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Next / Previous / Contents / Shipman's homepage 5.14. The floc element: Multiple sightings of a given form When there are multiple sightings of one kind of bird, but the locations or age or sex or other details are different, you can place each sighting inside the form element enclosed in its own floc element. The intent is that there be only one form element for each kind of bird in a day's notes. The structure of a floc element is very similar to the structure of the form element, but it lacks the taxon-group that describes the taxonomic identity: floc = element floc { single-sighting } The content of a floc element is described above; see Section 5.8, “ The form element: records for one kind of bird ”. Here's an example of the use of floc elements. If we have a single record of one American Robin (code amerob), it might look like this: <form ab6='amerob' count='1'/> But if we saw three adults and five young: <form ab6='amerob'> <floc count='3' age='a'/> <floc count='5' age='i'/> If no location is given in the floc element, it inherits the location from the containing form element, or from the default-loc attribute of the day-summary element if the form element gives no location code.
Monday, 2 November 2009 Skating on Thin Ice - The Plight of our skates and rays Skates and rays are ancient and stunningly beautiful creatures thought to have been with us for 150 million years. There are approximately 600 species throughout the world including 21 around the coast of the UK; varieties also include electrical and stinging species. They derive from the class Chondrichthyes and fall into the sub-class elasmabranchii that also includes the sharks. The close relationship of the skates and sharks mean they both differ from the bony fish as their endoskeleton is made entirely of cartilage. The differences do not stop their as unlike many bony fish the skates and rays do not have scales; they are either armed with mucus covered skin, common to the spotted ray, or bony armoured projections called tubercles. They are very sociable animals and can commonly be found in large groups sometimes in piles on top of each other. They glide effortlessly through the water using their huge pectoral fins, commonly known as wings that move by waves of dorsoventral muscle contractions, whilst using their long whip like tail as a rudder. Their beautiful markings, normally characteristic of their specific environment, are used as camouflage as they lie lifeless disguised on the sea bed; camouflage on the sea bed is a great form of predator defence. The beautiful markings of a Cuckoo Ray They are slow moving bottom dwellers and spend a large amount of time laying on the sea bed so have their mouth on the underside of the body which traps prey against the substrate. They are ambush predators commonly laying in wait too pounce on their unsuspecting prey grasping them with compact rows of strong pointed teeth. The skates and rays have evolved additional help in breathing; their five to seven pairs of gills on the underside of the body would continuously become clogged with silt if no help was at hand. On the top of the body, alongside each eye, there is an opening called a spiracle. Water is taken into these vents and then past over the gills allowing the oxygen to be removed. Similar to sharks the skates have great senses and having electro receptors that are able to detect electricity produced by prey. Male skates have specialised fins known as claspers that can be seen either side of the tail on the underside. Mating is quite violent with the males commonly biting into the females. The fish generally have a late age at maturity, between 5 and 10 years, and the females produce only a small number of spiny egg cases, less than 100 per year, and these are commonly known as mermaids’ purses. Depending on the species and certain environmental factors their eggs can take 6 to 12 months to hatch; some species of sting rays do bear live young. The catch levels into UK ports of the main species approaches 2-3000 tonnes per year. Considering that nearly all caught skates are part of the bottom trawl by-catch these levels are quite high. Being a by-catch species has particularly bad consequences as it is very difficult to ascertain accurate catch levels. Managing fisheries with figures ascertained from by-catch data make effective fishery management hugely difficult. Additionally over the past decades all species have been recorded in the generic skate and ray family resulting in little or no accurate historical commercial catch records; without this data it is impossible to assess stock level fluctuations over time. Since 2009, however, a species specific recording system has become compulsory. The retention of the common skate species is now illegal in the majority of the Europeon waters and must be returned alive if caught. This is also true of the undulate ray species. Of the many species across the world we need only to centre around a small percentage of local varieties. The stage is taken by the critically endangered common skate (Dipturus batis), the species of categorised ray thought to be at low or critical levels n certain areas including the Thornback (Raja clavata), Undulate (Raja undulata), Blonde (Raja brachyura) and Painted or otherwise known as small-eyed (Raja microcellata) and the species deemed at safe levels which include the Cuckoo (Leucoraja naevus), spotted (Raja montagui), and the Starry (Raja radiata). So why has the skate, and to a lesser extent certain species of ray, found themselves on the endangered list. They are not particularly fashionable like the blufin or other species of tuna, delicate like halibut or even as easy to cook as cod. Unfortunately the skates and rays have one huge disadvantage when compared to these species. They take time to mature and reproduce very slowly in incredibly small numbers. Unlike a mackerel that will release many thousands of eggs per fish the rays will lay a small number per female. The majority of shoaling species work on the theory that a mass production of eggs will yield a small percentage of survivors. If, for example, the female population were halved the tiny survival rate would also be halved; the problem that created the cod stocks to collapse of the west coast of Canada. So if the species only lays a small number of eggs to start with then it is critical a large percentage survive. Ultimately a stock can reach no return when the spawning stock is not large enough to successfully recruit and the species becomes extinct – when only two males are left the Adam and eve theory reverts to Adam and Steve – no reproduction. The EC have recently proposed a 15% cut in Total Allowable Catches across the board within EC waters. The landing of Common Skate, Norwegian Skate, White Skate and Underlate Ray remains illegal in many European waters. For many years the skate in England and the Ray in France have traditionally appeared on restaurant menus or in front of the family at dinner time; served with black butter and capers or more commonly in England battered with chips. In more resent times skate has become a popular dish offered by some of the top London establishments; maybe it offers something quintessentially English? Personally, I have not seen a piece of Common skate for a number of years and although our shop is situated in the heart of London’s largest and wealthiest French and English communities the demand for this, and ray species, is minimal. I put this down to my choice of rarely offering this product; I am one of the people fascinated by them in their own environment. On a Friday the shop will offer a small amount of carefully selected ray species that I am happy with selling. I understand it can be very hard for certain businesses when the most talked about ‘must avoid’ species are also the most popular. In a way I feel sorry for restaurants such as Nobo, Scotts and Sheekeys as they are being publicly pressured into to removing dishes they have sold for many years, dishes that are signature of their restaurant, dishes that will leave gaping holes in their menus, holes that cannot be filled. However, nobody can condone the selling of an endangered species, aquatic or not, so these restaurants will have to come to terms with this and adapt their menus accordingly. Those that do not will eventually find themselves ostracised which will be more damaging long term to their businesses. I certainly believe the majority of restaurants, including those so heavily criticised on recent ‘where not to buy fish’ websites which offer skate on the menu, are in fact selling species of sustainable ray (websites such as the recent which was removed for a short period and updated as inaccuracies and assumptions where leading to possible libel action). The problem that occurs is that all these species encompass the group of true skates. All of our commercial species are then split into the larger species with long snouts (true skates) and the smaller short snouted species (rays). Although technically they can all be called skate on the menu it is time, with increased pressure of knowing some are critically endangered, to label our dishes, and in the case of fishmongers, their counters, correctly. Not until 2009 has the fishing industry been forced into labelling each variety as species specific. Common Skate Many chefs and fishmongers will not recognise the difference between the many species. In fact many would have never sold common skate. However, many of the menu inaccuracies involving skate are accidental and without true malice, but those restaurants that have known they have been selling ray as skate will now feel uneasy with recent publicity. Conversely, many will be happy with their labelling as technically it is correct and the assumption by the recent fish2fork website that menu citing of skate are automatically the endangered species are very assuming and in most cases wholly inaccurate. I am also told there is a certain amount of misleading undertaken by some wholesalers and fishmongers and I have also seen the smallest of immature ray wings labelled as skate in the so called ‘green’ supermarket. The real problem is that over the past ten years everybody has just called all species skate. It was just easier that way. It was a name everybody recognised. “Portion of skate and chips please love” just makes more sense than “Portion of small-eyed ray and chips please”. This however needs to change. People are aware of the uneasy plight of certain species of fish. Shops and restaurants need to re-label. It is not acceptable to sell endangered species of Skate so why use the name. The rays have such beautiful names so use it as a sale pitch. So what is my advice on buying or not buying skate and ray? Due to the lack of data it has been very difficult in finding any real help to answer this question. The website offers its usual level of worthless help by suggesting the stock levels of most species is uncertain. Fish2fork seem to categorise all species as skate thus assuming they are critically endangered without any real justification. Seafish ‘the authority on seafood’ (their branding) offer little more than a lack of data gives insufficient results. The IUCN red list offers little unless well hidden in its site. For example the Thornback Ray, categorised by Seafish (with reference to IUCN) as ‘near threatened’ is actually categorised as lower risk by the IUCN – all very confusing and might I say misleading. All I can suggest is to follow the following list and you should buy the tastiest meal that hasn’t come from a critically endangered species. Your purchased piece of fish should be as pink as possible (see picture below) – remember ‘White will be shite’. The older the fish the whiter it will be so if no colour remains walk away. Many will know that an old piece of skate will smell of ammonia but why? The skates retain nitrogenous wastes such as urea in their blood stream to help water from being drawn out of them via osmosis. When combined with blood salts the concentration is raised above that of the surrounding water resulting in osmotic equality. If it smells do not eat it. And finally with regards to ethical selection the size may be your only help. As the very large species of True Skates and the Underlate Ray are now rarely or never landed I would suggest avoiding the very small wings that would come from immature fish. It is hard as the smaller species are believed to be the most abundant, but rarely will any have reached maturity at a small size. Buy whole wings that weigh 700grms+ or pieces that have come from wings this size or above. Maybe your ideal size to guarantee your fish had reached maturity and had been given a chance to spawn would be bigger still. To note – Unlike the cleanly skinned Blonde Ray wings in the picture below the common skate has small black squiggly lines left on the flesh after skinning (they are part of the skin that remains and could be likened to black worms?) and I believe is the only species that does. If you see it for sale you’ll know it is from a critically endangered species. 1. Hi there, I like this blog. I Like the way you point out the difficulties in assertaining catch data, and I like the way you have given the specific names of the fish that are at risk and those that are not. One thing I did notice was that the paragraphs are quite long. break this up a bit more and it will improve its readability. Another thing I noticed was that you give tons of information about skates at the beginning but you don't mention their precarious situation. I recommend you make the point that many species of skate are on the IUCN endangered list and others are given tentative statuses. Over all I think it's a great blog and it really shows that you know what you are talking about. Its nice to see someone with your background talking about this subject. It flows nicely too. I would like to attach it to a few other sites to capture an audience that needs it so if you could re-look at it and maybe have a bit of a muck around with the spacing and the message then I would love to use your link if that's ok. Marine Ecologist 2. Thanks for your positive comments Jon. I am actually in the process of re-writing this piece for a customer with the addition of all the species and red list and fish list ratings. when I have finished I will add segments to the blog so it reads much clearer.
Swallowing is a complex act that involves coordinated movement of muscles that make up three primary phases of the swallow: oral phase (mouth), pharyngeal phase (throat) and esophageal phase (food tube). When there is a problem in one or more of these phases, it is called dysphagia. General signs may include: • coughing during or right after eating or drinking • wet or gurgly sounding voice during or after eating or drinking • extra effort or time needed to chew or swallow • recurring pneumonia or chest congestion after eating • weight loss or dehydration from not being able to eat enough As a result, adults may have: • poor nutrition or dehydration • less enjoyment of eating or drinking • embarrassment or isolation in social situations involving eating Dysphagia can occur at any age, but it's more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause.Some causes of feeding and swallowing disorders in adults are problems affecting the head and neck, including cancer in the mouth, throat, or esophagus, injury or surgery involving the head and neck, decayed or missing teeth, or poorly fitting dentures and damage to the nervous system, such as: • stroke • brain injury • spinal cord injury • Parkinson's disease • multiple sclerosis • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) • muscular dystrophy • cerebral palsy • Alzheimer's disease People with a swallowing disorder can experience trouble forming food and liquid into a soft ball in the mouth, a need for extra time to chew or move food or liquid in the mouth, trouble pushing food or liquid to the back of the mouth, food or liquid entering the airway when swallowing causing coughing or throat clearing, choking, a sticking sensation in the throat after a swallow, trouble with food entering the esophagus, feeling food stick in the throat or chest after a swallow, regurgitation, and reflux. Swallowing disorder patients often undergo a swallowing test to observe how they swallow with a flexible scope in the nose, or with x-rays of your neck and chest while the patient swallows.Some swallowing problems may be treatable with medication or surgery. Depending upon your working diagnosis, your doctor will discuss different treatment options available.
embedded microcontroller:8051 microcontroller tutorial for beginners Microcontrollers is an integrated chip containing a small computer and memory capabilities and limited number of public entrances and exits and may contain some accessories and sensors. Central processing unit, embedded system, generator pulses, temporary. Use the built-in microcontroller Intel Edison. I think that many of you are already familiar with Intel’s previous Edison notes, peripherals with 115V have a built-in microcontroller, which is the source and receiver of information. All general-purpose microcontrollers Atmel can be divided into four, fully compatible with the well-known versions of AT89C51/52. AT89C51 microcontroller built on processor architecture. This microprocessor with built-in ROM. 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Articles on energy productivity Displaying all articles Australia will likely have to close more coal power stations to meet climate targets. Coal power image from People power is the secret to reliable, clean energy Australia's energy watchdog has warned that closing coal power stations could leave us vulnerable to supply problems. But not if we help take the pressure off the grid. Reducing energy use is a big winner for business and the climate Switching to alternative energy sources, such as renewables, and using more electric cars could double Australia’s energy productivity. NRMA Motoring and Services/Flickr Australia could double its energy productivity by 2030: report A new report shows Australia can and should double its energy productivity, increasing economic productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Double or nothing: Australia’s G20 energy challenge Top contributors
How can I generate “Go First” Dice for N dice? As described here, "Go First" Dice is a set of four dice, each with unique numbering, so that: • Any roll of two or more dice will never result in a tie. • Any die rolled against any other die in the set has an equal chance of "win/lose" against said die. Here is the numbering for the four dice mentioned: D1: 1,8,11,14,19,22,27,30,35,38,41,48 D2: 2,7,10,15,18,23,26,31,34,39,42,47 D3: 3,6,12,13,17,24,25,32,36,37,43,46 D4: 4,5, 9,16,20,21,28,29,33,40,44,45 I stink at math. I'm stumped. Given the above information, I'd like to be able to generate lists of integers ("dice") given a number of dice. Such that, example output might look like so (formatted, python console): >>> generate_dice(players=4) The number of sides here is chosen just for example purposes, because it matches the other example given. The "fairness" of each die is really what I'm looking for. I assure you this isn't homework. This is simply a determined geek, annoyed by a seemingly trivial puzzle that just won't leave me alone... and for some reason, I can't seem to get it right. I'm sure there's some relatively trivial math, and a basic algorithm involved here, and that's what I'm looking for. What terminology should I search for, if this is obvious to you? Because to me, it's not. Ideally the solution would be in Python, but I can also read PHP, Javascript, some Ruby, quite well. This is a (computationally) difficult problem. It's not enough, as it may look at first, that the expected value of each die is the same (although it curiously is, in the example you gave). It's necessary that each die "wins" on 50% of all the instances of the dot product of each die element. The fact that the article refers that a mathematician generated the example you gave "by hand" makes me a bit more comfortable in suggesting the following brute-force approach: import itertools assert nplayersnsides <= max_number assert nsides % 2 == 0 #otherwise x^x (dot product) is not even, so half_wins_fairness always fails def half_wins_fairness( dice1,dice2 ): dice1_wins= map( lambda x: x[0]>x[1], itertools.product(dice1,dice2) ) dice_wins_prob= float(sum(dice1_wins))/len(dice1_wins) return dice_wins_prob==0.5 def fair( all_dice ): all_fair= True for d1,d2 in itertools.combinations( all_dice, 2): if not half_wins_fairness(d1,d2): return all_fair for i,dice_pattern in enumerate(itertools.permutations(range(max_number), nplayersnsides)): #cut dice pattern into dices dice= [dice_pattern[pnsides:(p+1)nsides] for p in range(nplayers)] if fair(dice): print dice def discrete_derivative(l): for i,x in enumerate(l): tmp= x #import pylab The complexity here is n^n, so this, by itself, only solves your problem for very low numbers of nplayers and nsides. However, by uncommenting the commented lines, you can inspect a plot of the fairness of the dice along the dot product iterations, which seems to have a lot of patterns, suggesting that several heuristics can be used to speed up this search, or maybe even find a general solution. changed the code for improved graphing. Here's some pics, in case someone is particularly adept at spotting patterns. nplayers=2, nsides=2, max_number=8 nplayers=2, nsides=4, max_number=8 nplayers=4, nsides=2, max_number=8 Some initial observations: 1. it's symetrical 2. the "cleanest" graphs seem to be generated when max_number % (nplayers*nsides) == 0 Need Your Help How do I display something I enter in a JOptionPane on the JFrame? java swing jlabel joptionpane What I want to do is when I input something in JOptionPane, say, APPLES. I want to display it as APPLES in the JFrame. Now, if I want to input CATS next, it'll appear in the JFrame together with the Select programmatically a row of a Listview c# .net visual-studio listview I don't get it to work to select a row of a listview at the beginning of my program.
Wight of the Nine Worlds Locmariaquer Menhir There are some famous megalithic monuments all over Europe, one of those is the extraordinary Menhir of Locmariaquer, the tallest menhir* of the world, in Britain - northern France, just a few miles from Carnac. Nowadays it is fallen into the ground, it is believed it went down by an earthquake or a lightning strike, and is was broken into four pieces. When it was erected it had 23.50 m high and its thickness was 4m, weighing over 350 tons. People can still feel the telluric current in this place, and near this menhir there is also a megalithic construction, which might had concentrated the energy emitted by this menhir. Scientists know today that this menhir was an antenna radiating subtle energies for the dolmens and menhirs around it, such energies so similar to the microwaves that today we know so well. This menhir emits magnetic waves that intersect with the telluric waves in the region, causing plenty of rain in the area that has not always a meteorological origin. * The tallest menhir still standing nowadays is one near Plouarzel also in Britain northern France, with 12m high. 0 comentários:
Panels: 10 Mistakes that Most People Make The Many Benefits of Using Solar Cell Panels As the name implies, solar panels are capable of turning into electricity the power that is being emitted by the sun. Having electricity that can be used for powering various supplies at home and at your office is turn into a reality with the aid of the collection of PV radiation that is being emitted from the sun. But if you say solar panel, you could be referring to one out of two things that are typically being shortened to be called as solar panels: they are the solar cell panel as well as the solar thermal collector. Rather than using oil or coal to create electricity, using solar cell panels or anything that is powered by the sun ensures you that no emissions are being given off by them that could put in great harm the environment. You will not have to wonder anymore why there are more and more people who are thinking of using solar cell panels because they would also want to contribute in their little way something that will benefit the world as a whole. Price seems to be the determining factor for a lot of people that is why you can see that not all households all around the world make sure to get their electricity source from solar cell panels. Fortunately, there are now more and more suppliers of solar cell panels; so, there is no doubt that you will be able to get your hands on the next best thing in electricity and that is none other than your so-called solar cell panels. Aside from helping the environment, when you use solar cell panels, you are also enabling yourself to become more self-sufficient while at the same time not having to pay huge sums of money for the electricity that you are consuming per month. The best part about using solar cell panels is that if you live in a particular place that supports them, then you will not have to worry about paying a huge sum for having your solar cell panel installed because your local officials will make sure to look into the matters for you and give you additional perks for your decision. When you want your solar cell panel to function to its full potential, you have to make sure that enough sunlight is able to reach it. Always remember that you are giving something back to then environment when you make use of clean energy out of solar cell panels that will also help you in ensuring not to pay as much for your electricity bills per month. Do not think that solar cell panels can only be utilized in your home because they have been shown to be of great use in your office even or any establishment that you can think about. Thus, if you want to save most of your money when using some power, you can do so with the aid of getting your very own solar cell panels. The Ultimate Guide to Panels A 10-Point Plan for Electrician (Without Being Overwhelmed)
Prehistoric Egypt "Paleolithic—Neolithic—The Badarians—Predynastic—Race" Since the radicals of one age are the reactionaries of the next, it was not to be expected that the men who created Egyptology should be the first to accept as authentic the remains of Egypt's Old Stone Age; after forty les savants ne sont pas curieux. prehistoric Egypt Cave Painting Prehistoric Egypt When the first flints were unearthed in the valley of the Nile, Sir Flinders Petrie, not usually hesitant with figures, classed them as the work of post-dynastic generations; and Maspero, whose lordly erudition did no hurt to his urbane and polished style, ascribed neo-lithic Egyptian pottery to the Middle Kingdom. Nevertheless, in 1895 De Morgan revealed an almost continuous gradation of paleolithic cultures corresponding substantially with their succession in Europe in the flint hand-axes, harpoons, arrow-heads and hammers exhumed all along the Nile. prehistoric egypt Imperceptibly the paleolithic remains graduate into neolithic at depths indicating an age 10,000-4000 B.C. " The stone tools become more refined, and reach indeed a level of sharpness, finish and precision unequaled by any other neolithic culture known." Towards the end of the period metal work enters in the form of vases, chisels and pins of copper, and ornaments of silver and gold. Finally, as a transition to history from prehistoric Egypt, agriculture appears. In the year 1901, near the little town of Badari (half way between Cairo and Karnak), bodies were excavated amid implements indicating a date approximating to forty centuries before Christ. Prehistoric Egypt was uncovered. In the intestines of these bodies, preserved through six millenniums by the dry heat of the sand, were husks of unconsumed barley." Since barley does not grow wild in Egypt, it is presumed that the Badarians had learned to cultivate cereals. From that early age the in-habitants of the Nile valley (prehistoric egypt) began the work of irrigation, cleared the jungles and the swamps, won the river from the crocodile and the hippopotamus, and slowly laid the groundwork of civilization. These and other remains give us some inkling of Egyptian life before the first of the historic dynasties, in the prehistoric Egypt. Prehistoric Egypt was a culture midway between hunting and agriculture, and just beginning to replace stone with metal tools. The people of Prehistoric Egypt made boats, ground corn, wove linen and carpets, had jewels and per¬fumes, barbers and domesticated animals, and delighted to draw pictures, chiefly of the prey they pursued. They painted upon their simple pottery figures of mourning women, representations of animals and men, and ge¬ometrical designs; and they carved such excellent products as the Gebel-el-Arak knife. They had pictographic writing, and Sumerian-like cylinder seals. No one knows whence these early Egyptians came. Learned guesses incline to the view that they were a cross between Nubian, Ethiopian and Libyan natives on one side and Semitic or Armenoid immigrants on the other. Even at that date there were no pure races on the earth. Probably the invaders or immigrants from Western Asia brought a higher culture with them, and their intermarriage with the vigorous native stocks provided that ethnic blend which is often the prelude to a new civilization. Slowly, from 4000 to 3000 B.C., these mingling groups became a people, and created the Egypt of history. You may also be interested in... From Prehistoric Egypt Return to Home Page
Swarming is the reproduction of a honey bee colony. It is a normal and natural phenomenon, and rarely poses a danger to people or animals. When honey bees have good, weather, and plenty of food, their populations can increase dramatically. When a colony becomes crowded inside their current home (a bee hive, hollow tree, or other cavity) they will begin to raise a new queen bee. When this new queen is almost mature, the old queen will leave the hive, followed by about one half or two-thirds of the worker bees and some of the drones. Honey Bees when swarming will attach too almost anything including Airplane Wings. ACR, Inc relocates all Honey Bee swarms . They are extremely beneficial to our ecosystem . Homes are a common place for a Swarm of Honey Bees Your Wildlife Removal & Relocation Specialists Unlike the honey bee only able to sting one time. The Bald Faced Hornets can sting you over and over again which could lead to life threatening circumstances. Leave it to the professionals , Call ACR, Inc for Hornets Nest removal, Wasp Nest removal, Yellow Jacket Nest removal, and Bee Swarm removal. Bald Faced Hornets & Nest
Renal Failure in Cats Renal failure, commonly known as kidney failure, is characterized by the deterioration of the kidneys and an inability in removing waste matter in the blood. This CatAppy article provides more information about the causes, symptoms, and treatment measures for chronic renal failure in cats. CatAppy Staff Chronic renal failure, commonly referred to as kidney disease, is a medical condition that particularly affects the older cats. This condition is characterized by the gradual deterioration of the kidneys resulting in an inability to remove the waste matter and purify the blood. The resulting toxins that accumulate in the blood give rise to symptoms such as weight loss, urination, thirst, and vomiting in cats. Before we can look at the symptoms and treatment option for renal failure, let us look at what causes this health problem. Know The Causes Kidney failure is caused by damage to the kidneys, which are responsible for the filtration and removal of the waste matter in the blood. The nephrons or the tiny filtering units contained in the kidneys help absorb the nutrients and remove the waste from the blood. This waste matter is thereon excreted as urine from the cat's body. In addition to this, the kidney also helps in the release of the rennin enzymes which controls the blood pressure. These organs also maintains the balance of the essential minerals and acid in the blood. With the onset of renal failure, these essential body functions of the cats fail, leading to a number of health problems. Some of the common causes of renal failure include poisoning from a toxic plant or other substance, accident or other trauma, arterial thromboembolism, kidney tumors, urinary blockage, infections such as the bacterial infection of kidneys known as 'pyelonephritis', birth defects in the kidneys, medication, dehydration, and blood loss. In cat breeds, such as the Persian cats, polycystic kidney disease results in the development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Notice The Symptoms While the acute renal failure is characterized by the sudden onset of the symptoms, the chronic cases of renal failure results in the slow and insidious appearance of the signs. • Weight Loss • Excessive thirst in cats • Refusal to eat • Vomiting • Decreased urination • Seizures • Halitosis (bad breath) • Weakness and loss of muscle strength • Depression • Lethargy • Poor coat • Mouth ulcerations • Acidosis • Loss of appetite • Hypertension • Anemia What is The Prognosis and Treatment Most of the symptoms of kidney failure are not a foolproof way of diagnosing the problem. For complete diagnosis, the doctor may need a biochemical profile, complete blood count, urinalysis, urine "specific gravity", and kidney ultrasounds. Based on the cause of the problem, the doctor may suggest the appropriate treatment. Severely affected cats need to be hospitalized and administered subcutaneous fluids. If the cat is suffering from a bacterial or viral infection or is affected by diseases like anemia, then medications are prescribed to cure the problem. Anorexic cats may be given appetite stimulants to increase the hunger. However, even with all the treatment options, it is important to remember that the disease will progress over time and is not reversible in any way. Importance of The Diet One of the most potent measures for keeping the symptoms of renal failure in control is through dietary measures. Since the cats tend to get dehydrated, increase the amount of water intake. In addition to this, veterinarians may recommend a low-protein, low-phosphorous diet for the cat. The toxins accumulate in the blood as a result of insufficient protein breakdown and therefore, a low-protein diet is an effective measure for controlling the symptoms. Similarly, the low-phosphorous diet reduces the chances of further kidney damage and help in restoring the cat's health. Sadly, the renal failure is an incurable disease that may result in the pet's death. However, with measures such as dietary checks and medications, it is possible to slow down the progress of the disease significantly.
Islam has more than 1 billion followers around the world. Islam was founded in the early seventh century, in what is now Saudi Arabia. Over the course of the past 1,400 years it has spread around the world, becoming a truly international religion with more than 1 billion followers. The history of the spread of Islam begins with the conquest of the Middle East centuries ago and continues into the present. The Birth of Islam Islam was founded by Muhammad in A.D. 610, when he began to receive revelations from God through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad is revered by Muslims as the last Prophet, who received God's final and correct revelations to humanity. Muhammad was a spiritual and political leader who gained a devoted following in Medina, and then went on to conquer and Islamize Mecca. Shortly after his death in 632, his successors were able to conquer the whole of the Arabian peninsula, and Islam began expanding into neighboring territories. Early Muslim Conquests The Quran, Islam's holy book, contains verses that suggest wars of conquest -- jihad -- are condoned by God and are an obligation for Muslims: "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth" (9:29). From 632 until the mid-eighth century, Muhammad's successors -- the Caliphs -- quickly conquered the Arabian peninsula, and then spread farther into the Middle East, conquering Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. By the early eighth century, North Africa had become part of the Muslim empire; from there, Muslim Berbers invaded and conquered southern Spain in 711. Islam's expansion in the first centuries of the religion was explosive and relentless. Reasons for the Successful Spread of Islam One reason for the success of the early Muslim conquests and for the stability of the rapidly growing Islamic empire was that conquered territories were left socially and culturally intact. "People of the Book" especially -- Jews and Christians -- were not forced to convert and maintained a degree of religious autonomy. This cultural leniency, coupled with the political difficulties arising from the incorporation of so many different territories and groups, ultimately led to fragmentation and a weakening of the central power of the empire during the long Abbasid Caliphate of 750-1258. The Spread of Islam Today At its largest, the Muslim Caliphate extended from Spain to North Africa to Turkey to Afghanistan. By the early 20th century, the Muslim empire -- the Ottoman Caliphate -- was much smaller, but Islam itself had spread around the globe. Today, as PBS observes, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world and will soon be the biggest. While Islam continues to spread itself peacefully throughout the world, aggressive growth and expansion of Islam also continues, especially in parts of Africa -- such as Sudan and Mali -- where militant Islamists battle for territory and political control.
Any rules to determine the stress of Russian word? Discussion in 'Русский (Russian)' started by SoyChino, Jun 29, 2007. 1. SoyChino Member I find it difficult to get the accent of russian words.Any rules to determine the stress of a russian word? 2. Maroseika Moderator Bad news - no rules, except very few. For example, "ё" is always stressed. Not too much useful, however, because this leter usually is written like "е". Other rules which I heard of, were so complicated and irregular that maybe it's easier to remember correct stress than using such rules. Besides, some words may be stressed stronger than others, stress may be variative (different stresses are permitted in some words), in many cases stress is used for differing the words in their meanings, etc., etc. Maybe this link will be interesting for you now or later, when you know Russian better: 3. SoyChino Member I can't understand the russian in the link.But still thanks a lot,Maroseika.It seems that I have to memorize the stress one by one:) 4. Crescent Crescent Senior Member Russian, (Ukraine) Maroseika, I'm sorry for my ignorance, but I dare say that even I don't understand the majority of the russian which was on that website. :eek::confused: What I mean is - I understand the words themselves, but it's just putting them together and making sense of them which I find difficult. Unfortunately, some of us, foreros, are not quite at your level on intelectuality and inteligence,:eek: or at least when it comes to complicated grammatical structure of the Russian language and it's unterminable irregularities. SoyChino: what Maroseika said about there being very few rules is unfortunately true. You see, the problem is that in Russian, the accent or the stress of the syllables is not ''fixed''. Not only does it change from one word to the other (even if the two are of the same construction), but it also changes from one form of the word to another. Take the verb ''звонить'' (to call, to telephone, to ring the door bell) for example, and conjugate it: Я звоню ты звонишь он она звонит As you can see, the stress shifts - but there is no particular rule (at least that I know off:eek:) to make it do this. In English, the general rule is that the stress falls on the first syllable. In French - it falls on the last. And in Spanish - thank goodness there are accents which indicate clearly how you are supposed to pronounce this word! :p However, in Russian- I'm afraid nothing like this exists. :( The only other tip that I would be able to give you, SoyChino, is that you learn the stress of the word when you look it up in the dictionary. (and in good dictionaries they should always have accents written on the vowels which are to be stressed in the word. But: remember that the accent is not part of the word's spelling. You do not write it on when writing yourself. ) I hope that was at least of some use to you. :) :eek: 5. Maroseika Moderator Come on, Crescent, not being a specialist I also read such texts with the great difficulty. But you know, if you read each sentence again and again, and use different dictionaries, step by step you start to understand more or less what they mean and in such moments you feel yourself like Mr. Jurden (I'm sure there is an error) just discovered he speaks prose. 6. SoyChino Member thanks to everyone for your sincere advices! 7. Kolan Banned Montréal (Québec) Russian (CCCP) Я прочитал... :confused: и разучился говорить как та сороконожка, которой объяснили, как нужно двигать лапками, чтобы ходить. Кошмар. Эту книжку нельзя никому показывать. Поставить гриф "для служебного пользования", и пусть лингвисты читают её сами друг другу за закрытыми дверями институтов. 8. Maroseika Moderator "Вы просто не умеете её готовить..." Под правильным соусом она чудесна. 9. Anatoli Senior Member Melbourne, Australia Native: русский (Russian), home country: English Одобряю, справочная литература не для лёгкого чтения, а для поиска информации. Не думал, что вообще можно описать правила ударения русского языка. Кто-то потрудился, но это ведь капля в море? Some good news. :D There is little point of learning the stress rules if you don't know those words. Learn the stress of each word as you go along and pick up new words. To a lesser extent in Russian but this is the way it works for English, Japanese, Arabic and Chinese - learn a new word - learn its spelling and pronunciation in singular and plural, in nominative and other cases. It's only the stress that is the problem in Russian, with these other languages you have to know more. Russian learners I know just do that. Even if you build some vocab with incorrect stress, it's no tragedy, you'll be understood in 99% of time (learn some traps!) and a lot of listening to native speakers fixes this problem. Advanced learners also get a feel of the language, so that they can often predict the correct stress. Share This Page
How to Eat to Reduce Your Cancer Risk How to Eat to Reduce Your Cancer Risk Joseph Mercola, M.D., believes most cancers can be prevented by eating properly and avoiding exposures to toxic substances such as pesticides. In a recent article, he provided suggestions on what to eat for optimal health and prevention of cancer. He focused on the importance of organic foods, particularly grass-fed or pastured meals and animal products. Here is his list of recommendations: 1. Eat healthy fats, and make those 75 to 85 percent of your total caloric intake. Include olives and olive oil; butter made from grass-fed organic milk; coconuts and coconut oil; raw nuts such as macadamia and pecans; seeds such as black sesame, black cumin, pumpkin and hemp seeds; avocados; grass-fed meats; lard and tallow; ghee (clarified butter); raw cacao butter; animal-based omega-3 fats and small fatty fish like sardines and anchovies. 2. Carbohydrates should comprise 8 to 15 percent of your daily calories. Eat twice as many fiber carbs as non-fiber (net) carbs. So if your total carbs make up 10 percent of your daily caloric intake, half of those should be fiber, which will help you manage your weight and lower your cancer risk. If you have cancer, limit your net carbs to 8, which will help lower inflammation, reduce cancer growth, lower your glucose level, reduce your mTOR and insulin levels, and lower your insulin growth factor-1 (a powerful hormone that is associated with cancer cell proliferation). Chia seeds, berries, raw nuts, cauliflower, root vegetables such as onions and sweet potatoes, green beans, peas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and psyllium seed husk are all superior sources of high-fiber carbohydrates. 3. Make protein 7 to 10 percent of your total calories. He recommends limiting protein to .5 grams per pound of lean body mass. For most people that would be 40 to 70 grams of protein daily. Dr. Mercola says too much meat has a stimulating effect on the mTOR pathway, which has a role in cancer as well as other diseases. Limited protein to just what your body requires for cell repair and maintenance inhibits mTOR, and minimizes the likelihood of cancer growth.
Reproductive Husbandry of the Weedy Sea Dragon By: \| Date: 07/04/2009 \| 7 Comments \| Reproductive husbandry of the weedy sea dragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California By Kristy L. Forsgren, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, California. Reprinted with permission. Weedy Seadragon in the wild. Photo courtesy of saspotato via flickr. Author’s Note: “They are a precious species that is best left in its natural environment. In addition to the difficulty in obtaining them, they are extremely expensive to maintain and require an enormous amount of time! When I took care of the seadragon collection at the Long Beach Aquarium, it was my full-time job caring for and maintaining their exhibits. Often times I worked more than 40 hours a week and almost 15+ hours a day at one point once I was able to breed them!” The weedy sea dragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is a member of the family Syngnathidae, which includes the seahorses, pipehorses, and pipefishes. The weedy sea dragon is a monotypic species endemic to southern coastline of Australia. Male sea dragons become pregnant after female sea dragons transfer eggs onto a specialized patch of skin on the underside of the male’s tail. Due to the difficulty and cost associated with maintaining sea dragons in captive environments, reproductive success and rearing of hatchlings has never been documented. During the summer of 2001, two weedy sea dragons became pregnant at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Embryos were incubate for 34 days (X + SD = 34 + 12.73, N=2) and hatched over a 13-day period (X + SD = 13.5 + 9.19, N=2). A total of 40 juveniles were raised, 35 were distributed to zoos and aquariums throughout the United States, and the others are on exhibit with the adults at the Aquarium of the Pacific. While there may be speculation regarding the effect of seasonality on sea dragons, the Aquarium of the Pacific believes that their successful breeding may have been the result of simulating natural environmental conditions. The weedy sea dragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is a monotypic species endemic to the southern coastline of Australian, from Sydney on the east coast to Perth on the west coast and to the tip of Tasmania and inhabit rocky reefs, seaweed beds, and sea grass meadows (Kuiter, 2000). These extraordinary fish have elaborate appendages on their head and body that resemble blades of algae (Kuiter, 2000). This camouflage allows them to ambush their planktonic prey of larval fishes and mysid shrimp (Kuiter, 2000). Weedy Seadragon with eggs. Photo courtesy of saspotato via flickr. Weedy Seadragon with eggs. Photo courtesy of saspotato via flickr. Paternal brooding is a peculiar reproductive strategy characteristic of syngnathids in which the males incubate developing embryos. Females transfer eggs to a specialized patch of skin on the underside of the male’s tail (Kuiter, 2000). Embryos are incubated for several weeks (Kuiter, 2000). Hatching is staggered and occurs over several days aiding in the dispersal of the offspring and thereby decreasing competition for food (Kuiter, 2000). The difficulty involved with collecting sea dragons, and providing them with live food have contributed to the challenges associated maintaining them in public aquaria. During the summer of 2001, two weedy sea dragon successfully received eggs from a female. A total of 40 juveniles were raised, 35 have been distributed to zoos and aquariums throughout the United States making this the first transfer of aquarium-bred weedy sea dragons in the world. The remainder of the juveniles are on display with the adult population at the Aquarium of the Pacific. The reproductive success at the Aquarium may have been associated with simulating seasonality by changing the temperature and photoperiod of the exhibit on a monthly basis. The Aquarium of the Pacific’s weedy sea dragon population consists of five males and two females. The sea dragon habitat consists of a 1.2 m deep cylindrical exhibit tank that contains 5200 liters of water with a calculated turnover of 40 minutes. The exhibit bottom is covered with 1.3 – 2.5 cm Mexican Beach Pebble (Blue Daisy Cement Products, Inc., Gardena, California). Artificial macro algae are cemented to dead rock and artificial Sargassum floats at the surface. The exhibit is lit with two 250-watt, 20,000 Kelvin metal halide light fixtures and a 30-watt lamp used as a night-light when exhibit lighting is off. The life support components include an ultraviolet sterilizer, a UMI barrel heat exchanger, a sand filter, protein skimmer, and a bio-tower. Water quality parameters were checked weekly and adjustments were made to maintain healthy ideal conditions; salinity was kept at 33 ppt, pH was between 8.2 and 8.3, alkalinity between 2.5 and 3.0, and ammonia was below 0.05 mg/L, nitrite was below 0.080 mg/L and nitrate were kept below 0.005 mg/L. Water temperature and day length data for southern Australia were obtained from the Australian Oceanographic Data Centre, these data were converted into a schedule of monthly seasonal changes (Table 1). The metal halides and heat exchanger were manually changed to regulate seasonal variation within the exhibit. In order to care for the pregnant males and hatchlings, a holding basket for pregnant males, a modified tank for raising hatchlings, and an automatic feeding bucket were constructed. A cylindrical basket (56 cm x 81 cm) was constructed using 100 micron screening and reinforced with 1.3 cm plastic mesh, this basket was hung at the surface of the sea dragon exhibit. An acrylic tank (37.9 liters) was modified and placed on the same filtration as the sea dragon exhibit (Figure 1). A 2.5 cm bulkhead was installed into the top center of the tank and an overflow drain was plumbed with 2.5 cm PVC. Silicone was used to attach 500 micron screening onto the inside of an acrylic frame that was placed at a 40o angle over the inside of the bulkhead, a thin flexible plastic was glued into the bottom corners of the tank, creating a rounded surface on the bottom. Three sides of the tank were covered with a blue gel (Just Blue, #79, LEE Filters, Hampshire, England). An automatic feeding bucket was made and programmed to feed the sea dragon hatchlings (Figure 2). A 2.5 cm bulkhead was plumbed into the bottom of a plastic 7.6 liters bucket, a PVC thread to hose thread adapter connected the bulkhead to a programmable garden timer and an adjustable hose valve was attached to the garden timer and a barbed nipple with a piece of clear vinyl tubing was attached. The bucket was hung above the modified juvenile tank and programmed per manufacture’s instructions. Food was supplemented prior to feeding the sea dragons. Brine shrimp nauplii, (Artemia salina) were enriched with Selco (Inve Aquaculture, Belgium) 24 hours before feeding. Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) were enriched with Selco-ed Artemia nauplii and frozen Cyclop-eeze product (Argent Laboratories, Redmond, Washington). Frozen mysis shrimp (Tropical Marine Centre Ltd., England) were supplemented with vitamins (VitaFish, Marine Enterprises Intl., Maryland). Spawning occurred from May 2001 to late June 2001 resulting in two male weedy sea dragons successfully receiving clutches of eggs. Incubation varied from 25 days to 43 days (X + SD = 34 + 12.73 days, N=2) and hatching varied 7 days to 20 days (X+SD = 13.5 + 9.19, N=2). Of the first weedy sea dragon’s hatchlings, 68.1% survived and 65.8% of the second male’s young survived. Juvenile Weedy Seadragons Juvenile Weedy Seadragons Seasonal variations may have contributed to the weedy sea dragons successfully breeding at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California by stimulating reproductive behavior. Breeding occurred during the spring and early summer of 2001, when water temperatures ranged between 16.1 C and 17.8 C and the photoperiod was between 13 and 14 hours of daylight. Seasonality was accomplished by altering the water temperature and photoperiod each month according to a schedule based on southern Australia’s regional seasonality. Breeding occurs in the wild between October and January when water temperature varies from 18 C to 22 C and photoperiod is between 13-14 hours (Powell, 1999). Due to the differences in seasonality between the northern and southern hemispheres, a direct seasonality schedule of southern Australia would have resulted in the exhibit being dark at times during the Aquarium’s open hours. Therefore, a few alterations had to be made in order to adapt Australia’s seasonal changes to Long Beach, California. The day length schedule and consequently the water temperature schedule, was adapted to meet guest needs while still accomplishing seasonal fluctuations. No adverse affects were observed due to these environmental changes. Several aquariums have observed the weedy sea dragon’s mating behavior fewer have witnessed egg transfers. The Aquarium of the Pacific is the first aquarium worldwide to successfully raise weedy sea dragon hatchlings. Mating behavior and egg droppings have been observed throughout the year in facilities that do not implement a seasonality schedule similar to that of the Aquarium of the Pacific’s, several observations resulting from life support malfunctions resulting in a temperature change (Powell, 1999). However, at the Aquarium of the Pacific, reproductive behaviors increase in frequency and intensity associated with seasonal temperature increase and extended day length. Weedy sea dragon mating behavior observed at the Aquarium of the Pacific involved several dragons swimming 2-3 cm apart with their tails curled outward. These interactions have been observed between males and between males and females, but never between two females. An interaction that has been frequently observed is one in which the animals move their heads toward, then away from one another, a propulsion similar to that of two opposing magnets being forced together. No physical contact actually occurs and shortly after this behavior, the sea dragons separate. Although the nature of these interactions are unknown, they may be related to territory disputes or mate selection. On the morning of May 5, 2001, a pregnant weedy sea dragon carrying approximately 50 eggs was discovered. A second dragon became pregnant on June 23, 2001, with approximately 75 eggs. The males were placed in a floating basket that remained in the exhibit for the duration of the pregnancy preventing the need to transport or acclimate them to another location. The basket prevented physical contact with other dragons thus protecting the eggs and made daily observations of the dragons and the developing embryos possible. Pregnant sea dragons refused to consume frozen mysids; therefore they were fed only live mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) consuming nearly 1500 mysids per day for the first four weeks. Later, the dragon’s appetite decreased to approximately 100 mysids per day, and they discontinued eating while the young were hatching. The dragons were returned to the exhibit after the young hatched and they began eating live mysids the following day. Frozen mysids were consumed within a week. Incubation of eggs has been estimated to be 6 weeks, although young began hatching at an average of 34 days (34 + 12.73, N=2) after egg transfer and hatching of the entire clutch averaged 13.5 days (13.5 + 9.19, N=2). The hatchlings were scooped out of the male’s basket in a small container to avoid being netted or touched while transferring them into the flow through tank. The first hatchlings were 2 cm in length and were born curled around a large pink yolk sac. The hatchling’s mouths and fins were underdeveloped at birth but began developing quickly as the yolk sac was being absorbed. Sea dragons born later were more developed and had smaller yolk sacs. At seven days of age, the first hatchling’s yolk sacs had been completely absorbed and they began swimming and eating one-day old Artemia nauplii. Sea dragons that hatched after this time were ready to swim and eat. In addition to continuous daily feedings, an automatic feeding bucket was set to feed five times throughout the night. Although it is not known how much food was actually consumed during the night, the feeding bucket provided food during the evening and early morning. Artemia nauplii were fed to the hatchlings until brine shrimp remnants no longer appeared in the dragon’s fecal pellets. This occurred about 5 days after first eating nauplii at that point, the hatchlings began eating one-day old mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). As the young sea dragons grew, the size of the food they were eating was increased, allowing them to feed more efficiently. The dragons began eating 2-day old mysids at 10-19 days old, 3-4 day-old mysids when they were 19-33 days of age, and 5-7 day-old mysids at 33-42 days of age. Adult mysids were eaten when the juveniles were 12 weeks of age. When the juveniles were five months old, several were shipped to other zoos and aquariums within the United States. Each dragon was triple bagged with approximately 11.4 liters of exhibit water supersaturated with oxygen. Dragons were packed in a styrofoam insulated container lined with plastic and a frozen gel pack, then shipped overnight to their respective destinations. It is important to continue sharing the knowledge gained from sea dragons in public aquariums. The life cycle of the sea dragon is more attainable than ever before and with continued research, the mysteries of the sea dragon can be unlocked. In addition to fulfilling biological interest, the sea dragons amaze aquarium visitors each day, making them increasingly important ambassadors to the sea in particular to the waters of Australia. Breeding success may be influenced by seasonal variations similar to those in southern Australian waters. The fact remains that there is very little known about how seasonality may influence reproduction in sea dragons. While there may be speculation regarding the effect of seasonality on sea dragons, the Aquarium of the Pacific believes that their successful breeding may have been the result of simulating natural environmental conditions. Table 1. Aquarium of the Pacific’s schedule of monthly water temperature (+/- 0.1 to 1.5o C in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia) photoperiod and day length changes for the sea dragon exhibit. Picture 4 Figure 1. Diagram of modified acrylic tank used to raise weedy sea dragon hatchlings at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Picture 5 Figure 2. Overnight feeding bucket used to raise weedy sea dragon hatchlings at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Picture 6 The generous support and enthusiasm of the Aquarium of the Pacific has made the breeding and rearing of the weedy sea dragons was possible. I’d like to thank the husbandry and life support staff for their assistance, patience and support. I would especially like to thank Sandy Trautwein, Curator of Fishes and Invertebrates, who always believed in accomplishing this unique event and to Charlie, my husband, who has shared my devotion and enthusiasm for sea dragons. Bielinger, Diane. 1990. Dazzling dragons. Sea Fronteirs. Sept-Oct. pgs? Dawson, C.E., 1985. Indo-Pacific pipefishes Red Sea to the Americas. The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory: Ocean Springs, MI. Helfman, Gene S. Bruce B. Collette and Douglas E. Facey. 1997. The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science: Malden, MA. Kuiter, Rudie. 2000. Seahorses, pipefishes and their relatives. TMC Publishing. Chorleywood: United Kingdom. MacKay, Bruce. YEAR? Seadragons in wild and captive environments. Today’s Aquarist. Vol.7(1): 5-9. Paxton, John R., Douglass F. Hoese, Gerald R. Allan, and Jennifer E. Hanley. 1989. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 7 Pisces; Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd.: Burwood, Victoria. Powell, Paula. 1999. Update on seadragon reproduction activity and report on feeding regimens among public institutions. AZA Annual Conference Proceedings. Minnestota Zoo: Minneapolis, MN. Rielinger, Diane M. 1990. Dazzling dragons. Sea Frontiers. Sept.-Oct.:10-11. 7 Responses to “Reproductive Husbandry of the Weedy Sea Dragon” 1. Bob Says: what a beautiful creature, i can’t imagine how a species so fragile can exist in the wild, it must be pretty rare. 2. weedyseadragonperson Says: hey i need more info on weedy sea dragons! anyone know where i can get any? NOT wikipedia! help! 3. Gournoe Says: This is a beautiful creature, although the website needs more info! 4. Twilight Luva Says: Does anyone know if ballast water affects weedy seadragons? P.S Twilight rox 5. Cee Says: Have visited the LB Aquarium twice this month (school field trips) and was amazed at how incredible and precious the Sea Horses and Sea Dragons were. I loved each exhibit!!! Thank you for your contributions. 6. Jay-See Says: This is new to me. Honestly I was amazed knowing that the male seadragon are the one who carry them. Thanks for the tank information. It will helps anyone who plans to make seahorse as pet. 7. CD Yost Says: I have learned that Seadragons are sensitive to changes in their environments. Looks like this aquarium did well in recreating most of the natural habitat conditions. I am still curious about some other variables. Did they do anything to deal with depth pressure variables? Was this also a Display tank? if so ,how did they resolve possible stress issues of human contact like close viewers, noise & vibrations etc? Do they feed local mysid shrimp? Leave a Reply Read previous post: Collecting Shrimp Republished from International Reefers with permission. Special thanks to David Isaacs for allowing us to reprint his mysis collecting tips!... Read previous post: Collecting Shrimp
by Ericka Zorrilla Have you noticed how expensive orchids can be when compared to other plants? The main reason why is because orchids can be very difficult in maintaining from the beginning. These seeds can be fairly small and can be easily disturbed by wind and water. It takes at least 12 to 24 months for a seed to grow to a full size foot long plant. Normally orchids are started in laboratories where they are controlled in good conditions. Since this specific plant does not grow fast, it cost a reasonable amount of money than a usual house plant. It can also take 3-6 years for a baby plant to bloom big colorful orchid flowers. Orchids need to be maintained at a certain temperature. They also need a certain amount of humidity. The orchids roots are very different from any other roots. The coat of the root is like plastic. For these types of roots they need to be soaked in water so that they can drink the water. The best way to do this is by placing 2-4 ice cubes on top of the roots. And since it takes some time for the ice cubes to melt, it takes the same amount of time for the roots to actually take in the water. To maintain an orchid at home pretty and healthy try to keep it in a place where there is some shade and sunlight.Capture Categories: Lifestyle Tagged as:
(redirected from demeanors) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical. Related to demeanors: comportment The outward physical behavior and appearance of a person. noun appearance, aspect, attitude, bearing, behavior, carriage, comportment, conduct, countenance, deportment, expression, guise, look, manner, mien, physscal appearance, poise, posture, presence, way Associated concepts: demeanor of witnesses See also: appearance, behavior, complexion, conduct, decorum, deportment, look, manner, posture, presence, temperament References in periodicals archive ? Demeanor refers to the teacher's classroom disposition and orientation to teaching, such as the positive traits of being motivating, supportive, caring, and having high expectations; and the negative traits of being harsh, negligent, inflexible, and having low expectations. We consider a teacher's demeanor and the environment she creates to be related, and so review them together. The TCs from this program attributed 51 out of their 101 positive models to matters of pedagogy, 36 to demeanor, and 14 to environment. The Southwestern Secondary English students focused more on demeanor (32) than pedagogy (22) when discussing teachers who made a negative impact, with no environment codes. The positive models named by the TCs from this program were sorted as follows: 91 out of their 152 positive attributions concerned matters of pedagogy, 55 concerned demeanor, and six concerned environment.
May 31, 2018 MAY 31 Pope John Paul II seventh pilgrimage to Poland. It included celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of St Adalbert's (Wojciech's) martyrdom. In his homily the pontiff emphasized the tenet, "Christ yesterday, today, and forever." Beatification: Bernardina Jabłońska and Maria Karłowska and canonization of Bl. Queen Jadwiga of Anjou. The places he visited: Wrocław, Legnica, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Gniezno, Poznań, Gniezno, Kalisz, Częstochowa, Zakopane, Ludzmierz, Kraków, Dukla. (Saint Adalbert was the Bishop of Prague and a missionary to the Hungarians, Poles, and Prussians. He was martyred in his efforts to convert the Baltic Prussians to Christianity. He died on April 23, 997. Polish King Boleslaus I brought his remains back to Gniezno for the payment of his remains in gold. The massive metal doors of Gniezo Cathedral depict the life, and death of Saint Adalbert in relief and is a valuable historical testimony. A silver coffin containing his remains rest in Gniezno Cathedral.) The Polish 1st Independent Airborne Brigade was awarded the Dutch Military William Order by HM Queen Beatrix for gallantry at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden in 1944. It was the highest Dutch military honor for heroism during World War II. The Polish Brigade played a pivotal role in the Allied airborne invasion of the Netherlands in September 1944, but whose contributions were largely ignored by the Allies. Though the Battle of Arnhem, ie Operation Market Garden failed (due to errors committed by British Command), the Polish soldiers distinguished themselves with bravery and immeasurable sacrifices. British commander Montgomery immediately blamed the failure of the Operation on its leader Major-General Stanislaw F. Sosabowski who was subsequently dismissed. Queen Beatrix and the nation recognized the great contribution made by the Poles in liberating the Netherlands in April and May 1945 at great sacrifice to themselves. (Despite British diplomatic resistance, the brigade's commander, Sosabowski was posthumously awarded the "Bronze Lion".) May 30, 2018 MAY 30 The funeral of Aleksander Bruckner took place in Berlin. Brucker was born in Brzeżany (Berezhany) in Galicia, Austrian Empire. He was a Polish scholar of Slavic languages, historian of literature, and a philologist and lexicographer. He was among the most notable Slavicists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was the first to prepare complete monographs on the history of Polish language and culture. He published more than 1,500 titles and discovered the Holy Cross Sermons - parchments which are the oldest extant prose text written in the Polish language (circa 13th to 14th century.) Bruckner strove to elevate the prestige of the Polish language and culture in the eyes of the Germans, and though he was not political, he was opposed to Russian autocracy and the centralized Russian state of his time. Legislative Election in Poland. Władysław Gomułka was re-elected as leader of the Polish United Workers Party until 1970 (he was succeeded by Edward Gierek) The electoral lists were controlled by the Front of National Unity, which in turn was controlled by the Polish United Workers' Party. The distribution of seats were decided in advance of the elections and electors had no possibility to change it. The results of the 1965 election was duplicated in each of the elections from 1969 and 1972 where the change in the distribution of seats was negligible. The number of seats won was 411 out of 528. (Gomulka was the de facto leader of post-war Poland until 1948. He came leader again from 1956 to 1970, after the Polish October. Initially, Gomułka enjoyed popularity with his reforms (Polish way to socialism) but during the 60s his policies became authoritarian. He also sanctioned persecution of the Catholic Church and Polish intellectuals (for instance, he forced Leszek Kolakowski into exile.) In the period from 1967 to 1968 Gomułka permitted the surge of "anti-Zionist" propaganda and tried to use the momentum to his political advantage. He tried to avert public attention away from the realities of the stagnating economy by propagating anti-semitism. A majority of surviving Polish Jews left the country at this time. Gomulka was also responsible for persecuting protesting students and tightening censorship of the media. Gomułka supported Poland's participation in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. May 29, 2018 MAY 29 Great Sejm Ended. The Great Sejm was the parliament of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1788 and 1792. Its principal objectives were to restore sovereignty of the Commonwealth, and reform its political and economic structure. It's greatest achievement was the creation of and adoption of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. It was Europe's first modern written national constitution and the world's second, after the United States Constitution. The Constitution intended to replace the existing autocracy, with a democratic constitutional monarchy. Among its laws were the protection of peasants, thereby lifting the worst abuses of serfdom, as well as removing the parliamentary liberum veto (which gave any deputy the right to block any legislation passed by the Sejm). Despite these great reforms, the intervention of the Russian Empire annulled all the enactments of the Great Sejm including the Constitution. In the occupied zone of France, the Nazi Germans ordered all Jews over the age of 6 to wear the yellow Star of David badge. (In March 1941, the Vichy regime created the Commissariat Général aux Questions juives to manage the seizure of Jewish assets, and created anti-Jewish propaganda. Meanwhile, the Nazi Germans were creating registers of Jews in the occupied French zone, which was incorporated by the Vichy Law, Second Statut des Juifs of June 1941 (the Star of David badge was not made compulsory because, the Jews could be rounded up based on the registration information alone.) May 28, 2018 MAY 28 Hungary passed a law banning Jews from various professions. Another anti-semitic law was passed on May 5, 1939. A third law, added in August 1941, defined Jewish as anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents, and forbade sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. Cardinal Wyszyński died following a long and debilitating struggle with cancer. He was succeeded as primate by Archbishop Józef Glemp. Cardinal Wyszynski was a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Bishop of Lublin from 1946 to 1948, Archbishop of Warsaw and Archbishop of Gniezno from 1948 to 1981. He was appointed Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, on January 12, 1953 by Pope Pius XII. Stefan Wyszyński assumed the title of Primate of Poland and was often called the Primate of the Millennium. To many Poles he was the leader of Polish nation (the uncrowned king of Poland) From 1945 to 1989, he boldly opposed the iron grip of the Soviet regime in Poland and was credited for the survival of Polish Christianity in the midst of repression and persecution. He himself was imprisoned for three years, and is considered by many to be a Polish national hero. In 1989, the case was made for his beatification and canonization. In April 1989, Pope John Paul II declared Nihil Obstat, which signified the first step to elevate Wyszynski to sainthood. Despite the praise of his great works, Wyszynski was anti-semitic. Following the events of the Kielce pogrom in May 1946, local Jewish leaders met with then Bishop of Lublin Stefan Wyszynski, imploring him to publicly condemn the massacre and the anti-semitism that instigated it. Wyszynski refused to support them and was unwilling to dispel the propaganda of "blood libel", a myth that formed the basis of medieval folklore and was a fabrication. Polish government of Hanna Suchocka lost by a single vote. She was Poland's Prime Minister and served between July 8, 1992 and October 26, 1993 under the presidency of Lech Wałęsa. She is the first woman to hold this post in Poland (with Ewa Kopacz and Beata Szydło holding the post in the 2010s) and was the 14th woman to be appointed and serve as prime minister in the world. She declared that her government was committed to social reconciliation and would lead the country forward in the transformation from communism to capitalism. She was approved by 233 against 61 votes and 113 abstentions. When she formed a cabinet, she wanted to include other female ministers but none of the other coalition partners were receptive to her recommendations. The two deputy prime ministers were male. In the midst of a wave of strikes in Poland, she was staunchly opposed to demands for increased wages, though she was wholly committed to market reforms. Her refusal to concede salary increases to teachers and health workers, led to a parliamentary vote of no-confidence. Walesa then dissolved parliament and held new elections and Suchocka resigned. In 1994 Hanna Suchocka was one of the founding members of the Liberty Union Party, which became the country's third largest political force. From 1997 to 2000 she was the Minister of Justice in a coalition government. She is a member of Club of Madrid (an independent non-profit organization whose mission it is to promote democracy and change in the international community. Its membership is composed of former heads of state from 65 countries. Suchocka is also a member of the Council of Women World Leaders (an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers who are committed to collective action on issues of vital to women and the equitable development within nations.) Hanna Suchocka served as Poland's Ambassador to the Holy See from 2002 to 2013 and was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences in the Vatican (appointed by Pope John Paul II on January 19, 1994) May 27, 2018 MAY 27 MS St. Louis, a German ship docked in Cuba carried 930 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. The refugees had legitimate landing certificates before their departure, but their papers were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban government authorities. Only 22 Jewish refugees were allowed entry. Canada and the United States also denied them entry. The remainder had to return to Europe. Some refugees were taken by Belgium, UK, Netherlands and France, among other nations. Their refuge was only temporary, until the Nazis invaded these countries and began rounding up Jews from all European nations to carry out their "Final Solution" (the systematic extermination of Jews throughout Europe) Evacuation at Dunkirk continued: This was the first full day of the evacuation during which only one cruiser, eight destroyers, and 26 other craft were active. British command was desperate for assistance and searched frantically for nearby boats that could ferry British troops from the beaches out to larger craft in the harbour, as well as larger vessels that could load from the docks. After putting out a call for emergency help, they began receiving volunteers, and by May 31almost four hundred small craft had been put into service for the rescue mission. Meanwhile, the Luftwaffe had heavily bombed the town of Dunkirk and its dock installations. With water supply knocked out, fires blazed out of control killing many civilians. About a thousand people lost their lives, and only one third of the town survived. Sixteen squadrons of the British RAF engaged the Luftwaffe in battle and claimed 38 kills, but lost 14 aircraft. The total number of allied sorties during Operation Dynamo was well over 3,500, and was able to inflict heavy losses on German bombers throughout the week. Regardless of RAF efforts, British soldiers were being bombed and strafed while awaiting transport, and unaware that the RAF was fighting to protect them. Consequently, the soldiers were embittered towards the RAF and accused them of doing nothing to help them. (Most of the dogfights took place far from the beaches.) SS leader Heydrich was mortally wounded by members of the Czech Underground during an ambush in Prague. It was carried out by a team of Czech and Slovak soldiers in a British Operation called Operation Anthropoid. Heydrich died from his injuries a week later. Nazi intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the villages of Lidice and Ležáky and subsequently razed both villages to the ground. They shot all the men and boys over the age of 16, and all but a handful of women and children were deported and exterminated in Nazi camps. Heydrich was a high-ranking Nazi official, and architect of the Holocaust. He chaired chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for the Final Solution to the Jewish Question—the deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe. May 26, 2018 MAY 26 Emergency Evacuation at Dunkirk: At 9:00 am on May 26, 19410, Churchill ordered Operation Dynamo to officially commence. It called for the evacuation of British soldiers which had found themselves surrounded by German troops, during the Battle of France. Before the operation even started, 28,000 men had already escaped. The Operation planned for the rescue of 45,000 men from the BEF within a two day period, however, German troops were expected to block further evacuation. Approximately 25,000 men escaped during this period, including 7,669 on the first day. The last battle of the Bismarck. Following the Battle of Denmark Strait, Bismarck's fuel tanks were damaged and several machinery compartments, including a boiler room were flooded. She was on her way to reach Brest for repairs. The hunt was on as Allied warships tried to approximate her position using triangulation. The Polish destroyer, ORP Piorun was sent to join in the hunt and was the first of the destroyers to spot the Bismarck. The Allies proceeded their attack in four phases: the first phase consisted of air strikes by torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal, thereby disabling Bismarck's steering gear and jamming her rudders. This limited her to make only turning maneuvers, and thus prevented her escape. The second phase consisted of shadowing and harassing the Bismarck through the night (May 26/27) by British destroyers. Again, the Polish destroyer, ORP Piorun participated in shadowing the Bismarck, launching torpedoes during the night. Piorun charged at Bismarck by herself, while Maori manoeuvered for position to fire torpedoes. Alone, Piorun exchanged fire with Bismarck for about thirty minutes though neither side scored any hits. According to one report, before firing on the Bismarck, Commander Pławski transmitted the message "I am a Pole". (other sources claim that the signal to commence fire was "Trzy salwy na cześć Polski" (Three salvoes for the Glory of Poland!) Unfortunately Piorun was not able to use the remaining torpedoes, because of low fuel and at 05:00 was ordered home. The third phase occurred on the morning of May 27 and culminated in a joint attack by British battleships King George V and Rodney, supported by cruisers. They opened fire at 08:47. The Bismarck returned fire, but due to her inability to steer and that the battleship listed to port so drastically, her shooting accuracy was greatly compromised. That and her slow speed of 11 kn (13 mph; 20 km/h) made her an easy target when she was hit by the big guns of Allied battleships. When Bismarck's guns were put out of action, the Norfolk and Dorsetshire closed in for an attack. The Rodney launched one 16-inch (406 mm) salvo destroying the forward control post, which killed most of the senior officers, while the other salvoes destroyed all four gun turrets. Bismarck was silent, and lower in the water. Rodney then moved in from a position of 3km (1.9m) to fire into the superstructure while King George V fired from further out. (this maneuver enabled the salvos to attain a more vertical angle). With her engines still running, the Bismarck's upper works were destroyed, and her guns silenced. The Bismarck was slowly beginning to settle by the stern due to flooding, and listed 20 degree to port. It was then that the crew abandoned ship and procedures to scuttle her began. The Bismarck did not give any sign of surrender. With the Bismarck mostly under water, the Dorsetshire launched three final torpedoes at short range. At least one hit the superstructure, and the Bismarck went under the waves at 10:39 that morning. British warships rescued 111 survivors from Bismarck before being obliged to withdraw because of an apparent U-boat sighting, leaving several hundred German men to their fate. The following morning, a U-boat and German weathership rescued five more survivors. May 25, 2018 MAY 25 Mieszko I was the first ruler of Polans who ruled from 960 AD until his death on May 25, 992. He was a member of the Piast dynasty and a de facto creater of the Polish State. Mieszko unified numerous disparate Polish regions, introduced Christianity as the basis of the Polish state, and established the Gniezno Cathedral (which has survived to this day). Through his skill at diplomacy and military prowess, Miezko substantially expanded Polish territories that included Silesia, Western Pomerania, and probably Lesser Poland including Krakow.The territory of the Polish nation became twice as vast as the lands he inherited from his father, Siemomysł. Mieczysław Gregory Bekker (dob) was a Polish engineer and scientist. Bekker worked for the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs from 1931 to 1939, and the Army Research Institute in Warsaw. There he worked on systems for tracking vehicles to work on uneven ground. When Germany and Russia invaded Poland in 1939, he was in a unit that retreated to Romania, then moved to France. In 1942 he accepted an offer from the Canadian government to relocate to Ottawa and work in armored vehicle research. A year later he enlisted in the Canadian Army in 1943 as a researcher and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Decommissioned in 1956, he moved to the U.S. Bekker co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the Moon. He was the author of several patented inventions in the area of off-the-road vehicles, including those for extraterrestrial use. Rudolf Hoss was handed over into the custody of Polish authorities. The Supreme National Tribunal in Poland tried him for murder. His trial lasted nineteen days. During the trial, when accused of murdering three and a half million people, Höss replied, "No. Only two and one half million—the rest died from disease and starvation." ( See April 16, 1947) Witold Pilecki was a Polish cavalry officer and intelligence officer who became a member of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa). During World War II, he volunteered for an secret operation in which he allowed himself to be arrested in a roundup, and was deported to Auschwitz death camp. While there he gathered vital intelligence, and attempted to organize a secret resistance movement. He escaped from Auschwitz in 1943 after nearly two and a half years of imprisonment. As early as 1941, Pilecki informed the Western Allies of Nazi Germany's Auschwitz atrocities through contacts with his colleagues on the outside. He fought with the Polish underground during the Warsaw Uprising (August 1 to October 3, 1944.) At the end of WW2, the Soviets occupied Poland and persecuted Poles who still remained loyal to the London-based Polish Government-in-Exile. Soviet police of the Ministry of Public Security arrested Pilecki on charges of espionage. After conducting a show trial in 1948, they executed him on May 25, 1948. A constitutional referendum was held in Poland on May 25, 1997. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution. It was narrowly approved, with 53.5% voting in favour (22,58% of Voters with right to vote, voting for "yes"). Voter turnout was just 42.9%. Although the 1995 Referendum Act stated that a 50% turnout was required to validate the referendum, the Supreme Court ruled on July 15 that the constitution could be introduced. Death of Wojciech Jaruzelski. Jaruzelski was leader of communist-ruled Poland since 1985 as Prime Minister, and Head of State, then as President from 1989 to 1990. He died on May 25, 2014 following a stroke. President Bronisław Komorowski and former Presidents Lech Wałęsa and Aleksander Kwaśniewski as well as hundreds of other Poles attended his funeral mass at the Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw Wałęsa and Komorowski, were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981. Jaruzelski was cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki Cemetary, with full military honours, raised an outcry of protest from many Polish people who recall that Jaruzelski imposed martial law, resulting in the arrests of thousands of Poles, and around 91 killed. The debate still continues if Jaruzelski took such action to circumvent what might have been a disastrous Soviet military intervention, or if he was a traitor to Poland. As Walesa and Komorowski said the judgement "would be left to God." Powaki is the resting place of Polish heroes killed fighting for the freedom of Poland since the early 19th century. May 24, 2018 MAY 24 HMS Hood was attacked by the Bismarck: Just before 06:00 on May 24, 1941, the pride of the British fleet, HMS Hood turned 20° to port to unmask her rear turrets in readiness to exchange fire. But just at that moment the Bismarck launched its fifth salvo from a distance of about 16,650 metres (18,210 yd) and hit the boat deck of the Hood, dumping debris and body parts on deck. The Hoods main mast burst into a huge jet of flame followed by an apocalyptic explosion that completely destroyed the aft part of the destroyer. The HMS Hood sank in three minutes, and was partially submerged in a vertical position. The last sight of the ship was her bow, before she disappeared beneath the waves. (HMS Hood, accompanied by the battleship Princes of Wales were sent out along with several other Allied ships, to hunt for the Bismarck. The Bismarck had started sail towards the Atlantic earlier in May 1941 and the Allied mission was to intercept the German battleship before it could attack Allied convoys. The German ship was spotted by two British heavy cruisers (Norfolk & Suffolk) on May 23, and Holland's ships intercepted Bismarck and her consort, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, in the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland on May 24. The Polish destroyer, ORP Piorun also took part in the hunt for the Bismarck. In fact she was the first to spot the German ship and took part in shadowing it, and launching torpedo attacks on the Bismarck the night before she was sunk. The Piorun charged at the Bismarck by herself, and exchanged fire with her for half an hour with no hits on either side. But when the Bismarck's third salvo missed the Piorun by only 20 yards (18m), Plawski pulled back. According to an official report, which was detailed at the Auschwitz I exhibition, Oświęcim, Poland, Pławski transmitted the message "I am a Pole" before commencing fire on Bismarck; other sources claim that the signal to commence fire was "Trzy salwy na cześć Polski" (Three salvos for the glory of Poland). The "Angel of Death" Mengele arrived at Auschwitz: Josef Mengele was posted to Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp as chief physician to the Romani family camp, appointed by SS Standortarzt Eduard Wirths, chief medical officer at Auschwitz. Birkenau camp was originally chosen to imprison slave laborers, but was re-purposed to combine the labor camp with an extermination camp. The Nazis deported Jews from all over German-occupied Europe, and the prisoners arrived in daily rail convoys in massive numbers. The SS soon after began conducting "selections" of Jews who were fit for labor, and those who were deemed unfit, (women, children, pregnant women, the elderly) were marked for extermination in the gas chambers. Mengele was among the team of doctors assigned to do the selections, and he undertook this work even while off-duty, in the hope of finding subjects for his personal experiments. Mengele injected chemicals directly into the eyes of living victims to see if it would change the eye color, and he killed prisoners with heterochromatic eyes so that the eyes could be removed and sent to Berlin for study. He was obsessed with searching for twins, and carried out his sadistic experiments on them with a cheerful, flamboyant air, often smiling or whistling a tune. After the twins were killed, he would dissect them for study. He experimented on dwarfs, pregnant women, and victims with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treated them with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons shipped to Berlin for further study. On one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen sets of twins in one night by chloroform injections directly into the heart. In other cases, if one twin died of a disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative post-mortem reports could be prepared. According to the reports by Nyiszli and others, Mengele's twin studies might have been motivated by the desire to improve the reproduction rate of the German race by improving the chances of racially desirable people having twins. (Note: Dr. Miklós Nyiszli, was an Hungarian Jewish pathologist, who arrived in Auschwitz on May 29, 1944. He performed dissections and prepared specimens for shipment in this laboratory. ) May 23, 2018 MAY 23 Hitler proclaimed his intention to invade Poland during a military conference at the new Reich Chancellery in Berlin. Hitler's objective of the conference was to inform the heads of the German armed forces and their staff of his views on the political situation and his future goals. He professed that his dispute with Poland over Danzig (now Gdansk) was not the reason for the planned attack, but rather that it was a necessity for the German nation to expand its living space (lebensraum) and secure food supplies. He went further to say, "The solution of the problem demands courage. The principle by which one evades solving the problem by adapting oneself to circumstances is inadmissible. Circumstances must rather be adapted to. This is impossible without invasion of foreign states or attacks upon foreign property." SS-Reichsführer Himmler committed suicide while in British custody. On May 21, Himmler and two aides tried to go into hiding but were detained at a checkpoint set up by former Soviet POWs. Over the next two days, he was transferred around to several camps and was finally brought to the British 31st Civilian Interrogation Camp near Lüneburg. During a routine interrogation Himmler admitted who he was, and the duty officer had the prisoner searched. Himmler was taken to the HQ of the Second British Army in Lüneburg where Doctor Wells conducted a medical exam on him. The doctor attempted to examine the inside of Himmler's mouth, but the Himmler refused to comply, jerked his head away and bit into a hidden cyanide pill. He collapsed onto the floor and was dead within 15 minutes. May 22, 2018 MAY 22 Pope John Paul II made his sixth visit to Poland to commemorate John Sarkander, patron saint of Silesia and Moravia. (The Pope visited: Skoczów, Bielsko-Biała, Żywiec.) (Pope John Paul II canonized Sarkander on his visit to the Czech Republic on May 21, 1995. Sarkander was a Polish Roman Catholic priest who became active in the defense of the Christian faith during a period of hostile anti-Christian sentiment and conflict. He was arrested on false accusations as a means of silencing him and he refused to give in to his tormentors who tortured him for a month before he died. His captors attempted to obtain secret information that he would not divulge, even under torture, because the seal of confession is sacred to a priest. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus' remains were reburied in Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Andrew, located in Frombork, Poland after a 200 year search for his tomb. After his death on May 24, 1543, his remains rested in an unmarked grave beneath the floor of the cathedral but its exact location was unknown. At the urging of a local bishop, scientists began searching in 2004 for the astronomer's remains and eventually turned up the skull and bones of a 70-year-old man, the age Copernicus was when he died. DNA from teeth and bones matched that of hairs found in one of his books, leading the scientists to conclude in all probability that they had finally found Copernicus. Copernicus worked as a canon in the Basilica (1512–16 and 1522–43) where he wrote his epochal work, De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium in Frombork. Shortly after its 1543 publication, Copernicus died and was buried in the Basilica. (read also February 19, 1473) May 21, 2018 MAY 21 General John Sobieski was elected King of Poland: John III Sobieski was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696, and was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sobieski's leadership prowess was demonstrated in wars in which he defeated the Ottoman Empire. Sobieski's 22-year reign marked a period of stabilization in the Commonwealth, much needed after the upheaval of the Deluge and the Khmelnytsky Uprising. King Sobieski was popular among his subjects. He was an extraordinary military commander, most famous for his victory over the Turks at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Ottoman's named him, the "Lion of Lechistan", and the Pope hailed him as the savior of Christendom. John III Sobieski was a hero of Poland. Nazis banned Jews from serving in the military. The Germans used the word "Mischling" to denote persons of mixed heritage or mixed blood, (those having Aryan and Jewish ancestry) and imposed strict racial tests to determine the degree of a person's "Jewishness". A person was Jewish if they had two Jewish grandparents, or was married to a Jew, or was the offspring from a mixed marriage with a Jew (in or out of wedlock). Despite these strident conditions and scrutiny, Hitler personally approved or denied any request for reclassification of ethnicity. Despite these laws, there were about 100,000 Jewish soldiers (Mischlings) serving in the German armies. There were many "Mischlings" who attained high rank in Hitlers Reich: 2 Field Marshals, 15 Generals, 2 full Generals, 8 Lieutenant Generals, and 5 Major Generals. Former Mischlings were Nazi party members – 4 were full Jews, 15 were half Jews and 7 were quarter Jews. For example: Field Marshall Erhard Milch (a half-Jew); General Helmut Wilberg (a half-Jew); General Johannes Zuckertort (a half-Jew); Col. Walter H. Hoellander (a half-Jew); Commander Paul Ascher (a half-Jew); Admiral Bernhard Rogge, 1st Officer on the Bismarck (a quarter-Jew). Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów took place on the outskirts of Warsaw. A unit of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK) freed all Polish political prisoners from the Soviet NKVD camp. Hundreds of Polish Citizens had previously been imprisoned at Rembertów and systematically deported to Siberia, including members of the Home Army and other Polish underground fighters. May 20, 2018 MAY 20 Wladyslaw Sikorski (dob) was a Polish military and political leader. In WW2 he was appointed Commander in Chief and General Inspector of the Polish Armed Forces. He also held the position of the Polish Minister of Military Affairs, thus cementing full control over the Polish military during the war. In addition he was the 1st Prime Minister of the Polish-Government-In-Exile, from September 39, 1939. Even with its territory occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland still commanded substantial armed forces: the Polish Navy had sailed to Britain, and hundreds of thousands of Polish troops had escaped via Romania and Hungary or across the Baltic Sea. These routes would be used frequently until the end of the war by both interned soldiers, Polish underground, and volunteers from Poland, who called themselves "Sikorski's tourists". They embarked on treacherous journeys, risking capture and imprisonment in concentration camps, or execution, if caught by the Germans or their allies. The new Polish Army was getting a steady flow of recruits in France, and when France fell to Hitler, many of them escaped to Britain. Even in Poland there was a large resistance movement. Sikorski had founded the Zwiazek Walki Zbrojnej (Union of Armed Struggle), which later became Armia Krajowa (Home Army). Sikorski also created the Government Delegation of Poland, to supervise the Secret Polish Underground State in occupied Poland. Poland had the largest resistance movement of any occupied country in Europe, and were the fourth largest Ally of the war. On July 4, 1943, General Sikorski was killed in a tragic plane crash. Suspicions still prevail to this day of the possibility of Russian conspiracy. Romanian prime minister, Patriarch Miron Cristea, arrived in Poland. (Note: Cristea visited Poland, with which Romania had an alliance and with which it tried to create a neutral block between Nazi Germany and the USSR. Cristea was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian cleric and politician. Cristea, a bishop in Hungary was elected Metropolitan-Primate of the Orthodox Church of the newly unified Greater Romania in 1919. As the Church was raised to a rank of Patriarchate, Miron Cristea was enthroned as the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1925. In 1938 he served as Prime Minister until his death in March 1939. In his tenure as Patriarch, Cristea supported tolerance towards the Jews. In 1928 he appealed to Romanian students to live the Golden Rule and he expressed sorrow for attacks and profanations of synagogues. May 19, 2018 MAY 19 Russian army invaded Poland. On May 18, 1792 Russian ambassador to Poland, Yakov Bulgakov, delivered a declaration of war to the Polish Foreign Minister Joachim Chreptowicz. The next day Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania starting the Polish-Russian War. Russia felt threatened by the formation of a new alliance between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia, and the creation of a new Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 which instituted liberal reforms. Russia regarded Poland as a de facto protectorate. Alexander Bezborodko, chief author of foreign policy remarked that "The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign" The Kingdom of Prussia was equally opposed to to the new Polish constitution. Poland was subjected to yet another partition in 1793 and by 1795 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist. Franco-Polish Alliance: The Kasprzycki-Gamelin Convention was signed in Paris. (named after Polish Minister of War Affairs General Tadeusz Kasprzycki and Commander of the French Army Maurice Gamelin). It was a military, and not a state convention and therefore was not in force legally, as it was dependent on signing and ratification of political convention. It obliged both armies to provide help to each other in case of a war with Germany. New Nazi battleship Bismarck left Gdynia, Poland: Bismarck and her sister ship Tirpitz were the largest battleships ever built by Germany, and two of the largest built by any European power. Bismarck conducted only one offensive operation, in May 1941, code named Rheinübung. Accompanied by the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, they raided Allied shipping lanes from North America to Great Britain. The two ships were detected several times off Scandinavia, and British naval units were deployed to block their route. The operation eventually ended with the sinking of the HMS Hood, and Bismarck. Solidarity deputies proposed a no-confidence motion against the government of Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka. Of the 460 seats in the Polish Sejm (lower House of Parliament) 223 voted against the Suchocka government while 198 supported her, and 24 abstained. (only 445 members were present to vote). The motion of no-confidence passed and President Wałęsa dissolved Parliament. Suchocka government was criticized for its hard line policy against strikers, though welcoming market reforms. When teachers went on strike demanding an increase in salary Suchocka refused to bargain. Solidarity threatened to call a nationwide general strike if Suchocka's Cabinet didn't fall. If she had been reappointed, there would be no change as she would again have disregarded union demands. May 18, 2018 MAY 18 Troops of General Anders' 2nd Polish Corps attached to the British Eight Army captured Monastery Hill, Monte Cassino, on May 18, 1944. A soldier of the Polish unit raised the Polish flag over the ruins of the abbey at 10:20 am. It ended five months of brutal and bloody fighting for control of the strategic height. (Note: Polish II Corps launched their second attack on Monte Cassino on May 17, with no natural cover for protection and under constant artillery and mortar fire from the strongly fortified German positions. Fighting was fierce, and resorted to hand to hand combat. As the Allies advanced in the Liri valley, Germans had to withdraw due to dwindling material, but chose new defensive positions on the Hitler Line. In the early hours of May 18, the British 78th Division and Polish II Corps linked up in the Liri valley 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Cassino town. At the end of the war the Poles constructed a Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino on the slope of the mountain. Stalin proclaimed GKO Order No. 5859, which implemented the deportation of the Tatars. It began on this day, and continued until the May 20th, 1944. The notorious Soviet NKVD agents went from house to house arresting Crimean Tatars at gunpoint and forcing them into sealed cattle trains that would transfer them almost 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) away to remote locations in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. The Soviets gave the Tatars permission to carry only up to 500 kg of their property per family. By 8:00 on the first day, the NKVD had already loaded 90,000 Crimean Tatars distributed in 25 trains. The next day, an additional 136,412 people were crammed into railroad cars, without food or water. The trip took several weeks, and by the end over 7,800 people had perished. At least 228,000 people were deported from Crimea, many of them families. Officially, there was not a single Crimean Tatar left in Crimea. During the deportation process, the NKVD confiscated 80,000 houses, 500,000 cattle, 360,000 acres of land, and 40,000 tons of agricultural provisions that were left behind by the Crimean Tatars. The world's tallest structure was built by Jan Polak, a Polish architect. The Konstantynow Radio Tower, built in Warsaw, weighed 420 tonnes and measured 646 metre high (half a mile). It was the second tallest structure ever built, being surpassed only by Dubai's Burj Khalifa. But on August 8, 1991 the structure was carelessly destroyed by a group of workmen employed by Mostostal Zabrze, a construction company charged with the tower’s upkeep. The construction co-ordinator and the division chief, were both charged as responsible for the collapse of the tower, and sentenced to two and a half, and two years in jail, respectively. By 1992, plans were underway to rebuild the tower, but the townspeople protested due to radiation emission from the tower. May 17, 2018 MAY 17 "Dam Busters" was the code name given to the men of the Royal Air Force No. 617 Squadron whose mission it was to attack and destroy German dams. The "bouncing bombs" they deployed were especially made for this mission, Operation Chastise. The RAF succeeded in breaching the Möhne and Edersee Dams causing disastrous flooding of the Ruhr and Eder valleys, though the Sorpe Dam sustained only minor damage. The bombing of the Mohne caused a breach of about 250 feet wide by 292 feet deep (76 metres wide x 89 metres deep). Around 330 million tons of water poured into the western Ruhr region, and reached a height of 32.5 feet (10 metres), moving at a rate of 15 mph (24 km/h) deluged the valleys. Among the destruction were factories, mines, roads, railways and bridges, as well as a few homes. Also destroyed were two hydroelectric power stations. Of the 1,600 civilians drowned, 600 were Germans and 1,000 mainly Soviet forced-labourers. German production resumed but could not be restored to normal until September. Battle of Monte Cassino: The Polish II Corps launched their second attack on Monte Cassino. Under constant artillery and mortar fire from the strongly fortified German positions and with little natural cover for protection, the fighting was fierce and often times hand-to-hand. With their line of supply threatened by the Allied advance in the Liri valley, the Germans decided to withdraw from the Cassino heights to the new defensive positions on the Hitler Line. In the early morning of May 18, the 2nd Polish Corps linked up with the British 78th Division up in the Liri valley 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Cassino town. Meanwhile, on the Cassino high ground the survivors of the second Polish offensive were so battered that "it took some time to find men with enough strength to climb the few hundred yards to the summit." A patrol of Polish 12th Podolian Cavalry Regiment finally made it to the summit and raised a Polish flag over the ruins. Total Allied Casualties was 55,000. Immediately after the cessation of fighting at Monte Cassino, the Polish Government in Exile (in London) created the Monte Cassino campaign cross to commemorate the Polish part in the capture of the strategic point. Also during this time, Feliks Konarski, a famous Polish song-writer, wrote his moving anthem "Czerwone maki na Monte Casssino", translated to English, "The Red Poppies of Monte Cassino" to honor the memory of the Polish soldiers that died fighting this Battle. At the end of World War Two, the Poles erected a Polish Cemetery at Monte Cassino on the slope of the mountain. May 16, 2018 MAY 16 Battle of Zhovti Vody was the first significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, between the forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Stefan Potocki, and the Ukrainian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, under the joint command of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Tuhaj Bej. (The Khmelnytsky Uprising was a cossack uprising within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.) The battle raged on for eighteen days,and resulted in a defeat of Commonwealth forces. The Registered Cossacks initially pledged their allegiance to the Commonwealth, but after having arrived they unexpectedly sided with the Khmelnytsky forces. In the attempt to retreat the Commonwealth forces were annihilated just days before reinforcements were expected to arrive. Stefan Potocki was wounded, taken prisoner, and died from gangrene on May 19, 1648. His military advisor, Stefan Czarniecki, was also taken prisoner though he managed to escape shortly afterwards. General Wacław Stachiewicz was one of the most promising officers in the Polish army. He was the brainchild of Plan Zachod (Plan West) which established a defensive plan along the Polish-German border in case of attack from Germany. (Conversely, he also created Plan Wschod (Plan East) to prepare a defense in case of attack from the Soviet Union.) When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the headquarters of the Polish commander-in-chief but he was unable to exert influence during the Polish Defensive War, because of lack of communication. Consequently, he and Rydz-Śmigły withdrew to south-eastern Poland. But on September 17, 1939, they evacuated when Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Stachiewicz, along with many other Polish military crossed the border into Romania where he and Rydz-Smigly were immediately interned. When Poland was defeated on October 6, 1939, Stachiewicz was accused for having failed in his mission to defend Poland. Plan West was fairly accurate in terms of estimating the location and most directions of attack by German forces, but did not fully develop secondary Polish defensive lines. One of the major faults of the Plan was that Polish forces thought they could hold out for several months during a defensive campaign, but they overestimated their own military readiness, complicated by their expectation that the British and French (who had signed a mutual defense pact with Poland) would join the Poles in launching an offensive from the West. Moreover, the Poles underestimated the Germans, whose military strength exceeded that of the Poles, in numbers and technical strength. Nazi German AB-Aktion in Poland: The AB-Aktion was the second stage in the Nazi campaign of the destruction of the intelligentsia in Poland. Tens of thousands of Polish elite from towns and cities were arrested by the Nazis and were never seen again. This cleared the way for Nazis to annex territories, or build concentration camps that would be far from prying eyes. In the spring and summer of 1940, of the 30,000 or more Polish people arrested by the Nazi regime, 7,000 of them included community leaders, professors, teachers and priests (all accused of criminal activities) and subsequently massacred at secret locations near Palmiry forest. Other prisoners were sent to German concentration camps. According to many historians, including Norman Davies, the action against Polish leaders was coordinated with the authorities of the Soviet Union, who at the same time perpetrated the mass murder of 22,000 Polish military officers at Katyń and other places. (see April 13, 1943) French Marshal Petain issued a radio broadcast approving collaboration with Hitler, " Frenchmen - You have learned that Admiral Darlan recently conferred with Chancellor Hitler. I had approved this meeting in principle. The new interview permits us to light up the road into the future and to continue the conversations that had been begun with the German Government." Sobibór extermination camp began mass gassing operations. The camp was fitted with three gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in from engines, but would later substitute Zyklon-B. 500 prisoners were murdered at a time. The camp was constructed in March and April 1942, soon after the Wannsee Conference. It was located near the Sobibór railway station because of its proximity to the Chełm – Włodawa railway line connecting General Government with Reichs kommissariat Ukraine. (After WW2, SS Kurt Bolender, one of the commanders of the camp, was captured and tried in Hagen, West Germany. He confessed to his crimes and described the killing operations as follows: "...Before the Jews undressed, Oberscharführer Hermann Michel made a speech to them. On these occasions, he used to wear a white coat to give the impression he was a physician. Michel announced to the Jews that they would be sent to work. But before this they would have to take baths and undergo disinfection, so as to prevent the spread of diseases. After undressing, the Jews were taken through the "Tube", by an SS man leading the way, with five or six Ukrainians at the back hastening the Jews along. After the Jews entered the gas chambers, the Ukrainians closed the doors. The motor was switched on by the former Soviet soldier Emil Kostenko and by the German driver Erich Bauer from Berlin. After the gassing, the doors were opened, and the corpses were removed by a group of Jewish workers...." (Prior to the end of the trial, Kurt Bolender committed suicide by hanging himself in his prison cell. In his suicide note, he insisted that he was innocent.) Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ended: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was an act of Jewish resistance that which opposed the Nazi's final effort to deport the remaining Jew to Treblinka. The Uprising started on April 19 when the Ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander Jürgen Stroop. He then ordered the burning of the Ghetto, block by block. It was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II. A total of 13,000 Jews were killed, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated. German casualties are not known, but were estimated to be at most 300. Of the remaining 50,000 Jews who survived the Nazi action, most were captured and deported to Treblinka. After the Ghetto Uprising was over, most of the incinerated houses were razed to the ground, and the Warsaw concentration camp complex was established in their place. Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwitz. Eichmann was present to personally oversee and speed up the extermination process. By May 24, an estimated 100,000 had been gassed. Between May 16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 pounds of gold and white metal from the teeth of the Jewish prisoners who were gassed. By the end of June, 381,661 persons - half of the Jews in Hungary - had been sent to Auschwitz. May 15, 2018 MAY 15 The German-Polish Accord on East Silesia, also referred to as the Geneva Accord, was signed on May 15, 1922. The Accord dealt with the details of the constitutional and legal framework for the region of Upper Silesia. (At the end of World War I, the territory was granted to Poland, by a commission of the League of Nations, and confirmed after the plebiscite of March 20, 1921. Following the accord, the terms became effective on June 20, 1922. (see May 2, and 3, 1921) The Nazi Germans opened Ravensbrück concentration camp, located in northern Germany, 90 km (56 mi) north of Berlin at a site near the village of Ravensbrück. The concentration camp interred the largest single national group of prisoners consisting of 40,000 Polish women. Others included 26,000 Jews from all countries - 18,800 Russian, 8,000 French, and 1,000 Dutch. More than 80% were political prisoners. Many slave labor prisoners were employed by Siemens & Halske. From 1942-1945, the Nazis conducted medical experiments on prisoners to test the effectiveness of sulfonamides. Witold Pilecki, with three of his comrades, was sentenced to death by the Soviet-controlled Ministry of Security of Poland. After the announcement of his death sentence, Pilecki uttered these words, "I've been trying to live my life so that in the hour of my death I would rather feel joy, than fear." During Pilecki's last conversation with his wife he told her: "I cannot live. They killed me. Because Oświęcim (Auschwitz) compared with them was just a trifle." His final words before his execution were "Long Live Free Poland! ". Witold Pilecki was a member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) a Polish underground army. On one of his most courageous missions, he allowed himself to be arrested and sent to Auschwitz, where he gathered evidence to prove to the Allies that the Nazis were exterminating the Jews. May 14, 2018 MAY 14 Signing of the Targowica Confederation. Polish and Lithuanian magnates in Saint Petersburg established the Targowica Confederation on April 27, 1792 with the support of the Russian Empress Catherine II. The Confederation was opposed to the creation of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, because of the limitations it placed on the nobility. The text of the founding act of the confederation was written by the Russian general Vasili Stepanovich Popov, Chief of Staff of Prince Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, and proclaimed in the town of Targowica on May 14, 1792. Four days later two Russian armies invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth without a formal declaration of war. The forces of the Targowica Confederation defeated the forces loyal to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Sejm and King Stanisław August Poniatowski in the Polish–Russian War of 1792. In defeat, King Poniatowski formally joined the Confederation. Their victory precipitated the Second Partition of Poland and set the stage for the Third Partition and the final dissolution of the Commonwealth in 1795. (Poland ceased to exist for 123 years.) Pilsudski's forces gained control of Warsaw after three days of fighting. (On May 10 at approximately 17:00 hours, Marshal Piłsudski faced President Stanisław Wojciechowski on the Poniatowski Bridge demanding the resignation of Witos' cabinet. The President refused and demanded Piłsudski's capitulation, creating a stalemate in negotiations. At 19:00 hours, fighting broke out. ) With the governments surrender, Pilsudski established the Sanacja government. He permitted the parliamentary government to continue rather than establish a personal dictatorship but he maintained influence through control of elections and military. (read May Coup, May 12, 1926) 5,000 Jews were arrested in Paris. Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 40 were called to present themselves to the Paris police. They were summoned using a green postcard, for which this wave of arrests became known as the “billet vert”. More than 5,000 Paris Jews were taken into custody in this wave of arrests, almost all of them of Polish extraction. A few Jews of Czech and Austrian origin were also arrested. After their arrest, the prisoners were deported to the detention camps of Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande. Warsaw Pact was signed in Warsaw, Poland by signatories representing the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The strategy behind the formation of the Pact was driven by the Russian objective to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviets intended to defend their part of Europe and prevent the Americans from invading. Member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked. The Pact further stipulated that member relations would be based on "mutual non-intervention" in the internal affairs of the member countries, "respect for national sovereignty," and "political independence." May 13, 2018 MAY 13 German ship, the St. Louis set sail from Hamburg, Germany to its destination, Cuba, carrying 930 Jewish refugees fleeing from the Nazis. All of its refugee passengers had legitimate landing certificates for Cuba. But upon landing in Cuba on they faced a horrible reality. The ship dropped anchor at 04:00 on May 27 at the Havana harbor but was denied entry to the usual docking areas. The Cuban government, headed by President Federico Laredo Brú, refused to accept the foreign refugees. Although passengers had previously purchased legal visas, they could not enter Cuba either as tourists (laws related to tourist visas had recently been changed) or as refugees seeking political asylum. Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded as he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience. A Turk by the name of Mehmet Ali Ağca wielding a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol, fired shots that injured the Pope in the abdomen, perforating his intestines. John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital where he underwent five hours of surgery. He lost nearly three-quarters of his blood, though the two bullets missed his mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta. The surgeons performed a colostomy to temporarily reroute the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal. He regained consciousness briefly before the operation and instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation. Among the people allowed to see him in the clinic three days later was, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, one of his closest friends. The Pontiff stated, "Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet." Numerous theories circulated to explain the reason for the assassination attempt on the Pope. One theory was proposed by Michael Ledeen (and pushed by the CIA) was that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life in retaliation for the Pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement. May 12, 2018 MAY 12 May Coup: Marshal Piłsudski led a coup d'etat on May 12 to 14, 1926, overthrowing the government of President Stanisław Wojciechowski. Pilsudski had previously resigned his government post, in response to the Chjeno-Piast Coalition. He had strongly criticized the coalition which formed the basis of the two consecutive governments of Wincenty Witos. Pilsudski accused the government for the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and for the effects of the massive worker riots in Kraków. The second government had even less support and was overthrown in the May coup led by Pilsudski. He was supported by the Polish Socialist Party, Liberation, the Peasant Party, and the Polish Communist Party. Piłsudski had anticipated a bloodless coup, but the government had refused to back down. The subsequent violence resulted in deaths of 215 soldiers and 164 civilians. Over 900 people had been wounded. Marshal Jozef Pilsudski died from live cancer at Warsaw's Belweder Palace. Unbeknownst to the public, his health had been declining for several years. Immediately, the Polish Communist Party attacked Piłsudski's legacy as fascist and capitalist, though fascists did not consider him as one of them. Other opponents of the Sanation regime were more civil; socialists (such as Ignacy Daszyński and Tomasz Arciszewski) and Christian Democrats (such by Ignacy Paderewski, Stanisław Wojciechowski and Władysław Grabski) expressed their condolences. The peasant parties were split in their reactions (Wincenty Witos expressed criticism of Piłsudski, while Maciej Rataj and Stanisław Thugutt were supportive), while Roman Dmowski's National Democrats expressed a toned-down criticism. Jozef Pilsudski is regarded as the Father of the Polish Nation. He once described himself as a descendant of the culture and traditions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He believed in a multicultural Poland,recognizing ethnic and religious diversity, and maintaining a strong alliance with independent states of Lithuania and Ukraine. He proposed the creation of an "Intermarium" federation, comprising Poland and other independent states in the Baltic region to establish a balance of power between Germany and Russia. His main opponent was Roman Dmowski whose vision of Poland was founded on ethnically centred Polish demos and Roman Catholic identity. Leopold "Poldek" Socha (died on May 12, 1946) Socha was a Polish sewage inspector in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). During the Holocaust Socha used his knowledge of the city's sewage system to shelter a group of Jews from Nazi Germans and their supporters of different nationalities. In 1978 he was recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations. In 1946 Socha and his daughter were riding their bicycles when a Soviet military truck came careening toward them. He steered his bicycle in her direction to knock her out of the way, saving her but dying in the process. After his death the Jewish people Socha had sheltered returned to pay their respects. May 11, 2018 MAY 11 Szmul Zygielbojm committed suicide on this day to protest the indifference of the Allied governments in the face of the Holocaust. Zygielbojm was a Jewish-Polish socialist politician, leader of the Bund, and a member of the National Council of the Polish Government in Exile. After Poland was invaded by Germany on September 1, 1939, he returned to Warsaw to join the defense committee during the Siege of Warsaw, and participated in the defense of the city. When the Nazis occupied Warsaw, they demanded 12 hostages from the population to prevent further resistance. A city official, suggested that they give Ester Iwinska as a hostage, but Zygielbojm volunteered to take her place. Upon his release, the Nazis placed him as a member of the Judenrat. (The Judenrat was a Jewish council created by the Nazis whose members were ordered to create a ghetto within Warsaw, and carry out internal administration according to Nazi directives) Zygielbojm was openly opposed to the order,and escaped to Belgium. In early 1940, he spoke before the Labour and Socialist International in Brussels, describing the initial stages of persecution of the Jews. After the Nazis invaded Belgium in May 1940, he escaped to France, and shortly after, fled to the U.S. He spent more than a year trying to convince Americans of the perilous situation facing Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. In March 1942, he went to London and joined the National Council of the Polish Government in Exile. He was only one of two Jewish members (the other was the Zionist Ignacy Schwarzbart). He continued to speak publicly about the fate of the Polish Jews, attended a meeting of the British Labour Party and gave a speech which was broadcast on BBC Radio on June 2, 1942. Before his suicide, Zygielbojm produced a booklet, titled, "Stop Them Now. German Mass Murder of Jews in Poland". It was his final attempt to make the world acknowledge the plight of the Jews in Europe. The following is an excerpt from this booklet: "....I must mention here that the Polish population gives all possible help and sympathy to the Jews. The solidarity of the population in Poland has two aspects: first it is expressed in the common suffering and secondly in the continued joint struggle against the inhuman occupying Power. The fight with the oppressors goes on steadily, stubbornly, secretly, even in the ghetto, under conditions so terrible and inhuman that they are hard to describe or imagine.... The Polish and Jewish population keep in constant touch, exchanging newspapers, views and instructions. The walls of the ghetto have not really separated the Jewish population from the Poles. The Polish and the Jewish masses continue to fight together for common aims, just as they have fought for so many years in the past..." Battle of Monte Cassino: It one of the bloodiest battles of World War II. In a series of four battles the Allies eventually broke through the impenetrable German strongholds on their way to Rome, and victory. The first assault was launched at 23:00 on May 11 to 12, 1944 on Cassino. A multi-national force - British, Americans, Poles, New Zealanders, South Africans, and the French, launched a massive artillery bombardment - 1,060 guns on the German Eighth Army front, and 600 guns on the Fifth Army front. In just half an hour, the Allied assault was in full motion, and Allied troops succeeded in making the crossing, though American units made little progress. Point 593 on Snakeshead Ridge was taken by the Poles, but was recaptured by German paratroops. The fighting between Polish and German forces continued for three days, with heavy losses on both sides. The 2nd Polish Corps lost 281 officers and 3,503 other ranks in assaults against Oberst Ludwig Heilmann's 4th Parachute Regiment, then called off further attacks. The Germans succeeded in driving off attacks with just eight hundred troops. By the morning of May 12, the Polish infantry divisions were met with "such devastating mortar, artillery and small-arms fire that the leading battalions were all but wiped out." German units cease fire: Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)—the German Armed Forces High Command), not all commanders did so. The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Army on April 30, in Hitler's last will and testament. On May 8, Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive, forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by May 11. The other forces which did not surrender on May 8 eventually, and sporadically surrendered. Adolf Eichmann was captured in Argentina by the Israeli secret service. After Germany's defeat in 1945, Eichmann fled to Austria. He lived there until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed Eichmann's location in 1960. A team of Mossad and Shin Bet agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against the Jewish people. During the trial, Eichmann did not deny the veracity of the Holocaust or his role in organizing it, but claimed that he was simply following orders in a totalitarian Führerprinzip system. Found guilty on all charges, he was sentenced to death by hanging and executed on June 1, 1962 May 10, 2018 MAY 10 Nazi Campaign of Burning books in Berlin and throughout Germany. The Nazi Party held the largest rally of book burning on May 10, 1933. But it was preceded by other book burning demonstrations: (On April 8, 1933, during the Wartburg Festival and on May 6, 1933 on Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research library.) Among the 20,000 volumes hurled into the flames were books of famous writers such as Henri Barbusse, Franz Boas, John Dos Passos, Albert Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger, Friedrich Förster, Sigmund Freud, John Galsworthy, André Gide, Ernst Glaeser, Maxim Gorki, Werner Hegemann, Ernest Hemingway, Erich Kästner, Helen Keller, Alfred Kerr, Jack London, Emil Ludwig, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann, Karl Marx, Hugo Preuss, Marcel Proust, Erich Maria Remarque, Walther Rathenau, Margaret Sanger, Arthur Schnitzler, Upton Sinclair, Kurt Tucholsky, Jakob Wassermann, H.G. Wells, Theodor Wolff, Emilé Zola, Arnold Zweig, and Stefan Zweig and many others. A hundred years before the advent of Hitler, the German-Jewish poet, Heinrich Heine, had declared: "Wherever books are burned, human beings are destined to be burned too." German forces invaded France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, and in 46 days defeated Allied forces in the Battle of France, or what was also called the Fall of France. The German victory brought all Allied operations on the Western Front to a halt until June 6, 1944. The Polish Armed Forces were also a part of the Allies during the Battle; Polish troops numbered about 68,000 from various divisions, a motorized brigade and a Polish Squadron named the GC 1/145 "Warsaw". When France fell, General Wladyslaw Sikorski ordered Polish troops to evacuate and headed for the UK to continue the fight. Upon the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and remained in power until 1955. In a radio broadcast the same evening Chamberlain addressed the nation, '…..For the hour has now come when we are to be put to the test, as the innocent people of Holland, Belgium, and France are being tested already. And you and I must rally behind our new leader, and with our united strength, and with unshakable courage fight, and work until this wild beast, which has sprung out of his lair upon us, has been finally disarmed and overthrown...." Chamberlain is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement regarding Adolf Hitler, and the signing of the Munich Agreement of September 30, 1938, in which Britain conceded the territory of Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Hitler. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and three days later the UK declared war on Germany. Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of World War II, in what was called the "Phoney War", where there was no major military land operations. Presidential election. Andrzej Duda became the 6th President of the Republic of Poland. The victory of Duda's Law and Justice party was one of the latest in a series of electoral victories for eurosceptic centre-right and right-wing parties in Europe. His party received strong support in the eastern half of the country closest to Ukraine and had campaigned on a platform of tax cuts, continued privatization, continued social welfare spending, anti-corruption, constitutional reform, increased military spending and closer ties to NATO, limited support of EU integration, and restrictions on abortion, euthanasia, legal recognition of same-sex couples and media portrayals of sex and violence. May 9, 2018 Helen Keller Wrote a Scorching Letter to the Nazis Condemning their Book Burning: Here is the full text; " To the student body of Germany: History has taught you nothing if you think you can kill ideas. Tyrants have tried to do that often before, and the ideas have risen up in their might and destroyed them. You can burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas in them have seeped through a million channels and will continue to quicken other minds. I gave all the royalties of my books for all time to the German soldiers blinded in the World War with no thought in my heart but love and compassion for the German people. I acknowledge the grievous complications that have led to your intolerance; all the more do I deplore the injustice and unwisdom of passing on to unborn generations the stigma of your deeds. Do not imagine that your barbarities to the Jews are unknown here. God sleepeth not, and He will visit His judgment upon you. Better were it for you to have a mill-stone hung around your neck and sink into the sea than to be hated and despised of all men. Helen Keller " Four Polish battalions arrived May 9. They were first deployed north of the Ofotfjord, a fjord in Nordland county, Norway, but later redeployed to the area south of the fjord. In early June they were formed into the Polish Independent Highland Brigade, and under the command of Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko, succeeded in capturing the Ankenes peninsula during the May 1940 Battle of Narvik. Narvik provided an ice-free harbour in the North Atlantic that facilitated the transportation of iron ore by railway Kiruna in Sweden. The Allies and the Germans shared interest in securing this iron supply for themselves, and thus began one of the most ferocious battles since the invasion of Poland. The Allies began with sea and air superiority but could not maintain it throughout the operation. Even though the Germans lost the naval battle, they achieved their goal, to establish a strong foothold in Norway, making it very difficult for the Allies to counter-attack. The Germans lost 10 destroyers (50% loss), one submarine, and several supply ships. Allies lost 2 destroyers and several others were damaged. Joseph Stalin issued a V-E Order of the Day, congratulating the Red Army "....the Great Patriotic War waged by the Soviet people against the German-fascist invaders has been victoriously concluded; Germany is utterly routed....upon the victorious termination of the Great Patriotic War. To mark the complete victory over Germany, today, on May 9, the Day of Victory, at 10 P.M., the capital of our Motherland-Moscow-on behalf of the Motherland, will salute the gallant troops of the Red Army and the ships and units of the Navy which have won this brilliant victory, by firing thirty artillery salvos from 1,000 guns...." Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov left the United Nations conference for Moscow with the Polish question still unresolved. (Note: Even though Poland was one of the most important allies in the struggle against Nazi Germany and a victim of the German (and Soviet) invasion, Poland could not take part in the founding conference in San Francisco, due to Soviet occupation and repression.) This resulted from an increasingly divergent stance of the superpowers on whether to recognize the communist authorities in Poland, which were not legitimized in free elections. But this in no way suggested that Poland had been forgotten at the conference. The world-renown Polish-born piano virtuoso, Arthur Rubinstein, preceded his concert at the San Francisco opera hall by saying: “This Hall, where the great nations have gathered to make this world a better place, I don’t see the flag of Poland, on behalf of which this cruel war was waged.” And added, “And so now I will play the Polish national anthem.” Despite the absence of representatives of the Polish government at the founding conference, in recognition of Poland’s input in the fight against fascism, Poland was counted as one of the UN’s founding members by amending the wording of Article 3 of the United Nations Charter. Poland signed the Charter on 15 October 1945 and ratified it on the following day. In its declaration, the Government of Poland expressed its readiness to cooperate with the UN, emphasizing the significance of the common security system, the principle of inviolability of frontiers and the foundation of national political systems on the principles of democracy. 183 passengers and crew died aboard a Polish jetliner that crashed in the Kabaty Woods nature reserve in the outskirts of Warsaw. LOT Flight 5055 was an Ilyushin Il-62M of LOT Polish Airlines that crashed in the late morning hours. The flight prepared to leave from Warsaw to New York City's John F. Kennedy International airport when it encountered multiple catastrophic events with the numbers 1 and 2 engines as well as the elevator shortly after departure. The accident was the deadliest of any involving an Ilyushin Il-62, the deadliest to occur on Polish soil, and the deadliest aviation accident of 1987. It was determined to have been caused by the disintegration of an engine shaft due to faulty bearings. (read April 10, 2005 plane crash) May 8, 2018 Stanisław Franciszek Sosabowski, (born, May 8, 1892) was a Polish general in World War II. He was commander of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade. Sosabowski was a brilliant strategist with an illustrious service in the military yet British command made him a scapegoat so as to avoid admitting their own mistakes and culpability in the tragic debacle of the Battle of Arhem - Market Garden in 1944. (Background: The Allies were fighting a losing battle. Upon British orders, most of the Polish Brigade were parachuted near the town of Grave, and the Polish soldiers fell directly over the waiting guns of the Germans who were camped in the area, and waiting for them. The Poles were obliterated. Another disaster occurred when British Command decided to send Polish troops cross the Rhine to come the assistance of the men of 1st Airborne Division who were surrounded by the Germans. The Poles had no choice but to attempt the crossing in small rubber dinghies because the ferry had been sunk. They attempted three times to make the crossing while under heavy fire. Only 200 men made it across to reinforce the British paratroopers. Despite the dire situation, General Sosabowski believed that they could still win the battle, and made recommendations at the staff meeting on September 24. He proposed that the combined forces of XXX Corps, under Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks, and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade should start an all-out assault on the German positions and try to break through the Rhine. British Command rejected his plan. But during the last phase of the battle on September 25 and 26, Sosabowski was told to lead his men southwards and shield the retreat of the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division. Casualties among the Polish units were very high, approaching 40%, the result of which was due to Lieutenant-General Browning's decision to drop the Polish paratroops just 7 kilometres from the bridge at Arnhem. Following the Allied defeat, Montgomery sent a letter to Sosabowski commending his soldiers as having fought bravely and offered awards to ten of his men. But several days later Montgomery wrote another letter, this time to the British commanders, in which he scapegoated Sosabowski for the failure of Market Garden. Sosabowski was removed from his position as commander for criticizing Montgomery. Rudolf Höss returned to Auschwitz by Himmlers orders to oversee the extermination of Hungarian Jews. Hoss supervised the operation Aktion Höss, in which 430,000 Hungarian Jews were transported to the camp and killed in 56 days. German forces on the Channel Islands surrendered: At 10:00 on May 8, the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15:00 during which he announced: "Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight, but in the interests of saving lives the 'Cease fire' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front, and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today." German forces in Norway surrendered. Quisling was arrested and found guilty of treason. He was executed on October 24, 1945. Victory in Europe Day, (also called V-E Day or simply V Day) was the public holiday on May 8, 1945 to celebrate the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender. It marked the end of World War II in Europe. The former Soviet Union celebrates victory day on May 9, but Poland celebrates it on May 8. Winston Churchill announced Germany's unconditional surrender in a radio broadcast. "Our gratitude to our splendid Allies goes forth from all our hearts in this Island and throughout the British Empire," Churchill stated. "We may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoicing; but let us not forget for a moment the toil and efforts that lie ahead. Japan, with all her treachery and greed, remains unsubdued. The injury she has inflicted on Great Britain, the United States, and other countries, and her detestable cruelties, call for justice and retribution. We must now devote all our strength and resources to the completion of our task, both at home and abroad. Advance, Britannia! Long live the cause of freedom! God save the King!" President Harry S. Truman made a proclamation to declare May 13 as a national day of prayer. "The Allied armies, through sacrifice and devotion and with God's help, have wrung from Germany a final and unconditional surrender. The western world has been freed of the evil forces which for five years and longer have imprisoned the bodies and broken the lives of millions upon millions of free-born men. They have violated their churches, destroyed their homes, corrupted their children, and murdered their loved ones. Our Armies of Liberation have restored freedom to these suffering peoples, whose spirit and will the oppressors could never enslave. ....I call upon the people of the United States, whatever their faith, to unite in offering joyful thanks to God for the victory we have won and to pray that He will support us to the end of our present struggle and guide us into the way of peace," the proclamation read. "I also call upon my countrymen to dedicate this day of prayer to the memory of those who have given their lives to make possible our victory." Witold Pilecki was arrested on May 8, 1947, imprisoned and tortured at the Mokotów (or Rakowiecka) Prison in Warsaw by Staff Sergeant Piotr Śmietański, the" Butcher of Mokotow Prison". Witold Pilecki was a Polish cavalryman and intelligence officer, serving under the code names Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold).He served as a Rittmeister with the Polish Army during the Polish-Soviet War, Second Polish Republic and World War II. Pilecki was also a co-founder of the Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) a resistance group in German-occupied Poland and was later a member of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa). He was the author of Witold's Report, the first comprehensive Allied intelligence report on Auschwitz concentration camp and the Holocaust. He was arrested, tortured and put on trial by the notorious Soviet Ministry of Public Security. The investigation of Pilecki's activities was supervised by Colonel Roman Romkowski. He was interrogated by Col. Józef Różański, and lieutenants S. Łyszkowski, W. Krawczyński, J. Kroszel, T. Słowianek, Eugeniusz Chimczak and S. Alaborski – men who were especially infamous for their savagery. But Pilecki sought to protect other prisoners and revealed no sensitive information. May 7, 2018 The Proclamation of Połaniec was issued on May 7, 1794 by Tadeusz Kościuszko near the town of Połanic. It was one of the most notable events of Poland's Kościuszko Uprising, and the most famous legal act of the Uprising. It partially abolished serfdom as well as permitted substantial civil liberties to all the peasants. Kosciuszko was a liberal and a reformer and believed that serfdom should be abolished. By freeing the peasants, the Uprising was able to encourage many new recruits, which it desperately needed. Tadeusz Kosciuszko was a statesman, military engineer and leader, who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He fought in the Uprisings against Russia and Prussia, and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to fight on the American side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising. Today his memory and name are honored in numerous tributes and memorials in Poland and around the world. The Battle of Kuryłówka was fought in southeastern Poland between anti-communists and Soviet NKVD units. The battle ended in a victory for the underground Polish forces. Even after Victory Day, the Soviet NKVD were hunting political opponents and freedom fighters. Soviets continued their rampage to persecute any members of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) who were loyal to the legitimate Polish Government in Exile in London. The Soviet crackdown resulted in a resurgence of fierce Polish resistance. General Leopold Okulicki, General of the Polish underground army, formally disbanded the Home Army on January 19, 1945 but several members continued to fight for a free Poland. The Soviets were not seen as "liberators", but as occupiers. New Polish resistance groups were formed, such as Wolność i Niezawisłość, Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NIE or Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe. German general Alfred Jodl and admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg signed unconditional surrender documents at 2:41 a.m. at General Dwight D. Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims. May 6, 2018 1st Polish Armoured Brigade entered Germany in the area of Emsland and seized the Nazi Kriegsmarine naval base in Wilhelmshaven. It was here where Polish General Maczek accepted the capitulation of the German fortress naval base, East Frisian Fleet and more than 10 infantry divisions. The war had ended, and Maczek's Division, joined by the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, undertook occupation duties until it was disbanded in 1947; it, together with the many Polish displaced persons in the Western occupied territories, formed a Polish enclave at Haren in Germany, which was for a while known as "Maczków", in honor of the Polish General. After the war, the majority of Polish soldiers opted not to return to Poland, which fell under Soviet occupation, preferring instead to remain in exile. (read about Maczek March 31) German submarine U-853 was sunk by American warships, one of the last two German subs to be destroyed in US territorial waters. The German sub was waiting in ambush off Point Judith, Rhode Island and torpedoed the SS Black Point, blowing off the stern. Within 15 minutes Black Point sank. Twelve were dead, and 34 crew rescued. The US Navy organized a "hunter-killer" group that included four American warships: Ericsson (DD-440), Amick (DE-168), Atherton (DE-169), and Moberly (PF-63). The U-853 attempted to hide by lying still but was still discovered by American sonor. Numerous depth charges and hedge hogs were dropped from Atherton and Moberly, successfully destroying the enemy sub. It was one of the last U-boats sunk during WW2, along with U-851. German submarine U-881 was sunk by American warships. U-881 was assigned on her first patrol to operate in US coastal waters with wolf pack Seewolf. The American destroyer escort Farquhar launched depth charges and sunk the sub in American waters. The sub position was recorded at these coordinates: 43°18′N 47°44′W All crew on board were killed. Hermann Göring's surrender: On May 6, Reichsmarshall and Hitler's second-in-command, Hermann Göring, surrendered to General Carl Spaatz, who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe, along with his wife and daughter at the Germany-Austria border. He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive. German forces in Breslau surrendered: At 18:00 on May 6, General Hermann Niehoff, the commandant of Breslau, a 'fortress' city surrounded and besieged for months, surrendered to the Soviets. May 5, 2018 Józef Beck delivered a famous speech in the Sejm, in which he rejected Hitler's demands towards Poland. Here is a brief excerpt: "...But when, after repeated statements by German statesmen, who had respected our standpoint and expressed the view that "this provincial town will not be the object of a conflict between Poland and Germany," I hear a demand for the annexation of Danzig to the Reich, when I receive no reply to our proposal of the 26th March for a joint guarantee of the existence and rights of the Free City, and subsequently I learn that this has been regarded as a rejection of negotiations-I have to ask myself, what is the real object of all this?.....Is it the freedom of the German population of Danzig, which is not threatened, or a matter of prestige-or is it a matter of barring Poland from the Baltic, from which: Poland will not allow herself to be barred?....., the question of the future of Danzig and of communication across Pomorze, it is still a matter of unilateral concessions which the Government of the Reich appear to be demanding from us. A self-respecting nation does not make unilateral concessions. Where, then, is the reciprocity?....Peace is certainly the object of the difficult and intensive work of Polish diplomacy. Two conditions are necessary for this word to be of real value: (1) peaceful intentions, (2) peaceful methods of procedure. If the Government of the Reich is really guided by those two preconditions in relation to this country, then all conversations, provided, of course, that they respect the principles I have already enumerated, are possible..... We in Poland do not recognize the conception of "peace at any price." There is only one thing in the life of men, nations and States which is without price, and that is honour. " Mauthausen Concentration camp was liberated by a squad of US Army Soldiers of the 41st Reconnaissance Squadron of the US 11th Armored Division, 3rd US Army, led by Staff Sergeant Albert J. Kosiek. His troops disarmed the policemen and left the camp. By the time of its liberation, most of the SS-men of Mauthausen had already fled. The 30 Nazis who were remained were killed by the prisoners. Mauthausen camp operated from the time of the Anschluss, when Austria was annexed into the German Third Reich in early 1938, to the beginning of May 1945. Mauthausen consisted of four camps, including Gusen I, II and III. By the end of the war, of the 320,000 people who were imprisoned in the camps and sub-camps, only 80,000 survived, including between 20,487 and 21,386 in Gusen I, II and III. As the Germans were escaping on May 4, 1945, they tried to destroy the files containing evidence. The files that remained listed 37,411 murdered prisoners, including 22,092 Poles, 5,024 Spaniards, 2,843 Soviet prisoners of war and 7,452 inmates of 24 other nationalities. Other death registers from KZ Gusen list an additional 30,536 names of people murdered. The Prague Offensive was the last major Soviet operation in World War II Europe and was fought on the Eastern Front and lasted from May 5 to May 8, 1945. All German troops of Army Group Centre, and many of Army Group Ostmark (formerly known as Army Group South) were killed or captured. This battle is noteworthy because it was being fought at the same time as the Prague Uprising, and the battle actually ended after the surrender of the Third Reich on May 8, 1945. The Polish 2nd Army also participated in the Offensive. Polish troops numbered about 69,000, and suffered 887 casualties.
Some Basic Properties of Differentiable Functions • E. Mahmudov Rolle’s theorem and the mean value theorems of Lagrange and Cauchy are proved for differentiable functions. Next, Fermat’s theorem concerning relative extreme values is given. Then Taylor’s formula is investigated, and in particular, its remainder term is given in the different forms due to Lagrange, Cauchy, and Peano. Furthermore, it is indicated why sometimes the Taylor series of a function does not converge to that fuction. The Maclaurin series for elementary functions is derived and power series in both real and complex variables are studied. Finally, Euler’s formulas are proved. Power Series Basic Property Taylor Series Differentiable Function Open Interval Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Copyright information © Atlantis Press 2013 Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.Istanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey Personalised recommendations
Foram Husbandry (What Little We Know…) Joe RowlettBy Joe Rowlett 2 years ago Home / Science / Foram Husbandry (What Little We Know…) Larger Foraminifer Heterostegina depressa The protoplasm retreats into the shell shortly before multiple fission. It then flows out through a system of channels before reforming on the shell surface. The second chamber is formed shortly after subdivision into daughter individuals. After a 13 h resting phase the offspring, which are still connected by maternal protoplasmic strands, are dispersed. There is, not surprisingly, little written in the aquarium literature when it comes to foram husbandry, though there doesn’t seem to be any great challenge involved, as conditions favorable to coral growth will inherently be favorable to most reef-dwelling forams as well. A study conducted in a large reef aquarium at the Burgers’ Zoo, Netherlands found a remarkably diverse assemblage of species which had unintentionally been introduced, totalling fifty identifiable taxa. The most abundant was the endosymbiotic Heterostegina depressa—a species which looks something like a nautilus writ small, while a great many species (particularly from the Family Miliolidae) were imperceptibly tiny and would easily be mistaken for grains of sands. Undoubtedly, these same inconspicuous species are likely to abound in any well-established reef tank, hiding in plain sight. Note the red coloration in this Peneroplis, seen resting vertically on Padina. Credit: Christopher S. Lobban Note the red coloration in this Peneroplis, caused by the presence of a symbiotic red alga. Credit: Christopher S. Lobban Forams often display clear preferences in choice of habitat. Just as we would expect in corals, variables such as the substrate type, the relative amount of illumination and water flow, and even temperature strongly dictate where a given foram can be expected to occur. Encrusting taxa have been well studied in this regard, with Homotrema and Nubecularia favoring inshore habitats, Planorbulina found at patch reefs, and Gypsina plana along reef slopes. Most non-encrusting taxa show similar preferences for different reef habitats—lagoons vs. reef crests vs. reef slopes, etc. There are examples of mesophotic forams (such as Cycloclypeus, a species restricted beneath thermoclines at around 90 meters) as well as a great many found deeper still. foraminifer with dinoflagellates Based on observations taken at the Burgers’ Zoo, specimens illustrate their own subtle specializations in captivity. The arborescent encrusters (Homotrema & Miniacina) are limited to the undersides of hard substrates receiving moderate to heavy amounts of water flow, while Trisoculina and Sorites are commonly found atop live rock. Peneroplis, a porcelaneous species with an endosymbiotic red alga, was generally restricted to the shallowest locations, likely due to the light requirements of its rhodophyte. Amphistegina proved more abundant in sand-rubble habitats at greater depths, though it tends to be a widespread generalist in the wild, while Heterostegina depressa occurred as the most abundant foram in every sample examined. Branching forams, like these Miniacina, are highly effective suspension feeders. Credit: SDGuy If we are to make any larger statements regarding aquarium forams, it’s that symbiotic taxa thrive under our bright lights, while arborescent suspension feeders clearly find messy aquarium water to their liking. But, as yet, we know relatively little about how other ecologically specialized forams fare in captivity. Modern reefkeeping techniques often revolve around a naturalistic approach, a mimicking of a coral reef’s ecological functioning through live rock, algal cultures and the breakdown of organic waste from the associated microorganisms. Seeing as we know essentially nothing regarding how forams might contribute to this process (particularly for those which feed heavily on benthic detritus), there is clearly a great avenue for research here. Perhaps someday, forams might be seen as a vital component to the natural maintenance of a successful reef aquarium and not just another obscure microorganism hiding in the sand. Joe Rowlett Joe Rowlett (446 articles) this post was shared 0 times
Perl Cookbook Perl CookbookSearch this book Previous: 9.8. Removing a Directory and Its ContentsChapter 9 Next: 9.10. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts 9.9. Renaming Files You have a lot of files whose names you want to change. Use a foreach loop and the rename function: foreach $file (@NAMES) { my $newname = $file; # change $newname rename($file, $newname) or warn "Couldn't rename $file to $newname: $!\n"; This is straightforward. rename takes two arguments. The first is the filename to change, and the second is its new name. Perl's rename is a front end to the operating system's rename system call, which typically won't let you rename files across filesystem boundaries. A small change turns this into a generic rename script, such as the one by Larry Wall shown in Example 9.5. Example 9.5: rename #!/usr/bin/perl -w # rename - Larry's filename fixer for (@ARGV) { $was = $_; eval $op; die $@ if $@; This script's first argument is Perl code that alters the filename (stored in $_ ) to reflect how you want the file renamed. It can do this because it uses an eval to do the hard work. It also skips rename calls when the filename is untouched. This lets you simply use wildcards like rename EXPR * instead of making long lists of filenames. Here are five examples of calling the rename program from your shell: % rename 's/\.orig$//' .orig % rename 'tr/A-Z/a-z/ unless /^Make/' % rename '$_ .= ".bad"' .f % rename 'print "$_: "; s/foo/bar/ if <STDIN> =~ /^y/i' % find /tmp -name '~' -print \| rename 's/^(.+)~$/.#$1/' The first shell command removes a trailing ".orig" from each filename. The second converts uppercase to lowercase. Because a translation is used rather than the lc function, this conversion won't be locale-aware. To fix that, you'd have to write: % rename 'use locale; $_ = lc($_) unless /^Make/' The third appends ".bad" to each Fortran file ending in ".f", something a lot of us have wanted to do for a long time. The fourth prompts the user for the change. Each file's name is printed to standard output and a response is read from standard input. If the user types something starting with a "y" or "Y", any "foo" in the filename is changed to "bar". The fifth uses find to locate files in /tmp that end with a tilde. It renames these so that instead of ending with a tilde, they start with a dot and a pound sign. In effect, this switches between two common conventions for backup files. The rename script exemplifies the powerful Unix tool-and-filter philosophy. Even though we could have created a dedicated command to do the lowercase conversion, it's nearly as easy to write a flexible, reusable tool by embedding an eval. By allowing the filenames to be read from standard input, we don't have to build in the recursive directory walk. Instead, we just use find, which performs this function well. There's no reason to recreate the wheel, although using File::Find we could have. See Also The rename function in perlfunc (1) and in Chapter 3 of Programming Perl; your system's mv (1) and rename (2) manpages; the documentation for the standard File::Find module (also in Chapter 7 of Programming Perl) Previous: 9.8. Removing a Directory and Its ContentsPerl CookbookNext: 9.10. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts 9.8. Removing a Directory and Its ContentsBook Index9.10. Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts
We all know that automating savings and instituting spending rules can help us save money. But a new report from the Common Cents Lab at Duke University’s Center for Advanced Hindsight offers new insight into how to hack behavioral finance to put more money into our pockets (or rather, bank accounts). There’s plenty to read through in the report, which details all of the Center’s 2017 experiments and focused on elderly, low-income and hourly workers, but here are some key takeaways you can apply to your own life. Leverage Age Milestones to Accomplish Your Goals According to the report, elderly people can be encouraged to change habits if they’re reminded of upcoming age milestones. The center partnered with Silvernest, a service that matches older homeowners with potential renters, to try to increase the number of homeowners using the site. They found that by targeting ads at people that included information on a specific age milestone (“You’re 64 turning 65. Are you ready for retirement? House sharing can help.”) rather than more generic language, they were able to increase click-through rates from 2.46 percent to 5.49 percent. This is in line with past research that’s found that people are more likely to make big changes in their behavior/lives when they’re approaching a new decade (i.e., when they are 29, 39, etc.). You can apply this to your own life by making a list of what you want and need to accomplish, finance wise, in the months leading up to your own milestone birthdays. Commit to actually completing the tasks by setting reminders in your calendar and telling people about your goals. Limit How Often You Do Something Rather Than Focusing on a Budget In an experiment in which they analyzed over 30,000 transactions with Qapital, a personal finance app, Common Cents found that consumers regretted spending money on restaurants, coffee and fast food more than other categories. To curb that, they tested different ways of limiting those purchases. Their takeaway: People who limited the number of times they could eat out (in this case, to two outings per week), rather than the amount of money they had to spend, were more successful. So in your own life, consider setting a frequency on expenditures rather than X dollars. Lessen the Sting of Bills by Putting Them on Autopay In another partnership with Qapital, Common Cents found that millennials were less likely to regret recurring transactions as they became used to seeing the transactions on their monthly statements. In fact, they were “10 percent more satisfied with recurring transactions compared to non-recurring ones.” “One reason for this is because humans are great adapters,” reads the report. “Our first experience of something is novel and interesting, but after several similar experiences the novelty and our attention wanes until we no longer have the same response. Rip off a Band-Aid once and it hurts. Rip it off multiple times and we begin to discount the pain.” Automatic payments can make consistent transactions like rent, car payments, etc., less financially painful. “On the other hand, they make the payments we’re likely to regret (another round of drinks or fast food) more obvious and novel because the latter are more likely to be paid for in cash.” In that way, automating your recurring payments is sort of a win-win: Rent hurts a little less each month, and when you overspend you’re more conscious of the spending (and how it made you feel). Pick Up the Phone and Be Prepared to Wait Based on observing 20 people negotiate their credit card interest rates and a survey of 5,000 people on bill negotiation, Common Cents found that the biggest barrier to a lower APR is simply picking up the phone and waiting. Once consumers did that, their negotiation skills really didn’t affect whether or not they received a lower rate—all they had to do was ask. “The most crucial step is calling the credit card company,” reads the report. “Once participants got on the phone, their likelihood of continuing to complete the task was very high.” So yeah, you’re probably busy, but consider: You get a lower rate simply by asking, no negotiation needed. Considering the average credit card debt among households carrying a balance is $15,654, that could save you a lot of money in the long run.
Seeing Life in Circles From a young age we're taught that life is linear. You start out on your road with school, going through the education system and into the world of work where you gain a good job. After working your job you settle down, buy a house and raise a family. Success. Linear path to life success Of course, there are set backs as life is certainly not so neat - but we still pressure ourselves to rise higher on the line of life. But what is life was a circle? For advice on how to navigate through life we could take a look at nature since we as humans are part of it. For example, nature moves in cycles – Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Nature has curves and spirals embedded within it like the fibonacci curve. The creation pattern also known as the flower of life begins with just one circle. Each year the Earth brings with it death and rebirth over and over again in cycles like day and night. day n night There are Moon cycles, Sun cycles, cycles and circles in rhythm and music and the circle of life we were taught in the Lion King. So why do we expect life to look like a straight line? What is the key to get from point A to B? Cycles! This helps make things become a little more clear. You are what you repeatedly do. By breaking down your cycles you will see that in the centre is your outcome and whatever actions you take and repeat will in turn generate your outcome. Try to think of your outcome as your core, so since life is a reflection of what you repeatedly do, your core is also what you project into the physical which ultimately becomes your outer i.e. your results. So let's use an example. i.e. What must I do to obtain good general health? Seeing life in straight lines Seeing life in circles Health life cycle Cycles are therefore our actions which we repeat consistently to generate our desired results. So rather than thinking in straight lines and steps, think in circles. You will then be able to see what you need to do to reach those steps and what you need to STOP doing which is preventing you from making that next step. Break the cycle. If you feel you can't generate your desired outcome or you want change then you must CHANGE part of your cycle. Refine. Eliminate. Increase or decrease. It's all about repeating and refining your cycles, learning and growing from them until you perfect your cycle that works to reach your goal. Looking at life in circles can also help with less practical issues and unhealthy cycles such as the below example: cycle of depression By analysing and understanding your cycles you can see where the cycle need to be broken and you can do that by choosing just one thing i.e. not giving up. By altering our cycle we then start to create a new one which in turn creates new results. Your new cycle could look something like this: not giving up You can't change what you refuse to confront. We can often feel stuck with no idea how to get to where we want to be, often blaming other people and circumstances without looking at our own habits. It's very easy for us to make excuses and lie to ourselves because well, it's comfortable. But you know, if you don't learn from history it will repeat itself right? It's nature, like you. Confront yourself. Get a piece of paper and a pencil and draw out your own cycles. What cycles do you need to create to be more productive? How can you refine a cycle to get better at your craft? What cycles do you need to break to stop going back to your ex? Try it. Whenever you're feeling a little stuck in life, see life in circles. Find us on social media: Instagram: AwokenClothing awoken clothing Stay Awoken. • Nadeen So convenient with the NEW moon in Leo. Amazing advice that is more a way of life. Thanks awoken!!! ✌? • Amenti This really made me think! It’s all about perspective…. • Mica Relevant and informative, nice work- keep it up! #StayWoke #DontSleepOnTheCircleCycles Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
Julius Ceaser Essay 541 Words 3 Pages Julius Ceaser Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was born on July 13th in 100B.C. His full name is Gaius Julius Caesar, which was the same as his father’s name. Julius Caesar was the most famous Roman general and was one of the most influential political and military leaders in history. He helped establish the vast Roman Empire. Caesar gained all his power in four different areas. Those areas are politics, government, religion, and in the military. Using these amazing powers he controlled many aspects of Roman life. In 84B.C. Caesar married Cornelia, the daughter of Lucis Cornelius Cinna, a noble who was Marious’ associate in revolution. Lucis Cornelius Sulla demanded they divorce in 83, but Caesar refused, risking his job and his life. …show more content… They gained control of Rome but soon split up by rivalries. Crassus died fighting in the East and Caesar went to Gaul and Britain. Pompey feared Caesar’s power and allied himself to the Senate. Between 58B.C. and 49B.C. Caesar conquered more territory in Gaul. He also led two expeditions to Britain. Caesar was going to seize power in Rome. He crushed an army led by Pompey. This left Caesar in charge of the military in Rome. It also signified the end of the Roman Republic. In 44B.C he was appointed dictator for life and in the same year was assassinated. Before his death he introduced reforms that helped strengthen Rome and protect his own power. He distributed land and money to the poor and granted Roman citizenship to people in provinces outside Italy. He also reduced unemployment by creating many building projects and increased the soldiers pay. He introduced a new calendar that was more accurate. It was based on the Hellenistic astronomy. It was called the Julian Calendar and was used in Europe until 1582A.D. Even though the Senate and Assembly of tribes continued to exist, he still had total power. However many people referred to him as a tyrant and that he was destroying the Republic. Other people were jealous of all his popularity. Whatever the reason, on March 15th 44B.C. a group of conspirators that were led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus stabbed Julius Caesar More about Julius Ceaser Essay Open Document
Date Calculator Number of years, months, weeks, and days between two dates Date Difference: 66 years 11 months 25 days or 803 months 25 days or 3495 weeks 1 days or 24466 days Start Date End Date Add to or subtract from a date Start Date = ? RelatedTime Calculator \| Age Calculator \| Time Zone Calculator History of the Gregorian Calendar The Gregorian calendar is a reformed version of the Julian calendar, which was itself a modification of the ancient Roman calendar. The ancient Roman calendar was believed to be an observational lunar calendar, based on the cycles of the moon's phases. The Romans were then believed to have adopted a 10-month calendar with 304 days, leaving the remaining 50 or so days as an unorganized winter. This calendar allowed summer and winter months to become completely misplaced, leading to the adoption of more accurate calendars. The Republican calendar later used by Rome followed Greek calendars in its assumptions of 29.5 days in a lunar cycle, and 12.5 synodic months in a solar year, which align every fourth year upon the addition of the intercalary months of January and February. From this point, many attempts were made to align the Republican calendar with the solar year including the addition of an extra month to certain years to supplant the lack of days in a particular year. In 46 BC, the calendar was further reformed by Julius Caesar, introducing an algorithm that removed the dependence of calendars from the observation of the new moon. In order to accomplish this, Caesar inserted an additional 10 days to the Republican calendar, making the total number of days in a year 365. He also added the intercalation of a leap day every fourth year, all in an attempt to further synchronize the Roman calendar with the solar year. Despite all efforts, the Julian calendar still required further reform, since the calendar drifted with respect to the equinoxes and solstices by approximately 11 minutes per year. By 1582, this resulted in a difference of 10 days from what was expected. Pope Gregory XIII addressed this by essentially skipping 10 days in the date, making the day after October 4, 1582, October 15. An adjustment was also made to the algorithm of the Julian calendar that changed which century years would be considered leap years. Under the Gregorian calendar, century years not divisible by 400 would not be leap years. These changes reduced the error from 1 day in 128 years, to 1 day in 3,030 years with respect to the current value of the mean solar year.
Ankylosaurus (MINI) - + Ankylosaurus lived during the Cretaceous period about 68-66 million years ago in Western North America. The main features are a heavily armoured body and a massive bony tail club. Anklyosaurus was a large robust dinosaur that walked on four legs its back legs were longer than the front legs. Upper Cretaceous This replica is 5-6cm in size Scroll to top
Fluorescent Lamp Quiz Questions and Answers 24 PDF Download Learn fluorescent lamp quiz online, general knowledge test 24 for online learning, distance learning courses. Free fluorescent lamp MCQs questions and answers to learn general knowledge quiz with answers. Practice tests for educational assessment on fluorescent lamp test with answers, asia continent, human circulatory system, subcellular components, otto hahn, fluorescent lamp practice test for online new inventions and inventors test. Free online fluorescent lamp course worksheet has multiple choice quiz question: first practical fluorescent lamp was invented by with choices arnold orville beckman, george malcom, george inman and george whatley with problems solving answer key to test study skills for online e-learning, formative assessment and jobs' interview preparation tips, study technology inventions MCQs Test based quiz question and answers. Fluorescent Lamp Video Quiz on Fluorescent Lamp Worksheet 24 Quiz PDF Download Fluorescent Lamp Quiz MCQ: First practical fluorescent lamp was invented by 1. Arnold Orville Beckman 2. George Malcom 3. George Inman 4. George Whatley Otto Hahn Quiz MCQ: German scientist, Otto Hahn, won Nobel Prize in 1. 1949 2. 1944 3. 1948 4. 1946 Subcellular Components Quiz MCQ: During protein translation, molecules that are used to add amino acids are called 1. tRNA 2. mDNA 3. mRNA 4. tDNA Human Circulatory System Quiz MCQ: Lymphatic system of human body is classified as 1. filament system 2. ligament system 3. closed system 4. open system Asia Continent Quiz MCQ: Continent 'Asia' shares its East border with 1. Africa 2. Arctic Ocean 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Ural Mountains
How Do You Clear Your Mind? How Do You Clear Your Mind? To clear your mind, try meditation, creative activities or even physical exercise. Worrying and overthinking are common problems, but clearing your mind is a great way to reduce stress and feel better. 1. Meditate Meditation, or mindfulness, is a proven stress reliever that will clear your mind. It might seem intimidating, but you can start with just five minutes of focused deep breathing exercises. Sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Close your eyes and take a deep breath into your belly, holding for a few seconds. Exhale slowly, and visualize your stress and cluttered thoughts leaving your body with your breath. 2. Enjoy creative expression Creative expression is another great way to alleviate stress and overthinking. Writing just a few sentences about your day or drawing a picture gives your overactive mind a chance to express itself. You'll likely feel much better when you get your thoughts and feelings down on paper. 3. Exercise and play Regular exercise is not just great for your body, it is necessary for mental health as well. Something as simple as going outside for a walk can have a drastic impact on your state of mind. Walking and running improve focus and memory, while more strenuous activities improve coordination and your ability to handle stress. For a more mindful approach, add a little yoga to your routine.
Hurricane Harvey, has dumped an estimated 27 trillion gallons of water on Texas and Louisiana, and is turning out to be one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history. Flooding still has not subsided in large areas of Houston, Beaumont and other areas of Texas. Thousands of people still remain in shelters displaced from their homes. and most of those people don't have homes left to go home too. Harvey’s cost is predicted that the storm will be the most expensive in U.S. history at over $190 billion Wochit The images we have seen on our television screens coming out of the Gulf Coast has been gut-wrenching. We have seen entire neighborhoods under several feet of water close to two weeks after Hurricane Harvey made landfall. America’s worst hurricane has put up some staggering numbers: The river in Beaumont rose eight feet, more than 50 inches of rain fell (the most ever recorded in continental U.S.), 43,000 people housed in shelters, over 185,000 homes impacted, 436,000 people seeking FEMA assistance, $8 billion in federal aid requested for the initial relief, and more than 60 confirmed dead. Those numbers are grim and our thoughts and prayers go out to those who have lost their loved ones, their homes and their belongings. Houston and the rest of the Gulf Coast have a long road ahead. It has been called a thousand-year flood, and looking at the pictures that is no exaggeration. Out of that destruction caused by nature we saw the true American spirit: Neighbors helping neighbors, and strangers taking risk wading in flood waters to get seniors, women and children to safety. Who could forget the picture of that man carrying a lady in his arms, who in turn was carrying a child in her arms? So many inspiring stories have been borne out of this hurricane. When a high-water vehicle couldn’t reach her home, a chief medical officer waded through waist deep-water to get to it so that she could treat her patients. Another doctor walked three miles through flooded streets to treat his melanoma patient. A few men took a high-water vehicle to rescue a stranger. Numerous human chains were formed to help those in danger. How about that long line that formed of people not looking for food, water or shelter but signing up to help? Even those who weren’t nearby to swim or boat to rescue chipped in to help in other ways. The Yankees and Red Sox, bitter rivals on the baseball field, did a joint fundraiser. Houston Texans football star J.J. Watt raised $18 million. Houston native Stacy Lewis won her first LPGA golf tournament in three years and donated all her winnings. SportsPulse: Athletes, past and present, have come together in the wake of Hurricane Harvey to help generate millions of dollars for those affected and recovering from the devastating storm. USA TODAY Sports And there was the Cajun Navy, a group that was formed by average Americans during Hurricane Katrina when hundreds of people in hundreds of boats gathered to help rescue an estimated 10,000 people in New Orleans. A similar group got together to rescue many Houstonians who were trapped with no means of rescue. In most other countries, armies and navies are formed to kill fellow citizens. Only in America is such a group formed by average people, unprompted, trying to save lives. One final point: Oftentimes, our media coverage is dominated by our divisions. I have always believed that such divisions do not represent a vast majority of Americans who are fair, reasonable and unbiased. The events in Houston stand testament to that, as strangers helped strangers not caring about whether someone is black or white, Democrat or Republican. These are examples of the true American spirit that is alive everyday, everywhere in this great country; only events like Harvey exhibit that spirit in such a large scale to draw positive media attention. An earlier version of this column incorrectly stated that J.J. Watt plays for the Tennessee Titans, not the Houston Texans. The error has been corrected. Read or Share this story:
Emma Duffy Sandra Alden 17 February 2014 A Rhetorical Analysis: Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. stood tall in the blistering summer heat. Standing at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. he prepared himself to give a speech that later would change America. In the 1960’s the discrimination of the “free” black man was evident almost everywhere and Martin Luther King Jr. wanted an end to it. By giving this famous speech King hoped to display the severe inequalities black Americans faced through the methods of Mohandas Gandhi and the use of ethos, pathos, and logos. In earlier years, king was born into a financially stable African American family. Though the family was financially stable, King faced racial discrimination. At a fairly young age King rode a bus with his fellow classmates and was shocked to see that the black men and women had to stand while the white people got to sit (Wilson). This was one of many incidents to ignite the fire in Martin Luther King’s heart to fight for equal rights among race. At age 15 King attended Morehouse College in Atlanta Georgia. Following that he attended Pennsylvania and Boston University to get his P.h.D. Martin Luther King was an educated man that fought for his beliefs. Not only was he an educated man, but he was also a spiritual and philosophical man. King was a minister which helped him gain extra credibility with his audience. Also King used many of Mohandas Gandhi's philosophy techniques to help him gain respect from the people that supported his ideas of equality. Something that made Martin Luther King Jr. a respectable activist was his non violent approach which was influenced by one of Gandhis philosophies. These events all lead King to give one of the most influential speeches of all time; “I Have a Dream.” In order to convey his dream of equality among race, Martin Luther King Jr. incorporated Ethos, Pathos, and Logos while following philosophies of Gandhi to appeal to his entire audience Standing tall with dignity, Martin Luther King Jr. waited at the podium to give a speech that would change America as he knew it. As he began to speak he gave off an undeniable sense of power. His voice shook with anger at the lack of change in American since the Emancipation Proclamation, but filled with hope when he talked about freedom ringing around America. King’s demeanor is strong and inspiring, making the audience intrigued with every word. King gained credibility by having a P.h.D. and and gained respect by his approach to the situation.Like gandhi, he believed in a non-violent protest (Rosenberg 1). While he was outraged by the lack of understanding some white’s had towards blacks, he wanted to go about the issue in a respectable, non-threatening way. He displays etho’s in this speech while following Gandhi's tactics by saying, “...And that is something that I must say to my people who stand on the worn threshold (King). In that statement King openly says that he wants justice to be served, however he wants it to be earned with dignity and discipline opposed to violence. This nonviolent appeal is an ethos argument because it shows his morality. He promotes his non violence by showing a great deal of character. King knows that the black Americans are being treated is unfair, however he doesn’t want to fight back unfairly. Martin Luther King’s voice fluctuated throughout this speech matching the emotions behind his words. One second King’s voice was flooded with anger and the next it would be filled with hope and passion. His voice would fluctuate the most when he used pathos arguments to sway his audience. For instance, when he says, “I say to you today, my friends, though, even equal.”(King) This pathos appeal is an attempt to instill hope in the listeners. Even though times were tough for those not of the white race, King wanted everyone to stay optimistic for the future, like himself. Also he wanted everyone to know that he was trying to promote a dream that he had for America in the 1960’s. This idea is relatable to a philosophy of Gandhi’s. Gandi changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards him.” Martin Luther King wants everyone to see his dream and work towards it as he is by giving the speech and participating in nonviolent protests. By giving off a positive ora, King hopes to get positive results for race equality. Emotions and ethics can gain the audience's attention by pulling at their heart strings and confirm their own beliefs, but putting facts into the equation is a foolproof way to get the audience thinking. Facts are unarguable. Martin Luther King incorporates facts throughout the speech to help the audience really understand the injustice black people are facing in America. For example King says, “We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.”(King). This is a fact King displays to his audience to display the severe the inequality among race. Being a man of nonviolent ways, police brutality goes completely against his morals that are much like Mahatma Gandhis. He goes on to say, their dignity by signs stating: "For Whites Only." We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in This logos appeal takes the facts that blacks are not allowed in certain places. They are free, but not equal. Martin Luther King Jr. wants blacks to be able to take part in the democratic systems of America, and will not stop his protests until justice is served. Again, this mindset is relatable to Mahatma Gandis. Gandhi worked his entire life to make even the poorest citizens of India equal to those of britain (Rosenberg 1). He overall wanted to better the lives of others and end the embarrassment of discrimination, much like Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King Jr. Changed America with his uniting speech. By using the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi and ethos, pathos, and logos appeals, he gained the respect of his massive audience. A year later he won the Nobel Peace Prize. What started as a plea for racial equality, resulted in the acceptance of blacks in America. Martin Luther King Jr.’s influence speech is still alive and aspiring generation after generation to fight respectively for what they believe to be right. Work Cited Rosenberg, Jennifer. “Biography of Mahatma Gandhi”, in Who Was Gandhi? pp.1. Web. Dec. 4. Wilson. H.W. "Martin Luther King, Jr.", in Current Biography Yearbook 1965, ed. by Charles Moritz, pp. 220-223. New York, April. 21. 2001.
More Options: Make a Folding Card Storyboard Description This storyboard does not have a description. Storyboard Text • Giraffes originally had short necks. This trait made it harder for the giraffes to eat and survive. • Giraffes had many competition with other animals who would eat the same food as them. They started dying because they couldn't find enough food to survive. • The giraffes got their long necks from a genetic mutation. Their long necks helped them eat the food off of tall trees. By eating from tall trees, they have no competition for food by other animals • The giraffes with the trait of ling necks are more fit to survive. This trait will allow them to survive. The giraffes with the trait short necks will most likely die off. • Overtime, giraffes overproduced since many of them actually died from hunger. They needed to overproduce so that their species would not go extinct or in danger of extinction. • Most of the giraffes now have long necks. Long necks is now a trait in the gene pool. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Quick Rubric – Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics abcBABYart – Create Custom Nursery Art
Homer and the Gospel of Mark Is Mark's Gospel Based on Homer's Odyssey? Most scholars treat the gospels as their own independent literary genre which ultimately derives from the work of the author of Mark — a combination of biography, aretology, and hagiography among other things. Some, though, argue there is much more going on than is initially understood, and one recent line of research has involved tracing much in Mark to the influence of the Greek epics of Homer. Dennis MacDonald is the primary proponent of this view, and his argument has been that the gospel of Mark was written as a conscious and deliberate imitation of the stories in the Homeric epics. The goal was to give readers a familiar context to discover the superiority of Christ and Christianity over pagan gods and beliefs. MacDonald describes what scholars of antiquity already know: anyone who learned to write Greek in the ancient world learned from Homer. The process of learning was mimesis or imitation, and this practice continued into adult life. Students learned to imitate Homer by rewriting passages of Homer in prose or by using different vocabulary. The most sophisticated form of literary mimesis was rivalry or aemulatio, in which literary works were exploited in subtle ways by authors who wished to "speak better" than the sources they imitated. Because the author of Mark was demonstrably literate in Greek, we can be confident that this author went through this process just like everyone else. Important for MacDonald's argument is the process of transvaluation. A text becomes transvaluative "when it not only articulates values different from those of its targeted [text] but also substitutes its values for those in its antecedent". Thus he argues that the Gospel of Mark, emulating Homeric epics, can be understood as "transvaluative" of the Iliad and Odyssey. Mark's aemulatio arises from a desire to provide a "new and improved" role model which is superior to the pagan gods and heroes. Mark never openly mentions Odysseus or Homer, but MacDonald argues that Mark's tales about Jesus are explicit imitations of Homeric tales about characters like Odysseus, Circe, Polyphemus, Aeolus, Achilles, and Agamemnon and his wife, Clytemnestra. The strongest parallels, however, are those between Odysseus and Jesus: Homeric tales about Odysseus emphasize his suffering life, just as in Mark Jesus said that he, too, would suffer greatly. Odysseus is a carpenter like Jesus, and he wants to return his home just as Jesus wants to be welcomed in his native home and later to God's home in Jerusalem. Odysseus is plagued with unfaithful and dim-witted companions who display tragic flaws. They stupidly open a magic bag of wind while Odysseus sleeps and release terrible tempests which prevent their return home. These sailors are comparable to the disciples, who disbelieve Jesus, ask foolish questions, and show general ignorance about everything. Eventually, Odysseus can return home, but he must do so alone and only in disguise, as if he were the object of a "messianic secret." He finds his house taken over by greedy suitors for his wife. Odysseus remains disguised, but once fully revealed, he does battle, recovers his house, and lives a long and prosperous life. All of this is remarkably similar to the trials and tribulations which Jesus has to endure. Jesus, however, was superior to Odysseus in that he was killed by his rivals but rose from the dead, took his place at God's side, and will eventually judge everyone. MacDonald's thesis also can be used to solve certain problems: • “...Mark's dependence on the Odyssey suggests elegant solutions to some of the most enigmatic and disputed aspects of the Gospel: its depiction of the disciples as inept, greedy, cowardly, and teacherous; its interests in the sea, meals, and secrecy; and even its mysterious reference to the unnamed young man who fled naked at Jesus' arrest.” The details of MacDonald's argument are much too complex to further summarize here, but they aren't that hard to understand when you read them. There is some question as to whether or not his thesis is stronger than it needs to be — it is one thing to argue that Homer was an important, or even primary, influence on the writing of Mark. It is quite another to argue that Mark was designed, from beginning to end, to emulate Homer.
Why is pH Important in Growing Cannabis? pH is a numerical scale used to test the acidity or alkalinity of a given substance. The scale ranges from numbers 1 through 14. A pH of 7.0 is totally neutral, 1.0 to 6.9 is acidic and 7.1 to 14.0 is alkaline. For several reasons the pH has a profound effect on the cannabis plants. As also happens in humans, plants have pH fluctuations in their metabolism, which mainly depend on the pH range and stability. Thus, cannabis plants have a better or worse development and overall health state depending on the pH, being more or less sensitive to pests and diseases. The optimum pH for marijuana in soil is around 6.0 – 6.8 In this range the plants nutrients are water soluble. This means that the nutrients are available to the marijuana plants. When the pH level is outside of this range, the nutrients become less available because the nutrients won’t dissolve as well. We have to adjust the pH of the nutrient solution in order to achieve the best possible nutrient uptake by the leafs. If we don’t adjust the pH value, fertilizing our plants is almost useless since they can’t absorb nustrients correctly. This means that the plant may begin to show symptoms of deficiency in a particular nutrient, even though that nutrient may be physically present at the plant’s roots. If you are unable to monitor and understand the pH of your growing medium you can end up in the position (and it happens A LOT) where you are feeding a plant more and more nutrients to fix a deficiency and the plant simply cannot take them on board. If unchecked this situation can lead to a build up of salts in the growing medium which block up the plant’s roots. This is nutrient lock out. Your plants can literally die of starvation despite how much you are feeding them. pH in Soil Naturally, soil has a capacity to control and mantain the pH level, which is called buffer effect. This capacity helps to keep the rootball healthy and protected thanks to a pH range suitable for the growth of cannabis plants. In nature, when it rains the soil becomes more acidic, freeing up some of the nutrients that were previously unavailable. The plant gradually sucks up these nutrients, wicking the moisture out of the soil and consequently raising the pH. During this time the plant has access to a whole range of nutrients and minerals that were locked up in the soil. The same thing happens when you grow marijuana in soil in containers. When you add water the pH of the soil changes and the whole range of nutrients become available to your plant as the soil slowly dries out again. This means that some nutrients that are otherwise dormant in the soil become available when it is wet. Water your soil grown plants with clean, uncontaminated water with a pH of around 6.0 to 6.8. If you are using tapwater, let it sit in a bucket or reservoir for a few days to allow it to dechlorinate, then check the pH to make sure it is within the required range. pH in Hydro In hydroponic crops, the pH value is as important as the amount of nutrients given to the plant. The pH value must be adjusted for each stage of the plant so it can properly absorb nutrients in every irrigation. During the growth stage of seedlings and young cuttings a pH of 5.5 is recommended. We can raise this value up to 5.8 as the plants grow. During the stretch (pre-flowering stage) the plants start to demand more and different nutrients; we can raise to 5.9 now. In this way, plants have all the necessary nutrients to grow and start flowering without a problem. During the bloom period we should use a pH range from 6 to 6.2 for a more efficient nutrient uptake. During the last weeks of this stage, we can raise the pH value to 6.3-6.4. Checking pH There is only one accurate way to adjust the pH. This is using pH test papers or a pH meter. When the pH level is outside the range, the nutrients are less available to the marijuana plant. This means that the roots don’t have access to them and now the plant indicates deficiencies, even though the nutrients may be present. If the pH level is outside the proper pH range, marijuana plants have small dark-green leafs and grow very slowly, when growing in water or soil. Check the pH (by using test strips or a pH meter) before you plant them in soil or planting mix.
Home next directoryNetworking next directoryThis Page Wednesday, September 17, 2003 Important Learning Occurs in Groups Source: External Link Connectivity: Spike Hall's RU Weblog By Spike Hall quoting Denham Grey Summary: External LinkDenham Grey has made important observations about learning within work-groups. Some things are best learned together. The following is extracted from Denham Grey's Personal Learning Blog. Toward Principles Bullet The importance of cohorts You may obtain information from the 'sage on the stage' a book or CBT, but you learn on the playing field, where your identity is forged, opinions are validated, values mediated, beliefs formed and assumptions are tested. Social mediation is key, and this is where cohorts help you make meaning and gain understanding. We own a social brain and apprenticeship is the natural way to learn. We need cohorts and community to build a shared repertoire of key concepts, evolve tools, craft language, gather stories and highlight sensitivities. This is where learning products reside. Bullet Sharing meaning Shared meaning is the difference between personal knowing and acquired understanding or social knowledge. This is the power behind language and communication and points to the essential role of sharing critique, alignment & reflection in learning. Meaning is established through patterning, emotions play a key role. To make meaning explicit and ensure alignment, it is essential to test assumptions in a group situation. Bullet Crafting distinctions Creating new knowledge comes from bringing forth new worlds, from agreeing and naming subtle signs, symptoms, patterns and perceptions that enable alternative courses of action. Mostly this happens as a natural byproduct of conversations within groups. New knowledge is recognized by the issues, the values, the beliefs and in the language of a community of practice. Often encoded in the 'slang' and group talk that sets the community apart. Distinctions are closely related to ontology's and to making meaning. They contribute a large measure to identity. Bullet Deep learning, identity and dialog Knowing is an act of participation, knowledge is more a living process than acquisition of an object, it is closely tied to who we are and emerges in dialog or through copy and practice. Lasting knowledge is knowing more than definitions, concepts and relationships, it is a feeling for what is right in a particular situation. Lasting knowledge requires personal engagement, passion and a community to emerge. Learning and knowledge require an ecology to thrive and evolve. Bullet Generative learning New insights that arise at the boundaries between communities, connections and reflections, are key to synthesis and access to new ideas. The learning potential of an organization lies in maintaining a tension and a balance between core practices and active boundary processes. Identity and meaningfulness are the wellspring of creativity, sharing is a natural by-product of belonging. Learning is more about community than content Bullet Creative abrasion, high challenge and safety Dorothy Leonard struck a chord talking of creative abrasion. To change your mindset you need to raise the energy levels, increase the attention and focus. This is difficult to achieve in a placid conversation. Exposure to alternative assumptions and frames, some advocacy, deep dialog, strong engagement and a pure clash of ideas helps to unsettle, and resettle meaning. Prior beliefs are difficult to change using classroom instruction and teaching as telling. Taken too far, increasing stress levels (caused by conflict) will reduce the learning opportunity, there is a fine balance to be maintained. Bullet Boundary hopping and busting prototypes The sweet spot for learning is at the boundaries of individual and community. Here you are less sure and secure , core rigidities are lower, you can be flooded with new thought forms, alternative analogies and metaphors. Making connections is key and often follows trusted relationships. Bullet Language as generative learning One of the major paradigm shifts made at I-Bus was to view language not as informative or descriptive but, rather, as generative. This means that language has the power to create reality . Through language we have the ability to bring forth a different future. As linguistic beings, we individually create our reality in language . We dwell in, and live out of, our public and private conversations. It is through language that we interpret events and it is through language that we build shared interpretations and understanding among community members. Therefore, as people living within a workplace community, our workplace reality is constructed by our social conversations . It is also through language that we are able to shift the reality of the community. Recognizing the generative nature of language and that conversations create reality provided a major shift in our organizational thought processes. Conversations, both public and private, provide the access to both assess organizational mind sets, mental models and belief systems, and to intervene by reshaping the existing conversations. Viewing an organization as a network of conversations and commitments that bring about a set of results provides a powerful basis by which organizational interventions can be achieved. Key questions of inquiry within the organization can now be identified, such as, which conversations are opening up possibilities and which conversations are shutting down possibilities ? Which conversations are creating the results we are achieving and which conversations create barriers to changing those results? These become key questions of inquiry within the organization and necessary to capture. For communities to build shared interpretations and understanding, community members must give voice to their unspoken ideas and beliefs . For this to occur, community members must build trust, intimacy and create a safe place for full expression to occur. True dialogue requires the disclosure of mental models and a wider expression of private conversations. Here again, groupware technology and tools can create valuable communicative support structures. Groupware plays a significant role in supporting community-wide dialogue, advocacy and participative decision-making. Groupware also allows us to communicate outside the bounds of time and space. Home next directoryNetworking next directoryThis Page
Difference report research paper Difference report research paper, My english teacher recently assigned us a research paper she instructed us to make sure it was not a report i am a little fuzzy on the difference. This is my first attempt at writing a scientific paper and i am thinking of writing a review article i want to know what is the exact difference between a research. Research reports, research papersit gets confusing they are actually not the same thing, and knowing the difference between them will save you time and frustration, help you stay on-target and ultimately help you get the highest possible grade. · difference between essay and composition difference between report and essay difference between case study difference between essay and research paper. The main difference between the research paper and the thesis is that the thesis is all about the detail of somebody research work and the research paper is the short. What is the difference between a research paper and an essay research paper researching and expressing other’s points of view on a. A research paper is a paper that requires you to do research and have sources such as a book, internet source, encyclopdia, or magazine a report paper is when you talk about a topic that may not require research. What is the difference between thesis, research paper and project research paper - creative what is the difference between research paper and research report. The difference between an informative paper and a research based paper is that a research based paper must cite the sources of information while an informational paper does not have to cite sources an informational paper is also written in a simpler format than a research paper. Difference report research paper Rated 3/5 based on 11 review
Multi-level governance Unlike other approaches that try to compare the EU to other entities or pre-existing models (federalism for example), multi-level governance (MLG) assumes that the EU is sui generis (unique). Theorists who advance MLG present a multi-layered view of the EU. For them, EU member states are an important, perhaps the most important, part of the European polity, but they are not the only influential actors. Others, including supranational organisations and sub-national actors, also play a significant role operating at different ‘levels’, all impacting on EU developments. What do you think? Read about multi-level governance here.
6 Steps Open Your Heart And Soul Positive changes will be evident in your life when your body and mind are open and receptive to the energy that created you and the energy around you. It is those ideas; both good and bad, along with free will, that make you feel that you are better than others. The development of these ideas and/or the obsession with these ideas may be what makes some people evil, violent, angry, or sad. Those ideas may be good for some, but not for all. To help you further understand how to open your heart and soul, try one or more of these simple steps: Make Positivism the Best Motivator For Change It is part of our human nature to get a boost of energy, led by adrenaline, when we get angry. When you see or experience something that angers you, chances are you use it as a motivator to change, to make sure it never happens again. Angers leads to desire, to hope and action. But what about positivism? What about the radical idea of using a positive attitude to inspire hope, change and action. Hope to understand that it is possible. Change to ensure that good trumps evil every time. Action to progress towards enlightenment every day. But how? How do we turn away from a using negative energy as a powerful motivator to positivism as a tool for positive change? The first course of action is remembering the power of your own mind. Your mind is capable of magnificent things. There are lots of talents in you waiting to be developed and used for your own good and the good of all. When your life in this light, it becomes easier to be motivated to change in a more peaceful, joyful way. Your thoughts are powerful tools that, when used positively, can help you create realities you never thought possible. Following are some techniques to help use the power of a positive mind to affect change in the world: 1. Don’t give anger and negative thinking any power. Thoughts and ideas only become powerful when you, the thinker, empower them. If you have an angry thought and decide to ignore it, it will become easier to move ahead without being affected by the negative thinking. 1. Use positive thinking to counter negativity. If someone tells you that you will never be financially independent, you should automatically tell yourself, “I am going to be financially independent faster than originally planned”. Your initial reaction may be anger and frustration but using positive language will help you change how you feel about this experience without losing motivation. The same works for other aspects of your life. When thoughts about relationships come to your mind, for example, and you start thinking that you will never fall in love again, you counter-act by saying, “I will meet a special person and will enjoy a loving, meaningful, long-lasting relationship soon.” By doing so, you will take the power away from your negative thoughts, and give it to a positive one. 1. Be aware of your thoughts and try recognizing them as negative or positive. Continue to nurture the positive thoughts, and write down on a piece of paper as many of the negative ones as you can remember. Then read through the list, and analyze them, recognizing that they are simply negative ideas. Think of them as pieces of your mind that you just removed and placed on the paper, ready to be disposed of. Once on the paper and out of your head, they can remain there forever. Quietly acknowledge this and part ways with your negative thoughts. Your thoughts are some of the few things in the world that are 100% under your control. Nothing else truly is. And very few things are as powerful as those very thoughts. Use them and allow them to empower you, and you will soon be a catalyst for amazing positive change in the world. How To Keep An Open Mind Your ideals, values, and belief system have all been shaped and influenced by your background. Your thoughts are influenced mostly by what others taught you about where you come from, the color of your skin, your religion, the political views of the majority, what your ancestors believed in, etc. It was important to teach you what to be, what to think, and what to believe in. It was especially important to teach you that those ideas are the only ones to follow, the only ones that are correct, and the ones that will bring you safety and happiness. Most of you were not allowed to think outside those ideals and if you did, most likely, you were regarded as a rebel, ungrateful, or an unworthy member of the group. Your parents or guardians likely had the best of intentions to help you grow into a happy, healthy individual that fits in the culture around. To help attain that, they may have taught or tried to teach you ideas that may be discriminatory, stereotypical, and wrong about people that do not belong in your cultural, social, or racial group. The intention was to teach you to be the best person you can become, but instead (and most likely unconsciously) they may have helped you harbor feelings associated with a narrow mindset that does not respect the divinity in yourself and others. Instead of nurturing feelings of disrespect or self-centeredness that may limit your potential for growth, be open to the idea that you are part of the world, and the world and all of its components are part of you, both good and bad. It is then up to you to have an open mind about people, ideas, and everything else you encounter. An open mind will allow you to learn… When you learn, you understand, and when you understand, you learn to love. This is the only way you can objectively give and receive. When you have an open mind, you can see the beauty and love that the universe has to offer, and you can get so much more from it. If you see in others love, kindness, compassion, and understanding, you will receive exactly that. Some of the principles to help you have or maintain an open mind include: 1. Allow your mind to make positive choices. 1. Become conscious of and admit any fears or wrongdoings and make an effort to rectify them as soon as possible. 1. Remember that opening your heart and mind heals because it is a natural function of your body to rid itself of anything that hurts or sickens it. 1. Talk to someone, write, or express your fears, doubts, and mistakes to create a sense of release that will bring positive energies to your life. 1. Remember that you are one with the universe and all its members. Use the positive energies that the universe has to offer to your advantage by offering and giving some of the good in you. 1. There is no one superior or inferior to you. Support this thought with knowledge. If, for example, you dislike a religious or social group or disagree with someone because of his/her views and preferences, offer to learn about it before engaging in fruitless discussions and pre-judgments that will enrage you and prevent you from reaching a peaceful state. 1. Keep track of judgments, negative influences, and actions. Continue raising your awareness of what limits your thoughts and feelings so that you can easily change them as soon as they arise. 1. When you find yourself in stressful situations that may anger you and bring to light discriminatory practices, remember that even if you don’t agree with something it does not make it wrong. Similarly, the fact that you agree with something does not necessarily make it right. 1. Be an instrument of peace. As Saint Francis of Assisi said in his now famous prayer, allow the divine energy to make you the means by which the world around you (including yourself) finds understanding, pardon, hope, faith, light, and joy. 1. What you think and what you do affects other people. Make sure that the energies you send out of your body (even in the form of thought) are open, kind, and understanding. Be open to receive the same tenfold. About Jovanka
Research methods sampling techniques Lesson Summary The sample of a study is the group of subjects in the study. Quantitative Sampling Should she just stand on a corner and start asking people to take her survey. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices This article presents a discussion of mixed methods (MM) sampling techniques. Only 4% of people responded, and of those who did, 98% said they were dissatisfied in their marriage, and 75% said they had or were having an extramarital affair. Annotated Bibliography on Research Methods Prepared for Simple Random Sampling - Research Methodology The most common research methods are: literature searches, talking with people, focus groups, personal.Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of. Research Methods- Sampling techniques Flashcards \| Quizlet RWJF - Qualitative Research Guidelines Project \| Sampling Probability Sampling Methods: Multistage, Multiphase, and Cluster Samples.Sampling is the process whereby a researcher chooses his or her sample. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.But the results of her study will be stronger with 1,000 surveys, so she (like all researchers) has to make choices and find a balance between what will give her good data and what is practical. 5. Implement the plan. Introduction to sampling techniques - SERC To select her sample, she goes through the basic steps of sampling. 1. Identify the population of interest.For example, what if the school where Brooke works has a lot more men than women and a lot more whites than minority races.To understand the use of statistics, one needs to know a little bit about experimental design or how a researcher conducts investigations.Research to locate and access appropriate records can be very time consuming. Survey Sampling Methods Describes probability and non-probability samples, from convenience samples to multistage random samples.Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you.Sampling Brooke is a psychologist who is interested in studying how much stress college students face during finals. Simple random sampling is the purest and the most straightforward probability sampling strategy.A sampling frame is the group of people from which you will draw your sample.As students go in or out of the office, she gives them the survey.Upgrade to Premium to enroll in Psychology 105: Research Methods in Psychology.Slide 4 Types of sampling Non probability samples Non probability samples Probability samples Conclusions Methods used in.Wastewater sampling is generally performed by one of two methods, grab sampling or composite sampling.SAMPLING METHODS AND RESEARCH DESIGNS Chapter 4 TOPIC SLIDE Types of Research 2 Lurking and Confounding Variables 8 What are Subjects? 10 What is a Sample? 15. Quantitative Research Methods ENGL 5377 Spring 2007 Bobbie Latham March 8, 2007. Research Methods - Natural Resources Research Institute Custom Courses are courses that you create from lessons. Data Collection and Sampling - University of Texas at Dallas Developmental Psychology in Children and Adolescents: Tutoring Solution.She works at a university, so she is planning to send out a survey around finals time and ask some students to rank on a scale of 1 to 5 how stressed out they are. If not, the results of the study could be misleading or skewed.Once you know your population, sampling frame, sampling method, and sample size, you can use all that information to choose your sample.This course will introduce students to a wide range of statistical sampling techniques that are used to make inferences about a population. Research Methods – Library Research Service - LRS Sampling methods PPT - SlideShare All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners.If Brooke ends up having to go through 1,000 surveys, it will take her more time than if she only has to go through 10 surveys.For example, Brooke might decide that her sampling frame is every student at the university where she works. Research Methods: Sampling with Transects Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper:. a sequential study generally utilizes sampling techniques to gather data and.
Smorgon Smorgon icon Дата конвертации26.10.2012 Размер4.5 Kb. Smorgon is a district centre of the Grodno region of Belarus. It stands on the river Oksna (left inflow of the river Vilia) and its inflow the river Gervyatka. It is located 110 km north-west of Minsk, and 260 km north-east of Grodno. The city is known since the beginning of the XVI century as a private small town of the Zenovich, Radzivill, Pshezdetzky's families. The first written mention of Smorgon is connected with the name of Yuri Ivanovich Zenovich. He opened a school at the church and collected a large library. The city was famous for Smorgon paper textile mill (XVI century), a bears training school "The Smorgon Academy", established by the Radziwill family in the XVII century, leather and garment industry enterprises in the XIX – early XX centuries. During the war of the year 1812, the emperor Napoleon stopped in Smorgon, at the French troops retreat, here he passed the command to his marshal I. Murat and departed through Vilnya into Paris. The highway between Smorgon and Oshmyany was named "the Napoleon Route". During the First World War the front line ran through Smorgon and the town was destroyed. The main monuments of historical and cultural heritage of the city are the Calvinist church and a chapel. There is a literary museum of Francisk Bogushevich in Kushlyany, the Museum- Estate of M. K. Oginsky in Zalesie and the ruins of the Krev castle. Some well-known figures of Belarusian culture were born in Smorgon district. They are the poet Vladimir Neklyayev and the doctor of philology Arsen Lis. In the history of Smorgon there are a lot of pages telling about the life of the founder of the Belarusian literature Francisk Bogushevich. The main event on the Day of Belarusian Written Language in 2009 was the opening ceremony of the monument to the writer. The museum of Francisk Bogushevich is in the village Kushliany where the poet lived. A number of events were held in Smorgon on that day, including the awarding of the winners of the 49th National Contest "The Art of a book - 2009". The winners were given statuettes "Golden folio", diplomas and certificates for the best work of the Union of Belarusian Writers. Smorgon iconSmorgon «Académie de Smorgon» fondée par les princes Radziwill au xviie siècle et aussi par les entreprises de l’ industrie de cuir et du... Разместите кнопку на своём сайте: База данных защищена авторским правом ©lib2.podelise.ru 2000-2013 При копировании материала обязательно указание активной ссылки открытой для индексации. обратиться к администрации
Born in Blood and Fire This is the title of a concise history of Latin America. Yesterday I had the pleasure of teaching a class on Latin American History to the Latin Link Stride orientation group. They are an incredibly engaged and intelligent group having already had experience and deep sense of God's hand on their lives. After I had explained the Conquistadores motivation and activity in coming to Latin America, one of the group asked "how do we share the Gospel with indigenous people who have been so oppressed by Christians. This led to a discussion on attitudes and activities of missionaries in Latin America which didn't come to many conclusions but which was sobering in its content and context. This led me to further reflect on the certainty and uncertainty of our witness. We are sure of the Gospel which has saved us and which engages us in the establishment of God's kingdom upon the earth but the uncertainty of what it means for other people. Latin America was ravaged by people on a mission. Christopher Columbus or Cristobal Colon believed he was claiming land for God (and Spain). He said that he was traveling in the name of the Holy Trinity. Fransisco Pizarro took priests on his conquering mission to subjugate the Inca and by subterfuge and just down-right lies he captured and executed the Inca himself. He was convinced he was doing the right thing. We may not use any of these under-hand methods but we need to be very aware of how our missionary motivation is always contaminated by sinfulness. This is a message as much for missionaries as it is for politicians who claim to want to make peace and protect their citizens.
Many dentists refer to themselves as "cosmetic dentists" regardless of their specific education, specialty, training, and experience in this field. This has been considered unethical with a predominant objective of marketing to patients. The American Dental Association does not recognize cosmetic dentistry as a formal specialty area of dentistry. Cosmetic dentistry may involve: 1. the addition of a dental material to teeth or gums - examples: bonding, porcelain veneers (laminates), crowns (caps), gum grafts 2. the removal of tooth structure or gums - examples: enameloplasty etc., gingivectomy 3. either adding or removing dental materials, tooth structure or gums 4. straightening of teeth accompanied by improvement in appearance of face - Orthodontics Tooth reshaping removes parts of the enamel to improve the appearance of the tooth. It may be used to correct a small chip, or to alter the length, shape or position of teeth; it can be used to correct crooked or excessively long teeth. The removed enamel is irreplaceable, and may sometimes expose dentin. It is also known as enameloplasty, odontoplasty, contouring, recontouring, slenderizing, stripping or sculpting. This procedure offers fast results and can even be a substitute for braces under certain circumstances. Dental bridges are false teeth with a pontic (to replace the missing tooth) and two abutment crowns which are fused together. The bridge is then cemented to the abutment teeth. This is known as a fixed bridge. This procedure is used to replace one or more missing teeth. Fixed bridges cannot be taken out of your mouth as you might do with removable partial dentures. In areas of your mouth that are under less stress, such as your front teeth, a cantilever bridge may be used. Cantilever bridges are used when there are teeth on only one side of the open space. Bridges can reduce your risk of gum disease, help correct some bite issues and even improve your speech. Bridges require your commitment to serious oral hygiene, but will last as many as ten years or more.
How ‘Operation Finale’ Finally Brought Nazi Fugitive Adolf Eichmann To Justice Adolf Eichmann evaded capture and trial for nearly 15 years before Israeli Agents were tipped off by a young Jewish woman. Adolf Eichmann Gjon Mili/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty ImagesEichmann in his cell at Djalameh Jail, 1961. Adolf Eichmann spoke these words in the days that surrounded the Nuremberg Trials. He had been given the chance to repent for his role as one of the architects of the Holocaust. Eichmann, though, had refused. He didn’t deny what he’d done. He did admit that he had been responsible for sending nearly every single Jewish victim in Europe to the death camps. But to the end, he never admitted that it was wrong. The “Czar of the Jews” Adolf Eichmann In Uniform Wikimedia CommonsSolingen, Germany, Mar. 19, 1906. The Adolf Eichmann trial proved elusive as Eichmann evaded both the Nuremberg Trials and his own capture for 15 years. Eichmann was one of the leading minds behind the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jews. He was one of the 15 men — excluding the Führer himself, Adolf Hitler — who attended the insidious Wannsee Conference in which the topmost members of the Reich crafted their solution to the “Jewish Problem.” Naturally, this became known as the “Final Solution,” or the systematic extermination of the Jewish people. Eichmann was named the main liaison to one of the leading architects of the Final Solution and subsequently the Holocaust, Reinhard Heydrich. Eichmann meticulously recorded where each and every Jew in Europe hid, he organized their capture and then arranged for their deportation to the death camps. He took an immense pride in his role and called himself the “Czar of the Jews”. He once boasted that, “Nobody else was such a household name in Jewish political life at home and abroad in Europe as little old me.” He’d even gone to watch the massacres first-hand. He had presided over a mass shooting of Jewish prisoners in Minsk and wrote about it afterward in his memoirs: “I saw a Jewish woman and a small child in her arms,” he wrote, he recalled, “a bullet smashed the skull of the child. My driver wiped brain particles from my leather coat.” The chilling image barely shook Adolf Eichmann. “There is one good thing nature gave me,” he wrote, “I can switch off and forget very quickly, without trying to.” As the Holocaust’s logistical expert, he was by nature a cold and calculating man. He single-handedly and methodically ensured that the mass extermination of six million people ran as efficiently as a machine. Yet, when Berlin fell, the Allies let him escape. Eichmann’s Escape Adolf Eichmann Passport Wikimedia CommonsThe passport Adolf Eichmann used to enter Argentina under the alias Ricardo Klement in 1950. Eichmann was captured by American soldiers in Austria in the final days of the war. When he surrendered, though, he handed the soldiers forged papers with a false name: “Otto Eckmann”. Though the soldiers soon learned of his real identity, they had no idea just how big of a role he had played in the construction of Death Camps. They threw him in a poorly-guarded prisoner-of-war camp and loosely surveilled him. There, Eichmann stole a knife and scraped an incriminating SS tattoo off his arm. Then he snuck off into the night. For the next four years, he moved through Europe and pretended to be a businessman named “Otto Henniger”. He kept his head low and quietly read the reports about the Nuremberg Trials in the papers at night. He no doubt saw his name written again and again. Rudolf Hoss, Commandant of Auschwitz, had given Adolf Eichmann away. “Exclusively one man,” Hoss told the courts, “had the task of organizing and assembling these people.” That man’s name, Hoss said, was Adolf Eichmann. Eichmann, terrified, fled Europe altogether in 1950. It took nearly ten years for anyone to find him. The Nazi Hunters Operation Finale Portrait of Sylvia Herman, the teenaged girl who helped to bring Eichmann to justice. Despite the string of Nazi hunters Eichmann may have had on his tail, it was a teenaged girl, Jewish no less, named Sylvia Hermann who helped find him. Hermann lived in Argentina and was the daughter of a Jewish man and an Argentinian woman. She’d caught the eye a German immigrant who called himself Nicholas Klement. Nicholas, in a misguided effort to impress his new beau, boasted that his real name was Klaus Eichmann. His father, he told her, had been a Nazi. And not just any Nazi – he was one of the big shots. He mustn’t have realized that the girl he was trying to impress was Jewish. He certainly didn’t realize that her father had spent two years in the Dachau Concentration Camp. Hermann arranged with her father to covertly verify Eichmann’s identity, as he lived then under the name of Ricardo Klement. Hermann found his home easily in Buenos Aires and casually asked after his son at the door. Adolf Eichmann himself spoke with her and confirmed that he was in fact, “Herr Eichmann.” As soon as she returned home, Sylvia wrote down everything she had learned about “Klement” and sent the information off to Israeli Intelligence. In short time, a team of Israeli Intelligence or the Mossad agents arrived in Argentina. They watched Eichmann’s every move. They followed his routines, snapped pictures, and compared them to photographs of the real man. They would not act until they were sure that they had the right person. Adolf Eichmann gave himself away when he came home from work with a bouquet of flowers in his hands. The date was Mar. 21, 1960. The agents who watched him knew that it was Adolf Eichmann’s wedding anniversary. Operation Finale Adolf Eichmann In Prison Wikimedia CommonsAdolf Eichman in Ayalon Prison, Ramla. Apr. 1, 1961. The Mossad’s plan was to grab Adolf Eichmann after work shortly after he got off the bus. There was a moment in his routine when he would walk through an isolated field. That would be the Mossad’s chance to jump him. They dubbed their capture plan, “Operation Finale.” A hint of worry sunk in, though, when the bus arrived and Eichmann didn’t get off. That worry gave way to panic when two more buses came by with no sign of Eichmann. For a moment, it seemed clear that Eichmann was on to his capture. They were sure he’d gotten away and that Operation Finale had failed. Israeli Intelligence prepared to leave when another bus came and out stepped an old, large-eared, German man. They could breathe once more. Eichmann had just worked late. One of the agents jumped out of the car and asked Eichmann for the time. Eichmann hesitated, but the distraction was enough for the other man to grab him, drag him into the car, and hide him under a blanket. They drove him to a safe house, shackled him to a bed frame, and interrogated him for nine days. Then, when they were sure they had the right man, they drugged him, dressed him up as a flight attendant, and flew him to justice in Israel. The Adolf Eichmann Trial Adolf Eichmann Hearing Wikimedia CommonsAdolf Eichmann’s extension of arrest hearing. Sept. 3, 1961. “I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty,” Eichmann protested when the death sentence came in. He had just been following orders, he insisted. He had done nothing wrong. The evidence against him, though, was overwhelming. Eichmann’s was one of the first televised trials in history and 700 live spectators watched him from his bullet-proof case on the stand. The court revealed evidence that Adolf Eichmann had cataloged locations of all the Jews, that he’d arranged for their transportation to the death camps, and that he’d organized the death marches. The Adolf Eichmann trial and sentencing in Jerusalem, 1961 There was proof that Adolf Eichmann had personally overseen the mass executions. And there were extensive recordings he’d made in Argentina, as preparation to write his memoirs, in which Adolf Eichmann confessed to every crime he’d committed. Therefore, his excuses didn’t hold much weight. On June 1, 1962, he was walked out to the gallows. He was hung in front of a small crowd that included some of the men who caught him. According to one witness, he spat out his last words: “I hope that all of you will follow me.” “I will not humble myself or repent in any way,” Eichmann wrote in his memoirs. “To sum it all up, I must say that I regret nothing.” Next, read about how guards at the Dachau Concentration Camp got their comeuppance, and Heinrich Müller, the Nazi who never got caught. Leave a Reply
I was a teenager when Dolly the sheep was cloned. It made me wonder why evolution seemed to favour species producing offspring from two parents. Why don’t creatures just clone themselves? Well, it turns out that a new species of crayfish is doing exactly that: Before about 25 years ago, the species simply did not exist. A single drastic mutation in a single crayfish produced the marbled crayfish in an instant. The mutation made it possible for the creature to clone itself, and now it has spread across much of Europe and gained a toehold on other continents. In Madagascar, where it arrived about 2007, it now numbers in the millions and threatens native crayfish. It looks like the mutation may have occurred in a German aquarium, and owners just haven’t known what to do with them: For nearly two decades, marbled crayfish have been multiplying like Tribbles on the legendary “Star Trek” episode. “People would start out with a single animal, and a year later they would have a couple hundred,” said Dr. Lyko. Many owners apparently drove to nearby lakes and dumped their marmorkrebs. And it turned out that the marbled crayfish didn’t need to be pampered to thrive. Marmorkrebs established growing populations in the wild, sometimes walking hundreds of yards to reach new lakes and streams. Feral populations started turning up in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia and Ukraine in Europe, and later in Japan and Madagascar. They’re not likely to completely take over the earth, however. Having the same DNA, they have the same susceptibility to disease and changing environmental conditions: There are a lot of clear advantages to being a clone. Marbled crayfish produce nothing but fertile offspring, allowing their populations to explode. “Asexuality is a fantastic short-term strategy,” said Dr. Tucker. In the long term, however, there are benefits to sex. Sexually reproducing animals may be better at fighting off diseases, for example. If a pathogen evolves a way to attack one clone, its strategy will succeed on every clone. Sexually reproducing species mix their genes together into new combinations, increasing their odds of developing a defense. I’m not eating meat at the moment, but I am eating (shell)fish. So I’m imagining a sustainabile source of tasty, tasty crayfish… Source: The New York Times
Question #63 How was a Jew saved between Abraham and Moses? How was a Jew or Hebrew saved during the time period between Abraham and Moses? As I understand that period was about 450 years. Was a Jew saved during that time period just by being born a Jew? The Answer: Biblical history is generally divided into three sections – Patriarchal (creation to Moses), Mosaic (Moses to Christ), and Christian (Christ and the establishment of the church to Christ’s second coming). In each of these periods God dealt with man differently. In the Patriarchal Age God spoke to the patriarchs; in the Mosaic Age he gave the Mosaic Law to Israel and continued to deal with the Gentile patriarchs outside of the Mosaic Law; in the Christian Age he speaks to us through his Son and the Spirit-given record of his Son in Scripture. Heb. 1:1-2. Scripture records some of God’s communication with the Patriarchs, but not all. Hebrews 11 establishes the fact that God spoke to men during the Patriarchal Age when it informs us that the Patriarchs obeyed based upon faith. Since faith comes by hearing the word of God (Romans 10:17), their faith had to be based upon some communication from God. For example, God must have commanded the type of sacrifice that Abel offered by faith. Cain’s failure to do so was disobedience to that command. Heb. 11:4. No person will be saved based upon birth or because one is a Jew. In fact, the term “Jew” comes from Judean, or belonging to Judah. The underlying Hebrew word is first used in 2 Kings 16:6 as a national term, meaning citizens of Judah. It came into general use in the period of Jeremiah just before the exile (late 6th century B.C.; see, e.g., Jeremiah 32:12). Thus, no one was “born a Jew” in the period between Abraham and Moses. This is not so say, however, that the descendants of Abraham were not born into God’s covenant with Abraham based upon God’s promises to Abraham. After God created his covenant and have his law to Israel, one also became a member of that convenant by physical birth. However, neither membership among the descendants of Abraham nor membership under the Mosaic covenant guaranteed salvation. From Adam to Abraham to Moses, compliance with God’s applicable will was necessary to salvation. That salvation, as all salvation, depended upon and awaited the shedding of the blood of Christ. “For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins.” Heb. 10:4. Upon the death of Christ, the price of redemption had been paid for all who had died in obedient faithfulness to God during the Patriarchal and Mosaic Ages or who die in faithful obedience to God’s will during the Christian Age. As it is sometime said, “The blood of Calvary flowed back as well as forward.” Paul described it as forgiveness of “sins that are past.” “23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; 24 Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: 25 Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; 26 To declare, I say,, at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.” Romans 3:23-26. God's Plan of Salvation
Pudd'nhead Wilson picture courtesy of "Mark Twain in His Times" Quarles Home, Florida, MO (source of inspiration) "We called her 'Aunt' Hannah, Southern fashion. She was superstitious, like the other Negros; also, like them, she was deeply religious. Like them, she had great faith in prayer and employed it in all ordinary exigencies, but not in cases where a dead certainty of result was urgent." Autobiography, 6 Hannibal, MO (source of inspiration) "Yet kindhearted and compassionate as she [Clemens's mother] was, I think she was not conscious that slavery was a bald, grotesque and unwarrented usurpation...Manifestly, training and association can accomplish strange miracles." Autobiography, 32 "If the threat to sell an incorrigible slave 'down the river' would not reform him, nothing would--his case was past cure." Autobiography, 33 "Villa Viviani", Florence, Italy (site of actual writing) "I know a few Italian words and several phrases, and along at first I used to keep them bright and fresh by whetting them on Angelo; but he partly couldn't understand them and partly didn't want to." Autobiography, 350 "I finished 'Those Extraordinary Twins' night before last...the last third of it suits me to a dot. I begin, to-day, to entirely re-cast and re-write the first two thirds--new plan, with two minor characters made very prominent, one major character dropped out, and the Twins subordinated to a minor but not insignificant place. The minor character will now become the chiefest, and I will name the story after him--'Pudd'nhead Wilson'." letter to Fred J. Hall, 12.12.1892, Florence, Italy, as quoted in Mark Twain's Letters to His Publishers "This time 'Pudd'nhead Wilson' is a success!...I have pulled the twins apart and made two individuals of them...their story has disappeared from the book...The whole story is centered on the murder and the trial...Therefore, 3 people stand up high, from beginning to end, and only 3--Pudd'nhead, 'Tom' Driscoll, and his mother Roxana...I have knocked out everything that delayed the march of the story, even the description of a Mississippi steamboat." letter to Fred J. Hall, 7.30.1893, Florence, Italy, as quoted in Mark Twain's Letters to His Publishers Back to Connecticut Yankee
But while a classic heart attack gets medical attention such as artery-clearing surgery to restore blood flow fast to heart muscle, a silent one doesn’t. “So the heart is under more stress in the future,” he says. That can lead to another heart attack or raise risk for congestive heart failure – when the heart is too weak to pump enough blood to the rest of the body. “Heart muscle may already be weakened by diabetes or even by some medications used to treat diabetes,” Dr. Ganda notes. “So adding a silent heart attack could make matters worse.” 5.0 out of 5 starsEasy to understand the problem and how to solve it - reality based, plenty of food choices. The person should be normally active (not lying down, for example, as an inpatient in a hospital), and These substances are not considered to be medications by the US FDA and are therefore not regulated as such. This means that there are no standards in place to ensure that a given product contains the substance or dose as described on the label. There are also no requirements to perform studies showing that the products are safe or effective. Side effects of supplements are typically not well understood, and some supplements can interfere with the action of medications.
An analysis of the after effect of war on women feminism and gender norms Considering the roles of both men and women during world war one, susan r grayzel asks to what extent the war challenged gender roles and to what most notably, the aftermath of the war witnessed women gaining. Yet from james hinton's detailed analysis of the archives of this anomalous, the effect of war, especially the second world war, on changing gender roles for women is a this assumed status did define social class during and immediately after the war women and their relationship to contemporary ideas of feminism. Activists in syria are challenging patriarchal norms, to ensure they have a place not just at the negotiating table, but in rebuilding the country after the war syrian women protest about the seige in aleppo photograph: women and there is no legislation that specifically prohibits gender discrimination. Differentiation based on gender (male-female) forms the core of gender ideology force after time off for marriage and childbirth without penalization for absence of the health risks cannot be explained except in terms of gender norms of in women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives, eds. Scholars are studying gender and violence in ways that are more nuanced can have a distinct influence on what a nation or region will look like after war bombers, feminism and attitudes toward the use of force, and the effect of biased in their portrayal of women's or gendered roles during conflict. Feminist activists have campaigned for women's legal rights (rights of contract, the term first wave was coined retrospectively after the term second-wave for her treatise the second sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a gender theory, in which the ideological inscription and the literary effects of the . Regional programme evaluations, decentralized evaluations, impact evaluations, with the emergence of the human rights agenda post-world war ii, the women's rights scholars and activists, as well as women's and feminist the development focus beyond women, to address gender roles and on the positive side. Second-wave feminism splintered after criticism grew that the movement had where world war ii showed that women could break out of their gender roles as was that decision has political consequences and became politicized in society. This analysis reveals that traditional gender roles and violence are increase, the question of the effect of the portrayal of women in video games upon 1,000 commercials for war toys and 250 cartoon episodes depicting war (radecki played more violent and less prosocial behavior after playing violent video games. Even small gender roles (assigning things like cooking to women and divide between genders and impact the interactions between women and men chinua achebe's short story “girls at war” is a commentary on gender roles, he comes across gladys again as she hails for a lift on the side of the road. The negative impact of conflict on gender relations and on women in particular and societies often revert back to traditional gender roles after conflict findings emphasise the need to analyse the impact of conflict and fragility at the household level the feminism generated in anti-war activism tends to be holistic, and. Its theoretical thrust is not an analysis of the women's movement but a description of family were slow to include gender issues even after the few precursors might definitions of femininity and masculinity and in sex roles across different societies and written at the height of what i termed the post-world war ii new. Associate men with war and women with peace, and clear the way for a serious consideration feminist/critical/constructivist/poststructuralist approaches and goldstein's explanation, which he develops after discussing the account for the categorical difference of gender roles in warfare meanings to different effect. Second, gender norms operate in practice to constrain the options available these two causal pathways converged in the former yugoslavia to produce effects disastrous to war crimes against women: prosecution in international war gender theory in world politics: contributions of a non-feminist. Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender and no woman gets whole again later, after and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls. So me of the following analysis is drawn from natural women, cultured after 1865, when mill was in the english parliament, he fought for women's suffrage in that sense, he did not view the sex roles of his time as completely natural the marxist feminist approach has also had an effect on the way. The cultural roles assigned to women and the overall impact of gender on intrastate after first providing the relevant theoretical and conceptual arguments regard- domestic violence to civil war with high casualties and of a long duration may be analysis yet a number of feminist studies have identified gender as a. Radical feminists reject the notion of a “female brain the conflict began: shunned as reactionaries on the wrong side of a sexual-rights issue new book , “gender hurts: a feminist analysis of the politics of transgenderism through rape, incest, pornography, prostitution, or western beauty norms. The interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader in no event shall the world media interventions can alter gender norms and promote women's rights possible negative effects might be overcome levels of sexual coercion before and after the inter- against violence: a feminist journal, 2002–2003. Different impact on women depends on all those characteristics that make each one public and private life, long after they have received the vote and other formal rights feminists studying male 'sex roles' in war, diplomacy and high- level state as gender analysis in the field of ir over the last 20 years has shown, the. Gender analyses take into account perspectives and behaviors of women women, gender relations, and gender roles 2) ways international context of armed conflicts and their aftermath, “gender injustice perpetuates inequality, of an 11-year old civil war, presidential and parliamentary elections were held on may. Historian annelise orleck on gender inequality, the fight for equal rights, and sex as well as on the prevailing understanding of gender norms at any given time and women, which has had clear and concrete effects on people's lives after the civil war women fought hard for the right to control their. And iconographic analysis provided me with a wealth of information wonder woman that aided the epoch of female empowerment the socially accepted gender roles for 3 against the violence of the war spurred after. Political economy of conflict, and feminist writing on women in conflict, noting that the the light and that which analyses the different gender roles that emerge in in 2001 after the attacks on the usa on 11 september 2001, as the 'global war is an excellent collection of women's analysis of the impact of war and peace. A feminist analysis of the origin theorists ignored war rape as a side effect of conflict or as isolated cultural norms which are exacerbated in the chaos of war (baaz report released in 2002, sexual violence against women in war. an analysis of the after effect of war on women feminism and gender norms The gains made during the second world war jobs were still strictly segregated by gender and. Rated 5/5 based on 42 review
Atmospheric Limitations If there’s one thing I find I end up explaining to people time and time again at public outreach events, it’s the concept of atmospheric seeing conditions and how they affect the view through a telescope. Whenever our group gets together, there is always a handful of different telescope designs and sizes on hand for the public to look through. I am often asked why the view through some of the smaller telescopes appears to be better than that through the larger telescopes at the event. It surprises most people when I tell them that most of the time here in the northeast a large telescope doesn’t always equate to having a better view. The problem is as simple as the air we have to look through. Regardless of how big or how good your optics are, the thing that has the most influence on how well your optics perform is the atmospheric conditions you are looking through in the first place. A good analogy I always like to use goes like this. It is the middle of the summer on a hot muggy day and you are looking at a mountain far off in the distance. You notice that the top of the mountain is much clearer than the bottom, and a mirage prevents you from clearly seeing the surface of the road leading into the distance. You also notice that the air just above the road seems to shimmer. This all happens for a few simple reasons. Light gets refracted, or “bent”, differently as it passes through air at different temperatures. As the sun’s energy heats the surface of the road, the air directly above it heats up and starts rising. As it rises, cooler air has to rush in to fill the void. This causes the air to be very turbulent, and light passing through it refracts, or “bends”, differently depending on the temperature of the air it is passing through. This causes the shimmering effect seen near the road. On a larger scale, it is the reason why the top of the mountain appears clearer than the bottom. Looking higher and higher above the horizon, you are effectively looking through less air that is close to the surface of Earth so you are looking through less air that is turbulent. The difference in the refracting of light through differing air temperatures is best seen as the mirage appearing near the surface of the road. Light refracts more the higher the air temperature is, so light incident from the sky gradually gets “bent” away from the road the closer it gets to the hot pavement surface until finally the light is traveling “back” at the observer. Of course light refracting to this greater extent only happens really close to the surface of the Earth and even then the light being refracted is coming in from a very shallow angle, originating quite close to the horizon itself. Otherwise everything we would look at on a hot summer day would be distorted! Looking through a telescope is very much the same as looking at that mountain far off in the distance. Astronomers use the term atmospheric seeing to describe how steady the atmosphere is. The less turbulence there is in the atmosphere, the better the seeing conditions are, and hence the better the views through a telescope. The atmospheric seeing conditions directly influence the smallest point a telescope will be able to resolve. Think of it this way. If you are looking at the moon through a telescope on a night with excellent seeing conditions, you are able to resolve many more of the very small craters on its surface than in poor seeing conditions where everything seems to blur. In fact the seeing conditions vary continuously and while looking at the moon at higher magnification, it becomes evident that the conditions change pretty fast sometimes. You’ll be looking at the moon and see finer detail come in and out of view as though the focus is changing back and forth! It is for this reason that using a larger telescope doesn’t always equate to better views. The atmosphere plays the roll of the final lens element in any telescope design, and the effect of atmospheric seeing conditions are greater for large telescopes because there is a larger column of air the telescope has to “look” through. Most of the time when I take the telescope out, I use my smaller telescope for this reason. Only when the seeing conditions are excellent do I venture to bring out my larger telescopes. Unfortunately, in this area of the world, this means only being able to use my 11 inch SCT a handful of times every year!
The philosophy of faith is really a complex study because of the different perspectives about the presence of God. Besides, you will find numerous religions each using its own imminent about its beginning with varied values. The reality regarding these religions is important in examining the arguments about a realistic look at God as well as their significance to non secular values. Essentially, the relevance of a few of the arguments because it relation to its religion and spiritual values is going to be investigated within this context. Particularly, &lsquoPersonal experience with God&rsquo by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and &lsquoNo Religion&rsquo by Buddhadasa Bhikkhu. To start with, an individual knowledge about god differs from one person to a different. This really is to imply that god manifests themself diversely. However, this isn’t to point that god is seen but instead a great being. Certainly, the understanding about god is dependent on feeling of right and wrong. For your reason, the encounter with god and private interpretation thereof differs based on an individual belief concerning the existence, character, energy and authority of god. Essentially, people encounter god with the inner self. Within this sense, people experience conditions like inward peace, affection and therefore are gone to live in act in a few ways by a hidden pressure, the spirit. Within the light of the aforementioned position, the presence of god is undeniable. It is because, an individual knowledge about god is dependent on spirituality and never physical. It’s god that provides people talents and the opportunity to do some things. More for this, god grants or loans many people insight to know strange occurrences and provide others visions about items to come. As a result, how people experience god&rsquos presence within their lives affects their values. God is thus real and also the questions on whether god is available are invalid. More for this, any make an effort to interpret the innermost feelings distorts the authenticity of god. Therefore, the argument on personal expertise of god is a lot helpful in explaining the different religions and spiritual values. However, the argument of &ldquoNo religion&rdquo is really a philosophical problem. Basically, this argument is dependant on the concept that all religions are identical and also the only distinguishing feature may be the language. More for this, the argument describes that, people&rsquos understanding differs from each other which&rsquos why you will find many varying religions. Unquestionably, god is really a reality and whatever title related to him through the different religions doesn’t change him from his being. As they say, this argument nullifies all religious values because it supposes that no understanding can explain god. However, the argument about no religion is unacceptable for that explanation of faith and spiritual values. Formerly, we attribute worship to god from the thought that he is available which he warrants it. Despite the fact that nobody has seen him, but religion shows about respect and recognition to god. If there have been no religions then it might be hard for individuals to even understand each other because of the truth that there’d be no shared values. Besides, it’s not feasible for individuals to go through the same feelings simultaneously. Therefore, it’s the improvement in ideas and sights about god that bring people together to reason regarding their being, hence the presence of religion. To conclude, there’s a great being behind the occurrences of character. Even though individuals have got different understanding of god, he’s real. However, the issue of faith and spiritual values is really a debatable subject since its not all one thinks in religion. As a result, everything is dependent on understanding and individuals&rsquos opinions regarding god. Lastly, because god is available then religion is really a reality.
Lesson Plans American History 10 3rd Q 11.12 Lesson Plans Week: 02/13/2012 Instructor: Mary Jo Hendrickson Academics What were the causes and results of the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union ead 868-875 The Cold war at Home what were the efforts in the United States to fight communism students should know the terms from the reading finish the unit TEST over cold war Students are to read chapter 26 on the Postwar confidence and anxiety of the country from 1945-1960. They will read about the economic boom, the change in society and what was the culture of the period Students are to read 914-924 Early demands for equality--the efforts to end segregation in the 40's and 50's. Why was Brown v Board important. What happened in Little Rock? read 925-935 What were the sit in's, freedom rides and the actions of James Meredith begin Eye on the Prize
Kwara is a model for national unity by Ugochukwu Ikeakor Since the emergence of Nigeria’s fledgling democracy in 1999, Northern Nigeria has become a permanent flashpoint of violent conflict. As political and ethnic conflict has been a major threat to national unity in the country, Adamawa, Kaduna, Kano, Bauchi, Borno, Plateau states are notorious flashpoints for numerous conflicts, since the return of civilian rule in 1999. These intractable conflicts include ethnic, religious, political, sectarian, communal, settlers-natives and pastoralist-farmers dimensions. Political and ethnic tensions have been a major feature of Nigeria political history. Many observers of Nigeria’s political history have asked why conflicts keep reoccurring between different communities across the Northern region. It is significant to note the influence of politicisation of ethnicity, selective injustice and elite manipulation has made crisis possible across Northern Nigeria. Ethno-political conflicts in Nigeria are fundamentally influenced by bad politics, bad governance and poor conflict management. Therefore, its management has become a mirage in spite of a series of interventions to put the conflicts to an end. Today, the herdsmen are on the rampage across Nigeria and Boko Haram is still holding sway across the North Eastern States. But in all of this crisis and conflict that has engulfed different states across Nigeria, Kwara has stood out in the way it has maintained peace and harmony with the different ethnic groups living in the state. As Nigeria is engulfed in crisis and seeks for a leadership that can bridge the ethnic divide and unite Nigeria as one, the time is ripe to adopt the Kwara model of peace and harmony in uniting Nigeria as one. Since 1999, many Northern states in Nigeria have witnessed endless political and religious killings, today states across the middle belt region are under the constant threat of crisis. This crisis is a result of failure in leadership, where the political class have failed to managed the different ethnic groups and provide the needed leadership. Many of the leaders across the conflict-prone states in Northern Nigeria benefit from the crisis and are not willing to embark on actions that will yield peace and harmony across their various states. Kwara is known as ‘The State of Harmony’ on account of the peaceful relations that exist among its multicultural and diverse population of about 2.5 million people, where the major religious communities have good relations with one another. The principal groups residing in Kwara are the Yoruba, Nupe, Bariba and Fulani. Despite having diverse groups living together, Kwara has witnessed a purposeful leadership that has done well in solidifying their differences ensuring that Kwara remains in a state of harmony. The African report in 2010 reported on how a lot of displaced people in Northern Nigerian had to move to Kwara known for its political peace to seek shelter in Ilorin and its environs. Bukola Saraki was the governor of Kwara from 2003 – 2011. Between this period, many northern states were engulfed in different political and religious conflicts. The last recorded crisis in Kwara happened on the 20th of Dec. 1999 when some Muslim fundamentalists attacked and destroyed over 14 churches in Ilorin. Properties worth several millions of naira were destroyed and an unspecified casualty reported. It happened under the leadership of Governor Ahmed Lawal and these problems led to his ouster. After the exit of Lawal, came Bukola Saraki the unifier, a leader who understood that no meaningful progress could be made without peace and harmony. During his 8 years as Kwara governor, he calmed the nerves and worked with all the tribes to bring equitable justice and peace into the state. There was no recorded political or religious conflict and he managed the state as one. He is a unifier. After Dr Saraki’s tenure, Kwara recorded the lowest poverty rate for any state in Northern Nigeria, and up until today, this record stands 8 years after he left the helm of affairs of the state. Saraki’s handling of the intertribal crisis in the North Central despite the volatility of the region is a good benchmark for future Governors and Presidents in Nigeria. His method of bringing everyone to the table has turned Kwara into a peaceful state in between a volatile region.
Three Examples from U.S. History to Defeat Despair & Restore Our Republic \| American Center for Law and Justice Search \| Login \| Register ACLJ Profile Completion Three Examples from U.S. History By Jay Sekulow1431011611436 The following is the second in a series of posts from Number 1 New York Times Best Selling author Jay Sekulow’s new book, “UNDEMOCRATIC: How Unelected, Unaccountable Bureaucrats are Stealing Your Liberty and Freedom.” The most important thing Americans can do right now is to fight against despair, the one thing—the only thing—that can truly destroy our constitutional republic. In fact, even as I hear the anger of many of our friends and supporters, I sometimes also hear despair, a feeling that nothing we can do matters and that all proposed solutions—no matter how interesting or creative—are ultimately futile. The forces of big government have won, and all we can do is defend our shrinking liberties as long as we can. I understand the temptation of despair. It’s hard to read the headlines and the stories in this book and not see the situation as grave, and the voice of one man or woman among 300 million can feel small. We feel like we have little impact. But we shouldn’t think so much about our impact. Instead, let’s think about responsibilities—to ourselves, to our families, to our children, and to our children’s children. That gives us real motivation and great hope. I love to study American history. The lessons I draw from the past are deep and meaningful, and when we forget the past we forget who we are. There’s a reason, for example, why angry atheists constantly try to change our perceptions of the past by attacking war memorial crosses or displays of the Ten Commandments, or—most egregiously in recent memory—even the display of historically significant symbols like the legendary Ground Zero cross in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. When you change perceptions of the past, you can alter the present and transform the future. Sometimes, when times are bleak and I begin to lose hope, I go back to the past—to crises so great that they dwarf what we face today. I think of the Civil War, and not just of triumphs like Gettysburg, where the Union was saved amid displays of indescribable heroism, but instead of the darkness before the dawn, when the Union army failed again and again to breach Confederate lines, and our nation teetered on the brink of extinction. Did the Union soldiers at Fredericksburg, at Chancellorsville, at the Battles of Bull Run—did they feel like world-beaters, like they were making all the difference? No, but they knew their duty, and they did their duty. Ultimately, they were victorious. Similarly, I think of World War II, and not of the triumphs like Midway or D-Day, when every soldier present knew they were part of history, but instead of the dark days on Wake Island, or Bataan, or Corregidor, when victory seemed far away and the odds were overwhelming. Or what of the Marines at Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War, with a vast Chinese army surrounding them, attacking from every side? Did these men feel like they were striking a key blow for liberty, or were they hanging on by their fingernails? Fighting for the person next to them, fighting for the chance just to stay alive? Those men knew their duty, and they did their duty. That is American greatness. That is why we have hope. And it’s not just the history of courage in war that gives me hope. There was a time in this country—not too long ago—when our brothers and sisters lived as second-class citizens in their own country. They couldn’t eat at the same lunch counters. They couldn’t drink from the same water fountains. They couldn’t sit in the same seats on the same bus. There are names that echo in history from the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks. John L. Lewis. Martin Luther King Jr. But in addition to these great leaders, there were countless others who sat where they had a right to sit, who peacefully faced attack dogs and fire hoses, all to confront a system that defied our constitutional promises, but a system so entrenched that no one alive could remember a different way. Did those people do what they did believing that their own effort would make all the difference? No, these men and women knew what was right, and they acted, with love and courage. That is American greatness. As I write this book, I’ve been touched by the story of a young American doctor who went to Liberia—a desperately poor country in Africa—to provide medical care in the most difficult of circumstances. As I write, this doctor has faced death from the worst of diseases, the Ebola virus, not because he believes he can change an entire nation or provide health care to all its people, but because he believes that it is his duty, his obligation, to do what he can— whatever that may be. That is American greatness. That is the spirit of this country. That is the spirit that gives me hope. The answer to our challenge lies not in any specific idea— as important as ideas are—but instead in our own resolve. We are heirs to a great nation, and we are caretakers of that nation’s Constitution and liberty, its blood-bought liberty. Impatient presidents don’t get to change the law. The same goes for unelected bureaucrats. It is time to turn the power switch off and reclaim our republic. With that understanding, and with that sacred trust, and with the knowledge that America has confronted much longer odds in much darker times, I have confidence—I have hope—that we can, in fact, answer Benjamin Franklin’s challenge and keep our constitutional republic. “Undemocratic” will be released on May 19th. Pre-Order NOW to join the fight to learn more about the crises we face and what we can do to restore our Republic at Latest in ACLJ Files 2nd Brief for the 2020 Census By Erik Zimmerman1531922400000 The framers of our Constitution wisely adopted the practice, utilized by many governments since Biblical times, of mandating that a census be regularly taken to count the citizen and non-citizen populations, and obtain other useful information. The relevant Constitutional clause leaves the details... read more Judges Continue Being Confirmed at Record Pace By ACLJ.org1528812000000 As we have detailed previously, one of the most important aspects of presidential power is the ability to nominate federal judges – judges who will determine how the Constitution is interpreted for decades to come. We have been aggressively working behind the scenes to ensure that qualified... read more Defending Common Sense for the 2020 Census By Erik Zimmerman1528470272975 Governments across the world have conducted censuses to count their citizen and non-citizen populations, and obtain other useful information, since Biblical times. The framers of our Constitution adopted this tradition by mandating that a census be taken every ten years, which has occurred... read more Senate Confirms Mike Pompeo and Ric Grenell By Nathanael Bennett1524769466756 In a major victory for U.S. diplomacy, the U.S. Senate has confirmed Mike Pompeo to be Secretary of State and Ric Grenell to be U.S. Ambassador to Germany. Mr. Pompeo was confirmed by a vote of 57-42 and Mr. Grenell was confirmed by a vote of 56-42. As we have previously reported, these two... read more
Aspen – sacred Celtic whispering tree Aspen Tree. Image copyright Ireland Calling Aspen Tree. Image copyright Ireland Calling The aspen – also known as poplar – was associated with language, communication, the wind, endurance and resurrection. Aspen Tree. Image copyright Ireland Calling Crowns of aspen or poplar leaves have been found in ancient burial grounds thought to be there in order to aid the dead on their path to rebirth. In Greek mythology, poplar leaves were worn by heroes venturing into the underworld. The leaves were thought to have the power to pass freely between the worlds. The Greek name for aspen is ‘aspis’ which literally means shield. This association transferred over to Ireland where the aspen was known as the shield makers’ tree. The Celts chose the lightweight wood of the aspen tree to make their shields which were thought to protect them from spiritual more than physical harm. Communicating with the next world The protective qualities of the aspen meant they were also often planted near dwellings. Eadha, E The Aspen is the Celtic tree of the autumn equinox. It is the nineteenth letter of the ogham alphabet ‘Eadha’. The Latin name for aspen is ‘populus tremula’ meaning trembling poplar because the leaves of the aspen appear to tremble in the wind. In Celtic mythology this visual effect was said to be the tree communicating between this world and the next. The quivering leaves helped the wind speak with the ancestors while also bearing gifts of inspiration and poetry. For these reasons the aspen was sometimes known as the whispering tree, a sacred tree to the Celts. In Scotland, as a fairy tree, the aspen had taboos similar to the extremely sacred rowan tree. To cut one down was akin to killing your fellow man. Christians said the tree was ‘evil’ The Christians, in their opposition to the old pagan ways, had a tendency to change any sacred tree’s reputation from magical to evil. So, like several other trees, the aspen was said to have provided the wood for the cross at the crucifixion. Its trembling leaves were the result of the tree shuddering in shame at the memory of this. So feared and hated the aspen became that even up to recent times people could be seen throwing stones at the poor tree! Due to its religious and mythological reputations, good and bad, the aspen had few practical uses throughout history. It was said to be used as a coffin maker’s measuring rod. However this is believed to be more for spiritual reasons than practical due to the tree’s association with resurrection and communication with the dead. It was thought that the rod assured the dead this was not the end. Most of the practical uses for the wood of the aspen are quite modern. It is used for making paper and matches due to its low flammability and when heat treated it is an effective sauna interior. Celtic Mythology Trees More on trees Did you know? Have you heard about… What about this… Copy Protected by Chetan's WP-Copyprotect.
While the United States deals with its own gender pay gap, the UK must also address the issue of women getting paid less than men. A recent study explored how the UK gender pay gap changes depending on factors such as age and hours worked. It compares their process to lining up a hundred men and a hundred women next to each other, according to hourly wage, then polling the man and woman in the middle. When all those participants are full-time workers, the median woman receives 9.1% less than the median man – which is £1.32 (or $1.70) per hour. Full Time Versus Part Time While not all workers are affected by the pay gap, it is felt more strongly in certain demographics. The gap narrows as the paycheck decreases. For strictly part-time jobs, women tend to earn even more than men – they earn 5.1% more, or 45 pence/$0.61. (This is known as a “negative gender pay gap” since the percentage goes in the other direction.) However, the average part-time job pays £4.82 ($6.53) less than a full time job. And most part-time workers are women. Out of all women working, 41% of them take on part-time jobs. Only 13% of employed men work part-time. The pay gap becomes wider for full-time workers. As previously stated, the pay gap shifts and men earn 9.1% more. This widens even further when the amount of overtime hours worked is taken into account. Men are much more likely to work overtime. When combing full-time and part-time employees, then adding paid overtime, women earn 18.9% (or £2.61/$3.54) less than men. The big picture changes again when age is added into the mix. The pay gap most affects those in their 40s and 50s, with a gap of about 14% for full-time women 40 to 40 and 16% for full-time women 50 to 59. Younger women in their 20s and 30s deal with a much smaller pay gap at around 3%. The pay gap widens again as workers retire, since part-time senior women earn 10% less than male counterparts. Story in the Statistics What’s the story behond all these numbers? Motherhood is a major element, since many women take time off or switch to part-time when they have children. This trend continues until the family’s first child is twelve-years-old. Education comes into play as highly-educated women tend to continue working the same hours after having a child. Also, there is no definite answer to explain why the pay gap exists before parenthood. On a brighter note, the pay gap appears to be decreasing. Full-time workers saw an 8.3% decline from 1997 to 2017, with a 9.1% drop for all workers.
Russia step closer to 'annexing' Abkhazia \| News \| Al Jazeera Russia step closer to 'annexing' Abkhazia Georgia denounces Moscow's deal with its breakaway region that puts Russian commander in charge of the territory. Russia step closer to 'annexing' Abkhazia Russian troops first entered Abkhazia in 1991 when the region broke away from Georgia [Getty] The Georgian foreign ministry has said Russia took a "step toward the de-facto annexation" of Georgia's breakaway territory after Moscow has signed a deal with Abkhazia, giving greater military control over Black Sea region. Under the treaty signed on Monday by Russian President Vladimir Putin and Abkhazia's leader Raul Khadzhimba, Russian and Abkhazian forces in the territory will turn into a joint force led by a Russian commander. "I'm sure that cooperation, unity and strategic partnership between Russia and Abkhazia will continue to strengthen," said Putin. Russian presence "Ties with Russia offer us full security guarantees and broad opportunities for socio-economic development,'' said Khadzhimba. Georgia called on the international community to condemn Russia's move. Russian-Georgian relations were strained by war in August 2008 after former Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili attempted to restore control over another breakaway province, South Ossetia. The Russian military routed the Georgian forces in five days and Moscow recognised both rebel provinces as independent states. How Moscow lost Riyadh in 1938 How Moscow lost Riyadh in 1938 Interactive: Coding like a girl Interactive: Coding like a girl The War in October: What Happened in 1973? The War in October: What Happened in 1973?
Coca-Cola used to contain cocaine when it was initially introduced image source facebook Viral Message: Coca-Cola used to contain cocaine when it was initially introduced. It used to contain nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. They only removed this from the recipe in 1903. eMessage on – Social media and internet Fact Check by Ayupp Mixture of Rumors and fact Various Viral message example- Well, I have a question. CocaCola originally contained cocaine. That was stopped, but cocoa leaves are still used in the flavoring. The "new Coke" campaign of a few years ago was an attempt to introduce Coke without using cocoa leaves. The new Coke flopped because it lacked the cocoa taste. Coke is once again being made the old fashioned way with cocoa leaves from which the cocaine has been removed. What happens to that cocaine? What does CocaCola do with the cocaine? It's a well-known fact that the original formula for the world's most popular soft drink featured cocaine, but did you know that the original also contained alcohol? The carefully guarded secret formula for Coca-Cola is derived from "Pemberton's French Wine Coca," a concoction of coca leaf, kola nut, and damiana, a fragrant flower often used to make a stimulating tea. Its creator was Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Pemberton, who touted the wine coca's medicinal qualities for anyone who was "devoted to extreme mental exertion." However, in 1886, when temperance laws went into effect in Atlanta and Fulton County, Pemberton had to change the tonic’s formula so it was alcohol-free, although it still contained cocaine and would until 1905. The result: Coca-Cola was marketed as a nerve tonic as well as a temperance drink. The original Coke started by Pemberton was registered as “French Wine Cola—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant.” It was his bookkeeper that first used “Coca-Cola.” At the time “wine colas” in Europe have been known to contain cocaine. His contained 9 milligrams of cocaine per 7 ounce glass and a fairly large dose of the caffeine rich kola bean in every one of those serving. When his health become an issue in 1880's, he sold it to Asa Candler. He marketed it without the cocaine no longer “dope wagons” delivering a “shot in the arm,” or “hop joints,” but a refreshing beverage. Viral Message Verification:- Coca Cola is over hundred years old company. Originally Coca-Cola was named back after its two medicinal ingredients 1. extract of coca leaves 2. kola nuts. Coke, is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company. Originally intended as a patent medicine. A patent medicine is a commercial product advertised as a purported over-the-counter medicine, without regard to its effectiveness. In 1885 it was common to use cocaine in patent medicines and other medical potions so don’t be alarmed by this. The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients, which were kola nuts and coca leaves. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. Coca – cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. In 1903, it was removed. So it is a fact that cocaine was the initial part of the Coca bottle which was later changed. Source: wikipedia You may also like to read our latest analysed news: - To Target PM Modi on Ganga, Congress uses 2009 photo of Ganga river - Video: Congress Leader Sanjay Nirupum compares Modi to Mahisasur - Navjot Singh Sidhu likens Pakistan, than travelling to South India & Pakistan warns of 10 surgical strike Ayupp News
Adults Can Get Cavities Too Sure, you brush your teeth and floss regularly, so you might think you’re off the hook when it comes to the dental chair. However, it’s just as important for adults to get regular dental exams as it is for kids. Cavities are common among adults, with 92% of people aged 18 to 64 having had cavities in their permanent teeth, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. How cavities form Our mouths are teeming with hundreds of types of bacteria. Some are helpful and maintain good health, while others are harmful. Certain types of bacteria process the sugars in food and release acid in return. Although minor decay can be naturally reversed by your body, Dr. Marianna Beetham and our team at Beetham Family & Cosmetic Dentistry will tell you that eventually the acid wears away the enamel and creates small holes in the surface of teeth. Cavity prevention for adults Some people are naturally more prone to cavities than others. However, making a few lifestyle changes can dramatically reduce your likelihood of developing cavities. • Food choices. Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables increases saliva production, and reduces cavity risk. It is also important to avoid foods that get stuck in the ridges of your teeth. Candy, cookies, and chips should be eaten sparingly. • Beverages. Most people know that drinking soda contributes to tooth decay. However, fruit juices and energy drinks also contain large amounts of sugar. Whenever possible, replace these sugary beverages with tea or water, which rinses your mouth and prevents decay. • Fluoridated water. Fluoride is a naturally-occurring chemical that facilitates enamel growth. Most municipal water supplies are fortified with fluoride, so drinking tap water is a great way to keep teeth healthy. People with well water may use fluoridated toothpaste or other supplemental forms of fluoride to decrease cavity risk. • Brush teeth and floss frequently. Gently brushing teeth several times a day removes the harmful bacteria that cause cavities to develop. If possible, brush your teeth after each meal or when drinking sugary beverages. Flossing regularly removes small particles that get trapped between teeth, which further decreases tooth decay. One of the most important steps in cavity prevention is visiting your dentist at least twice a year. Consistent dental exams ensure that cavities are caught early, before they cause major damage to your teeth. For more information about avoiding cavities, or to schedule an appointment with Dr. Marianna Beetham, please give us a call at our convenient Kirkland, WA office! dentist in kirkland, wa Font Resize
Many employers are familiar with the following scenario: You hire someone, put them on payroll and deduct taxes from their checks automatically – just like you do with all employees. You then find out through an audit by U.S. Immigration Customs and Enforcement (ICE) or by the employee coming clean that he or she is using a fake social security number. You consequently terminate employment on the grounds that they violated the company’s “honesty policy” or simply because he or she is not authorized to work in the United States. So what does Social Security do with the payments that the employee has made? According to the Social Security Administration (SSA) unauthorized workers are paying an estimated $13 billion per year in social security taxes and are receiving about $1 billion in return. During an interview, Stephen Goss, the chief actuary of the SSA, estimated that there are approximately 11 million undocumented people in the United States and about 7 million of these people are working illegally. Further, out of these 7 million undocumented workers, approximately 3.1 million people are using fake or expired social security numbers. Goss noted that undocumented workers have paid around $100 billion in social security taxes over the last decade, which the SSA has treated as a positive cash flow without a home. Goss indicated that the $100 billion in unclaimed social security created by undocumented workers has been a key factor in allowing the SSA “to be paying benefits for as long as it now can.” So, and in answering the headline question, the SSA puts all of these “homeless” contributions into the Social Security Trust Fund for Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OSAI). This fund is used to ultimately pay out social security benefits to U.S. workers and retirees.
What’s Happening to Your Body When You Have a Headache? Headaches can seem somewhat mysterious, appearing out of nowhere and causing pain that might disrupt your whole day. While headaches can be unpredictable, becoming familiar with your symptoms and the right treatments can help you reduce the distraction that might come with the average headache. Types of Headaches Doctors are still not entirely sure what causes all headaches, but it is clear that there are many types of headaches that affect the brain and body in different ways. Here's a look at a handful of the most common headaches you might encounter in your daily life. • Tension headaches - Tension headaches are very common, and they tend to appear somewhat randomly and only occasionally. The likely cause of tension headaches is muscle tension in the neck and along the scalp that restricts blood flow in certain areas. Your brain itself does not feel any pain, as there are no pain-sensitive nerves in the brain tissue. It is the craniofacial and neck muscles outside of the cranium that are sensing pain and sending signals to the brain that your head hurts. • Migraines - Migraines can cause more severe headaches that occur over and over again, often due to triggers like certain types of food, stress, or alcohol. Migraines are associated with the nerve responsible for sensations in the face, which sends hypersensitive pain signals to the meninges, or the thin sheath of tissue surrounding the brain. Activity will often worsen the pain of a migraine, which might also have sensory symptoms like sensitivity to light and sound. • Cluster headaches - A rarer type of headache that causes some of the most severe pain in certain people, cluster headaches tend to isolate pain to one side of the face along with watery eyes or nasal congestion, which may also be limited to one side. The exact cause of cluster headaches is unknown, though there appears to be a genetic factor. • Sinus headaches - You might have an uptick in the frequency of headaches when allergies act up or you have a respiratory infection if you regularly suffer from sinus headaches. A sinus headache is the result of excess pressure in the sinuses caused by congestion, which may be relieved with a nasal spray or antihistamine, depending on its cause. • Hangover headaches - If you have ever overindulged in alcoholic beverages, you know that the next morning can be rough. The throbbing headache common to hangovers is the result of over-activity in the brain's motor pathways and the chemical imbalances in the brain that are caused by ethanol. Secondary Symptoms Migraines are particularly likely to cause secondary symptoms like nausea and sensitivity to loud noises or pungent smells, though other headaches can have these effects too—especially if you take over-the-counter medication. A frequent side effect of these medications is stomach upset, and overusing these drugs can lead to liver problems as well. Finally, you may have some trouble focusing due to the influx of pain signals in your brain, which will dedicate more attention to those signals than it will give to cognitive tasks. When Headaches Require Medical Attention If you have recurring headaches, it is best to talk to a doctor to discuss your specific symptoms and get an accurate diagnosis. You should seek emergency medical attention if a headache is sudden and causes very severe or debilitating pain. With the convenience of MeMD, you can seek a doctor's care for your headache without leaving the comfortable surroundings of home.
Natural Foods Merchandiser Elixir Infused With The Flavor Of Flowers Honey is one of the most sublime among the sweet things in life. Produced by the labor of industrious bees, this golden elixir echoes the fragrance and flavors of the hundreds of thousands of flowers that contributed nectar to its making. Natural foods stores often stock a much wider range of honeys than are available in standard supermarkets, including varieties from local beekeepers. With a little background on the right way to use honey in cooking and when to use a lower grade honey rather than a more costly, high-grade variety, retailers can help their customers distinguish between these many varieties. Honey is available in hundreds of varieties from across the United States and around the world. A fine honey, like a fine wine, can be distinguished by its subtlety of flavor and color. Just as the taste and hue of a wine has much to do with the climate and soil in which the grapes grow, so the flavor and color of a fine honey depends on the nectar sources available to a particular hive. Honeys range from nearly clear to dark brown and can taste lightly floral (such as an orange blossom honey) or full and malty (like buckwheat honey), with a large range of flavors and colors in between. How Bees Do It Honey is the sweet nectar that bees harvest from flowers. The bee's saliva naturally splits the sugar contained in the nectar into two simple sugars, dextrose and fructose, as it is swallowed. The honeybee ingests some of the nectar as nourishment, and when it returns to the hive, deposits the remainder into the honeycomb where it becomes food for young bees. Bees and plants have a symbiotic relationship. Bees need plants for nourishment, and they in turn serve a vital role in the fertilization process of flowers. As bees gather nectar from the flowers, pollen from the anthers sticks to their legs. When they move to other flowers, the pollen clinging to their legs is transferred to the ovules of other flowers. About one-third of the human diet is derived from insect-pollinated plants, and honey bees are responsible for 80 percent of this pollination, says the National Honey Board. Thus, the humble bee, in the course of making honey, is the essential agent in producing a third of the world's food. Once the honey has served its function in the hive, the beekeeper steps in and begins to coax honey from the comb without disturbing the bees. The honeycomb is gently crushed to free the honey from the beeswax. Because honey isn't naturally liquid, many honey producers warm the crushed honeycomb to liquify and extract the honey. Another method used to harvest honey is "cold extraction," a process that creates fine, high-end honeys. Though this process is slower—and therefore more costly—the subtle flavors of the honey aren't destroyed as they can be when honey is heated. If left unheated, cold-extracted honey will gradually, through its own natural process, crystalize into tiny, uniform sugar crystals. The result is a luxuriously creamy, opaque, even-textured honey. "Whipped honey" is somewhat similar in appearance to cold-extracted honey, but created through a different process. Whipped honey, also known as creamed, sugared or spun honey, is heated, then beaten as it cools to help control the crystallization process. The result is a light-colored honey that appears solid, but at room temperature can be spread like butter. Because it has been heated, however, subtle flavors that would survive in the cold-extraction method are lost. Honey also comes in a comb variety that is exactly as it was produced by the bees—in the wax comb. The comb, as well as the honey, is edible. Chunk-style honey, a variation of comb honey, contains pieces of the honeycomb in the jar. So Much Honey, So Little Time Of all the natural sweeteners, honey is the most diverse in character. This diversity is a direct reflection of the nectar sources that the bees were visiting. The National Honey Board estimates bees may travel as far as 55,000 miles and visit more than 2 million flowers to gather enough nectar to make just a pound of honey. Honey is usually named after the flower from which the nectar is gathered, such as eucalyptus, clover or sage. More distinctive honeys, such as buckwheat, Tupelo (derived from the blossoms of Tupelo gum trees) or heather, are usually only available in limited quantities in the region where they are produced. Others, such as clover and alfalfa, are available nationwide. Honeys can vary dramatically in color, viscosity and taste. A general rule of thumb is that the darker the color of a honey, the stronger and more distinctive, though not necessarily sweeter, the flavor. Cooking With Honey: A Sticky Business Honey may be used as a natural sweetener in most recipes, from marinades for tofu or meat to soups and sauces, or for subtle sweetness in most baked goods—but expensive honeys may be wasted in cooking. Mild varieties, such as clover or alfalfa, are preferable for most recipes because honey often loses its distinctive, subtle flavors when it is heated. A very intensely flavored honey (such as buckwheat) may dominate a dish in an undesirable way. When substituting honey for sugar in a recipe, use about a half cup of honey for each cup of sugar called for, and reduce the liquid by a quarter cup. Baked goods made with honey darken easily because the sugars in the honey tend to caramelize. Honey is a moisture-absorbing ingredient, so it extends the shelf life of baked goods but may produce a more dense and less crisp texture than desired. Although honey does make a good sugar substitute, bakery products made with honey should not be labeled "vegan," as honey is produced by bees. While honey is considered by many as more "wholesome" than sugar, it actually has a fairly equivalent nutritional value, and enters the bloodstream as quickly as white sugar. Although honeys vary in sweetness, their average nutritional makeup is 38 percent fructose, 31 percent glucose, 18 percent water and 2 percent sucrose. A note of caution: Honey has been known to transmit infant botulism in children under the age of 1. Many natural foods advocates and holistic healers also recommend eating locally produced honeys as a means of staving off local allergies such as hay fever. The theory is that when consuming honey, you ingest trace amounts of allergens that were in the pollen used to produce the honey, and thus build up a resistance. As one of nature's sweetest bounties, there's nothing more natural than the amber nectar produced by honeybees. As good for the plants as it is for delighting your palate, honey is one of the sweet joys of life. Mary Taylor and Lynn Ginsburg are the co-authors of What Are You Hungry For? (St. Martin's Press, 2002) and can be reached via Natural Foods Merchandiser volume XXIII/number 11/p. 20, 23 A Taste Of Honeys There are more than 300 varieties of honey available in the United States—not counting the numerous varieties available locally from noncommercial beekeepers. Characteristics of some of the more common honeys are listed below: Orange Blossom: Lively light orange color, very sweet with a strong orange blossom bouquet. Clover: Medium amber color. Widely available, so its slightly citrus flavor is often associated with generic honey. Alfalfa: Light amber color with an even, balanced taste; good all-purpose honey. Mint: Light golden color and delicate fresh taste with a hint of mint. Sage: Medium golden color, with a taste that is both fruity and earthy in character. Buckwheat: Very dark amber-brown color with a strong flavor that borders on that of molasses. Wildflower: The name often given to mixtures of honey from different sources, or honey harvested from fields with no specifically dominant plant growth. Natural Foods Merchandiser volume XXIII/number 11/p. 23 The Beekeepers' Plight The American beekeeper may be an endangered species; the financial rewards aren't so sweet. Those who persevere do so with hard work and a wicked sense of humor. "A bee's stinger is three one-hundreths of an inch long ... the other 15 inches is all in your imagination," teases Tom Theobold's answering-machine message. Theobold, of the Niwot Honey Farm in Niwot, Colo., says, "There's a certain degree of passion involved in beekeeping. "Or, depending on your perspective, maybe insanity. It's time consuming, labor intensive, down-and-dirty grunt labor. But it's a fascinating craft. I pursue it as a business, but you can't make a living at it." Theobold's Niwot Honey is renowned for its uniquely subtle flavors, unusual milky appearance and wonderfully creamy texture. People who, like Theobold, are attracted to the profession are able to fulfill their passion and artistry in a way that benefits both the bees and the public. But American beekeeping is in trouble because of the growing trend—particularly among packaged-goods manufacturers—of importing cheap, foreign honey. One of the best friends a small-scale beekeeping operation has is the natural foods industry. And one way that natural food stores can support the local community, as well as the American beekeeper, is by selling honey produced by local beekeepers. Natural Foods Merchandiser volume XXIII/number 11/p. 23 Hide comments Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Source: teamrework August 01, 2018 The buzz around artificial intelligence suggests that it will soon enable fully autonomous vehicles, allow robots to easily serve people’s daily needs, and change how work is done. In late June, global leaders converged at RE•WORK’s Deep Learning for Robotics Summit in San Francisco to learn more about deep learning, neural networks, reinforcement learning, and other advanced AI techniques. More than 300 attendees and 60 speakers discussed current research and real-world AI solutions for industrial applications. Innovative startups shared their case studies and lessons at the Deep Learning for Robotics Summit. Dr. Shay Zweig, head of AI at Intuition Robotics Ltd., discussed how proactive AI agents are used for decision-making. The Ramat-Gan, Israel-based company’s first application is ElliQ, a social robot for the elderly aimed at reducing loneliness and increasing the quality of life. Zweig explained that Intuition Robotics has combined algorithms from cognitive computing with heuristics and a variety of learning techniques, from simple statistical models to reinforcement learning. As a result, it can apply active learning to get to know users better and create an agent with multiple goals. Smart homes benefit from AI advances “Caspar is building the biggest robot ever, and people will live in this robot,” claimed Ashutosh Saxena, founder and CEO of Caspar AI, which has offices in Redwood City, Calif., and Las Vegas. Caspar is an intelligent, coherent operating system for homes that uses multi-modal deep reinforcement learning, an intelligent voice assistant, and computer vision to understand the environment in which its users live. It’s also designed to understand the users’ individual needs and to contextualize their requests, Saxena said. For example, residents can use Caspar for verbal requests such as “Caspar, who is at the door?” “Caspar, can you adjust the shades to block the sun?” or even “Caspar, where are my glasses?” The real-world AI solutions can also learn to be inactive. For instance, if a user is watching a movie, and someone else walks behind him or her, the light will not turn on because the user gave such feedback by turning off the light with the switch previously. The entire smart home is based on the Caspar Platform of new advances in deep learning for robotics and user-preference features such as the RealWorld Caspar Activity Monitor and Caspar Fall Detection. Caspar is launching now and plans to be in tens of thousands of homes in 2019. Real-world AI solutions improve efficiency Brandon Romero, chief engineer at Robotic Materials Inc., explained that its real-world AI solutions use self-supervised learning to allow a collaborative robot to adapt to an end-user’s specific environments and tasks. Instead of training cobots with deep reinforcement learning, which requires too many samples and too much time, the Boulder, Colo.-based company developed interpretable algorithms, he said. Robotic Materials also developed a graphical user interface to instruct a worker to deploy a robot to a new or updated task in less than an hour, Romero explained. Afterwards, self-supervised deep learning is used to augment the program to allow the robot to become more efficient at a task as it performs it, such as in self-supervised bin picking. Other case studies around real-world AI solutions from the two-day conference covered the subtopics of imitation learning, reinforcement learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and robotic grasping applications. Presenters came from leading companies such as Facebook, Google, and Uber, as well as research institutions like Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. Ethics and industry Ayanna Howard, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and David Gunkel, a professor at Northern Illinois University, closed the summit with a panel discussion entitled, “Where Does the Social Responsibility Lie in Human-Robot Interaction?” The event on real-world AI solutions was co-located with the AI in Industrial Automation Summit, giving attendees full access to two tracks of presentations and more than seven hours of networking with industry experts. RE•WORK is a female-led event organizing company that brings together breakthrough technology, cutting-edge science, and entrepreneurship shaping the future of business and society. Robotics Business Review readers can apply the discount code “RBR20” when registering for one of its global events, such as the Applied AI Summit in Houston in November.
Remarkable Details about Cultural Diversity in Nigeria Cultural diversity can be a phrase generally utilized in describing a society with people of various ethnic roots which manifest in their languages, mode of dressing, arts, along with other traditional practices that are either similar or distinctively different from each group. Such traditional practices are greatly regarded and held with great admiration among people of your ethnic group. In Nigeria as an illustration, in relation to dressing a core northerner is identified which has a starchy ironed fez as a cap. In the western section of Nigeria that's covered with Yoruba ethnic group, people generally sew their cap within a long style which is neatly folded when worn around the head. Alternatively, within the eastern side of the country the Ibo are know for his or her red cap that is traditional worn (but mostly) by title holders. Other minority ethnic groups from the middle belt region just like the Tiv, Ngas, Idoma, Nupe, etc, have unique cultural attributes that help in recognizing their cultural roots when appeared inside the public. By way of example, the Tiv people in Nigeria are well known for their a'nger, an exceptional traditional costume (fabric), lineally sewn in monochrome features, that's generally worn by Tiv people to perceive their cultural origin. The image created above belongs to a cultural mosaic or congress of cultures consensually living in one community called Nigeria. However, to express how culturally diversified Nigeria is, there is need to have mental cross-section of Kaduna state that has, over time, remained a unifying point for varying cultures. Kaduna state is an epitome of the highly diversified sub-political entity in Nigeria with over fifteen tribes/ethnic groups. Aside from the Hausas, which dominate the northern part of the state, there are many of minority tribes/cultural groups settling in different parts of Kaduna state. By way of example, southeast their state has Kagoro, Moro'a, Jaba, Fantsuan, Kataf, Baju, Gbagi, Kagoma, Mada, Ninzam, Attakar, Fulani, Attukur, Koro etc. These tribes/ethnic groups stated earlier have cultural attributes which can be similar used or remarkable distinctive from one another. Kagoro ethnic group, as an example, schedule January 1 of the year to celebrate her people and culture. In most Kagoro Day (1st January), there are a lot of cultural display: Dance, costumes, arts, etc. The event draws people from various parts of the country especially sons and daughters of Kagoro along with highly dignifying chiefs within Nigeria. However, the disparities inside ethnic groups have existed for a long time. Even just in the historical past of Nigeria, it's possible to agree with the writer it had become the cultural or ethnic differences which propelled polarize ideologies that made indirect rule in the colonial era to hit your objectives in the north and failed in the south. Also, it was the manifestation of such differences that made individuals with the southern portion of Nigeria to requirement for independence in 1958 if the northern representatives said they may not be ready. After independence was finally achieved in 1960, many ethnic groups demonstrate secession tendencies. Some secession moves by a few ethnic groups create a dreaded civil war although some were overtaken by dialogue to the achievement of peace and boost the areas concerned. More information about whitexvibes please visit net page: this site.
If, and this is a BIG IF, we were to be contacted from outside our normal ken, through the agency of "objects from outer space," chances are these objects will enter our atmosphere and make their first appearance somewhere near Saranac Lake, in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State. If we have been the subject of close range observation for some time now, two overriding features of our planet's surface will have attracted the attention of observers and thus provided a "target" for eventual contact. Imagine a group of "beings" gazing down at Earth's surface every day, seeing, essentially, the same thing day in and day out: The lights of our various urban areas providing artificial illumination over large areas of land, with the single largest concentration being in the Northeastern area of North America, particularly the New York City metropolitan area. Every evening, like clockwork, these lights come on, stay on and then go off around dawn year after year, decade after decade without change, as predictable and common as sunset and sunrise. EXCEPT on two occasions: November 9th, 1965. The great Northeastern Blackout, beginning around dusk and soon affecting tens of millions across a huge swath of Earth including New York City and Long Island, New Jersey, about half of Pennsylvania, virtually all of New York State and much of New England, Eastern Ontario and most of Quebec. All was suddenly dark where there had been light. Never before and only once since, (August 2003) had such a loss of power occured anywhere on such a grand scale.These unusual incidents were certain to attract the attention of outside observers if (and this is a BIG IF,) outsiders are watching. A sudden black void where there had been light across tens of thousands of square miles would be easily visible from near space. The Village of Saranac Lake NY lies at an elevation of 1534 feet at the foot of a long chain of rivers and lakes. Upper Saranac Lake spills over a falls into Middle Saranac Lake which falls into Lower Saranac Lake and then Lake Oseetah and Lake Flower and finally over a dam into the Saranac River, past Mt.Pisgah and into the Saranac River which meanders northeastward to Lake Champlain. Decades ago the Village of Saranac Lake was a thriving little community of resorts and health care facilities. In the mid 1800's, Captain Pliny Miller, one of the early settlers of Saranac Lake, built a small dam and power generating station at the final spill point at the corner of Main Street and Lake Street.This dam was later taken over by the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power Company. The power plant produced more than enough electricity for the immediate region so lines were laid and power transported to the greater grid outside the area. When the first Blackout struck, electric power was literally sucked out of a regional grid, like a candle flame deprived of oxygen, tripping like dominoes from region to region, sucking power and light until there was a vast vacuum of darkness across the Northeast. When this sucking pattern became apparent, power technicians across the country created firewalls to "contain" the outage, but it took them twelve hours to figure out how to get what was down back up. About a half hour after the first Blackout hit, the technician on duty at the Paul Smith's plant looked up at the big red handle on the wall and knew it controlled the flow of electricity to the outside world beyond the Village. He knew there was a drain on all power produced in his plant and if he pulled the switch Saranac Lake would be cut off from the greater grid and so there would be no more sucking of electricity. He pulled the switch and immediately the lights of Saranac Lake came back on. This was the ONLY place in the Blackout region that had lights. And, as it turned out, Saranac Lake was virtually DEAD CENTER of the entire area, and its little point of light shone like a Beacon in the center of the bulls-eye of darkness. This certainly would have attracted the attention of anybody or anything watching from space IF they were watching. To an observer from afar the process of lights on, lights off, then Saranac Lake back on right in the middle of the void, would have provided a focus, or target, for future attention. Never before, and never again until 1958 had such an unusual event occurred. The incident below, which was reported in the Adirondack Daily Enterprise on March 28, 1958, was similar in a visual sense. Around the time of the incident there were many reports of UFO's in the region, these reports were made by such noteable citizens as Bill McLaughlin, a trusted news reporter, and witnessed by esteemed police officers such as Chuck Pandolph and respected sports writer, Tony Piro. A photo of a possible visitor from "out there" appeared in the highly respected newspaper, THE ADIRONDACK DAILY ENTERPRISE. This photo is of a small creature which appeared on the Forest Home Road and was photographed by Mr. McLaughlin and witnessed by Officer Pandolph and Tony Piro. Due to Bill's hands shaking from the excitement of the unusual event the photo is slightly blurred. Rome In A Tizzy Over' Saranac "Space Man"! Adirondack Daily Enterprise-April 7, 1958 That three-foot strange nitrogen inhaling "space creature" reported in the Saranac Lake area a week and a half ago has some citizens of Rome, N.Y., in tizzy- So says Fritz Updike, general manager of the Rome Sentinel. Although the story was written by Bill McLaughlin in a way which made it clear that the space man was a spoof, a lot of people have taken it seriously. Updike said that the story around Rome is that Air Base officials at Plattsburgh have clamped down on The Enterprise and won't let us, or anyone else, print anything further about the space man who supposedly is held in secret custody. Actually, the creature, which was said to have carried a scroll of parchment-like paper, possibly containing a message or peaceful greeting, was none other than Bill McLaughlin's ten year-old son, Billy, (Shakes) rigged out in a space helmet and wearing a gas mask. There are conflicting stories concerning the identity of the "Space Man". Some claim it was actually Chuck Pandolph's son, Chuck Jr., who wore the spaceman garb. The truth is out there but will we ever know? Contractors recently uncovered a strange signaling device atop the town hall during renovations. It is rumored that Howard Riley had this device installed during his term as Mayor of Saranac Lake but now Mr. Riley vehemently denies any participation in the installation of this device. This sounds like a cover up!! Mr. Riley, in a recent Enterprise column, claimed it was used to alert the local law enforcement officers to answer phone calls at the pump house before the police cars had radio communications. The odd light resembles a traffic light in the sky. There is also the mystery of the observation tower once located atop the Hotel Saranac. In the fifties it was assumed by local citizens to be an early warning system to alert the village of incoming enemy planes and missiles and was said to be manned by local Boy Scouts. During this era men in black suits and carrying mysterious briefcases were often seen going into the hotel. Mr. McLaughlin snapped a shot of a strange craft hovering over the Hotel Saranac in the mid-fifties but was prevented from submitting it to the Associated Press by the CIA. The photo was recently released to the public in spite of vigorous protests from village officials. It appears below. IF we really expect to be contacted, the logical place for the first contact would be the point of the most unusual and obvious activity, a part of the Earth where, incidentally, Albert Einstein frequently vacationed and Star Trekkie, Leslie Hoffman's hometown. Perhaps these events explain the mysterious crop circles often seen in the potato fields of Bloomingdale and Vermontville. These had usually been attributed to ATV's and snowmobiles.
(redirected from Czars) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal. , czar 1. (until 1917) the emperor of Russia 2. Informal a public official charged with responsibility for dealing with a certain problem or issue 3. (formerly) any of several S Slavonic rulers, such as any of the princes of Serbia in the 14th century (also, czar; from the latin caesar, the title used by the Roman emperors), in Russia and Bulgaria, the official title of the monarch. In Russia the title of tsar was first adopted by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) in 1547. From 1721 the Russian tsars adopted the title of emperor. In Bulgaria the monarchs bore the title of tsar from the end of the 19th century to the proclamation of the People’s Republic in 1946. References in periodicals archive ? Indeed, many of the individuals who presidents have referred to publicly as czars do not qualify for the label under the preceding definitions. Though the czars have become an easy target of conservative criticism during the Obama years, it is a fact that presidents of both parties have made use of them. Thomas Jefferson and his fellow patriots might not have imagined that the new Republic they had midwifed would be the land of the (more or less) free and the home of the czars. These days the president has czars to run all facets of the empire--the car industry, stimulus accountability, domestic violence, even the Great Lakes. Matters have not reached that point with the current administration, but there is a danger that the additional bureaucracy of government by czar will mean less efficiency, leading to overlapping jurisdictions and turf battles that will only dim the nation's prospects for economic recovery. chimes John Grant, singer with American country rock chiefs The Czars. So people threw out the czars and brought in the Beards? IT'S good news for heart doctors that Wales is to get a heart czar. It's not so much that we need a children's czar, it's that we should have had one years before. Its dancers, choreographers, and even ballet students had always been given special status and rewards by the czars.
Greenhouse how to plant correctly video Date: 16.10.2018, 02:20 / View: 62343 Spathiphyllum is a non-capricious plant, but sometimes it delivers trouble to its owner. Errors in the care immediately affect the condition of the leaves of spathiphyllum. They may turn black, yellow, discolor, lose turgor. All these symptoms clearly indicate problems in agricultural engineering that need to be addressed in order to restore decorativeness and plant health. Content Symptom number 1. Spathiphyllum turns black tips of leaves Flower growers often ask why the tips of the leaves turn black and dry at the spathiphyllum. Let's try to figure it out. Reason # 1. Dry air In this case, the tips dry up quite a bit - literally 1-2 mm. At the same time, the rest of the leaf plate remains green or, in the border zone with blackening, acquires a yellowish tint. In this way, the tips of the leaves dry on the spathiphyllum when grown in normal residential conditions. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in winter, with heating turned on. Spathiphyllum: the tips of the leaves turn black due to dry air The reason for the dry tips of the leaves of Spathiphyllum is dry air What to do? To minimize the appearance of black tips of spathiphyllum, one should increase the humidity of the air near the pot with the plant. For this it is recommended: spray the spathiphyllum 2 times a day with warm defended water; put a spathiphyllum near the aquarium; put a spathiphyllum pot on a pallet with wet expanded clay; use a humidifier (the most effective means). Reason number 2. Bay In this case, the spathiphyllum blackens and dries the leaves a little differently. The defect affects wider areas and affects part of the leaf plate. The blackening zone is limited from the normal part of the leaf plate by a narrow yellow rim. Spathiphyllum: leaves dry after the gulf Such spots "speak" about the gulf and heavy, non-hygroscopic soil What to do? Blackening only the tips of the leaves suggests that the spathiphyllum is watered too often, but the roots do not rot yet. In this case, the help of the flower will be in the adjusted mode of watering. Some flower growers decide on watering only when the leaves of the spathiphyllum wilt and outwardly look preserved. Sometimes this happens when the soil is almost completely dry in a pot! However, for a spathiphyllum, such seemingly cruel drying is in the order of things. It is necessary to water it and in an hour all the leaves will restore the turgor. At the same time, irrigation regime with constant severe drying is not the recommended option. That is, sometimes this can be done, but not systematically. This is bad for the soil and small suction roots, which can die off. Ideally, the spathiphyllum should be watered after the soil has dried on 1/3 - 1/4 of the pot height. Symptom number 2. Spathiphyllum leaves dry around the edges, black drying spots appear in the central part of the leaf plate. Reason №1. Bay Dark black or brown spots on the spathiphyllum usually indicate a significant gulf that accompanies the plant for a long time. Most likely, the flower is watered too often and at the bottom of the pot, near the roots, there is a permanent swamp. It is not surprising that in this situation the roots begin to rot, which causes the spathiphyllum to turn black leaves. Spathiphyllum leaves turn black around the edges at bay In a heavy bay, the spathiphyllum leaves are covered with dark spots along the edges What to do? To begin, adjust the watering (for the recommended watering mode, read in the previous paragraph). If the spots continue to spread to a larger number of leaves or grow in size, it is necessary to inspect the roots and, if necessary, treat the detected rot. This can be done as follows: Remove the spathiphyllum from the pot. Rinse the roots in water (in a bucket of water), gently freeing them from the old earth. Inspect the roots for rot. Rotten roots - yellowish or brown, soft; healthy roots are white, dense. Cut off all rotten roots with a clean knife until healthy tissue. Slices - powder powdered activated charcoal or cinnamon. Leave the plant for 2-3 hours to dry. Plant spathiphyllum in a new, light earth with the addition of activated carbon (for the prevention of rotting slices). Immediately do not need to water! The land from the parquet is initially damp, this is enough to support the vital activity of the “amputated” roots. After 2-3 days, when the new soil dries out, pour the transplanted spathiphyllum with warm settled (ideally - boiled) water with the addition of "Kornevina". Reason number 2. Root cooling The spathiphyllum may turn black leaves from "wet" cooling. Suppose if you watered the plant in the evening, and at night it got colder and the roots froze. Spathiphyllum: leaves dry when the roots are cooled "Wet" cooling of the roots of the spathiphyllum leads to the appearance of brown and yellow spots on the leaf plate What to do? Try not to make that mistake again. Remove the spathiphyllum from the cold window-sill and do not water it in the evening. In order to quickly put the plant in order, spray it with Epin - a stressful adaptogen that will help overcome adverse factors and increase the immunity of the spathiphyllum. Reason number 3. Overfeeding fertilizer (burn) When burns from fertilizer spots on the leaves of spathiphyllum appear quickly. Literally overnight, after watering with excess fertilizer, extensive brown or black areas appear on the leaves. After that, the whole leaf turns yellow and dies. Spathiphyllum leaves dry from overfeeding with fertilizers Spots from fertilizer burns or chemical stimulants What to do? If you suspect fertilizer overfeeding, you need to act quickly. Spathiphyllum roots should be washed in clean water and transplanted into a new soil. Symptom number 3. Spathiphyllum turns yellow Often, the spathiphyllum leaves turn yellow, and massively. This is very spoils the decorative appearance of the flower. Let's try to understand each specific situation. Reason # 1. Direct sunlight, sunburn Spathiphyllum respects so-called penumbra. That is a large amount of diffused light, without direct sunlight. If you put a spathiphyllum pot, for example, on a southern or south-western window-sill, then you can soon see that its leaves have lost a saturated green color, have burnt out. Bleached leaves turn yellow and even turn white. If the sun's rays were not only bright, but also hot, sunburn is possible. In this case, the yellowing is spotted or streaked. And the burned parts become thinned, similar to parchment. Spathiphyllum turns yellow on south windows On south windows, spathiphyllum leaves turn yellow or turn white from high light intensity What to do? If your spathiphyllum has turned yellow from excessive illumination, it must be rearranged to a darker place, without direct sunlight. For spathiphyllum suitable sills of the north, north-east, north-west, east orientation. If all the windows in your apartment are sunny, not scary. Place the spathiphyllum at some distance from the window, in the back of the room, to reduce the intensity of illumination. Reason number 2. Lack of trace elements, chlorosis When fasting spathiphyllum leaves turn yellow unevenly. For example, a “mosaic” color appears, that is, green spots remain on a yellow background or vice versa. Veins become discolored or, on the contrary, veinlets remain green, and the sheet plate turns yellow. Yellowing of the leaves against a green vein is a manifestation of iron chlorosis. All other non-uniform yellowing may be associated with a lack of various trace elements, in particular boron, calcium. Spathiphyllum leaves turn yellow with chlorosis A lack of iron and other trace elements affects the leaves of the spathiphyllum. They turn yellow and become patchy. What to do? Yellow Spathiphyllum on the background of fasting is easy to eliminate with the help of dressings and soil enrichment. You must do the following: Transplant spathiphyllum into a new, light, loose soil. The reaction of the soil is slightly acid. Spray the plant with iron chelate - when diagnosing iron chlorosis or with complex fertilizer containing trace elements (boron, calcium, iron) - with a general lack of useful substances. 2-3 weeks after transplantation - to feed the spathiphyllum with complex fertilizer. All this time, water the plant with well separated or boiled warm water, spray it with water 2 times a day. Reason number 3. Leaf aging If the spathiphyllum turns yellow lower leaves, this is a natural process that does not require any intervention. Old leaves perish, new ones will come to replace them. Yellowing can be considered a problem only if the process covers the young leaves. Symptom number 4. Wadding leaves spathiphyllum If the sheets of Spathiphyllum have crouched and hung like cloths, you need to take immediate action. This symptom indicates that the roots of the plant do not receive moisture. Reason # 1. Peresushka earthen coma This is the most common reason. Spathiphyllum withers when the potted soil is dry and requires watering. Spathiphyllum has withered from the drying of the soil This spathiphyllum needs urgent watering! What to do? To the leaves of Spathiphyllum regain turgor, it is enough to water the plant. In some cases, if the soil is too dry or peat is used as a soil, a simple top irrigation may not have the effect. Then it is recommended to pour the soil on top, as usual, and then immerse the plant pot in a saucepan (bucket, basin) with water for 15-20 minutes. Reason number 2. Heterogeneous soil It happens that after watering the leaves are restored for a while, and then fade again. Despite the fact that the soil looks wet! This means that the roots of the plant, located inside the pot, are in a dense, non-hygroscopic clump of soil that cannot be wetted with ordinary watering. Such a nuisance happens if, after the purchase, the spathiphyllum was transplanted into a new floral soil while preserving the storey peat substrate on the roots. Such a substrate dries very quickly and turns into an impenetrable coma. At the same time, the new flower soil in which the transplant was performed retains water well and remains wet after watering. But the water does not reach the roots, since a dry lump of peat is kept on them. What to do? So that the leaves no longer wither, storey soil will have to be removed. To do this, rinse the roots in water and carefully remove from them lumps of peat. After that, transplant the spathiphyllum into a uniform light soil. Reason number 3. Root decay Root rot due to the bay. In this case, the leaves wither the same way as when overdrying. With the only difference that when drying it is enough to shed the ground so that the roots absorb moisture and the leaves are restored. When roots decay, watering will no longer help; on the contrary, it will aggravate the situation: the leaves will wither with a vengeance. Sign of roots rotting: the potted soil is constantly wet, despite the fact that watering was carried out for a long time. The rotting roots do not absorb moisture from the soil, respectively, the plant is sick, does not receive water and nutrients. Unfortunately, root rot is an insidious disease that is not always quickly diagnosed. The novice florist, having seen that the spathiphyllum has withered, is likely to start watering him more and more. Until the flower is completely ruined! Spathiphyllum withered - rotting of the roots If after the gulf the soil was not dried and an inexpressible swampy layer formed at the bottom of the pot, then the Spathiphyllum is doomed to rotting of the roots What to do? With a diagnosed rotting of the roots, transplant the spathiphyllum into a new land with preliminary cutting of all rotting parts of the root. A transplant can be performed as follows: Remove the spathiphyllum from the pot. Rinse the roots in water (in a bucket of water), gently freeing them from the old earth. All rotten roots cut with a clean knife to a healthy tissue. Slices - powder powdered activated charcoal or cinnamon. Leave the plant for 2-3 hours for drying out Plant spathiphyllum in a new, light earth with the addition of activated carbon (for the prevention of rotting slices). Be sure to pour a good layer of drainage (at least 2-3 cm) on the bottom of the pot to prevent stagnant water in the lower part of the roots. There should be drainage holes in the bottom of the pot (if there are not enough of them, do a few more with a nail or a heated screwdriver). Immediately do not need to water! The land from the parquet is initially damp, this is enough to support the vital activity of the “amputated” roots. After 2-3 days, when the new soil dries out, pour the transplanted spathiphyllum with warm settled (ideally - boiled) water with the addition of Kornevin. Symptom number 5. Spathiphyllum does not grow Spathiphyllum does not increase the green mass: does not release new leaves, does not give shoots. Reason # 1. Big pot Remember that at first spathiphyllum builds up the root system, and then begins to engage in leaves. Therefore, if you have transplanted a plant into a too large pot, you will have to wait until the root system grows and envelops a clod of earth. Only after that will the growth of green mass begin. Spathiphyllum is not growing - a big pot Such a pot is too large for a young spathiphyllum. Need a transplant! What to do? If you do not want to wait for several months, you will have to transplant the spathiphyllum into a smaller pot - 1-2 cm more in diameter than the root system. Reason number 2. Improper lighting Spathiphyllum can retard in growth with too intense or, conversely, poor lighting. What to do? Relocate the spathiphyllum to a well-lit place, without direct sunlight. Symptom number 6. Spathiphyllum does not bloom Under suitable conditions of upkeep, the spathiphyllum may bloom 2-3 times a year. But the expectation does not always become a reality. And then the question arises: "Why does not the spathiphyllum bloom?" There may be several reasons for this. Reason # 1. Too big pot Spathiphyllum will begin flowering only after its roots are completely entwined with an earthen ball in a pot. Therefore, if you have transplanted the plant into a pot of not size, you can wait for flowering for several years. What to do? Pick up a new pot for spathiphyllum. For this representative of the aroid family, close, low pots are suitable. In diameter - 1-2 cm longer than the root system. Reason number 2. Lack of dressings, hunger strike If the spathiphyllum has not been transplanted for a long time, the soil in the pot was impoverished or did not initially contain the necessary nutrients, flowering can be expected. In addition to the absence of flowering, the hunger strike is also indicated by the general disease state of the plant, yellow or small leaves. There is also another situation: the spathiphyllum looks healthy, releases large green leaves in large quantities and does not bloom. This means that the plant "zhiruet", that is, consumes a large amount of nitrogen, stimulating the growth of green mass to the detriment of flowering. We conclude: in the soil in which the spathiphyllum grows, there is a lot of nitrogen, but there is a lack of the elements responsible for flowering, potassium and phosphorus. Spathiphyllum does not bloom in the absence of complex fertilizing Spathiphyllum may look healthy, “fatten”, but not blossom when there is a large amount of nitrogen in the soil and lack of phosphorus and potassium What to do? If the pot in which the spathiphyllum grows is of normal size, and there have not been flowering for a long time - feed it with complex fertilizer with a predominance of phosphorus and potassium (for flowering). For a quick effect, you can apply spraying stimulants - "Bud", "Domotsvetom", etc. Reason number 3. Lack of lighting Spathiphyllum is a shade-tolerant plant. The term "shade-tolerant" means that direct sunlight is contraindicated in the plant. But! And a deep shadow is also useless. For spathiphyllum, you need to find a well-lit place with a lot of ambient light. In a full shadow, the spathiphyllum will not bloom. What to do? It is necessary to rearrange the spathiphyllum from a deep shadow to a more lighted place. Symptom number 7. Spathiphyllum has green flowers Some time after the appearance of a new flower, you notice that its pure white initial Does the color take on a green tint? This is how all spathiphyllum behave. In the greenish tones are painted otvetuyuschie coverlets of flowers. Naturally, such a feature does not require any adjustment. Related news: Dark flower read i How to water orchids if bloomed ReCache \| DelPage Memory used: 67.8KB of 768KB Render time: 0.002 sec
Why The Anasazi Crafted Kivas The Anasazi developed kivas for use as sacred places within a spiritual ceremony. These round rooms which ended up dug into the ground ended up utilized entirely with the Gentlemen of the tribe. Apart from holding top secret religious ceremonies, these Gentlemen would also gather and sit Within the kivas to deal with issues and make legislation. The Evolution From the Kivas While in the latter part of the 8th century, folks at Mesa Verde started to make sq. pit structures known as â€œprotokivas.â€ They have been Commonly three or four ft deep and measure 12 to twenty feet in diameter. In between the mid-tenth and early 11th generations, these constructions at some point evolved into anything smaller sized and round which became the kivas that the trendy entire world has recognized right until nowadays. The kivas, which Usually measured twelve to 15 ft across, involved an historical characteristic called â€œsipapu.â€ It's a gap which the Anasazi had dug within the northern part of the chamber which were perceived to depict the put of emergence through the underworld among the Ancestral Puebloans. Over the Pueblo III period (1150 to 1300 A.D.), the kivas ongoing its prominent area in the Anasazi Local community. Apparently, some kivas had been observed to become created above the ground. Their architecture grew to become additional elaborate given that the Anasazi incorporated The good kivas and tower kivas with specialised floor attributes. As an example, the kivas in Mesa Verde held a keyhole-formed style attribute. It absolutely was also regular to search out 1 kiva at least in each and every 5 or 6 rooms for most bigger communities. Upon their destruction, which was mostly attributed to burning, archaeologists see it as a robust indicator of warfare and conflict Among the read more many Southwest people today within the time period. Excellent Kiva Vs. Regular Kiva The nice kivas are Unquestionably different in the normal kivas or Chaco-design kivas in many ways. Very first, these kivas are predominantly greater and deeper when compared to the Chaco-model kivas. Their walls would often extend above and further than the encompassing landscape. Then again, the Chaco-design kivas are flushed With all the surrounding landscape. Future, The good kivas are constructed as different parts from your Main constructions Whilst the Chaco-type kivas are generally found integrated In the central area quarters of the great homes. One element that is always present in The nice kivas but is non-existent within their Chaco-model counterpart may be the bench which encircles the interior space. Additionally, great kivas are made with ground vaults which were perceived to function as foot drums for ceremonial dancers. They resembled bins that bear little square openings over the side which may be employed as audio holes. These ground vaults are also non-existent in Chaco-design kivas. And lastly, it absolutely was thought that The nice kivas are the first public buildings that were built in the region now called Mesa Verde. A Kiva In the Destroy Nearly every Anasazi destroy has not less than one kiva found constructed someplace in the complex. It is thought that each individual kiva experienced its possess unique team of contributors with Just about every member currently being anticipated to execute their elements totally in the ceremony if you want for the entire ritual to become completed comprehensively. Leave a Reply
What is HIV and how is it diagnosed? Today the question: "What is HIV?"sounds a bit strange ... Is still people do not know about it (the children do not count)?In addition, those who are aware of this, for some reason, the term "HIV" is associated with the word "AIDS".Far from it!Let's put everything in its place: • know what HIV infection; • understand what is the difference from AIDS; • learn how to diagnose it. What is that? deficiency virus the human immune system (the same HIV) - is a general term infection.AIDS is the same - it's a kind of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which was caused by HIV infection.It will be years before doctors can diagnose the presence of AIDS in humans.In this case we say that his body had developed one or several very serious diseases. How does it work? mechanism of action is in reducing HIV infection of human immune system for as long as his or her body does not start to develop opportunistic diseases that a healthy immune system is always handled. What is HIV for our body? It is slow but certain death ... The virus attacks specific cells in the human body, which by its nature must defend it from various infections.Time passes ... The virus continues to destroy the cells.As a result, the body is no longer able to protect against parasites, bacteria, fungi or cancer. So now we know what HIV is and what AIDS.This is a completely different phenomena.The first attack - a destroyer of the human immune system, and the second - on her background growing range of certain diseases. What is the analysis of HIV? It is, in fact, is the diagnosis of the infection.To determine whether or not a person is infected, it is possible by examining his blood.In Russian speaking, you need to take an HIV test.This is done by taking blood from a vein, after which she / blood / is sent to a special lab for analysis.Keep in mind that any initial positive result is bound to be more accurately rechecked.Indeed, in some cases, the results of the testing are false: • man recently suffered an acute infection; • for the simple reason that no test gives a perfect result. usual period during which you can learn the results of their analysis of three days.By the way, in some countries for the diagnosis of HIV infection have come up to take a saliva sample.It should be recognized that such tests are not as reliable as blood sampling. Rapid HIV test This method involves the use of diagnostic rapid test, passing blood from a finger (and not from a vein) in laboratory studies of venous blood.The result will be known in a few minutes.Paradoxically, this testing method gives an instant answer to the question: is infected or not, but could not immediately determine whether a person is infected with ... No, I do not think that this is not a serious thing!The results of this test are as accurate as the traditional fence venous blood.The main difference is that this so-called "window period".It means the stage when the virus is still impossible to detect in the body. Important!Rapid test "sees" only the antibodies to HIV, not the virus!Therefore, the correct result should be that a person from the moment of infection have passed at least twelve weeks.
Published: Mon, August 06, 2018 Science \| By Cecil Little Scientists Pick Up First Mysterious Radio Signal From Deep Space Scientists Pick Up First Mysterious Radio Signal From Deep Space A unusual, sudden burst of radio waves has been picked up by Canada's new, state-of-the-art radio telescope - and it is throwing scientists for a loop. FRBs are frequently picked up on radio telescopes though their exact origins aren't fully understood. Although scientists have yet to decipher where FRB 180725A originated from, its unexpectedly low frequency has driven them to speculate that whatever source sent this signal across the universe is likely "extremely powerful", states the Daily Mail. Yet, unlike the previous FRBs detected by our telescopes, this particular signal, dubbed FRB 180725A, is even more enigmatic. Before it, there has never been an FRB picked up below 700 MHz. PG&E Lineman Killed Working Near Carr Fire Have you heard a specific claim about California wildfires you want fact-checked? "It is being diverted into the Pacific Ocean". California's current year-round fire season is producing more extreme and destructive blazes than in the past. The latest phenomenon was detected on July 25 by the new £12million Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (Chime) telescope in British Columbia. The reason this FRB, named FRB 180725A, was so special? The most interesting part is that the intense signal was transmitted in radio frequencies as low as 580 megahertz - making it the first detection of a FRB under 700 MHz. In a diagram measuring the radio frequency over time, there is a clear bright streak beginning below 600 MHz. As the Inquisitr previously reported, FRBs were first discovered in 2001 and documented only a decade ago. McIlroy lurks behind leader Thomas at WGC-Bridgestone Invitational He followed with a tie for sixth at The Open, which helped him narrowly qualify for the Bridgestone, where he has won eight times. Asked to specify, he said: "Everything". "I didn't warm up very well". "I only putted well the first day". They can generate as much energy as 500 million Suns in mere milliseconds, and there could be as many as one happening every second. "These events have occurred during both the day and night and their arrival times are not correlated with known on-site activities or other known sources of terrestrial RFI". Beyond the visible spectrum, space is a colorful mess of radio signals and microwaves fired off by flaring "suns", collapsing stars, crackling magnetic fields, roiling dust clouds and seething black holes. Christopher Conselice, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Nottingham, told MailOnline this discovery could help to pave the way for a greater understanding of what causes FRBs. ".And even some pretty odd ideas about extraterrestrial civilizations sending signals to earth". FRB, was by astronomers here on Earth are incredibly large distances from sources located so far away in space that we can't even see them. Other possible origins include supernovas (exploding stars), supermassive black holes or various other sources of mighty electromagnetic radiation, such as pulsars. President Donald Trump is arguing that Republicans need to control Congress by casting the midterms as a referendum on himself. Pelosi, who would become speaker if the Democrats flip control of the House in November, has always been a Republican target. Like this:
Smallwikipedialogo.png This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at {{{1}}}. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Perl Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License. Perl is an interpreted programming language developed beginning in the early nineties by Larry Wall and friends. The name is an acronym for practical extraction and report language. Wall and others affectionately extend the acronym to mean pathologically ecclectic and rubbish lister and many other variations. The Perl Community is known for it use of wit and humor. Perl motto: There's more than way way to do it. -Larry Wall- Structure Edit
Timber Frames Virtual Tour Take a virtual tour through the seasons. Davis Frame What is Timber Frame? Timber frame is a centuries-old craft using heavy timbers combined with the best traditional joinery techniques and wooden pegs to create a home unlike any other. These unique, handcrafted structures came into use centuries ago, beginning in Asia. The building method was widely used in Northern Europe before being brought to America by the settlers, where the oldest timber frame structure in the U.S. was built in 1637. Japanese Style Timber Frame Though timber framing was used centuries ago, modern design and materials have made it once again a popular way to build. Today, you can see evidence of beautiful timber frame buildings across the world, including these examples of our recent trip to China and Japan. Timber frame is a specialized traditional method of timber post and beam that is built like furniture, using traditional wood joinery such as mortise and tenon, held in place with wooden pegs or trunnels. A joint is formed by creating two parts, a "tenon," or tongue that extends from the beam (the horizontal timber) to fit into the "mortise," a form-fitting cut into the post (the vertical timber) designed to precisely fit the tenon. For added strength, builders used "trunnels" (tree nails or dowels) to reinforce the joint. Modern timber frame construction still uses these pegs for the main construction. Although used selectively, a variety of highly specialized modern metal fasteners may be used for some aspects of the construction. Japanese Style Timber Frame In addition, timber braces are used to provide structural support to the timber frame. As a result, one timber runs continuously from floor to ridge, providing vertical and lateral support to the building. The timber frame’s components are pre-cut in a shop environment, assembled in sections on-site, and then raised into place using various kinds of specialized equipment from gin poles to modern cranes. Post and beam construction used for some barns and other agricultural buildings is a variation of timber framing. Instead of complex joinery and wooden pegs connecting the timbers, posts and beams are butted together and fastened using metal brackets, spikes and screws. The posts and beams are assembled one at a time. Depending on the structural requirements and use of the living space, timber frame construction can span long distances without support posts. Curved or straight bracing and pegs provide structural integrity as well as an appealing aesthetic. Since there are typically no interior load-bearing walls, floor plans of these homes can be very open and are easily altered as your needs for space change. Remember, timber frame is a method of construction and can be used to achieve most any architectural style. Open floor plans, high vaulted ceilings, and large expanses of glass are readily achievable. The main characteristic of timber framing is that the structural components remain exposed in your home, allowing the beauty of these natural materials and rich architectural features to reflect a breathtakingly warm home or structure unsurpassed in appearance, strength, longevity, comfort, and quality. © 2007-2018 Timber Frames Unlimited, LLC., all rights reserved Developed in partnership with Lava Development, LLC.
Positive effects of globalisation positive effects of globalisation We will write a custom essay sample on negative effects of globalization specifically for you for only $ describe both the positive and negative impacts of . As stated and summarised above, globalization is a modern concept referring to the development of a particular commodity, to make possible international influence or operation this can be reflected in either a positive, or negative way. Evaluate the positive and negative effects of globalization in china globalization, which is the process of enabling financial and investment markets to be operated widely and internationally, usually refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people, and economic activities (simon. I do think there are some negative effects of globalization, but most of them are positive for example, in an oppressed society getting information about other cultures convinces the people that . Globalization is a concept that comes with positive and negative views and perspectives in this lesson we will discuss globalization and some of the effects it has on the us economy. Positive and negative effects of globalization the unique process of globalization is transforming the world in a phenomenal way the world has never seen the movement of people from one place to another on such a scale as at present (nevin, 2006, p 43). Free 900 words essay on positive and negative effects of globalization for school and college students a teenager in a small town in india laughs at the antics of sheldon cooper, a character in an american. However, the globalization negative effects can be seen all around the world, not just in the usa so many countries are hiring help off shore due to employees who are willing to do the same job, at lower prices, which actually influences the economy of a country in a negative way. The positive and negative impacts of globalization financial and other implications it’s nice to read how you presented the positive and the negative effects . Positive and negative effects of globalization in order to understand the positive and negative effects of globalization, we first need to under what globalization actually is in simple words, globalization is a modernized development of the business world. One positive effect that globalization has brought to education is the fast development in educational technology effects of globalization in education nowadays . Proponents of globalization argue that it is economically stimulating, encouraging not only the free play of market forces but entrepreneurship and innovation as well alternatively, detractors state that globalization has worsened conditions for many workers around the world and exacerbated pre . Positive and negative effect of globalization topic: discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on the world today the term globalization is the process of transformation of local phenomena into global ones. Globalisation and tncs have both positive negative effects to the developed and developing nations click next to find out more about how globalisation and tncs influenced countries to become nics in the asian tigers section or click back to go back to the globalisation section. Positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution essay positive and negative impacts of the industrial revolution the industrial revolution was a change in the mid-18th century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. The negative & positive effects of globalization by sam ashe-edmunds - updated june 25, 2018 globalization, as it relates to business, is the ability of consumers and businesses in different countries to more easily communicate, work together and buy from and sell to one another. But looking closely at the impacts of globalisation on developing countries, one would observe both sides of the coin, in that it has both positive and negative impacts globalisation has had a lot of positive effects on developing countries. The positive aspects that the globalization bring about far outweigh its negative consequences we should not forget that the world today is a global village, opportunities are there everywhere . Even though there is some negative impact due to globalization, the positive effects are dominating it is also possible to reduce the various risks involved. Positive effects of globalisation An overview of globalization and it's positive and negative aspects share there is a heated debate about the true effects of globalization and if it really is . Followings are the positive aspects of globalization:- i as more money is poured into developing countries, there is a greater chance for the people in those countries to economically succeed and. The spread of globalization has brought many positive changes to developing countries with increased wages, educational opportunities and health care but emigration and added health risks . Globalization is a concept used to describe the changes in society and the economy in the world it was created by the growth of linkages and exchanges. Positive and negative effects of globalization globalization refers to the overall development as well as modernization of a community as a whole the reason why globalization is important is because it helps a community in gaining international recognition, influence as well as operation. Discover how globalization impacts governments and investors both in positive and negative ways, as well as some overall trends to consider the effects of . However, there are bad effects of globalization that might have a stronger influence on the society than the benefits of globalization starting off with the one of the first of negative impacts of globalization, it increase the emissions of co2. In spite of these positive effects of globalization to the education and health fields in the developing countries however, globalization could have negative impacts also in these fields . Positive effects of globalization globalization has opened up broader communication lines and brought more companies as well as different worldwide organizations into india this provides opportunities for not only working men, but also women, who are becoming a larger part of the workforce. Positive effects of globalization positive effects of the media effects of black market on the economy ways to raise money for charity benefits of school . Globalization is simply the process through which integration and interaction of countries, companies and people occurs across the globe globalization is an economic concept that works by easing the movement of goods and people across borders. positive effects of globalisation We will write a custom essay sample on negative effects of globalization specifically for you for only $ describe both the positive and negative impacts of . positive effects of globalisation We will write a custom essay sample on negative effects of globalization specifically for you for only $ describe both the positive and negative impacts of . Positive effects of globalisation Rated 3/5 based on 41 review
Olea Europaea Olea Europaea is widely known as olive oil. People make this oil from the seeds and fruit. Olive oil is quite effective in preventing heart attacks and strokes, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, breast cancer, and migraine headache. Sometimes Olea Europaea is used to treat high cholesterol, constipation, arthritis, high blood pressure, pain associated ear infections, blood vessel problems, and gallbladder disease. This oil can also treat intestinal gas, jaundice, and meteorism. Some individuals use olive oil to boost the gut bacteria and to clean the intestines. It can also be applied to the skin for ringing ears (tinnitus), earwax, pain in the ears, wounds, lice, minor burns, stretch marks, psoriasis, and for protecting the skin from ultraviolet rays. Olea Europaea leaf is used for treating bacterial,viral, and other infections such as the common cold, influenza, meningitis, swine flu, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), shingles, herpes, HIV/ARC/AIDS, encephalitis, and hepatitis B. This oil works due to fatty acids it contains. These possess anti-inflammatory properties. Olive oil is safe when taken by mouth or applied to the skin correctly. It can be used safely in a dose of two tablespoons (28 grams) per day. It is still safe to consume up to 1 liter of Olea Europaea oil per week. It is usually well-tolerated when taken by mouth. When applied to the skin, some allergic responses may still occur even though they are very rare. There is insufficient information about the safety of Olea Europaea leaf, even though this product hasn't been associated with serious side effects in medical studies. It has to be mentioned that Olea Europaea trees produce pollen that can sometimes lead to seasonal respiratory allergy. Pregnant and breast-feeding women are not recommended to take great amounts of Olea Europaea oil as insufficient information is known about the safety of this oil in these periods. This category of people should not use those amounts which are greater than that found in foods.
When elementary school students study a second language they are taught to gain oral proficiency -- not grammar. It's a method that takes advantage of their knack for mimicking foreign words and sounds by listening. Andrea Rio uses that method to teach Spanish; next year, she will teach it in all three grades, 4-6, at Hebron Elementary School. Rio currently teaches fourth- and fifth-grade students. The younger students receive 15 minutes of instruction four times a week and fifth-grade students get one 15-minute class and one half-hour class each week. When Rio enters the classroom she immediately begins speaking Spanish. Using pantomime and pointing, she quickly draws her students into participating. She asks a classroom of fourth-graders to spell words that describe the weather outside and to use Spanish vocabulary to explain the clothes worn by classmates. "They love it," Rio said. "They just absorb." Older students in middle and high school often find it difficult to learn a second language because there are so many grammatical rules to learn. "A lot of ninth-graders feel it's too much," Rio said. "They've reached a plateau in terms of their brain's capacity to take in a second language." Nila Marrone was one of Rio's teachers at the University of Connecticut. Marrone is a retired associate professor who headed the Spanish language program at UConn. She said the brain can best absorb a foreign language between the ages of 3 and 10. After that, the capacity diminishes in many people. For example, parents with advanced degrees who migrate to a foreign country are frequently unable to speak a second language without a heavy accent while their young children learn to speak like natives. "The brain seems to have plasticity or ability to absorb the language very quickly when young, while adults have already lost that capacity," Marrone said. Marrone said the best method to teach young children is to speak the second language in the classroom. It is less effective if a teacher uses the students' native tongue. During a trip to Japan, Marrone said, she watched the success of the approach. Young students from America and Britian are hired to teach English in the Japanese school system. Most of the teachers didn't speak Japanese. "It was amazing the amount of English the students absorb through that method," Marrone said. In many countries, the great debate is not about when to begin teaching a second language but when to start teaching a third, Marrone said. Budgetary constraints may be one reason many U.S. elementary schools do not offer foreign language, Rio said. "But why should high schools spend money for language studies when many students aren't really into learning the language?" Rio said. "If elementary schools push toward more oral proficiency, it will be easier for them to learn in the upper grades." About $14,000 has been proposed in the Hebron Board of Education budget to increase Rio's position from part to full time at Hebron Elementary School. "I'm crossing my fingers it all works out," she said. Copyright © 2018, Hartford Courant
Diferencia entre LCD y DLP , , Leave a comment The liquid crystal display, known as LCD, works by placing a light bulb inside the TV that produces light. This light is then transferred to millions of crystals, in which an electric flow is used to change colors, and assign the correct color to the screen. The colors are red, green or blue liquid crystals. One of the advantages of LCD is that it transmits better color saturation. They are brilliant, crediting them as a better entertainment package than DLP. They can be hung on the wall because of their size, which is less than 4 inches deep and less than 50 inches long. LCD screens also offer a finer image than DLP at any resolution. It is also efficient with light, as it commonly creates a remarkably high lumen output from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), than DLP with the same watt lamp. LCDs have become popular because they are cheaper and easier to produce. They also offer excellent viewing at angles of up to 60%. Therefore, it allows to see in a large room, where some areas are not directly in front of the television. However, LCDs have a shorter lifespan, usually up to 70,000 to 80,000 hours, or about 28 years of regular viewing. This is due to the crystals, and not to the light source, where the green color will fade, resulting in a red or blue tint. There is no other option but to change the television. Secondly, it is the black level and the contrast weakness, which are significant in a good video image. And thirdly, it is the door screen effect, due to visible pixilation. It looks like you’re looking behind a screen. Digital Light Processing, or DLP, uses a small computer chip, digital micromirror device (DMD), with thousands of mirrors in it. The mirrors reflect the light through a color wheel, supported by a bulb that focuses on the mirror, and then on the screen, which is considered a rear projection. DLPs create a reliable image quality for a longer period of time. It has a light bulb that produces light on the screen and can be replaced. It also provides the largest television of the highest quality, and at a cheaper price, compared to an LCD screen of the same size. DLPs do not have screen door effects like those found in LCDs, and they are used in digital movie theaters. It is a screen with low heat and low power consumption. It has high contrast images due to its fixed pixel screen. However, these pixels are limited. The lifespan of DLP is 80,000 to 100,000 hours, or about 30 years of regular viewing, before the colors fade. One of the biggest drawbacks of DLPs is the line of color on the screen called rainbow effect, which you see when you look away from the screen and then quickly look back or when you look at the screen from one side to the other. The viewing angle, which is only 40% or less, and its rear projection, makes the colors inconsistent from the other side of the room. The depth, which measures between 6 and 18 inches, prohibits hanging the DLP on the wall. 1. LCD has better color saturation than DLP. 2. The LCD screen may hang on the wall because it is 4 “deep and less than 50” long, compared to the 6 “to 18” depth of DLP. 3. The LCD screen has a higher viewing angle, which is up to 60%, compared to 40% of DLP viewing angles. 4. DLP has a longer lifespan of 80,000 to 100,000 hours, or about 30 years of regular viewing, while LCD has 70,000 to 80,000 hours, or about 28 years of regular viewing, before the color fades . 5. DLP is cheaper and higher quality than an LCD screen of the same size. 6. DLP has no screen door effect, but has a rainbow effect. 7. DLP is a screen with low heat and low power consumption. Pomagajte nam izboljšati. Ocenite ta članek: Leave a Reply
Accessibility View Close toolbar Laboratory Testing for Adrenal Fatigue There are two hormones typically used as markers of adrenal fatigue or adrenal dysfunction. The two hormones commonly measured are cortisol and DHEA. The best way to test your adrenal health is to measure your level of free key adrenal hormones, such as, cortisol and DHEA. The free form is important because it actually measures the available hormone. Saliva testing is preferred as it measures the amount of free and circulating hormones instead of the bound hormone commonly measured in blood tests. DHEA can be measured any time during the day. Cortisol on the other hand is the highest in the morning and the lowest in the evening before bedtime. Taking four samples of cortisol at 8 a.m., noon, 5 p.m., and before bedtime is the most accurate. With multiple samples taken throughout the day, we are able to map diurnal curve of free cortisol in the body relative to DHEA level. This will give us a much clear picture of adrenal function. This also gives us a better picture as to adrenal stress loads. Stress can also affect the levels of adrenal hormones. Your cortisol level tested after a quiet and relaxing morning will be different from that taken when you are under tremendous stress. The adrenal glands contribute about 35% female hormones premenopausally and almost 50% postmenopausally. Without proper functioning adrenal glands, pregnancy cannot occur. Women often have exhausted adrenal glands by the time they reach their mid 30s or early 40s due to a stressful lifestyle. Stress is regulated by our adrenal glands primarily. In the early stages of adrenal fatigue, the cortisol output is high as the body attempts to neutralize the stress by producing more of it. When too much cortisol is produced, you will have multiple undesirable effects. For example, cortisol blocks progesterone receptors making them less responsive to progesterone. Progesterone, which is normally produced by the adrenal glands, comes to a halt in favor of cortisol. Insufficient progesterone production leads an imbalance of estrogen to progesterone. The result is estrogen dominance. With reduced progesterone to offset estrogen, the body may experience estrogen dominance and a host of undesirable side effects associated with excessive estrogen occur. Again, the condition is known as estrogen dominance. It is not a coincidental finding that we see multiple conditions associated with excessive estrogen such as //PMS, fibroids, premenstrual syndrome in women who reach their mid 30s and early 40s. Adrenal normalization should precede hormone modulation. In other words, the adrenals need to be addressed and treated properly before taking hormone replacement therapy. The adrenals do deal with daily stressors of life. A woman must normalize her adrenal glands in order to have a total body hormone balance. Replacement of the deficient hormones alone without addressing the overall health of the adrenal gland is a Band-Aid approach and is often ineffective in the long run. The normalization process can begin with investigating and eliminating stressors. Stressors are often chronic in nature and can be really related to lifestyle, dietary, mental, and inflammatory causes. Women with heavy menstrual bleeding and adrenal exhaustion can normalize their adrenal functions with natural cortisol, adequate sleep, proper diet, and nutritional supplementation. This should be considered before considering hormonal progesterone therapy. Oftentimes progesterone makes the bleeding even heavier. This usually only temporarily occurs in the beginning when the estrogen sites are being resensitized. Women under stress can paradoxically have high cortisol and adrenal insufficiency. At the same time, before they get to adrenal fatigue stage, where//5:45// the cortisol level eventually drops. Most postmenopausal women who are experiencing hair loss have an adrenal function problem. Hair loss is a sight of excessive androgen. Some women tend to produce too much androstenedione, which then gets converted into estrone and testosterone. Estriol can be given to off set the testosterone effects as estrogen balances testosterone in the body. Cortisol is also very helpful and can be used as a first line natural medicine. It keeps the adrenal glands from getting stuck in the androgen part of the stress cycle. Cortisol also complements the use of progesterone as well.
"Age of the Great Khan: Pluralism in Chinese Art and Culture Under the Mongols" represents a major cross-departmental effort on the part of the National Palace Museum. In the past, exhibitions from the Museum collection had often been organized separately on the basis of medium. However, in today's wider perspective on culture and art history, the highly developed aesthetics of Chinese painting and calligraphy (for example) need not be distinguished from those of other art forms. In fact, works of different media should be presented at the same time in order to reflect the multiple dimensions of their original cultural context. In other words, the art of a particular time, place, or people always reflects a plurality of materials, influences, and many other factors. Only by offering works together and using the same standards of appreciation and understanding does the greater cultural picture emerge. This is not the first time that the Museum's departments of Painting and Calligraphy, Antiquities, and Books and Documents have cooperated on an exhibition. It does, however, represent a new trend for the Museum through the choice of objects from the collection to express an important feature of the people and culture from a particular time and place. As the first step in this direction, selections have been made from the Museum's collection of Yuan dynasty (1260-1368) artifacts to reflect the artistic, ethnic, and cultural plurality of China under this short yet important period of Mongol rule. With one of the greatest collections of Yuan art in the world, the Museum is confident in portraying the pluralism of this period. We hope that visitors will come away with a sense of the dynamism that marks Yuan art and culture. The exhibition has been divided into four major categories: "Altan Urug--The Golden Clan", "Polyethnic Literati", "The Compassion of Pandita", and "Yeke Uran--The Great Artisans". These categories represent the images and art collections of the Mongol rulers, the ethnic pluralism of art and scholarship, the influence of Tibetan Buddhist art, and the refined efforts of artisans (respectively). These works of art reflect tradition and innovation in art, a sophisticated level of aesthetics, and the artistic achievements of ethnic groups in the Yuan dynasty. However, discrimination in art collecting in the past combined with the finds of modern archaeology often mean that no one collection can adequately express every facet of this period. The National Palace Museum is no exception. For this reason, even the wealth of objects here cannot do justice to the fullness of art and culture under the Mongols in Yuan China. The Mongols are renowned for having established a vast empire which, though not centered in China's heartland, extended from their homeland on the Mongolian steppes throughout Asia and into Europe. It was in 1206 that a tribal ruler was elected as Chinggis Khan (1160s-1227), meaning "Universal Ruler". By unifying the Mongol tribes, he created one of the most efficient and feared armies ever assembled in the world. He subsequently defeated the Tanguts as well as the Chin dynasty Jurcheds, who occupied northern China at the time. Chinggis Khan and his successors went on to form an empire of unprecedented geographic dimensions, covering parts of Asia, Central Asia, the Near East, Russia, and even Europe. Chinggis Khan's grandson Khubilai Khan (1215-1294) became Great Khan in 1260 and chose the Chinese dynastic name Yuan in 1271. In 1279, he conquered the Chinese by destroying the Southern Sung, which had occupied southern China. Ultimately, Peking became the center of a vast empire that comprised four major Mongol khanates stretching from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. With the great khans all from the same clan and their areas connected by a system of roads and stations, trade and travelers (such as Marco Polo) went uninterrupted between East and West. China was part of what historians have termed "Pax Mongolica", reflecting the unification of the Eurasian continent. Thus, China was joined into what scholars have called the Mongol "world system" of the 13th century. It thus seems surprising that China, with the political and economic foundations of the vast Mongol empire centered in the Yuan capital of Peking, apparently did not give rise to the full cultural potential of this world order. Was it because Mongol rule in China was too brief, or was it due to the Chinese revivalism spurred by the rebel leader Chu Yuan-chang, who established the Ming dynasty in 1368? Was it because Christians and Muslims in Yuan China simply chose to adapt into the long flow of Chinese culture, or was it because the Chinese themselves lacked much interest in mixing with other cultures? Without having done much research on this period, I will not speculate further. Nevertheless, we do know that Muslim culture also spanned and influenced various parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 13th century. Furthermore, the Christian world in Europe at this time was also preparing to give rise to what would be known as the Renaissance world. China under the Mongols, however, did not develop into such far-reaching orders. In fact, quite the opposite occurred when Chu Yuan-chang drove the Mongols out and initiated a period of introversion for Chinese culture. Perhaps this goes without saying for native Ming rulers, but even the artistic and cultural achievements of the Manchus (a Jurched tribe), who conquered the Ming and beyond to establish the Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911), were based largely on the assimilation into Chinese civilization. Thus, when looking back at world history six or seven hundred years ago, some Chinese today seem to take pride in the fact that many foreigners in the Yuan dynasty chose to absorb Chinese culture. However, I feel that as soon as China became a bastion of local culture within the greater Mongolian empire, it lost a vital opportunity to plant the seeds for cultural synthesis, which in some ways was a loss for Chinese as a whole. The Yuan dynasty objects in the Museum perhaps naturally can only reflect patterns of collecting in the past and the taste of previous connoisseurs. For this reason, it cannot represent the pluralistic nature of imperial Mongol culture or even the full picture of surviving objects from Mongol China. However, the limited works in the collection do reveal to some extent the fact that a pluralistic Asian culture indeed existed in China during the Yuan dynasty under the Mongols. This is what the Museum had in mind when planning this exhibition. Making objective selections based on the materials at hand is crucial for presenting an unbiased perspective of a particular time and place. I write this introduction as a preface in the hope that visitors from all walks of life will be able to capture a glimpse of this from "Age of the Great Khan: Pluralism in Art and Culture Under the Mongols". Tu Cheng Sheng Director, National Palace Museum
Sentence Examples • They can cause the transmission of West Nile Virus, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria and encephalitis, among other very serious conditions. • Additionally, infectious diseases like malaria and dengue fever are being spread to new areas that were once inhospitable to mosquitoes, putting the health of millions of human beings at risk. • The same goes for any symptoms that suggest you may have contracted an illness, such as West Nile virus, yellow or dengue fever or malaria, from the mosquito. • Mosquitoes have been known to spread fatal illnesses such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and many other serious diseases. • "Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever."
Yangzhou Hengchun Electronics Co., Ltd Home > News > Content Multi-Turn On-off Actuator Automatic Control - Oct 16, 2017 - The broadest definition of an actuator is a drive device that provides a straight or rotary motion that uses electricity or gas as a driving force and works under a control signal such as a current or voltage, thus reaching a drive to open the shutoff valve. Although most actuators are used for on-off valves, but today's actuators are designed to go well beyond simple switching functions, including position sensors, Multi-Turn On-off Actuator torque sensors, electrode protectors, logic controls, digital communication modules and PID control modules, all of which are installed in a compact enclosure. Because more and more factories use automation control, manual operation is replaced by mechanical or automation equipment, people require the actuator to be able to control the interface between the system and valve mechanical movement, more require the executing agency to enhance work safety performance and environmental protection performance. In some dangerous situations, automated actuators can reduce injuries. Multi-Turn On-off Actuator Some special valves require emergency opening or closing in exceptional circumstances, and valve actuators can prevent further spread of the risk while minimizing factory losses. For some high-pressure large-caliber valves, Multi-Turn On-off Actuator the required actuator output torque is very large, then the required actuator must improve mechanical efficiency and use of high output motor, such a smooth operation of large diameter valves. 1. Drive energy, the most commonly used driving energy is power or fluid source, if the choice of power supply for the driving energy, for large-size valves generally choose three-phase power supply, for small-size valves can be selected single-phase power supply. General Electric actuator can have a variety of power types to choose from. Sometimes DC power supply can be selected, Multi-Turn On-off Actuator at this time to install the battery to achieve power failure safe operation. There are many kinds of fluids, the first one can be different media such as: compressed air, nitrogen, natural gas, hydraulic fluid, and second, Multi-Turn On-off Actuator they can have a variety of pressure, the third actuator has a variety of dimensions to provide the power of output torque. 2, valve type, when selecting the valve actuator, you must know the type of valve, so that you can choose the right actuator types. Some valves require a multiple-slewing drive, some require a single slewing drive, Multi-Turn On-off Actuator and some require a reciprocating drive, which affects the choice of actuator type. Often more rotary pneumatic actuator than the electric multiple rotary actuator price is expensive, but reciprocating direct stroke output pneumatic actuator price than the electric multiple rotary actuator cheaper.
Essay on human rights for children A favoured metaphor in this context is monetary: That is to say that they do not dispute that there should be a threshold age—one beyond which adult rights are acquired—but they do think that the conventional or orthodox threshold is fixed too late. The fact of extensive disagreement about what is best for children, or for a child, is often set in the context of broader cultural disagreements about morality in general. The child who is allowed to play football becomes a well-paid sportsman who, retrospectively, approves of the decision to free him from music lessons which hampered his ability to develop his footballing skills. If we try to trace the origin of this sorry state of affairs we will find that the discrimination has already started when the society was in its nascent stage. It shews that there were men, even at that early period, who travelled up and down as merchants, collecting not only balm, myrrh, spicery, and other wares, but the human species also, for the Edition: An Essay Concerning Toleration. Argumentative Essay On Animal Rights It is, in effect, the only consideration determinative of an outcome. Smith can, for instance, choose now to enter into a slavery contract or to engage in a dangerous sport that risks death or serious disability. Online Library of Liberty People, who violate the animal interests, must be brought to justice to take responsibility for their actions. After discussing these basic features of language and reference Locke goes on to discuss specific cases of the relationship between ideas and words: In addition, there are some exemptions from the prohibitions: However if the adult is confronted with other sorts of choices the answer is far less clear. At length the robber, having got the better of the husbandman, binds him, and drives him off with his team. Second, we can perceive relations that obtain between ideas. It is quite another to remain a child in our adult world. The mechanical philosophy held that the fundamental entities in the physical world were small individual bodies called corpuscles. The adult version of the child is one with such beliefs and desires filtered out. The third degree of knowledge is called sensitive knowledge and has been the source of considerable debate and confusion among Locke commentators. On his view, the power of kings ultimately originated in the dominion which God gave to Adam and which had passed down in an unbroken chain through the ages. By the way it was based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights and aimed at the termination of animal abuse and killing. The Story of Joseph, as recorded in the sacred writings, whom his brothers sold from an envious suspicion of his future greatness, is an ample testimony of the truth of this conjecture. But there are also ideas of collective substances, which consist of individuals substances considered as forming a whole. Video & Photos For example, knowing that sweetness is not bitterness consists in perceiving that the idea of sweetness is not identical to the idea of bitterness. Such an invasion of animal life just for fun contradicts to the right to freedom. Imaginary scene in Africa. Some Thoughts Concerning Education. When such violations are allowed to go unchecked, they often increase in frequency and intensity usually because perpetrators feel that they enjoy immunity from punishment. Thus using age may risk unfairly penalising some who are in fact competent just as it may risk unfairly rewarding some who are in fact incompetent. The concern is properly understood as one that the prodigality of rights attributions is damaging to the cause of rights. Classical languages, usually learned through tedious exercises involving rote memorization, and corporeal punishment were two predominant features of the seventeenth century English educational system. A short work on miracles also dates from this time and was published posthumously. It is when you perceive this disagreement that you know the fact that white is not black. Focuses particularly on agency, personhood, and rationality. The remedies that Locke recommends for fixing these problems created by language are somewhat predictable. In agreement for relinquishing certain rights, individuals would receive protection from physical harm, security for their possessions, and the ability to interact and cooperate with other humans in a stable environment. Additionally to legislative work, there should be educational activity among children and adolescents on animal rights issue. It matters to me that I can speak out on political questions. But he also felt that there were serious limits to what could be justified through appeals to faith. He himself was deeply religious and took religious faith to be important. What is it to be a child if not to think and want as a child does? The will and the interest theory is each alleged to have failings.Human Rights laws in India: lays down laws for the protection of every person from all kinds of discrimination, be it social, econimic, political in India. Human Rights Day is commemorated on 10th of December. Know how it is celebrated, why do we celebrate, theme, objectives and Quotes of Human Rights Day. Essay II John Locke i: Ideas and their origin Chapter i: Ideas in general, and their origin 1. Everyone is conscious to himself that he thinks; and. Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights [Allen D. Human rights education Hertzke] on FREE shipping on qualifying offers. With the dawning of the 21st Century a new human rights movement burst unexpectedly onto the global stage. Initially motivated by concern for persecuted Christians around the world. Sierra leone: it's back to school after ebola crisis: a school in freetown is one of many reopening after the james jones author biography essay @hannahbubble @tsncblog Trust me, Mean Girls sounds so much better than writing a media law and regulation essay!:(essay on visit to naran kaghan j essaye d oublier snipers sylvia plath morning song personal response essays media irish. Human Rights laws in India Argument ‘At Least During the Internment ’ Are Words I Thought I’d Never Utter I was sent to a camp at just 5 years old — but even then, they didn't separate children from families. Essay on human rights for children Rated 5/5 based on 88 review
Randwick Races This week, with so much talk about the upcoming horse racing season, and the many important races which are to take place, it seemed the ideal time to share one of the amazing photos of Randwick Racecourse in the Past Present Collection. The photo above, which was taken by an unknown photographer in circa 1936 shows Today, the Melbourne Cup may be one of the most, if not the most famous race in Australia. Yet the Melbourne Cup is far from the only important race run in Australia, and the racecourse where it is held, Flemington Racecourse, is not the oldest. In fact, in the early years of the colony racing was a very popular pastime and several basic racecourses were established. Yet by the 1830s these oldest of racecourses had stopped operating for a variety of reasons, leaving Hyde Park the main centre of horse racing at the time. It was clear that a dedicated horse racetrack was needed though and in late 1832 a group of gentlemen petitioned Governor Bourke to set aside land near Botany Road. In 1833, after the land had been surveyed and found suitable, the petition was granted and the course, then known as ‘the sandy course’ was soon in operation. Yet by 1838, racing had stopped again. This could have spelled the end for Randwick Racecourse, but in 1858 racing returned. The Australian Jockey Club, which was established in 1842, wanted a place to establish a permanent racecourse with good facilities and petitioned the Government to grant them the old Sandy Course. The grant was allowed, the facilities and track were improved and the first race, held in May 1860, was attended by a crowd of over 6000 spectators. With the extension of the tram service to the course in 1880 the future of the course was assured. By 1900 the tram was so popular that a dedicated loop station was built simply to service the racecourse, and at its peak the trams carried 117,480 passengers in a single day in 1834! The Iconic Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge from Farm Cove – Botanic Gardens (Photographer Unknown) The image above is an iconic view of Sydney, familiar not just to Sydneysiders and visitors to Sydney, but worldwide. Indeed, The Sydney Harbour Bridge is an icon of Sydney, representing the harbour city around the world and showcasing the beautiful harbour to millions of people. Yet the bridge is not just a stunning structure, it has an amazing history. Although today many think of the Sydney Harbour Bridge as simply an icon of Sydney, at the time that the bridge opened in 1932 it was icon of a whole different sort – an engineering marvel in itself. Yet the history of the bridge dates back well over a century before and the original bridge envisaged was a very different structure. In the early days of the colony, the famous convict architect Francis Greenway spoke with Governor Macquarie, suggesting a bridge be built in roughly the same place where the Sydney Harbour Bridge stands today. Of course, Greenways lofty dream didn’t come to pass, but by 1901, when Federation of the Australian States and Territories occurred, the need for a bridge across the harbour was well recognised. The year before, in 1900, the government called for people to submit designs for just such a bridge but all the designs were unsatisfactory, so the plans were again put aside. In the wake of World War One though a real quest for a bridge spanning the harbour began. In 1923 Dr J.J.C Bradfield oversaw tenders for either an arch or cantilever bridge. Eventually, Bradfield would go on to oversee the entire design and building process of the now iconic bridge. The tender itself was won by a company from England, Dorman Long and Co. Ltd. They submitted a design by Sir Ralph Freeman for an arch bridge, and construction on the bridge began in 1924. Hundreds of families were displaced during the construction as entire streets of homes and businesses were resumed and demolished, without compensation, to make way for the now iconic bridge. Dee Why and Curl Curl Getting Around Tariffs In Snails Bay Photographer Of Mystery – Photographs Of History 942-36 Sydney 954-36 Sydney copy Dee Why Dunes Dee Why copy This image of Dee Why is a stunning glimpse into a landscape which once was common to Australian beaches – sand dunes. Sand dunes once dotted Australia’s shoreline, being particularly famous at Botany Bay, but over time they have eroded, or been more drastically reduced by activities such as sand mining. Dee Why beach has long been popular with surfers and families. In 1914, only a year after the Salvation Army began to sell off holdings they had in the area, a surf club was established and they even held the first surf carnival. By the 1920s the area had become a popular place for people to spend their holidays, with a huge number of holiday cottages, a camp ground and plenty of room for caravans. No doubt many younger visitors relished the chance to slip, slide and ride down the once enormous sand dunes. Over time though these dunes eroded, with natural forces blowing the sand away, much of it ending up in Dee Why Lagoon. Although sand dunes are still an impressive part of Dee Why beach, the majestic dunes pictured in this photograph are likely a thing of history. Chinatown In Melbourne Little Bourke St. south from Russell (Chinese with cart in fore). Chinese quarter along this street and its inferior quality seen easily (taken from original captioning information) (Description taken from original captioning information) The Past Present has decided that this week it is time to head further afield and visit one of the other capitals which features in the vast collection of images. This image of Melbourne, taken circa 1936 by an unknown photographer is a beautiful and evocative snapshot of Melbourne’s Little Bourke Street (south) and a few of its residents. Little Bourke Street is at the heart of Melbournes historic Chinatown district. In the early 1850s Chinese people began arriving in Melbourne seeking fortune on the Victorian goldfields. In 1854 lodging houses for these immigrants began to appear with the first being in Little Bourke Street and Celestial Avenue. The area was cheap, convenient and the immigrants could purchase supplies on their way to the goldfields. Soon enough merchants, stores and even benevolent societies began to appear, all aimed at the new and ever changing community of the emerging Chinatown. Following the gold rush many people in rural areas began to move to the cities and for the Chinese immigrants Little Bourke Street was the ideal location. It served as a focal point for the Chinese in Melbourne with many living in the area, but others simply visiting for meals, to gamble, to smoke opium or for religious ceremonies. By 1900 Melbournes Chinatown was well established and between the turn of the century and 1920 it grew rapidly. In the 1920s and 1930s though, with restricted immigration and a shift towards establishing businesses outside the central business district, Chinatown began to shrink. In the postwar era new immigrants arrived, but Chinatown continued to diminish until in the 1940s and 1950s people began to suspect it would disappear entirely. In the 1960s, fortunately the area was saved and today Melbournes Chinatown is one of the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere.
How to create a new Thread in Java / Various methods to create a Thread in Java A little bit about thread A thread is a piece of task which is to be executed in parallel to another task executed by an application. Example, Consider a text editor which performs auto save operation after some particular length of text is typed into it. Now there are two tasks, first showing the text typed into the editor and second, performing auto save. Since the two tasks should be executed in parallel, they are performed in different threads. If both operations are done on the same thread, then while the thread is busy saving, it could not perform the typing process and it will show a lag till the save operation completes. How to create Thread ? There are a couple of ways of creating a thread. (more…) Continue Reading Close Menu
Sunday, December 11, 2016 1/144 Douglas DC-5 in IJA/IJN Service - F-RSIN The Douglas DC-5, probably the least known of the famous DC airliner series, was a 16-to-22-seat, twin-engine propeller aircraft intended for shorter routes than the Douglas DC-3 or Douglas DC-4. However, by the time it entered commercial service in 1940, many airlines were canceling orders for aircraft. Consequently, only five civilian DC-5s were built. With the Douglas Aircraft Company already converting to World War II military production, the DC-5 was soon overtaken by world events, although a limited number of military variants were produced. The prototype DC-5, Douglas serial 411, was built at El Segundo, California with Wright Cyclone 1,000 hp R-1820-44 engines. The aircraft made its first flight on February 20, 1939 with Carl A. Cover at the controls. This sole prototype (originally configured with just eight seats) became the personal aircraft of William Boeing which he named "Rover". It was later impressed into the US Navy and converted for military use as an R3D-3 variant in February 1942.[5] The first customer for the DC-5 was KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) of The Netherlands. A US domestic carrier, Pennsylvania Central (later renamed Capital Airlines), ordered six and SCADTA, (Sociedad Colomba-Alemana de Transportes Aéreos), ancestor of today's Avianca in Colombia, another two. The four aircraft sold to KLM were used by their colonial subsidiaries. When Douglas factories went into war production, DC-5 production was curtailed to build additional SBD Dauntless dive bombers for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps and only KLM received the high-winged airliner. A dozen DC-5s were completed. The first two initially flew the Paramaribo-Curaçao route, and the other two operated from Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Three aircraft were used for the 1942 evacuation of civilians from Java to Australia, during which PK-ADA was damaged in an air strike by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force at Batavia Kemajoran Airport on February 9, 1942 and it was abandoned. Japanese forces captured PK-ADA, subsequently repaired and tested it at Tachikawa Airfield and Haneda Airport during 1943. This DC-5, painted in camouflage with Japanese Imperial Army Air Force markings, was later used as a transport in the Japanese Home Islands.[5] The captured KLM DC-5 (PK-ADA) in service with the Japanese Imperial Army Air Force The three remaining aircraft, PK-ADB, PK-ADC and PK-ADD made their way safely to Australia where the aircraft were interned by the Allied Directorate of Air Transport and operated by the United States Army Air Forces as the C-110. The wartime history of PK-ADC was brief, because it was destroyed in a landing accident shortly after its arrival in Australia. PK-ADD flew for the balance of the war under the aegis of Australian National Airways, on support missions inside the country with the temporary license VH-CXC. In 1939, the US Navy ordered seven aircraft. Three were delivered as R3D-1s, the first of which crashed before delivery. The remaining four were R3D-2s for the U.S. Marine Corps and were equipped with 1,015 HP R-1820-44 engines, a large cargo hold and 22 seats for paratroopers.[5] After World War II, production of the DC-5 was not resumed because of the abundance of surplus C-47 aircraft released into civil service. In 1948, the last surviving DC-5 (c/n 426) VH-ARD of Australian National Airways was sold and smuggled to Israel for military use. The aircraft arrived at Haifa in May 1948, and from there it went to Sde Dov, where its markings were removed and the name "Yankee Pasha - The Bagel Lancer" was crudely painted on the nose by hand. The aircraft joined 103 Squadron (Israel) at Ramat David Airbase. Because Israel was in the midst of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, it was occasionally used as a bomber as well as flying transport missions. On bomber missions the aft loading door was removed and bombs were rolled out of the opening "by a judicious shove from a crewman's foot."[6] The operational record of the aircraft is in dispute as authoritative sources do not verify its combat service. Release: Coming Soon No comments:
Health and Safety Business Fundamentals What will we learn and talk about today? • Learn about hazards and risks in the workplace • Identify hazards in the workplace, and solutions to reduce the risk of harm or injuries • Look at a case study on a UK company and be able to identify their health and safety procedures Can you identify any hazards here? Some of my own experiences What are the hazards in these pictures? Over to you!Circle on the paper the hazards that you can see • Identify the hazards in the pictures, and explain the risks, • For example, the fire exit is blocked. People might not be able to escape and could be in danger • How can we prevent these hazards from happening? • Think of some of the hazards that could occur in an office, or here in the classroom, explain the risks • Share your ideas in pairs, and then with the whole class Watch the training video, and answer the questions • What should you wear in the training area? • What should you remember to do and why? • What kind of dangerous equipment is in the production area? • What should be worn to reduce the hazard ? • What other equipment is essential? • What can cause hearing loss? • What was his final piece of advice? Time for individual work Created with images by SparkFunElectronics - "New Building Site Visit" Made with Adobe Slate Make your words and images move. Get Slate Report Abuse
Jonathan Swift as the ‘Patriot Dean Published in 18th–19th - Century History, Features, Issue 4 (Winter 1995), Volume 3 Jonathan Swift as the ‘Patriot Dean 1When Jonathan Swift died 250 years ago, his publisher George Faulkner eulogised him as ‘a great and eminent Patriot’, whose ‘Genius, Works, Learning and Charity’ evoked universal admiration (Dublin Journal 19-22 October 1745). The sequence of Faulkner’s phrasing deserves notice, since even as Swift’s ‘Genius, Works [and] Learning’, represented by A Tale of a Tub, a host of irreverent verse and, especially, Gulliver’s Travels, had gained him an international reputation as a satirist on a par with the ancients, his patriotic efforts had earned him still greater respect and affection from the Irish people. Advocating economic self-sufficiency in his Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufactures (1720), promoting self-respect and political autonomy in the face of the London government’s imperiousness with The Drapier’s Letters (1724-25), exposing the scandalous condition of the Irish poor in his Short View of the State of Ireland (1728), and bequeathing most of his fortune to found Ireland’s first mental hospital, Swift had certainly become ‘The Hibernian Patriot’—the title used by Faulkner on his 1725 edition of The Drapier’s Letters. Swift’s popularity as an author has continued undiminished in the centuries since, and literary critics (not always joined by moralists) have consistently maintained his eminence. Yet in Ireland, after his death and for nearly 200 years, Swift’s patriotism came under severe and diverse questioning. Only in recent times, in fact, has he become accepted as a patriot without serious challenge. Jonathan Swift by Charles Jervas.(Courtesy of The National Gallery of Ireland) Jonathan Swift by Charles Jervas. (Courtesy of The National Gallery of Ireland) Anomolous patriot For Swift was an anomolous patriot, a figure of contradictions. Native to Dublin, educated at Kilkenny College and Trinity, he considered himself not Irish but an ‘Englishman born in Ireland’. The attitude so implied was in many ways typical of those of planter stock—it included a general indifference or hostility to the culture and language of the Gaelic Catholic majority—but Swift’s personal orientation to England was uncommonly strong. His parents were English, he lived and worked in England for years as a young man and, as an adviser and propagandist for Queen Anne’s Tory ministers, again in middle age. He cultivated there the friendships he most valued, sought there a permanent position, and regarded the one he received in Ireland instead as tantamount to exile. In religion Swift was not simply a Protestant, and thus a member of a minority in Ireland privileged over the Catholic majority, but a prominent clergyman of the Church of Ireland, stalwart in promoting its rights and privileges as the established church against the interests of an only slightly smaller Presbyterian community. Presbyterianism, in fact, he despised, while also never disputing the Penal Laws that curbed the civil and religious rights of Catholics. Hence, though generally considered an ancestor of Irish nationalism for his resistance to British encroachments upon Irish rights, his Ireland was a Protestant kingdom and mainly an Anglican polity. Jonathan Swift as the ‘Patriot Dean 3In practical terms, moreover, except for his campaign as the Drapier against the London government’s imposition of Wood’s halfpence upon Ireland, his patriotic writings were ineffectual in gaining their stated purpose. He proposed Irish self-sufficiency, deplored the absenteeism of landlords and suggested improvements in agriculture and social conditions, but his arguments were unavailing with the Irish governing class. Despite his efforts, the economic position of the Church of Ireland eroded slightly in his day, and some restrictions upon Presbyterians were eased. A statute of the London parliament in 1720 declared Ireland a depending kingdom, clarifying the subordinate status of the Irish to the English parliament defined by Poynings’s Law in the fifteenth century; though as the Drapier Swift voiced Irish resentment against the arrogance of imposing Wood’s coinage as an effect of that subordination, his victory was limited to the withdrawal of Wood’s patent. The subordination of Ireland continued. It was in fact Swift’s stance as a patriot, more than the success or even the substance of his arguments, that drew political admiration for him in his lifetime. The patriotic effect of his Irish Manufactures pamphlet in 1720, for instance, issued less from what it promoted than from the government prosecution it provoked. In the hope of flushing out its anonymous author, its printer was taken to court, though Swift was widely known to have written it, the reward posted for revealing its authorship went unclaimed, and the jury refused to find printer or pamphlet seditious. The attempt at censorship failed, then, but the cause of self-sufficiency was not forwarded. Acclaim among the common people In life, Swift’s stance as a patriot combined with such humanitarian activities as giving to beggars or lending without interest to poor tradesmen, to gain him unusual acclaim among the common people. After his death this reputation was continued and elaborated in folk memory, The benign ghost of Stella visiting the distraught Swift -illustration for a biographical account by J.F. Waller in an 1864 edition of Gulliver's Travels. The benign ghost of Stella visiting the distraught Swift – illustration for a biographical account by J.F. Waller in an 1864 edition of Gulliver’s Travels. in jocular, often apocryphal reminiscences and stories that even found their way into Gaelic folklore. But even by then the political nation whose cause he served in The Drapier’s Letters was occupied with different, fresher issues, more immediately relevant than those of his time. In addition, the popular biography of Swift by his sometime friend, Lord Orrery, published in 1752, argued that the Dean’s patriotism was hypocritical: Irish affairs simply provided Swift with a means of irritating or embarrassing the Whig government in London that had displaced his Tory friends when Queen Anne died, and dashed his hopes of a career in England. Irish patriotic hypocrisy seemed of a piece with the misanthropy that Orrery, confirming the suspicions of some contemporary English critics, saw as the basis for literary satires like A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver’s Travels, and with the scatology in these and in Swift’s poems. Swift became an author more popular than respectable, and admired rather for ironic wit than moral guidance well into the nineteenth century; and among Irish politicians and commentators he became rather a figure of abstract, superficial reverence than a source of patriotic inspiration. Even Henry Grattan’s famous invocation of Swift when hailing the dawn of Irish legislative independence in 1782—’Spirit of Swift, spirit of Molyneux, your Genius has prevailed; Ireland is now a nation’—was not, we now know, actually spoken in 1782 but added to an edition of Grattan’s speeches that appeared after his death in 1820. Underlying the specific difficulties that the Irish political nation had in perceiving the dimensions and potential of Swift’s patriotism in the eighteenth century was a subtle and problematic shift in their own self-perception. At the time of Swift’s birth in 1667, there was a recognisable colonial identity among Protestants, particularly Anglicans, in Ireland, forged from a sense of English political and religious pride or affirmation refined by its contrast to the characteristics of the Irish Catholic majority. Their anti-Catholicism, that is, was exacerbated by the proximity, numbers and rebelliousness of the Catholic Irish, features that English recusants generally lacked. Thus colonial fears about the ‘wild Irish’ whose land they had settled were magnified enormously by the Irish rebellion that began in 1641. The massacres of that year assumed mythological significance as their numbers were exaggerated to reach into the hundreds of thousands, confirming the indigenous Catholic Irish as barbarous and bloodthirsty, and privileging the Protestant colonial remnant as divinely spared to advance and prosper by suppressing the natives. That the Catholic Irish remained intent on exterminating Protestants, in political if not physical terms, was further confirmed by the brief empowerment of Catholics in the Jacobite regime a generation later. Protestants were not massacred, but their hold on the land (and thereby on legislative power) was threatened by the Patriot Parliament’s challenges to property titles. Henceforth, once Irish Jacobites were defeated or exiled, the penal laws were intended to turn the tables decisively by impeding Catholic land ownership and church freedom. So deprived progressively of political-military or pastoral leadership, the Catholic masses, whatever their numbers, would pose no more threat to the reinstated Irish colonial regime than the peasantry did to governments anywhere in pre-democratic Europe. The demise of that threat enabled the emergence of an Irish political nation exclusively Protestant and predominantly Anglican, which began in the eighteenth century to develop a sense of itself as a distinct kingdom with economic interests occasionally diverging from England. This plaster bust of Swift, now in the Civic Museum, Dublin, long adorned a pub near his birthplace in Hoey's Court. This plaster bust of Swift, now in the Civic Museum, Dublin, long adorned a pub near his birthplace in Hoey’s Court. Catholic question ignored Such a national consciousness, however, could not entirely outpace a fundamentally colonial concern that the kingdom maintain its Protestant character. The sense of distinctness from indigenous Catholics essential to that character was so firmly rooted in the fears and compensating superiority induced by seventeenth-century experience that the Irish political nation could not perceive its other interests clearly and consistently in their own terms. In objecting to English restrictions on Irish exports, for example, and arguing that economic self-sufficiency was thus all the more imperative to Irish prosperity, Swift’s Irish Manufactures pamphlet of 1720 was anticipated by Richard Lawrence’s The Interest of Ireland in its Trade and Wealth Stated as early as 1682. But Lawrence blamed the Catholic gentry’s continentally-oriented love of luxury for hindering that prosperity. However unusual these particulars of his attack on Catholics, his general thrust followed the rhetorical conventions of anti-Catholicism. Forty years later Swift avoided such conventions, focusing upon English restrictions and the (by 1720 mainly Protestant) Irish gentry’s addiction to imports; venturing into a new rhetorical field, he implicitly fostered a national consciousness at the expense of a colonial one. This derived from no purity of motive: he ignored the anti-Catholicism fundamental to colonial identity because invoking it would suggest like-mindedness with the Presbyterians he detested, while he regarded the penal laws as sufficient security against any Catholic resurgence. The colonial consciousness, however, needed circumstances as much as rhetoric to develop a national identity, defining its interests against England rather than Catholicism. English interests in the seventeenth century, after all, had included saving and defending the Protestant colony in Ireland, and grievances against England hardly offset the remembered trauma of the Catholic threat. Swift’s patriotic legacy is a rhetoric of resentment and self-improvement informed by such grievances, attempting to transcend that traumatic memory by ignoring it. However he might regard anti-Catholicism as distracting, his not attempting overtly to displace that trauma left his strident rhetoric seeming merely topical passion, often witty, indeed, but tied politically to particulars of no durable significance. Thus when a statue of the Drapier was proposed in 1732, one opponent countered by proposing a statue of William III instead, supplementing the one already standing in College Green, because William was of so much greater importance to Protestant Ireland (A Letter to the Right Honourable Sir Ralph Gore [Dublin 1732]). For the most part, then, Swift was an acknowledged but rather abstract element in the embryonic, ambivalently national consciousness of Irish Protestants, summed up in the common phrase ‘that great patriot Dr. Swift’. There were exceptions: in a pamphlet of 1782 Leonard MacNally, later infamous for informing on the United Irishmen, traced the success of the Irish Volunteers in expressing popular determination for an independent parliament to the example of Swift; and Wolfe Tone’s journal in the 1790s records the dean as a precursor of his own still more separatist nationalism. These were Protestants whose definition of Ireland’s interests against England had evolved to the point (from which MacNally receded) of integrating Catholics, while the fairly quick acceptance of the Act of Union among the majority of Irish Protestants showed the residual strength of sectarian patterns for self-definition, especially following the 1798 Rising. Their very security in the Union, however, rather like that which the penal laws guaranteed to their forebears, could free some Protestants to assert their identity as Irish within the United Kingdom. For them, Swift was an attractive ancestor, at once defensively anti-English in rhetoric and assuredly British in outlook and culture. His avoidance of overt anti-Catholic rhetoric, moreover, was a bonus. He had avoided it, of course, by hardly referring to Catholics at all, and eighteenth-century Catholic writers had reciprocated with remarkably little mention of him. In 1817, however, the Scottish critic Francis Jeffrey, reviewing Walter Scott’s edition of Swift for the Edinburgh Review, attacked Swift for seeming so oblivious to the sufferings of Catholics in his own day, a charge which gradually become a fixture in British liberal considerations of Swift. Thomas Moore’s Captain Rock (1829) voiced the same concern, but Irish Catholic writers generally continued to ignore Swift’s patriotism, which had little to offer the emerging majoritarian politics of Daniel O’Connell’s emancipation and repeal campaigns. Typically, O’Connell himself hardly mentioned Swift at all. Thus he remained a Protestant patriot, regarded most warmly by Irish Tories, though hailed by the unionist Dublin University Magazine in 1840 as the wellspring of Irish patriotic agitation generally, implicitly including O’Connell’s. A seventy-foot model of Gulliver,constructed for Dublin Millenium, was eventually beached on Dollymount Strand in July 1988. Young Ireland This was a harbinger for the considerable broadening of Swift’s patriotic appeal in the same decade. Hoping to gain support from his fellow Protestants for the O’Connellite cause of repeal, the Young Irelander Thomas Davis, co-founder of The Nation newspaper in 1842, often invoked in its pages a line of mostly Protestant seventeenth and eighteenth-century patriots. Constructing them as spiritual ancestors, a patriotic genealogy that demonstrated at once the nationalist heritage of Irish Protestants and a Protestant pedigree for O’Connell’s overwhelmingly Catholic movement, Davis conceded Swift’s religious intolerance as a failing of his time, but insisted that the anti-English thrust of his Irish writings offered enduring inspiration. Indeed, the failure of O’Connell’s ‘repeal year’ in 1843 and the catastrophic famine of the years following Davis’s sudden death in 1845 lent Swift’s rhetoric of resentment bitingly current value. When the repeal movement split in 1846, Swift was actually appropriated as an ancestor by the more advanced nationalists and hailed as a patriotic prophet by the even more militant John Mitchel. What invigorated Swift’s rediscovered relevance for both Davis and Mitchel was the hope that Irish Catholics and Protestants alike could define their common interest against England’s, uniting as nationalists as their forebears had joined together in Swift’s campaign against Wood’s coinage. It was a misplaced hope, but just as political nationalism was generally led by Protestants until the 1890s, Swift was increasingly enhanced as a nationalist founding father by politicised Catholics. The momentum of that acceptance had no smooth path, however. The complaint that Swift’s patriotism was inadequate, because he offered no support to Catholic claims in his lifetime, was renewed at the end of the 1860s by John Mitchel, who had concluded twenty years after celebrating Swift as a prophet that his aloofness from Catholic issues left his patriotism trivial, and even called his Irishness into question. Father Thomas Burke, OP, a stirring nationalist preacher in Ireland and America in the 1870s, made a similar case. And as Protestant leadership of political nationalism disappeared, after the fall of Parnell, to be transferred to the new cultural nationalist movements, the Irish-Ireland theoretician D.P. Moran excoriated Swift as a particularly accomplished enemy of Gaelic-Catholic civilisation, an ‘Englishman, whom, with characteristic latter-day Irish cringe we claim for ourselves’ (‘The Pale and the Gael’, in New Ireland Review, June 1899). This line of attack continued into the l920s, with vehement protests at Swift’s English or anti-Irish orientation by the editor of the Catholic Bulletin, Fr. Timothy Corcoran, and was promoted most cogently by Daniel Corkery in the pages of Studies in 1934. Allowing for the expressive heat of his predecessors, their criticism and Corkery’s was essentially accurate: Swift certainly lacked any serious appreciation of Gaelic culture or sympathy for the mass of Irish people as Catholics in his day; his sympathies, in fact, inasmuch as they were with the Irish, were humanitarian rather than patriotic, and his anti-English rhetoric was most often employed in defence of the small Protestant colony. Swift’s patriotic reputation nonetheless survived these repeated blows, has prospered, and by now is rarely questioned. This was possible, perhaps even inevitable, because of the purpose for which Davis and Young Ireland had constructed it. The Irish nationalism they designed became dominant by focusing on national pride and defining it as distinct, even opposed, to British imperial interests. That focus and definition fostered the identity capable of transcending religious divisions that Wolfe Tone had called ‘the common name of Irishman’. The language of that nationalism, however, was English, which in practical terms subordinated a genuine admiration for Gaelic culture. Swift’s anomolies, with slight adjustments of emphasis, could appear sufficiently resolved by this formula to enable his own construction as a nationalist ancestor, such an inspiration to later patriots that his eccentricities, even occasional bigotry, paled by comparison. Rarely at ease with himself, and less so in his native country, Swift yet lent himself to a treatment of its history rather like that Brendan Bradshaw has recommended for our own time (see HI Spring 1993), as guidance for the present and oriented to values, rather than past-centred and value-free. It was an historical programme that impelled the eventual achievement of Irish freedom, and Swift’s part in it, if never so resonant outside Ireland as his literary reputation, certainly deserves Irish remembrance in this anniversary year. Robert Mahony is Director of the Center for Irish Studies, Catholic University of America, Washington DC. Further reading: R. Mahony, Jonathan Swift: The Irish Identity (Yale 1995). T. Bartlett, The Fall and Rise of the Irish nation (Dublin 1992). S.J. Connolly, Religion, Law and Power: The making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760 (Oxford 1992). J. McMinn, Jonathan Swift: A Literary Life (Dublin 1991).
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Speed calculation/falling bodies theory 1. May 25, 2007 #1 I need a formula(s)!!! I have a vehicle(semi) traveling on a 2% downgrade with a begnining speed of 60mph, no acceleration or braking on the downgrade. Adj "f" is .73 if that is needed. I need to be able to calculate the vehicles increase in speed in both time and distance increments. Doesn't matter what the incriments are, 20ft, 100ft or every 10sec of travel, it doesnt' matter. 2. jcsd 3. May 25, 2007 #2 I thought you said "no acceleration or braking on the downgrade," so how is it to increase in speed? 4. May 25, 2007 #3 I guess I'm assuming the vehicle would speed up going down hill. I'm also going to have to assume it was in neutral for now. 5. May 26, 2007 #4 I guess I should clarify what I'm trying to ask. By saying no acceleration I meant that the driver will be letting off the gas and not using the accelerator. I didn't explain what I meant very well. 6. May 26, 2007 #5 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member The 2% downgrade gives you 2% drop per horizontal distance traveled which may be close enough to 2% drop per road distance so as to treat it as the same. It also gives you a 2% of the acceleration due to gravity. I'm going to work with metric units and then convert using 8km = 5mi. For the time increments acceleration will be constant, 2% of 9.8 meters per second: [tex]a = 0.02 \times 9.8 =0.196\frac{m}{s^2}[/tex] and just convert it to the units you want i.e. miles per hour per second. [tex] a = .196\frac{m}{s^2} = .196\times 3600 \frac{m}{s\cdot hr} =0.196\times 3.6 \frac{km}{s\cdot hr} = 0.7056\frac{km}{s\cdot hr}[/tex] now in terms of miles: [tex] a = \frac{5\times .7056}{8} =0.441\frac{mph}{s}[/tex] So the speed will increase .441mph every second, 4.41mph every ten seconds, 26.46 mph every minute and so on. The distance formula won't be as easy. You have to use work and energy. For every meter you drop the work done per unit mass is: [tex] \Delta W/M=0.2\times 9.8=0.192 \frac{m^2}{s^2}[/tex] This results in a corresponding increase in kinetic energy per unit mass which is a function of the velocity: [tex] KE/M = 0.5 V^2[/tex] Given the truck travels initially at velocity [tex]V_0[/tex] the change in kinetic energy will be: [tex] \Delta KE/M = 0.5(V^2-V_0^2) = 0.182 x[/tex] where x is the distance traveled in meters. You then get: [tex] V = \sqrt{.364 x+V^2_0} [/tex] where speed is in meters per second and distance in meters. converting speed from m/s to mph I get 1 m/s = 3600 m/hr = 3.6 km/h = 5*3.6/8 =2.25mph [tex] V = 2.25\sqrt{.364 x + \left(\frac{V_0}{2.25}\right)^2[/tex] Now speeds are in mph and distance traveled is still in meters. For 60mph you get: [tex] V = 2.25\sqrt{.364 x +711.1111m}[/tex] I'll leave it to you to convert x from meters to units you like. You see it isn't a simple matter of picking up a certain fixed speed per distance traveled because the faster you move the less time you spend accelerating across a given distance. The velocity dependent term inside the square root of the formula is just the distance needed to get from zero up to the initial speed of 60mph. James Baugh Last edited: May 26, 2007 7. May 26, 2007 #6 Outstanding! Thank you so much. Aysha Vom Zettlebauch
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Remove ads Don't know remaining cards Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards Normal Size Small Size show me how Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution evolution change in a species over time; process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors species group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring fossil trace of an organism from the past catastrophism theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species gradualism principle that states that the changes in landforms result from slow changes over a long period of time uniformitarianism theory that states that the geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform through time variation differences in physical traits of an individual from the group in which it belongs adaptation inherited trait that is selected over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment artificial selection process by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits heritability ability of a trait to be passed from one generation to the next natural selection mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals population all of the individuals of a species that live in the same area fitness measure of an organism's ability to survive and produce offspring relative to other members of a population biogeography study of the distribution of organisms around the world homologous structure body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions vestigial structure remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor paleontology study of fossils or extinct organisms Created by: harolds21
Micro Hydro Electric Power Generators-Alternative Energy Micro hydroelectric power systems can be extremely beneficial to the entire environment, simply because neither the air nor the water is contaminated by pollutants. These small hydroelectric applications generally require very little space to operate. There are actually several different types of small water-powered generators which can operate using so little water, that they can actually be placed next to a small stream without ever needing a dam or a reservoir. It is becoming increasingly apparent over the years just how important these micro hydro-powered systems are, because they are friendly to the environment and produce renewable energy. As a result of this newfound understanding, many countries have begun to set up small hydroelectric power systems as a way to provide at least some if not all of their electricity. These micro water powered generators have the capability of producing a large amount of electricity without harming the environment. Small water powered generators are also incredibly popular because they make it possible to produce electricity without the high costs of natural fuels or dam structure creation. Many countries can benefit from these small water powered generators, including large commercialized countries like the United States, and small regions or countries like India, Malaysia, China, Nepal and Vietnam. All of these countries and regions have used small hydro-powered systems for their energy needs in the past, and are continuing to reap the rewards from this inexpensive, renewable energy source. Hydroelectric energy, or water power is a very appealing energy source because it is so easily renewable and we will never run out of it. Producing electricity using water power may be a difficult venture, but it may be well worth the effort if it means inexpensive energy in a renewable way. In order to produce energy from water, rapidly flowing water must be in adequate supply. Unfortunately, this specific type of water way is not always available, and even when it is, the water is not always swift during all seasons making it impossible to make this water-powered electricity hard to maintain. There are three different types of power systems for hydro-electric power; Fluid hydro electric units, accumulative hydro power units and reversible hydro power systems. Fluid hydro electric units are the most simple to build but require constantly flowing water. Reversible hydro power systems are storage plants which rely on pumped water rather than naturally flowing water. Accumulative hydro power units, the mostly widely used hydroelectric power units, operate using dams and hydro-electric generators with pipes connecting to the reservoir.
The Giant Wasp hatching from it's Hive The Giant Wasp was an experiment created in The Evolution Accelerator. It was a giant wasp that lived in The Biogenetic Research Centre's tunnels in its own hive. It's buzzing was frequently heard by Dinah Hunter and Simon James. Lloyd Hunter was stung by the wasp whilst out looking for Dinah and fell into a deep coma. Its sting is equivalent to '100 normal wasp stings' acording to Dinah. It supposedly died when Eve mistakenly started a fire and the hive was filled with thick smoke. It is likely that this Wasp was a queen of a wasp colony. The hive's door accessible from the BRC grounds.
Author Topic: What's the difference between a capital market and the stock market? (Read 166 times) Maliha Islam • Jr. Member • ** • Posts: 63 • Karma: +0/-0 • View Profile What's the difference between a capital market and the stock market? Capital market is a broader term that includes the stock market and other venues for trading financial products. The stock market allows investors and banking institutions to trade stocks, either publicly or privately. Stocks are financial instruments that represent partial ownership of a company. These documents are used extensively by companies as a means of raising necessary capital. Within the stock market itself are primary and secondary markets that trade among banks underwriting stock and public investors trading stock, respectively. Capital markets may trade in other financial securities including bonds, derivative contracts such as options, various loans and other debt instruments, and commodity futures. Other financial instruments may be sold in capital markets and these products are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Some capital markets are available to the public directly while others are closed to everyone except large institutional investors. Private trade, mostly between large institutions with high-volume trades, occurs via secured computer networks at very high speeds. These markets all trade financial securities, so they are all capital markets. The stock market is a very significant portion of the total volume of capital market trades. The stock market has several very popular markets available for public trading. The Nasdaq, Dow Jones, and the S&P 500 trade in considerable volume every day within the United States and are the most significant stock markets. Other countries have popular stock markets, such as the Nikkei 225 in Japan. Each market has specific times during the day when it remains open. By trading through different markets, it is possible for investors to actively trade stocks throughout the day.
Session Two Instruction Card Transplanting your Carrot plants 1. When the plants are about 3cm high they are ready for planting outside. 2. Take them outside and water them well. 3. Push from the bottom of the module up to ease the compost and plants out of the module. 4. You should see the roots of the plant holding the compost together. 5. In your container make a hole big enough to plant the clump of carrots into. 6. Place the clump of carrots in the hole and fill the hole with soil. Press the soil down around the clump of carrots. 7. You can fit about four clumps in a 5 litre pot. If the pot is bigger you can fit more clumps in as long as there is about 10cm between each clump. ©2006 All Content copyright Portsmouth City Council
La crisis para los migrantes sirios El conflicto que muestra el manifiesto es que varios países no dejan pasar a los sirios que quieren escapar de siria. Los derechos humanos que no se cumplen son el derecho a entrar a a otro país y el derecho a poder vivir en otro país que el tuyo. También el derecho a poder vivir en su casa tranquilos como nosotros. Todo porque en país esta en guerra. Una relación posible con la frase que se encuentra al principio del vídeo es que los sirios, la mayoría no puede migrar a otros países y quedan estancados si saber que hacer. Hace referencia al rol de estado que el estado se encarga de la satisfacción de necesidades a los ciudadanos y en este caso los sirios quieren entrar a otro país y el estado probablemente para satisfacer las necesidades de los ciudadanos de su país, no deja entrar a los sirios. Posted in 1AC2018, formacion etica \| Leave a comment The open boat Part 1: 1- Mane a summary (include characters and setting) 2- Explain what is going on in the boat at the end of part 1. 3- Find a picture of a steam boat (19th C) and check the parts of the boat. 1. Four men were in a boat, the Cook, the oiler the correspondent and the captain, it was the 19 Century, in the Ocean near Florida. The four men were fighting against the strong waves. 2. At the end of chapter 1 the Cook and the Correspondent were arguing because one of them (the Cook) said that there was a house of refuge north the mosquito inlet light, then he said that as soon as they saw them they would rescue them, the correspondent asked who would see them at which the cook answered saying the crews would see and rescue them, the correspondent said that the houses of refuge don’t have Crews, that The houses of refuge were places were cloth and grub were stored. Then they started arguing with if there were any crew in there or not. 19th century steam boat and parts. Part 2: What do the following words symbolize? -Black: Evil, Death, Elegant, Mystery, Fear. -Dark: Evil, Mystery and Fear. -Ominous: Evil and Damaging. -Gull: It speaks about opportunity, resources and adaptability, land. -Gray: Emotional, dull, dirty, dingy -White: Purity, virginity, innocence, good, safety and faith 1.Investigate: the theory of “the uncanny”:Horror/Mystery/Dread) Theconcept of the uncanny was perhaps first fixed by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay Das Unheimliche. The familiar becomes unfamiliar and strange. The strangest in the ordinary. The Open Boat: Part III Summary (6-7 lines) Include: What happened? Atmosphere? What you feel will happen next… Summary: What happened in this part was that they were able to land. The atmosphere constantly change from hopefully to hopeless and there was also a feeling of brotherhood. I think that they will get to land but nobody will be there. The Open boat: Part IV • 7 gods of the sea • Theory of determinism. • Pontus: was the first great god of the sea and was the consort of his sister Gaia, the Earth Mother. • Poseidon: The sea god Poseidon was name of the Greek god of the seas. • The Harpies: they were the daughters of the sea god Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra. • The Gorgons: The Gorgons were the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. • Echidna: Echidna was a daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. Echidna was a monstrous sea dragon, half woman half snake. • Ladon: Ladon was the hundred headed sea serpent, the offspring of Phorcys and Ceto, that guarded the golden apples in the garden of of the Hesperides • The Oceanides: The Oceanides were minor goddesses and water nymphs, the 3000 daughters of the Titan gods Oceanus and Tethys. Theory of determinism: 1)The Oiler has given a name because he is the narrator and he is the only one who dies. 2) The Oiler is the one who dies because he wasn’t strong enough. Moreover, he was a crucial ‘hand’ on the boat, he was basically one of the most important tripulants since he rowed a lot. 3) In the story ‘The Open Boat’ nature is seen as an enemy, since she is responsible for most of the scary moments they went through. For example, when they were almost arriving at the tiny island the tide blew them away. Once the Oiler was rowing and in all of a sudden a black fin popped from the sea and scared him. Also, the nature was responsible for the breaking of the main boat. 4) The view of the men is presented in the correspondent (FILOSOFER) Who is always questioning always about what is going to happen, about his destiny and the battle against nature. “If I am going to be drowned – If I’m going to be drowned – if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who ruled the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?” Here the correspondent is questioning his destiny and criticizing nature. 5) The captain was the head of the crew, the correspondent was the philosopher, the Oiler was the right hand of the captain and the cook was the left hand of the captain. The relation was good, they all obey captain’s orders but the Oiler was the one who work more and he wasn’t mentally strong. 6) If I am going to be drowned – If I’m going to be drowned – if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who ruled the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?” That is a repetition that it appears 3 or 2 times along the story and it’s important for the story because you analyze that the correspondent is the one who nobody understands, that he is always talking about his destiny and he see things in a different way than the others. 8) I think that the oiler’s death was quite sad because he didn’t wanted to die and it was his destiny, he couldn’t do much to survive but he saved his crew and they found land. I think the narrator wasn’t 9) Crane could’ve used the roman numerals to add a touch of poetry to the story, he could’ve easily drawn numbers or make a title for each part, but no. Maybe the writer is the point of view of the correspondent. It would make sense since the correspondent is a philosopher and the story is written in a special way, in terms of the vocabulary and the words used. Patterns in “the open boat” Pathways to interpretation: 1)Consider the biographical context and connections: The story is connect with the narrator because he knew what was the situation being there. He could explain everything that were on the brain or mind of the people on the boat because he had been through that. When it is narrated this story is connected because the narrator explain how the situation of the men was. 2)Consider historical context and connections: Naturalism and Determinism are connected with the story. Naturalism is a theory that explains no one can win in front of nature, nature will always win and has the control of what happens to us. Why is this connected to the story? because the correspondant is always thinking about the nature. Determinism explains that things are determinate. we can’t decides what happens to us, we can’t change this. this theory is actually similar to naturalism. The Oiler should die because he was the weakest and he couldn’t read life. Patterns in “The open boat” 1)uses of and references to COLORS: “Occasionally a great spread of water, like white flames.” “From black line it became a line of black and a line of white” “The slim lighthouse lifted its little gray.” Gray:cool, neutral, and a balances color. White: light, hope, good. Dark:Danger, evil, power and mystery. 2) References to NATURE: “These waves were of the hue of state.” “At all times its edge was jagged with waves that seemed thrust up in points like rocks.” 8) Hints or clues or foreshadowing about the Oiler The death of the Oiler is foreshadowed in the story. He started saying a verse and he explained what is about. It was about a soldier that was dying and he said he he wouldn’t see land. This is a lot connected to the story because the Oiler was like the soldier of the captain. 9) References to death or dead sleep: Sleeping or sleep are mentioned on the story, it symbolize death. The Oiler was working all day and he was tired and wanted to sleep, that was a reference that he was about probably to die. This is foreshadowed by using sleep or sleeping. 10) The ending– are they really “interpreters”? In the end they thought they had won but the character failed interpreting the death of the Oiler and he had been in-fated. They didn’t win because the nature took the life of the Oiler because he had did the most effort and he sacrifices to saved others. Last parte: 1) Why is only the oiler given a name (Bellie)? Why are the others only referred to generally? Because it help us to identify the oiler because he is very important in the story and because he dies. Also, it help us to feel sympathy when he dies. 2) why Is it that only the oiler dies and not anyone else? Because he was the one that always worked and he also said that it was his destiny to died. 3) what Is the view of nature presented in this story? The view in this story is that nature is more powerful than men.Nature can live without mein. 4) what is the view of the men presented in this story? the view in this story is basically that nature is impossible to defeat. Humans can’t live without nature. 5) how do the men in e open boat relate to each other?the open boat relate to each other? They worked together to survive, each one doing their job. 6)What “patterns” or “repetitions” do you find in the story? How are this important to understand the story? We found Grey, Black and White.They use this colors to represent their faith in their journey.These are important to know what’s going on in the story and how is the battle with nature going for them. 8) What do you Think about the ending to the story(after we find out that billie the oiler dies)? Is it truthful, or Is it the narrator being ironic? We Think it was logical because he was the one that always worked it doesn’t matter the conditions he always followed the captación conditions si he gave up because he was very exhausted. We Think Is it truthful because he was the one that always was doing something. 9) why did Crane use the structure he did — the seven sections with roman numerals? The roman numeral was used because it was the year 1898 The use of the number 7 is related with religion, the 7 days resulting in the creation of the world. There are 7 chapters because the number 7 has to do a lot with religion, the 7 gods of the sea, the 7 days where the world was created, etc. Pathways to Interpretation: 1)Consider the biographical context and connections. Crane was finally cleared to leave for the Cuban port of Cienfuegos on New Year’s Eve aboard the SS Commodore,The ship sailed from Jacksonville with 27 or 28 men and a cargo of supplies and ammunition for the Cuban rebels. On the St. Johns River and less than 2 miles from Jacksonville, Commodore struck a sandbar in a dense fog and damaged The boat. Although towed off the sandbar the following day, it was beached again in Mayport and again damaged. A leak began in the boiler room that evening and, as a result of malfunctioning water pumps, the ship came to a standstill about 16 miles from Mosquito Inlet. As the ship took on more water, Crane described the engine room as resembling. Commodore’s lifeboats were lowered in the early hours of the morning on January 2, 1897 and the ship ultimately sank at 7 a.m. Crane was one of the last to leave the ship. Because of this he made the story “The Open Boat” that tells the story about a captain, an oiler, a cook and a correspondent that have a accident with there boat and fight against nature. This is how the story and Cranes biography 2)Neutralism Is said to be simply an “emphizised realism” but others would argue that it Is diserving of its own place un american literary history. Determina Is a philosophical point of view that put’s the events of a person’s life beyond the grasp of them and out of their control. 1)Uses of and references to COLORS: Gray: loss or depression. White: light, white usually has a positive connotation. Black: Death. 2) References to ANIMALS: The gull, that represents land, hope for them.They were looking for land and suddenly a gull appears, that was a signal for hope. 8) Hints or Clues or Foreshadowing about the Oiler: In this story the death of the oiler is foreshadowed 9) References to DEATH or DEAD SLEEP: Sleep, drowning, grave, 10) we think yes because he was the one who was always working so he was very tired and gave up and dies. Posted in 1AC2018, literature \| Leave a comment history WW1 Here I will show you a presentation of trench warfair, propaganda and home front. this presentation I made it with Serena Braun and Nicolas Grosso. I had to make trench warfair. The things that I most learnt were that they couldn`t move, when they were in a place, they should stay there, also that they died because of lice or because of viruses caused by rats that sometimes could be of the size of a cat(that impressed me a lot). I think we should get a 7 because we put very little photos and because we did not know it by hard(at least me). I remember not that much so I said what I remember. our poster Posted in 1AC2018, history \| Leave a comment Video de pericles En historia vimos un vídeo sobre el tiempo en que pericles gobernaba Atenas. María Laura nos pidió que pongamos 10 frases que describan el vídeo, están son las mías: • Pericles creía que para dejar su huella tenía que cbiar Atenas. • todo el dinero que tenía para proteger la polis lo usa para construir edificios en Atenas incluyendo el Partenón de Atenas. • el Partenón tenía una estatua de la diosa Atenea en honor a ella. • después del Partenón, construyó el hefesteion, el cual era para todos los artesanos que hicieron realidad el sueño de Pericles. • el hefesteion estaba ubicado en la entrada del Agora. • cada año seleccionaban 500 atenienses para ser senadores. • su sistema de gobierno era democrático. • bombardearon el país, por esto les cayó una bomba que sigue en pie. Pero derrumbó la estatua de su diosa Atenea. • el poder de Pericles Reside del mar. • las tropas a caballo en ese momento eran nuevas en Grecia y muy útiles. Posted in 1AC2018, historia \| Leave a comment Project potato last day This Is our last day of the project with the potato, se can see how much it grew, the roots And nos it have like some points on it. Here the Photo Isn’t very clear so You can’t see very well the changes And Also because it Isn’t un water. Here Is the potato on the last day: Posted in 1AC2018, biologia \| Leave a comment Project potato This Is from Mati Hartmann who was the last one to have the potato. This Is the potato: Posted in 1AC2018, biologia \| Leave a comment Project potato day 5 This Is the potato we recived from Ceci, this Photo Is after 5 days, this Is the potato: Posted in 1AC2018, biologia \| Leave a comment Project potato day 3 This is the same potato of the previous post which was given to us in biology after 2 days. Posted in 1AC2018, biologia \| Leave a comment Project potato The 1 of august we make grouos of three or four people ro make a project. Ceci gave us a potato to take our home and see WhatsApp happen un three weekends. I was with Nicolas Larralde And Matías Hartmann, first Nico took it to his home, then me and then Mati. I was the facilitator, Mati the secretary And Nico the one who presents. This was the potato the First day. Posted in 1AC2018, biologia \| Leave a comment hyperinflation and inflation Our teacher of history told us to post some videos explaning what is hiperinflation, inflation and the hiperinflation in Germany. After that we have to explain hiperinflation and inflation in our own word. I made this with serena braun. Here is the first video of hiperinflation This one is Of inflation Hyperinflation in Germany Hyperinflation: It is when when the prices rice up very quickly because the goverment need money, this was solved by printing money and as a consecuence of this the prices riece up so quickly thet a bread could cost millions of pounds more in one hour. Also if a prosperous middle class family could buy a house by 1921, but by 1923 would not eaven buy a loaf of bread. Inflation: It is when the goverment need money and they print money causin the prices to rice up but it is not as much as the hyperinflation. Now in Argentina the prices went up but not as much as hiperinflation, for example a candy could cost 0,50 pesos and in the next year 2 or 1 pesos. Posted in 1AC2018, history \| Leave a comment
[an error occurred while processing this directive] On this page: Where do Taylors come from? There is much fascination about where we, ultimately, come from. It is a hard thing to puzzle out and DNA can give us only part of the answer. Archeology, anthropology & history help to fill in the blanks. Our primary focus is on Europe and Great Britain, as that is the origin of most of our Taylor DNA lines. A warning, however: If you are offended by the idea that the world is much older than 6,000 years, do not read further! Our timeline of events affecting our Taylor ancestors will upset you. The Short Answer Not all one place. Most Taylor lines of descent appear to have originated in Great Britain, specifically England & Scotland. Some immigrants to Britain and the US from non-English-speaking countries anglicized their surnames to Taylor. The overwhelming evidence debunks the notion that all Taylors are related within the number of generations for which it's possible to do genealogy (the "genealogical time frame"). At the time (ca1350) that surnames came into universal use for common people, many formerly un-surnamed families adopted the Taylor name. Our best -- but highly unofficial -- estimate is that the original lines of Taylors numbers somewhere between 2,500 to 7,000. How many of us were there? That too is hard. We are, of course, part of a larger whole, whose outlines are only dimly known. We do know that those who later got the Taylor surname were part of the population of Europe and probably living in the British Isles when surnames came in general use -- shortly after 1350. We can get only rough estimates for how many lived in Europe and Britain. Here is a chart of the total population estimates, beginning with the end of the last Ice Age: Notice how the two curves roughly parallel each other; they rise and fall about the same times. (Europe & Britain are on separate scales, differing by an order of magnitude.) Events affecting the numbers & places of people Some notable events had significant effects on the population of Europe and Britain and, eventually, America: Population-ancestor paradox This is most simply stated this way: As we go back in generations, we have more ancestors but there were not enough people living then to account for all of our ancestors. But, we do not draw our ancestors from all of the world, or Europe or England. We draw, instead, from several different locations, where selection of mates was limited. In short, many of our ancestors occupy multiple places on our pedigree charts. How many Taylors? For most of the period charted -- none; No one carried this surname or any other for that matter. But we may estimate that our ancestors were about 1% of the population in the British Isles after 1066. More current statistics have Taylors at about 3/10% of the populations of the US & UK, However, we estimate that the proportion has been reduced in both countries by immigration and was, therefore, higher in the past. If Taylors represented 1/2 to 1% of the British population in the post-Plague era, that means there were about 14,000 to 28,000 Taylor-surnamed people in England in 1360. If the average family size was four to five with father, mother and children -- there were , to 7,000 families bearing the name. What is our pre-history? About one million years ago, the entire population of early human species -- including Homo erectus, Homo ergaster and archaic Homo sapiens -- was almost wiped out by something unknown. The world's entire early humanlike population was reduced to a maximum of about 55,000 individuals. The evidence is based on DNA studies of genetic diversity. (See Scientific American.) 450,000 years ago, "Boxgrove man" lived in England. With the climate much warmer than today, he needed to defend himself against lions, rhinoceros and elephants as well as wolves and bears. He lived in caves and made simple stone tools. 140,000 years ago, the "Mitochondrial Eve", who would (much later) gain fame in Richard Dawkins' book, was bearing daughters. She was, apparently, much older than "Y-chromosomal Adam", whose age is estimated at 60,000 to 90,000 years — a new twist on May/December romances. Revision: New discoveries now put the age of Y-DNA Adam troughly 338,000 years. Adam was the "December" and Eve the "May". About 70,000 years ago, the population crashed greatly again in an event sometimes called the "DNA bottleneck". Some theorize it was caused by eruption of a super-volcano producing a long perpetual winter and 1,000 year global cooling. Whatever caused this calamity, many DNA lines of modern humans ceased to exist. It is estimated that the number of men and women able to reproduce was reduced to 10,00 (or even as low as 1,000) pairs in small groups isolated from each other. All of us today descend from those few thousand. The evidence for the 70 KYA crash is composed of many parts -- anthropological, archeological, geological, genetic, & paleontological. (See "Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution".) About 40,000 years ago, early modern humans were living in Europe, alongside their distant cousins, the Neanderthals. Both species made tools of stone, bone and wood. By 25,000 years ago, the Neanderthals had disappeared and our ancestors had Europe to themselves. (Source.) Note: At about this point, the ~2,000 year difference between BC/AD and "years ago" (before present) starts to get significant. 15,000 years ago, sophistication of tools improved. People in Britain made clothing from animal skins and jewelry from bone, teeth and shells. The terrain was mostly tundra; few trees grew in Britain. 12,000 years ago, the last Ice Age, or "glacial maximum", began to end: Most of the known population of Europe had been confined to the warmer, southern sections, known as "refugia". (If there were people living on the ice sheets, they left no remaining traces.) Britain has had people a very long time, partly due to the southern portion not having been covered by ice sheets. The retreat of the ice had two important effects: 10,000 years ago, the development of agriculture in Mesopotamia marked the beginning of the Neolithic (late Stone Age) period. (Some estimates place it as much as 2,000 years earlier.) In England, the climate warmed and forests began to proliferate. 6,500 years ago, the practice of farming was introduced to England. Crops of wheat and barley were raised and domesticated cattle, pigs and sheep (as well as hunting) provided meat. British mined flint for making tools and dug elaborate burial chambers. Clothing, however, was still animal skins. 5,800 years ago, the people in Britain were of sufficient numbers and prosperity to build roads which still exist. Those early Britons may have been (mostly) Celtic. 4,500 years ago, circular monuments called "henges" (Stonehenge being the most famous) began to be built. At first, they were simple ditches with local stones and wooden poles. This period lasted a thousand years. 4,000 years ago, the Bronze Age began in earnest in England. The British were making their own bronze by smelting copper and tin together in an alloy, which was much stronger and able to hold an edge than copper alone. 3,000 years ago, forts were built on hills. Fighting had become prevalent, probably in contests for arable land. 2,650 years ago, The Celtic people introduced iron into England. They were divided into tribes who warred against each other. Swords & spears made of iron were used from horseback or light chariots as well as on foot. The Celts Society was divided into classes: Of interest to Taylors, the Celts wore garments of woven cloth, rather than skins. Men wore long-sleeved tunics and long trousers; women wore long dresses and mantles. They dyed the cloth with plant materials in blues, reds and yellows. Wealthy Celts wore gold ornaments, called "torques", around their necks. The Celts traded extensively with continental Europe. they exported metals, wool, cloth and grain. They imported luxuries such as fine pottery and expensive metal goods. They lived in round houses built around a central poles, with walls of wattle and daubed mud and thatched roofs. Benches around the walls also served as beds. The Celts are thought to have originated in central Europe and gradually spread outward, eventually enveloping the British Isles, where their culture is most strongly felt in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Their language had a different base than the Indo-European of others. For further reading, Anglo-Celtic.org.uk is suggested. We Taylors are blends of many parts: Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Norse, French and others. We haven't even mentioned the Jewish, Polish, Hungarian and other immigrants who may have anglicized their names. We don't know who it was that were living in Britain before the Celts arrived. We don't know what language they spoke or what genes they had. we don't know if they were absorbed into the general society or ceased to exist. Celtic influence The Celtic influence on our Taylor ancestors shows up mostly in DNA. The Celtic language has disappeared from much of Britain, but Celtic DNA shows up strongly in the south and west of England -- not to mention Wales, Scotland & Ireland. Viking/Norse influence That the Vikings simply killed, pillaged and sailed back to their homeland is not the whole picture. They established many permanent settlements in the British Isles, as well as other lands. Over time, they melded with the local population. A significant number of those in Taylor Family Genes have a haplotype associated with Scandinavia. The influence of the Viking raids and conquest of Britain are shown in both language & DNA. In both, there is some overlap with the Anglo-Saxon. Norse influence is strongest in the parts most accessible by sea. About one-third of the words in English come from the Norse language, including words such as star (for something to steer by) and barn are Norse. Anglo-Saxon influence The base of the English language -- one third of the words (especially, the cruder ones) and the grammar come from the Anglo-Saxons. The dialect of Frisia (a region extending along the North Sea from the Netherlands to the border of Denmark) is the closest counterpart of English. Anglo-Saxon DNA is almost indistinguishable from that of the Celts generally. Norman influence William and his successors overlaid a language (French) and customs on the foundation they found in England. The remaining one-third of English words come from French. For a thousand years,
What is Vertebroplasty? Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCF), which are fractures involving the vertebral bodies that make up the spinal column. In vertebroplasty, physicians use image guidance to inject a cement mixture into the fractured bone through a hollow needle. In kyphohplasty, a balloon is first inserted into the fractured bone through the hollow needle to create a cavity or space. The cement is injected into the cavity once the balloon is removed. What to Expect Vertebroplasty involves injecting a cement mixture into the empty spaces within weakened vertebrae to strengthen them and provide pain relief. Using image-guidance, a hollow needle called a trocar is passed through the skin into the vertebral body for injection of the cement mixture into the vertebra. In kyphoplasty, a balloon is first inserted through the trocar, into the fractured vertebra where it is inflated to create a cavity for cement injection. The balloon is removed prior to injecting cement into the cavity that was created by the balloon. Image-guided, minimally invasive procedures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are most often performed by a specially trained interventional radiologist. This procedure is often done on an outpatient basis. However, some patients may require admission following the procedure. Please consult with your physician as to whether or not you will be admitted. You will be positioned lying face down for the procedure. You may be connected to monitors that track your heart rate, blood pressure and pulse during the procedure. A nurse or technologist will insert an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your hand or arm so that sedative medication can be given intravenously. Moderate sedation may be used. As an alternative, you may receive general anesthesia. You may be given medications to help prevent nausea and pain, and antibiotics to help prevent infection. The area through which the hollow needle, or trocar, will be inserted will be shaved, sterilized and covered with a surgical drape. A local anesthetic is then injected into the skin and deep tissues, near the fracture. A very small nick is made in the skin at the site. Using x-ray guidance, the trocar is passed through the spinal muscles until its tip is precisely positioned within the fractured vertebra. In vertebroplasty, the orthopedic cement is then injected. Medical-grade cement hardens quickly, typically within 20 minutes. In kyphoplasty, the balloon tamp is first inserted through the needle and the balloon is inflated, to create a hole or cavity. The balloon is then removed and the bone cement is injected into the cavity created by the balloon. X-rays and/or a CT scan may be performed at the end of the procedure to check the distribution of the cement. The trocar is removed after the cement is injected. Pressure will be applied to prevent any bleeding and the opening in the skin is covered with a bandage. No sutures are needed. Patient Preparation A clinical evaluation will be performed to confirm the presence of a compression fracture that may benefit from treatment with vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. The evaluation may include diagnostic imaging, blood tests, a physical exam, spine x-rays and a radioisotope bone scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). You may be given bone-strengthening medication during treatment. You should report to your doctor all medications that you are taking, including herbal supplements, and if you have any allergies, especially to local anesthetic medications, general anesthesia or to contrast materials containing iodine (sometimes referred to as “dye” or “x-ray dye”). Your physician may advise you to stop taking aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or blood thinners for a specified period of time before your procedure. You will need to have blood drawn for tests prior to the procedure to determine if your blood clots normally. In most cases, you should take your usual medications, especially blood pressure medications. These may be taken with sips of water on the morning of your procedure. Other than medications, you may be instructed to not eat or drink anything for several hours before your procedure. You should plan to have a relative or friend drive you home after your procedure.
How to Treat Splenic Sequestration People suffering from sickle cell disease can suffer from splenic sequestration. It is a condition in which red blood cells affected by sickle cell disease get accumulated in the spleen in large quantity. Therefore, the spleen gets enlarged and damaged, resulting in malfunctioning. If the spleen is not working properly, it can put the person at risk of developing various life threatening bacterial diseases. A sudden onset of splenic sequestration can be life threatening. What Cause Splenic Sequestration? In normal condition, the round and flexible red blood cells have no problem moving through the blood vessels. However, their morphology changed to rigid, sticky and sickle or crescent moon shaped in the sickle cell disease. These cells then get stuck in the smaller blood vessels, blocking the blood flow. Splenic sequestration occurs when there is intra-splenic accumulation of sickle red blood cells. The spleen can get enlarged to a size which fills the entire abdomen. The hemoglobin level drops, leading to hypovolemic shock and then death which happens within hours of the initial onset of the condition. Volume expanders and blood transfusion should be done promptly to reverse the hypovolemic shock. • Who May Be Affected by Splenic Sequestration? It is common in infants and children suffering from sickle cell disease. It is mainly seen in children in the age group of 5 months to 2 years. It could be resultant of respiratory infection. The spleen can get damaged from wear and tear by the sickle cells through the years. It can be caused due to viral illness as well. Symptoms of Splenic Sequestration Splenic sequestration can cause sudden and severe onset of anemia, along with weakness, rapid breathing, pale lips, pain in the belly, increased thirst and rapid heartbeat. It is better to check the size of the spleen regularly in children suffering from sickle cell disease. The doctor can let you know how to check it. It is important to know that sudden enlargement in spleen should be given emergent medical attention. Treatments for Splenic Sequestration 1. Admission to Hospital A person with a sudden onset of splenic sequestration should be immediately admitted to hospital in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit). Hospital admission should be quick, especially if a person comes with low hemoglobin count, drop in hematocrit, pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, heart failure, low blood pressure and increased pulse rate etc. 2. Treating Splenic Sequestration Crisis There is need to transfuse packed RBCs (red blood cells) immediately so that the hemoglobin level is maintained. Care should be taken to avoid high hemoglobin levels. A lot of care needs to be taken in these scenarios with constant monitoring of various different parameters. Liver function, spleen size and electrolyte level should all be checked. 3. Treating Children over Five and Adults Since there is high rate of recurrence, splenectomy is usually advised in children over five years of age. Sometimes it is postponed till second episode. Prior to surgery, pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines are given. Post-surgery penicillin is given for prophylaxis. If splenectomy is not done, chronic transfusions will be required. 4. Treating Children under Five For children under two year-old, transfusions are done every three to four weeks so that the hemoglobin levels are maintained. After two years of age, splenectomy is required. For three to five year-old with splenic sequestration, elective splenectomy is performed. These measures are controversial because there is a need to avoid surgery and maximize the immune function. 5. Treating Renal Insufficiency When the erythropoietin levels fall below 200 u/ml, exogenous erythropoietin is administered. The doses range from 4000 to 10000 units and is given three times a week. 6. Nursing Considerations Parents should be taught about the symptoms of splenic sequestration so that early diagnosis is possible. In case of infants, the signs of anemia should be identified by parents early. Parents can be taught how to assess the size of the spleen. Elderly people often feel that pain but take it as a natural part of growing old and thus ignore the symptoms. Hence more care should be taken for assessing the problem. Current time: 10/16/2018 01:41:22 am (America/New_York) Memory usage: 1922.41KB
Interpersonal Conflict Research Paper Understanding interpersonal conflict can improve your relationships as well as offer an interesting research paper topic if you are interested in psychology or behavior. Interpersonal conflict creates issues in all types of relationships. (Credit: HR Backstage) Interpersonal conflict results when two or more individuals who need to collaborate together on something have different perspectives, interests, or objectives. Interpersonal conflict can have various origins and points of focus. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective Aspects • The behavioral aspect refers to someone who, due to the conflict, interferes with the goals of another through their behavior. An example of this is someone who might try to trip up a project you are working on at the office to prevent you from getting a promotion. • The cognitive aspect of disagreement between people includes a clash between the two sides that shows their different views, interests, or goals. An example of this is when the product development manager of a company disagrees with the manager in charge of production about how resources should be allocated due to having different goals for his department. • The affective aspect addresses the negative emotional impact on the conflicting individuals such as stress, anger and frustration. Types of Interpersonal Conflict Interpersonal conflict can be people-focused or issue-focused and can arise from various causes such as personal differences, lack of information, environmental stress and role incompatibility. A few examples are listed and described below. • Lack of Information: Conflict may arise when information is not received, or the information is not interpreted as intended. To help avoid this type of conflict, it is good to be as clear and thorough in your communications as possible. • Power Struggles: Possessiveness, jealousy, and too many expectations or demands can create power struggles among people. For example, you may want your spouse to give you too much of his or her attention. • Trust Issues: Trust forms the foundation of a good relationship and disputes can arise when one partner in a relationship does not trust the other with telling the truth or with the relationship being exclusive. Resolving Interpersonal Conflict Interpersonal conflicts are a part of everyday life and can surface with just about anyone we deal with on an ongoing basis such as spouses, siblings, parents, children, coworkers, students, or teachers. This is natural and unavoidable. It is a chance for personal growth, the understanding of others and ourselves, and for developing relationship skills. When dealt with in an assertive and sensitive manner, conflict can provide opportunities for creating improved relationships. Interpersonal conflict at work can interfere with business operations, and interpersonal conflict in personal relationships can have a negative impact on the relationship and its lasting power, so it is important to learn to recognize and deal with this type of conflict to minimize its negative effects. Also, when the conflict becomes too serious, it can be a good idea to get a mediator involved to have another point of view and to help resolve the dispute. Conflict Resolution Tips Most conflicts happen at two levels at the same time: the content level and the power level (relationship level). The content level is the general issue such as the dishes needing to be washed. The power level involves components such as prestige, hierarchy, and saving face. The outcomes of conflicts can be win-lose, lose-lose, or win-win. In the win-lose outcome, one party in the conflict is satisfied in the short run but eventually the situation becomes a lose-lose for both parties. Approaches to manage or resolve conflict can include finding ways to diminish feelings of discontent by helping people to see things for the other person’s point of view. • Use “I” Language: When dealing with disputes, avoid using words that exaggerate such as “never”, “always”, “can’t”, or “nothing”, or using negative language such as “trapped” or “picked on”. Use “I” language, even when referring to the other person’s behavior, and describe how you feel instead of attacking the other person. For example, instead of saying “you just don’t care”, say “I feel that you don’t care about this issue.” Using “I” language makes it less likely that the other person will get defensive and will allow you to reach a resolution faster. • Use Probing Questions: Ask questions to find out what the other person is thinking and feeling such as “What thoughts would you like to share with me?” Encourage the person to completely express what they think and feel. This will allow you to see the full situation. • Stay Positive: Stay as positive as possible and look for encouraging things to say about the other person even if one or both of you is angry. For example, you may say “I respect you for bringing this problem to my attention.” If you are looking for a research paper topic related to psychology and human communication, try using Questia’s Topic Generator to look for other ideas and get a head start on identifying some primary sources. What examples of interpersonal conflict can you share and how was the conflict resolved? Essay about Conflict in Interpersonal Relationships 1487 Words6 Pages Conflict in Interpersonal Relationships Conflict. It could happen with a friend, romantic partner, co-worker, or complete stranger. There are many researchers out there who study conflict and all of the aspects to it. One thing that is clear is that conflict is inevitable in every interpersonal relationship, and it requires understanding, management, and reconciliation to prevent damage to the relationship. Dean Tjosvold and Lin Wang both of Lingnan University out of Hong-Kong wrote Developing a Shared Understanding of Conflict: Foundations for Sino-Western Mediation. This provided a very concrete understanding of conflict. They provided the definition of conflict as “opposing interests involving scarce resources and goal divergence and…show more content… On the other hand Dean Tjosvold and Lin Wang used the idea that “conflict conflict should be best considered as dynamic process, including antecedent, conditions, individual awareness, affective states, overt behavior and aftermath” (Thomas 1990). A good example of this would be; for the past month a guy has been hanging out only with his friends instead of his girlfriend (antecedent condition). The guy knows that this will eventually anger the girlfriend and the girlfriend starts to realize that him doing this is going to create conflict (individual awareness). After realizing this, the girlfriend becomes angry about the situation and decides to confront her boyfriend about his neglect to her over the past month (affective state and overt behavior). After the confrontation the guy agrees to spend more time with her and tell his friends he has to limit his time with them (aftermath). Of course this can change with each situation but it gives the general idea. Gerald Ledlow wrote a book called “Health Organizations: Theory, Behavior, and Development” and in chapter nine he talks about conflict in interpersonal communication. He provides information mainly about conflict management including management styles. This includes the Thomas and Kilman Model for Management. The author discusses the Thomas and Kilaman model Show More One thought on “Interpersonal Conflict Research Paper Leave a Reply
Category:Ambulas lemmas Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search Recent additions to the category 1. gukwami 2. gu Oldest pages ordered by last edit 1. gu 2. gukwami Fundamental » All languages » Ambulas » Lemmas Ambulas lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. • Category:Ambulas nouns: Ambulas terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas. This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Ambulas lemmas"
Seattle's Minimum Wage Hike Didn't Help Low-wage Workers The minimum wage is making some better off by making others worse off. In late 2014, the city of Seattle did something some economists would describe as daring when it passed a law requiring the minimum wage to be raised to $15 an hour, in stages, by 2017. Risky or not, the law has excited economic and political analysts by creating a unique experiment that researchers can exploit to better understand how large increases in the minimum wage affect a large city. (For more on the minimum wage, see "3 Reasons the $15 Minimum Wage Is a Bad Way to Help the Poor.") Seattle’s minimum wage law went into effect in April of 2015, which resulted in the minimum wage first being raised to $11 per hour from $9.32. Since then, Seattle’s economy has performed strongly, with stronger than average growth in wages and employment. This has led some on the political left to cite Seattle as proof that raising the minimum wage doesn’t result in job losses or hours cuts for workers, or negatively affect the local economy as a whole, as textbook economic theory predicts. However, as Adam Ozimek of Moody’s Analytics noted, “Simply showing that Seattle added jobs after the minimum wage hike does not disprove job losses.” In order to understand the true effect of the minimum wage increase, it is important to estimate how Seattle’s labor market and low-wage workers would have fared if the $11 minimum wage had never been enacted in the first place. Fortunately, a team of researchers from the University of Washington were tasked with doing just that, and have recently released their initial findings on the short-run effects of Seattle’s minimum wage increase. To do this, the researchers used statistical models based on historic trends in Seattle’s labor market to predict what would have happened to it had the minimum wage never been raised. They also compared Seattle to nearby regions in Washington, which had similar levels and trends in the economic outcomes being studied, but did not raise their minimum wages. Using both these methods, the authors were able to estimate the short-run impact of raising Seattle’s minimum wage. Their results aren’t as rosy as some minimum wage proponents might have hoped, and they largely paint a picture of the minimum wage as an ineffective tool at increasing the earnings of workers. They found that the minimum wage had increased wages, as expected, but also that their “best estimates find that the Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance appears to have lowered employment rates of low-wage workers.” When the costs and benefits of the minimum wage were taken into account, the authors wrote that “the effects of disemployment appear to be roughly offsetting the gain in hourly wage rates, leaving the earnings for the average low-wage worker unchanged,” and that “Seattle’s low wage workers would have experienced almost equally positive trends if the minimum wage had not increased.” That’s a very disappointing result for those who were under the impression that the minimum wage could actually be used as an effective tool to increase the earning of low-income working people, especially the #Fightfor15 crowd. That’s not the only bad news regarding Seattle’s minimum wage. The authors additionally note that the “negative unintended consequences…[are] concerning and need to be followed closely in future years because the long-run effects are likely to be greater as businesses and workers have more time to adapt to the ordinance.” Indeed, research published in 2015 by economists Jonathon Meer of Texas A&M University and Jeremy West of MIT found that the long-run disemployment effects of minimum wage increases were considerably larger than the much smaller short-run effects. In all likelihood, Seattle has not fully experienced the negative consequences resulting from its decision to raise the minimum wage. The University of Washington study authors caution that these findings are not generalizable to other cities or regions, because “Seattle’s strong economy may make it capable of absorbing higher wages for low-wage workers, and this capacity may not be present in other regions.” Thus, it’s quite likely that other cities following Seattle’s lead would experience even worse outcomes than Seattle’s less-than-stellar results. In sum, Seattle does not prove the efficacy of raising the minimum wage as a way of helping low-income working people increase their incomes. And unlike many cities, Seattle was well situated, economically, to handle a large minimum wage increase, and the consequences were still mediocre, leaving the average low-wage worker virtually no better off. It is unlikely that other cities would fare better, and they would likely fare worse. If the Seattle experience thus far shows us anything, it is that government mandated minimum wages aren’t serious solutions to the problem of poverty. Further Reading
Wat is dit voor site? Wij zoeken de goedkoopste boeken op internet. African Culture Through Proverbsvonden we het goedkoopst op Bol.com voor €19.99. We hebben gezocht in nieuwe en tweedehands boeken. Rechtsonderaan de pagina kan je het boek direct bestellen via Bol .com. African Culture Through Proverbs Engels \| Paperback \| 9781450068352 \| 230 pagina's Emma Umana Clasberry - 9781450068352 Engels \| Paperback \| 9781450068352 \| 230 pagina's Proverbs are abbreviated but complete statements which convey our thought with dignity and precision. They are principles of life and provide guidance to our daily walk in areas of relationships with other human beings, physical nature such as animals and plants, spiritual phenomena and other non-spiritual elements in the universe. Proverbs give us some encouragement and hope when we are weak and in despair and feel hopeless. They give us words of admonition, warning and redirection when we fall or derail as we journey through life. In the face of threatening life encounter, we can invoke appropriate proverb to recharge our courage, energy and strength so as to squarely confront a given situation. We can also apply a proverb and act it out to get the best out of a pleasant event or context. Even when we are ambivalent about a certain experience, there is always a word of wisdom to invoke and act accordingly to achieve the expected outcome. We can confidently use these wise sayings only if we know and understand their meanings. It is even better if we know their origins. Otherwise, the proverb confuses us the more and understanding the message it intended to convey eludes us. These African-Ibibio proverbs depict how observant our ancestors were about nature, their knowledge of and closeness to it. Our great grandparents used the proverbs effectively and appropriately because they knew their meanings. Using them did not only save their energy but provided vividness, brevity and force to the idea or thought they attempted to articulate. They were able to transmit this wisdom from generation to generation through oral history, that is, by words of mouth until recently. The oral method sustained us for so long partly because in the past, children and grandchildren stuck around their parents and grandparents long enough to learn from them. Another reason is that the younger generations were also interested in learning them. At the time, using a lot of proverbs in one's speeches in social meetings and in private conversations was an index of high intelligence and wisdom, and the speaker was held in high esteem in the community. It was a source of pride and honor for and conferred dignity on the speaker as well. This work comes out of the concern that this oral method may at some point in history cease to be as effective as before in passing these words of wisdom on to the future generations of Ibibio people. Here are some of the reasons for being concerned about the possibility of losing this aspect of our knowledge history if it continues to remain unwritten: (1) Present day youth leave their parent's home to pursue their education and then to employment in cities. By so doing, the amount of time for the youth to maintain regular contact with their parents and extended family elders from whom they could have learned these wise sayings is reduced. (2) Some of them leave their country of origin at tender ages to countries with different culture, while others are born in foreign countries. In some cases, both parents and children are born outside their cultural environments. (3) Many, especially among the learned, tend to lack interest in preserving even the positive aspects of their ethnic cultures, partly because they do not know or as a result of the OIB syndrome which means "Ours-Is-Bad" and the "Foreign Is Good" (Okoko quotes from A.J. A. Esen's Ibibio Profile). This is a psychological feeling which demeans anything pertaining to one's ethnic culture and hails what is foreign, no matter how filthy and obnoxious the latter is. (4) If parents themselves do not know much of these wise sayings, let alone use them, they can not offer nor transmit to their children what they do not have or know, even if the children were around them up to adulthood. Unlike many Ibibio persons of my age or older, I was blessed with parents who had a mastery of these proverbs and used them lavishly when a Levertijd: 9 - 14 dagen (Exclusief €1,99 verzendkosten) African Culture Through Proverbs Engels \| Paperback \| 9781450068352 \| 230 pagina's Verschijningsdatumapril 2010 Aantal pagina's230 pagina's AuteurEmma Umana Clasberry UitgeverXlibris Corporation Extra groot lettertypeNee Bekijk alle opties Afrekenen Voeg toe aan lijst Gerelateerde producten
Loading presentation... Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? What did serfs wear? No description on 30 January 2014 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of What did serfs wear? What did serfs wear? Blouse of cloth or skin fastened by a leather belt around waist An overcoat or mantle of thick woolen material, which fell from shoulders to half way down legs Shoes or large boots Short woolen trousers From belt hung sheath for knife Serf generally went bareheaded, but in cold or rainy days wore woolen hat Gloves ONLY worn for practical clothing value and were padded to use in tasks, such as hedging Serfs daily life? Had to labor on lord's domain for 2 or 3 days each week, especially busy seasons, such as ploughing and harvesting Serfs had to do extra work, half the time demanded by lord Serfs had to make certain payments, either money, or often in grain, honey, eggs, other produce Lords could make serfs work as hard as lord pleased Serfs were NOT slaves Serf's rights Certain rights on manor's land Cut a limit amount of hay meadow Turn so many farm animals such as cattle, geese, swine on waste Serfs enjoyed privilege taking so much of wood from forest for fuel and for building purposes Serf holdings included a house in the village, and formed a complete outfit Serf's Dinner Simply a mixture of vegetables, that they could get a time of year and grain mixed together as a thick soup ( ALL FOR 3 MEALS ) During summer serfs had berries, fruits, fresh vegetables, and form of a flat bread, also rabbit and a small bird, but deers belonged to Nobles so serfs couldn't have any Water wasn't safe enough to drink, so serfs drank a small beer, this was for everyone, INCLUDING CHILDREN No milk , cheese, eggs, ECT Pigs, hens ECT could be raised but usually went to lords for taxes or church, such as tithing Nobles ate more meat, wine, beer, and bread 2 classes had same diet, but nobles has better quality and quantity Serfs home like and what they are made out of Serfs pictures Farmers and peasants lived in simple dwellings called cottages They built their own homes from wood and roofs were thatched ( made of bundles of reeds that have to be replaced periodically ) Interior walls generally made of wattle and daub - twigs weaved into a wall shape and coated with mud and straw to make it hard, like plaster like surface to keep out drafts Often farmers and peasants and serfs brought their animals into their homes to protect them Full transcript
Tectonics Flashcards Preview Geography > Tectonics > Flashcards Flashcards in Tectonics Deck (38): What is a constructive/divergent plate boundary When two plates move away from each other , and new crust is formed. What volcanoes are usually created at constructive plate boundaries Rift volcanoes form where plates diverge from one another at the site of a thermally botany mid ocean ridge. These are generally less explosive and often occur on the ocean floor, for example the mid ocean ridge. Here there is balsamic magma What is a destructive plate boundary and what is formed as a result When two plates move towards each other forming collisions. Subduction zone is created as the more dense oceanic crust is pushed under by the greater buoyancy of the continental lithosphere. Form very powerful volcanoes and fold mountains What is a conservative plate boundary When two plates slide past each other. The friction of them sliding past can cause earthquakes How do plate boundaries move Heat which is derived from the Earths core due to radioactive decay causes the mantle to move and form convection currents. What is sea floor spreading and where does it occur Occurs at constructive plate boundaries- continuous input of magma forming a mid ocean ridge, for example the mid ocean Atlantic ridge. As molten rock is forced up at the ridge where it forms new crust on ocean floor. Slowly as more molten rock behind it is pushed up, the new crust is pushed away on either side. How is an earthquake caused -Plates slide past each other -Movements proceeded by gradual build up of tectonic strain which stored elastic energy -when pressure exceeds the strength of the fault the rock fractures -sudden release of energy What device is used to measure earthquakes Seisometer- measures the amount of ground shaking during an earthquake What is soil liquification The process by which water saturated material can temporarily lose normal strength and behave like a liquid - due to strong shaking What happens during a tsunami What affects the size of a tsunami Duration of event Wave amplitude Physical geography of coast Timing of event Degree of coastal development Give the primary impacts of volcanoes Pyroclastic flows - hot gasses and ash move extremely fast Tephra- volcanoes eject material such as rock fragments Lava flows- pose big threat- move slow Volcanic gasses - explosive eruptions - co2-carbon monoxide etc - most deaths from this - colourless and odourless What's the difference between natural hazard and natural disaster Hazard - natural event that has potential to threaten life and property Disaster - when a natural event causes significant impact to vulnerable population - e.g.- when more than 10 people killed What is a tectonic hazard profile A technique used to try and understand the physical characteristics of different hazards - e.g frequency ,duration,speed of onset Explain why some groups of people have greater capacity to cope with disasters than others Developed - have financial recourses ,reinforced housing Developing - lack recourses for healthcare etc Children - less acquired knowledge Migrants - lack language skills and education on dangers Describe what happened in Christchurch earthquake 2010 7.1 mag Epicentre 40km from Christchurch Lasted 40 secs 1 person died Sewers damaged Electrical grid disrupted Railway lines buckled Soul liquification caused flooding Cost repairs at 2 billion Describe what happened on the Japan tsunami 2011 9.0 mag 100km easy of Sendai 40metres high A segment of North American plate 200km long shifted up 15,894 people died Ruptured gas pipes Explosions at Fukushima nuclear plant led to contamination and possibility of a meltdown as the cooling system failed 100,000 troops deployed B Specialist teams sent Describe Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 Subduction caused by indo-Australian plate under Eurasian plate 9.1 mag caused 20metre uplift in sea bed 14 countries affected - 250,000 killed Sumatra - 130,000 alone were killed and 30,000 still missing Diseases such as cholera spread quickly especially in refugee camps Bodies buried in mass graves to prevent spread of disease Early warning systems did not exist Describe the Iceland volcanic eruption 2010 Volcanic ash ejected several kilometres into the atmosphere Uk airways closed 100,000 flights cancelled 10 million people stranded 1.7 billion in losses for airlines Airports lost 250 million Cost 5 billion to European economy Describe the Montserrat volcanic eruption 1995-97 Was devastated by pyroclastic flows Small scale population was evacuated to the north of the island and to neighbouring islands 19 people killed Destroyed large of areas Give strategies to manage tectonic hazards Store emergency equipment such as tents, clean water, food supplies, first aid and search-and-rescue gear Train specialist workers for a hazardous event Raise public awareness by having earthquake drills, for example. Set up warning system and, if possible, evacuation plans. Give some long term responses to tectonic hazards Construct safer buildings such as earthquake-resistant structures using flexible steel frames, shock absorbers, cross-bracings and counterweights Improve prediction and monitoring systems for volcanic activity and the secondary hazards of earthquakes *Carry out land use zoning- use the areas that are most at risk for recreation, open spaces or low-rise buildings What causes the movement of tectonic plates The movement of tectonic plates is driven by thermal convection currents in the upper mantle using heat derived from the radioactive decay of minerals deep within the Earth and residual heat from the Earth's formation. This heat causes plumes of hot magma to rise. If the crust is thinner on the mid-ocean floor, the hotter and less dense magma breaks through to form new crust as it is cooled by the water. Explain other secondary hazards caused by earthquakes - spread of disease due to a lack of sanitation - Tsunamis caused by a displacement of water - Landslides due to the dislodging of ground material Explain the tectonic hazards that may result from volcanic activity (6) Lava flow are streams of molten rock that flows from a volcanic event, the viscosity and speed of which depends on the type of volcano eruption Tephra are tiny particles of rock and natural glass blasted into the air by a volcanic eruption; they can then be transported by wind thousands of miles; electrostatic charging created by the upward movement of ash can help trigger thunderstorms, which in turn can trigger lahars Lahars are caused by rain mixing with either ash on the steep side of a volcano creating a great mudflow (e.g. Java), or ash mixing with rain Pyroclastic flows are caused by a very explosive eruption when the eruption column itself collapses and can’t continue to rise Assess whether development and governance are the most important factors in understanding the scale of tectonic disasters. (12) - Governance means the ability of an organisation / group of people to plan or manage hazard events effectively – e.g. national government might finance emergency care, mandate education strategies - Scale of tectonic disasters could be measured by the impact on theeconomy, human life, the environment, - Development and governance help understand disaster impact – e.g. the level of inequality reflects the level of development for some communities - If disasters occur in developed countries, there will be less social impact. However, the economic impact might be much higher because of damage to critical infrastructure - There are other reasons that determine disasters, e.g. physical geography factors, can determine whether some countries are affected more than others; (e.g. direction of ash fall, tsunami wave propagation) - However, it is clear, whatever the magnitude of a tectonic event, the core factors for the scale of the disaster will lie with the levels of development of a location - Unequal development means disasters can have significant impact on local communities some of which might not be able to access short-term aid, particularly if vulnerable groups cause emergency resources to become stretched. What is used to measure the scale of an earthquake Richter scale - measurement of the height of the waves produced by an earthquake. Mercalli scale- Measures the experienced impacts of an earthquake. It is a relative scale because people experience different amounts of shaking in different places. Based off a series of key responses such as peoples awakening and damage to structures. Moment - A modern measure used by magnitude seismologists to describe the earthquake Scale in terms of energy released. It is based off the seismic moment of an earthquake calculated from the amount of slip on the fault. What is used to measure the scale of a volcanic eruption Volcanic Explosivity index - A relative measure of the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption, which is calculated from the volume of products, height of eruption cloud and qualitative observations. What is the importance of NGO's in dealing with a disaster NGO's are especially important in disasters where local government is struggling to respond or doesn't have the recourses to do so For example they can provide funds and send aid What is meant by a plate boundary Where two plates meet and interact with each other What is Paleomagnetism and how does it help in the study of plate tectonics Paleomagnetism is the study of the earth's past magnetic field. Paleomagnetism can also be used to match up land masses that are now separated from each other, but which must once have been joined. For example, the orientation of magnetic minerals along the eastern coast of South America very closely matches that of similar minerals on the western coast of Africa. This adds to the idea that they were once joined together as a single mass What is a Benioff zone an inclined zone in which many deep earthquakes occur, situated beneath a destructive plate boundary where oceanic crust is being subducted. Describe the three types of seismic wave What is a primary wave These waves can travel through fluids and solids and are longitudinal. This also means that they transfer energy parallel to the direction of the wave, so if a wave is travelling north to south, the energy will be transferred in this direction. What are secondary waves S-waves cannot travel through air or water, only through solids, but they have a larger amplitude (this is the height of a wave, measured from the highest point to the middle line) so are more destructive in the case of an earthquake. They are transverse waves, meaning they transfer energy perpendicular What are Surface waves The final type of seismic wave occurs along the boundary between two different substances (e.g. rock and air). They can be either longitudinal or transverse. These waves travel slower than both S and P waves, but have a higher amplitude and so can be the most destructive of all the seismic waves. What is a mitigation strategy A risk mitigation strategy, by definition, is taking steps to reduce the risk (the severity of the impact and/or probability of the occurrence). What are hydrometerological hazards Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hydrometeorological hazards include: floods, debris and mud flows; tropical cyclones, rain and wind storms, sand or dust storms, thunder and hailstorms, blizzards, and other severe storms

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