useful techniques to develop a language of signals that may help your dog stay calmer in certain situations. Desensitizing and counter-conditioning is actually a combination of two different techniques that work well hand in hand, in order to produce the ultimate goal which is a different emotional response from our dog to a certain stimulus (or so called вЂњtriggerвЂќ in dog training circles). This is any situation, object, person, etc. that provokes a fearful reaction in a dog. To start we can explain the desensitizing and counter-conditioning concepts Systematic Desensitization This type of behavior therapy was perfected by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe and the goal was to change the fear and anxiety based responses to certain stimuli for his patients (humans). The same technique is used for dogs. The goal of this behavior therapy is to expose the subject to a low level trigger which evokes the unwanted response in certain scenarios, and then to decrease the distance and the amount of stimulus gradually to where the subject can вЂњcontrolвЂќ the situation emotionally. This is the opposite approach to the flooding in dog training technique which is based on exposing a subject to the highest level of stimulus, provoking in most cases, the highest level of response in order for a dog to вЂњgo through itвЂќ until he вЂњrealizesвЂќ that there is actually nothing dangerous in that particular situation. Counter-conditioning is basically a classical conditioning in which we are pairing something that was producing an unpleasant response with something pleasant instead. In most cases treats are used, this is for a few reasons • The presence of food (treats) and eating releases a certain chemical cocktail in a dogвЂ™s brain that naturally helps the dog relax • Since we use treats in various different exercises where there are no fear based situations, our dogs create a positive emotional response to the presence of treats which helps them, in this case, in вЂњfightingвЂќ the fear/anxiety response • Food is the best indicator to read the dogвЂ™s level of stress, fear and anxiety. If you go too fast (which will probably happen) through the levels of desensitizing, and your dog is not ready, he will stop taking treats if the level of stimulus (trigger) is too high for him. In this case, take a step or two back in your training. By pairing food with a trigger at a sub-threshold distance (a distance where a dog has little or mild to no response) we are getting the вЂњlooking forward toвЂќ instead of the fearful aggressive response. This process is also known as conditioned emotional response (CER) and the purpose is to change the complete emotional response towards something that was considered to be unpleasant to the dog before. How long does desensitizing and counter-conditioning take? This is, in most cases, a long term procedure that can vary anywhere from weeks to years. Exactly when you can consider yourself and your dog to be вЂњdoneвЂќ with desensitizing and counter-conditioning therapy is difficult to say. It depends on the dog, the amount and strength of the stimulus, the handler, the environment, etc. and in some cases it is even a lifetime process. It is important to mention that even if you never fully resolve the issue (although this is rarely the case) just lowering the dogвЂ™s response to a certain trigger will help him in managing his fear/anxiety levels. Far too often, I meet with dog owners that believe that a certain behavior appeared вЂњout of the blueвЂќ, only to later discover upon meeting the dog, that he is a fearful temperament type of dog. Just like any other behavior pattern in a dogвЂ™s life, fear and anxiety tends to grow and will вЂњspill overвЂќ to parts of a dogвЂ™s life that never before exposed a fear. This is one of the reasons why it is so important to help your dog with these issues otherwise they will progressively get worse for him. Where to start with desensitizing and counter-conditioning Although every situation is unique, there are a few steps that we can use as a guide in getting started: • 1) Locate the stressors (triggers) • 2) Make a training plan • 3) Find a вЂњsafety distanceвЂќ These should be enough to start, and I will repeat again as with any other behavior modification (or therapy, if you prefer) it is always advisable to contact a professional for advice and help. 1) Locate the stressors The first step in desensitizing and counter-conditioning is to locate the stressors (triggers) to which your dog reacts. These are unique for each dog and they may be related to certain environments, situations, objects, animals, humans, etc. Understanding what provokes the fear/anxiety responses in your dog is your starting point. 2) Make a training plan This is a very important step. The better your plan is, the fewer issues that you will encounter during the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process. Making a plan involves • a) Creating levels • b) Organizing environments • c) Creating situations A) Creating levels Every plan will have to be broken down into levels. Depending on the issue, the dogвЂ™s temperament, etc. these factors will all determine the number of levels and if necessary, mid-levels or other improvisation in order to help your dog get through each one. What is important about each level is the distance. Although there are no rules set in stone about this, it is more of a personal choice based on the dog, the stressors, the environment, etc. Once your dog is comfortable with one distance, try moving closer by about five metres or more (depending on the dog) and then try again from there, if your dog seems to overreact at this distance, move back to the previous successful distance and then progress to only half the distance, etc. B) Organizing environments One of the first things about this process is that once you decide to go through with desensitizing and counter-conditioning, you will need to organize your daily routines and environment in order to avoid getting into situations where your dog will be exposed to the triggering stimulus which will result in fear/anxiety responses. The only time that you want your dog exposed to this, during the process, is when you have set up a controlled rehabilitation scenario, or are in control of the situation. You are working on changing your dogвЂ™s feelings (or emotional response) in certain situations and exposing your dog to those same scenarios in which he gets вЂњover the edgeвЂќ will only set you backward in your process. Is it possible to avoid everything? No, it probably isnвЂ™t. No matter how good your plans are and how good of an organized environment scheme you have made, you may still end up running into problems unexpectedly. For example, if you are dealing with your dogвЂ™s fearful aggressive response to other dogs, you may find yourself in a situation where you are passing near a parking lot and someone just took their dog out of the car right in front of you, or you are passing in front of a building and someone is just exiting the building and suddenly your dog is simply too close to that stimulus and his reaction is inevitable. Once this happens there is nothing much that you can do, no yelling, treats, praising or whatever you do will help or change his response, it is too late. When that moment happens, your dog gets under the influence of adrenalin and other body chemicals and his brain sort of вЂњlocksвЂќ. The best thing that you can do, at these times, is to physically remove your dog from the scene (walk away) until you reach your safety distance, at which you can once again communicate with your dog. Once you have regained control over your dog, end the experience on a positive note, use treats while your dog is watching the other dog leaving or engage in a game of play, and then you can go back to the environment where it happened, do a few more treats and short playful interactions. Always end with a positive experience. It is important to take the time to do these steps and not to just leave the вЂњcrime sceneвЂќ as many people do by simply leaving and not turning back or doing anything else to address the unexpected situation. The reason for this important step is that you are running the possibility of actually training your dog that the bigger the reaction that he creates the faster that you will leave the potential unpleasant situation. Your dog may learn that this is the way to deal with and resolve these conflicts, and this unwanted behavior can become a bad or uncontrollable habit. C) Creating situations Since the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process is a form of classical conditioning, in order for it to work, the dog needs a certain number of successful repetitions. This will be your toughest challenge as you need to create situations where your dog will be exposed to a stimulus at a certain distance for вЂњxвЂќ number of repetitions before moving to the next level. This is a time consuming process that may require the help of other people, other dogs, etc. This can be difficult to organize and requires a lot of patience while going through the different levels, so many people mistakenly tend to try to rush things through. If you end up rushing, you will face problems which will require taking a step or a few steps back to the last previously successful level. TIP: There is no room for rushing in the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process we can only follow our dogвЂ™s pace. The only time at which we can change the level and advance to the next, is when our dog is actually ready to do so. How many repetitions are needed at each level? That depends on many, many factors some of which we mentioned above but mostly all dependent on the individual dog. It is not so easy to create situations and scenarios in which you can have control over a stimulus and your dogвЂ™s reaction to it. A dog expert can help you break down certain problematic situations in order for the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process to go as smoothly as possible. 3) Find a Safety Distance Now that you have determined the triggers, made your training plan, divided into levels that you think may work best and you have an idea of how to create situations, it is now time to find a safety distance at which to begin working. The safety distance is considered to be a distance where your dog shows mild to no response at all to the trigger. For example: if your dog reacts to another dog at a distance of 10 meters (32ft) you need to move back and try a 20 or 30 meters distance (65ft to 98ft). You need to work at the distance where your dog wonвЂ™t show the signs of nervousness. Once you have that distance that is your Safety distance at which you will start your desensitizing and counter-conditioning process. The best way to describe how the whole process works is detailed in the picture above. In this case, the dog is reacting to humans. In the middle of the picture there is a dog, the blue ring is the safety distance area. The red line represents the direction that the person in the left corner is moving. There are two points where this red line crosses the blue ring. The entrance point and the exit point. The gray area actually represents the level, the distance at which the trigger (in this case the person) penetrates the dogвЂ™s safe zone. As your dog becomes more comfortable, this gray area will expand. This is what desensitizing and counter-conditioning are all about. You donвЂ™t have to remain in one spot, and one environment, as long as you stick to the same principles. One criterion at a time As with any other type of dog training, when working through the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process, you only raise and add one criterion at a time. It is pointless, for example, to try working on a dogвЂ™s fear of people in a place where the dog is already overwhelmed with stress from the unknown or uncomfortable environment. Working on two or more criteria at the same time is impossible as it would be overwhelming for the dog and may slow down the process even more. The more things that you are trying to add at the same time, the slower and more demanding, if not impossible, the whole process will be. The environment plays a huge role in desensitizing and counter-conditioning. For example, your dog may react to a human presence in a familiar place at a distance of 10 metres (32ft), but if you expose the same dog in an open area and a human figure where that person is the only вЂњobjectвЂќ in that area, the dog may respond to the trigger at a much greater distance. Desensitizing and counter-conditioning is in a way, a type of dog training technique, and the same rule applies for every type of dog training it is always best to start in a familiar environment and then move on from there. Calming signals Too often we forget that we are part of a team with our dog and we are an equally important link in our dogвЂ™s behaviors. Dogs react to our energy and body signals more than we are even consciously aware of. How many times does it happen that an experienced handler and a superbly trained dog fail on the day of competition, just because of a glitch in their communication? Even though we all think that вЂњdownвЂќ means the down command, to our dog it is more in the way that the command is delivered than the word itself. Knowing this will help us through the desensitizing and counter-conditioning process when you are dealing with your dogвЂ™s behavior problems. The fact is that no one likes or feels comfortable when their dog starts to act up. Most people either react overwhelmed, emitting a lower type of energy, sending the вЂњoh no, here we go againвЂќ attitude, or they get excited, frustrated and almost angry in the hopes of controlling or containing the situation, but it becomes impossible to stay focused and controlled. No one is immune, but how we react in those moments is what counts, as that is the message that you are sending to your dog. Staying calm is imperative at those times. You are the one who will help your dog in dealing with his behavior problems, no matter if you go down or up emotionally, the fact that you changed your behavior is a flag to your dog that something is wrong and that he should respond to the situation. Removing your energy from the equation will help him calm down sooner. You can also train your dog to stay calm. Now these training techniques work for some dogs, and not for all, but even if you make the slightest progress, it can help you and your dog in the future. The secret here is to reinforce the calming behaviors when your dog is offering them throughout normal everyday situations. It may be difficult for some, to use the clicker or marker training techniques when trying to capture calm behaviors, as this technique will often spark the dogвЂ™s excitement to work, which will defy the purpose of marking your dogвЂ™s calm state. To avoid this you can simply give him a treat unexpectedly when your dog is in this calm state and then move on, without marking it verbally. Another option is pairing a certain verbal signal (verbal cue) with the relaxed state. For example, praising your dog in a slow, calm and relaxing manner while he lies calmly next to you. Later, you can use this verbal signal during situations to help your dog calm down. DonвЂ™t expect magic to happen. The purpose of this is to send your dog contradictory signals to his reaction in a certain situation. Your dog will calm down faster if he can see that you are вЂњpracticingвЂќ calmness. There are many other ways that you can try to understand dog calming signals and how to help your dog calm down. If you are interested in this subject I can recommend a couple of dog trainers and experts who have made huge advances in this field. They are Turid Rugaas (from Norway) and Emma Parsons you can find a lot of material both online and through published books, by these two experts, that may help you in creating a better communication with your dog. Desensitizing and Counter-Conditioning: A Helpful Tool Desensitizing and counter-conditioning is a process that every dog owner should become familiar with, as every dog has issues at some point in his life with something. This process is a great tool and is often the easiest way for your dog, in helping him overcome these issues. 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Difference between Alloy and Ore Key Difference: An alloy is a metallic substance made by combination of metal with other types of elements. It is generally done in order to enhance properties like strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, etc. An ore is a natural source of mineral from which metals are extracted in order to gain profits. An alloy is made by the combination of metals with other metals or non-elements. The main metal which is being combined with other substances is known as the parent metal, whereas the other substances which are being mixed with the parent metal are known as alloying agents. The main reason of preparing alloys is for gaining or extending properties like strength, ductility, durability, etc. For example, steel is made by mixing iron with carbon. Carbon gives the toughness and tensile strength to the iron, and therefore steel becomes a tough product. On the other hand, an ore is source of minerals which occurs naturally. It is usually found in forms of rocks. Ores differ in richness from one another as it depends upon the mineral content present in the ore. Ores are extracted for these minerals as it is a financially profitable business. An alloy and ore is often compared as ore also tends to contain a metal or a compound of some metal in excessive amounts. A rock is only termed as an ore after considering determining factors like location, supply and demand, etc. Therefore, both have their own importance. Alloys are generally made by mixing metals in their molten form. However, an ore occurs naturally. The ore is extracted for the valuable material present in it , as it also contains some other unwanted rocky material. It may use chemical methods also for extraction. However, majorly physical means are widely employed - like in the case of froth flotation, where the ore is crushed and then treated with something which creates a bond between the particles of the metal compound and at the same time converts these particles into hydrophobic. A foaming agent is used to pick the metal compound from the container containing treated ore and water. Air bubbles collects these metal particles and are collected from the sides of the container. Comparison between Alloy and Ore: A homogeneous mixture of a metal with other types of elements An ore is a naturally occurring source of mineral from which metals are extracted economically Brass (copper and zinc) and Bronze (copper and tin) Galena (lead ore) and bauxite (Aluminium) • Substitutional Alloy – some of the main metal atoms are substituted by other metal atoms of same size • Interstitial Alloy – some of the holes in the closed packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms • Simple Ores yielding a single metal • Complex ores yielding more than one metal Naturally occurring Most of the alloys are made artificially. However, some metals like electrum (alloy of gold and silver) occurs naturally Yes, always • Aluminium alloys are mainly used in the production of cars and engine components • Copper alloys are known for their thermal performance and high ductility • Nickel alloys are known for their corrosion resistance and heat resistance • .Stainless Steel alloys are used in various commercial applications like cutlery, making tubes, etc. • Titanium alloys are known for their toughness and therefore are made for construction of aerospace structures • Ores remain of great importance as they are source of many valuable minerals • Copper, gold and iron ore provides these metals which are very important in most of the industry sector • Metals which are extracted from ores are used in various applications according to the characteristics possessed by them. For example, Aluminium derived from a bauxite ore is used in the production of containers, cosmetics and medicines. Homogeneous mixture Usually heterogeneous Image Courtesy: msc-ks4technology.wikispaces.com, khanija.kar.ncode.in Most Searched in Society and Culture Most Searched in Food and Drink Most Searched in Business and Finance Most Searched in Environment Blackhead vs Pimple Said vs Told Fructose vs Glucose vs Lactose vs Maltose vs Sucrose Flu vs Swine Flu Purpose of extracting ore is for profit making whereas,alloy extraction deals with quality making Add new comment Plain text
The "Call" Natural bowel movement is preceded by sensations which clearly indicate the necessity for evacuation of the bowels. The mechanism of this instinctive notification of the necessity for giving attention to the needs of the body is very interesting. We have already learned that the colon is subdivided into four separate compartments and that the feces are dealt with by each of these in succession. In the cecum the consistency of the feces is increased to such a degree that the mass can be handled by the muscular wall of the bowel. The ascending colon pushes the feces through the hepatic flexure into the transverse colon. In this horizontal portion of the canal the feces rest for a time for further extraction of water. From the transverse colon the feces are pushed up the incline to the splenic flexure, and through this narrow gateway into the descending colon, along which, in the course of an hour or two, it finds its way to the capacious loop of the pelvic colon, through which it passes quickly to the lower end. Here its further progress is arrested by the tightly folded canal, just as a current of water through a rubber tube may be controlled by a sharp bend in the tube. The pelvic loop gradually fills, and in filling is raised until the bowel is unfolded and thus opened. Now, unless the feces have been so long retained that they have become hard and dry, the bowel contents are pushed on into the rectum. Up to this point the progress of the food material after leaving the mouth, during its passage through the long food canal, has been unattended by any sensation whatever. The process has been wholly automatic, and, though controlled in a way showing marvelous intelligence, wholly independent of the consciousness. But now there is felt an unpleasant sense of weight in the region of the rectum This sensation increases as the rectum becomes fuller, and there is a more or less urgent desire to evacuate the bowels. This is the "call" of Nature for bowel movement, evoked by the contact of the feces with the nerves of the rectum and distention of its walls. The fuller the rectum becomes, the more pressing is the desire for evacuation. The "call" appears only when the feces have reached the rectum. It will now be easily seen how the "call" and the bowel movement may be directly influenced by numerous factors. Let us briefly notice some of the most important of these, which will be discussed more fully in a later chapter. If the food taken is insufficient in bulk, the pelvic loop will be only partly filled, and hence will not rise high enough to permit the feces to pass into the rectum, and hence there will be no "call" and no movement. It is evident, also, that if the amount of food taken is small, the pelvic loop may be so long a time in filling that the feces which first entered, will become so dry and compact that they may form a mechanical obstruction, and thus the onward movement necessary to reach the rectum will be prevented, even though the bowel may rise, and the gate which guards the entrance to the rectum may be open. In starvation, no "call" appears because there is nothing with which to fill the loop and open the rectal gate. Bodily movement has a certain amount of influence upon the position of the loop and the entrance of feces into the rectum, especially deep breathing exercises, and bodily exercises which produce deep breathing. In deep breathing, the diaphragm is pushed down upon the abdominal viscera, compressing the colon as well as other parts against the abdominal wall. By this means the feces in the loop may be pushed through the fold into the rectum, thus evoking a "call." The increased depth of breathing and the compression of the abdomen resulting from movement when one first awakens in the morning are no doubt the reasons why many persons experience a "call" almost immediately upon awakening after a full night's rest. During sleep the pelvic loop has been quietly filling and rising, but the pressure has not been quite sufficient to cause the feces to pass into the rectum. A push from the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles gives the little extra help needed and the "call" comes. By straining movements, such as accompany bowel evacuation, sufficient fecal matter may be pushed over into the rectum to create an effective "call," when not previously felt. Hence the importance of going regularly to stool even though no "call" is experienced. A cold morning bath helps in the same direction, both by causing deep respiratory movements, which increase the intra-abdominal pressure, and by causing a reflex contraction of the colon. These facts are mentioned here in order to bring the explanation of the "call" within the range of common every-day experience, and to show its very important bearing upon the practical management of cases of constipation. The act of swallowing a glass of water, especially the drinking of cold water, and above all other things the taking of food, by setting up peristaltic movements may produce a "call," provided there is at the time a quantity of feces in the pelvic loop. If the loop is empty, food taking or anything else which sets up intestinal peristalsis will serve to help the feces along toward the pelvic colon, thus leading to a "call" a little later. The immediate effect of any such stimuli will of course depend upon the position of the fecal mass in the colon. If, for example, there is slight delay at the hepatic flexure, perhaps as the result of neglect of usual exercise or spending a day in bed, the use of measures to promote intestinal action may seem to produce no effect, whereas a bowel movement the next morning may be the result of the impulse given to the fecal mass by means of which the stagnation in the ascending colon was overcome.
SSD vs HDD, Which One is Better and Faster SSD vs HDD, Which One is Better? SSD vs HDD, Which One is Better and Faster / Image Courtesy SSD vs HDD, Which one is better and faster? I know this is a question that so many people have been asking themselves. In this article, I will be sharing an in-depth analysis that will help you understand why SSD is faster than HDD and why I highly recommend it. But before I do that, let me first help you understand what is an HDD and SSD in a layman’s language. What is a Hard Disk Drive (HDD)? A hard disk drive (HDD) is a computer hardware that is used to store different digital content. This can either be music, videos, documents, games, and softwares just to mention a few. We have two types of hard disk drives – external and internal hard drives. An internal hard disk drive is normally nested inside a laptop or CPU and it contains the operating system (OS), pre-installed softwares, etc. It is the primary storage device of either a laptop or CPU. An external hard drive is a portable device that can be connected to a USB port of either a laptop or CPU and is normally used to store files among other things. What is a Solid-State Drive (SSD)? An SSD is a secondary storage device that can be used to store data that is persistent in solid-state flash memory. We have 4 different types of SSDs: 1. SATA SSD – It looks similar to a hard disk drive designed for a laptop. The surprising bit is that the same interface used on hard disk drives is the same one used on SATA SSDs. However, a computer or laptop that uses this type of SSD will have a higher bandwidth, most probably three to five times, unlike the one that comes with a hard disk drive. 2. M.2 SSD – It is a tiny form factor SSD that is used in storage expansion cards that have been mounted from the inside. The speed of this type of SSD is pretty higher and the price is way too much compared to the 2.5 inch SSD. Most thin laptops used for gaming nowadays come with M.2 SSDs because of their size than HDDs or 2.5 inch SSD. 3. mSATA SSD – It’s the same size as a normal business card and this type of SSD will work best on either a netbook, laptop, or even tablet. When it comes to booting, mSATA is quite fast. Besides that, it doesn’t use a lot of power, and also it resists shock quite fast. 4. PCIe-SSD – It is an expansion card whose speed is super-high that connects a PC to its peripheral devices. The slots on PCIe SSDs can sometimes come in different sizes and this depends on how many bidirectional lanes link to it. SSD vs HDD, Which One is Better and Faster? Why SSD is Faster than HDD and Which One is Better The reason why a majority of people nowadays prefer SSDs over HDDs is because of their crazy speed. Across the board, HDDs have been outrun by SSDs and this is because they function using electrical circuitry and they no longer have any moving parts which are physical. This has really minimized the amount of time one needs to wait when powering on their PC or laptop, opening any software or program, and also performing computing tasks that are heavy. These accelerated speeds will result in greater benefits, moresaw when it comes to performances in many key areas among them logging in, time spent waiting for softwares or programs to open, and lastly the duration it takes to copy files that are heavy. When it comes to HDDs, the performance goes down drastically unlike SSDs that can still perform other tasks. The access speed of an SSD is between 30 to 101 microseconds while a normal HDD needs at least 5,000 to 10,000 microseconds to access data. You also need to know that the speed of an SSD will be determined by the interface that has been used versus a High Disk Drive that fully depends on the system of a computer when transferring data to and fro. Have you ever heard anyone mentioning these two types of interfaces – PCIe and SATA? SATA is a legacy technology that is slower and older while PCIe is much faster and advanced. An SSD that comes with a PCIe interface will have a faster speed unlike an HDD with SATA. For me, I would highly recommend any computer user out there to go for an SSD, and if possible, make it to be the primary driver of their OS (Operating System) and also the computer programs they often use. Then, my suggestion will also be to purchase an HDD with an enormous space (this can either be internal or external) for keeping safe your vital documents, pictures, music, videos, and even softwares or programs. SSD vs HDD Lifespan Even as I expound more on this article on SSD vs HDD, which one is better and faster, in this particular section, I will be sharing with you the lifespan of an SSD and that of an HDD. I hope that you will be able to grasp some information. Lifespan of SSD SSDs are somewhat still trying to penetrate the market and this has prompted various manufacturers to sit down and try to figure out their lifespan. At the moment, manufacturers of SSDs are using 3 different factors to come up with an estimated lifespan: the age of an SSD, the sum total of terabytes on it, and drive write that take place every day. The answer to this question “How long does an SSD last” will be determined by the metric a particular individual wants to use though this may differ depending on so many factors. Also, it has been proven that the age of a Solid-State Drive (SSD) is based on its durability and performance. According to recent estimates, the lifespan of an SSD is between 5 to 10 years whilst the lifetime of an average SSD is minimal. The University of Toronto and Google teamed up together and did a study and their findings showed that the lifespan of an SSD was determined by the amount of time it took before knocking off. The decrease of SSD lifespan has also been attributed to the following: • Corrupted data in the SSD. • Failure in updating the firmware of the drive. • Physical damage of the SSD. • Power interruptions. • Drive being damaged with water. By the way, let no one cheat or lie to you that performing defragmentation in an SSD will help increase its lifetime because that is a big NO. Lifespan of HDD The majority of Hard Disk Drives will serve their owners for like 3 to 5 years before starting to have any hitches. This does not mean that the data in it cannot be recovered. However, it all depends on the magnitude of the damage caused. The 3 to 5 years’ lifespan cuts across to both the internal and external HDDs. Some of the things that always tend to decrease the lifespan of HDDs are physical damages caused by the owners’ Eg: dropping it down or knocking it on the wall, virus, removing the HDD without ejecting it properly, and overheating among other things. If you want to increase the lifetime of your HDD, you can always do defragmentation though it’s not encouraged. SSD Advantages and Disadvantages Solid State Drive (SSD) have their own good and bad side, which are pointed out below: Advantages of SSD 1. Speed It is without a doubt that speed is one area in that SSD has overtaken HDD. This is something that no one can dispute. The most surprising bit is that the speed of an SSD, which does not have any mechanical parts, is between 25 to 100 times faster than that of a traditional HDD. With this kind of speed, the amount of time your PC or laptop will take to boot is less, transferring of files is now faster than before, and lastly, more bandwidth has been allocated. 1. Durability Since an SSD does not contain any moving parts, this means that it can safeguard data. Unlike HDD, an SSD has the capability of holding off a shock when someone drops their bag with the laptop inside. 1. Minimal Power Consumption SSDs normally use very minimal power when put into comparison with HDDs which are the opposite. The reason behind this is because SSDs come without moving parts Eg: motor. 1. Permanent Removal of Data This particular feature will come in handy for people and circumstances where the security of data is extremely cardinal. It is easy to recover data on an HDD whether it has been erased completely or overwritten whereas, on an SSD, this is next to impossible. 1. Minimal Noise SSDs don’t make any noise because they function through the aid of computer chips and not parts that move. 1. Booting is fast and the computing performance is finer When it comes to booting a PC or laptop, SSDs enhance the speed of this process no spin-up takes place in the drive thereby boosting the performance of a computer or laptop. 1. Less Heat Since SSDs don’t have motors in them, the amount of heat being produced is minimal, unlike HDDs. Disadvantages of SSDs 1. Cost The reason why a huge population of people still opt for HDDs is that SSDs are too pricey. The cost of acquiring a decent HDD is pocket-friendly though it depends on what one is aiming for when it comes to the storage size. 1. Retrieval of Lost Data The biggest drawback of an SSD is the incapacity of being able to retrieve a lost data. Once data has been erased then kiss it goodbye. This however if looked at from the positive, can act as an advantage because if you were to dispose or sell your SSD, none of your vital information or data will ever be retrieved. 1. Storage Capacity This is a major setback because despite them being pricey, the storage size can be quite devastating. The storage space of SSDs in most computers or laptops ranges from 128GB to 512 GB though if you want one with a higher storage capacity then you will have to dig deep into your pocket. 1. Power SSDs that function using the DRAM technology consume a lot of power contrary to conventional Hard Disk Drives. 1. Write Speed Even though SSDs can access data very fast, they usually spend a lot of time storing any type of data. What this simply implies is that they first need to do away with the old data before writing a fresh one. HDD Advantages and Disadvantages Hard Disk Drives have their own good and bad side, which are pointed out below: Advantages of HDD 1. Cost One of the most outstanding reasons why a lot of people are still attached to HDDs in this era is that their costs are way too low when put in comparison with SSDs. An SSD whose space size is the same as that of an HDD has an exorbitant price. 1. Availability HDDs are easy to get hold of because they are obtainable. Both internal and external have overflown the market. 1. Storage Size The massive storage size of HDDs still continues to be a key attraction. The starting capacities of HDDs are 250GB whereas for SSD is 128GB. Disadvantages of HDD 1. Speed Speed is one area that has given a lot of HDD users nightmares and SSDs manufacturers have really thrived on it. HDD manufacturers should also aim on increasing the read and write speed if they want this product to stand out even more. 1. Noise HDDs generate a noise that is very irritating to the ears. This can be attributed to the mechanical parts while in use. On the other hand, you will never hear SSDs generate any noise at all because they don’t contain any moving parts in them. 1. Form Factor A critical drawback of a Hard Disk Drive is the enormous form factor that it comes with. Let no one fill your mind with any lies that you can decrease the size of an HDD to an extend that is close to SSD. This is simply because of the moving parts in it. 1. Mechanical Failure HDDs are bound to mechanical glitches since they cost moving parts. Since the platter disks are so close to the read/write head, when an HDD falls in the ground, a scrape occurs, therefore, resulting in damage. When using an HDD, please try as much as you can to be cautious when handling it, otherwise, you may end up regretting it. These small and simple mistakes can always be avoided. Which SSD is Best for Laptops? Below is a list detailing the best SSDs for laptops: Best SSDs for Laptops Do I Need an HDD if I Have an SSD? No, because most computers or laptops can operate on SSD alone. The reason why most laptop or computer users don’t go for large SSDs of the same size as HDD is because they are too costly. In fact, it is ideal to do away with HDD and remain only with SSD for better performance. Their power consumption level is also quite low. This simply means that you can use your laptop for a long without having to plug it on the charger, unlike before where you were forced to charge it after every 30 minutes. You also need to know that an SSD with massive storage will last for a long. The more storage capacity, the longer the lifespan. Can an SSD Fail? Yes, SSDs can have a malfunction though theirs is quite different compared to HDDs. The only way one can know an SSD is failing is: 1. The amount of time your computer or laptop will take to save files will be longer. 2. When a laptop or computer restart time and again. 3. When a laptop or computer keeps on crashing during the boot process. 4. When a read-only error keeps on popping on the screen. Can a Laptop Use Both SSD and HDD? Yes, it can. This will not in any way hinder the performance of a laptop. But I will highly encourage any person wanting to try this out to purchase a laptop that comes with two drive bays. This way, one bay will carry the SSD and the other one HDD. I also want to let you know that if you use an SSD to boot the Operating System that you are using on your laptop or PC and HDD to carry softwares, programs, or even games with large sizes, you will never experience any performance decrease in your entire life. 2 Trackbacks / Pingbacks 1. 8 Best SD Memory Cards for Cameras in 2021 \| Cyber Geak 2. Best Memory Card Reader for Photographers in 2021 \| Cyber Geak Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Drone That Follows You: A Guide Drone is a general term used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). It is a smaller version of a real aircraft but has no crew inside the vehicle itself. Although unmanned, the pilot of a drone flies and controls it from a distance using a remote controller. However, drone technology is evolving so rapidly that there are drones that may not even need pilots. Instead of you following your drone, how about a drone that follows you? The Evolution Of Drone Technology From the time it was developed as target practice for the Air Force, drones have surpassed their initial utility and have become a handy and fancy gadget for common consumers. The popular forms of drones can be put into two broad categories, commercial and recreational. Companies like Amazon use commercial drones for delivery purposes. While you need a Remote Pilot Certificate (drone license) to fly a commercial drone, you can start flying a recreational drone without a license. However, you have to register your drone with the FAA (Federation Aviation Administration) if it weighs more than 8.8 pounds (250 grams). There are also some basic rules you have to adhere to while flying a small recreational drone-like, never letting it out of your “line of vision.” Of the recreational drones, the selfie drones or the drones with cameras have soared in popularity, without a doubt, because of the amazing aerial pictures and videos they can capture. These drones could not evolve faster, and every newer version comes with enhanced features. The competition is fierce in the industry. With every new model on the market, you see better cameras, longer battery life, a lighter weight, etc. Each feature adds to the quality of its owner’s experience. The latest drones come with a special feature that allows them to autonomously follow their pilot – in other words, a drone that follows you. Drones That Follow You Recreational drones with cameras have been all the rage. Selfie drones became a must-have gadget for creative ventures. These drones allowed their owners to go on adventure trails and take aerial pictures and videos. However, one of the problems that these drones had was requiring their pilots to be actively engaged in flying, maneuvering, operating, and controlling the drone. Then came the solution: a drone that follows you. Why Do You Need A Drone That Follows You? First of all, why not? Imagine walking through a nature trail alone with your camera. Every few steps, you are tempted to stop and take a photo, the vista, the trees, the view from the hilltop. It’s time consuming, isn’t it? Camera drones have helped many adventure seekers capture pictures and videos better than aerial footage of landscapes. But then, as a photographer drone pilot, you may have often missed out on the actual experience. You were too busy flying the drone, and your eyes were checking out the transmitted video instead of the scenery. But with the advent of these new drones that can follow you, you can enjoy sightseeing without having to look at a screen or adjusting angles. The drone does it all for you. It takes your picture while following you at a safe distance. You can appreciate the scenery, ride along rough trails, and capture the entire experience at the same time. With the drone’s follow-me feature, you don’t have to worry about traveling solo and not have someone take a photos and video of you with amazing backdrops. You and your drone will be enough to create and recreate memories to last a lifetime. How Does The Drone Follow You? Whether you are a vlogger, a blogger, or just another drone enthusiast, this is one drone that will fulfill all your needs. As a vlogger, you can capture aerial footage to feature on your blogs; as a blogger, you can use pictures or videos as well. And as a drone enthusiast, you can explore the various technologies which allow these drones to follow you. So, how do these drones follow you? GPS Tracker GPS in a drone not only allows it to be found when lost, but it can also help the follow-me technology. The remote controller used by the pilot has a built-in GPS transmitter, which tethers the drone to the remote controller. As the drone follows the GPS signal, it automatically follows the pilot. The “follow-me” function in your drone controller uses the GPS tracker. The downside of using a GPS transmitter to have your drone follow you is the restriction in the distance you have to maintain between the controller and the drone. The recommended altitude to take a standard video is 10-30m and maintain a distance of 10-20m. Vision-based System Drones can detect and track their owner/ pilot with the vision-based system. This system collects data using the built-in camera. The data then goes through the image processing chain like template matching and morphological filtering, making it possible for the drone to navigate autonomously within a range of distances. This system also allows the drone to accurately detect the pilot despite variations in lighting conditions or other moving objects/people. It can also detect and avoid obstacles, and overall improve the navigation and control of a drone. With the vision-based system, the drone can follow its pilot within a short-range while navigating autonomously through obstacles. Tracking System Some drones like the DJI models come with Active Track mode. This system uses the drone’s camera to focus on a subject/person and then follow it. When you activate this mode in your drone, the camera scans you/the subject, and once the image is locked, it will start following. Unlike the “Follow me” function, this system allows a longer distance between the subject and the drone. With this system, the drone will follow you despite the distance or other minor obstacles. You can also make the drone follow other objects like your bike, which is impossible with the “Follow me” option. A drone is equipped with various sensors, like accelerometers, tilt sensors, magnetic sensors, etc., which help maintain overall flight control. A drone that follows you also has obstacle avoidance sensors with algorithms to detect the obstacles in their field of view. These sensors are placed on different sides of the drone to detect and avoid obstacles from all sides during its flight. Arch obstacle avoidance sensors help the drone to avoid crashing while flying autonomously as it follows its subject/owner. The 3 Best Options For A Drone That Follows You The “Follow me” feature is popular in almost all recreational drones or drones with cameras. So, you can choose from a range of drones depending on your budget or the features you seek. Here is a list of the popular drones to follow you: Skydio 2 Priced at $999, this drone boasts breakthrough intelligence in the follow-me drone category. The drone has the best tracking and obstacle avoidance feature. The drone can move around the obstacles in its way and avoid crashing while taking incredible videos with its 4K60 HDR camera. DJI Magic Air 2 This lightweight drone comes with the ActiveTrack mode, which allows it to track the pilot/any subject at a constant angle and distance. It also has obstacle avoidance sensors at the front, back and bottom, and maneuvers competently when it detects obstacles. Autel Robotics EVO Drone This compact foldable drone has dual GPS and GLONASS systems to enable the “follow-me” mode. It is equipped with Autel’s Dynamic Track technology, which integrates the vision system with obstacle avoidance sensors. This technology makes this drone one of the best follow-me drones. A Drone That Follows You Is The Wave Of The Future The technologies in drones are developing fast and evolving faster. Each new model comes with advanced and refined technology. The same is happening with the follow-me drones. At the moment, these drones have come as a blessing for creative artists and adventure seekers who want to capture rare and difficult videos and photographs. In the past, it was only possible capture such footage using a large group of people with a variety of tools and equipment. However, a single follow-me drone with a good camera can do what filmmakers with a large crew have been doing until only a few years ago. Thus, many people can showcase their creative talents and many explorers can bring back clips from their adventures, even when they take up such ventures all alone. It is thanks to technologies like follow-me drones. These drones still have room for improvement, as the follow-me feature still isn’t perfect yet and does sometimes make mistakes. And even the drones with the best tracking technology cannot fly through a dense forest with tall trees. So, enhancing sensors and expanding the distance for virtual tethering could allow drones to navigate through forests as well. Also, improving sensors can help the drones navigate through adverse weather, especially windy conditions. Although every added feature in the latest drone models seems to enhance a consumer’s experience, in the future, these advanced features can be used for rescue missions as well. Since the drone’s tracking feature can be made to track subjects like cars, bikes, trains, airplanes and other objects, there is a lot of possibility still unexplored for such technologies. Like This Article? Pin it on Pinterest! Jeremiah Burnett What started as a gift for my two sons turned into a major hobby for me! After playing with my sons' quadcopter one winter afternoon, I quickly became obsessed with all things drone. I enjoy precision flying, creating stunning and smooth aerial videos, and taking beautiful photos of my hometown. More to Explore
Safe City Concepts A perspective public safety has emerged as an important function for governments across the world. It refers to the duty and function of the state to ensure the safety of its citizens, organizations, and institutions against threats to their well-being as well as the traditional functions of law and order. With more than half the global population today living in urban areas, a safe city is increasingly being considered essential in ensuring secure living and prosperity. Crime, violence, and fear in cities pose significant challenges. The basic principles of good governance must find a direct application in any urban safety strategy, aimed at reducing and preventing common problems of crime and insecurity. The United Nations, through its Habitat Agenda on Human Settlements (Habitat II, 1996), which was adopted at the Istanbul Conference, initiated a series of approaches and strategies to effectively reduce and eradicate violence and crime within the cities. The aim of the UN-Habitat Safer Cities program is to reinforce personal safety and reduce fear by improving safety services and accountability to the community (UNHSP Global Report on Human Settlements, 2007). The Safer Cities program has the following building blocks. Building Urban Safety Through Urban Vulnerabilities Reduction The UN Safer Cities program defines vulnerability as the probability of an individual, a household, or a community falling below a minimum level of welfare (e.g., poverty line) or the probability of suffering physical and socio-economic consequences (homeless or physical injury) as a result of risky events and processes (as forced eviction, crime, or flood). Paying special attention to urban vulnerabilities and violence shall reduce the probability of crime and ensure a secure and safe city environment. Building Urban Safety Through Urban Planning, Management, and Governance Sustainable urbanization by emphasizing inclusive and participatory urban planning and local development practices, incorporates policy making and strategy development. This in turn promotes institutional and organizational development, resource planning, and management in order to enhance efficiency in governance. Improving the Governance of Safety Enhancing urban safety and social cohesion are issues of good urban governance. They intend to create a city where safety is improved for its citizens and neighborhoods, where there is fearless interactions among people and groups. These are prudent aspects of good governance which create an enabling environment for the inhabitants of the city, allowing improved quality of life and fostering economic development. Safe City Concept: An India Perspective The Constitution of India enjoins the Union to protect every state against external hostility and internal disorder in order to ensure that the governance of every state is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. In pursuance of these obligations, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) continuously assesses and monitors the internal security situation, issues appropriate advisories, shares intelligence inputs, extends manpower and financial support, and offers guidance and expertise to the state governments for maintenance of security. As per the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India, police and public order are state subjects and, therefore, the state governments are primarily responsible for the prevention, registration, detection, and investigation of crime and prosecution of the perpetrators of crime within their jurisdiction (Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, 2006). However, the MHA supplements the efforts of the state governments by providing them financial assistance for the modernization of the state police forces in terms of weaponry, communication, equipment, mobility, training, and other infrastructure. The MHA from time to time introduces key initiatives to ensure that the states and the state security agencies are equipped with the latest technologies and systems to ward off any security threat to its citizens. Elements of Safe City An integrated surveillance system provides a safe and secure environment for the development and growth of these aspects. Integrated city surveillance in India’s vibrant democracy and healthy amalgamation of the socioeconomic and cultural diversity is reflected in its cities. Schools, colleges, educational institutions, and technical and infrastructural resources such as airports, railway stations, power plants, refineries (including heritage and cultural buildings), and most importantly, its citizens are the source of a city’s energy. There is a growing recognition of the interconnectedness and the interaction between factors that spark and drive crises and the ecosystem of security management that handles these factors. Furthermore, there is greater focus on the high economic and social costs because of the lack of a robust security management methodology. The key components available in a Smart City concept in India are illustrated in Fig. 7.1. The major four entities that collectively form a part for a smart public safety and security work are: • • Detection and Integration: Cameras and sensors, CCTV cameras, ANPR, gunshot detection, sensors • • Analysis: Real-time alerts, analyze and index, searchable video, event search, pattern analysis • • Decision: Coordination center, dashboards, command center, incident management, investigative analysis • • Action: First responders, on ground action, police or medical, riot control, bomb disposal Workflow for a smart public safety and security includes. Key Components of a Smart City FIGURE 7.1 Key Components of a Smart City. Source: Meungo, Glorieuxlaan, Vught. The Netherlands. Detection and Integration Capturing and collating data in real time is the lifeline of a safe city project, especially if the data pertains to an incident leading to a security threat. The idea is to collect data from a wide range of different sources in digital formats so that it can be efficiently processed and used in real time. The detection system may be driven electronically using high-definition CCTV cameras. Infrared Radars (IRs), lasers, handheld devices, or simply an incident reported by a vigilant citizen through a mobile or social media. It is imperative that the relevant data is obtained for recording and analysis. This information is then integrated from disparate sources and systems to create a dependable information base. Analysis It is essential to integrate the registered information and make it available to the security agencies in usable formats; the analysis tools help assist the agencies in the analysis and retrieval of crucial information from the captured data for pattern analysis, event search, and video retrievals. Information once retrieved in the desired formats helps in proactive planning and decision making. The dashboard reporting feature allows agencies to use the available information better and improve the strategic and tactical decision-making including anticipation, prevention, and resource deployment. Decision By establishing state-of-the-art command, control, and coordination centers, equipped to accommodate decision makers and facilitate decision making, dashboard reporting, incident management, and investigative analysis of the data collected using the real-time information, the infrastructure established enables effective and efficient decision making, with easy access to information. Action: A team that will act as first responders to an emergency for disaster management should be established. This unified threat assessment and response team will have ready access to the information base, which will prepare them to handle incidents and emergencies better. The team will be equipped to respond to on-ground action such as riot control, bomb disposal, and any other police and medical emergency. < Prev CONTENTS Source Next >
10 Crazy Fruits You Never Knew Existed Did you know that there are currently over 3,000 fruits on our wonderful planet? It may come as no surprise that less than 5% are readily available here in the UK We’ve compiled a ebook containing over 100 rare and exotic fruits, here is a quick snapshot of just 10 fruits which feature - Mangosteen is an exotic, tropical tree native to Southeast Asia and Thailand. Its fruit is known as the ‘Queen of Fruits’ and has a deep purple colour and an exceptional sweet and sour taste described as a mix of lychee, peach, strawberry, and pineapple. If you haven't tried Mangosteen you’re missing out! Kiwano is definitely up there as one of the craziest looking fruits and is also known as the Horned Melon. When ripe the Kiwano has orange skin and lime green flesh covered in small spiny horns. It belongs to the cucumber and melon family, and tastes like a combination of them both. The Kiwano has high water content and is rich in vitamin A, beta carotene and magnesium. Yellow Pitahaya The Yellow Pitahaya has to be one of our favourite fruits on this list. It looks fantastic but it’s super sweet flesh is out of this world. It has a similar texture to kiwi but can be up to 5 times the size and its sweet, very very sweet. The Yellow is a type of dragon fruit which is actually a species of cactus originating from South America in Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. The Feijoa, also known as the Pineapple Guava, is native in South America, specifically in the areas of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Colombia. It’s a green colour, ellipsoid shape, and its size is smaller than a chicken egg. The fruit has a sweet and aromatic flavour, which tastes like pineapple, apple, and guava and is native to South America. Custard Apple The Custard Apple is a green scaly fruit with a soft and creamy flesh believed to have originated from South America before being cultivated in South Africa, India, Singapore, Philippines and now Europe. The Custard Apple has a sweet taste described as a cross between banana and pineapple, the seeds and skin are not edible. Rambutan is a fruit native to Southeast Asia and it ticks all the boxes! It is a golf-ball-sized grape protected by a hairy red and green shell. It is mostly produced in humid and tropical parts of Southeast Asia and South America and is the perfect sweet treat on a hot summer day. The ultimate love it or hate fruit, Durian can be found growing in South East Asia and is extremely popular even if it is known as the smelliest fruit on the planet. Once ripe Durian It gives off a lot of the gas Ethanol giving it a taste similar to old onions! That doesn't stop millions of people enjoying the fruit daily for its creamy texture and taste. Dragon fruit The Dragon Fruit is the one of the most opulent looking fruits on the planet and is the fruit of a specie of cactus found growing in South America. its the size of a baseball and has the texture similar to a kiwi, white flesh variety is slightly sweeter than the red flesh variety and can be used in fruit salads, soft drinks and smoothies. Star Fruit Carambola, also known as Star fruit, is native to Southeast Asia and when cross-section, it resembles a star. hence the name It is an unusual fruit that is getting increasingly popular as it has pleasant both slightly sweet and sour taste which resembles a mixture of pear and grape. Ever wondered where chocolate comes from? Well it actually grows on trees! First believed to have been cultivated over 4,000 years ago, cacao beans are one of the main ingredients in chocolate.If you haven't tried Cacao you haven't tried real chocolate. All the fruits mentioned are also available in our Exotic Fruit Shop with free next day delivery on all orders over £50. Juicy, sweet and ready to eat. To discover even more rare and exotic fruits you download our free ebook below -
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Japanese 4. > 5. "いすが二つあります。" Translation:There are two chairs. June 21, 2017 I can't understand the pronunciation of 二つ。 It is futatsu or ふたつ。:) So Ichi and Ni just go out the window here in counter land? Yeah… sometimes. One person = ひとり Two people = ふたり One thing = ひとつ Two things= ふたつ一羽 (ichi wa) = one bird/rabbit, 二羽 (ni wa) = two birds/rabbits 一冊 (issatsu) = one volume/book, 二冊 (ni satsu) = two volumes/books 一日 (ichi nichi) = one day, 二日 (futsu ka) = two days @Pól (I can't reply directly to your comment either) It's a similar idea to that, but counters in Japanese usually make more sense (once you've learned them) and are less esoteric than collective nouns in English ("a murder of crows" or "a business of ferrets" for example). I think it's more appropriate to think of counters like a unit of measure. We have these kinds of words in English too; "a stick of butter", "8 glasses of water", "50 head of cattle". Counters in Japanese are used similarly, for categories of things. For example, "stick" evokes an idea about things with a certain shape, "glass" can be used to count many different things, as long as they're liquids, "head" is for any large animal but typically farm animals. In the examples you gave, "flock" could be used for both birds and geese (which are also birds). Similarly in Japanese, 本 (ほん) is the counter for "stick-shaped things", 杯 (はい) is for "a glass-sized amount of any liquid", and 頭 (とう) is for "large animals but typically farm animals". So, in principle, counters aren't too difficult a concept to learn, albeit with a fair bit of memorization. The "for specific numbers" part that you mentioned is where it gets really tricky though. While the counters themselves don't change depending on the amount of things you have, their pronunciation can vary depending on the exact number of things your count. Typically these fall under the explanation of rendaku (changing consonants from unvoiced to voiced), but there are quite a few exceptions which simply need to be memorized. (For some reason, I can't reply to your post Trevorist) Unfortunately, it's just memorization. As someone mentioned in a different exercise, it pays to learn as much as you can, but you'll be fine with just the generic counter つ. If you know a more specific counter for the thing you're counting, go for it, but don't be worried that Japanese people are judging you for not having memorized all of them. My partner, who is Japanese born and raised, said they learn a few counters at school, at least the ones that appear in the texts they study, but most people will not know all the counters that exist. So this is will be like learning "a flock of birds" "gaggle of geese" "school of fish" but for specific numbers of specific things?! - challenging! Are there any useful rules (of thumb) or is it just memorization? There are different readings in kanji. On and Kun readings. Ni can be read as futa if followed by tsu Obvs no one in England is going to hold you to a murder of crows, parliament of rooks, or wunch of bankers - that's just literary types having fun. Perhaps these counts could also be thought of as like "a single," "a couple," "a trio," "a half-dozen," "a score," "a fortnight," etc.- just useful as alternative ways of saying things to keep language emotive, playful, and harder for androids to master. Why the 'ga' sounds like 'no' it's a "nga" sound, and i think it's sort of an accent thing in Tokyo. I'm sorry i don't have more information than that! One is いち or ひと(つ). Two is に or ふた(つ). Three is さん or み(っつ). Four is よん, よ(っつ), or し. Five is ご or いつ(つ). Six is ろく or む(っつ). Seven is なな(つ) or しち. Eight is はち or や(っつ). Nine is く, きゅう, or ここの(つ). Ten is じゅう or とお. The ones with tsu (つ) are kun'yomi pronunciations (like hito-tsu, futa-tsu, mi-ttsu) which are usually used as counters when counting things by taking off the tsu. When you are just counting numbers themselves, usually people use the on'yomi pronunciations like ichi, ni, san. Can someone explain what I just heard? After いすI'm lost until ます。like ❤❤❤ happened?? [deactivated user] 二つ is a counter. It means that there are 'two things'. 〜があります is used to say that a non-living object exists. It can be translated as "There are..." so does the reading of ni changes because of the counter or what? [deactivated user] Yes, it does. It's just something you're going to have to remember. The wanikani website came in handy for leaning this before duo showed it to me. change the "tsu" to "su" [deactivated user] 二つ is pronounced "futatsu". would be very helpful if they modified the individual character pronunciations when you hover over • 292 why does が sound not like 'ga' but something like no or no? is this intended or a fault in text-to-speech engine? it's a "nga" sound, and i think i read that it's part of a Tokyo accent, but i don't have any more information than that, sorry Im thinking the same thing They need to SHOW us the PRONUNCIATION of the words in the sentence !! perhaps clicking on an icon to show proper pronunciation of the exact sentence shown. Clicking on a character OFTEN sounds out the WRONG READING. But having a "show pronunciation" link could add kana for the exact sentence! It would redwood only a single additional entry to the database, redwood no logic,and ALWAYS be correct for every sentence. !!! I'd actually prefer, hovering over characters to always pronounce the correct context sensitive reading, but that would be more work. Obviously behind their capability to get sorted out. BUT a single entry, with kana pronunciation per quiz entry would be EASY and INFINITELY Useful to learners. It would be ALWAYS CORRECT, help comprehending, memory, and he'll or ability to connect spoken to written. THIS they Should be ABLE and WILLING to do. It'd a matter of adding a single database field, a show/hide link/text-field on the page, and a one time data entry to transcribe and type in the proper pronunciation for each quiz sentence. That's ALL it would take. Until then, JAPANESE course is riddled with too many ERRORS (WRONG readings in the audio of individual characters for various sentences), not enough Teaching, Reference, and Expansion gaps. Also Clears up the ISSUE of not being able to Discern what's being SAID in the AUDIO. This is Even MORE USEFUL than simply slowing the audio down (if we can SEE pronunciation, we can back track and figure out the audio). It's also less RESOURCE INTENSIVE than adding additional auto recordings. Plus audio recordings can leave ambiguity as to what vowels are ACTUALLY being pronounced. "Spelling", removes the ambiguity, and helps us with audio comprehension. We couldmore easily pick up on subtle sounds. Anyway, I MOSTLY use the "comment" link for the PURPOSE of finding the Proper SPELLING/PRONUNCIATION of words/sentences.! THEN DUOLINGO would actually be doing it's JOB Properly. Users Still a Valuable resource. BUT Not RELIED upon 100% for a Major Piece of almost every sentence/word they teach. Programmatically easy. VALUE of course, and user comprehension VASTLY Increased. Transcription and data entry is a one time thing, taking a little bit of time, but it's also not too difficult. This is a Rather EASY Solution to a HUGE ISSUE with this course ! And when they do so, they should Also show us if a particular vowel isn't "actually" pronounced/voiced. For example: des(u). Is there a meaningful difference between いすが二つ and 二ついすが? Or is it just speaker preference? Which is more likely? I don't think there is, but I could be wrong. The emphasis shifts slightly from the "chairs" in いすが二つ to the number/amount in 二つ(の)いすが I believe いすが二つ is more common. I believe is supposed to sound like this: Isu ga futatsu arimasu (via Google Translate) The audio is "no futatsu", but it is written "ga futatsu" It's written as ga, and pronounced ga with a very nasal "g", which is how it is commonly pronounced in Japan (depending on which region you're in). Think the "ng" in "sing" (or if you're from Australia like me, the "ga" here is just like "singer"). • 1529 I was wondering this as well. Why do I hear Isunga instead of Isuga? Why are we using が instead of は here? For anyone out there, 椅子 reads similarly and writes exactly the same as Chinese(Mandarin). Just a tip to remember Why is "ga" here? It would be nice to have a slower pronunciation for the first round of lessons then speed it up for round round 2. I can't learn it properly if I can't hear it properly So it's pronounced as "いすがふたつます"? Really wish they would make the voice a little more clear. There is no honour for chair with お?　おいす? Like with osake and おふろ？ What's the difference between あります and います？あります is the verb used for inanimate objects (i.e. chairs, tables, and plants), while います is used for animate objects (i.e. children, dogs, and androids). Both mean the same thing though, "to exist". So do use あり (Ari) to indicate an object or something physical? The "correct solution" is what I had selected, but it is marked wrong every time! This is very frustrating! so what will it be for 三 before the counter? just asking and thanks in advance! The つ counters have very different pronunciations, if you've never been exposed to them before. • 1 is ひとつ • 2 is ふたつ • 3 is みっつ • 4 is よっつ • 5 is いつつ • 6 is むっつ • 7 is ななつ • 8 is やっつ • 9 is ここのつ • 10 is とお I swear i dont hear that ga. Learn Japanese in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
0 votes Hello everyone ! I make my first step in 3D game by making a pong with a little twist : player can rotate her paddle thank to left and rigth key, to give additional velocity when hitting the ball, and the ball can rotate a paddle by pushing the paddle on the impact point. I was thinking of doing it by creating a rigid body for the paddles, and a kinematicBody for the ball. When the ball hits a paddle, in its code, I look to see if the object that collided is a rigidBody, and if so, I apply an impulse on the collision point with the normal racquet normal * the speed of the ball. But the racket doesn't move. I tried to move a rigidBody with a kinematic on another project (a platform game where a player can move a ball), and it works, the rigidBody move. Do you have an idea? in Engine by (15 points) Can you provide the relevant portion of your code? Is the collision detected correctly? The collision is detected yes. func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void: var collision = move_and_collide(velocity * delta, false) if collision: if collision.collider is RigidBody: collision.collider.apply_impulse(collision.position, -collision.normal * 100) velocity = velocity.bounce(collision.normal) velocity = velocity.bounce(collision.normal) Rigidbody is the paddle 1 Answer 0 votes Best answer You're using the position-information of a KinematicCollision2D: The point of collision, in global coordinates. However, you use it as the offset-vector for apply_impulse: The position uses the rotation of the global coordinate system, but is centered at the object's origin. So you need to calculate the offset yourself: var offset = collision.position - collision.collider.global_position collision.collider.apply_impulse(offset, -collision.normal * 100) by (10,315 points) selected by Thank you, that solve my problem !
12 Odd Details History Books Don't Tell You about the Life and Reign of the Infamous Henry VIII 12 Odd Details History Books Don’t Tell You about the Life and Reign of the Infamous Henry VIII Natasha sheldon - November 29, 2017 12 Odd Details History Books Don’t Tell You about the Life and Reign of the Infamous Henry VIII The Execution of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Google Images. Henry Executed his Rivals to the Throne As his reign progressed, Henry VIII developed a tendency to execute any distant Plantagenet relatives who were potential rivals for the throne. The reason for this paranoia was complicated, but at its heart lay the newness of the Tudor dynasty. All claims to the throne were based on descent from Edward III, the last monarch to predate the War of the Roses. Henry’s strongest claim to the throne lay through his mother, Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV. His father, Henry Tudor, could only claim a few drops of Edward IIIs’ blood through his mother, Margaret Beaufort who was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, one of Edward IIIs’ younger sons. However, even Henry’s claim through his mother was awkward. Richard III had declared all of Edward IV’s children with Queen Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate because of Edwards pre-contract of marriage with another woman. It had taken an act of parliament to re-legitimize Elizabeth. Then there was the question of Edward IV’s legitimacy as there was a scurrilous rumor that he was not the son of Richard, Duke of York. At first, none of this worried Henry too much. The Tudors had given England peace- and the people loved their young King. In the first twenty years of his reign, Henry only executed two of his Plantagenet relatives- and both for proven acts of treason. In 1513, Edmund de la Pole, third duke of Suffolk (and Henry’s cousin on his mother’s side) was beheaded for attempting to enlist foreign support to take the crown. This execution was followed by Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, a direct descendant of Edward III who was executed for “imagining the death of the king’ by consulting fortunetellers. However, after the break with Rome, Henry was well aware that there was a growing faction who wanted to return to the Pope and that required another monarch. In 1539, he executed his first cousin Henry Courtney, marquis of Exeter. That then left the most severe Plantagenet threat: the family of the Countess of Salisbury. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, was the daughter Edward IV’s brother, the Duke of Clarence. Her son, Reginald, Cardinal Pole, was in exile over the split with Rome. However, her other son, Henry remained in England, with a growing family of potential royal replacements. So the Poles had to go. Henry was beheaded in 1540. Even Thomas Cromwell admitted that he â€˜little offended save that he is of their kin.” His 67-year-old mother quickly followed, while her grandson, young Henry was kept imprisoned in the tower until he died in 1542. Henry VIII as an older man..Google Images. His Love of Sports Destroyed Henry’s Health Henry VIII started his reign as a handsome, athletic Prince. By the time of his premature death at 55, the King was grossly overweight, plagued with gout and ulcers and unable to walk very far, let alone dance, hunt or enjoy any of the â€˜Pastymes’ he held so dear. So how had this fit, healthy, active monarch come to such an end? In fact, the pastimes Henry loved destroyed him. His first serious accident was in 1524 during a joust. The King failed to lower his visor and was hit by his opponent’s lance just above his right eye. From then onwards, he suffered from regular migraines. By the age of 36, the King was beginning to suffer from varicose ulcers, probably caused by the tight garters he used to accentuate the calves he was so proud of. But the final blow came in 1536 when the 44-year-old king took part in a jousting tournament at Greenwich Palace. The king, clad in full armor was thrown from his similarly armored horse-which then fell on top of the monarch. Henry lay unconscious for two hours and for a time was not expected to live, causing his wife Ann Boleyn to miscarry the male heir she was carrying. However, Henry regained consciousness and recovered. However, he was never the same again. The most immediate effect of the accident was to prevent the king from jousting anymore. However, the accident made Henrys’ other health problems worse- and brought issues of its own. The King’s mobility began to decline due to his injuries and the ulcers, which became progressively worse, causing his legs to swell and leak a smelly discharge. A side effect of all this was Henry also began to gain weight. Henry’s declining mobility could not have helped but nor did his diet. Henry ate an estimated thirteen dishes a day, consisting mostly of meat and game. He topped this off with a daily ten pints of beer (water was considered unsafe) and plenty of wine. So it is little wonder the Kings measurements changed drastically. Changes to the King’s armor between his 20s and his 50s show that Henry’s waist expanded by 20 inches- with 17 inches of that within just four years. His 29-inch chest grew to 53 inches, and by the time of his death in 1547, he is estimated to have weighed 28 stone.
migraine-associated vertigo (redirected from vestibular migraine) migraine-associated vertigo An idiopathic condition characterised by dizziness and/or recurrent vertigo (DRV) linked to migraines, and which is one the most common causes of chronic DRV. It is more common in females (1.5–5:1 ratio) and is more common in families. Many patients do not have headaches, or have chronic nonspecific headaches that do not fit into the International Headache Society’s migraine classification. Atypical Meniere's disease is now regarded as a migrainous vertigo syndrome. Cllinical findings Chronic dizziness and dysequilibrium, episodic rotational vertigo, chronic daily headaches, migraine headaches, light sensitivity, poor visual acuity and other changes in vision, visual "snow", nausea and severe motion intolerance. Because many of the symptoms cannot be objectively tested, physical and neurologic examinations and neuroimaging are often normal. Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis, psychiatric disorders. References in periodicals archive ? Dr Meighan's retirement was forced upon her due to a pituitary tumour which left her with chronic vestibular migraine and fatigue. Of the group, 43 people had Meniere's disease, an inner ear disorder that can affect hearing and balance, 67 hVertigoad vestibular migraine that can cause vertigo but may not cause a headache, and seven had benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, one of the most common causes of vertigo, where a person's head movements trigger the episodes. It is suggested that vestibular migraine could cause vertigo mimicking MD [20] and even autonomic nervous system dysfunction with syncope [21]. The most common otoneurological dysfunctions in children and adolescents with dizziness are vestibular migraine and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Sun-Uk Lee, M.D., from the Seoul National University College of Medicine in South Korea, and colleagues compared headshaking nystagmus (HSN) in 35 patients with RSV-HSN to that recorded in randomly selected patients with compensated vestibular neuritis (VN), vestibular migraine (VM), and Meniere disease (MD). These recurrent vertigo attacks and migraine association have been known for a long time, and in this clinical table called vestibular migraine (VM); vertiginous symptoms are heterogeneous feature, and are findings that indicate a vestibular problem (1-3). Exclusion criteria were any kind of hearing damage, unilateral weakness >25% and directional preponderance >35% in the caloric test, and positive Meniere disease or vestibular migraine. Vestibular migraine (VM) is one of the most common causes of episodic vertigo in adults, with a lifetime prevalence of 1% (1, 2). The patients who had central-type vertigo, PBBV, and vestibular migraine were excluded from the study. Recently, vestibular migraine (VM) was integrated as an independent entity in the appendix of the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3-beta (ICHD-3 beta, A1.6.5) [3]. Additionally, she now reported a new onset of periodic headaches that did not fulfill migraine or vestibular migraine criteria [13]. One-third of the patients also had vertigo with migraine, raising the possibility of vestibular migraine. However, we could not be definite whether it was a comorbid phenomenon, given the fact that both symptoms are very common in the general population. Full browser ?
In the odyssey who is eumaeus? Asked by: Jane Rempel Score: 4.5/5 (38 votes) Eumaeus. The loyal shepherd who, along with the cowherd Philoetius, helps Odysseus reclaim his throne after his return to Ithaca. Even though he does not know that the vagabond who appears at his hut is Odysseus, Eumaeus gives the man food and shelter. Who is Eumaeus and what is his role in the story? In Homer's Odyssey, Eumaeus is the first person that Odysseus meets upon his return to Ithaca after fighting in the Trojan War. He has four dogs, 'savage as wild beasts,' who protect his pigs. How would you describe Eumaeus? the faithful swineherd of Odysseus. Who is Eumaeus in the Odyssey quizlet? Eumaeus is the swineherd. Loyal to Odysseus and wants him to come home. He is kind, hospitable, and doesn't like the suitors . You just studied 14 terms! Who is Eumaeus And what does he tell Odysseus? What does Teiresias tell Odysseus? He tells him that his homecoming will be a hard one and gives Odysseus a warning not to harm the sheep and cattle of Helios on the island of Thrinakia. Eumaeus - the real hero of the Odyssey 19 related questions found Which God Goddess helps Odysseus the most? Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom and battle strategy, and was also the patron goddess of heroes. Odysseus was a great hero among the Greeks, and so had Athena's favor and aid in many of his exploits. She was a key goddess in the story of the Odyssey as a divine assistant to Odysseus on his journey home. Who does Odysseus reveal himself to first? Odysseus comes first to the hut of his swineherd, Eumaeus, who receives him in a typical XENIA situation ('All strangers and beggars come from Zeus,' p. 208): food first, then inquiry about his identity and itinerary, then (eventually) a place to sleep. Which is an important theme in the Odyssey Part II? Which is an important theme in the Odyssey, Part 2? Good triumphs over evil. What does Athena do to Odysseus once Eumaeus has left the hut and Odysseus is alone with his son? Eumaeus thus goes to the palace alone to tell Penelope that her son has returned. When father and son are alone in the hut, Athena appears to Odysseus and calls him outside. When Odysseus reenters the hut, his old-man disguise is gone, and he stands in the pristine glory of his heroic person. How does Athena help Odysseus in Part II? Athena disguises Odysseus as a beggar and directs him to the hut of Eumaeus,1 his old and faithful swineherd. While Odysseus and Eumaeus are eating breakfast, Telemachus arrives. What does swineherd mean in English? : one who tends swine. Who killed Telemachus? Who is Tiresias in Odyssey? Tiresias. A Theban prophet who inhabits the underworld. Tiresias meets Odysseus when Odysseus journeys to the underworld in Book 11 . He shows Odysseus how to get back to Ithaca and allows Odysseus to communicate with the other souls in Hades. Why did the goddess Athena want Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso? Athena asks Zeus to send Hermes to Ogygia Island so that he can tell Calypso to let Odysseus go home. ... Calypso has kept Odysseus on the island for years, offering him youth and happiness if he'll marry her and stay with her. He refuses, though, thinking of Ithaca and Penelope. He only wants to go home. Is Odysseus a God? He is not a god, but he does have a connection with the gods on his mother's side of the family. While on one hunting trip, Odysseus was gored by a wild boar, an incident that left a scar. ... Odysseus was also known for his speaking abilities. It was often said that once he spoke, no one could resist him. How are females portrayed in the Odyssey? The women who were hindered to Odysseus were portrayed as lacking virtue, weak-willed, willful, or stubborn. They were prone to lust and had little self-control. ... Several times, women in the chattel position had opportunities to assist Odysseus on his journey. Those women were portrayed as virtuous. How does Penelope avoid marrying any of the suitors for 3 years? Penelope stalls the suitors for three years by saying that she would marry when she is finished weaving a shroud for Odysseus's family. She would weave during the day and undo her work at night, so she would never finish. Is Telemachus immature? Throughout The Odyssey, Telemachus matures very much so, but in the first four books, there is a definite transition from an immature scared little boy, to the man that revenges the abuse he received at the end of the story. ... Athena tells Telemachos that “You should not go on clinging to your childhood. Why does the disguised Odysseus make up a story and tell Penelope that her husband will be home soon? Why does the disguised Odysseus make up a story and tell Penelope that her husband will be home soon? To prepare Penelope emotionally for recognizing and welcoming her husband. What is the main theme of The Odyssey? In this epic poem, there are three major themes: hospitality, loyalty, and vengeance. What is the main point of The Odyssey? While The Odyssey is not told chronologically or from a single perspective, the poem is organized around a single goal: Odysseus's return to his homeland of Ithaca, where he will defeat the rude suitors camped in his palace and reunite with his loyal wife, Penelope. How is The Odyssey relevant today? One of the significant ways the Odyssey is relevant to the modern day is through its examination of mortality, as through this we can see how the text teaches us to respect the dead, but also how in turn the text suggests we live our lives. ... This is achieved mainly through the use of spirits of the dead in Book 11. Why does Penelope cry over Odysseus bow? Odysseus's two suitors. Why is Penelope crying in lines 1-4? Because she is sad that he isn't home yet. ... She proposed that whoever can string Odysseus's rigid bow and shoot an arrow through a dozen axes. Which guest can hit all 12 axes? Penelope tells the suitors, ''I offer you the mighty bow of Prince Odysseus; and whoever with his hands shall lightliest bend the bow and shoot through all twelve axes, him I will follow. '' She then gives the bow to Eumaeus, the shepherd, to take to the suitors. How does Odysseus reveal himself to his father? Back in Ithaca, Odysseus travels to Laertes' farm. He sends his servants into the house so that he can be alone with his father in the gardens. ... He proves his identity with the scar and with his memories of the fruit trees that Laertes gave him when he was a little boy.
The world’s most prominent health organizations, medical associations, and health science journals are unequivocal: the climate crisis poses grave threats to public health, including mental health. But what exactly is the relationship between planetary heating and individual mental health? And what role can mental health care providers play in confronting the climate emergency and its associated human and ecological crises? Tasked as we are with attending to human suffering, mental health clinicians ought to develop a nuanced understanding of distress related to the climate crisis, one that recognizes people’s fear, sadness, pain, outrage, or horror as normal human responses to the calamitous and upsetting events happening around us—events, it should be noted, which are not natural facts or laws but are, rather, products of the decisions by dishonest, greedy fossil fuel executives and their political allies who refuse to reign in harmful pollution and extractivism. The maxim that “capitalism makes us sick” will be a familiar one for Mad in America readers, and it is no different in the context of climate-related mental distress. Our responses to this sick system must therefore extend beyond focusing on individuals who suffer and instead out into the domains of community, politics, systems, and the “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society” that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said are required to limit global warming to 1.5°C. But how should we understand “climate distress” in the first place—or however we might call what emerges from our awareness of ever-increasing global heating, mass extinction events, and other existential threats to the world and its biodiversity? A handful of models may be particularly helpful for deepening our understanding, including ecological grief, described by researcher Ashlee Cunsolo; existential distress, as articulated in the fields of psychosocial oncology and palliative care; and pain for the world, the conceptual framework developed by Buddhist scholar and eco-philosopher Joanna Macy. For therapists who might encounter individual-level climate distress, familiarity with these models will help them reject the false burden borne by individuals and embrace instead a spirit of shared vulnerability, solidarity, collective action, and demands for justice. Models of Climate Distress Grief is a normal, universal human response to loss – an internal, physiological experience tied to deeply painful emotions including sadness, anger, and others. Canadian researcher Ashlee Cunsolo’s concept of ecological grief is unique in its qualities of disenfranchisement (i.e., grief that is not openly acknowledged) and ambiguity (i.e., grief that is difficult to identify or articulate). Ecological grief is also distinct from more conventional forms of grief in that the losses are vague, often non-human, and their boundaries and trajectories are ill-defined. In addition to objective losses such as meaningful species, landscapes, and entire ecosystems, we are also mourning our perceived loss of safety and our hope for a secure, knowable future. The utility of this model comes in our response to grief. For Cunsolo, grief and its associated process of mourning (i.e., the period of transition we go through following a loss) have “we-creating capacities”. The recognition of this form of distress, then, opens possibilities for connection to others, which serves the dual benefits of universality and broad, reciprocal validation (“I see you, and we are in this together”) along with opportunities for collective action in response to the unfolding threats. Naming collective ecological grief also allows for the important work of mourning past and inevitable losses while looking towards the future to prevent or mitigate anticipated losses that are not yet certain. And at the individual level, attending to and deepening the experience of ecological grief also invites the recognition that grief is an expression of love—that which is deeply felt for others who are gone or suffering, or for the world more broadly. Viewed this way, our grief can invite a renewed connection to the natural world, which may strengthen the drive to engage with others in work towards required systems-level change. Next, in the fields of psychosocial oncology and palliative care, existential distress is considered a distinct, painful psychological state, which, per researchers Sigrun Vehling and David Kissane, results from a stressor which “challenges fundamental expectations about security, interrelatedness with others, justness, controllability, certainty, and hope for a long and fruitful life.” In the context of cancer care, this stressor could be a diagnosis with a life-threatening illness or learning of disease recurrence or progression. The unfolding planetary crises we now face surely satisfy the criteria for such a stressor, and the popularity of writers such as David Wallace-Wells, Elizabeth Kolbert, and Roy Scranton, whose work covers these far-reaching concerns, speaks to the resonance of existential distress for many, even if it is not named as such. Existential distress may be experienced as a flood of distressing emotions, including fear, outrage, and horror at the possibility of death; a sense of loneliness, hopelessness, or meaninglessness; grief and regret; and others. These emotions also relate to a separate construct in psychosocial oncology and palliative care: demoralization, which is characterized by feelings of helplessness and pointlessness, the perception that the future is not worthwhile, and a sense that present circumstances or predicaments are outside of our control, intractable—a set of statements I’d wager are common, however fleeting or persistent, for people distressed by the prospect of climate disaster. Existential distress as a construct in psychosocial oncology and palliative care is rooted in existential psychotherapy, which concerns itself with, as psychiatrist Irvin Yalom puts it, the four “ultimate concerns of life”: death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness. It is also related to psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers’s “Limit Situations”, defined as moments in which the proverbial rug is pulled from beneath our feet, and with it our sense of security. These moments may be accompanied by experiences of dread, anxiety, or guilt, and the existential blindfold they remove creates a situation which is “unbearable for life”, leaving the person experiencing them with the choice to either face them (providing the opportunity for an “upswing”—an expansion of horizons and experiential possibilities) or to deny or avoid them, leading to paralysis. For Joanna Macy, however, the emotions tied to our awareness that “we have lost the certainty that there will be a future for humans” cannot be equated with ordinary existential concerns. Macy understands climate-related distress as pain for the world, which she views as a normal, healthy response to a world in trauma—a formulation she develops beautifully in her recently-reissued 1991 book World as Lover, World as Self. Our emotional response to the unfolding threats should be understood as adaptive—pain is, after all, an evolutionarily-honed warning signal “not to be banished by injections of optimism or sermons on ‘positive thinking’, [but rather] to be named and validated as a healthy, normal human response.” This formulation grants the sufferer the permission to feel—a bold act which is, in the face of overwhelming despair, grief, or existential distress, in and of itself therapeutic. As Macy points out, “the refusal to feel takes a heavy toll [that] only impoverishes our emotional and sensory life.” Importantly, Macy ties this fear, refusal to feel, or disavowal to the austerity-driven inadequacies in the social safety net which are driven by capitalist forces. When our focus narrows to immediate survival needs, we cannot maintain awareness of what is transpiring around us, much less name or feel the emotions associated with broader, collective concerns like the climate crisis. This same, narrow focus on survival needs is also informed by the neoliberal logic that it is the individual who is at fault for their precarity, not the political and economic structures that created the conditions responsible for it. In turn, this logic informs the malignant individualism knowingly or implicitly endorsed by some therapists who attempt to locate sources of distress within a “broken” or disturbed individual—dismissing or diminishing the conditions that shape clients’ lives outside of the office. The downloading of societal ills to the individual clearly has implications at the clinical level. Capitalism and Climate Distress Psychological suffering may be understood as a “downstream” signal that often results from a complex causal pathway with powerful “upstream” determinants. Mental health professionals are unfortunately well-versed in responding to individual-level consequences of failed or inadequate social policy. Interventions that would best serve people and the public good, including social programs such as universal healthcare, pharmacare, and even further upstream initiatives such as social welfare, are often stymied by insufficient public revenue and resource constraints. This is a cold reality, we are told, while the private sector, including the fossil fuel industry, reaps ever more profits. Here in Canada, the privatization of many natural resources, especially oil and gas, has resulted in near-total political deference to the industry’s interests. Canada’s federal government dedicated $18 billion to assist the oil and gas sector (or 18% of its total COVID-19 stimulus expenditures to date). This system of governance where corporate subsidies—a form of private welfare—go unquestioned while public programs struggle under the mounting pressures of austerity has fostered a punishing culture where the burden of responsibility to address upstream sources of distress and dysfunction is shifted from politicians and employers onto those who suffer the downstream consequences. In the fight against the climate crisis, the oil industry and its aggressive lobby have much to gain by preaching the power of individual action. We are encouraged to buy local, switch to eco-friendly laundry detergent, invest in “zero waste starter kits”, and are even cautioned against having children to reduce our carbon footprint. Indeed, the very concept of a “carbon footprint” was aggressively promoted by British Petroleum while the company and its counterparts continued their unfettered and calamitous fossil fuel extraction to satisfy their profit motives. Just 100 companies are responsible for 71% of total global carbon emissions. Narratives of individual responsibility for the climate crisis are not only empirically misguided, they also obscure the responsibility and power of those who can effect meaningful systems-level change. We must acknowledge that this disconnection, and the despair borne by ordinary people in its face, are the result of the exploitation and injustice wrought by capitalist social and economic systems. Therapeutic Approaches If we accept the likelihood that some people will experience normal, yet still very painful climate-related emotional distress, there follows the possibility that a set of these people may seek a therapist to help them cope with difficult feelings or to better understand their experience. Those already engaged in supportive relationships with professional mental health clinicians may also process climate-related distress during their work. Of course, some may also share their feelings and concerns with like-minded others in non-clinical settings, such as “Ecological Grief Circles”, or in activist spaces, like those offered by Extinction Rebellion. But when such concerns do arise in clinical work, how should a therapist respond? And how should they navigate the political and psychological risks related to individualizing climate despair while also honouring the real struggles that individuals do experience? Having presented a structural analysis of climate distress, it is tempting to suggest that clinicians simply concern themselves with politics or activism. Perhaps an individual care provider can effect more change or good via work at the level of systems than in work with individual clients. At the very least, a deep familiarity with the social, economic, and cultural context—the structural determinants of health—is a necessary starting point for therapeutic work. However, it is not sufficient. Mental health clinicians serve a “suffering Other” who is unlikely to be satisfied or relieved by our pointing to a set of complex upstream factors, or even a demonstration of our efforts to combat various forms of injustice which may be contributing to their predicament. Action at systems levels by an informed, compassionate care provider may offer unfortunately little to their distressed patient in any given clinical encounter. Relatedly, developing a nuanced clinical approach to problems with clear upstream determinants need not represent an acceptance of a toxic sociopolitical status quo. Painful or challenging emotions such as fear, anxiety, sadness, despair, frustration, anger, guilt, and others are universal, evolutionarily-engrained, and, when tolerable and accessible to the person experiencing them, can be useful in the service of growth, healing, and action. This is true whether these emotions occur in the course of day-to-day relationships, emerge from painful memories, or result from our awareness of the existential threats of climate change. I do not wish to fetishize such emotions or the potentially devastating or traumatic experiences that can give rise to them, but I will suggest that our attunement to suffering—both our own and that of others around us, near and far—is to be appreciated as a sign of strength. Pain and upset in response to painful and upsetting situations may be both perfectly normal and a sign of healthy, mature emotional functioning. A former psychosocial oncology supervisor of mine often shares a similar refrain when meeting with a new patient or family devastated by the news of advanced cancer, or of non-response to treatment: “you’re experiencing a perfectly normal set of feelings in response to a highly abnormal situation.” Here we see the tremendous power of validation—the witnessing from another that I’m not crazy. The same orientation for mental health providers in the face of climate-related distress is therefore critical: one that is normalizing, validating, and which is followed by an invitation to open up, wholly sink into and experience the distress. This is a radical act which is likely to be accepted only by a patient or client who encounters a therapist prepared to forgo diagnostic labels and symptom reduction, and instead willing to witness, to hold, or better yet, to accompany people in their suffering. It is here that people can best engage in a process of mutual sense-making, or where, paradoxically, peace in suffering may be encountered. But is equanimity in the face of a burning world really what we’re after? In Macy’s language, through a clear-eyed engagement with suffering, or rather through an intentional facing to the flow of one’s emotional experience, a weight lifts, a “turning” can occur, and with it, a renewed appetite for life, and even, perhaps, a heightened determination to act. As she says, “[this work] involves nothing more mysterious than telling the truth about what we see and know and feel is happening to our world.” The importance of facing—or indeed working through—challenging emotions and experiences, as opposed to disavowing or suppressing them, is central to the work in therapy (or the individual work) that follows from all three models of climate distress presented above (ecological grief, existential distress, and pain for the world). Individual Therapy for a Societal Problem Mental health providers do not have the greatest potential, nor do we bear sole responsibility, for mitigating the distress of our patients or the population at large in relation to the climate crisis. Enacting policies which serve to rapidly decarbonize, to protect vulnerable communities, and to otherwise act in a way commensurate with the urgent and dire threats facing us is far likelier to achieve that aim. And while climate-related threats are, in a sense, universal, it is important to note that their impacts are unevenly distributed, with grossly disproportionate impacts on the structurally vulnerable. Threats of personal annihilation or even genocide are also not new for many. This acknowledgement is not to weigh the gravity of such threats against one another, nor to compare the experiences of those who lived through or continue to endure them. Rather, if it is true that “people who had been insulated from oppression are now waking up to the prospect of their own unlivable future”, we must work to ensure that the recognition of shared vulnerability leads to solidarity; that whatever follows from our awareness of the intersecting crises of our time resists all turns towards isolationism, nationalism, and ecofascism; and that our collective responses embrace instead a broad understanding and efforts in service of justice. Accordingly, health professionals and others who attend to psychological suffering must concern ourselves with the social, economic, and social determinants of health through advocacy, active engagement with justice-oriented political campaigns, and participation in grassroots/movement-based organizing, including mass actions of non-violent social protest. The role of mental health professionals in responding to the climate crisis may therefore be twofold: at the clinical level, to adopt an approach to individual suffering that rejects false notions of individual “brokenness” and instead honours people’s grief, existential distress, or pain for the world as normal, healthy responses to a profoundly abnormal situation. And secondly—and more importantly—we must work beyond the “consulting room” to join with others in meaningfully addressing the upstream/structural drivers of climate-related distress and building more just, equitable, and sustainable communities for all. 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Howto Clean Fruit and Vegetables When you have released your essay, you will probably violate a person who believes different. Normally, reflective documents act as an assessment mechanism, for equally, students, collectively with the instructors, and at times even the administration. They provide a type of private investigation of some occasions. What is vital for brooding documents is you will have the ability to provide your own ideas in a unique thought. Now that you understand, the greatest way to create a reflective article, here’s a list of topic suggestions for a reflective article you may choose from. A poet isn’t necessarily a person who composes poems, but is a person who views the world poetically, and has the skill to convey it in the form of language. Sometimes authors want to have a stand on powerful troubles. Feminist writers also have modified the use of the female through magical reality. Some will focus on the capability, or the interior’s ease. It takes a lot of waiting to be a fantastic author. It’s among the most used books In The World earth. Reflective creating performs a substantial role in taking benefit of each teaching experience. Cursive writing, that is part of Penmanship, is among the most significant lessons a kid can ever learn. This form of an article is your own ideas and views about any dilemma, gathered with each other to drive nutritional supplement which point. In the conclusion the moment the article is completed, the last step is studying its articles. If you would rather create an adequate essay isn’t automatically a multitude of books read and reviewed several websites. To be able to compose an exceptional opinion composition, you should stick to these 3 steps. You’re the individual who is liable for the schooling, and efficient research skills will manage to assist you. Inspections for bigger dollar quantities, nevertheless, are more unusual. A pupil should ideally compose a reflective essay in first person and try and generate her or his own manner of writing. From time to time, up on completion of a coaching course, students may be required to create a reflective article on the same, as a self – appraisal instrument. It is acceptableeven importantto class pupils otherwise for equal duty so the appraisal can turn into a real manifestation of their own academic improvement. From these details a teacher is today capable to work appropriately to receive the greatest out of their student. Don’t browse student site be scared to ask the instructor if there’s something which you never understand. Brooding instructors constantly consider the previous lesson before planning the next. At times, composing essay is really difficult when they’d like you to describe something in your words and endeavour to sense something about it. Presuming is among the most critical issues that one can do in course. The design will likely then get for you assist in concept and to start. Even negative ideas and feelings ought to be included in it. You will find four normal thoughts to remain in mind about character type. Frequently, you are able to catch valuable insights that can assist you to come to be a much better thinker. One must come up with somebody’s view and speed the entire episode depending on how a person feels, equally favorably in inclusion to badly. Picture you’re composing a story. A brief story may usually present a primary character and the turmoil he or she’s attempting to solve.
In 1607, first colony was formed in Jamestown, Virginia. In order to get relief from the various persecution of religions, People felt an escape in this newly found world. This had proved that the country had a great urge for the peace in respect of faith and the religious beliefs. The people of the colony didn’t have a choice earlier to have their own faith and religious belief. It was with the formation of the first colony, that the country had gained the independence for the religion to be followed. In 1620, Pilgrims founded, Plymouth which is located in Massachusetts. The main motive to start trading was the importance of wool in business world. The people all over had the new system of money and trading with the currency. The importance of earn a livelihood was gaining the awareness among the native. The traders all over had a great influence over the market that targeted the trade practices of the country. The people realized that the wool of the sheep is more valuable than the agriculture products. In no time, the farms were converted into the pasture for sheep’s. Resulting into the lack of food. European wanted to acquire as much colonies as was possible for them. The English colonies formed were in real sense just a business ventures. The division of Atlantic Seaboard as northern and southern gave rise to establishment of the colonies. London Company was given the southern part and Plymouth Company got the northern part. The business trade had grown with the passing time the major occupation which was agriculture converted into the services in no time. The agricultural produce was being imported to the country in a large country and the major food became the meat of animals. The local grown food was not able to meet the demand of the colonies and people started enjoying the meat and animal products as the result. The year 1587 saw the first colony which included ninety-one men, seventeen women and 9 children which were by Sir Walter Raleigh and got settled on the island of Roanoke. But, by 1590 they all got vanished and it is still an unsolved mystery that what led to their disappearance. This is one of the major mystery that has given rise to many myths. The London Company in 1606, sent one hundred and forty-four men to Virginia on three ships namely the Discovery, the Godspeed and the Susan Constant. With their successful reach to Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 1607, they got settled down in a town named Jamestown. They faced terrible days, all the time looking for gold and escaping main meals. The exploration was done to satisfy the gold diggers ignoring the human values. The requirement of providing basic amenities were absent and more greed for the money was noticed. It was all to get the valuable exportable good. The efforts made were useless and the explorer who had later settle down in the country had to search for some other resource too, for survival in long run. It was the time they started the farming of Tobacco. The year 1616, taught them to survive by growing Tobacco and that was the survival instinct for the colonists. In Virginia, in 1619, the concept of Slavery started especially pointing out at the African Slavery. Read: History of Vikings \| eBook \| AudioBook In 1632, The Province of Maryland which allowed Catholic settlement and became the first colony to do that. The land was named after the queen and was granted twelve million acres of land, at the highest point of Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert. The main occupation was farming of Tobacco. It was more like Virginia but had several differences too. One major difference was the religious toleration, Virginia was having Catholic as a majority as its founder, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic. Later in 1636, the Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island, and Providence Plantation all were founded. The New Haven Colony got recognition in 1637. The Delaware was established in 1638 with the settlement by Swedish people in the colony. The Province of Carolina was established in 1663. Later, in 1664, New Netherland was captured by the Britishers and establishment of province of New York took place. Delaware was the first to become an English Colony. In 1670, Charleston, Carolina was Founded. In 1681, William Penn got the charter for Pennsylvania. The rich soil and the rich culture that evolved in this region particularly was recognized as the most influential shaping factor of the history of America. The exploration started with the aim to provide the wealth got the shape of the colonies, as they focused on the aim to convert the ruling into the powerful victory over the land. The various founder had been maximizing their own wealth and targeting to create their own culture. The occupation that was adopted in starting was the result of the resources and knowledge that was available to the rulers. The country had many inventions too in that period. The growth opportunity in the land of America was gaining popularity since the successful trade practices created milestones. The most special aspect of Colonial America has highlighted ahead. The number one is the fact that Pilgrim was the minority aboard the Mayflower. The reason behind the compact that was signed by all of them was deep enough. The Separatists (Pilgrims were better known as separatists) were afraid, the people all over were migrating to their land. The separatists being minority had a thought regarding them being dominated by an outsider in their own land. The concern was a fact because they were very few in number as compared to the people who had moved in from the different parts of the world. Read: History of Paris \| eBook \| AudioBook Squanto, who had taught the Pilgrims to survive in the early days of Plymouth colony was considered a kind soul. Squanto was a slave in early life and later returned back to America by escaping from his last owner. When Squanto returned back the colony and every person had vanished due to an epidemic. The incident left Squanto all alone, Squanto later started teaching the Pilgrims about the survival instinct Squanto had learned. The religious freedom that European were seeking was the direction what to do in life. The Performa to attend a particular church and follow the priest were common those days. The French-Spanish attack was an example of the religious war that was initiated in the region and had taken life of two hundred men during that time. The laws were framed focusing on the religion. The punishments that were decided always considered the religion first and also the native was banished as a result of punishment. Every colony had its own law and order. The common point among those law was that the religion and religious belief are to be followed blindly. The freedom for religion was not available. The religion was forced upon the people and they had to follow the rules as punishments were very harsh. The worst practices that were adopted by the countrymen all focused upon the myths that were spread among the people in name of religion. The people around the world had many expectations from the business opportunity that everyone saw in American colonies. The diversity on the basis of the beliefs created a havoc and the country demanded independence as a result. But it was a way too far. The country was under the control of Spanish, Europeans, and Britishers for more than two centuries. The import and export, migration of people all over the world and the main point was the possibility of flourishment? American had many competitors and enemies but they never looked back. The colony that was first established vanished in no time but after that the whole country flourished. The efforts that were sincere and were treated as a successful survival strategy created many examples and theories for others. The country that had a temperature which varied all over, a culture that was diverse and just had one thing same all over was the adoption of growth and encashing opportunities. The major challenges were the value for human life, breaking the myth created all over, creating a unified system of law, making people realize unity in diversity, pushing towards the openness to respect one another religion and breaking down the bad practices of killing women live on the partial opinion of considering them a witch. The journey has been tough for the people who founded these colonies as they faced unfavourable climatic conditions and many human lives were lost in order to survive the water-route. The country had thirteen colonies in number and the first was formed and was magically gone. But, that is not a part of the thirteen to be accounted as colony. The first one was a settlement of a community that could not survive an epidemic and just left with no sign behind. America was not a place to spend holidays, it had tough climatic conditions and the land was shared by many wildlife’s that were dangerous to human life. Every colony had a founder and a ruler. The neighbouring countries would send people to explore America and later would establish their own colony. The growth was achieved by the country and was able to understand the importance of the value that natural resources motherland had. Read: History of Ottoman Empire \| eBook \| AudioBook The founding fathers of America included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, in Albermarle County, Virginia. Thomas signed the declaration of independence in 1776 along with other founding fathers of the American constitution. Thomas was son to a brave father, Thomas never sacrificed his moral for anything. American have a legacy set by Thomas, when time required his support for his family, he stood by his father and made all his efforts to provide him justice. Each personality which is considered as founding father is one of their own kind. The life is a full success made up of hardships that they faced. The life of every American was influenced by the efforts of these legends. The ultimate target to attain the independence was not a selfish step but was selfless as volunteered for the coming generation. The freedom fighters wanted to pay back to their motherland by making it free from the unwanted rule by others. The things were yet to be done, the efforts were yet to be made against French, Indian, Spanish and English. The work for attaining a free world was in progress with many other targets as well. Would you like to read more about this topic? This book might interest you: History of Colonial America.
What Does the Letter H Mean In Shoe Size What Does the Letter H Mean In Shoe Size Finding the right shoe size can be a nightmare. Not only are there so many sizes to choose from, but you also need to know how narrow or how wide your foot is. Knowing just your shoe size isn’t always enough. As if this wasn’t hard enough, different countries and manufacturers around the world all have different ways of measuring shoe size. This can make buying shoes in international stores and on international websites difficult. Fortunately, there is some degree of cohesion amongst the confusion. In this article, we will explore what the letter H means in shoe size. What does the letter H mean in shoe size? The letter H can signify two different things. On the one hand, it refers to the width of the shoe. An H width size correlates with the widest shoe for men. This is called an extra wide fitting. On the other hand, the letter H sometimes refers to half-sizes. This means if your foot is between a size 9 and a size 10, you can buy size 9H, or 91/2, for a more comfortable fit. Finding the right size of shoe is important. It is vital for the health of the feet, improves hygiene, enhances the quality of life, and keeps the shoes in the right shape, helping them to keep on looking great for longer. For all these reasons, it is crucial that you know what the letter H means in shoe size. Shoe shopping can be baffling at the best of times. With so many numbers and letters jumping out at you, it’s so easy to make a mistake. The letter H can mean two things in shoe size and it is important that you clarify which one is being referred to. The first is the width of the foot. A width of H designates that the shoe has an “extra-wide fitting”. In men’s shoes, this is the widest shoe you can get, measuring 4 11/16 inches. The female equivalent is called EE rather than H. This is the most common meaning of H and it applies internationally. Understanding that H means “extra wide fitting” is important information that can help ensure you find the right pair of shoes. Shoes that are too narrow can rub the skin, cause blisters, distort the shape of the shoe, and in extreme cases can inflame the bones and tendons of the foot. Conversely, a shoe that is too wide can make walking difficult, damages the skin, and can harm the ankle joint. The best way to find out whether you need an H shoe size is to measure your foot. You should do this by wrapping a tape measure around your foot at the widest point. If you measure between 11-16 inches, then a extra-large fitting is for you. Doing this can make sure that you don’t buy the wrong shoes and end up losing money or having to go to the trouble of returning them. The second meaning of H in shoe size is “half”. In this context, an H next to the size indicates that the shoe is a half size. For example, a size 9H is a size 91/2 shoe. Half sizes can help ensure that shoes fit snugly onto the foot. This makes the experience of wearing them much better, and the shoes perform better. Not only does this stop them from rubbing or hurting the foot, but they make walking, running and daily activities much easier. The half-size H is mainly found in shoes from the UK and Europe, although it is in some US stores as well. At a time when so many of us buy shoes from international stores and online websites, it is important that we are aware that this can be what the letter H is referring to. What is the best way to be sure what the H means for shoe size? The best way to know for sure what the letter H means in shoe size is to ask a store assistant, employee, or to work it out from the context. If you are buying sneakers or sports shoes, the chances are the H is referring to a half size. This is because the shoes of these kids often don’t have width sizes. On the other hand, an H for smart shoes will usually refer to an extra-wide male fitting. The best policy is to consider the context and work out what the most likely meaning is. What are the other shoe widths? Men’s shoes range from extra narrow to extra-wide. S is an extra-narrow fitting, C a narrow fitting, R a medium,EE wide, and H an extra wide fitting. You will need to find out what width your foot is to determine which size best suits you. You can measure this yourself by taking a measurement of your foot at its widest point with a tape measure. Alternatively, if you’re thinking of buying some shoes, you can ask to get your feet measured in the store. If you are buying smart shoes, the shore assistant is likely to do this anyway just to be sure. Since shoe size varies so widely between manufacturers, it’s always a good idea to measure your feet before buying. Can I wear H shoes if I have normal feet? You should only buy or wear H size shoes if your feet meet that measurement. The H shoe is a normal size but it is for extra-wide feet. If your feet are too narrow for the shoes, the shoes could damage them. They will rub, cut the skin and be generally uncomfortable, as well prevent you from walking properly. In extreme cases, wearing shoes that are too wide for you can damage the ankle joint and the ligaments in the area. Leave a Reply
Why Venus Planet Moves In Clockwise Direction? 2 Answers Nathan Corrie Profile Nathan Corrie answered It's thought that when Venus was formed it had a rapid Anti(Counter) clockwise orbit like the other planets, but in fact over billions of years, the Earth itself may well have exerted tidal forces on Venus's dense atmosphere, causing it to slow down and eventually, start orbiting the sun in a retrograde direction. Anonymous Profile Anonymous answered Sorry, but who ever answered above me is just.. Wrong. Venus doesn't move in a clockwise directions, all of the planet's orbits are the same, they move in the same direction around the sun. As for why it ROTATES clockwise, it actually doesn't. Venus' axial tilt is 177.44 degrees (or something close to that, 177 is right). Which means that, while standing from the north pole of the sun, all planets appear to be rotating clockwise except for Venus, which is actually still rotating clockwise, but the planet itself is upside down. Answer Question
Science Reuters Agrochemical Cocktail is a Threat to Pollinator Bees. Scientists fear that interactions between multiple pesticides and herbicides can have a great impact on bee mortality than expected. Exposure to a cocktail of agrochemicals significantly increases bee mortality, according to Dr. Emily Bailes, from the University of Sheffield and joint lead author of the study, who said that regulators may underestimate the dangers of pesticides in combination. She believes that with stressors like pesticides and lack of food; it is not simply two plus two, and the combined effect can be more than the individual effects. This study looks at the interplay between agrochemicals, parasites, and poor nutrition. She said in the paper published in Nature, “We found that when bees were exposed to multiple agrochemicals, like pesticides or herbicides, they acted in a way which caused more damage than would be expected from assessing each pesticide individually. This is important because when pesticides are tested for their environmental impact, they are usually tested as the only stress that bees are experiencing, rather than as one of the multiple stressors that bees experience in nature.” Bees and other pollinators are crucial for crops and wild habitats and evidence of steep drops in insect populations worldwide has prompted fears of dire consequences for food security and natural ecosystems. The world is already facing food insecurity and with the recent announcement of ‘Hunger Hotspots’ by UN’s World Food Programme, the problem is expected to worsen. The declining bee population will escalate the problem of food insecurity and would be a definite threat to the wild ecosystem around the globe. Though the stressors like agrochemicals, parasites, and nutrient deficiency have been recognized as a threat to the bee population, the studies investing the interaction between them have mixed conclusions to reach a definite result. This is the first systematic review to analyze the results of 90 studies and over 300 different estimates of interactions between these stressors for bee’s health. The study found that pesticide interaction was likely to be “synergistic”, meaning that their combined impact was greater than the sum of their individual effects. These “interactions between multiple agrochemicals significantly increase bee mortality,” said co-author Harry Siviter, of the University of Texas at Austin. The study concluded that risk assessments that cannot allow for this outcome “may underestimate the interactive effect of anthropogenic stressors on bee mortality”. Therefore, the author suggested that the regulatory process needs to be revised, as it currently doesn’t protect bees from the harmful consequences of complex agrochemical exposure. If nothing is done, the bee’s population will continue to decline and so will their pollination services, which can lead to an ecosystem collapse. Add comment
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Presentation is loading. Please wait. August 23, 2015 Education Bradford Curricular Targets Georgina Graham and Jonathan Nixon ISP Consultants, Education Bradford. Similar presentations Presentation on theme: "August 23, 2015 Education Bradford Curricular Targets Georgina Graham and Jonathan Nixon ISP Consultants, Education Bradford."— Presentation transcript: 2 National guidelines Curricular targets are targets which have been chosen after careful use of assessment information and focus on a key piece of learning which has become or may become a barrier to progression. Meeting these targets should impact on children’s overall performance in a subject and contribute to raising attainment. Targets are based on key strands of the Primary Framework. These are then layered into year group targets using age-related objectives from within the strand and are used to strengthen quality first teaching in the classroom. Whole-school curricular targets enable schools to bring teaching and learning in specific areas of English and mathematics into sharp focus. The targets are a means to raise attainment and accelerate pupil progress in key areas of learning and teaching in English and mathematics that have been identified as whole-school priorities. These areas are identified as priorities for improvement across the school following an audit of attainment and progress based on evidence from the school’s self evaluation. The use of whole-school curricular target setting is therefore linked to the school’s cycle of improvement. 3 Then… Steps to success EB Curricular targets and I can statements 4 Now… Targets linked to class, group or individual assessments Use of APP Linked to engagement of learners and independence Activity One: What do you want targets to help with? 5 To give children some responsibility for their own learning To help children discuss their learning To involve parents in key learning To focus teaching on key learning To accelerate progress and raise attainment 6 Literacy Targets 7 Writing….. What are you currently basing your decisions about targets on? What are your targets for? Class? Groups? Individuals? Are they the same? 8 Making curricular targets more useful? Whole-school curricular targets – the curricular focuses identified through the analysis of attainment data, identified patterns and trends in underperformance that need to be addressed if improvements are to be made. Year group or class curricular targets – the whole-school focus is set in the context of end-of-year, age-related expectations, using the PFW to identify the landmarks. If the pupils are to make the expected two levels of progress over the key stage, the targets also need to reflect this. Group or individual targets – targets are personalised to address the specific learning areas those groups or individual pupils need to secure or to catch up 9 What next? How will you share your targets? How will a child know that they have achieved a target? Do you need to differentiate your targets? How does all this fit into your marking and feedback policy? Are you going to make use of Education Bradford Literacy curricular targets? Stickers/stamps 10 Language Consistency is important Next Steps Target Next time Next steps Remember to Wish Stars Pink Green 11 What will all this look like in your school? Activity How will you develop it in your school? What will it look like? Staff meeting? Quick start guides? Resources to help? Targets in children’s books? Showing that a children has achieved a target? Remember children need to understand what to do and how to do it! 12 Maths targets 13 Different approaches Whole school curricular targets – used termly or half termly Whole school two / three week focus per term + learn by heart facts targets Key Stage / Year Group curricular targets used termly or half termly Whole school targets + year group focus every half term Key Stage strand targets + group targets based on APP Are these teaching or learning targets? 14 Reasons for the change: Allows teachers to focus on one thing rather than having to try and fit it in when not appropriate over a whole term. Repetition aids memory and children are more likely to retain the information. It is a genuine whole school focus so children can learn from each other. Final assemblies are at a distance from learning to allow class teachers to gain evidence for APP. Children are more involved in the process, choosing their own strategies and presenting what they have done. More fun! Easier to plan for a week or two weeks than for targets over a whole term. Slippage time used for quick games. Class teachers receive CPD to allow them to teach the focus well. Good practice is shared. 15 Whole school target – Show your ideas and methods and explain them FS - Represent their work in objects or pictures and discuss what they have done KS1 - Discuss their work using mathematical language and begin to represent their work using symbols and simple diagrams LKS2 - Make their own suggestions of ways to tackle problems and discuss their mathematical work and begin to explain their thinking UKS2 - Decide how best to represent conclusions, using appropriate recording and explain and justify their methods and solutions Example of school target setting for ‘learn by heart’ and teaching a focus once per term 16 Introduction - how can you get your class to talk about: in which lessons we could work on the target and how if we could work on them in pairs, groups, as a class etc what we could make to help each other or display in class what we will present to whole school in the final assembly 17 Activity What are the issues in maths in your school? How do you know or how can you find out? (SATs analysis, APP, AfL, book scrutiny, pupil interviews) Is there a whole school issue, other than ‘learn by heart’ facts? Do you have a whole school reward system for ‘learn by heart’ facts and are parents involved in this? What other strands are children finding difficult? Where do you get the target statements from? Can class teachers make child friendly statements from APP/other assessment materials? What reason do class teacher have to focus on them and children to learn them? 18 Activity - Quick Start How would you like targets to be used for maths? Do they need displaying? Where and for whom? How do children know how they are doing? How often are they changed? How are they differentiated? How is success celebrated? Balance clarity for children and staff with personalisation to engage learners 19 Monitoring: Evaluation: should not be additional to anything else being done should use triangulation of data (e.g. pupil interviews, lesson observations and book scrutiny) should be realistic (even if the majority of children reach the target will this change their levels in the short term?) should include qualitative evidence as well as quantitative should consider all the reasons for targets, not just accelerating progress should be shared and discussed with all teaching staff 20 Monitoring use of curricular targets? Evidence of differences in APP Books/planning scrutiny Learning walks School council Pupil voice 21 Discuss targets with the pupils Great when the teacher hears what the children say (record/film/participate) Outcomes from the pupil voice can be developed by the schools council. Gives you what you have to do next. 22 Foundation Stage These should not be seen as ‘targets’ for children to achieve. Photographs and examples may help and encourage other children. A semi-permanent display will help with teaching and can be used by other adults. Similar presentations Ads by Google
One of Ambrose Bierce"s many read stories, A Horseman in the skies (1889) is a lively account of an overwhelming ethical choices during wartime. Us hope this guide is specifically useful for students and teachers. You are watching: A horseman in the sky theme Here"s the story: A Horseman in the Sky, Character evaluation & Summary, Genre & Themes, Literary tools & Vocabulary, historical Context, Quotes, conversation Questions, Paired analysis Recommendations, beneficial Links, and Notes/Teacher Comments View native Seneca Rocks, phibìc Fork mountain near Grafton, West Virginia Character Analysis Carter Druse - The story"s protagonist, that is the just child of well-off Virginia parents who decides to sign up with the Union regiment the arrived in Grafton, Virginia, a couple of miles from your home. His activity makes the a traitor come Virginia (according to his father) and breaks his heart. The Union officers assign Carter to a remote outpost as sentinel since he to know the terrain and they room impressed by his "deeds that devotion and also daring." that betrays them by falling sleep on duty. Carter"s dad - A affluent landowner in west Virginia whose just son announced he is joining the Union, come which he replied, "Well, go, sir, and also whatever may happen do what you develop to be your duty." His father guarantees they will certainly speak an ext of the matter should they both live to the finish of the battle (that to be prescient). The dad is both staunchly scheduled (does not display emotion), and reveres duty and family. The Horseman - The identification of the rider is no revealed till the end of the story, when we learn it"s Druse"s father, a Confederate spy. Likened come a god, collosal in magnitude and seemingly having spiritual powers, Carter shoots him come avoid allowing him to reveal the Union regiment"s place he"s guarding in the valley below. Carter"s mom - though she never shows up in the story, Carter"s father reminds him that she is critically ill and will dice in a few weeks. The young Druse does not announce his decision or speak goodbye come her, in ~ his father"s insistence, as result of her vulnerable condition. The Officer - The only witness to the fatality of Druse"s father, whom he sees falling over a thousands foot upright cliff, showing up to fly together an apparition. He gave up searching for the body and also horse and also failed come report it. Sargeant - The officer who hears the shot and interviews Druse, who confesses that the man he shot was his father, horrifying the sargeant. The point of view - The unseen force that wakens Druse from his sentry slumber, just in time to spy the Confederate spy undetected. Plot Summary The story"s main character is Carter Druse, a personal who join the Union military in defiance that his Virginia heritage and family who live near where the fighting is around to commence. His father, despite broken-hearted, speak Carter to follow his feeling of duty and to no tell his dice mother. Since he thrived up in the terrain, Druse is appointed sentinel ~ above a high ridge overlooking a valley whereby his regiment is awaiting your surprise assault on the Confederates. He drops asleep, but is awakened by an angelic pressure just with time to angry a mysterious, statuesque horseman that has determined the Union regiments, however has not yet found Druse"s position. Druse has actually his hand ~ above his rifle all set to fire, lock look right into eachother"s eyes prior to Druse, after ~ hesitating, decides that is his duty to death the Confederate horseman spy to defend the Union"s position. One officer saw the falling horseman end the sheer cliff, appearing to fly, gives up his search for the human body below, and decides not to report it come his superior. A sargeant who heard the shot interviews Druse, that confesses that the male he killed was his father. Man on Horseback, 1634 Civil War brief stories genre, historical fiction in that is seeming reality portrayal of actual events, soldiers, and battles, v a supernatural element of superordinary allegory. Due to the fact that Bierce offered in the War, he coupled his gifted creating abilities with his credible and dramatic stories that lugged the complexities of war to life for his readers. Son vs. Dad - The war tore households apart; guys deciding come enlist in the civil War typically had a greater allegiance to their town, county, state, prior to their country. In this story, both father and also son decided to safeguard their duty over their family, but for the contrary sides, which renders Bierce"s story so poignant. Treason - joining the Union as a Virginian was considered treason by his father, the knowingly dissapointed his parents, cursed a crime together sentinel (sleeping on watch). Many importantly, he committed treason against his family, death his very own father! Hierarchy of Duties - The story explores the powerful concepts the allegiance to family, faith and also their sometimes-conflict with armed forces duty. No "spiritual preparation" to be needed, the "duty the the soldier to be plain: the male must it is in shot dead indigenous ambush." Compassion, Conscience and also Reason - characteristics shared by both father and also son, yet each of their decisions, and also the irreversible consequences, leave the reader knowledge the War"s devastation in Bierce"s informing of the story. Rules define Actions - Soldiers adhere come the military"s rules of conduct; your duty is to kill the enemy. Druse choose his duty come the Union by killing an foe spy who will expose their position, over his love and also allegiance to his father. Judgement - how will Druse by judged and by whom? God? Family? The commonwealth Army? other soldiers? will certainly Druse be able to live with himself and his decision in the end? The sleeping Sentinel, william Scott Literary Devices Bierce"s Hook Bierce"s writing style always dives ideal in come details, start with the an initial sentence, totally engaging his readers from the get-go. Metaphors and also Similes Describing his father"s disappointment: " went back the salute v a stately courtesy that masking a break heart."Personified wake-up call (an angel?): "...some invisible messenger the fate touched v unsealing finger the eyes of his consciousness--whispered into the ear the his spirit the secret awakening word which no person lips ever before have spoken, no person memory ever before has recalled.""The file of the equine was reduced with the sharpness that a cameo"Bierce compare the rider to a "noble occupational of art""His nerves to be as peaceful as a resting babe"s" Situational Irony The story employs situational irony for the discrepancy between what we intend to happen and what actually happens. Consequences of falling sleep at his post: "Their place would it is in perilous in the extreme; and fail they surely would should accident or vigilance apprise the foe of the movement."Foreshadowing his death? The father speak Carter, "Should we both live to the finish of the war, we will certainly speak further of the matter." Biblical References Druse "bows reverently come his father" together a spiritual leaderDescribing the powerful presence that the rider: "heroic, colossal, Grecian god"Their position high top top a mountain, ~ above a pedestal (pulpit), looking under (into the sink of death?), many Biblical recommendations here.Before that shoots, visions the dark angels or demons? "Statuesque group prior to him as black color figures, rising, falling, moving unsteadily in arcs of circles in a fiery sky."Describing his father"s parting words together "a magnificent mandate."Like a blessing, prior to he shoots, Druse says: "Peace, be still."Spiritual vision of resurrection: the officer experienced a man on horseback riding with the air."Good God!" was the sargeant"s an answer upon hearing Druse"s confession. The Chimaera Mythological References Colossal hero - Grecian GodLionine head - Lions represent power and wealth. The Nemean lion was a vicious monster, ultimately killed by Heracles, yet his fur was impervious come mortals" weapons Leonine head - describing Druse"s father, it method resembling a lionCarbine - A light automatic riflePommel the the saddle - The increase curving or projecting part of a saddle in front of the rider.Bivouac in the sink - A short-term camp without tents or cover.Foeman - An enemy in war. Union soldiers waiting to fight in ~ the Rappahannock River, 1863 Bierce characteristically supplies so lot detail and descriptions in his Civil war stories, he brings to life the details battles, strategies, and also personalizes the soldiers" experience both on and off the battlefield, particularly the moral options war time presents. To better understand the historic context of this story, it"s advantageous to evaluation the Civil battle battles dealt with in west Virginia. The setup may be close to Grafton (where Druse told his dad the Union regiment had arrived) and also Philippi where both armies led your brigades: Col. Morris (US) and also Col. Porterfield (Confederates). The Union an installed a two-prong advance, surprising a tiny Confederate occupation force at Philippi before dawn ~ above June 3, 1861. Despite it led to only 30 casualties, it was taken into consideration the very first major land action in the east Theater. Was it yes, really an action of "treason" because that Virginians to enlist in the Union fairly than Confederate forces? No, the counties that today comprise West Virginia were greatly Union controlled, native which approximately 32,000 Virginians served in the Union army. The vast bulk of default Virginians (155,000) served the Confederates. The enlistment rate in Confederate Virginia to be 89 percent, an ext men 보다 from any other state in the Confederacy. For much more details: Encyclopedia Virginia. Is the true that a soldier who falls asleep at his post can it is in executed? Yes, a Union soldier, wilhelm Scott, "The sleeping Sentinel" was court-martialed and also sentenced to be enforcement for sleeping on duty in 1861. Lincoln agreed come his pardon, extending mercy come the criminal. The pardon states: "This plot of clemency have to not be understood as affording a precedent for any future case. The duty of a sentinel is of such a nature, that its neglect by sleeping upon or deserting his write-up may endanger the safety and security of a command, or also of the totality army, and all nations affix come the offence the punish of death." To ensure clear rules the conduct because that all commonwealth soldiers throughout war time, chairman Lincoln implemented the Lieber code in April the 1863, which mentioned the moral treatment of prisoners of war and also empancipated slaves. Explain what the following price quotes mean and how they relate come the story: Bierce"s "hook": "One sunny afternoon in the autumn of the year 1861 a soldier put in a clump of laurel through the side of a roadway in western Virginia." “No nation is for this reason wild and challenging but males will do it a theatre the war; covert in the woodland at the bottom of that armed forces rat-trap, in which fifty percent a hundred males in possession the the exits can have starved an army to submission, lay 5 regiments of commonwealth infantry.” “Your mother, together the physician has actually informed you, is in a most an important condition; at the best she can not be through us much longer than a couple of weeks, however that time is precious. It would certainly be much better not come disturb her.” “His an initial feeling to be a keen creative delight. On a colossal pedestal, the cliff,--motionless at the excessive edge the the capping rock and sharply outlined against the sky,--was an equestrian frostbite of outstanding dignity. The figure of the male sat the number of the horse, straight and soldierly, yet with the repose that a Grecian god sculpted in the marble which limits the tip of activity. "At that prompt the horseman rotate his head and also looked in the direction of his hidden foeman--seemed to look right into his an extremely face, into his eyes, right into his brave, compassionate heart." “Carter Druse flourished pale; that shook in every limb, turned faint, and saw the statuesque group before him as black figures, rising, falling, relocating unsteadily in arcs of circles in a fiery sky.” "The duty of the soldier was plain: the guy must it is in shot dead indigenous ambush--without warning, without a moment"s spirituality preparation, with never ever so much as one unspoken prayer, he should be sent to his account." “It was not for long; in another moment his challenge was raised from earth, his hand resumed their locations on the rifle, his forefinger seek the trigger; mind, heart, and also eyes to be clear, conscience and also reason sound.” “"See here, Druse," the said, ~ a moment"s silence, "it"s no use making a mystery. I order you come report. Was there anyone on the horse?""Yes." "Well?" "My father."... "Good God!"" 1. Ambrose Bierce was among the only significant author to view combat during the polite War. He served in the 9th Regiment, Indiana Volunteers. What proof can you administer that "he knows what the is talk about" in his telling of the story? 2. Identify Bierce"s offers of foreshadowing and how it create tension and also anticipation for his reader. 3. Describe Bierce"s literary devices and also writing format in explicate the driver (Section II, fourth paragraph). What truth does that disclose? What does that withhold (that we uncover only in ~ the end of the story)? 4. Explain the an allegory in which the compares the driver to "a noble occupational of art." 5. What examples of armed forces etiquette or rules of command are described in the story? Why space these important? 6. Discuss the recurring theme of betrayal throughout the story and administer examples. See more: Net Worth Of Hank Williams Jr, Hank Williams Jr Net Worth And Earnings 2021 7. Based on the proof Bierce gives (and doesn"t), do you think Druse"s father to be an officer or civilian? 8. Discuss Druse"s decision process, even if it is to shooting the rider (whom we don"t yet recognize is his father) and also his statement: "Is it climate so destructive to kill an foe in war--an foe who has surprised a secret vital to the safety of one"s self and also comrades--an enemy an ext formidable because that his understanding than every his army for that is numbers?" 9. Identify and analyze the Biblical recommendations in the story. 10. Read around Ambrose Bierce"s life. Why carry out you think the writer earned the nickname, "Bitter Bierce"? Essay prompt: create the ending-- what will occur to Druse next? how will Druse it is in judged (by the Army, various other soldiers, by his mother , by God, deserve to he live with his decision)? Compare another story"s plot, setting, symbols, composing style, and also struggles of conscience with A Horseman in the Sky: The Sniper, similar themes involving irony and moral options during battle time An incident at Owl Creek Bridge, taken into consideration Bierce"s most famed story. To aid with the story, inspect out our study Guide The resting Sentinel, a poem around William Scott, judge of resting on duty The Tragedy of Julius Caesar (Act III) The Chimaera, the superordinary flying horse and also his rider, Bellerophon The Story that a Conscience, one more Confederate spy, this one is captured behind opponent lines Biography and Works by Ambrose Bierce An incident at Owl Creek Bridge study Guide Civil battle Battles in west Virginia Virginia Soldiers: that Fought and also for Whom? Lesson setup & video for ELL: A Horseman in the Sky American literature Lesson Plans: Edgar Allan Poe, Ambrose Bierce, and the Unreliable Biographers Analysis that A Horseman in the Sky Improve her Civil war Vocabulary Spying in the civil War Bierce"s at an early stage Life and also Military Career The Ambrose Bierce project War Photographs Mythological Gods and Monsters: The Nemean Lion Civil war Stories, Poems, and Novels Civil battle Songs American history in Literature We have to hear indigenous you! please share your lesson plans, questions, or pit-falls to prevent while teaching this work in pursuing our usual interests of helping more students gain reading standard literature! call us via on facebook or Twitter Visit our Teacher Resources, supporting literacy instruction across all great levels
FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE (FSP)の英語および日本語の記述への応用の試みTowards the Application of Functional Sence Perspective (FSP) to the Description of English and Japanese宮井, 捷二The main purpose of this paper is to review some of the notions of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) or related approaches that have been proposed by Vilem Mathesius, Jan Firbas, M. A. K. Halliday, Wallace L. Chafe and several other linguists, and to investigate the application of FSP to the description of English and Japanese. The history of FSP and related notions is studied from within the European grammatical tradition. Among linguists of the Prague School who have been concerned with FSP, Firbas regards FSP as the arrangement of sentence elements as it is viewed in the light of the context, both verbal and situational. Those sentence elements which convey something that is known, or may be inferred, from the context are regarded as the communicative basis, as the theme of the sentence. On the other hand, those sentence elements which convey new information are regarded as the communicative nucleus, as the rheme of the sentence. Basically, sentence elements are arranged according to the principle 'from the known to the unknown.' One of Firbas's basic concepts is that of communicative dynamism (CD) which is also discussed in this paper. In the framework of systemic linguistics, the structure of the English clause is the outcome of the interplay of syntactic options in the three main areas of transitivity, mood and theme which are based upon three basic functions of language: experiential, interpersonal and textual functions. This distinction of levels of analysis should be adopted in the description of any other natural language. FSP or the theme-rheme structure approach belongs to the area of theme. In the following example: // John made me ANGRY //, which is declarative, unmarked in focus and unmarked in theme, actor = subject = given = theme. Among a few American linguists who are concerned with FSP, Chafe approaches linguistic problems from the psychological aspect of language. He proposes an interdisciplinary area labeled 'psychosemantics'. Following Halliday, Chafe adopts the linguistic distinction between given and new information. Given information is that which the speaker assumes to be already present in the addressee's consciousness at the time of an utterance. In his recent mimeographed paper, he discusses the 'packaging' phenomena relevant to the status of noun as in the following: (1) the noun may be either given or new; (2) it may be a focus of contrast; (3) it may be definite or indefinite; (4) it may be the subject of its sentence; (5) it may be the topic of its sentence; and (6) it may represent the individual whose point of view the speaker is taking or with whom the speaker empathizes. For the description of the English and Japanese examples, in addition to the above basic concepts, some of which are more or less established in linguistics, the following are also particularly important and useful in the theory of FSP: interrelationships of FSP and phonological features of the sentence; Halliday's information focus, information unit and marked theme; Susumu Kuno's elaborated distinction of functions of Japanese particles wa and ga; presupposition; etc. The analysis of a Japanese text in terms of theme-rheme structure, in comparison with its English translation, shows differences of structure between English and Japanese texts. As already indicated by several linguists, pronominalization in Japanese is very incomplete compared with that in English or other European languages which is, so to speak, perfect. The frequency in so-called 'fragmentary sentences' in spoken Japanese is much greater than in spoken English. They can be explained as sentences composed of rhemes only, as shown in the following diagram.Article信州大学教養部紀要. 第一部, 人文科学 11: 155-169(1977)信州大学教養部1977-02-28jpndepartmental bulletin paperhttp://hdl.handle.net/10091/4282https://soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/176650583-0605AN00121159信州大学教養部紀要. 第一部, 人文科学11155169https://soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/17665/files/Liberal_arts_H11-10.pdfapplication/pdf901.4 kB2015-09-28
home reload page reload page Log in and join conversation. sign up forgot login? 1 comment on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footage_(genre) #FoundFootage (genre) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Found footage is an approach to film making in which all or a substantial part of a fictional film is presented as if it were discovered film or video recordings. The events on screen are typically seen through the camera of one or more of the characters involved, often accompanied by their real-time off-camera commentary. For verisimilitude, the cinematography may be done by the actors themselves as they perform, and shaky camera work and naturalistic acting are routinely employed. The footage may be presented as if it were "raw" and complete, or as if it had been edited into a narrative by those who "found" it. The most common use of the technique is in horror films, where the footage is purported to be the only surviving record of the events, with the participants now missing or dead. It has also been used in comedy (e.g., Babysitting, Project X), and science-fiction #PrintingBanksy &neo 2015-04-01 02:05:02
Skip to main content Showing posts from 2019 Calculating size of User and Cache storage user storage:- it can be solved using same scenario as mentioned in first article . Suppose there are 12 Million of users are adding every year meaning 1 Million per month. So if we consider 5 year there will be around 60 million of users. Now in terms of data we can look to our DB table and get information about it. A user will be generally having name , id , address , some forien keys . Lets assume 10 columns with each column on an average storing 4 byte of data. 104 = 40 bytes of data for one user. 60 10^6 * 40 = 2400 * 10^6 = 2.4 * 10^9 = 2.4 GB of data we need to store only user values. Also while calculating storage for the user there is also one important point we need to remember is of ids. If we are going to have 60 Million of users which means 6010^6 users so unique id’s will be as we know below figures are almost equal Basics of System Design This article is first one from the series of articles dedicated to system design interviews. Here i am going to present the base scenario to consider before starting to solve system design problems. Questions to ask? 1) what is the number of requests a website will recieve in a day/month/second? 2) what is the amount of memory a website will deal in a day/month/second? 3) what is the number of servers that can accomodate these requests? To answer this , first we need to remember the below numbers:- 1 million = 10 lakh = 1000000 = 10^6 1 billion = 1000 million = 10^9 1 KB = 1024 B = 10^3 1 MB= 10^6 = 1024 KB 1 GB= 10^9 = 1024 MB 1 TB = 10^12 = 1024 GB Memory we need to see in Bytes Requests we need to see in numbers example :- suppose a website recieves 100M requests every month then:- requests per day = request per month /24 = 416700 requests requests per second = requests per day / (24360 Topics to Start - preparing for Data Structures and Algorithms Learn in a different way :- Strings stacks and queues heaps searching hash table sorting recursion dynamic programming greedy algorithms graphs tree Binary Search Tree Linked List Array Parallel programming and concurrency design problems system design availability and scalability Below topics are good to have object oriented programming language details ( java , python) object oriented design tools ( bash , git , maven , jira , jenkins , docker , kubernetes) database
Skip to main menu Skip to main content birds eye view of someone standing on a brick path with a white cane Now Available! Step-By-Step, Second Edition *Update 7/20/21: Step-By-Step Part 1 and Part 2 are now available for purchase. We’re happy to announce the release of the second edition of this popular interactive computer-based curriculum that provides step-by-step instructions and demonstrations of how to perform mobility techniques. What is Step-By-Step? Step-By-Step is a comprehensive curriculum for teaching future orientation & mobility (O&M) specialists, teachers of the visually impaired, and living skills instructors how to teach mobility skills to people who have visual impairments. The curriculum provides hundreds of step-by-step video demonstrations of how to perform mobility techniques. It also includes videos of common errors made by new travelers, and through an interactive interface, the curriculum guides the user in strategies to identify and correct these errors. Step-By-Step can also be used as a reference and review guide for practicing instructors who wish to update their skills after being out of the field, and also as an aid to help other education and rehabilitation professionals, families, and friends of people with visual impairments to understand and support the performance of mobility skills that students with visual impairments are learning. What’s Included? In addition to the videos, the curriculum includes a comprehensive set of study guides and pictorial review guides that provide additional information on such things as selecting teaching environments, identifying prerequisite skills, instructional strategies, and modified mobility skills. Step-By-Step (SBS 2nd Ed) comprises two flash drives: • Part 1 includes techniques such as guiding, non-cane, and related skills (e.g., search patterns) commonly taught by O&M instructors, teachers of the visually impaired, rehabilitation vision therapists, and other professionals. • Part 2includes advanced techniques taught by O&M professionals (e.g., cane skills, street crossings, using public transportation, and environment-specific skills such as traveling on escalators and in rural areas). This updated edition of Step-By-Step also includes new techniques and information. Order Step-By-Step Part 1 and Part 2 today! Share this article.
Debit/Credit Payment Credit/Debit/Bank Transfer by: Ron Mosely Print Friendly, PDF & Email “Tithe” meant “tenth” both in Hebrew and Greek and was referenced two thousand years before Yeshua was crucified. Abraham brought tithes to Melchizedek before there was a Temple (Gen. 14). There were three major kinds of tithe known as maaser, meaning a tenth of one’s income set aside for a certain purpose. The first tithe, called maaser rishon, was given to the Levite, who in turn tithed to the priest (Num. 18:24,26). The second tithe, called maaser sheni, had to be consumed in Jerusalem in what was an elaborate feast around the Temple (Dt. 14:22,23). It was assumed by scholars that the second tithe was taken to Jerusalem during the three pilgrim festivals of Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles. The third tithe, maaser ani, was called the poor tithe and was distributed to the three major groups of orphans, widows, and the poor (Dt. 14:28,29). The total amount tithed by believers in Yeshua‘s day amounted to over twenty percent. Non-tithers were called by the term am-ha-eretz, and the non-tithed products were called demai and were not allowed to be a part of the believer’s society. The demai could not be used or sold. The entire Mishnah tractate, Demai, was dedicated to explaining how the doubtful tithe was treated. Strict believers called themselves haverim, meaning “companions of the faithful.” The haverim concept was taken from Psalm 119:63: “I am a companion of them who fear the Lord and obey Your precepts.” A “good eye” or “single eye” referred to the liberal giver, while an “evil eye” was a term used to designate the stingy (Mt. 6:23). Since there was no specific injunction on what constituted the proper terumah or tithe, the rabbis determined: If an individual gives one-fortieth, he has a “good eye” and is considered a liberal giver. If the person gives only one-sixtieth, he is considered to have a “bad eye” and was designated as stingy. Nehemiah stood guard so the people did not neglect to give their tithes to the priests and representatives of the Temple. In ancient times, certain priests were in charge of collecting the tithes, which were stored in the storehouse of the Temple and used to feed the priests (Neh. 10:38, 12:44, 13:10-13). • Guilt Offerings: Asham Guilt offerings, known as asham, were brought to the Lord on five major instances. Biblically, when something was brought to the Lord, it was actually consecrated or waved before the Lord and then given to the priests. These five occasions were included: 1. lies or false dealing with believers (Lev. 6:6). In cases of sin, the guilt offering would be accompanied by a sin or trespass offering. 2. Sacrilege against the Lord’s work required a guilt offering (Lev. 5:15). 3. Intercourse with someone not betrothed or married required a guilt offering (Lev. 19:20). 4. Nazarites who did not keep the prescribed obligations required a guilt offering (Num. 6:12). 5. A leper or healed person for the sick time they missed serving or coming to the Temple brought a guilt offering on the day of purification (Lev. 14:12). In addition to these offerings, called vadday (yadw) or certain, because they were brought in cases of definite obligation, a further guilt offering, called taluy or suspensive, was brought by one in doubt as to whether he had transgressed a biblical law. The guilt offering was also brought in the case of a person not feeling right about something. If the individual was certain it was a sin, they were required to bring a sin offering. • Freewill Offerings: Nedavah The freewill offerings were types of peace offerings, which were brought voluntarily and often as a vow. Sometimes the freewill offering was given because the person wanted to make a donation in regard to something like the Temple building project. This was given to the priests in the name of the Lord. • Thanksgiving Offerings: Todah Another type of peace offering was the thanksgiving offering. The thanksgiving offering was known as todah and was given because the Lord was so good (Lev. 7:12-15). This was given to the priests in the name of the Lord. Ancient Jews believed that when Messiah established the eternal kingdom and there was no more sin, this offering would continue. Origins of Tithing Tithing was not something exclusive to the Bible. The concept of tithing is well-documented in nonbiblical literature from the ancient Middle East. The receiving of a tithe as a sacred temple tax was documented in neo-Babylonian (6th century BC), and in Syro-Palestine documents (14th century BC). Written Ugaritic records (Hittites in northern Syria, 1375-1340 BC) refer to the tithe as a royal tax, imposed by the king and used for upkeep of the court. It was a blending of these traditions of sacred and royal taxes that developed in the accounts of biblical Judaism. As early as the patriarchs, we see Abraham giving tithes to Melchizedek (Gen. 14:18-20). Since Melchizedek was a king and a priest of Salem (Jerusalem), whose name meant “my king is righteous,” there was a blending of two ancient traditions of the sacred and the royal. Some scholars trace the tithe back to Jacob in Bethel, known as the “royal chapel” of the northern kingdom, and to Abraham in the “royal sanctuary” of Jerusalem. The kings controlled the treasures of palace and Temple alike, since they were responsible for the maintenance of both sanctuary and court (1 Ki. 15:18; 2 Ki. 12:19, 18:15; Ezek. 45:17). Hezekiah organized and supervised the collection and storing of tithes and tribute (2 Chr. 31:4). Mesopotamian tithes were organized in a similar manner as were the tithes of the Carthaginians and the tribute sent to the temple of Melqart (Diodorus 20:14). The Levites were faithful officials of David whom he put in charge of sacred treasures (1 Chr. 26:20). The general context of the tithe included all kinds of property, evidenced when Abraham gave a tenth of everything (Gen. 14:20). Tithe in Mesopotamia included agricultural produce, cattle, sheep, slaves, donkeys, wool, cloth, wood, silver, gold, and all metals. According to examples in and out of Israel, the priestly and Deuter-onomic codes referred to the most common objects in Israel as an illustration of all. Illustrations of the tithe in Deuteronomy and the Second Temple writings portray it as obligatory; but some types were voluntary. Amos mentioned the tithe in the framework of voluntary offerings, while the law of the tithe in Leviticus related that the firstlings could not be dedicated, since they were already holy by virtue of birth (Amos 4:4,5; Lev. 27:26,27,32,33). The rabbis concluded that the main purpose of the tithe originally was for the maintenance of the Temple and its personnel, and that it was a voluntary donation. It was only in Deuteronomy that the purpose of the tithe was expanded to include obligatory gifts to the poor and destitute. Tithing was not only done by Abraham, but by all his children and throughout the biblical text. Early in Jewish history, Jacob was seen giving his vows of the tenth (Gen. 28:22). Some scholars mention that in ancient times, the tithe was not required outside the land of Israel. Historical records note that the tithe was observed in Syria, Babylon, Egypt and the lands of Moab and Ammon during the biblical period. After the destruction of the Temple (AD 70), the Jews continued to regard the tithe, along with prayer, as a substitute for the Temple sacrifice. Fellowship and Giving The use of the word “fellowship” or koi-non-i-a in the New Testament was used also for the word “contribution” (Acts 2:42,45; Rom. 15:26; Ante-Nicen Fathers, Vol. 1, p. 86). In fact, the Greek word koinonia and the Hebrew word tzedakah (hqdx) were used in a similar manner to define ministering to the needs of others. The word koinonia, which we normally interpret as “fellowship,” actually carried the meaning of both “participation” and “impartation” by the act of contributing. Paul used the word koinonia to convey the word “collection” (Romans; 1 Corinthians). Selden, in his Christian history, noted that early believers far exceeded what the tenth could have been in giving. In Galatia and Corinth, Paul ordained that they take weekly offerings (1 Cor. 16:2). There were 10 major areas to which early Church offerings were designated: (1) Christian worship, (2) maintenance of the clergy, (3) feeding, (4) clothing, (5) burying their poor brethren, (6) widows, (7) orphans, (8) persons tyrannically condemned to the mines, (9) prisons, (10) and those banished by deportation to Isles. It is thought by some that this was the means by which the Apostle John received his necessary sustenance while banished on the Isle of Patmos (Selden 1618, pp. 36,37). As early as the second half of the 3rd century AD, ecclesiastical writers began to refer to the Hebrew pattern of the tithe as the example for the Church to follow in support of religious functionaries (65th Epistle of Cyprian). Cyprian (Sip-re-an), who was bishop of Carthage in AD 248, declared that clerics ought not have outside jobs involving themselves in worldly anxieties (Ante-Nicean Fathers, Vol. 5, p. 367). According to Selden, the first example of a legal requirement of tithes to the Church in England was AD 786. Charlemagne was the first to give the confirmation of a civil statute to ecclesiastical injunctions (Hallam 1854, pp. 263,264). Charlemagne’s order was called a “capitulary” and regulated the tithe of the Church into three parts: 1. for the bishop and his clergy 2. for the poor 3. for the support of the Church Concerning the idea of prosperity, there were some apparent misunderstandings about the original meaning of several terms. There were eight primary Hebrew words used for prosperity, to prosper, and prosperous: 1. The basic word for prosperity was halach, meaning to walk or go. 2. Kasher, with the same root as kosher, meant to do what was right according to God’s laws. 3. Sakal meant to think or act wisely. 4. Shalav meant to be at peace, rest, or ease. 5. Shalvah meant essentially the same as shalav, to be at ease. 6. Shalom meant to possess peace, causing one to be complete or whole. ( 7. Tov meant good. 8. Tz-ale-ach meant to prosper or be successful. Basically, the Hebrew and later Greek words for biblical prosperity carry the idea “to advance” and “to go forward,” rather than be idle. – by Ron Moseley, Ph.D., D.Phil. So What Does This Mean to Us? God does prosper His children when we abide in His Word and do it His way. Then He can fulfill His promises. In Malachi 3:10, God says, “Bring all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be food in My house, and test Me now, says the Lord of hosts, if I will not open for you the windows of heaven and pour out for you a blessing that there will not be room enough to receive it.” Recently, my daughter asked me about faith and how we can know that God’s Word is true. After all, no one can see God. I told her that God is like the wind. No one has ever seen the wind, only the effects of the wind as it blows the leaves of the trees or whips the waves of the sea into a frenzy. Likewise, even if you can’t see God, you can see the effects of the living God when you have faith to believe Him and act upon His Word. Then He will answer our prayers, bless us, comfort us, and give us the abundant life He promises to His children of faith. So why not do what God asks us to do in Malachi 3? Test Him with the tithe of your income and see how He will pour out blessings upon you and your household. I know I have, and it works. God is a good and faithful God. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Religion by R.J. Werblowsky. Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period by Jacob Neusner and William Scott Green. Pesikta De-Rab Kahana by William G. Braude. Midrash Rabbah Deuteronomy by J. Rabbinowitz. A Conceptual Approach to the Mekilta by Max Kadushim. Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 15, by Keter. Universal Jewish Encyclopedia by Isaac Landman. Lectures by Roy Blizzard, Ph.D. Inquiries may be submitted to: American Institute of Holy Land Studies 9700 Hwy. 107 Sherwood, AR Tel: 501-835-1453 or 800-617-6205; This expert was taken from the “What We Believe and Why” course taught by Dr. Moseley. Search Teaching Letters • Order Browse Previous Issues Latest News
- Tech know how online formula translator (FORTRAN) FORTRAN (Formula Translator) is a problem- and user-oriented programming language from the fifties, which is mainly used in technical-scientific data processing, but also for mathematical problem solving in the administrative environment. Fortran is a formalized translation program derived from mathematical formulas. It was developed as early as the 1920s, and the first programs date from the 1950s. The problem-oriented programming languages are translated into the machine code of the microprocessor via compilers or interpreters. Informationen zum Artikel Englisch: formula translator - FORTRAN Updated at: 15.09.2011 #Words: 53
Lette: The climate crisis is upon us Carbon dioxide emissions will return to the peak levels of 2019 To the Expositor: The climate crisis is here. Carbon dioxide emissions decreased in 2020 due to the pandemic, but quickly rebounded this year and will soon be back to the previous peak of 2019, and then beyond, unless the world takes urgent, decisive action. As the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Antonio Guterres, warned back in January 2020: “If we are going to limit global heating to 1.5°C, we need to demonstrate, starting this year, how we will achieve emissions reductions of 45 percent from 2010 levels this decade, and how we will reach net-zero emissions by mid-century. Let us be very clear. We are in an unfolding climate emergency.” We are on track for a catastrophic temperature rise by the end of the century, but the emergency is right now, and we must act right now. Strange as it sounds, global heating can cause more global heating, through “positive feedback loops”, otherwise known as vicious cycles, that can start rolling. In the Arctic, melting permafrost is causing one positive feedback loop, known as “arctic amplification”. Permafrost contains methane locked in the ice. When it melts, the methane is released into the air, where it triggers even more global heating. Another example is melting sea ice. Sea ice, being white, reflects sunlight back into space, but when it melts, the sunlight gets absorbed in the ocean, causing more global heating. Similarly, forest fires release the carbon that is stored in trees, as carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas, and that causes more global heating. Once these positive feedback heat loops get rolling, they become unstoppable. To reduce the likelihood of these positive feedback loops and the destruction they cause, the United Nations is calling for nations to collaborate to reach “net-zero” emissions within 30 years. That means no more investments in fossil fuels, which are by far the greatest human-caused contributors to global heating and reductions in current usage. We all know the pushback. Fossil fuel multinationals and related industries, car manufacturers, big investment firms, governments in fossil-fuel-rich regions like Alberta, families who make their living in these businesses, right down to businesses and homeowners who use fossil fuels for heating and transportation—these are aligned to prevent or delay the needed infrastructure changes. The furor in Canada over the carbon-tax-and-rebate, otherwise known as cash-back carbon pricing, is just one example of the resistance to the necessary changes in our infrastructure. Cash-back carbon pricing rebates to taxpayers amount to 90 percent of the “tax” revenue, and people who use less oil and gas actually benefit. Wealthy people generally use more oil and gas than lower-income people, so they pay higher carbon taxes, but they get the same amount back as everybody else. So if you’re “for the people”, please get behind cash-back carbon pricing. The conference on the climate crisis in Glasgow from October 31 to November 12 will test the ability of the nations on this planet to collaborate to avoid the worst—the collapse of life on earth as we know it. Will the conference simply be another exercise in niceties with countries playing sleight of hand to look good? Or will this be the turning point that kick-starts a dramatic decline in greenhouse gas emissions? Jan McQuay
When to Delete 'That' Sometimes people get overzealous about deleting every "that" they can find in a sentence. Here's why you need it sometimes. Neal Whitman, Writing for 5-minute read Episode #601 When "that" introduces a relative clause, it can usually be deleted, provided it’s not the subject of the relative clause. In "the rumor that Fenster heard," we can omit "that" and write "the rumor Fenster heard." On the other hand, if "that" is introducing one of those explanatory clauses, it usually can’t be deleted. If you do, the reader is likely to mistake what follows for a relative clause. If you remove the "that" from our second example, it starts out as "the rumor Fenster started," which sounds just fine—until the clause keeps on going—"the rumor Fenster started dyeing his hair"—and the reader realizes you’re talking not about a rumor started by Fenster, but about a rumor to the effect that Fenster started dyeing his hair. When I read a sentence like that, it wastes my time because I end up re-reading it and mentally inserting the missing "that." It’s another miscue creating a garden-path sentence. Omitting 'That' After Adjectives As with verbs and nouns, there are adjectives that tolerate "that"-deletion pretty well, and adjectives that don’t. Common adjectives such as "glad" or "sad" sound fine without a "that": For example, "I’m glad you came," and "we’re sad you’re leaving." But when they’re less common, with a more specific meaning, you’re better off keeping the "that." "She’s furious you never called" would sound better with a "that," and so would "We’re ecstatic you got the job." Go By Your Ear If you’re a native English speaker, the main rule to follow here is to go by your ear. You probably know what sounds natural and what doesn’t, and all you need to do is give that native-speaker intuition more weight and authority than a rule stating that you should omit "that" whenever possible. If you’re not a native speaker, I recommend keeping the "that" unless you’re dealing with a verb, noun, or adjective that you know will sound good without it. It’s safer to leave it in than to leave it out. As you write and read more, you’ll identify more of the words that allow you to omit "that." This article was written by Neal Whitman, who has a PhD in linguistics, and blogs at literalminded.wordpress.com. Related Articles Christmas Carol Grammar (discusses garden path sentences) Garner, Brian. 2003. “Wrongly Suppressed that.” Garner’s Modern American Usage. p. 783. Follow Grammar Girl on Google+, Twitter, FacebookYouTube, and Pinterest. About the Author Neal Whitman, Writing for Grammar Girl
Donate a stainless-steel straw and reusable bamboo utensil kit 1500 points By redeeming 1,500 points for Plastic Pollution Coalition, you can help remove plastic pollution from the waste stream by underwriting the donation of a stainless-steel straw and reusable bamboo utensil kit (fork, knife, spoon & chopsticks in a sleeve). Global plastic pollution is a crisis with production slated to increase by 40% in the next decade. In the United States alone, we currently recycle less than 9% of the plastics we use. Based on existing infrastructure and the closed door from China, U.S. plastic recycling rates are projected to drop to 4.4% in 2018. This is not sustainable nor compatible with life on this planet. It is estimated that 1 billion straws are used and discarded everyday worldwide. That's close to 360 billion a year filtering into the environment, littering our soil, waterways, beaches and oceans. Plastic in the ocean have created a toxic plastic smog. There are plastic pieces floating on the surface, throughout the water column, and even down to the deepest depths of the ocean floor. Microplastics are being ingested along the entire marine food chain. If business continues as usual, our ocean will have more plastic than fish (by weight) by 2050. Plastic Pollution Coalition’s programs reduce plastic pollution in schools, restaurants and at events, increase education and awareness around the “REFUSE single-use plastic” message and fund research initiatives to further explore the impact of plastic on human health. Plastic Pollution Coalition Founded in 2009, Plastic Pollution Coalition (PPC) is a global alliance of individuals, organizations, businesses, and policymakers working toward a world free of plastic pollution and its toxic impacts on humans, animals, waterways, oceans, and the environment. Visit Plastic Pollution Coaliton’s website Other Gifts
Indicate the years of the reign of Charles the first in Germany. Charles I the Great ruled from 768 as king of the Franks (as emperor from 800) to 814. And although the name “Germany” did not exist then, he is considered the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, founded later (in 962 BC). ) Otto I the Great.
Gopalamatha, Gopālamaṭha, Gopala-matha: 4 definitions Languages of India and abroad Sanskrit dictionary [«previous next»] — Gopalamatha in Sanskrit glossary Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary Gopālamaṭha (गोपालमठ) or Cakramaṭha or Śūramaṭha.—m. colleges called ‘that of Gopāla’ ‘that of Cakra (-varman),’ ‘of Śūra, ’ [Rājataraṅgiṇī] 5, 243; 403; 39. Gopālamaṭha is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms gopāla and maṭha (मठ). Gopālamaṭha (गोपालमठ):—[=go-pāla-maṭha] [from go-pāla > go] m. Name of a college (called after -varman), [Rājataraṅgiṇī v, 243] [Sanskrit to German] Gopalamatha in German context information Discover the meaning of gopalamatha in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
What fruit trees grow in Germany July 4, 2021 By garden 0 What fruit trees grow in Germany Apple is the most importantspecies in the fruit trees industryin Germany. Apple harvesting isup to 70% of the fruit variety. Half of Germany (16.7 million hectares) is agricultural land. Today, it is known that 47 million German citizens live in the countryside. In addition to the industry, itcovers a large area to TheGerman in agricultural terms. Fruit trees cover large areas. Apple is an important fruit forGermany. Names of important fruits grown in Germany 1. Apple 2. Banana 3. Grape 4. Peach 5. Pear 6. Plum 7. Cherry 8. Currants 9. Sour cherry 10. Damson plum 11. Currant 12. Orange Agricultural products grown in Germany Names of important fruits grown in Germany In Germany, products such as cabbage, carrots, onions, potatoes, salads, lettuce, radishes, corn, raspberries, blackberries, tomatoes, spinach, zucchini, beans, arugula, chicory are grown. Germany’s future agricultural policy Due to the migration from rural to urban areas and the aging population, it is a necessity to protect agricultural areas as lively and livable. Agricultural areas are about 90 percent of Germany’s total area; of which more than half is used for agricultural purposes. After all, 47 million Germans still live in the countryside. Only in Germany, 80 hectares of agricultural land are lost daily due to zoning. The sales and rental fees of the fields show an excessive increase in part. The Federal Government – together with the states – aims to stop this.
Grapes — An ideal snack for between meals Heilbronn as a wine region is known for its grapes. But grapes can be processed not only into wine, because they are very versatile. They can also be processed into juice, jelly, raisins or even grape seed oil. But that’s not all, they also contain numerous nutrients and are also an ancient medicinal plant. The origin, characteristics and history of grapes The grapevine has its origin in Eurasia. From this we can already conclude that this is a very old fruit. According to fossil findings, grapes existed millions of years ago. The oldest wine-growing areas are found in Georgia and Iraq. From there, the vine spread through Egypt and Greece to the Roman Empire. The grapevine finally reached us due to the Roman conquest campaigns. They grew grapevines everywhere so that they would never run out of wine. Today, the grape is found in the Mediterranean region, Central Europe, Southwest Asia and South Africa. The grapes we know and love are also known as table grapes. The grapes that are processed into wine are the so-called wine grapes. The grape is available from spherical to oval, in green, yellow, red, blue and purple colors. It has a diameter of 6 to 20 mm and it is the second most important fruit variety on the world market after oranges. There are about 16,000 grape varieties in total. The main season for grapes is from September to October. However, they can be bought all year round, as they are imported from other countries. The ingredients of the grapes The grape contains up to 1,600 ingredients. They contain potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamins B1, 2, 3 and 6, as well as vitamins C and E. Just 100 g of grapes contain 71 kcal. Although these are more kilocalories than other fruits, grapes are still suitable as a healthy snack for in between meals. In terms of kilocalories, there is hardly any difference between the different color varieties of grapes. The effect of grapes on our body Grapes consist of 81 % of water and contain, as already mentioned, important vitamins. Particularly noteworthy are vitamins C and E, which contribute to the protection of our cells, as they act as radical scavengers (antioxidant). Besides vitamins, it also contains minerals, which are important for muscle and nerve functions. In addition, these also regulate our fluid balance. Grapes can also do something good for the skin. This is due to the secondary plant substance reservatrol. This has a positive effect on the elasticity of our skin and can help prevent diseases such as arteriosclerosis, arthritis and heart disease. This phytochemical is found in the peel and in the seeds. The secondary plant substance flavonoid contributes to the strengthening of the immune system and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal complaints. The grape was already used as a medicinal plant in ancient times. Unripe grapes were used to treat sore throats. Ripe grapes were used in the treatment of diseases such as cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, skin and eye infections, kidney and liver diseases. There was also a field of application for raisins. They were used for constipation and tuberculosis. There were various other areas and diseases for which grapes were used for treatment. Grapes in the kitchen Most people eat the grapes raw. In fact, this is how they taste best. However, they can also be used in other ways in the kitchen, e.g. as decorative fruit, in fruit salad, as a cake topping, in desserts or even in muesli. Raisins are even more versatile. It is hard to imagine trail mixes without them, but they are also included in many muesli mixtures. In addition, they can also be found in various sweet pastries such as apple strudel or Kaiserschmarrn. Dried grapes can also be found in heartier dishes. In oriental cuisine in particular, they appear in couscous or rice, for example. Purchase and storage of grapes When buying should make sure that the grapes are plump and undamaged. The stem should be green. If the grapes show a white coating, it is a sign of good quality. This white coating is in fact a natural protective film to protect the grape from drying out. Grapes do not ripen, so you should only buy already ripened grapes. Wash the grapes only immediately before eating, otherwise they quickly begin to mold. Grapes can be kept at room temperature for about four to five days. If after purchase you discover that there is a moldy between the grapes, you should remove it immediately. Grapes can be kept for up to two weeks in the refrigerator or vegetable crisper. To do this, simply store the grapes unwashed in a tin or fresh-keeping tin in the refrigerator. Grapes can be kept for up to six months if they have been frozen. However, this is only possible with green seedless grapes. The other varieties would become mushy when thawed. Leave a Reply I accept the Privacy Policy This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
7 Tips for Healthy Lung Aging As we age, our bodies go through many changes. One of them is lung changes. From Alveoli shape changes to thinner ribcage bones, our lungs go through during this time period. That is why it is important to look after our lungs. After all, thanks to our lungs we can breathe! In this blog, we will be discussing some simple steps you can take (at any age) to get your lungs in the best shape possible and help them age healthier. 1. Don’t smoke Making the decision to quit smoking is one of the best things you can do for your lungs. Cigarette smoking causes more cases of lung cancer than any other risk factor (1). Ten years after you quit smoking, your risk for dying from lung cancer drops by half (1). 2. Avoid air pollution when possible This includes both indoor and outdoor pollution that consists of secondhand smoke and outdoor air pollution from transportation or climate change. Avoid chemicals in your home and workplace including fragrances. These can all cause or worsen lung disease. You can take easy steps to reduce air pollution. They are: sharing a ride to work, conserve electricity, and ensuring there are no signs of mold anywhere (2). 3. Exercise Practicing physical activity can help keep chest muscles strong (3). Being active helps by strengthening bones which become weaker as we age, and reduces weight gain which plays a big role in lung health. 4. Watch your weight Abdominal fat can hold back the diaphragm’s ability to expand the lungs (3). To help avoid this, you should eat healthily and exercise to avoid this from happening. Researchers have linked weight gain to a decline in aging lungs (4). 5. Get up and move more Lying down in bed for too long allows mucus and fluid to settle in your lungs – affecting your lung capacity (3). Try your best to take walking breaks or sit up instead of laying down. This will help your lungs do their job easier and keep all the bad things out. If you have an aging parent, try encouraging them to participate in activities where they need to move around and stand up (if they can). That is why our activities are specially designed to promote health and wellness in our residents. 6. Schedule regular check-ups Even if you feel healthy, it is still important to check in with your doctor from time to time. Unfortunately, lung disease can be undetected until it becomes serious. However, there are some signs of lung disease you should keep an eye out for. This includes trouble breathing, shortness of breath, feeling like you’re not getting enough air, decreased ability to exercise, a cough that won’t go away, coughing up blood or music, pain or discomfort when breathing in or out (5). If you or a loved one experiences any of those symptoms, you should schedule an appointment to chat with your physician. 7. Get your flu shot Pneumonia can be prevented by getting vaccinated annually. Getting the flu shot will help decrease your chances of getting pneumonia since flu is the common cause (6). By implementing these steps in your daily routine, you can help keep your lungs working for life! Whatever your lung condition may be, at Eden Senior Care, our team of professionals work hard daily to help residents dealing with pulmonary and respiratory illnesses.
I'm reading a book and I saw there a sentence with the word "fold" but I am not sure about the meaning of this word in the context: Overall, glia outnumber neurons in the mammalian brain 10-to 50-fold. Does this "fold" mean like "times"? Yes, it does. When something changes from 1 to 100, that's a hundredfold. 300 to 900 is threefold. Generally, if a number is followed with -fold, it means [number]-times. Hopes this helps. No, it is not correct. Saying something is X-fold is saying it is 2^x times. Think "folding paper." How many parts do you have if you fols a piece of paper three times? The answer is 8. Thus 3-fold is 8-times. I talk with scientists frequently who are writing studies who don't know the difference between the two words, so you find them used interchangeably. I always point it out when I review a study, but given a moment of analysis, I can normally tell what they really mean. Having said that, there is ZERO excuse for allowing this error to continue. If X is 10, then a "3 times" increase makes the result 30, while a "3 fold" increase makes the result 80. The difference is not trivial. Quality control and editors should know the difference; obviously they do not. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
Why do Americans call it football? American football is called football due to its origin. Similar to soccer, its origin is from rugby football that your feet are used to successfully execute a goal kick. You can see that the game called American Football does not refer to the fact that it is a ball game mainly played with feet.Jun 8, 2021 All categories
Home > Free Essays > Sociology > Sociological Theories > Negative Effects of the Internet Negative Effects of the Internet Essay Exclusively available on IvyPanda Available only on IvyPanda Updated: Apr 30th, 2019 Today it is eminent that the role of computers has a huge impact on every person. Computerization has taken over the majority of the societal roles and has dramatically improved lives. The battle with technology is dynamic and a continuous process expected to bring about new challenges each day. This primary influence comes from the internet usage that seems to be very vibrant particularly among the youth due to the stable and anticipated creativity. The society is dependent on technology today and having computers in the workplace, homes, and mobility enable effectiveness and efficiency. Today’s technology has advanced to a point where there is massive support of security intelligence. The internet, therefore, enables resourceful communication and sharing of any form of information whether it is useful or abusive. Thesis Statement “The internet technology is affecting an individual’s life in a negative way.” This paper examines the real situational effects of internet technology on users and forms an analysis of how the internet can cause depression. The analysis also focuses on the intellectual behavior of people regarding effects and other cyber-related crimes. Literature Review Effects of Internet usage on the brain and behavioral development One prominent impact of internet technology is the creation of a democratic media. The broadcast is international and free. According to McDonnell (p.1) the highly recognized sites that allow a personal view makes the aspect of internet publishing easy and accessible to the majority without the need for technical knowledge. Internet tools in the majority of the search engines such as Google promote democratic media and form a basis for other macro-media such as weblogs, videocasts, wikis and podcasts. The universal knowledge behind these tools is to enhance knowledge transmission by allowing direct and literal subscription and automatic collection of text, audio or visual data. Internet is thus a good source of peer pressure, particularly among the youth. Through internet usage, people are putting up with negative information and giving up personal trust and values, and such pressure becomes a form of a negative force. In most cases, it would be invariable to have a link between the development of the brain and the behaviors. The Internet provides high emotional or intense influences, thus leading to a poor decision such as crime related activities. The brain of a teenager is under some less optimal control mechanisms and thus under higher probability to act from guts or instincts in submitting to internet posting that relates to criminal activities, especially when confronted with stressful, depressing or emotional strains. Internet users are hastier, insistent, emotionally volatile, high-risk takers, proactive and reactive to strain or stress and are thus at risk of peer influences (McDonnell, p.1). They focus on the short time payoffs, underrate any long-term consequences, and are therefore prone to looking for an alternative course of actions such as cyber crimes. Psychological Effects of Internet on Young People Young people are often curious; therefore, their time on the internet is the time of experimenting and seeking newness. The adolescent brain may be more vulnerable to social discomforts due to internet addiction. These social effects can bring about potential social experiences, such as contributing to the feeling of less shyness, more interaction, ability to hack others’ information and discover more from the internet. Some of the unrestricted information on the internet also causes negative behaviors. Phonographic material causes negative anxiety and inability to make decisions makes them feel the need to explore their sexuality and deal with different emotions concern with uncertain and impulsive activities since human beings have to make decisions based on the challenge at hand. There are many different reasons why people use the internet, probably to relax, have fun, find rest, forget problems, and mostly to meet friends. The youth mainly engage in internet activities because they easily find their styles. They suffer from external or internal anxieties while trying to be like others. Internet usage is fine as long as it serves the role of determining the right character in a person. The social interaction on the internet is arguably one of the reasons why American teenagers mimic the same lifestyles and have similar talking style. People in a group network act differently and do some weird activities they would probably not do on their own. This is the identity of a group as opposed to that of an individual. The control placed on these behaviors can easily crumple before the achievement of a valued need. One of the huge challenges of internet usage among children and teenagers is increased maturity and changes in the lifestyle that easily leads to criminal activities or conflicts. If not controlled, internet usage leads to addiction or continual usage thus a trend that causes solitary usage and depression. In most instances, when solitary use occurs, then the addict has more significant future problems related to chronic addiction and isolation from the rest or even communication problems that may lead to mental-related complications (Kelland, p.1). If not controlled, internet usage leads to addiction. This form of usage thus causes friendlessness and depression. In most instances, when solitary occurs, then the internet addict has more significant future problems related to other kinds of chronic addictions and communication problems that may lead to mental-related complications. According to Glor, (p.1), addictive surfing can have a severe impact on mental health, “internet addicts” spent proportionately more time browsing sexually satisfying websites, online gaming sites, and online communities. They replace real-life social interaction with online chat rooms and social networking sites and this in time is replacing normal social function, which might have a link to psychological disorders like depression and addiction. Cyberbullying is also becoming a common trend where we find rude comments and insulting words that one would never use in person. The police explorations of whether cyber intimidation was the root cause of teenage suicide in the New York town of West Islip, is a clear indication of how internet addiction is contributing to depression. That Soccer star Alexis Pilkington, 17, took her own life on March 21, 2010, following social disturbances from social networking sites (Glor, p.1). Analysis of Internet addiction as a psychological illness According to Citizen (p.1), when someone is, using the internet, it is possible to suffer from several illnesses or addicted. The illness or condition depends on what you are doing and how long you will be online. When used to cyber cafe visits to read e-mail, one is tempted to take more time to excessive gaming, chatting and text messaging. This can lead to brain illness because people often neglect essential livelihood requirement such as sleep or food due to internet addiction, they suffering but consciously assume it is a healthy lifestyle. This chronic illness can smoothly go unnoticed unless a therapist intercedes (Citizen, p.1). The most affected people are those who are educated but socially shy. In line with Citizen (p.1), they are mostly the middle age women. They use computers as an escape route from reality. A computer does affect people’s lives and cause emotional upsets to the person who wants to be pre-occupied online for a long time. Effects of Internet on Lifestyles “The Chinese government launched a national wide campaign after a survey found that 14 percent of their teens are vulnerable to becoming addicted to the internet” (Eunjung Cha, p.1). According to the government, they are trying to stamp out what the communist youth league calls “a grave social problem” (Eunjung Cha, p.1). The state policies focus more on eliminating cybercrime, which seem to ruin lives for instance cases where causes of assassination have a connection to mimicked characters in online entertainments. The internet is equally forming a sequence of suicide-related cases and poor studies, especially among the youth. Depression and suicidal thoughts are higher among the students deemed “internet-addicts” (Eunjung Cha, p.1). According to self-report questionnaires, gender is not a differential factor. Internet addiction was likely to affect males, as well as females and cause children-major depression disorder. Eunjung Cha, (p.1) indicated that users are becoming addicted to the internet similarly that individuals become addicted to drugs or alcohol. This internet addiction finally leads to academic, social and occupational impairments. According to Eunjung Cha, (p.1), individuals on chat rooms may use tactics, such as peer pressure to arouse feelings and thus course them to commit suicide. Effects of internet on schools Today, digital technology has become completely part of the youth’s life. It has fully incorporated all the social characteristics in their lives. Many students pick up new styles of learning, communicating with new people and formulating creativity. The behaviors are like permanent fixtures into their reasoning styles and operating procedures. It is common to find a situation where children use knowledge-gathering techniques that appear alien to adults, mainly their parents and teachers. In relation to Lane (p.1), such advancements have severe impacts on the education platform. People have established ways of harnessing the technological aspects into career settings for decades but failed to implement security and ways of limiting information access. There is some resistance on usage, but implementation is a good indication that educators appreciate the effectiveness and importance of technology. According to McDonnell (p.1), the education sector is the most affected by internet usage; students can gather techniques of hacking networks and finding illegal ways of accessing information. This is arguably the reason why institutions are also not enthusiastic enough to embrace full technological platforms such as digital networks and incorporation of social networks to education systems. They focus on security matters due to potential threats posed by social network technologies. Current social settings can give the impression that internet usage is under control, but a closer look at the phenomenon indicates that every day a person starts to use and subsequently becomes addicted to the negative aspects available in the net. Possibly the pressure to resist deception is tremendous and persistent unless there is an intervention, especially by the authorities such as parents when the person involved, is a minor. Sometimes failure to control internet access is due to the current social setting for instance; most of the parents are full-time employees probably looking for the overtime and better remuneration in support of the family. They may be trying to work out one area while the other collapses. The biggest problem in the majority of the minds lies on the reason why people especially the youth are misusing the internet. The most likely answer is within the family setting. They emulate their parents who are their closest role models. They embrace the social settings and meet friends who deceive them into engaging in social mischiefs such as pornography, online gambling, and information-hacking activities. They may also suffer from solitary use due to stress. Whichever the case, parents are the most effective cure to the vice. It is the parental responsibility to face the problem and talk out with the teenagers on the dangers involved before things are out of hand. Works Cited Citizen, Ottawa. “Recognize Internet addiction as a mental illness, MD urges that compulsive e-mailing and text messaging could soon become classified as an official brain illness.” Canada: CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc .2008. Web. Eunjung Cha, Ariana. “In China, Stern Treatment For Young Internet ‘Addicts’.” Washington, WA: The Washington Post Foreign Service. 2007. Web. Glor, Jeff. “Cyberbullying Continued After Teen’s Death.” New York, NY: CBS Interactive Inc. March 29, 2010. Web. Kelland, Kate. “Study links excessive Internet use to depression.” London, UK: Lane, Reuters Inc. Feb 3, 2010. Web. Lane, Christopher. “Side Effects From quirky to serious, trends in psychology and psychiatry.” New York, NY: Sussex Publishers, LLC. 2009. Web. McDonnell, Dean. “How does the internet affect the way we mentally behave?” Hubpages Inc. (n.d.) Web. This essay on Negative Effects of the Internet was written and submitted by your fellow student. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. Removal Request Request the removal Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by professional specifically for you? Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar Writer online avatar certified writers online Cite This paper Select a referencing style: IvyPanda. (2019, April 30). Negative Effects of the Internet. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/negative-effects-of-the-internet/ Work Cited "Negative Effects of the Internet." IvyPanda, 30 Apr. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/negative-effects-of-the-internet/. 1. IvyPanda. "Negative Effects of the Internet." April 30, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/negative-effects-of-the-internet/. IvyPanda. (2019) 'Negative Effects of the Internet'. 30 April. More related papers
Sign in Download Opera News App Hunting news Ever Wondered Whether Vultures Ever Get Sick? Here are 2 Things That Can Kill Vultures Why don't vultures get sick from eating dead things? You may have asked yourself this question and probably didn't get an answer. Vultures are categorised among scavengers. They are powerful birds that like to move in groups in search of carcasses. You'll often see them where lions or any other predators have hunted down their prey. Alongside hyenas and other scavengers, vultures help clean the jungle. Cause of sickness in vultures The fact is that vultures also get sick (like any other animal would). However, they are not sickened by the rotting flesh they eat. This is because they are naturally wired to feed on rotting flesh. They get sick from the artificial components mixed in what they eat. 1. Alien compounds and toxins from the carcasses they eat Whenever a farmer's livestock get sick, the farmer may call a veterinary officer to administer treatment to the animals. Most of the times, the treatment requires medication in the form of injections, ointments, and pills mixed in the farm feed. When that animal dies, the vultures scower over the corpse to get their due (Vultures sometimes eat the carcass of livestock like donkeys, horses and cattle). As they feed on these carcasses, they involuntarily ingest alien compounds into their system which their body does not know how to react to. As a result, they get poisoned and die. 2. Lead bullets This is especially if lead bullets are used during hunting. Hunters and poachers don't actually hunt vultures. They just hunt every other animal who the vultures just happen to rely on for food. For example, if poachers kill an elephant, they remove their tusks and they vanish leaving behind a dead, tuskless elephant. That becomes dinner for the vultures. The birds dine on the elephant oblivious of the danger they are exposed to. In the process, they consume high traces of lead from those lead bullets that were used to shoot the elephant. Lead is toxic for these birds and hence few days later, they all drop dead from lead poisoning. In conclusion, vultures are less likely to die as a result of being hunted down or natural sickness. Instead, most of their deaths result from them feeding on toxic substances in the flesh they eat. Care should be taken to prevent them from becoming endangered species because they play an important role in the ecosystem. Content created and supplied by: Glad_Tidings (via Opera News ) Load app to read more comments

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