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Friday, December 13, 2013 Lord of the Flies by William Golding Introduction The title of the book which I am reviewing is manufacturer of the go by William Golding write in 1954. It is a unexampled astir(predicate) a group of boys stranded on an island after a plane crash and deals with the conflicts they have to face on this forswear island. William Golding was born in 1911 in Cornwall, he went to a stealthy school and later on studied at Brasenose College Oxford. He mainly lived in a farming community in southern England but joined the Navy in 1940 and had plumb wide military experience travelling with the Navy. The war left(predicate) a deep impression on him, he was mingled in the D-Day landings. In 1945 he became a school teacher in Salisbury where he remained until the end of his employmenting life. He has written some(prenominal) other novels but master copy of the Flies is his stuffy famous work. Lord of the Flies is certainly based on some of the author`s autobiographical experience during the advocate World War , but it looks at a more than nonchalant aspect of mans behaviour and reaction to political extremes. The novel model forward be read, studied and appreciated on several levels. junior people sack up mainly know the story and be fascinated by the adventure element. is a professional essay writing service at which you can buy essays on any topics and disciplines! All custom essays are written by professional writers! It nates also be understood as an example of the moment which political chaos, war and destruction have on elaboration and thirdly it freighter be seen as a more general work on mans hidden evil suit and its possible bam under extreme circumstances. In my opinion Lord of the Flies is a book of great depth and undestroyable significance, beca use it deals with a profound human problems! which in short can be show by how long it takes and how strong the compress has to be on man before he shows... If you privation to get a full essay, order it on our website:
Planet-hunting satellite launches from the Cape Cornelia Mascio Aprile 17, 2018 The cost of sending a single SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket into orbit is around $62m (£43m), Engadget reports. The satellite is tasked with "a mission to detect planets outside of our solar system", NASA said on its website, referring to the so-called exoplanets. "They are going to be orbiting the nearest, brightest stars", Elisa Quintana, TESS scientist at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center, told reporters on Sunday. Described as being similar to Luke Skywalker's Tatooine, this planet orbits a pair of stars. An artist's rendition of NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS. NASA says TESS could help answer the age-old question: Are we alone in the universe? Scheduled for an April 2018 launch, the spacecraft will prowl for planets around the closest, brightest stars. The aging spacecraft is now low on fuel and near the end of its life. The Kepler mission found 2,300 confirmed exoplanets, and thousands more candidate planets. "The power of imagery with science really makes the connection with people". Controlling where the rocket would drop in the ocean would be handled with retro burns and SpaceX would deploy a "catcher ship" to the location in order to retrieve the rocket quickly. "Tess will find small planets, rocky planets that might have atmospheres and features that may be conducive to life", Buzasi said. Altre relazioniGrafFiotech Discuti questo articolo Segui i nostri GIORNALE
Friday, November 13, 2009 NASA finds water on the moon "Yes indeed we found water and we did not find only a little bit but a significant amount," said Anthony Colaprete, project scientist and principal investigator for the 79-million-dollar LCROSS mission. The data was found after NASA sent two spacecraft crashing into the lunar surface last month in a dramatic experiment to probe Earth's nearest neighbor for water. Moon holds key to solar system's secrets "In the 20 to 30 meter crater we found maybe about a dozen, at least, two-gallon buckets of water. This is an initial result," Colaprete told reporters. "We are ecstatic," he added in a statement. "The concentration and distribution of water and other substances requires further analysis, but it is safe to say Cabeus holds water," Colaprete said. Scientists had previously theorized that, except for the possibility of ice at the bottom of craters, the moon was totally dry. "It's very exciting, it is painting a new image of the moon," said Gregory Deloy, from the University of California hailing it as "an extraordinary discovery." He theorized that "one of the possible source of water is a comet." A key review panel appointed by President Barack Obama said existing budgets are not large enough to fund a return mission before 2020. soucre :
Search This Blog Thursday, October 14, 2010 Toppling the Darwinist Geological Column. Part one. Is there a standard geological column? No. The rock layers vary all over the world, all sorts of paraconformities and out-of-order and missing layers if you actually believe in long ages. Naturally, the idea that there would be a thick formation of sedimentary rock neatly divided from yet another layer in a perfectly flat way is incomprehensibly thick-headed. The original rock layering was an attempt by scientists to understand the flood layer ordering. I have long maintained that the standard uniformitarian geological column is a work of fiction, a figment of imagination and certainly not what we see in the field. Uniformitarianism is dead. As I mentioned in another column, Dr. Henry Morris explained where and why the idea came from and why it is wrong. As I mentioned previously... One trouble with this Uniformitarianism concept is that the rock layers worldwide do not conform to the idea. Layers thought more ancient are consistently found above those expected to be more recent. Darwinists blithely explain that entire mountains were somehow turned upside down and/or transported 30-3,000 (!) miles or more in order to try to explain disorder in the rock layers. Also in nature you sometimes see mixed layers (like younger, older and then younger) or skipped layers (somehow going from 120 million years old to 280 million years old with no middle layers.) Evolutionists have a great deal of trouble explaining bent and twisted rock formations such as these. It is obvious that this rock must have been convoluted while it was not yet entirely hardened. Now how do millions of years of nice, hard rock get folded like this without snapping? We aren't just talking small areas of rock, either!" Dr. Stephen Austin presented the following article that I shared with readers four years ago: Ten Misconceptions about the Geologic Column There are numerous problems with any uniformitarian viewpoint. Evolution is not demonstrated in the fossil records in any case, since organisms appear fully formed (most kinds in the so-called Cambrian layers) and in all layers are fully-formed organisms. All but the uppermost layers of fossils are examples of rapid burial by water events, indicating a sudden and catastrophic event. Imagining thousands of local floods when many rock formations extend across continents is an absolute absurdity. Darwinists play games with naming organisms, giving new names to the same organism when found in the "wrong" formation to avoid being found out. Field paleontologists and geologists know that general formation dating is a circular reasoning process that has no touchstone for accuracy. Michael Oard presented a semi-technical treatise on the idea of the "Standard Geological Column" and it is quite long, so I will link it and present three exerpts. But in order to get the benefit of his studies I suggest that you read it in it's entirety. One can hardly read the work of Oard and Austin without wondering at the absolute gall of so-called educators who have been presenting a work of fiction to students for many generations without batting an eye. Are these Darwinist prevaricators, ignorant products of the state schools or are they just plain stupid? I hope you understand that ignorance is correctable and is not associated with intelligence. But stupidity is having the capacity to understand and ignoring it. Lying is knowing the truth and deliberately distorting it. No matter what the case, this lie has been taught as fact to US students in the past and continues to be taught today. Biblical geological model Figure 1. Walker's biblical geological model, modified by Klevberg. Tilted Paleozoic and Mesozoic Strata Erosional remnant of Red Butte Figure 3. The erosional remnant of Red Butte near the south rim of the Grand Canyon (view south from the north rim). The butte is 300 m above the planation surface at the top of the Grand Canyon. I will argue the middle position here: the geological column is a general Flood sequence with many exceptions. Furthermore, I advocate viewing the rocks and fossils through Flood glasses—through the actual mechanism that produced the rocks and fossils, the Genesis Flood. Why look at the rocks and fossils through a false philosophical system based on the hypotheses of uniformitarianism, an old Earth, evolution, and naturalism? Since I believe that the geological column is a general sequence of the Flood, I expect some overlap between a Flood classification and the geological column. I advocate the model or classification of Walker (1994), which is similar to the model derived by Whitcomb and Morris in The Genesis Flood (1961). Although Froede (1995) produced a similar model, I prefer Walker's model mainly because it is more developed with defining criteria for his stages and phases. Klevberg modified Walker's timescale for the stages to correspond with the Flood peaking on Day 150 (Figure 1), which seems to be the Scriptural position and also corresponds to the 21 weeks of prevailing and the 31 weeks of assuaging in the Whitcomb-Morris (1961) model. Is the Geological Column a Global Sequence? Secular scientists often claim that the fossil order represented by the geological column is an "absolute" global sequence. Is this true or just taken on faith? 5) Anomalous Fossils Evolutionists often tell us that there are no contradictions to the evolutionary fossil order. However, they have to explain many anomalies in order to make the geological column "consistent." One type of anomaly is finding two fossils of different ages in the same layer. If the evolutionist cannot extend the stratigraphic range of the fossils, he must determine which fossil represents the true "age." If the strata are considered young, the "old" fossil is simply assumed to have been "reworked," eroded from "much older" strata and incorporated into younger sediments. Often, their only criterion for reworking is an expected evolutionary order rather than the condition of the fossil. However, if "old" organisms are reworked into "young" strata, wouldn't the "old" fossil be pulverized? In the opposite case, a "young" fossil is found in "old" strata, and evolutionists assume that the "younger" organism was buried within "old" sediment and fossilized. This is called "downwash." This could happen if a "young" organism became trapped and fossilized in a cave, sinkhole, or bog within "old" sediment or sedimentary rock. If the strata remain unconsolidated until after the "young" organism is buried, it would be difficult for the "old" organism to have remain unfossilized for millions of years. Lewis overthrust Figure 10. Lewis "overthrust" northeast of Marias Pass, Montana (view northeast). The "Precambrian" Altyn Dolomite is the light colored layer in the center of the picture while the Appekunny argillite is the dark colored rock above. "Cretaceous" shale lies below the dolomite. Note the horizontal beds of the shale, which are either undeformed or only mildly deformed below the contact. Contact of the Lewis overthrust Figure 11. The contact of the Lewis "overthrust" northeast of Marias Pass. Close-up of the contact of the Lewis overthrust Figure 12. Close-up of the contact of the Lewis "overthrust" northeast of Marias Pass. There are stringers of Altyn dolomite in shale below contact. Woodmorappe (1999c, pp. 87–92) compiled 200 published instances of anomalous fossils from the literature. This was not an exhaustive search. Most of these instances involved microfossils, which is why I am especially skeptical of the biostratigraphy of various microfossil groups, such as foraminifers and diatoms. Taxonomic manipulation, along with reworking, casts doubt on the use of microfossils as index fossils. Anomalous fossil occurrences are not rare (Woodmorappe, 1999c, pp. 92–94). Furthermore, if evolutionists under-report examples of anomalous fossils, they may be quite common, while evidence for reworking or downwash is rare! It seems that reworking is just an ad hoc explanation to make the geological column "consistent." The real impact of anomalous fossils would be to broaden the fossil range in the geological column, thereby reducing confidence in index fossils. 6) Out-of-Order Fossils A second type of anomaly in the fossil record is the situation in which "older" fossils are found above rocks that contain "young" fossils. These out-of-order fossils are the opposite of the evolutionary hypothesis. Out-of-order fossils are considered "impossible" by evolutionists, and so are dismissed as the result of overthrusting. An overthrust involves "older" strata being pushed over "younger" strata at an angle less than 45°. Robinson (1996, p. 35) claimed that overthrusts are based on geophysical evidence and not out-of-order fossils. This is true for some, but the Lewis overthrust in Montana and Alberta (Figures 10–12) was identified based on fossils. In the Lewis "overthrust," Precambrian rocks supposedly slid tens of kilometers eastward up a low slope over "Cretaceous" rocks. There is a 900 million-year out-of-order time gap at the Lewis "overthrust," and this time gap was first based on out-of-order fossils. Bailey Willis (1902), who first hypothesized the "overthrust," found "Precambrian crustacean shells" in the upper block above the "Cretaceous" strata. The Lewis Overthrust may or may not be a true overthrust, but the determination should be made by geological and geophysical methods and not by fossils." Some "overthrusts" display a reversed metamorphic grade in which the upper block is more highly meta-morphosed than the lower block. Metamorphism is supposed to increase with increasing depth. So, this is support for the overthrust concept in these cases. However, it is possible that the metamorphic grade associated with "overthrusts" could be chemically caused (Silvestru, personal communication) or caused by the migration of heat and fluids during deformation (Hubbard, 1996). Overthrusts, if they are real, could possibly be explained by catastrophic underwater emplacements during the Flood. Creationists need a comprehensive analysis of overthrusts. Heart Mountain Figure 13. Heart Mountain, northwest Bighorn Basin. The light colored strata at the top of Heart Mountain are "Paleozoic" limestone and dolomite, which lies on top of valley fill sediments (view south southeast). When one realizes that there are hundreds of alleged overthrusts (they seem to occur in most mountain ranges of the world), and that mountains are usually the few places to observe a thick vertical sequence, one is forced to conclude that out-of-order strata are common. A real overthrust should show abundant physical evidence; relying just on fossils is unreasonable. If these strata cannot be tied to a real overthrust, then the fossil distribution in the geological column is contrary to evolutionary predictions. Does the Geological Column Represent the Flood Depositional Sequence? These problems should make any creationist cautious in applying the geological column to the Flood. We seem to be divided by those who believe that the geological column is an exact sequence of the Flood and those who want to entirely discard the column. After many years, I have come to the conclusion that the geological column represents the general order of the Flood with many exceptions, and that its application should be made with caution for the reasons enumerated above. In examining fossils and fossil successions with regard to the Flood, we must distinguish between animals that survived the Flood and those that did not. This distinction will help determine whether a fossil was buried by the Flood or is post-Flood. The animals that God brought onboard the Ark were a male and female of each unclean kind and seven of each clean kind. These animals had to be terrestrial and breath air (Genesis 7:21, 22). The Genesis kind cannot be equated with modern species in many cases (Woodmorappe, 1999e, p. 136). If the kind is at the genus level, the ark needed only 16,000 animals (Woodmorappe, 1996), primarily mammals, birds, and reptiles. Many other organisms could have survived the Flood outside the Ark. Therefore, all mammals, reptiles (including dinosaurs), and likely all birds had to be dead by the time the water started retreating off the land around Day 150 (Genesis 7:22-8:3). So, evidence of a live mammal or reptile would indicate either an early Flood or post-Flood time. Marine organisms, such as foraminifers, could potentially represent early Flood, late Flood, or post Flood..." I will not get off of this subject right away no matter what rabbit trail a commenter may present. I am going to nail down once and for all that Uniformitarianism is ridiculous and that the fossil record indicates a flood and catastrophic events associated with that flood and a dynamic post-flood era including one ice age. Included in this was tremendous volcanic activity and the rapid subduction of tectonic plates, resulting in the disappearance of a "Pangea" type continent and the splitting of land into several puzzle pieces with deep oceans and some measure of tectonic unrest remaining. We are going to look at evidence to examine this subject rather than the opinions of 19th Century elitists. Remember, Darwinism was the product of an atheopathic amateur scientist who knew nothing of the makeup of cells and certainly not a hint of the DNA master code that is found in all organisms. He was a man who based his hypothesis on the backs of other's suggestions (like Blythe and Hutton), inspired by an amateur liar (Lyell), spurred on by the influence of his grandfather and with a basis in old Greek primitive scientific musings. We know there are more than four elements, we know life does not consist of protoplasm, we know that Darwinist evolution is never observed and we know that organisms are hard-wired to remain the kind of organism they are born to be. The mother lays the framework for the child. Each organism has its own set of meta-information. DNA is remarkably complex and needs to be in order to accomplish both the reproduction, the maintenance and rule the life cycle of organisms while adjusting to changes in environmental conditions, predation or population. It is well past time to leave 19th Century hypotheses behind and join the 21st Century. The religion of Darwinism has done irreparable harm by bringing death to millions and causing science to drag behind due to errant presumptions. More to come... Jon Woolf said... What's the YEC explanation for fossiliferous Large Igneous Provinces, Radar? Why are rhinos and ceratopsids never found together, Radar? How did dogwoods and sycamores outrun the sauropods and brontotheres to higher ground, Radar? How did caves and entire drainage basins form in rocks that were being built at the rate of many feet per day by the Flood, Radar? Where did aeolian rock layers like the Coconino Sandstone come from, in the middle of all that water, Radar? Why can we see geologic faults and even evidence of landslides in rocks that were forming underwater at lightning speed, Radar? No answer was the sad reply... Who botched that picture so bad? I hope it wasn't you, Radar -- I'd hate to think you're THAT stupid. First of all, the lower layer is the M-U-A-V Limestone, not the "Mauv". Second, I don't know for sure where that photo was taken, but the visible layering suggests it's in the western Canyon, a region where there is no contact between the Redwall Limestone and the Muav Limestone at all! There's another formation in between: the Temple Butte Limestone. IIRC, the Temple Butte generally takes the form of a wider, visibly multi-layered 'step' between the base of the Redwall Limestone and the much shallower slope of the Muav Limestone, exactly as the linked photo shows. Jon Woolf said... Tell us, Radar, how is it that fossils buried deep in the rocks show evidence of scavenging, of weathering, even of predatory attack so clear and obvious that we can often make a good stab at identifying the predator responsible? For example, the young Australopithecus africanus known as the Taung Child was probably killed by an eagle, judging by the wounds in the skull. You can, of course, provide specific cases to back up this libelous accusation? Oh wait, that's right, I'm talking to a creationist. Sorry. Forget I asked. No, they don't. Except when they can ... for example, the iridium-rich clay layer which marks the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and can be (and has been) detected literally everywhere it has been looked for. And always in the same place in the strata: just above the last clearly-Cretaceous rocks, and just below the first clearly-Paleocene rocks. Other examples include the huge lava flows known as CAMP, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which exist on four different continents and in all cases give similar radiometric dates: latest Triassic, just below the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. And there's the collection of plants known as "the Glossopteris flora," which spread widely across the temperate Southern Hemisphere and provided the first clue that South America and Africa had once been connected somehow. Anonymous said... Radar, you posted an article from the Institute for Creation Research ( This website posts lies and is therefore not trustworthy. Since you dismiss such websites in their entirety, I'm sure you'll no longer use this source now that you're aware of this. In the meantime, readers please ignore the article Radar posted here. Radar wouldn't want you to be subjected to lying websites. TomH said... Jon Woolf: Why are rhinos and ceratopsids never found together? Do you have evidence that they should, based on some studies of flow deposition sorting? Didn't think so. Regarding the Anonymous comment: Since scientific journals have been shown to post lies in the past, I hope that all readers will ignore them in the future since they have been shown to be untrustworthy. This is my ad reductio reply. Jon Woolf said... "Do you have evidence that they should, based on some studies of flow deposition sorting?" It's rather difficult to do any such experiment since ceratopsids are all long dead, and the best we can do is approximations. That said, rhino and ceratopsid are the same approximate size, shape, mass, build, and habitat. Can you give a reason why they wouldn't be sorted similarly? Anonymous said... Just happened to stumble on this thread some time later, hadn't spotted this comment previously. 1. You may have missed what my comment was referring to if you don't read this blog regularly. Radar is suggesting exactly that with regard to some websites that post information he disagrees with. 2. Could you please provide specifics? Which lies, which journals? And of course if we go by this logic, that would mean we'd have to ignore a great many things, including all creationist websites. Since the Bible itself contains internal contradictions, it too would have to be ignored. Which is why I suggest Radar's logic is faulty and we should focus on actual evidence case by case instead of indulging in ad hominem arguments. Anonymous said... The YEC contention is that they lived together, at the same time. Flow deposition sorting has no means of sorting items that are roughly the same size and shape. And yet the two never show up in the same layer, ever. The scientific consensus is that they lived at different times, which perfectly explains the objective evidence. YEC has no plausible explanation for this phenomenon.
Return to Europe London Parliament, United Kingdom London, © Can Stock Photo / sborisov The United Kingdom is also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In the past it has also been known as Britain, Great Britain and the British Empire. It is comprised of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and its current format dates back to the early 1700s. The capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively. The United Kingdom has 14 overseas territories, including the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turks & Caicos Islands, Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands. Britain is also the founder of the Commonwealth of Nations, which is also referred to as the British Commonwealth or simply as the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth has 54 members from the era of the British Empire and includes countries such as Canada, Australia and India. Early explorers such as Sir Francis Drake (known better as a pirate to the Spanish), Captain George Vancouver and Captain James Cook sailed the oceans of the world in order to expand British interests. Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon's forces in 1805. The British Empire reached its peak in the early 1900s. Winston Churchill was well known for leading the country in its resistance to heavy bombing by Nazi German in the 1940s and rallied support from other nations to end Hitler's reign of terror. Today the United Kingdom is a progressive multi-cultural nation. Many countries are exempt from travel visa requirements to the United Kingdom. Members of the European Economic Area are exempt. That covers the European Union, plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Switzerland has a standing exemption as to more than 40 other countries, including the US, Canada, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand. For a list of countries that require a travel visa, visit the UK government web site or check your specific country at VisaHQ. For a list of exempt countries, visit Project Visa. Those citizens who do require a visa can complete the application and pay the fee online at the UK's web site. Although the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, it does not participate in the use of the Euro. The official currency is the British pound sterling (GBP). Visitors will find a strong reluctance to accept any other currency. The climate of the UK is moderated by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes snowfall relatively rare in winter. Rainfall is quite common throughout the year, giving the British Isles the deserved reputation of being cool, cloudy and damp. View United Kingdom map
What Is Globalization? Podcast of the Day The free flow of people, money and ideas is making us more connected than ever. That means we share the benefits but also the risks and not everyone is equally placed to take advantage of the opportunities created by globalization. Disenfranchised groups are pushing back as politicians fail to manage the speed, scale and complexity of global change. Listen to Global Risks and Opportunities on the Big Ideas podcast Video of the Day Short Article of the Day Globalization, according to sociologists, is an ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society. As a process, it involves the ever-increasing integration of these aspects between nations, regions, communities, and even seemingly isolated places. In terms of the economy, globalization refers to the expansion of capitalism to include all places around the world into one globally integrated economic system. Culturally, it refers to the global spread and integration of ideas, values, norms, behaviors, and ways of life. Politically, it refers to the development of forms of governance that operate at the global scale, whose policies and rules cooperative nations are expected to abide. These three core aspects of globalization are fueled by technological development, the global integration of communication technologies, and the global distribution of media.... Further Reading Globalization has become one of the defining buzzwords of our time--a term that describes a variety of complex economic, political, cultural, ideological, and environmental forces that are rapidly altering our experience of the world. In clear, accessible language, Manfred B. Steger goes beyond a narrow economic focus to cover all the major causes and consequences of globalization as well as the hotly contested question of whether globalization is, ultimately, a good or a bad thing.... The book also examines political movements both for and against globalization, from WTO protests to the rise in global jihadism; considers such concepts as "Americanization" and "McDonaldization"; and explores the role of the media and communication technologies in the process of cultural globalization. Finally, Steger explains in accessible language the connection between economic globalization and multinational corporations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. Read Manfred B. Steger's book: Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Related Entries Capitalism \| Colonialism \| Justice \| Economics \| Sociology
Wednesday, September 14, 2011 Fall Rye as a Green Manure Fall Rye is a seed that is planted in the fall, generally in a vegetable garden, for the purpose of tilling into the soil in spring to add organic matter to your soil. The benefits of using this crop are threefold. - When planted immediately after harvest, it quickly germinates and the extensive root system inhibits the germination of weed seeds thus keeping those pests to a minimum and reducing your work in the spring. Many insects and diseases overwinter in weeds so the rye will help protect your garden from infestations the following summer. - The grass and its roots will prevent erosion of your soil throughout the fall and winter as well as catching the snow to provide a good snow cover. - When tilled into your soil in the spring the rye provides a green manure which is high in nutrients and organic matter. This is the equivalent of purchasing manure and compost to add to your soil, but much less expensive since a kilogram of the seed will cover 500 sq’. There are a few things to be aware of when using this type of crop. - The plant has a very extensive root system that is difficult to turn with a fork so a tiller is recommended. - The plant MUST be tilled in before it goes to seed in the spring or you will have rye growing in your vegetable garden for the rest of time. To plant the seed, broadcast it in your garden as you dig your vegetables. You do not have to wait till the garden is empty but rather spread the seed as you empty the garden. Your garden does not have to be tilled beforehand unless your soil is quite compacted which it should not be if you are digging or pulling your vegetables. In the spring your garden should be tilled while it is still damp but not wet. Rye absorbs a lot of moisture and will dry your garden out in a very short time. Be sure to till before the rye goes to seed. Fall rye is an excellent and inexpensive option for amending soil for gardeners whether they practice organic methods or not.
About Harriet 2001-Present> Bhutan: Birds, Buddhism and Byways Day One \| Punakha Dzong \| Modernization Gravel breakers The Gravel Making Scene Several women and teens squatted at the edge of the precarious road and bashed stones from a slide into gravel-sized bits. A toddler who hovered near one of the sari-clad women pounded his own rock with a stick. The musical clink clink clinking drew us to where more laborers crouched on a long and growing pile of gravel. They were sheltered by a tarp from the hot sun though none wore protective glasses. A heap of rocks at the far end of the gravel reminded us of their endless task. Now we understood the source of the material used for the road construction we had passed. I had witnessed this scene in other developing countries and wondered again: is it good or bad, this monotonous work? Hand work provides many jobs. However, machines would work faster and more efficiently, but they are expensive and unavailable. The roads built by machines last much longer because they can prepare the road bed better, but repairs to the high labor low quality highways keep locals employed. I had time to consider these dilemmas as we pursued the Bhutanese birds. In Bhutan’s early history invading armies crossed over mountain passes into the settled valleys. They were successful until the seventeenth century when dzongs were built as fortresses and monasteries. The isolated Bhutanese grew their own food, made what they needed, lived and died within a few miles of their birth places. Monasteries provided the only education for a few chosen boys. With a small population, abundant land and rich natural resources, Bhutan was tempting to any aggressor and when China invaded neighboring Tibet in 1959, the threat arose of another incursion. There were no roads then, but even the dzongs would be useless against the Chinese and their modern equipment. The Western-educated king understood that his country’s defense depended on stronger ties with the global community. Cows and Their Herder The ties the king sought rested on greater commerce, and commerce meant roads. Even now, after years developing a system of roads, one-fifth of the population is more than half-day’s walk from an all-season road and another fifth lives one to four hours away. Currently, Bhutan has 3750 km (2250 mi.) of all-weather roads, a little over half of which are paved. Violent storms hammer the hillsides during the rainy season and slides are common due to the poor quality of road construction. The challenge of carving roads from the steep mountainsides continues. I became fascinated with how Bhutanese roads were constructed as my birding group searched for Bhutan’s fabulous birds. Heavy equipment was being used only on the project to widen the road to the capital that we crossed on our first day. After a rewarding morning of blood pheasants and monals, we turned toward Thimphu, the capital city, our stop for the night. All vehicles travelling between the country’s only airport in Paro and Thimphu must creep along a one-lane road with turnouts on a narrow ledge through a deep canyon. For years that road was adequate, but recent increases in tourism, commerce and government services have overwhelmed it. There was no alternative. Construction was underway during our visit and traffic flow was periodically held at the Paro Bridge while sections of the mountain were blasted onto the existing road. In a short time, heavy machinery cleared the site and dug a crude track for the next pulse of vehicles. We arrived at the bridge in plenty of time for the last passage allowed that day. Once our line of trucks, buses and cars crossed, I thought we could relax, knowing we would make it to Thimphu that day, but it was not an easy trip. In construction sections where the road had been hastily reclaimed from the blast debris, our small bus followed the line of vehicles through and over the piles and pits of dirt and rock. I was amazed that no one got stuck and I wondered if the laborers watching our passage might have to lend a hand if that did happen. On one crude section, the truck in front of us tipped so far I feared it would topple on its side. At times, we were so close to the edge I had a clear view of the river below and tried to have faith that we would not topple over as well. I personally believe that if you don’t name something fearful, it doesn’t exist. I noticed that the normally chatty birders with me were very quiet during the transit. Typical Bhutanese Roads After an hour on the crude track, we approached a junction in the road where the river we had been following joined another. Some traffic continued to the right toward India while we crossed a bridge and turned northeast toward Thimphu. The road improved. Hillsides were less formidable; the road bed was packed and ready for paving. Eleven kilometers from Thimphu, we sped along the paved, two-lane asphalt into the city. On every other construction site, people did most of the work, aided only by aged dump trucks to haul workers, rocks and gravel. Bhutanese kings did not want the people to lose their culture as the country changed. In the early 1970’s, the king created a unique measure of success that is gaining international recognition. While we use our Gross National Product to measure the strength of our economy, Bhutan uses the Gross National Happiness (GNH) scale to measure the quality of life. In moving toward their goal of economic self-reliance for the country and sustainable happiness for individuals, the king tracks progress by evaluating elements of society’s greater good. Among these important elements are the economy (consumer debt), the environment (pollution) and physical well being (health). He felt the monarchy, in which the government was primarily an administrator, needed become a democracy to give the people more power and responsibility. While we were in Bhutan, they were preparing for the practice election to be held soon after we left. Notices on poles and in stores reminded people how to participate. Some older people were not enthusiastic about the process. They liked for the king to make the major decisions without their help. But the younger ones, especially those who had lived outside the country, were supportive. Bhutan’s closest economic partner is India, based on the agreements worked out almost a century ago that preserved Bhutan as an independent country. For years, only India was allowed to invest in Bhutan. Road building has always been part of the aid given by the Indian government and contracts are awarded to Indian companies. Indian laborers who do the actual road construction build temporary shelters of used lumber, poles and black plastic on the few shoulders wide enough to accommodate them. They live there in shifts of three or four months and then return to their homes in India. Birders on the Road My birding group spent three weeks in rural Bhutan walking the hand-built roads. After driving to a good birding spot, we walked in the quiet forest in a ragged and sprawling line listening for birds. There were long periods during which we were alone on the road and the birding was excellent. Occasionally a loud truck hauling rocks or gravel passed us. Cars were less frequent. We were in no danger since the vehicles traveled so slowly. It was the custom for the drivers to decelerate and smile and wave at our little group of tourists. They beeped their horns as well. We tried to be gracious and could only hope it hadn’t spooked some elusive bird. On one of our walks, we rounded a corner and found a crew of six men and women building a stone gutter on the uphill side of the road. One laborer dug out the square ditch. The blue overalled mason hoisted and manipulated the large, flat-sided stones that would form the U-shaped gutter. Other laborers finished the work by filling the spaces with small rocks and mortar. Water for the mortar came from the streams that rolled down the gullies at every crook in the road. The finished gutter was big enough to carry large volumes of water to the culverts. Because of the steep slopes, culvert work is dangerous and the spillways are constructed by specialty crews. Gutter Building I took out my camera and approached the workers. They paused for a photo without hesitation, pleased by my interest. They grinned with pleasure at the tiny digital image. In other countries, such an event might evoke demands for money, but they thanked me for my attention and got back to their jobs. On another road, one of the little three wheeled tractors putted down the road and I repeated the “may I take your picture” sing language. The driver nodded enthusiastically and posed a bit stiffly. When he saw that the image included the two people sitting behind him in the box of the tractor, probably hitchhikers, he motioned that I should take a photo of just him and his machine. He seemed much more pleased with that framing. Though I expected him to ask for a copy of the photo, he seemed content for me to record what was important for my use. In several remote places, the one-lane tarmac road had been augmented by digging the shoulders down four inches, filling the depression with fist-sized rocks and covering it with dirt. The firm surface supported the infrequent times that vehicles had to pass in opposite directions and the free roaming cattle munched on the grass that grows in the dirt. It was a creative way to meet the two needs on that portion of the road. In a side note, we encountered cattle almost daily and the occasional yak. They roamed up and down the near-vertical mountainsides, creating paths anywhere it was possible. I kept an eye out for those paths because it was a way to get off the road and out of sight for a private moment to pee. One day we heard the deep clack of heavy rocks colliding. Around a corner, a young man stood near a loose waist high wall of large rocks that curved, open to the slope, almost blocking the road. When he saw us, he yelled uphill. A voice drifted down in reply. I was curious to know what they were doing, but nothing happened until we were well clear on the other side of their work area. As the others continued down the road, I held back. The young man on the road shouted uphill again. Out of the bushes, a rock came bouncing down and hit the barrier with a clonk. More shouting and yet another rock rolled down from above but the timing of the bounce caused this one to fly over the barrier, hit on the edge of the road and disappear into the void. The lower man shouted up and laughed. A loud grunt returned from the bushes. The uphill man moved into view, dressed in shorts and rubber boots. He picked up a sledge hammer and pounded on a large boulder until the pieces were a more manageable size for him to kick into a roll. One of them refused to move so he sat down above it and pushed with his feet, grunting and shouting what I can only assume were some colorful words of encouragement until it loosened up and joined the pile at the bottom. These rocks would be driven to the stone bashers we had passed earlier. rock dam Rock Catching Dam Once the roads are constructed, the maintenance is left to the Bhutanese and the government employs more than two people per kilometer. The workers live in government built cement-block houses, sooty from cooking fires. Several families live in each tiny community. During the dry season, they clear weeds from the hillsides and clean out the gutters to prepare for the rains. Because the Himalayan mountain range is the youngest in the world, the soil on top is less compact than in older mountains resulting in frequent slides when the soil becomes saturated. When a slide does occur and blocks the road, the first vehicle on the scene returns to the nearest town to report it. Trucks collect the laborers from their settlements between the towns on both sides of the slide. Within an hour they are attacking the debris with shovels and wheelbarrows. What they lack in heavy equipment they make up for in sheer numbers and in relatively short time, the traffic is moving again. Besides the road construction, we noted the smaller changes that were occurring, still guided by the GNH priorities. The first tourists entered Bhutan in 1974, and since then tourism has been encouraged but been tightly controlled. Most come for trekking, birding or cultural events. The tourism infrastructure, hotels, roads and support services, is slowly improving and planners have been looking for another site for an airport to take the pressure off the one in Paro. The Phobjikha Valley, thirty miles east of Thimphu, was considered but the valley is only one of three where the rare and endangered Black Neck Crane winters. Preservation of the cranes was readily determined to be more important than an airport and the planners continue their search. electrical plant Spillway Above Power Generators In addition, the new electrical lines were removed from the Phobjikha Valley when it was discovered that the cranes could not avoid the wires during take offs and landings. Some of the people in the valley were disappointed to have their electricity removed even though they understood the rationale, but they will soon have solar panels on their roofs. Until then, the new lodge where we stayed uses a generator, and everyone knows to have a flashlight handy for night time wanderings after lights out. Change has not come without tension. Any work must still be congruent with the king’s desire to preserve national identity, traditional values and the concept of “One Nation, One People.” But in this desire lurks the dark side of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness. The majority of Bhutanese are of Tibetan origin, arriving in the 8th century bringing their sect of Buddhism with them. Known as Drukpas, they predominate in the government and civil service. In the early 1980’s the monarchy declared their cultural norms to be the standard for all citizens, polarizing the Nepali-speaking southerners. They are now about 35% of the population. The king’s requirements for dress and language meant these southerners had to wear a traditional dress that was not theirs and speak a language not their own. The 1988 census alarmed because the new policies that determined citizenship seemed to discriminate against them. Their leaders tried to get the government to review the policies with no success and they organized anti-government rallies demanding fair treatment. In the early 1990s, government forces cracked down on their acts of dissent, forcing one hundred thousand illegal immigrants to leave Bhutan for camps in Nepal. Even for those who were able to stay, we heard that access to health care, higher education and the better paying jobs is strongly determined by ethnicity. Only full-blooded Drukpas are considered for the measure of Gross National Happiness. The transition to democracy may help diffuse this situation. All the recently elected members of the new parliament agree this issue is a priority and the two governments of Nepal and Bhutan are negotiating a solution to the refugee situation. A good example of how the Bhutanese are slowly modernizing is demonstrated on a small scale with how they are solving the dog problem. Bhutanese Buddhists revere all life, even the dogs that wander the streets, breed at will and bark all night. Dogs are especially prolific in the towns and annoying to everyone. Even at our tent camp at 10,000 feet, a small pack wandered around our tents at night. The first time the dogs erupted into a loud chorus of barking I was frightened out of a sound sleep. I had not expected to encounter dogs in such a remote place but I thought they might be after the reported rare mountain bears that roamed the area. But no such luck. They were probably farm dogs patrolling their territory, surprised at our intrusion. Several years ago, Thimphu officials initiated a spay and neuter program and more recently, ownerless dogs are taken out to their own “retirement home” far from the city where they can live out their doggy lives and bark all they want without disturbing anyone.
Chinese Medicine Traditional Chinese medicine counter Traditional Chinese medicine counter China was one of first countries to have a medical culture. In comparison with Western medicine, the Chinese method takes a far different approach. With a history of 5,000 years, it has formed a deep and immense knowledge of medical science, theory, diagnostic methods, prescriptions and cures. The basic principles of Chinese medicine are rather distinctive: Relative Properties - Yin and Yang The Physiology of Chinese medicine holds that the human body's life is the result of the balance of yin and yang. Yin is the inner and negative principles, and yang, outer and positive. The key reason why there is sickness is because the two aspects lose their harmony. Seen from the recovery mechanism of organs, yang functions to protect from outer harm, and yin is the inner base to store and provide energy for its counterpart. Basic Substance Doctors of Chinese medicine believe that vital energy - moving and energetic particles, state of blood, and body fluid are the essential substances that compose together to form the human body, and the basis for internal organs to process. They are channeled along a network within the body - Jing Luo as their channels. On the physical side, vital energy serving to promote and warm belongs to the properties of yang, and blood and body fluid to moisten possesses the properties of yin. Four Methods of Diagnosis The statue of Sun Simiao The statue of Sun Simiao, the king of Chinese medicine It is a wonder that Chinese doctors could cure countless patients without any assistant apparatus but only a physical examination. The four methods of diagnosis consist of observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, pulse taking and palpation. Observation indicates that doctors directly watch the outward appearance to know a patient's condition. As the exterior and interior corresponds immediately, when the inner organs run wrongly, it will be reflected through skin pallor, tongue, the facial sensory organs and some excrement. Auscultation and olfaction is a way for doctors to collect messages through hearing the sound and smelling the odor. This is another reference for diagnosis. Interrogation suggests that doctors question the patient and his relatives, so as to know the symptoms, evolution of the disease and previous treatments. The taking of the pulse and palpation refer that doctors noting the pulse condition of patients on the radial artery, and then to know the inner change of symptom. Doctors believe that when the organic function is normal, the pulse, frequency, and intension of pulse will be relatively stable, and when not, variant. Pharmacist of traditional Chinese medicine Pharmacist of traditional Chinese medicine When treating a disease, doctors of traditional Chinese medicine usually find the patient's condition through these four diagnostic methods: observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, pulse, and palpation. Combining the collected facts and according to their internal relations, doctors will utilize the dialectics to analyze the source and virtue of the disease. Then make sure what prescription should be given. In traditional Chinese medical science, the drugs are also different from the West, because doctors have discovered the medicinal effects of thousand of herbs over a long period of time. Before taking the medicine, the patient will have to boil it. Then there is the distinctive method of preparation, associated with the acupuncture and massage, the treatment will take effect magically. 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What is narcissism? Narcissism is excessive self involvement, vanity, ego centrism and lack of regard for others. Narcissism and Leadership: Narcissists are more likely to become leaders as they generally possess vision and the ability to attract and inspire followers. There is without a doubt a dark side to narcissism but that doesn’t mean that it can’t be a useful trait. Sigmund Freud, when describing narcissists, wrote that “People of this type impress others as being ‘personalities’.” “They are especially suited to act as support for others, to take on the role of leaders, and to give a fresh stimulus to cultural development or damage the established state of affairs.” He tempered this description however by pointing out that narcissists are emotionally isolated and highly distrustful. Perceived threats can trigger rage while achievements can feed feeelings of grandiosity. They listen only for the type of information they seek and don’t learn easily from others. They don’t like to teach but prefer to make speeches and indoctrinate. Examples of narcissistic leaders include Donald Trump, Steve Jobs and Larry Ellison. Dealing with Narcissists: Business is all about making deals and according to Ann Frost, Associate Professor at Ivy Business School, narcissists love to win so you will do better dealing with them if they think they have won. It pays to understand how to negotiate with narcissists as we often have to deal with egotistical people whether we want to or not. 1. Listen to them It is really important to be clear about what you need but this isn’t always easy as narcissists in the mail don’t want to listen. They like to hear themselves talk- that’s why it’s crucial to listen when they do as it is your best opportunity to find out what they really want which may be different to what you think or what they are telling you they want. 1. Explain your role in helping them get what they want Once you understand what they need you can explain clearly how you can help provide it. Narcissists like an idea best when they believe that they came up with it so if possible you should try and ensure that the negotiation process and outcome will make them look good. 1. Provide positive reinforcement While narcissists typically don’t care what you want they do care about what people think. They are incredibly sensitive to criticism or slights so it can be useful to appeal to their need to be seen as influential, powerful or intelligent while simultaneously framing your offer in a way that enhances how others see them or how they see themselves. Like anyone else, they want to help people they like so do what you can to feed them the positive reinforcement they need. The more you can provide the more potential you have to be liked. Narcissists often have short attention spans so you should try to get them to act quickly on promises made. In spite of the drawbacks Michael Macoby in Harvard Business Review believes that narcissism can be incredibly useful- even necessary particularly as there is no substitute for narcissistic leadership in an age of innovation. For help in developing or improving your leadership skills have a look at our Self Directed Leadership Development Program Find the Solution That's Right For You
Dante’s Inferno Dante's Inferno - The Divine ComedyPart 1 of our summer reading, Dante’s Divine Comedy, is called the Inferno. Dante travels through Hell on his journey through the supernatural realms (books 2 and 3 are purgatory and paradise, respectively). The book is poetry, translated from Italian, and as such it isn’t necessarily an easy read. However, it is very intriguing imagery and Ciardi’s translation allows for explanation on the themes that Dante is developing. I am really enjoying the read. I’m not very familiar with Dante’s theology or spiritual belief, but there are a few themes that he develops in the Inferno that are interesting to think about. 1. Dante is encouraged not to feel pity for the souls in Hell that God has damned. It would be illogical and heretical to do so. This doesn’t imply that God made them be there, but that they chose it and God is enforcing it. Their punishment in Hell is the just response by God. 2. The souls in Hell are punished, rather ironically, with the counterbalance to their greatest sins. For example, when Dante comes to the area for souls who commit suicide, they don’t have bodies but are instead trees. In addition, they can only speak when a branch is broken or maimed and they are “bleeding.” As one of them tells Dante, “…it is not just that a man be given what he throws away.” Canto XIII, Inferno. In another example, we learn that “as they tore others apart, so are they torn.” Canto XXVIII I’m not sure how he does it, since it is an English translation from Italian, but most of Ciardi’s lines rhyme. Here are a couple of snippets from the book that stood out to me: “But all together they drew to that grim shore where all must come who lose the fear of God.” “That king whose perfect wisdom transcends all, made the heavens and posted angels on them to guide the eternal light that it might fall from every sphere to every sphere the same.” “Now tell me how much cash our Lord required of Peter in guarantee before he put the keys into his keeping? Surely he asked nothing but ‘Follow me!'” Dante's Inferno Xbox 360On a random side note, I was in Best Buy the other day and I noticed that a video game has been made about this story. It looks like it takes a slightly different twist, but it is interesting to see classical literature’s effects across the board. Sign up with your email and never miss a post! Jeremy Jernigan More in Reading iBooks on iPad 7 Reasons You Should Use a Digital Reader I fought the battle for awhile. "I like holding a book in my hands." "I like the smell of real...
All the Tallest Buildings and Structures in Japan The History of all the tallest buildings in Japan Japan is known to be one of the pioneers in the development of modern technology. They are well-known all over the world to be leaders in change, innovation, and development. Because of this, it is quite well-known that the country is among the first in Asia to construct towering skyscrapers and tall buildings. The first skyscraper ever built in Japan was built in the year 1890 and it was known as the Ryounkaku. This building is known as the “Cloud-Surpassing Pavilion” because it is the first in the country to create such a milestone as “reaching the skies”. It was built in Tokyo and was designed by a Scottish Engineer named W.K.Burton to become a large marketplace for merchandise obtained from different parts of the globe. It was made from red bricks and wood frames towering to a height of 69 meters and totaling to twelve floors. Sadly, the building was destroyed by tremors from the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The first time Japan started going beyond the 500-meter mark was in the 1960s when the Kasumigaseki Building was built. It stood a total of 512 meters and had thirty-six floors. It is also recognized as the first modern office skyscraper in Japan. It held the title of Japan’s tallest building until 1970. The structure in Japan with the most number of floors was Sunshine 60 in Toshima. It is a 787-meter tall building with a total of 60 floors. It held the title of Japan’s tallest building from 1978 until 1991. The ‘World’s Tallest Buildings’ in the history of Japan It has always been a long-term goal and dream for many Japanese firms to attain the title of having the world’s tallest building. However, it does not come easy for the environmental conditions in Japan. It seems that compared to their neighbouring countries, Japan has more obstacles to face preventing them from leading the game towards building skyscrapers which are higher than ever. It is known that the country is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire making it susceptible to both volcanic activity and earthquakes. There are limitations to the size, shape, height, and even locations of structures to be built in the country. For an artistic and one-of-a-kind building to be built, there are additional challenges which must be faced. With this challenge, Japan has been known to lead the world in the construction of pendulums, dampers, and other technologies that will transform a structure into an earthquake-resilient building. Furthermore, taller buildings have been out of the trend for the Japanese. In place of joining the race towards higher buildings, Japan is now venturing towards building lower but wider structures. This is to provide a feeling of safety and security for the users of the structure. To add to this, they also aim towards using these structures as a refuge in times of calamities and crisis. The Tallest Building in Japan: Osaka Tallest Government Building: The Sakishima Building This structure in Osaka is known as the Cosmo Tower and was formerly known as the Osaka World Trade Center building. This structure, which was built in 1995, has a total height of 256 meters and has 52 stories in total. It is known to be the second tallest building in Osaka and the 3rd tallest building in Japan. This structure has its own observatory where people can enjoy the view of Osaka’s skyline. Another popular highlight of this building is their elevator which could take its passengers from the lowest floor to the highest in less than 80 seconds. This could be accessed between 1:00 PM to 10:00 PM every weekday and from 11:00 AM to 10:00 PM every weekend. Admission costs 510 Yen for adults, 210 Yen for students. The First Tall Building in Osaka: Osaka Obayashi Building The Osaka Obayashi building is a 30-level steel structure which was built in Osaka in 1973, it has a total height of 120 meters. It is a beautiful office building that has a Western design, compared to other places in Japan it took until the 1970s before skyscrapers were built in Osaka. It is the first building in Osaka which held the title for being the tallest in the prefecture. This building is the headquarters of the Obayashi Corp. in Japan. Tallest Building in Japan: Abeno Harukas This structure is known to be the tallest building in all of Japan which stands at 300 meters with 60 floors in total. It is named as Abeno Harukas from the Japanese word harukasu which means “to brighten or to clear up”. This structure has a total of 100,000 square meters of floor space which makes it the largest department store in Japan. By Kanchi1979 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (], via Wikimedia Commons The Abeno Harukas is home to a department store from the 2nd basement to the 14th floor, a hotel between the 38th and the 55th floor, restaurants at the 57th floor, a museum on the 16th floor, and offices on other floors. What it is most famous for is the fact that it has a three-level observation deck located on the 58th floor to the 60th floor, known as the Haruka 300. The topmost observation deck is enclosed by floor-to-ceiling glass panels which could give a 360 view of Osaka. The 598th and 59th-floor observation deck has a wooden deck, a café, and a souvenir shop. People can dine in the café while enjoying the view from Japan’s tallest structure. The Tallest Building in Japan: Tokyo Tallest building Japan Sky Tree This structure stands at 634 meters and was the tallest structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa. However, a lot of people wonder why it is not known as Japan’s tallest building. The Tokyo sky tree, compared to the knowledge of most, is actually Japan’s tallest STRUCTURE. It is not considered as Japan’s tallest BUILDING because the majority of its height is not occupied. The main purpose of this structure is to provide the primary TV and radio broadcast site for the entire region surrounding Tokyo ensuring digital broadcasting coverage. Although the Tokyo sky tree is not considered as a building, it is still one of the most popular tourist destinations in Japan. The Skytree is home to two observation decks, one located at 350 meters and the other at 450 meters. The first observation deck is home to the Skytree café and the Skytree shop. It is also home to the popular Musashi restaurant. The second observation deck is home to the spiraling corridor, giving a 360 view of Tokyo. At the base of this structure lies different tourist spots. Its grounds are a famous park for tourists which is highly visited during the spring months of March, April, and May. It is also highly visited during the summer months of August and September. It is home to a very large shopping mall with hundreds of shops, boutiques, and restaurants. Furthermore, it is home to an aquarium, a museum, and a planetarium. The entire place is accessible via the Tokyo Sky tree station of the Tobu Isesaki line. The Toranomon Hills of Tokyo The Toranomon Hills is a steel structure in Tokyo which has a total of 52 floors and 201,000 square meters of floor space. This structure has a height of 247 meters up to the roof and 255.5 meters up to its antenna spire. What is interesting is that at 255.5 meters, it should be considered as the tallest. However, since its roof is only at a much shorter height, it is only considered as the second tallest building in Tokyo right after the Midtown Tower. Between the 6th and the 35th floor of this building are offices which are headquarters of different companies based in Tokyo. Among its popular tenants are the Government Pension Investment Fund offices, Novartis, and more. From the 37th to the 46th floor are 172 residential units. Then, from the 47th to the 52nd floor is the Andaz Tokyo Toranomon Hills hotel. This hotel has a one-floor large spa facility on the 37th floor and a total of 164 guest rooms. Shinjuku Mitsui Building This particular structure, the Shinjuku Mitsui Building, is known to be one of the tallest buildings in Tokyo standing at 212 meters. It has a total of 55 floors and a floor area of 176,000 square meters. It was constructed in 1972 and was completed in 1974. It was the tallest building in Tokyo from 1974 to 1978. What people like most about this building is that it is highly illuminated at night. The light coming from the office windows give a glassy feel to the building in contrast to its completely black facade. On top of that, it is also popular due to the sunken garden at the base, the large plaza surrounding the building, and its beautiful roof-top garden. Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower The Sumitomo Grand Tower has a height of 231 meters and a total of 40 stories. This structure is one of the iconic buildings along the famous Roppongi district of Japan – a place quite popular as a luxurious destination. The Sumitomo grand tower is mostly an office and residential structure which is home to the headquarters of TV Tokyo. It is directly connected to the Roppongi-itchome Statin of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line which makes it quite crowded on a daily basis. There are restaurants and retail centers between the 2nd and the 3rd floor. Shiodome City Center This structure is most popular for its wavy S-shape – an interesting architectural wonder in Tokyo. The Shiodome city center has a height of 216 meters and a total of 23 floors. It is known to be the 17th-tallest building in all of Japan. The Shiodome City Center is best known for being an office building which is the home of multiple international companies which are based in Japan. This building is the worldwide headquarters of Fujitsu, All Nippon Airways, and Mitsui Chemicals. The Tallest Building in Japan: Yokohama Yokohama Landmark Tower The Yokohama Landmark tower has a total height of 273 meters and a total of 73 floors. It has a floor area of 392,000 square meters, one of the largest in Japan. It is known to be the 4th tallest structure in Japan and the second tallest building in the country. This place is most popular for its Sky Garden which gives a 360-degree view of the city. It is said that on clear days, except during the month of June, the majestic Mount Fuji is in plain sight. The place is also famous for the two tuned mass dampers at the top of the building which is a construction innovation known to make the tall building resilient. The Tallest Building in Japan under construction There are a number of buildings in Japan which are still under construction but are sure to be a part of the tallest buildings in the country. Although medium-sized structures are more in-trend in Japan at the moment, there are still a number of towering structures whose construction is currently undergoing. One of this would be the Shibuya Station East Tower which is expected to stand at 230 meters by 2019. Another popular building which is to be expected in the future would be the Residential tower of Toranomon hills which is expected to be at a height of 222 meters by 2020. Another building would be the Park House Nishishinjuku Tower 60 which is a 60-storey structure with a height of 209 meters. Future Tallest Building in Japan New Tallest Building in Japan: Sky Mile Tower However, the future is still set to let Japan give out its one last hurrah before officially investing on lower, wide-sized structures. It is said that a structure that would tower a mile (1,700 meters) high up the sky is expected to be constructed in Japan in the near future. Known as the Sky Mile tower, it is believed that this building shall surpass the Burj Khalifa in its title of being the tallest building in the world. This building is said to be planned to be constructed on a reclaimed island off the south of Tokyo in 2045.
AskDefine \| Define caesium Dictionary Definition caesium n : a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal [syn: cesium, Cs, atomic number 55] User Contributed Dictionary Alternative spellings • sē'zēəm, /ˈsiːziəm/, /"si:zi@m/ 1. A metallic chemical element (symbol Cs) with an atomic number of 55. Related terms a metallic chemical element External links For etymology and more information refer to (a lot of the translations were taken from that site with permission from the author). Extensive Definition Caesium or cesium () is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of , which makes it one of only five metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is most notably used in atomic clocks. Notable characteristics The emission spectrum of caesium has two bright lines in the blue part of the spectrum along with several other lines in the red, yellow, and green. This metal is silvery gold in color and is both soft and ductile. Caesium is the second most electropositive and alkaline of the chemical elements and has the second lowest ionization potential (after francium). Caesium is the least abundant of the five non-radioactive alkali metals. (Francium is the least common alkali metal, but since it is highly radioactive with an estimated 30 grams in the entire Earth's crust at one time, its abundance can be considered zero in practical terms.) Along with gallium, francium, rubidium, and mercury, caesium is among the only metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium reacts explosively in cold water and also reacts with ice at temperatures above , 157 K). Probably the most widespread use of caesium today is in caesium formate-based drilling fluids for the oil industry. The high density of the caesium formate brine (up to 2.3 sg), coupled with the relatively benign nature of 133Cs , reduces the requirement for toxic high-density suspended solids in the drilling fluid, which is a significant technological, engineering and environmental advantage. Caesium is also used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many thousands of years. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements has based its unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium. SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two hyperfine energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom. • Caesium vapor is used in many common magnetometers. • Caesium nitrate is used as an oxidizer to burn silicon in infrared flares like the LUU-19 flare, because it emits much of its light in the near infrared spectrum. • moisture density gauges • leveling gauges • thickness gauges • well-logging devices which are used to measure the electron density, which is analagous to the bulk density, of the rock formations. • Caesium is also used as an internal standard in spectrophotometry. Caesium (Latin caesius meaning "blueish grey") was spectroscopically discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Dürkheim, Germany. The residues of 44000 liters of mineral water yielded several grams of caesium salt for further analysis. Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis. The first caesium metal was produced in 1882 by electrolysis of caesium chloride by Carl Setterberg. Setterberg received his PhD from Kekule and Bunsen for this work. Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical applications. Beginning in 1945 with the commencement of nuclear testing, 137Cs was released into the atmosphere where it is not absorbed readily into solution and is returned to the surface of the earth as a component of radioactive fallout. Once 137Cs enters the ground water, it is deposited on soil surfaces and removed from the landscape primarily by particle transport. As a result, the input function of these isotopes can't be estimated as a function of time. Caesium-137 has a half-life of 30.17 years. It decomposes to barium-137m (a short-lived product of decay) then to a form of nonradioactive barium. All alkali metals are highly reactive. Caesium, being one of the heavier alkali metals, is also one of the most reactive and is highly explosive when it comes in contact with water. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion (the same as all alkali metals) - but caesium is so reactive that this explosive reaction can even be triggered by cold water or ice. Caesium hydroxide is an extremely strong base, and can etch glass. See also External links caesium in Afrikaans: Sesium caesium in Arabic: سيزيوم caesium in Bengali: সিজিয়াম caesium in Belarusian: Цэзій caesium in Bosnian: Cezijum caesium in Bulgarian: Цезий caesium in Catalan: Cesi caesium in Czech: Cesium caesium in Corsican: Cesiu caesium in Welsh: Cesiwm caesium in Danish: Cæsium caesium in German: Caesium caesium in Estonian: Tseesium caesium in Modern Greek (1453-): Καίσιο caesium in Spanish: Cesio caesium in Esperanto: Cezio caesium in Basque: Zesio caesium in Persian: سزیوم caesium in French: Césium caesium in Friulian: Cesi caesium in Irish: Caeisiam caesium in Manx: Kaishum caesium in Galician: Cesio caesium in Korean: 세슘 caesium in Armenian: Ցեզիում caesium in Croatian: Cezij caesium in Ido: Cesio caesium in Indonesian: Sesium caesium in Icelandic: Sesín caesium in Italian: Cesio (elemento) caesium in Hebrew: צסיום caesium in Swahili (macrolanguage): Caesi caesium in Haitian: Sezyòm caesium in Kurdish: Sezyûm caesium in Latin: Caesium caesium in Latvian: Cēzijs caesium in Luxembourgish: Cäsium caesium in Lithuanian: Cezis caesium in Lojban: blasodna caesium in Hungarian: Cézium caesium in Malayalam: സീസിയം caesium in Marathi: सिझियम caesium in Dutch: Cesium caesium in Japanese: セシウム caesium in Norwegian: Cesium caesium in Norwegian Nynorsk: Cesium caesium in Occitan (post 1500): Cèsi caesium in Polish: Cez caesium in Portuguese: Césio caesium in Romanian: Cesiu caesium in Quechua: Sesyu caesium in Russian: Цезий caesium in Sicilian: Cesiu (elementu) caesium in Simple English: Caesium caesium in Slovak: Cézium caesium in Slovenian: Cezij caesium in Serbian: Цезијум caesium in Serbo-Croatian: Cezijum caesium in Saterfriesisch: Cesium caesium in Finnish: Cesium caesium in Swedish: Cesium caesium in Tamil: சீசியம் caesium in Thai: ซีเซียม caesium in Vietnamese: Xêzi caesium in Turkish: Sezyum caesium in Ukrainian: Цезій caesium in Walloon: Ceziom caesium in Contenese: 銫 caesium in Chinese: 铯 Privacy Policy, About Us, Terms and Conditions, Contact Us Material from Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Dict Valid HTML 4.01 Strict, Valid CSS Level 2.1
Cancer detecting bra in the works MANIZALES, COLOMBIA - Fighting breast cancer is a "tit for tat" battle, but now there`s a new weapon that could help with early detection. This new, high-tech tool is... a bra. But this isn`t your mama`s bra. Developed by Electrical Engineering students at the National University of Colombia, this prototype "flopper stopper" is packing two state-of-the-art, infrared sensors. Here`s how it supposedly works... each sensor monitors the temperature of a breast. The temperature is important because researchers believe cancer- or abnormal cells generate more blood supply and increase body temp. The bra records the degree change... which would alert the user to visit her doctor. You can't buy this disease detecting brassiere - at least not yet - it's effectiveness is still being tested. Who'd have thought that women might be "saved by the bra"!
Adverse Party Law and Legal Definition An adverse party is an opposing party in a lawsuit. It is the party on the opposite side of a lawsuit, whose interests are in conflict with those of another party. For example, the plaintiff is an opposing party to a defendant. Similarly, a defendant is an opposing party to a plaintiff. If there are multiple parties in a lawsuit, parties may be adverse to one another on some issues and in agreement on other matters.
Why Ayurveda Became more Preferred Over Others Ayurveda is the best Alternative Medicine System Ayurveda revokes disease from the roots of Body Which was main stream medicine of ancient sages have become alternative medicine of this age. For the past few decades, the field of medicine has been largely influenced by the medical philosophy of the Western world. The emphasis of Western medicine has been predominately curative, relying on chemical preparations and invasive surgery as means of treatment. In contrast, Eastern medical and therapeutic philosophy focuses on the more metaphysical side of human illness and treatment. Its practice is hinged on the use of a variety of methods ranging from the use of medicinal plants and herb, massage, acupuncture, aromatherapy, pulse reading, and other alternative healing methods. These methods are now gaining acceptance even in modern societies, in a large measure, due to the increased awareness about the healing arts of China and India. There are volumes of literature on traditional Chinese medicine. But what also deserves wide recognition is the folk remedies and traditional practices in India which are also ancient and effective, at least, according to those who have tried them. Ayurveda, a healing system native to India, is a centuries-old practice that has recently been given attention by Western science. Like traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda practitioners adhere to a particular medical philosophy that regards illness as an imbalance in the body and influenced by internal and external factors, similar to the Chinese principles of yin and yang which took its leaves from Ayurveda, as Buddhism emerged from Hinduism taking most of its teachings from the oldest religion of world, Hinduism. Ayurveda also takes into consideration a patient’s emotions and state of mind alongside the study of infections that make the body sick. It places a high importance on the patient’s sense of taste and diet. In Ayurveda, it is believed that the healing of a person must take into consideration three elements found in nature: air, water, and fire. Each of these elements has a deep philosophical background. These elements also govern the major functions of the body. Ayurvedic theory rests on the belief that the balance of the three elements is the basis of health. Any imbalance, blockage, or weakening in these elements causes illness. It is the task of the Ayurveda practitioner to determine and restore the patient’s elemental harmony. In other words, an infection or ailment is the result of an imbalance in the patient’s natural internal or elemental harmony. These imbalances can be caused by internal or external factors, and may be aggravated or alleviated by the patient’s emotional state and, in some cases, mental health. [box]The primary concept of Ayurveda is that the restoration of imbalances in the body requires a very personalized concept. Treatment can involve the use of natural oils, minerals, herbs, metals, and even animal ingredients. Similar to how herbal medications are administered in traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda medications are given base formulas that are modified by the physician according to the patient’s needs.[/box] This process makes getting a treatment for an infection different from Western medicine, where the formulas are constant and only the dose is altered based on the patient’s metabolism and constitution. As mentioned earlier, diet and taste play a central role in Ayurveda. However, unlike Chinese medicinal doctrine, the taste and quality of the food plays a much larger role in traditional Indian healing arts. Different tastes correspond to different conditions in the body. These tastes are taken into account by an Ayurveda physician before prescribing an appropriate treatment. For example, food with a bitter taste is generally considered to cool the body, dry out moisture, and work to remove toxins. This concept also extends to the herbal and animal ingredients that are used in Ayurveda medication. [box]Ayurveda also prescribes a particular form of massage known as “Panchakarma” for the treatment of emotional distress. This practice is highly similar to acupuncture except that no needles are used. The strokes, presses, and body manipulations used in Panchakarma supposedly stimulates energy flow throughout the body, a process that is necessary to ensure good health.[/box] Problems arise when the energy flow is disrupted, clogged, or stalled. Massage is often prescribed in conjunction with a diet plan and herbal remedies to relieve problems such as sinusitis, conditions associated with stress and anxiety, and other problems that Ayurveda practitioners see as symptoms of emotional disharmony rather than just purely physical ailments. Strongly Recommended Review Date Reviewed Item Why Ayurveda Became more Preferred Over Others Author Rating 3 Responses to Why Ayurveda Became more Preferred Over Others 1. Sonny says: Is Patanjali Ayurveda Coconut oil is Extra virgin coconut oil, if not then how it is different, As I could see from labels, both are non RBD oils. 2. nathan says: i really wanted to go into ayurveda(BAMS) after 12th but my parents are after me by saying u will not get good jobs in the field… plss help me by just breifing me abt the scopes of jobs if you want to become a ayurveda doctor……thnx 3. altair says: I am 60 years old, male, retired from my teaching job and spending my time investigating all fields of alternative (to allopathy) healing. I have become deeply interested in Ayurveda and would like to get a recognized basic degree in it. Are there colleges/institutes I can join? A part-time course or even a distance learning course is what I would prefer. Considering my age and my other interests I don’t want to join a full-time course. Please email me at: key2locks@gmail.com. Thanks. Share your suggestion or experience here error: Share on FB, Twitter, WhatsApp
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Intro to College Biology Updated on July 7, 2014 I am currently enrolled in a College Biology course and want to use squidoo to help me learn the concepts and hopefully it can be useful to you as well. This is a work in progress and I will add more as the term progresses. Thanks and Hope you enjoy!! Thank you very much for your support!!! So you want to learn about biology Main Theories behind Biology First of what is Biology anyway?? Biology is "the study of life". "Bio" meaning life and "log -y" meaning pertaining to the study of. Biology is based primarily upon 2 theories: 1)The Cell Theory 2)The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 1)The Cell Theory:All organisms are made of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells. (Excessive experimentation has shown that cells can only come from preexisting cells that have divided and split to form new cells.) 2)The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Species have changes over time and that all species are related to one another through common ancestry. (Meaning that all microscopic organisms, plants, fungi and animals originally came from the same set of cells and through natural selection the cells changed to create the diverse number of species alive today) These are the basic components found in all cells: ---Made of C, H and O (generally in this ratio CH2O) ---Ratio is 1(C) to 2 (H) to 1 (O) ---Dissolves easily in water (due to polarity of H and O) ---Two forms Ring ( in water) or Linear in shape ---monomers: monosaccharides ---polymers: polysaccharides --------energy storage (plants:starch, animals:glycogen) --------structure (plants:cellulose, animal/fungi:chitin) --------cell to cell signaling (ex. Blood type-glycoprotein) ---Made of C and H ---Does NOT dissolve in water (not polar) ---Types: Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids ---No monomers or polymers ---Share electrons in covalent bonds ---Fat = 3 fatty acids with glycerol ---Steroid = 4 ring structure + functional group ---Phospholipid = 2 fatty acids with phosphate group --------Fat: long term energy storage --------Steroid: Cholesterol and Hormones --------Phospholipid: cell membrane layer ---Made of C, H, N, O and S ---Chemical behavior is highly variable and dependent on structure ---monomer: Amino Acids ---polymer: polypeptide ---20 Common amino acids in living organisms ---Amino group (H3N+), R group, and carboxyl group ---4 levels of structure (linear, secondary, tertiary, quartenary) --------catalyze reactions --------immune system --------hormone receptors --------contract muscles ---Made of C, H, N, O and P ---2 types DNA and RNA ---monomer: nucleotides ---polymer: nucleic acid ---phosphate group, nitrogenous base and a sugar group --------carry genetic information --------nucleotide sequence in DNA codes for amino acid sequence in proteins. C is Carbon O is Oxygen N is Nitrogen H is Hydrogen P is Phosphorous S is Sulfer Life Naming Scheme There are 7 levels of organization and classification based on traits: 1) Kingdom 2) Phylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species 1) A Kingdom at one point consisted of just two categories plants and animals but after years of research that has been expanded to 6 categories (sometimes shown as 5 categories where "bacteria and archea" form a group called "Monera") ---Bacteria : single cell, cell walls, Prokaryote ---Archea: single cell, cell walls, Prokaryote ---Protista: mostly single cell, most have cell walls, Eukaryote ---Fungi: multicellular, cell walls, Eukaryote ---Plantae: multicellular, cell walls, Eukaryote ---Animalia: multicellular, no cell walls, Eukaryote The basic unit of life This is the fluid within the cell. The Nucleus: This is the information center of the cell. It stores much of the genetic material needed to assign tasks throughout the cell. The Nucleus stores Chromosomes on the nuclear lamina and RNA is stored in the Nucleolus. ---Nucleolus: Area in nucleus that produces/stores RNA ---Nuclear Lamina: A fiberous protein structure inside the membrane which give it its shape. ---Nuclear Envelope: A name for the double membrane which encloses the nucleus --------Genetic Information --------Assembly of ribosome subunits --------Structural Support These are small pockets of RNA and protein in the cell. When RNA from the nucleus attaches to free floating ribosomes they connect together to synthesis protein. Ribosomes also attach to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) to create Rough ER. --------Protein Synthesis Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): --------Protein Synthesis and Processing Golgi apparatus --------Protein Processing Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): --------Lipid Synthesis --------Digestion and recycling --------Processing Fatty Acids --------Varies in Function --------Storage of oils --------Storage of carbohydrates --------Storage of water or toxins --------The power house of the cell --------photosynthesis in plants --------hold cell shape Plasma Membrane: --------keep cell intact Cell Wall: --------keep shape Energy in Cells What is energy? It is the capacity to do work ---potential: stored energy ---kinetic: motion, active energy What causes potential energy in cells? ---electron position What has kinetic energy in cells? ---thermal (heat) Properties of Energy 1st Law: Energy can't be destroyed or created (can change form: kinetic or potential) 2nd Law: Some energy is lost as heat (unusable). endergonic = a reaction that absorbs energy exergonic= a reaction that releases energy Animals : Eat Food > Digest > Brake down > Absorb (make ATP or molecules) Fungi: Secrete enzymes > Digest > Absorb (make ATP or molecules) Plants: Inorganic material + sunlight + CO2 > make monomers (make ATP or molecules) Comments and Suggestions? 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • profile image 5 years ago This is great and I wish there was more,I have finals next week and this is a really good summary. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. 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Weathered garbage On the coast of Northern California is a spot called Glass Beach. Laid out on the shore are swaths of colored pebbles, green and white and sometimes blue. People dumped their garbage there for 20 years, referred to the spot as “The Dumps.” After the beach was closed against dumping, some tried to clean it up. Over decades, things that could decay were left to decay. Someone removed the metal and sold it as scrap. But the glass remained. A mess of broken bottles, windows, jars, plates, windshields. Over dozens of years, the waves tumbled the shards, grinding away the sharp edges and corners that cut. The fragments turned to sea glass—colored stones, weathered smooth and frosted by the ocean. Now, visitors walk along that beach, run their hands through the colors, pick up the pieces and hold them to the light. Pieces of a former dump. Look. Certain things happened. Some of them scrap, some of them rot. Clear those away. You may be surprised at the fragments of trash that (given time and weathering) have turned to treasure.
The future 2 college-cultural-immersion-african-dance2963174995It is a fact that power in Malawi is shared very unequally. The political class places itself above the law, and loots and Cashgates as their heart desires. Sometimes a few are caught and used as an example of the rule of law. These unfortunate criminals are the exception. The large majority, the well connected, they go scot free. There is some infighting how the cake is shared. Who gets the bigger share of the loot and who will have to do with smaller pieces? thom-khanjeThen there is a small middle class that is trying to instigate some rule of law. The newspapers and to a smaller extend the radio news are trying to get some politicians accountable. This reached a peak during the reign of His Excellency, the State President, Ngwazi, Professor, Doctor Bingu wa Mutharika (Woyee), who tried to rule like a cold war era dictator like Hasting Kamuzu Banda. This was only possible in that time because of the support of foreign powers, and Bingu failed. He got the biggest demonstrations in democratic Malawi against him and reacted with disdain (‘public lecture”) and armed violence (20 deaths). However this was a fight between the political class and the urban middle class. The large majority of the malawi-007population are left out. The small holder farmer (approximately 85 % of the population) do get no representation at all. They have no effective ways of furthering their interests, and this means democracy is not functioning. Even with elections they can only vote for the political class, which do not represent the interests of the population, but the interests of the political class. It appears impossible for representatives of the small holder farmers to penetrate the ivory Tower of Power, due to all kinds of legal and financial constraints, put there by the political class, keeping the reins of power in their own group. Untitled-1How can we get the majority to learn of their own power? In a democracy the majority should have the power. The problem is a lack of consciousness, or knowing their rights, of learning their options. But these things cannot be learned from above in the traditional middle class education setting. That setting was developed in Europe of the middle class, by the middle class, for the middle class. The model of a teacher (knowing) disseminating knowledge (pre-determined by the teacher and other knowing “educationalists”) into the (unknowing) learners is not conducive for the development of consciousness. What we need is a model that problematises the build-up of Untitled-1society, and stimulates creative thinking, rather than the reproduction of pre conceived texts. This type of education, where the inventiveness of the learner is promoted, where the learner is made conscious of his/her own knowledge, where the learner is seen as an equal by the teacher, and where the teacher learns from the learner, like the learner learns from the teacher, that is an interactive model. This means we should speak of a teacher-learner, and a learner-teacher with interchanging roles. The situation as it is should be investigated by the learner-teacher, at the suggestion of the teacher-learner. The teacher-learner should find out what the issues are, and create open learning materials that question the situation, and ask for answers and creativity from the learner. To make this concrete: Mathematics: the learner goes into society to find out how much land different people have. How much input do they need? How much yield do they get? How much can they eat? How much do they sell? How much can they spend? How much of the money realized from tobacco growing goes where? How much work does everyone in the value chain put into the equation? Compare the different people in the village. Compare this with the cost of the 4×4 that the “Leader of the Opposition” gets from the tax payer (= tobacco grower). Why is this so? Is this the best way to organize our society? What can we do? This type of example can be applied to any and all of the subjects in school. A lot of this has been applied in South America, and they are way more developed than we are. Think of leaders like Evo Morales, Hugo Chavez, Lulla da Silva or Che Guevara. This is a time intensive task, but it is the only way to get the population to the point where they are capable of realizing the situation and the things they can do to improve the country. One thought on “The future 2 1. looking in to it critically,it is pathetic that malawi Farmers are so hard working people,they tirelessly working in the ground all year round,but what happens: Non of them benefits from the the hard word work. Every year we here Government bosting of having made billions of kwachas profit leaving a farmer in agony. What a shame. When shall Malawians enjoy their sweat? THUKUTA LA WINA ODYERERA KUKHALA WINA. VERY UNFAIR. Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Algebra 1: Common Core (15th Edition) Published by Prentice Hall ISBN 10: 0133281140 ISBN 13: 978-0-13328-114-9 Work Step by Step Substitute the two values, giving you the expression: -7(-5) -10(3/2) Use order of operations and multiply the -7 and -5 together, then multiply -10 and (3/2) together leaving you with: 35-15 Subtract the remaining values to get the answer 20. Update this answer! Update this answer
Scientific Method Topics: Scientific method, Hypothesis, Theory Pages: 2 (481 words) Published: June 24, 2013 The scientific method is a method for conducting an objective investigation. The scientific method involves making observations and conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis. The number of steps of the scientific method isn't standard. Some texts and instructors break up the scientific method into more or fewer steps. Some people start listing steps with the hypothesis, but since a hypothesis is based on observations (even if they aren't formal), the hypothesis usually is considered to be the second step. Here are the usual steps of the scientific method. Scientific Method Step 1: Make Observations You may think the hypothesis is the start of the scientific method, but you will have made some observations first, even if they were informal. Scientific Method Step 2: Propose a Hypothesis It's easist to test the null or no-difference hypothesis because you can prove it to be wrong. It's practically impossible to prove a hypothesis is correct. Scientific Method Step 3: Design an Experiment to Test the Hypothesis When you design an experiment, you are controlling and measuring variables. There are three types of variables: * Controlled Variables You can have as many controlled variables as you like. These are parts of the experiment that you try to keep constant throughout an experiment so that they won't interfere with your test. Writing down controlled variables is a good idea because it helps make your experimentreproducible, which is important in science! If you have trouble duplicating results from one experiment to another, there may be a controlled variable that you missed. * Independent Variable This is the variable you control. * Dependent Variable This is the variable you measure. It is called the dependent variable because it depends on the independent variable. Scientific Method Step 4: Test the Hypothesis Scientific Method Step 5: Accept or Reject the Hypothesis Scientific Method Step 6: Revise the Hypothesis (Rejected) or Draw... Continue Reading Please join StudyMode to read the full document You May Also Find These Documents Helpful • Scientific Method and Investigatory Project Essay • Psychology Research Methods Essay • Processess Involved in Scientific Research Process Research Paper • Process of Business Research Methods Essay • The Scientific Method Research Paper • Scientific Method Essay • Scientific Method Research Paper • scientific method Essay Become a StudyMode Member Sign Up - It's Free
TTS or Text-to-Speech is an application, which is used to create spoken sound of a text file stored in the computer. The text file can be anything from a web page to a voice message – everything can be converted to their spoken sound version. People who are visually challenged or would like to hear instead of reading a text can use the Text-to-Speech application. Some of the popular Text-to-Speech applications are the Voice-enabled emails and prompts in voice response systems. TTS facilitates the transformation of text files on computers to voice files that can be heard by the visually challenged individuals or it can even help in the reading of text messages. Voice recognition applications use the Text-to-Speech technology and there are various other applications that are available which use the same technology. The TTS technology uses the tone as well as the length of a pronunciation along with the most suitable acoustic units from the database are used to create speech. Though the TTS initially was aimed at serving the reading for visually challenged individuals but now it is being used by various websites and applications to make it easier for the users to comprehend the real meaning of a text file. There are several benefits of using the TTS technology and users can listen to news, audio books, podcasts etc on their electronic devices. TTS has immense impact on e-learning and language study have become really easy. The students of language studies are able to learn a language of their choice without having to worry about the written text and they are also able to emulate the diction or pronunciation without any difficulty. Another use of text to speech technology is in the automobile sector where it is being used for safe driving. People can be talking over the phone or other mobile devices while driving their cars safely. The test for speech application can be used to facilitate communication at voice portals. This technology is also referred to as speech synthesis as it is mainly concerned with the conversion of text into audible speech. Even the latest communication systems like Unified Communication are using the text to speech technology for better and more efficient communication. Employees are able to hear their mails on various handheld mobile devices and they do not have to waste time reading long mails. All they are required to do is click on the text and listen to the message. This is quite similar to Voicemails but the only difference is that here it is the text that is converted into speech. TTS is a new technology and it has way to go before it can be actually adapted for all types of text conversion. There are various service providers in the market who have come out with several applications that uses the TTS technology and convert text to speech without any hassles.
Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape.[1] In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts.[2][3] In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases. Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves.[4] Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution.[5] Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony. Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892,[6] D'Arcy Thompson in 1917,[7] and Julian Huxley in 1932.[8] The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law: or in a logarithmic form: where is the scaling exponent of the law. On being the right size JBS Haldane's 1926 essay On being the right size gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure.[9] Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger of smaller. There are many such lineages. The bigger an animal gets, the more would they have to change their physical shape, but the weaker they would become. Other Languages العربية: قياس التنامي català: Al·lometria Deutsch: Allometrie English: Allometry español: Alometría euskara: Alometria فارسی: رشدسنجی français: Allométrie Հայերեն: Ալոմետրիա oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Allometriya português: Alometria русский: Аллометрия српски / srpski: Алометрија svenska: Allometri українська: Аллометрія 中文: 异速生长
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory camera can see sound EMBED </>More Videos Engineers at Lawrence Berkeley Lab are bringing voices back to life with an extraordinary technology. It allows them to not only hear sound, but to actually see it. (KGO-TV) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory engineers are bringing voices back to life with an extraordinary technology. It allows them to not only hear sound, but to actually see it. One of the most well-known of the voices is a native American known as Ishi. He wandered out of the wilderness in the early 1900's, and was believed to be the last survivor of a Northern California people known as the Yahi, Ishi was famously studied by researchers in the Bay Area, who wanted to capture his now-extinct language. "He lived at the University of California for about four years, then he passed away. In that period of time these recordings were made," said Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory physicist Carl Haber, Ph.D. The recordings were made on primitive wax cylinders. Now Haber and his team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are using a technology they developed to extract that audio from century old grooves. Instead of phonographic needles, it relies on a unique camera. "We can now optically measure that undulation, that motion that was pressed upon it a hundred years ago," said Haber. Engineer Earl Cornell, Ph.D., helped develop the sophisticated software that translates the readings taken by the camera into audio. Giving their system the power to literally "see" sound. "We're collecting pictures that represent sound, yes," said Cornell. The team is roughly halfway through a three-year project with the Hearst Museum and the U.C. Berkeley School of Linguistics, to digitize nearly three thousand cylinders. They hold the voices of native American speakers from around California as well as Ishi. "There are languages in use, languages no living speakers and languages considered endangered," Haber pointed out. Lynne Grigsby is with the University of California libraries and says the recordings could help native American communities recapture a rich part of their culture. "So people have learned their languages and then taught their children a language," said Grigsby. "They cover perhaps 50 different languages and a whole variety of materials," added Haber. Voices of a distant past now echoing into the future. To handle the enormous number of recordings the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory team adapted their system to read several cylinders at the same time. Written and produced by Tim Didion. Related Topics: technologyvideo cameraresearchnative americanUC BerkeleycollegestudentssciencehistoryUC BerkeleyBerkeley
Monday, December 23, 2013 Stolen Corn: Reclaiming Health in Native American and Latino Communities Obesity. Diabetes. Cancer. These are some of the most prominent diseases afflicting modern Native American, Mexican, and Latino communities in the United States. Yet indigenous people in the past were much healthier, and did not suffer from the same epidemic of poor health that pervades these communities today. They subsisted on a macrobiotic diet based around the consumption of the whole grain of the Americas - corn. The solution to these epidemics of degenerative disease and of the tragic and needless suffering of the Native and Latin American communities lies in returning to our traditional ways of living and eating. In these modern times, however, our ability to reclaim our heritage and health through the consumption of corn is profoundly threatened by modern agricultural corporations and by the policies of the U.S. government. Mexican people have a very ancient and intimate relationship with corn. For over 10,000 years, Mexican farmers selectively bred and domesticated maize from it's ancestor, a wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte, from the Nahuatl "teocintli," or "sacred corn" is very different from modern corn. Over the centuries, ancient Mexicans selectively picked the largest of the teosinte kernels and bred from it the first ancient forms of maize. This domesticated whole grain spread throughout North and South America. It made civilization possible and was bred with incredible diversity, allowing for it's adaptation to numerous climatic conditions. As whole grains elsewhere in the world, corn took it's place as the primary and biologically correct staple food of humanity. Corn was considered by all who grew it to be a sacred gift. The Aztec, or Mexica people told of how Quetzalcoatl gave a kernel of corn to people to plant, and they celebrated Centeotl, the maize god, as a source of life. Mayan legends tell of the Creators succeeding in fashioning the first humans out of corn dough. The Giant White Corn of the Andes was sacred to the Incas. For the Hopi, Cherokee, Iroquois and numerous other native peoples, corn was and still remains at the center of their spiritual identity. Corn was often grown together with beans and squash, in a system known as the Three Sisters. Indigenous people who followed a traditional diet composed primarily of corn, beans, squash, vegetables, fruit, wild plants, fish and game enjoyed abundant health and longevity, absent of the current epidemics of degenerative disease which so often plague their modern-day descendants in the U.S. Throughout time, when people would become sick, Native American healers would recommend that the patient " return to the arms of Mother Corn" in order to heal themselves. Just as Hippocrates prescribed a simple diet of barley porridge to the sick, so would native people consume a simple porridge, or atolli of corn to reverse illness. The traditional Native American diet based on corn and corn products such as tortillas, tamales, pupusas, atole and cornbread remains the basis for much of the modern cuisine of Mexican and Latin American people. The foundation to heal ourselves and our communities here in the United States lies in returning to our traditional ways of eating diverse, high-quality, whole-grain, plant-based meals. Our ability to "return to Mother Corn," the sacred grain of the Americas, has been profoundly jeopardized by a modern threat which has changed the very structure of corn on a physical and spiritual level: genetic modification. According to As we can see from the information above, what has been for centuries a life-giving source of sustenance is fast becoming a food source with uncertain effects on health. Currently up to 85% of U.S. corn is genetically modified. But there is hope. Momentum is building around the nation demanding that Americans gain the right to know what we are eating. In the meantime, for those who wish to avoid genetically engineered corn while returning to the healthful diet of our forefathers, here are some other options: Consume only organic or non-GMO corn and soy. Nopaltilla and Kernel of Truth tortillas, all Trader Joe’s private label products, and the 365 Everyday Value brand at Whole Foods are all GMO-free. Gold Mine Natural Food Company sells a variety of organic corn masa online, and Bob’s Red Mill recently announced that it’s masa will be certified non-GMO. One may also find organic, vegan masa preparada sold at Grassroots Natural Market & Kitchen in South Pasadena, CA. If you wish to grow your own corn in your yard or in a community garden, be sure to grow from organic or heirloom seeds which were not genetically modified. Seed Savers Exchange and Native Seeds/SEARCH are great organizations dedicated to saving and sharing a wide variety of heirloom seeds. Airdrie Dentist Best Airdrie Dentist Dentist in Airdrie Code white
In this instructional activity, students read and reread a text a certain number of times or until a certain level of fluency is reached. This technique has been shown to improve reading fluency and overall reading achievement. Four re-readings are usually sufficient for most students. Students may also practice reading orally through the use of audiotapes, tutors, peer guidance, or other means.
The Impact of NAFTA on American Business Interests Essay add: 29-09-2015, 19:35 / Views: 303 The Impact of NAFTA on American Business Interests The North American Free Trade Agreement (NFTA) is an import/export agreement between the governments of the United States of America, the United Mexican States and Canada designed to “remove most barriers to trade and investment” among nation [, July, 2001]. The agreement was implemented on January 1, 1994 effectively eliminating all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade between the USA and Mexico. The foundational objectives of NAFTA include creating an expanded and secure market for the goods and services of each nation, improving working conditions and living standards in each nation, creating new employment opportunities, and enhancing basic worker rights [, January 1994]. After seven years of operating under the guidelines of NAFTA, there are mixed reports relative to its success within the United States economy and the American business environment. The United States government tends to praise the success of NAFTA while American working people typically believe “NAFTA has thus far largely failed” and in fact has had a negative impact on many businesses [, April, 2001]. The United States Government’s Claim for Success According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Foreign Agriculture Service (FAS), the markets created by the implementation of NAFTA have been “one of the brightest spots” for farmers, agricultural exporters and the industries that support them, claiming that more than 25% of all agriculture exports are purchased by NAFTA nations [, July, 2001]. Since the implementation of NAFTA, agricultural trade between the US and Mexico has increased by 55% accounting for more than 11.5 million dollars if business. The agricultural trade between Canada and the US also recorded increases of nearly 50% and more the 13 billion dollars of revenue. Opponents of NAFTA point to the increased US import activities as a serious downfall of NAFTA’s original promise of creating an expanded and secure market for the goods and services of each nations. The government argues that NAFTA merely an assures of a free market society which has always been a foundational element of capitalism and a pillar of American business success. The government also argues that many of the “expanded” US exports opportunities would have been lost without NAFTA. In addition, the government indicates that increased import competition should be expected and in fact will have a positive effect on the US economy. As trade barriers are eliminated, trading becomes subject to open market conditions. Since the US is the largest of the NAFTA nations and has a strong and vibrant economy, it should not come as a surprise that US imports have increased. The increased imports provide the American consumer a broader array of competitively priced, high-quality products [, July, 2001]. The government points to rapid increases in total employment across almost every aspect of American business and industry between 1994 and 2000 as evidence of NAFTA’s success outside of the domain of agriculture. In addition, the cheaper labor and production costs have been a great benefit to investors and financiers in most industries who are searching to increase profit margins and return of investments. The government sites the rise of the stock market over the 10,000 plateau and the prevailing strength of the US economy over the past seven years as undisputable evidence of the overwhelming success of NAFTA within the US. The American Worker’s Claim for Failure The greatest negative impact associated with NAFTA has been on the average American worker whose demographics suggest they are not investors. They have less than a college education and work for living, relying on a weekly paycheck to put food on the table. These people have not felt the positive affects realized by investors because they are not investors – they are the labor. As these investors invest in cheaper labor markets in Mexico and Canada, the US labor force is being forced to work for lesser wages and in many cases, move to the competing country or loose their weekly paycheck. The American labor force claims that this negative impact is in direct opposition to the original pomise that NAFTA would improve working conditions and living standards in each nation. The average American worker seems to believe that NAFTA improves working conditions and living standards in Mexico and Canada, but has the inverse effect in the US. According to Robert Scott, “all 50 states and the District of Columbia have experienced a net loss of jobs under NAFTA” [, April, 2001]. It is estimated that the loss of actual or potential jobs within the US during the past seven years has surpassed three quarter million. The states with the most job losses include California, Michigan, New York, Texas and Ohio. These states account for over 250,000 of the actual or potential lost jobs The hardest hit industries by the advent of NAFTA are manufacturing, automotive, textile, apparel and lumber. The service sector has also experienced job reduction due to NAFTA in the areas of legal, accounting and data processing. As industry moved its production to Mexico and Canada in an attempt to find cheaper labor and lower production cost, it also moved the service sector jobs associated with that production. As these manufacturing and service jobs move to Mexico and Canada, there has been a growing income inequality and declining wages among production workers. Opponents of NAFTA claim the growth in trade deficits since its implementation has put downward pressure on the wages of non-college educated workers thus increasing the income gap between the upper and middle classes in the US. In addition, opponents claim that the increase in displaced workers due to loss of manufacturing and service jobs has resulted in lower than average wages for all US workers. This, they claim, is a result of competing for new jobs in fields where wages are already reduced. Finally, these opponents suggest that the threats by employers to relocate jobs, outsource operations and/or purchase goods from foreign sources has effectively reduced the collective bargaining power of US workers. While it is clear that both the government and industry have convincing arguments, the truth of success or failure of NAFTA seems to be predicated on which sector of the economy is the focus. Agriculture, finance, and investment are clearly winners of the NAFTA policies. This in turn, has had an immediate and positive impact on import/export activities of the US. However, this increase in import/export activities has had the opposite effect on many American workers, resulting in lost jobs, reduced, wages and lowered standard of living. In the end, it would appear that NAFTA benefits a minority of Americans who possess the majority of wealth and negatively impacts the majority of Americans who possess the minority of wealth. Jeff Faux, (April, 2001). NAFTA at seven, [File posted on the World Wide Web]. Retrieved October 21, 2001 from the World Wide Web: Robert Scott, (April, 2001). NAFTA’s impact on the states [File posted on the World Wide Web]. Retrieved October 22, 2001 from the World Wide Web: The benefits of nafta, (July, 2001) [File posted on the World Wide Web]. Retrieved October 22, 2001 from the World Wide Web The north american free trade agreement (NFTA), (January, 1994) [File posted on the World Wide Web]. Retrieved October 22, 2001 from the World Wide Web: The north american free trade agreement (NFTA), (July , 2001) [File posted on the World Wide Web]. Retrieved October 22, 2001 from the World Wide Web: Article name: The Impact of NAFTA on American Business Interests essay, research paper, dissertation
The hreflang tag is used to: 1. Allow the search engines to detect which language is being used 2. Specify the location on a page to target users in a specific country 3. Allow Google to offer the autotranslate option to visitors in order to reach new visitors based on the selected languages 4. Provide search engines with alternate versions of a URL to allow them to serve the correct page to their users based on language The correct answer is: WooRank Certification Exam Answers 1. “Dofollow” is a value that can be assigned to the rel attribute of an HTML element to instruct that the hyperlink should not influence the link target’s ranking in the search engine’s index 2. “Nofollow” is a value that can be assigned to the rel attribute of an HTML element to instruct that the hyperlink should influence the link target’s ranking in the search engine’s index. 3. 1% CTR means that for every 100 impressions there are 10 clicks. 4. A 1-second delay in page response can result in a: 5. A buyer persona primarily helps: 6. A content publisher is most likely to track actions that __________ as their desired outcome. 7. A deep link is: 8. A socalled honey trap can filter spam that is created on contact forms by automated programs by hiding a box from human view. 9. A/B testing is: 10. Above the fold means: 11. According to Google, each XML sitemap should contain no more than: 12. Ad rank components are: 13. Affiliate marketing is: 14. All businesses should improve their local SEO. 15. ALT tags are: 16. An inbound link is a link that comes from another domain. 17. An XML Sitemap can be tested & submitted to Google using Google Search Console. 18. Anchor text is the name given to the snippet of content used to promote pages in the search results. 19. Big data is often defined by the 3 Vs. Which of the following is not one of them? 20. Bounce rate is the percentage of visitors to a site who actively click away to a different site from a specific page. 21. CMS stands for: 22. Crowdsourced content means creating your own content 23. CTR is calculated by the below formula: 24. Declaring a language has no effect on SEO as search engines can detect a website’s language. 25. Dublin core is the list of the core elements of a website. 26. Dynamic serving serves different HTML for one URL depending on the user-agent. 27. Evergreen content has a short shelf life. 28. Feature phones are: 29. Flash content is known for being easily indexed by search engines. 30. Fonts used for email campaigns should always be web-friendly 31. Formative usability testing is: 32. Google Analytics is capable of tracking user activity on any digitally connected device. 33. Google Analytics tracking code should be inserted: 34. Google Analytics: Which of the following is not a metric? 35. is a top level domain. 36. Google’s ‘Search Analytics’ allows users to track and filter Clicks, Impressions, Clickthrough rate & Positions, using data from the last 3 months. 37. hreflang tags can be implemented in the XML sitemap. 38. If no title tag and/or meta description is specified for webpage, Google will generate one automatically using the content on the page. 39. In a PPC model, the advertiser optimizes for impressions rather than the acquisition of clicks. 40. In email marketing, spam complaints often occur when the sender has no permission to contact the receiving party. 41. In emails, more attention is typically paid to information that is: 42. In Google Analytics, the value (not set) appears for the selected dimension when no information is available. 43. In PPC the advertiser pays for: 44. In the context of SEO, what does “PR” stand for? 45. In the initial meeting with a small business owner who needs help with his/her online strategy, you start by: 46. In the linear attribution model in Google Analytics: 47. Internal links and inbound links are the same. 48. It is a best practice to block javascript and CSS in the robots.txt file. 49. It is better to use hyphens in URLs rather than underscores. 50. It is better to use underscores in URLs rather than hyphens. 51. It’s possible to use Google Analytics to track search terms entered into a search box placed on your website. 52. Keyword stuffing is: 53. Meta tags and alt tags serve the same function. 54. Multiple H3 tags can be used on all pages. 55. Newsjacking refers to the practice of capitalizing on the popularity of a news story to amplify the impact of a piece of content. 56. Nofollow links are not included in the calculation which determines the amount of PageRank that is passed through other links on a page. 57. Page tag based web analytics uses IP addresses to identify unique visitors. 58. Responsive design serves the same HTML for one URL and uses CSS media queries to determine how the content is rendered on the client side. 59. Search engines are able to index websites based on IP instead of name. 60. Spam complaints usually occur when the email loads for an extensively long time. 61. Tag-based web analytics uses cookies. 62. The abbreviation CTA means: 63. The abbreviation UCE stands for: 64. The best keywords are never long-tail. 65. The canonical tag is used to instruct bots that the page can be indexed. 66. The Canonical tag is used to: 67. The disavow tool can be used to prevent low quality backlinks from harming your website. 68. The error message “Forbidden” is an example of which HTTP status code? 69. The Google Pigeon update mainly affects: 70. The H1 tag: 71. The hreflang tag is used to: 72. The lifetime value of a client refers to: 73. The meta description can help to: 74. The Meta keywords tag can be used to increase the relevancy of keywords and improve rankings. 75. The meta keywords tag is used by Google as a ranking signal. 76. The more pages a website has indexed in Google, the better. 77. The unique goal of advertising is to enhance sales. 78. The XML Sitemap is used to help users easily navigate websites, providing a hierarchical list of links to all pages. 79. Third party cookies are used in Google Analytics. 80. To be considered mobile friendly, a website should have: 81. To document a content marketing strategy can be beneficial in the long run. 82. URL stands for: 83. Using “domain keys” is a form of email authentication. 84. utm_medium and utm_term are URL parameters that are both needed for campaign tracking. 85. Very high keyword density is not an indicator of keyword stuffing. 86. What % of people will abandon your website if it takes more than 3 seconds to load? 87. What are external links? 88. What are internal links? 89. What does the abbreviation SERP stand for? 90. What is an XML sitemap? 91. What is anchor text? 92. What is local SEO? 93. What is malicious duplicate content? 94. What is NOT a benefit of local SEO? 95. What is not considered as an effect of well-built backlinks in SEO? 96. What is not true about a favicon? 97. What is PageRank? 98. What is robots.txt? 99. What is the main purpose of the meta description? 100. What is the purpose of “nofollow” links? 101. What is W3C? 102. What is www resolve? 103. When adding the Google Analytics tracking code to your website, it should appear: 104. When calculating what it costs to send a thousand emails, the rate used is: 105. When carrying out keyword research for your pages, which of the following should you do? 106. When convincing a potential buyer, the most important aspect of the interaction is: 107. When searching for keywords, which tool would you NOT use: 108. When speaking of title tag character limit or length, spaces are not counted. 109. When the URL of a page is changed, it’s usually best practice to: 110. Where does the expression “PageRank” come from? 111. Which Facebook metric reflects the number of people who have seen the content? 112. Which of the below best describes Facebook engagement? 113. Which of the below statements is true? 114. Which of the following animals is associated with a Google penalty that relates to low quality web pages and thin content? 115. Which of the following animals represents a Google penalty that is triggered by low quality link building? 116. Which of the following does Google consider as ‘Cloaking’? 117. Which of the following HTTP status codes is returned when a page cannot be found? 118. Which of the following is against Google’s Webmaster Guidelines? 119. Which of the following is generally a bad email marketing practice? 120. Which of the following is not a tool that can be used for social promotion? 121. Which of the following is not an accepted markup format by Google? 122. Which of the following is NOT mobile friendly? 123. Which of the following is not one of four pillars of content marketing? 124. Which of the following is the ideal length for a title tag? 125. Which of the following redirects is known as the ‘Permanent’ redirect? 126. Which of the following statements is true about a website’s title tags? 127. Which of the following URL redirects is known to pass PageRank? 128. Which of the following would prevent search spiders from crawling in a robots.txt file? 129. Which one does not belong to the 3 essential steps of content marketing? 130. Which one of the below statements is false? 131. Which one of these is a dimension in Google Analytics? 132. Who needs local SEO?
I'm Just Asking... In 1972 Peter Watson and Philip Johnson-Laird designed a test that used the cards above. They asked 128 college-educated people to imagine that these cards had a letter on one side and a number on the other. Then they asked their subjects which two cards do you have to flip over to show that the following sentence is false: if a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other? The most frequent answers were "A" and "4 "(46 percent), with "only A" the second most popular at 33 percent. Only five percent of the subjects gave the correct answer of "A" and "9." Indeed, the most logical move is to turn over the "A" card and look for the odd number. If it's there, you've proven the statement is false. Most people, however, first turn over the 4-card to see if there is a vowel on the other side, but the statement doesn't say that an even-numbered card can't have a consonant. And turning over the S-card is a non-starter because the statement makes no claims about cards with consonants. On the other hand, turning over the 9-card and finding a vowel proves the statement false. Okay, what does this test show? Basically, it shows people generally prefer confirming things rather than finding them wrong. Indeed, most people tend to look for confirming evidence even when the task explicitly calls for them to prove something is false. Our default mode just seems to be confirmation, which means we spend a lot of time casting about for evidence that we are right, but not much trying to discover if we are wrong. As the economist and world class curmudgeon John Kenneth Galbraith once put it, "Faced with the choice between changing one's mind and proving that there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy on the proof." And welcome to my first-year honors seminar on nature and human nature. The students wrote an initial paper at the start of the course that laid out their views on human nature. There was remarkable consensus (as there is almost every year): 1. Thanks to our superior reason and technological inventiveness human beings are the most well-developed creature on the planet. 2. The universe we inhabit is more or less set up to meet human needs and is centered upon us. 3. There is a universal plan and humanity plays a vital part in its unfolding. 4. We are clearly distinct from all other living creatures on this planet. Over the next few weeks I will be posing some critical questions about all of these assumptions. I'll ask what happens when we stop casting around for confirmation of the views we prefer. After all, what evidence is there that the universe is designed with a purpose? Take a good look around? Does it seem like there's a plan here? How is it part of the plan, for example, that you're a well-fed college freshmen and some other kid is lying under the rubble in Haiti? And are we really the most well-developed and rational creature on the planet as you wrote in your initial paper? If so, then why are we consuming resources (and increasingly fighting brutal wars over resources) when logic dictates we ought to change our over-consuming ways? What's rational about that? While we're at it, what physical evidence is there that shows we're any different from other animals? Indeed, how do we explain the fact that all of the evidence seems to point to the opposite conclusion? I'm going to get a lot of blow back from students, a lot of furrowed brows and exasperated sighs. Some will get mad at me and somebody at some point is sure to invoke the authority of scripture. I'll get an angry glare in return when I kindly suggest that playing theological slap jack with the Bible doesn't really carry a lot of rhetorical weight with Hindus, Muslims, Jews, Animists, Buddhists, Free Thinkers, or even a lot of everyday Christians (not to mention the majority percentage of the world's population). Yes-sireee, my students are going to be pretty upset with me over the next few weeks. They'll complain about my arguments, but if they were really listening closely they would notice that I haven't actually argued anything. I've just been asking variants of the same question over and over: What if we're wrong? Popular posts from this blog Two Jars The Betrayal of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Adverbs Four Arguments for the Elimination of the Liberal Arts
You are here December 21: Venus Transit December 21: Venus Transit Venus Transit Click on the above image for a link to a movie showing the Venus transit On June 6th 2012, a Venus transit of the Sun took place. It was visible as a black circle crossing the solar disk. From Belgium, we could only see the transit for a short period, as it was nighttime in Belgium for the majority of the transit, and it was only visible very early in the morning. However, the PROBA2 observed the transit from the beginning to the very end from a front row seat in orbit! The event was recorded by SWAP, and can be seen by clicking on the image above, a second movie can be found here. This is an extremely rare event and we will have to wait until 2117 for the Earth, Sun and Venus to line up again. So, the next Venus transit will take place in 105 years! Previous Venus transits were historically of great scientific importance. They were especially useful for gaining the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observations of the 1639 transit, combined with the principle of parallax, provided fairly accurate estimates of the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Parallax is a method of estimating distance based upon two different viewpoints. The method could be applied as Venus transits occur in pairs, separated by approximately eight Earth years, and observations could be made from different points in Earths orbit. The 2012 transit was also of scientific importance to the PROBA2 team, as it provided an opportunity to check out their telescopes and calculations. Since Venus ‘touched’ the Sun exactly at the predicted time, they obtained re-assurance that PROBA2’s orbit is accurately known. The contrast of the images is limited by stray light in the telescope. Ideally Venus should block all the sunlight and should have appeared completely black. By measuring the amount of (undesired) light in the ‘Venus spot’, it was possible to learn a lot about the stray-light in the SWAP optical system. For more information on PROBA2's observation campaign take a look here.
Wednesday, May 16, 2012 Project Text Essay(Portfolio) Steven Lee Professor Dinsmore English 114B 25 April 2012 Identifying Ourselves Through Clothing Identity is the most crucial part of being human. It reflects who the person is and how they are identified in life. Everyone has a unique identity and they are known by their identity. Identity can define a person based on their race, gender, status, age, and class. The most common way to identify a person is by their clothing that they wear because it is the first impression that the human eye catches. Identity construction is easily done when it involves clothing because the clothing the person wears tells a lot about them. Clothing expresses a person’s identity in many different aspects and could show a person’s affiliations, status, and habits. Companies, Pop Culture, and Music, we recognize the clothing that the person is wearing is related to something bad. The attire that are expressed is sometimes used to represent a gang, but it became linked to the fashion world as a trend.”Clothing has been closely linked to violent and sometimes deadly situations. Kids may be at risk because of their clothing choices” (Hethorn). It is dangerous to express identity in a certain way if the identity you are trying to pose is not what you are suppose to be. Clothing that represents this violence, is a huge identity crisis because it leads to trouble. Gang identity is very easy to spot and we recognize people with gang attire to be in gangs. The first impression of these clothing gives fear to people instead of a friendly gesture because the fact that they may be possible gangsters. Depending on where you are, the gang attire could mean different things. The identity shifts from the “ghettos” to the new trend in the fashion world. “To wear a red “rag” in one neighborhood may be a clear symbol of gang affiliation, but in a different area, the same item holds no meaning except as a head covering” (Hethorn, “Gang Identity or Self-Expression?”). Wearing gang related attire in a gang affiliated neighborhood means you are identifying yourself as trouble, wearing gang related attire in a safe community is just fashion. Two different spaces, but the same clothing means different things: “The boundaries between gang style and street styles are blurred, the more so as gang identifiers are quickly absorbed into fashion” (Hethorn). This means that clothing gives an impression of who we are, even though the identity of the clothing could be ruthless and dangerous. Clothing affects more than affiliation, but also the social class as well. For example,“In preindustrial times such as the Colonial Period, clothing was synonymous with a person’s position in the social structure. It not only revealed your social position and gender, but your occupation [each one had its own costume], religious affiliation, and regional origin, as well”(Gilmore). From colonial past, clothing already had a big impact on identity. It was used as a way to express their wealth and their accomplishments. The clothing that the rich could afford made it nearly impossible for the poor to acquire. That is what made clothing identity in the colonial period very accurate in determining a person’s wealth. Compared to modern day, clothing is much easier to get, but the fashion world of the upper-class is still impossible for a middle class salary. A middle class person could not afford an Upper Class Clothing because the Upper Class person’s clothing could be worth the amount of a low income paycheck. "The display of status through one's clothes and other means of adornment appears to be a universal phenomenon” (Kaisert, 49). The plainness of clothing reflects the identity of being simple and cheap, the special design of clothing that people values are more complex and expensive. Even though modern day clothing is not as strong as an influence on social class as the colonial period, we still have brands like Banana Republic, Gucci, and other expensive brand names that reflects the person’s social class. Space is also involved in changing the identity of the person with their clothing. It depends on who you are appearing to when you decide to pose your identity. Wearing expensive clothing in a public space expresses power and richness and wearing the same piece of expensive clothing that you own to family events just makes it look like you are only trying to be someone who you are not. Identity is easily given off my clothing and the impression gained is the identity given by the public. The clothes we wear reflect our habits because of the appearance it uses as an impression toward other people. Changing our clothes more than three times a day means a lot because it shows the habit of caring too much about self-image. An example of this is a consumer who may throw on an outfit without much thought in the morning, but your choice is strongly affected by your mood. That means if the person starts out their morning wearing unmatched clothing or something that does not fit the day; it means they just don’t care about today. There are clothes that women categorize as happy-clothes, and clothes that they wear on a normal basis. “The study found that 'happy' clothes -- ones that made women feel good -- were well-cut, figure enhancing, and made from bright and beautiful fabrics”( "Happiness: It's Not In The Jeans." ). Clothing that reflects our mood has some detail on our identity showing some sign of incompleteness. Clothing identity also affects the daily habits of people who are over obsessed with their image. “There is nothing new or radical about people in western culture constructing an identity via consumer items.” (Sandell).Going shopping for clothing and accessories is similar to shopping for an identity. Referring to project web’s book , “The Surrogate,” people in the time era also had the same idea where identity could be bought. The only difference between the book and reality is that the book offers a better way to buy your identity in a better technological difference by purchasing Surrogates. People who have the habit of going shopping a lot have a lot of trouble with their identity. They are constructing their identity and it is always changing because they are unsure of who or what they want to be. Clothing is very important when it comes to a person’s identity. It is the first thing a person spots because it is part of a person’s exterior view. There is countless amount of clothing in the world; they could be cultural, religious, fashion, or anything that is used to cover a person. Different types of clothing gives people different types of impressions. “Clothing is also heavy with significance and symbolism. Sure, we might need clothing to protect us, but as humans, we love to add meaning to things that have no meaning, and so the costume – and the identity wrapped within it, is born” ( Morrigan). Adding meaning to ourselves with clothing make us unique, just like how everyone has a distinct difference. Identity is easily constructed and altered with clothing because you could practically be anyone based on the way you dress. Clothing reflects a person identity because it shows many details about the person who is wearing it. Work Cited Gilmore, Ardeth. “Fashion Trends: A Reflection of Our Political Culture.” Upenn, Web. 24 Apr Gowda, Abhava. “How Fashion Reflects Our Personality and Individual Tastes.” H2O Magazine, Web. 25 Apr 2012. Hethorn, Janet. “Gang Identity or Self-Expression?” University of California: California Agriculture, Dec 1994. Web. 24 Apr 2012. Housiaux, Julie, et al. “Beauty And The Beast: Study On The Relationship Between Clothing and Social Status.” Muohio, 19 Mar 2001. Web. 24 Apr 2012. Kaiser, Susan B. The Social Psychology of Clothing: Symbolic Appearances in Context. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990. Print. Sandell, Jillian. “Shopping For a Change.” Bad Subject Collective, 1994. Web 25 Apr. 2012. Morrigan, Leah. “ Clothing,Costume, Identity, and Lack of Thereof.” Wordpress, 17 Dec. 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. University of Hertfordshire. "Happiness: It's Not In The Jeans." ScienceDaily, 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. Venditti, Robert, et al. "The Surrogates" Marietta: Top Shelf, 2006. Print. Society's Gender Role (Portfolio) Steven Lee Professor Dinsmore Eng 114B 9 May 2012 Society’s Gender Role Identity plays a big role in modern day life. It symbolizes who you are and how people think about you. No matter what people say about, “Don’t Judge a Book by its cover”, it does not matter because in our minds we judge people. We give them names based on their identity and we remember them based on their identity. The movie, Gamer and the graphic novel, Surrogate are two excellent sources that portray identity as a role in life. Society is a very cruel place when it comes to gender, if you are a woman you must be a sentimental human being, if you are a man you must be masculine. The ideas of women being inferior to men have been going along for centuries. These are common gender roles that society demands and expects people to follow. The graphic novel, Surrogate shows a good example of how gender is portrayed in society. In the book, people lived a life where they could be anyone they want to be. They are represented in society as artificial humans who could live life having a different identity. The CEO of the Surrogate Company, Victor, is really a surrogate who is controlled by a woman named Victoria. The nature of this proves that as a woman, she believes that being a man in society gives her special privileges and being a CEO of one of the biggest company that should be well taken care of. Victoria used Victor as a source of having a bigger voice in the company’s actions. Even in a world where everyone is perfect, she still uses a man as the symbol of power. The business world today states that, “although women make up over half of America's labor force, as of 2009, only 12 Fortune 500 companies and 25 Fortune 1000 companies have women CEOs or presidents”(Gettings). This shows where the power belongs in modern day civilization because in the book, their timeline is not so far from our time. Despite Harvey being emotionally strong, on the other hand, Margaret (Harvey’s wife), does not believe in going outside without her surrogate. She is living the fantasy that every woman wants, staying young and beautiful. This does not last forever because when Harvey turned off all Surrogates in the world, he goes home finding out that Margaret committed suicide. Society in Surrogate is trying to explain the nature of women, saying that their image is very important to them, they are very sentimental and weak, and they depend on men. These are all stereotypical things that relates to how society views men and women. Harvey’s and Margret’s incident brings up the topic of the reason of why a specific gender cares about their personal appearance more than the other. The stereotype about women caring more about their looks than men is true because men seek women for their looks. This works more like a supply and demand way, but in society’s point-of-view. If men are looking for looks that means women are looking for personality. These kinds of stereotypes are all picked up from the media because we believe that in life, women are seeking a man who would protect them. If women are supplying the demand of men who are seeking the appearance of women, then this sums up the solution of which gender has the power in society. In reality, from past to present, women are sometimes controlled by men both figuratively and literally. Both, the movie Gamer and the graphic novel Surrogate had scenes where men control women as another identity. In Gamer, a place called Society existed, people could only control other humans if they can are wealthy enough. A scene in Gamer showed a man controlling a woman, and he is having her do stuff beyond imagination. This kind of act is worse than chattel slavery because she is less than property that could be sold; she is basically controlled to do his bidding. In Surrogate it is a different story because the man who was controlling the woman was controlling a surrogate. Both of these examples are trying to tell us something about society in reality. Men want to be the superior gender in the world. They dominate women by controlling them. There are many assumptions about gender roles, and they are very stereotypical when people talk about them. Taking a look at wiki-answer, there were some opinions about the life of a woman and the life of a man. “Men’s Instinct is to breed with as many women as possible, and to make sure they are having “his” kids. This kind of statement reflects on nature and the role of the male species. This applies directly to nature because life is all about reproducing and to do this they must have some sort of feature to “impress” the female, so this might be a relation to power. In one of the most common religion, Christianity , the bible states that ,” The Genesis account of God’s creation of the first male and female gives a clear picture that is extremely different from evolutionary views in our culture. God designed both the man and woman in His own image equally “(Holy Bible,Genesis 1:26–27). Even though the majority of society are followers of Christianity today, the role of a female is still far inferior compared to male. The bible is counteracting what is says because submission commands such as, “submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord” (Holy Bible, Ephesians 5:22–23), states that women are suppose to be inferior to men. The history of religion promoting gender roles has changed the view on women and their role in society on whether they should be inferior or equal to men. From the very beginning in civilization, society has a gender role and purpose for humans. Through time, these roles change, but some roles still stay specifically intact. Women are still inferior to men though. Although it is cruel and the stereotypes that are made about the opposing genders are very inaccurate, it is only a mere question on why we still think this way. Having an identity means you will be judged, not out loud, but it is from another person’s perspective. The gender we have is just an identity that reflects our image and is something to be used as a sub category of being human; the details are what counts. Male or female, gender is just an identity and it could be altered because it is based on appearances and external qualities. Work Cited Gamer. Dir. Mark Neveldine, Brian Taylor. Perf. Gerald Butler. Lions Gate, 2006. Film Venditti,Robert. The Surrogates. Marietta:Top Shelf Production, 2006. Print Gettings, John. “Wonder Women.” InfoPlease. Web. 9 May. 2012 Metzger, Bruce Manning. The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Deuterocanonical Books. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Bibles in Conjunction with Oxford UP, 2005. Print. English 114B Reflection Essay(Portfolio) Steven Lee Professor Dinsmore English 114B 9 May 2012 Reflection Essay Identity plays a huge role for humans; they reflect who you are and your place in society. The construction of identity is a very thorough process that requires a lot of thinking. There are different types of identities; it could be influenced through physical appearance, your heritage and clothing. With the ability to alter identity, a person’s identity is not usually accurate and during a person’s teenage years, it is very common to switch identities and express it through clothing. The concepts of project web, project space, and project text, shows different ways identity could be constructed. Identity is the most significant role in life; it separates everyone by distinguishing their differences. In Project Web, the idea of constructing identity through surrogates was a perfect example because it is a full change from the actual physical appearance. The book, Surrogates by Robert Vinatti shows a world where surrogates roam the streets by replacing human interactions to create a better world. The identity that everyone held was a complete false identity. Reading the graphic novels also brings out the true nature of society’s role, such as gender roles and the stereotypes of society. Even though the time frame exist a couple of years from present day , the problems are still the same as today. Project Space is the idea of how space influences a person’s identity. Space is defined by the place where you are at. The book, Persipolis by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic novel that revolves around a main character named, Marjane, who lost her grip on her own identity. Her life was destroyed by war and as she faces the different aspects of space, her sense of style and way of thinking slowly changed. The thought of how space influences a person’s identity is very powerful, for example a person’s identity would change when they are surrounded by a majority of a different culture. He would then become a minority. This kind of feeling makes a person feel uncomfortable with the atmosphere because they are not affiliated with the others. This could relate to Persepolis in many ways because she lived in a whole different environment where she was the minority who came from a completely different country. The space affected her thoughts a lot and caused her identity to shift. Marjane’s identity in Iran is different compared to her identity in Vienna, Austria. The book “As Nature Made Him “, is used in Project Text. The idea of changing a person’s idea by testing the theory of Nature vs. Nurture is brought out into reality as scientists and psychologists battle out the idea of how a child’s mind is constructed. David Reimer was the result of a failed experiment after he lost his penis through a failed circumcision. The idea of changing a person’s identity through appearance was not possible because scientist believe that gender is written in the gene. Dr. Money did not believe this theory was true, and he was blinded by the cost of human sanity, and caused the destruction of David Reimer’s childhood and life. Identity is a broad subject to explore, and there are various ways to alter identity. Identity is used in every aspect of nature and the modern world. For example, we use identity as a first impression, because a person judges another person’s identity based on their appearance. Being able to identify yourself in society is way to keep your sanity and to help know your place in the world. To serve a purpose in the world is to be identified by who you are and how you are portrayed.
The Lost Hero Short Essay Assignments Rick Riordan Buy The Lost Hero Lesson Plans 1. How does Coach Hedge control the kids? 2. How does the golden coin help Jason? 3. Why is it important to get demigods to the camp before puberty? (read all 60 Short Essay Questions and Answers) This section contains 3,855 words (approx. 13 pages at 300 words per page) Buy The Lost Hero Lesson Plans The Lost Hero from BookRags. (c)2018 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook
Alkalizing The Body Alkalizing the body is actually a key step to promoting overall health. There are many health benefits associated with higher alkaline levels in the body. Over time, acidity builds up in the body creating an imbalance. Non-nutritious food and the toxins that we are exposed to all contribute to high levels of acidity in the body. This can cause a number of negative health conditions. An acidic pH causes the spleen, liver, heart and kidneys to get overworked. In order to buffer this acidity, the body has to rob existing minerals from the bones and tissue such as Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. This can lead to chronic conditions such as osteoporosis, loss of muscle mass, kidney stones, and impaired muscle functioning as well as an acidic environment in which heart disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis and other diseases can thrive. • Sodium Bicarbonate (known as baking soda) is a natural occurring mineral that can provide miraculous health benefits. Most well known for its use as an agent for leavening bread and other baked goods, baking soda is extremely powerful for reducing or balancing acid in the body, which is at the source of many illnesses including cancer. To assist in alkalizing your body, take 2 Sodium Bicarbonate tablets 1 hour before or after meals. Sodium Bicarbonate momentarily effects the strength of your digestive stomach acid – this is why an hour either side of eating is best. • Drinking lemon water (fresh lemon squeezed into water) also assists in alkalizing the body. Lemons are acidic in their basic state, but have an alkalizing effect once metabolized by the body. • Apple Cider vinegar is a powerful detoxifying and purifying agent. It breaks down fatty, mucous deposits within the body. By breaking down these substances it improves the health and function of the vital organs of the body, such as the kidneys, bladder and liver, by preventing excessively alkaline urine. Add 1 tbs apple cider vinegar to water and drink with your meal. Alternatively, use apple cider vinegar as a dressing on your salad. • The ocean is alkaline and has a pH of 8.5. Swimming in the ocean helps reduce the body’s acidity. • Follow a ketogenic food plan and avoid acid-forming foods. Completely avoid sugar (including fruit), grains and processed food. Lufenuron attacks the Chitin Shell surrounding Candida fungus. Charcoal and Zeolite capture and remove the toxins bound within. MMS effectively kills all acidic pathogens. Sodium Bicarbonate assists in Alkalizing the system. Tumeric acts as an anti-fungal and anti-bacterial aid in repair. and the body’s immune system will reboot. This is Fair Return Policy FDA Disclaimer
Home > Knowledge > Content Application Of Graphene Conductive Agent In Battery - Apr 02, 2018 - 1. the application of graphene conductive agent in the battery The battery conductive agent is a key auxiliary material for positive and negative electrode materials and electrode interconnections, and has a great influence on the number of charge and discharge times, internal resistance, and power performance of the battery. Graphene is a new type of carbon material that has been researched in recent years. It has excellent electrical conductivity and rate performance. It can be applied to lithium ion battery materials, lithium sulfur batteries and lead acid, and can greatly increase the battery capacity and Large rate charge and discharge performance. Application of Graphene in Lithium Ion Power Battery In the current existing lithium ion battery system, the positive and negative electrode materials used by the battery itself have lower ion and electron conductivity, which is the main factor that affects and limits the charge and discharge cycle and rate performance of the lithium battery. An excessively high resistance value of the positive and negative electrode materials may cause polarization of the electrode plate, which directly leads to a rapid decrease in the utilization rate of the lithium battery electrode material and a rapid attenuation of the cycle performance of the lithium battery. Battery Car.png In order to establish an efficient battery anode and cathode material conductive network and structure, it is necessary to add an efficient battery material conductive agent, and the electrode material conductive agent of the morphology, performance and the amount of high requirements, the need for a suitable matching relationship. Among them, the conductive agent itself does not have the characteristic of providing lithium-intercalation capacity, which leads to a small decrease in specific energy and specific power capability of the entire lithium battery system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new type of battery conductive additive material that can provide a highly efficient conductive network. This new type of conductive agent material can significantly increase the electrical conductivity of the positive and negative electrodes while reducing the required amount of addition, thereby reducing the cost of the battery, and Can improve the lithium battery rate and charge and discharge cycle performance. 2. Graphene conductive agent in lithium sulfur batteries Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have a very high theoretical energy storage density of 2,600 Wh/kg, which is 5 to 10 times that of the most advanced lithium-ion batteries and is expected to be used in large quantities in future energy storage systems and devices. At present, graphene conductive agent is the mainstream of lithium battery conductive agent. Graphene materials prepared by different methods can exert different effects when used as a conductive support skeleton structure in a lithium-sulfur battery system. The graphene material itself has unique physical and mechanical properties, and can also provide a rich three-dimensional buffer space for the huge volume change produced by the sulfur active material in the process of releasing lithium. These characteristics of the graphene conductive agent further effectively improve the circulation of the lithium-sulfur battery. Safety, rate performance, and cycle life. 3. The application of graphene in lead-acid batteries The lead-acid battery is the oldest secondary battery in development history and is the world's first commercial rechargeable rechargeable battery. There is also a great deal of use and production of lead-acid batteries. The lead-acid battery electrode is mainly made of lead and its oxide material, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid solution. In the battery discharge state, the main component of the positive electrode material is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode material is lead. Under the state of battery charge, the main components of the positive and negative electrodes are lead sulfate. Lead acid battery structure.png Lead acid battery structure The application of graphene in the field of lead-acid batteries belongs to the stage of in-depth research and trial application. There have been a large number of R&D teams of scientific researchers and companies involved in this field, and there have been phased results and breakthroughs. The effect of graphene on the performance of lead-acid batteries can not be ignored, and it has become one of the new hotspots in the direction of lead-acid batteries. Because of its unique structure and excellent performance, graphene is destined to become a research hotspot in the field of batteries. According to current research results, graphene conductive agents can be applied to the traditional lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries to solve the problem of battery energy density and power density are difficult to have both, the graphene conductive agent will be more and more applied to the battery industry in the future . The application of graphene conductive agent in lithium ion batteries is a very promising direction and future development trend.
• synonyms family-tree theory [fam-uh-lee tree, fam-lee-] See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com noun Historical Linguistics. 1. a theory that describes language change in terms of genetically related languages developing in successive splits from a common parent language, such as Indo-European, as depicted by a family tree diagram. Show More Compare wave theory. Origin of family-tree theory First recorded in 1930–35
Needle and thread document story of six generations The tradition of quilting celebrates a rich history that is both utilitarian and commemorative. By definition, a quilt is a three-layered bed covering incorporating a decorative top layer, simple bottom layer and filler in the middle. The act of quilting started as a solitary skill women learned and passed down from generation to generation as essentially a way to keep their family warm. Fabric was not abundant, so every scrap counted. Clothes made by hand were repaired until they were no longer useful and then they were either used as filling or stitched together into patchwork quilts. Because those items of clothing embodied the identity of their wearer, those histories were woven right along with the fabric into the quilts, making them testaments to the stories of those family members. That time honored tradition lives on today. Renee Volgren has firsthand experience when it comes to the commemorative power of a quilt. Her family has been using quilting to keep alive a family tradition started by her grandmother, Delia Germain, six generations ago. It all started with the marriage of Delia to Pearl Maitrejean on July 6, 1920, in Somerset. “Delia and Pearl were blessed with six children (three boys and three girls). Delia was always a quilter but wanted to make a special quilt with a square for each of their children and each member of their future generations,” recounted Volgren. Delia began the quilt by making a single 12- by 12-inch square for each of her six children and another square for each of their spouses when they were married. Each square consisted of the same specific pattern but incorporated a different fabric. “On each square, she embroidered their first and middle name and year of birth. As the family grew, Delia made squares for each grandchild and left space on the same square for their future spouses' name and year of birth,” said Volgren. When Delia could no longer work on the quilt, she passed the responsibility for continuing the quilt onto her eldest daughter Ione. Ione continued the quilt until she passed it on to her eldest daughter, Arlene, Renee’s sister. Today the quilt is nine feet high and 18 feet long. It consists of 139 squares representing 161 living and 20 deceased members of the extended Maitrejean family. According to Volgren, the quilt has become an honored family heirloom reserved for special occasions such as Ione’s funeral, where it was draped over her casket, and each autumn where it is displayed for all to see at the Maitrejean “Christmas in October.” For generations the tradition of adding to the Maitrejean family quilt has been handed down from eldest daughter to eldest daughter, creating an enduring legacy to the history, artistry and living spirit of quilting. “Adding a new square for each new descendant ensures the quilt will never be finished,” said Volgren.
Engineer’s Day in Honduras Date in the current year: July 16, 2018 Engineer’s Day in Honduras Engineer’s Day is a professional holiday observed in a number of countries around the world on various dates of the year. In Honduras, for example, it is celebrated on July 16. Engineering is a kind of bridge between science and industry, because it is the application of different kinds of knowledge in order to invent, innovate, improve, design, build, maintain, and research structures, systems, tools, machines, materials, components, solutions, processes, and organizations. Engineering is most often associated with building, but in reality it is a broad discipline consisting of many sub-disciplines which are divided into four main branches: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, Engineer’s Day is typically dedicated to civil engineers. Civil engineering deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, canals, and other elements of the physical and naturally built environment. In Honduras, Engineer’s Day, also referred to as Civil Engineer’s Day (Día del Ingeniero Civil), is celebrated on July 16. On this day, special events and ceremonies are held in institutions and enterprises that have something to do with engineering, as well as in educational establishments where engineers are trained. Remind me with Google Calendar Professional Days Engineer’s Day in Honduras, Civil Engineer’s Day, civil engineering, holidays in Honduras, professional holidays
Gaming to Learn Embracing change was the first concept that stood out to me during this assignment for my Digital and Social Media class. Students today play video games and are interested in technology so much more than in the past. I was not in high school too long ago and the interest in digital media has increased tremendously since then! So why shouldn’t education? We, as teachers, need to accept the change and embrace it as we move forward with our students and classes. In this article, Motivating People to Learn, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi discusses the concept of Flow, which is the mental state of “when a person is completely involved in what he or she is doing, when the concentration is very high, when the person knows moment by moment what the next steps should be.” One example of a time that Flow happens is when people (kids and adults) game. As educators, it is important to connect the concept of Flow with education in order to embrace the societal change and to reach students at a level of concentration that it is near impossible to break. There are Nine Characteristics of Flow and Eight Characteristics of Gaming. The characteristics are very similar in many ways. Both mention constant feedback, failure is okay, goals are in mind at all times, and challenging tasks. All of those characteristics are also important in education. There were others listed in gaming that I thought could be very beneficial for education, even if it’s not directly related to Flow, such as socialization and rewarding all successful efforts. Even though gaming, Flow, and education all connect and can be compatible, I do not think that gaming is the answer to all when it comes to teaching students. Gaming can take a lot of time to set up in order to provide the best lesson for students. Even though it is a great way to reach some students, it is not the only way to reach all students. I believe the best way is to use gaming often as a supplemental tool with lessons in order to facilitate the Flow concept with students. Based on when I have used Kahoot and review games like Jeopardy or Who Wants to be a Millionaire? students are actively engaged and seem to enjoy the class period so much more than if we were not playing those games. I use those games as a reward of some sort for if students work hard, we will play a review game and they seem to respond very well. Have you ever used games to teach a lesson in your classroom? What benefits did it have? What drawbacks were there for teaching the lesson through a game? Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Why Do We Get Wrinkles? By Dr. Ed Breazeale of the Breazeale Clinic By Dr. Ed Breazeale Everyone’s body eventually forms wrinkles since they naturally develop during the aging process. Fortunately, a number of treatments exist to minimize the appearance of wrinkles. Additionally, with proper skin care, the speed of developing wrinkles decreases. The reason we acquire wrinkles lies in the constitution of skin, which consists of three primary layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer, which contains older skin cells, mostly keratinocytes, that gradually migrate toward the surface. The middle layer of skin, the dermis, contains the younger keratinocytes as well as a number of structural tissues. Each of these tissues retains a different function and contributes to the texture and feel of skin. Tautness and elasticity of skin stem from the configuration of the dermis. Connective tissues make up the third skin layer and provide nutrients and reinforcement to the upper layers. The subcutaneous tissue, upon which the meshwork of connective tissues sits, consists of fatty cells and gives skin the appearance of plumpness. The diagram below shows the various layers of skin: As skin ages, fewer epidermal cells develop, leading to a loss of moisture and a thinning out of the top layer of skin. The structure below the skin becomes weakened, offering less tautness and support. Nutrient flow to the skin also decreases, making it difficult for the body to produce new skin tissues. In addition, the subcutaneous layer also thins out, reducing the appearance of plumpness. All of these factors add to the development of wrinkles. Sun damage or habitual facial expressions that stretch the skin also contribute, accentuating the effects of the natural-aging process. Antiwrinkle treatments have been designed to reverse some of the effects of aging skin, such as moisture loss and decreased elasticity. To learn more about your options for combating wrinkles, go to the Breazeale Clinic website at www.breazealeclinic.com. — A successful cosmetic surgeon, Dr. Ed Breazeale manages the Breazeale Clinic, based in Knoxville, Tennessee. His facility provides a wide range of surgical and nonsurgical treatments, ranging from liposuction to Botox injections.
The Marshall Islands and World War II The Marshall Islands, an old German colony in the Pacific Ocean, were caught in the tag of the World War II as it was there where many air and naval operations took place between the Americans and the Japanese. Today, they are under the protection and care of the United States. fig 17- fig.1 The sets are wonderfully designed while covering all the aspects of the War The thing that we would like to point out, from a philatelic point of view, is the fact that this inland complex has issues a great number of stamps with reference to World War II. From 1989 to 1998 there were about 230 stamps issued on the specific topic. Any collector wishing to start a thematic collection on World War II, it goes without saying that s/he will certainly find those islands of invaluable help. The sets are wonderfully designed while covering all the aspects of the War (fig. 1). Stamps have been issues ranging not only from very important events but also covering battles of lesser significance such as the Warsaw battle and the Dieppe landing. The Katyn graves have not been forgotten either (fig. 2). All first-class leaders, generals and admirals of both sides, Allied and Japanese forces alike, are portrayed. Even Mark Clark, the well-known blunder-head of the Italian expedition, is also depicted. One may also find: all the American and Japanese war ships, including the German ones; most of the fighter aircraft which took part in World War II; military uniforms; even the surrender of Japan in 1945 (fig. 3). There is no other country with so many issues in such a short spell of time covering the topic of World War II to that superlative extent. Perhaps the 230 stamps from Marshall Islands along with some more from the rest of the world, would be enough to satisfy the needs of a potential collector embarking on the theme of World War II. KO for eCharta Politicians who died violently; through …stamps! In this post we are referring in politicians who did not die by a natural death or illness, but we did try to find politicians that they die by violent acts such as murder or fatal injuries as plane crash, terrorist attacks or from the hangings and other similar episodes. We cannot fit all those politicians who ended their lives in such manners, but we are sure that friends collectors, if they are interested they will find out more of these incidents. Many of these stamps you can probably find them under Stamps Category in eCharta. LinkAbraham Lincoln was born in 1809 and he became the 16th U.S. president. He started his life very poor and became a lawyer. He started the American Civil War in 1861-1865, to empower black people and not break apart a united America. The United States, owe to him their character today. On the evening of April 14, 1865, John Booth, shot him in the gallery of the Ford Theater in Washington. Lincoln died the next day at the nearby hospital. Ioannis Capodistrias, born in Corfu and he was a descendant of an aristocratic family. He kapodistriasrarely trained with a high level of education for that time and reached up to become Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Tsar in Russia. Switzerland owes the independence of its territories to him. However they have been no dedicated a single stamp. He was invited in Greece for Governor, but the known interests of the rich Koundouriotis family of Hydra and the ambitiousness of Mavromichalis family destroyed him. He was very powerful politician and he never dropped by anything from his main beliefs. So, inevitably, he was murdered by Mavromichalis family in Nafplion on September 27, 1831. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in 1917 and he was the 35th U.S. president. He came from a very wealthy family of politicians and he was the most beloved president. Since 1947 onwards, he did not lose any election. He became an MP, Senator and finally the youngest U.S. president in 1961. He failed in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, but he succeeded in many other cases, such as missile crisis in Cuba. On November 22, 1963, he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, from sniper, in his open car, in front of his wife. Robert Francis Kennedy was born in 1925 and he was the brother of John Fitzgerald. He serviced White House from many places: as Senate, as Prosecutor and Governor and as Minister of Justice with excellent intuitions, even in the very sensitive issue of the era, the apartheid. In 1968, he was ready to become the new U.S. president, but after a speech at the Hotel AMBASSADOR of Los Angeles, was killed by a Palestinian fugitive. Benito Mussolini was born in Predappio, Italy in 1883. It was the first known fascist in Europe, known as “Il Duce». He started his career as a teacher and journalist and imposed strictly in politics. He got involved his country in World War II, which almost devastated it. The dictator was executed by partisans near Como, at the end of the war in 1945. Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Braunau am Inn, in Austria-Hungary. The famous Nazi leader and German Chancellor, who led the world in the Second World War, had in his mind the welfare of his country at the cost of the misery of others. When the Allies invaded Germany and the Russians were approaching the Chancellery in Berlin on April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide in his secret sanctuary. Kranidiotis John Kranidiotis was born in 1947, a native of Cyprus political family. He serviced in many government offices with PASOK political party, in the Foreign Ministry, reaching the position of Deputy Minister. During an official trip to Romania, the plane suffered serious damage and without crashing, Kranidiotis killed with his son Nicholas, in the airspace of Romania in 1999. Saddam Hussein was born in 1937 and served as President-dictator of Iraq. Hussein He had an adventurous life, with many attempts for murder, imprisonments and unlawful acts. He was the president who made the war with Iran in 1980 when he was a “friend” of the Americans. In 1990, making the mistake to occupy Kuwait, thus declaring his opposition to his previous “friends”, he was arrested and hanged at the end of December 2006. Garfield James Abraham Garfield was born in 1931 and he was the 20th U.S. president. Guyton shot him on July 2, 1881. He had only four months as a President. After 80 days that he was in intensive care in a hospital, finally on September 19, 1881, succumbed to his wounds. William McKinley was born in 1943 and he was the 25th U.S. president (1897-McKinley 1901). He made war with Spain in the Cuban island and annexed as “new states” of the U.S. Puerto Rico and Guam. On September 6, 1901, he was shot by anarchist and died of his wounds. Sadat Muhammad Anwar al Sadat was born in 1918 and he was an officer and president of Egypt. He was with Nasser, at the coup of 1952 and when Nasser died, he became the next president of Egypt. In 1973 he made the Yom Kippur war with Israel, which brought his country in a very difficult position. Later, he made peace and he awarded the appropriate Nobel Prize. Peace was not a forgiveness for Muslim extremists and they killed him during a parade in 1981. Giacomo Matteotti was born in 1885 and he was an Italian socialist leader. In 1924 he daredmatteotti to denounce the fascist Mussolini’s terror of the people and in a few days, on 10 June of that year, six fascists killed him and buried him. In the great crisis that followed, Mussolini continued to irritate, saying that he was the one which assassinated Matteotti. Mussolini’s government was shaken, but he remained in power with the known later consequences. dollfussThe Austrian politician Engelbert Dollfuss was born in 1892 and he became Chancellor in 1932. He was opposed in the union of Austria with Nazi Germany, where he paid dearly after he was assassinated in 1934 in the same Chancellery Building of Austria by Nazis. The Chilean Marxist Salvador Allende was born in 1908 and he was a doctor. He became Allendepresident of Chile and clashed openly with the U.S. policy of nationalization and his ideas. Thus, in a coup, the Pinochet junta, killed him on September 11, 1973 in the presidential palace in Santiago, after strong resistance. MountbattenLuis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Maountmpanten, Prince of Maountmpanten, British politician and naval leader, a relative of the English Royal Family, was born in 1900 in Windsor. He became the last Regent of India, and became Viscount in 1946, Earl in 1947 and Admiral in 1956. He played an important role in the independence of India but when installed as a Governor of Ireland, was murdered by the IRA in 1979. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, with the common name Mahatma (the man Gandhiwith the great soul) was born in Porbandar, India in 1896. He is the liberator of the Indian nation from the English with his method, without violence but endless struggles. He was assassinated by Hindu fanatic on January 31, 1948. The British honoured the great personality, issuing stamps. It should be noted that, Indira Gandhi, had no affinity with him. Indira GhandhiIndira Gandhi was born in 1917 in India and served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984. She was the daughter of Prime Minister Nehru Jawaharlal. She was gunned down by her own Sikh bodyguards in New Delhi in 1984. Rajiv Ratna Gandhi was born in Bombay in 1944. rajiv GandhiHe was the son of Indira and grandson of Nehru. He became Prime Minister of India in 1984 following the murder of his mother until 1989. He was generally conciliatory, but was assassinated by suicide bomber in 1991 belonging in Tamil (LTTE). Olof PalmeThe Swedish Prime Minister from 1969 to 1976 and from 1982 to 1986, Olof Sven Palme was born in Stockholm in 1927. He was peace lover and socialist. Security had never been a major issue, and Olof Palme could often be seen without any bodyguard protection. The night of his murder was one such occasion. Walking home from a cinema with his wife Lisbet Palme on the central Stockholm street Sveavägen, close to midnight on February 28, 1986, the couple was attacked by an assassin. Palme was fatally shot in the back at close range. The Mexican politician Francisco Madero was born in Parras de la Fuente in 1873. He maderoled the Democratic Movement and he was a strong supporter of the poor farmers. He succeeded Porphyry Diaz and became President of Mexico in 1911. He assassinated by the coup of General Huerta in February 1913 in Mexico City. HammarskjoldThe twice UN Secretary General Swedish, Dag Hammarskjold, economist and politician, son of a Prime Minister, was born in 1905 and became Finance Minister in his country. He commanded the UN, very robust in many crises. While he was conducting peace process in Katanga of Congo, was killed in a plane crash near Ndola in Northern Rhodesia in 1961. Patrick Emery Lumumba was born in the Belgian Congo in 1925. He was a nationalist leader Lumumbaand became the first Prime Minister of his country. He wanted a united Africa without European colonization. On December 2, 1960 he was arrested by Kasa-Vubu and murdered in Katanga of Congo on January 17, 1961. Zaures The French politician and orator, Jean Zaures was born in 1859. He was the founder of the French Socialist Party and tried to avert the risk of First World War between France and Germany but he was murdered by nationalists in Paris in 1914. The astronomer and politician Milan Rastislav Štefánik was born in 1880. In collaboration Štefánik with Masaryk founded Czechoslovakia. He killed in a plane crash in May 1919. The same fate had Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who served as first President of Czechoslovakia. On March 10, 1948, was found dead beneath a window of the Foreign Ministry Building. And the list goes on and on. I’m sure that the collectors that decide to start such thematic gathering they’ll find a lot more and interesting material. Enjoy! James Long for eCharta Napoleon the Great through postage stamps figure 1 Very rarely has the title “Great” been conferred on anyone throughout the course of history. There has always been some reason for those bearing it and who rightly deserve it: Alexander the Great, Charlemagne, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great and so on. figure 2 figure 2 Napoleon the Great was a military genius and he would have been figure 3 figure 3 considered even greater if Alexander the Great had not been born, who was the only general never to have been defeated in battle. Napoleon was born in Corsica (Figures 1,2) in 1769 and became an artillery officer. This, in the long term, proved to be one of his strong points. After the turmoil of the French Revolution, he had a rapid progress, starting with the Italian Expedition (1796) as a commander in chief. He won a personal victory at the battle of Arcole (Figure 3). He defeated the Mameluks during the Expedition in Egypt, in 1798, while the scientists that escorted him laid the foundations of Egyptology (Fig. 4). However, the sea battle of Abukir, where Nelson was involved, (Fig. 5) blocked his advancement. Napoleon became Consul in 1799 and Life Consul in 1802. The battles that he personally took part always crowned France with success. However, the great victory in Marengo, in 1800, was brought by Desaix (Fig. 6). After so many victorious battles and with ingenious, though hard, political maneuvers he was crowned as an Emperor in 1804 at Nontre Dame in Paris along with the Empress Josephina (Fig. 7). figure 7 figure 7 In 1807, he suffers defeat, once more by Nelson, at the naval battle of Trafalgar (Fig. 8). France lost its domination of sea routes for ever. Nevertheless, Napoleon triumphed in Austerlitz (Pic. 9) against the Austrians and the Russians and seized Vienna. The battle of Austerlitz is still being taught, today, in the most important military academies. His Field Marshals grasped many victories and enjoyed a great deal of honor and distinction such example are Lahn (Fig. 10) and Bernadotte who, in a twist of luck, was called to stand at his coronation ceremony as a king of Sweden. The present kings of Sweden are his descendants (Figure 11). From then on, Napoleon acted as he pleased. He invaded countries, seized small states and offered them to his allies, won battles, in some cases he was curbed, he abducted the Pope, Spain was ceded to his brother Joseph, Naples to Mira and proclaimed his sister, Paullina, queen: nepotism in its full scale. After a series of blunders, the fatal one loomed in the background: the Russian Expedition (Fig.12) of Alexander I (Fig.13) in 1812. As Napoleon was the only general to invade Moscow, his retreat led to his crushing defeat. Despite his victory in the battle of Leipzig, he lost his last one in Waterloo in 1815 as he was unable to meet his enemies individually: a thing that he had always practiced in the past. While he was engaged in a battle with Wellington (Fig.14) the first Prussians under Blucher made their appearance (Fig.15). The chief of staff of one Blucher’s army corps was the renowned Claousewitz (Fig.16). His minister of foreign affairs was Talleyrand (Fig.17): a decadent, avaricious individual who, on the other hand, was the best diplomat ever to be brought up to surface in France! The battle was lost, the curtain fell and Napoleon found himself exiled by the British on the island of St Helena until the end of his life (Fig.18). He died in 1821. 1919Stamps with Napoleon (Pictures 19-26), as it is easily understood, are not to be found in countries which suffered his invasions such as Spain, England, Germany and Russia. Sets about the great general, apart from France which has been glorified as much as ever, were issued by the French Colonies, mainly in 1968, in 32 values. Those large-shaped, wonderful stamps complete the puzzle of the “Napoleon Phenomenon”: an atheist, authoritarian, materialistic and conceited individual who attributed a cosmopolitan air to his state and laid the foundations for modern France. Even today, we use such terms as “Napoleonic Maneuver, Napoleonic Campaign” but mainly “Napoleonic Era” as this period between 1800-1815 is frequently called. All this surely justify the term: “Great”. Many of these stamps are on sale on eCharta stamps page right now. Enjoy this thematic, topical Napoleonic collection! Jimmy Long for eCharta Asking for food behind a stamp – Holocaust IV Enjoy” a run of posts, a sequence of bad memories on paper that we certainly have to remember… Asking for food …the hard way! Although mail between concentration camp prisoners and their families was limited to one or two letters or cards per month each way, and Nazi censors checked all incoming and outgoing mail, some inmates occasionally managed to slip secret messages past the censors, risking severe punishment. The following piece belongs to Spungen Family Foundation. Lorenz Janowski concealed a note to his wife beneath a pair of 6-pfennig stamps on this August 16, 1942, letter. Written in Polish, the secret message acknowledged receipt of clothing and asked for bread. The normal letter inside, written in German as required, contained only the permissible platitudes. Prisoners were allowed to request parcels from their loved ones, but they were not permitted to request specific items. The ingenuity and perseverance of the prisoners was unthinkable! Although bans and strict custody by Nazis, they have always found a way to communicate! Primarolia for eCharta Bad Memories on Paper we Have to Remember – Holocaust Part III Concentration Camp Dachau, SS takes command In June 1933, SS-Oberführer Theodor Eicke became the Dachau commandant. In 1934, as the elite Nazi SS [Schutzstaffel – literally, protection squad; originally Adolf Hitler’s bodyguards] took control of the Gestapo and all the concentration camps, Eicke was placed in overall command of the camps. On the night of June 30-July 1, 1934, known to history as “Night of the Long Knives,” elite, ruthless Nazi SS men purged SA storm troopers in a grisly spree of mass assassination. Eicke personally executed SA chief Ernst Röhm in his cell at Munich. Promoted to SS-Gruppenführer, Eicke centralized administration, introduced torture and exemplary cruelty as deliberate methods of control, and propagated rules for the entire concentration camp system. From then until the defeat of Nazi Germany, all concentration camp guards were specially trained SS personnel. Central authority was headquartered at Dachau until October 1938, when it was removed to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp at Oranienburg. The 2 following pieces belong to Spungen Family Foundation. Above: A cover mailed from the office of the Dachau commandant on February 18, 1935, to former prisoner Maier Schloss at Ingolstadt. Below: An October 3, 1934, inmate’s postcard from Schloss to his wife before he was released. KO for eCharta Bad Memories on Paper we Have to Remember – Holocaust Part II Concentration Camp Dachau established, 1933 Dachau, located 15 kilometers from Munich in Bavaria, was the Nazis’ first major concentration camp, built on the site of an abandon World War I munitions factory. Heinrich Himmler announced its creation at a March 20, 1933, news conference. The first prisoners – Communists and Socialists – arrived on March 22. At the beginning, Dachau had a capacity for 4,000 inmates. By September 1944, the prisoner population had grown to about 100,000. Dachau was the only camp that lasted for the entire 12 years of the Third Reich; it was liberated by the United States Army on April 29, 1945. On May 5, 1933, (as we read on the postcard’s cancellation: Dachau 5.MAI.33) Josef Haff, who had been a Nazi since 1929, wrote to his family as he sipped beer during his mid-day break, his third day of duty as a concentration camp guard. He found life at the camp to be pleasant. The picture side of his postcard is a view of the Amper valley from the south, with the Würm river canal flowing past the west side of the prison compound. The larger item is an official document attesting to Haff’s satisfactory service as a Dachau guard from May 3 to September 16, 1933. These pieces belong to Spungen Family Foundation. KO for eCharta The rarest stamp of the world! Fig. 1: Map of British Guiana dated 1690 Fig. 9: A page from Carl Barks comic Fig. 6: A page from Carl Barks comic I wish them good luck! Primarolia for eCharta Bibliography – Websites: 8. “The Saint in Palm Springs”, IMDb 9. “Donald Duck: The Gilded Man” COA 10. Website of Wikipedia
Browse Prior Art Database Method for authenticating a remote computer to an end-user Disclosure Number: IPCOM000198942D Publication Date: 2010-Aug-18 Document File: 2 page(s) / 40K Publishing Venue The Prior Art Database Mechanism to allow user authentication against a server while simulaneously authenticating the server to the end user This text was extracted from a PDF file. Page 1 of 2 Method for authenticating a remote computer to an end-user In many applications an end-user is required to authenticate with a remote computer and just trust that the computer they are interacting with is the machine that they think they are interacting with. An example of this can be seen in the phishing attacks that target online banking customers. The users believe that they are interacting with the bank and freely give-up their personal information. Banking is just one illustration of this point , there are countless applications where the end-user simply trusts the remote computer. For computer-computer authentication, keys and certificates can be used but these are complex for the end-user, especially users that have very little IT experience. Current methods of user authentication require the user to supply all of their login details to the remote computer before they can determine the authenticity of the remote computer (i.e. by being granted access). It is only when this operation (or fails) can the user be satisfied that the site is genuine. This is often too late as their details may have already be copied. Our invention solves this problem by allowing a remote computer to authenticate with a user (and vice-versa) so that both parties can be certain of each other's identities before any personal information is divulged. The invention simply requires an item of shared knowledge between both parties, for example a 6-digit number. This piece of knowledge could be any length and mixture of characters. When an end-user wishes to initiate communication with a remote computer the computer will request their ID and a selection of random digits from the secret passcode. The computer then returns another random selection of digits from the passcode. If the computer returns the numbers expected by the user, the user may then complete the rest of the logon process and provide more personal information. At no point is the entire shared secret divulged by either party or by the sum of the communication thus eavesdropping the communication would not benefit an attacker. Although this is the most simple implementation it has the drawback that given a limited amount of information about the user (public ID and a small segment of the shared secret) an attacker could potentially obtain further information about the shared secret. Although this would require the attacker to 'get lucky' attacking the site and be asked by the server for the same segment of the shared secret that the attacker knew, it is possible. A possible circumvention w...
Asteroid with rings surprises astronomers Astronomers have discovered a ring system surrounding an asteroid named Chariklo. The finding is a complete surprise to planetary scientists, who are yet unsure exactly how such rings could have formed. Astronomers noticed something odd as Chariklo passed in front on a distant star in June 2013, the star’s light flickered just a bit immediately before and after Chariklo’s pass. The asteroid’s two dense rings briefly blocked the starlight. There are only four other known ring systems in our solar system — around Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and, most dramatically, Saturn — and all the other ones have formed around planets. Astronomers aren’t yet sure if Chariklo’s ring system makes it unique among asteroids. Thin rings around an object will tend to spread out, making their edges fuzzy. Chariklo’s rings appear to have very sharp edges, which might indicate that they contain itty-bitty shepherd moons — just a few miles wide — whose gravitational influence pries open the lane between the two rings and confines their edges. Such shepherd moon are how planets like Uranus keep their thin rings so sharp. But many-ringed Saturn also has a few very thin rings that aren’t maintained by shepherd moons, suggesting that this explanation could turn out to be wrong. Perhaps studying Chariklo’s simple ring system further could help astronomers understand the behavior of larger rings in the solar system. Via: Wired One response to “Asteroid with rings surprises astronomers Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
08/09/2012 02:06 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017 CNN's Misleading Poll on Mars Rover When you think of news networks taking aim at science, CNN is not usually the network that comes to mind. But on August 7, put up a questionable poll: "Is the Curiosity rover mission to Mars worth its $2.6 billion price tag?" Of course the answer to the question is yes. It's a no-brainer. But this poll puts into question CNN's integrity. CNN isn't saying that landing on Mars isn't worth the cost; they are just asking the question, right? Wrong. In this case the question is misleading. We see a large sum of money -- in this case $2.6 billion -- and we think to ourselves, "That's a lot of money; I'll never make that much money." The $2.6 billion is a misleading figure. According to "The price tag, also known as the life cycle cost, includes five years of development, the nine months MSL will spend en route to Mars, and two years of surface operations plus data analysis." That's $2.6 billion over the course of nearly 8 years. That's about $325 million a year. It is practically nothing compared with other government spending. The amount of money spent on Curiosity's development, flight, and two year mission is the amount of money that the Department of Defense spends every 36 hours. Why hasn't CNN asked if the $670.9 billion a year in defense spending is worth the price tag? How come they didn't ask about the $15 billion a year on the failed war on drugs? They could play this game with nearly any government program but they chose to present a misleading figure and focus their question on the small amount spent on space science rather than on any of the actual wasteful spending that is going on in Washington. For the price of a little over a week in Afghanistan ($300 million a day), NASA has reignited interest in science, math, engineering, and a host of other disciplines. All practical aspects of Curiosity's mission aside (and there are many), this alone makes the cost well worth it. Just imagine what NASA could do if instead of getting $2.6 billion over the course of eight years, they got an extra $2.6 billion every year or had just a fraction of the Defense budget. The poll question that CNN posed robs us of our future. By calling into question the cost of science with misleading numbers and without the proper context, CNN is turning the public off to science and science education. CNN is quite literally turning the public against curiosity. Read more about why space science is important in Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier, by Neil deGrasse Tyson.
Understanding the virtual reality terms is really simple as the term ‘virtual reality’ essentially means that ‘near-reality’. This could, of course, mean something however it always refers to a particular kind of reality emulation. In class we tend to all learned that we've 5 senses: style, touch, smell, sight, and hearing. These are solely our most evident sense organs. The reality is that humans have more senses than this, like a way of balance for instance. These different sensory inputs and some special process of sensory data by our brains ensure that we have a fashionable flow of knowledge from the atmosphere to our minds. Everything that we all know concerning our reality comes by the method of our senses. In different words, our entire expertise of reality is just a mixture of sensory data and our brains sense-making mechanisms for that data. It stands to reason then, that if you'll be able to lift your senses with made-up data, your perception of reality would conjointly amendment in response to that. You’d be given with a version of reality that isn’t extremely there, however from your perspective it'd be perceived as real. One thing we might talk to as a computer game. Areas virtual reality is applicable • It is employed in medical studies to modify students to understand the physical body structure. • It is employed in laboratories in order that human will simply research on a particular topic. • It is employed in diversion like in games and flicks to form the gambling expertise a lot of real and to permit an individual to expertise adventures underneath extreme conditions. • It is employed in driving colleges because it provides a real look of roads and traffic. • It is employed in preparation for the troopers to urge at home with completely different areas within the parcel. Benefits of virtual reality: In some sectors, VR is employed to coach staff, particularly in dangerous environments. As an example, pilots use simulators just in case they create a blunder, and aspiring doctors make the most of the virtual reality technology to avoid medical accidents, pilots landing a plane, fireplace fighters prepping before their initial fire – immersive learning. Immersive learning can reduce the distinction between rookies and veterans in several professions. These practices can solely expand to alternative sectors within the future. What is more, within the event of trauma occur within the work, VR will offer a method of medical care. Think Skype for Business on steroids, VR has the potential to bring digital employees along in digital conferences and conferences – real-time event coverage – imagine Facebook tolerate VR. Instead of just seeing the opposite person on a screen, you’ll be able to feel as if you're within the same space with them, despite being miles away. With the increase in the freelancer economy, virtual conferences might become the norm instead of the exception. VR will save organizations time and cash and creates a work lot more convenient. As an example, architects from across the world will use this technique to judge styles, this alone may be a financial bonanza. This reality technique additionally opens the door for visual business places, wherever shoppers will get into clothes, and you'll see what that Arabian furnishings can seem like in your den. Virtual reality creates a realistic world After putting on those virtual lenses it really feels like you are in a completely different world doesn’t matter whether you are playing a game in them or watching videos in it. It creates a virtual world one could get lost in completely, everything feels surreal. It enables user to explore places Yes, you heard it right you can explore places virtually. One can have a whole new experience after putting it on and explore places in an unexpected way. Virtual Reality is truly a paradise in Technology. Modified On Nov-29-2017 07:05:43 AM Leave Comment
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Calculating Maximum Voltage of a Plate for electron movement 1. May 27, 2013 #1 Drawing of the Problem An electron rests on plate A and is accelerated by a 400V Plate (B). From there, Calculate the Maximum Voltage a 3cm plate (C) can be charged before the electron makes contact with the plate. Directly opposite Plate (C), is a +100V Charged Plate D. 2. Relevant equations Electrostatic forumulas 3. The attempt at a solution I assume the first step would be to calculate the velocity at which the electron leaves Plate B. Voltage is 400V, and Ep can be calculated using Ep = q * V Ep = (1.60 * 10^-19) * 400 = 6.4 * 10^-17 Ek = Ep Ek = 6.4 * 10^-17 1/2mV^2 = 6.4 * 10^-17 V = 1.2 * 10^7 Is that correct for the velocity when the electron leaves Plate B? After this, I have to calculate the maximum Voltage. That really isnt a massive problem as I can do that part by myself. The part that confuses me is that now I have a 400V current in the plate A pulling my electron back. Can someone show me how id do that? Last edited: May 27, 2013 2. jcsd 3. May 27, 2013 #2 Simon Bridge User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper The speed you got is 0.04c. i.e. 4% of the speed of light. That seems fast doesn't it - and there's all these nasty numbers: it would be easy to miss out a power of ten somewhere wouldn't it? Note: when it reaches plate B, it has a kinetic energy of 400eV ;) (one electron, 400 volts: 400 electron volts ... easy aye?) In the same units, the electron mass is 511keV/c2 - so you can get it's speed without having to deal with nasty numbers. If the electron is not relativistic: ##E_K=\frac{1}{2}mv^2 = \frac{1}{2}(mc^2)(v/c)^2## Plate B is 400V with respect to plate A. Usually plate B will be +200V and plate B will be -200V and they will be close enough together that the electric field on the axis, outside the plates, can be neglected. But if you really want to take it literally, then you'll need to add the two fields together (or work the forces in components in a fbd). Do you want to approximate plate B as infinite in extent? (Or how will you handle the edge effects?) The whole setup reads funny - these plates must be insulators for eg. Since the separation of C and D is big compared with their extent, there will be non-trivial differences from linear at the ends. 4. May 27, 2013 #3 Sorry, not followiing a ton of what youve stated there. So my velocity is incorrect? How would I go about gettig the right velocity? Also, I believe plate B is just 400V, and Plate A carries no charge. So you're saying that the 400V will have no affect on how far the electron will travel? 5. May 28, 2013 #4 Simon Bridge User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Where did I lose you? I'm not saying your velocity is correct or not - I have, instead, provided a way you can check your own results. If you change your units, to electron-volts, you get an easier calculation - one where you are less likely to mess up the entry into the calculator. 1eV is the amount of kinetic energy gained by an electron accelerated though a potential difference of 1V... so KE calculations are easy. If I use ##E_0=mc^2##, then the mass of the electron comes to 511000eV in energy. To use these, I have to change the KE equation a bit ... just multiply by ##c^2/c^2## like this: $$E_K=\frac{1}{2}mv^2 = \frac{c^2}{c^2}\left ( \frac{mv^2}{2}\right ) = \frac{1}{2}(mc^2)\left (\frac{v}{c}\right )^2 = \frac{1}{2}E_0(v/c)^2$$... solve for v/c. Draw a free body diagram for the electron and do ##\sum \vec{F} =ma##. The effect is of the ballistics setup - only the charge on plate C changes the direction of "gravity". No - I am saying that the usual way this problem is set up - the accelerating potential does not have a significant effect on the horizontal direction once the electron has left it. In your case, it is not clear if this is intended. It's a judgement call and you are the one on the spot. What level are you doing this at? Last edited: May 28, 2013 6. May 28, 2013 #5 Im doing this at a Grade 12 level. I have yet to learn the ev measurements, as as such have no idea how to convert or manipulate them. Ill try some calculations Also, Eo means what exactly? Sorry, I'm not following this electron voltage stuff. Is there not a way to do it using Ek = Ep like I did above? Giving it a shot here: Ek = 1/2 (mc^2) (v/c)^2 400 / (1/2) = (511000) * ((3 * 10^8)^2) * (v/c)^2 800 / (4.6 * 10^22) = (v/c)^2 ( v/c ) = 1.32 * 10^-10 v = (1.32 * 10^-10) * (3 * 10^8) v= 0.04 Does that prove my answer, as this equation outputs in therms of % of speed of light? Last edited: May 28, 2013 7. May 28, 2013 #6 Simon Bridge User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper ##E_0=mc^2## it's the most famous equation in the world. Not bad - but ##mc^2=511000\text{eV}## so you don't need to multiply out with ##c^2##. The trick to manipulating equations is to do the algebra first and put the numbers in last. $$E_K=\frac{1}{2}E_0(v/c)^2 \Rightarrow \frac{v}{c}=\sqrt{\frac{2E_K}{E_0}}$$ ##E_0=511000\text{eV}\\ E_K=400\text{eV}## Leave your answer as a fraction of the speed of light. One of the reasons you do this is to see if the speed is relativistic. If v/c > 1 then there's something wrong. You want v/c << 1. eV are just units for energy - like Joules. You can look up the conversion. Use them the same way. It's just that they are very convenient for things like electrons. I had hoped it was just a quick check for you - but it seems that non-SI units is still a bit in the future for you ;) Still - may be a bit of fun to see what's coming up. 8. May 28, 2013 #7 Simon Bridge User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper The next step is more important - it looks a bit on the tough side for 12th grade but that's your problem right? Do you know how to do a free body diagram? From that you can get the accelerations in the x and y directions (assuming simple fields). You know the initial velocities. You know the suvat equations. 9. May 28, 2013 #8 Well, Its cool to see :D. And now I know. Maybe it will help me on my test tomorrow, who knows :P. Anyway, so by those calculations, that velocity is correct. So the next step is seeing what will change the electrons movement. So if we assume the Perpedicular Plate has no effect on the electron, that lets use just use the Point potential between plates C and D, right? Yea, its supposed to be tough :P. Yes, I know how to do a free body diagram, just not sure how to do one in this situation. Would it look something like this? Those are the only 2 forces, correct? If the Perpendicular plate is negligible, and theres no force applied in the X for the electron. If I break it down into X and Y components: V = 1.2 * 10^7 d = 0.03m t = 2.53 * 10^-9 s (0.03/(1.2 * 10^7)) Vo = 0 Vf = X d = 0.01m a = ? t = 2.53 * 10^-9s d = vot+1/2at^2 a = 3.122 * 10^15 m/s^2 ma = F (9.11 * 10^-31) * (3.122 * 10^15) = 2.84 * 10^-15 N F /q = E (2.84 * 10^-15) / (1.6* 10^-19) = 17777.78 N/C E = V/d 17777.78 * 0.01 = 177.78 177.78 + 100V = 277.78 or 278V Not sure if thats correct, just kinda went at it. But if I ended up with a Voltage like this, you'd really think the perpendicular Plate would have an affect on the electron. Last edited: May 28, 2013 10. May 28, 2013 #9 User Avatar Staff: Mentor Ooooh. Doing so well up to this point! But the distance between the horizontal plates is 2cm, not 1 cm. Ignoring "end effects", it's usually assumed that for charged plates E field is uniform and entirely confined to the space between them. 11. May 28, 2013 #10 Alright, so then 17777.78 * 0.02 = 355.56V 355.56 + 100V = 456V. Sounds a little more reasonable. Is that the correct answer? 12. May 28, 2013 #11 User Avatar Staff: Mentor It looks good to me :smile: 13. May 28, 2013 #12 Sweet Deal, thank you guys :) 14. May 28, 2013 #13 Sweet deal, thanks guys :) 15. May 28, 2013 #14 Simon Bridge User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Well done :) Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Compton Scattering Help 1. Sep 7, 2009 #1 48. If a 6.0 keV photon scatters from a free proton at rest, what is the change in the photon's wavelength if the photon recoils at 90 degrees? 52. A gamma ray of 700 keV energy compton-scatters from an electron. Find the energy of the photon scattered at 110 degrees, the energy of the scattered electron, and the recoil angle of the electron. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution 48. Since the angle is 90 degrees, the change in wavelength should be one compton wavelength. I don't see where the energy of the photon comes into play. 52. Again, I don't see where the energy comes into play. 2. jcsd 3. Sep 8, 2009 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member 48. You are correct here. For the change in wavelength you don't need the energy of the photon. 52. To find the new energy you need the new wavelength which you cannot find merely from the change in wavelength. You need to add the change in wavelength to the initial wavelength which you get from the initial energy.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Electron Spin 'technicality' of sorts 1. Oct 12, 2005 #1 I can't really find the section to put this in, it has to do with Chemistry .. but . really.. Quantum Chemistry and like..well, doing quantum numbers my teacher asked whether or not the first electron in an orbital was + 1/2 or -1/2. When doing it on my own I always just write 1/2 , and then +/- when the electron is paired , but my teacher is forcing a "class consensus." I kind of argued that it doesn't matter because its about the perspective , but he swears that there is something that dictates it. My reasoning for the 1/2 has always been that while its just the electron by itself it doesn't matter if its plus or minus, i just make sure that they all fillt he same , as soon as another is put in there, then I write its spin to characterize it with accordance to the other. I've searched high and low on the internet , and haven't had any luck finding anything that talks about it to any great depth. However I'm probably using some dumb vocabulary for what I'm wanting. So, for example.. you fill the up to the 2p orbital ... and then you put 2 electrons in .. 1 to the x and the other to the y ... Have I assumed correctly in that the spin of these is going tobe the same , spin x = spin y, or can the one in the x be -1/2 while the one in the y be 1/2? .. And, Is there any order for noting them? first e- in the px is +1/2 and 2nd is -1/2 or something? 2. jcsd 3. Oct 13, 2005 #2 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member Hmmm, now or you missed completely what your teacher told you, OR he/she is, eh, how should I put this without missing respect towards him/her... You are of course totally right that it doesn't matter whether you call it +1/2 or -1/2 ! Change the direction of the z-axis and you flip the sign :smile: Now, if for some odd reason he wants you all to normalize to a certain convention, why not, but you are right that this is purely conventional. But sometimes conventions are useful (for instance, to speed up correcting homework) HOWEVER, when filling in 2 or more electrons into two orbitals, it DOES matter what RELATIVE spin they have, and that's because there's a tiny interaction between the spins that favors "equal spin" a very small amount over "opposite spin". This is called Hund's rule http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund's_rule 4. Oct 13, 2005 #3 yeah, i always just made sure that when i had the general 1/2 out there that when I had to pick a sign I did. Example : px1 py1 pz1 all with 1/2... px2 py1 pz1 3 with +1/2 and 1 with -1/2, or visa versa
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Pendulum with a spring attached 1. Dec 31, 2015 #1 Mass = 0.2 kg Length of pendulum = 0.2 m Force constant 3 n/m 2. Relevant equations T = 2pi rad(m/k) Sum of Torque 3. The attempt at a solution I am really confused on where to start. I know you simply cannot plug it into the first equation listed above since all the mass isn't concentrated at the tip of the spring. I tried to find the distance the spring was compressed by attempting pythag, but that didn't work since I didn't have enough information. I attached the full question. Attached Files: 2. jcsd 3. Dec 31, 2015 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper Gold Member 2017 Award Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Speed of objects rolling down slopes 1. Oct 17, 2009 #1 I'm a bit confused about the speed of objects rolling down slopes. In my textbook, it says "Neither the mass nor the size of the object will affect its speed when rolling downhill." And that solid balls of different masses/sizes will all reach the bottom of the slope together. And then it goes on to say that because a hollow cylinder has mass far from the centre, it has a large rotational intertia, so gains a larger proportion of rotational Ek, so a smaller proportion of linear Ek, so it will have a slower speed when rolling downhill. Hence a solid ball (smaller I) will reach the bottom of the slope before the hollow cylinder. My ques is - if rotational inertia is what determines the speed of objects rolling down slopes, won't a larger solid ball have a larger rotational inertia than a smaller solid ball? So a larger solid ball should (by the reasoning above) have a slower speed, so will reach the bottom of the slope AFTER (not at the same time as) a smaller solid ball? Yet my textbook says "Large or small, light or heavy, all of these solid balls will reach the bottom of the slope together". Can someone help me clear up my confusion? 2. jcsd 3. Oct 17, 2009 #2 Let's just do the equation and see what we get Conservation of energy states [tex]\frac12 J\omega^2+\frac12 mv^2+mgh=\text{const}[/tex] where the energies are rotational energy, kinetic linear energy and potential energy. [itex]J[/itex] is the moment of inertia around the rolling axis. With [itex]v=\omega r[/itex] this simplifies to So the velocity only depends on height and [itex]\frac{J}{mr^2}[/itex]. For bodies with the same shape this expression is the same. 4. Oct 17, 2009 #3 Thanks Gerenuk!!! But do you mind explaining this: Why's it the same for bodies of the same shape? 5. Oct 17, 2009 #4 That's actually not quite a general statement. At least for object with some degree of symmetry (maybe cylindrical; like spheres or cylinders) it turns out that [tex]J=amr^2[/tex] where a is a constant (consider a scaling argument for [itex]J=\int r^2\mathrm{d}m[/itex]). This case is easy. Basically if an object with cylindrical symmetry (and constant radius) is scaled up or its mass density is changed, the expression [itex]J/(mr^2)[/itex] is invariant. I'm not sure how much one can generalize this statement. For rolling ellipsoids one actually has to check all preconditions again. I think all equations are valid again, however r would be the distance from ground to the center of mass which changes as the ellipsoid rotates and also the velocity in [itex]v=\omega r[/itex] is not the velocity of the center of mass projected along the inclination of the ground. And I guess [itex]J=amr_\text{avg}^2[/itex]. So I could image that this equal shape theorem doesn't apply for ellipsoids, but I haven't checked all details. Maybe someone else can clarify which class of objects reaches the end of the track at the same time. I wouldn't be surprised if someone is able to prove that a general upscaling of the physical situation gives same time for rolling. But that would also mean that for comparing rolling at one type of slope only, on needs a self-similar slope, i.e. a flat slope. Last edited: Oct 17, 2009
Teaching Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology courses students with knowledge of theories and research concerning the sub-discipline of psychology that explores mental processes such as perception, thinking, learning and memory especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. Cognitive psychology is connected to many disciplines. Those interested in studying cognitive psychology could be students focusing on behavioral neuroscience, linguistics, industrial-organizational psychology, or even artificial intelligence. Teachers, educators and curriculum designers consider this branch of psychology valuable because it allows them to learn more about how people process, learn and remember information. Engineers, scientists, artists, architects and designers can all benefit from understanding internal mental states and processes. The topics examined by cognitive psychologists concern aspects of people's everyday experience that are often taken for granted. Yet these topics can present significant challenges to the understanding of human psychology. Programs of study may be designed to help students prepare for careers in pure research — typically in university settings — or applied research in industry, where the skills of cognitive psychologists are in demand. The training goal is achieved through coursework, research experience, teaching experience, and scholarly interaction. To improve research skills, students are required to actively take part in research throughout the course they attend. Students typically begin research under the supervision of their faculty mentor and then become increasingly more independent as they progress. Students, especially those in the United States, are expected to publish their work in professional journals. Since many students who graduate obtain positions in an academic setting, they are encouraged to gain some teaching experience. This experience includes serving as teaching assistants in the early part of their graduate training and teaching courses in the later part of their graduate careers. Therefore, to foster the development of teaching skills, some educational institutions help students obtain direct teaching experience and provide additional opportunities to develop teaching skills, if desired. Students may be invited to teach lecture-oriented courses. Cognitive psychology introductory courses usually start with a definition of cognitive psychology and identification of key milestones in the creation of cognitive psychology as a type of discipline. They also include discussions about the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology and an explanation of the role of the brain in cognitive functions. Teachers of cognitive psychology try to provide better understanding of processes such as the cognitive approach to psychology, memory, language and thinking. Therefore, a typical cognitive psychology course would be divided into separate units to offer students insights into these processes. For example, a part of the course would be dedicated to the cognitive approach — the approach of trying to understand how the mind works when processing information, how it perceives aspects of the environment, how it pays attention to certain things and how it manages to recognize objects and people. Another part would deal with memory and the different kinds of memory and their different properties. A section could focus on language and how individuals process language. It would consider topics such as the use language to categorize objects and explores the rich interaction between language and thought. Yet another section will explore thinking and question such as how we reason, how we make decisions and how we solve problems. The process of teaching cognitive psychology should not dispense with the topics of emotion and consciousness that present direct challenges to the cognitive approach. Including these topics will help students learn more about how different aspects of cognitive psychology are linked but will also illustrate how different areas of psychology can be used together. It will also examine how cognitive psychology can be applied in different contexts, for instance, in the field of eyewitness testimonies. Teaching cognitive psychology often involves experimentation which is believed to help develop skills associated with designing, running and analyzing experiments. The experiments, aimed at finding out how people acquire, process and store information, often require research laboratories with modern equipment and individual testing rooms equipped with additional computing resources available for experimental design and analysis. Teaching Cognitive Psychology: Selected full-text books and articles Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists By Lawrence W. Barsalou Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992 Cognitive Process Instruction: Research on Teaching Thinking Skills By Jack Lochhead; John Clement Franklin Institute Press, 1979 Foundations of Cognitive Science: The Essential Readings By Jay L. Garfield Paragon House, 1990 Context and Cognition: Ways of Learning and Knowing By Paul Light; George Butterworth Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993 An Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology By Anthony Esgate; David Groome; Kavin Baker; David Heathcote; Richard Kemp; Mora Maguire; Corriene Reed Psychology Press, 2005 Applications of Cognitive Psychology: Problem Solving, Education, and Computing By Dale E. Berger; Kathy Pezdek; William P. Banks Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987 Cognitive Psychology Applied By Chizuko Izawa Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993 Experienced Cognition By Richard A. Carlson Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997 Complex Problem Solving: Principles and Mechanisms By Robert J. Sternberg; Peter A. Frensch Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991 Looking for a topic idea? Use Questia's Topic Generator Search by... Author Show... All Results Primary Sources Peer-reviewed
Term Paper on Managerial Psychology Psychology Term Paper: Managerial psychology is the discipline which is aimed at the study of the peculiarities of management from the point of view of psychology. Naturally, every manager or the leader of the team of employees has to possess profound knowledge on the human psychology and the peculiarities of communication and resolution of the existing conflicts. The manager is the person who is responsible for the effectiveness of the department of the group of employees who are united with the single type of work and with the single goal. The manager has to possess developed communicational skills and knowledge about the human behaviour, its cause and effect, the human emotions, the issues on employee encouragement, job satisfaction, etc. The success of a manager depends on his knowledge about the job motivation of every employee, because if the leader is aware about techniques of the encouragement of the employee, he will improve the employee’s performance. Read more about Managerial Psychology term paper writing help here! Then, the manager influences the time and schedule of production and sets the goals and priorities in the efficient way. Finally, the task of the manager is to resolve conflicts in order to make the employee’s work more productive as every conflict is associated with stress and reduction of the employee’s performance. Moreover, the conflicts also spoil the quality of the work, because the quarrelling employees spoil the results of one another in order to put one another in the bad light. Obviously, management can not exist without psychology, because the leader’s duty is to organize the process of work well and to motivate employees and resolve their conflicts. Managerial psychology is the discipline which involves knowledge on psychology in the field of management. The student can prepare a successful term paper if he dwells on the elements of managerial psychology and observes the issue about the tasks, strong and weak sides of the discipline, its relevance and effectiveness. One is able to demonstrate the peculiarities of managerial psychology on the definite example from the real life. The student should illustrate in what way psychology is connected with management and how important is the knowledge about the human behaviour, temperament and emotions for the effectiveness of employees and their job satisfaction. The success of a term paper depends on the student’s experience and the level of his writing skills, so that if one wants to complete a good term paper, he will not be able to do it without the professional piece of help of a free example term paper on managerial psychology designed by the real expert. It is quite wise to rely on the advice of a free sample term paper on managerial psychology if one wants to make his assignment look logical and well-formatted. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom term paper on Managerial Psychology topics. Your academic paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional term paper help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized term paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Custom Term Paper on Managerial Psychology Enjoy our professional term paper writing service! Leave a Reply
Letter C The Definition of Cover Hold Arsenal Exchange - Firearms Classifieds - Industry Directory 19 Other Firearms Definitions You Need To Know The diameter of the bore of a firearm measured as a fraction of an inch. Although such a measurement may be frequently stated in millimeters. It is correctly expressed as ".40 caliber" (note the decimal point) or as "10 millimeter" (without "caliber" or the leading decimal point). Caliber numbers when used to identify the size of the bullet a gun will file are usually followed by words or letters to create the complete name of the cartridge. These letters often represent a brand name or an abbreviation for the name of the company that first introduced the round. Ballistic Fingerprint A fired case has marks upon it that it picked up from the extractor, ejector, and breechface of the gun when the shot went off. A bullet fired through a rifled barrel also has rifling marks unique to the barrel that launched it. A record of these marks, when stored in a central database, is called a ballistic fingerprint. Some states require this record to be made by law, so that individual guns can be located from bullets or casings found at the scene of a crime. Three Rules See also The Four Rules Hammer Spur The thumb-piece on the top rear of the hammer that enables it to be manually drawn back to full cock. The device that aids the eye in aiming the barrel of a firearm in the proper direction to hit a target.They can be a mechanical, optical, or electronic device. Iron sights or sometimes as open sights, consist of specially-shaped pieces of metal placed at each end of the barrel. The sight closest to the muzzle end of the gun is called the front sight, while the one farthest from the muzzle (and nearest to the shooter) is called the rear sight. Saddle Ring A steel ring, around an inch in diameter, mounted to a stud, usually on the left side of the receiver of a carbine, to which may be tied a leather thong to secure it to a saddle or a scabbard so as not to lose the carbine when riding a rambunctious horse. Hair Trigger A trigger that breaks from an extremely light touch. A smooth, sometimes contoured plate, within a magazine, at the top of a spring, across which cartridges slide when being loaded into a chamber. Gloaming Sight Howdah Pistol Internal Safety A safety which is placed within the gun and is not accessible to the user. Internal safeties are generally designed to prevent unintentional discharges when the gun is dropped or mishandled. Attribute of a break-open gun whereby the barrels drop down simply by pressing the toplever without muscling them open manually. The Holland & Holland system utilizes a coil spring within a cylindrical housing mounted just ahead of the forward lump to urge the barrels open. The Purdey system utilizes residual energy remaining in the mainspring after the gun has been fired. Both systems enable a shooter to load more quickly when birds are coming fast. Spiral grooves formed into the bore of a gun barrel, which cause the bullet to spin upon firing, thus stabilizing it much like a thrown football. Rifling may be cut, swaged, or forged into the barrel. Gas Operated The superheated air created by burning powder. A gas-operated firearm is one that uses the energy from these superheated gases to work the action in semi-automatic and automatic guns. Kentucky Rifle Usually referred to as a Kentucky Long Rifle or simply Longrifle, the Kentucky Rifle is a flintlock rifle with a long barrel and short, crooked stock. It is widely believed to be a largely unique development of American rifles that was uncommon in European rifles of the same period. The Kentucky Long Rifleis an early example of a firearm using rifling, (spiral grooves in the bore). This gave the projectile, commonly a round lead ball, a spiraling motion, increasing the stability of the trajectory. Rifled firearms saw their first major combat usage in the American colonies during the Seven Years war, and later the American Revolution in the eighteenth century.
Wednesday, 17 January 2007 Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Part 2 Last time we discussed the climate change impact of airplane travel. Bottom line: a couple of flights can easily wipe out all your other efforts to live a low-carbon lifestyle, so fly only when you absolutely need to and be sure to offset your flight's climate impact. Now for trains. Ground-based public transport is low-carbon because the emissions from the train or bus can be spread over a large number of passengers. A packed train does not consume much more energy than an empty one, so the more people you can cram into each train, the lower the emissions per passenger mile. Similarly, high-speed rail is not significantly more polluting than slower trains, so Government support for faster trains to replace short-haul flights can make a big difference. And with any luck you can walk or bike to the station - which is after all the cleanest and healthiest way to travel. A moderately full train emits only 6.5 kg 65 grams of CO2 per passenger mile - about the same as three people in a hybrid car. But this is only a average figure. Actual emissions will also vary depending on the type of train and the operating company. For an electric train, the emissions depend on where the operator sources electricity. A train powered by electricity from renewable energy sources is essentially zero-carbon; while emissions from coal-fired electricity will be quite a bit higher. The same applies to diesel trains. Diesel trains can consume a huge amount of fuel, with higher than average per-passenger CO2 emissions. In fact, a half-empty diesel train may emit more CO2 per passenger mile than a small hybrid car. Richard Branson wants to tackle this problem by running the Virgin Trains fleet with a mix of biodiesel and regular diesel fuel. While biodiesel produced in the UK isn't carbon-free, it's still an improvement over business as usual. As you pay your fare and squeeze into your train carriage on the way to work tomorrow morning, take a moment to smile at all the other passengers joining you on the way to a low-carbon economy. You might even enjoy the trip. (Carbon Clear Homepage)
The Principles of Mathematics (1903) § 153 (1) The kind of equality which consists in having the same number of parts has already been discussed in Part II. If this be indeed the meaning of quantitative equality, then quantity introduces no new idea. But it may be shown, I think, that greater and less have a wider field than whole and part, and an independent meaning. The arguments may be enumerated as follows: (α) We must admit indivisible quantities; (β) where the number of simple parts is infinite, there is no generalization of number which will give the recognized results as to inequality; (γ) some relations must be allowed to be quantitative, and relations are not even conceivably divisible; (δ) even where there is divisibility, the axiom that the whole is greater than the part must be allowed to be significant, and not a result of definition.(§ 153 ¶ 1) (α) Some quantities are indivisible. For it is generally admitted that some psychical existents, such as pleasure and pain, are quantitative. If now equality means sameness in the number of indivisible parts, we shall have to regard a pleasure or a pain as consisting of a collection of units, all perfectly simple, and not, in any significant sense, equal inter se; for the equality of compound pleasures results on this hypothesis, solely from the number of simple ones entering into their composition, so that equality is formally inapplicable to indivisible pleasures. If, on the other hand, we allow pleasures to be infinitely divisible, so that no unit we can take is indivisible, then the number of units in any given pleasure is wholly arbitrary, and if there is to be any equality of pleasures, we shall have to admit that any two units may be significantly called equal or unequal[103]. Hence we shall require for equality some meaning other than sameness as to the number of parts. This latter theory, however, seems unavoidable. For there is not only no reason to regard pleasures as consisting of definite sums of indivisible units, but further—as a candid consideration will, I think, convince anyone—two pleasures can always be significantly judged equal or unequal. However small two pleasures may be, it must always be significant to say that they are equal. But on the theory I am combating, the judgment in question would suddenly cease to be significant when both pleasures were indivisible units. Such a view seems wholly unwarrantable, and I cannot believe that it has been consciously held by those[104] who have advocated the premisses from which it follows.(§ 153 ¶ 2) (β) Some quantities are infinitely divisible, and in these, whatever definition we take of infinite number, equality is not coextensive with sameness in the number of parts. In the first place, equality or inequality must always be definite: concerning two quantities of the same kind, one answer must be right and the other wrong, though it is often not in our power to decide the alternative. From this it follows that, where quantities consist of an infinite number of parts, if equality or inequality is to be reduced to the number of parts at all, it must be reduced to number of simple parts; for the number of complex parts that may be taken to make up the whole is wholly arbitrary. But equality, for example in Geometry, is far narrower than sameness in the number of parts. The cardinal number of points in any two continuous portions of space is the same, as we know from Cantor; even the ordinal number or type is the same for any two lengths whatever. Hence if there is to be any spatial inequality of the kind to which Geometry and common-sense have accustomed us, we must seek some other meaning for equality than that obtained from the number of parts. At this point I shall be told that the meaning is very obvious: it is obtained from superposition. Without trenching too far on discussions which belong to a later part, I may observe (a) that superposition applies to matter, not to space, (b) that as a criterion of equality, it presupposes that the matter superposed is rigid, (c) that rigidity means constancy as regards metrical properties. This shows that we cannot, without a vicious circle, define spatial equality by superposition. Spatial magnitude is, in fact, as indefinable as every other kind; and number of parts, in this case as in all others where the number is infinite, is wholly inadequate even as a criterion.(§ 153 ¶ 3) (γ) Some relations are quantities. This is suggested by the above discussion of spatial magnitudes, where it is very natural to base equality upon distances. Although this view, as we shall see hereafter, is not wholly adequate, it is yet partly true. There appear to be in certain spaces, and there certainly are in some series (for instance that of the rational numbers), quantitative relations of distance among the various terms. Also similarity and difference appear to be quantities. Consider for example two shades of colour. It seems undeniable that two shades of red are more similar to each other than either is to a shade of blue; yet there is no common property in the one case which is not found in the other also. Red is a mere collective name for a certain series of shades, and the only reason for giving a collective name to this series lies in the close resemblance between its terms. Hence red must not be regarded as a common property in virtue of which two shades of red resemble each other. And since relations are not even conceivably divisible, greater and less among relations cannot depend upon number of parts.(§ 153 ¶ 4) (δ) Finally, it is well to consider directly the meanings of greater and less on the one hand, and of whole and part on the other. Euclid's axiom, that the whole is greater than the part, seems undeniably significant; but on the traditional view of quantity, this axiom would be a mere tautology. This point is again connected with the question whether superposition is to be taken as the meaning of equality, or as a mere criterion. On the latter view, the axiom must be significant, and we cannot identify magnitude with number of parts[105].(§ 153 ¶ 5) § 153 n. 1. I shall never use the word unequal to mean merely not equal, but always to mean greater or less, i.e. not equal, though of the same kind of quantities. § 153 n. 2. E.g. Mr Bradley, What do we mean by the Intensity of Psychical States? Mind, N. S. Vol. IV; see esp. p. 5. § 153 ¶ 6. Compare, with the above discussion, Meinong, Ueber die Bedeutung des Weberschen Gesetzes, Hamburg and Leipzig, 1896; especially Chap. I, § 3.
Instrumentally Speaking Hi, everyone. This is Liza. I seem to have instruments on the mind right now because of what my students have been studying in recent weeks, so I thought I would post a few ideas I use in my classroom to familiarize students with the instrument families. I don't know about you, but we all have the old standby activities we have used for years and for me they can get old fast...Peter and the Wolf, Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Zin Zin a Violin, The Philharmonic Gets Dressed, instrument bingo (when there is a sub), and the list goes on. Over the last few years I have tried to come up with some new and more interesting (for me AND the students) ways to review instruments in each family not only aurally but also visually. If any blog readers have fantastic new ideas on this topic, I would love to hear them in the comments! In my school's curriculum, kindergarteners learn about classroom instruments and the 4 orchestral instrument families and then in every other grade 1st through 5th, each grade concentrates specifically on two of the families, so by 5th grade they've studied each family in depth twice. Here are a few ideas I have used recently. Some of these are great for a sub, even a non-music sub...or for those days when the teacher is sick and can't sing. I'm on my 2nd round of antibiotics right now myself. Instrument Family Manipulatives I make a manipulative similar to this for each family. The instrument pictures and names are printed on card stock, but then cut apart the names into individual squares. Staple either a baggie or an envelope to the back of each instrument picture card and put the little pieces with the names into the envelop or bag. These manipulatives can then be used for many different activities. 1. Students work with partners (as practice) or alone (as assessment) to identify the instruments by placing the name of the instrument on top of its picture. 2. Students work on aural rather than visual identification. Play a short example of an instrument and students then place a bingo chip (or the name card for that instrument) on the instrument pic they heard. 3. Students review facts about the instruments in the family. For example: Which instruments are bowed? Which are plucked? Which come from China? Which are typically used in an orchestra? Which have 4 strings? 4. Students can categorize instruments by family (one page has Strings,Woodwind, Brass, Percussion then you cut apart instrument pictures from all of the families) or categorize percussion instruments as woods, metals, or membranes (one page has woods, metals, and membranes printed on it, then cut apart pictures of various percussion instruments). Instrument 4 Corners This adaptation of the 4 corners game can also be played in many ways to practice visual and aural ID of instruments. 1. Hang pictures only of the instruments from a family around the music room. Call out an instrument name (and/or shows a sign with the word) and students walk to the correct instrument called. 2. Hang signs with only the names of the instruments only and then show the class a picture of an instrument and students walk to the correct name for that picture. 3. Hang signs with both the pictures and names of the instruments around the music room and then play a short example of that instrument and students walk to the correct instrument. 4. Hang signs with the names of the four instrument families around the room then shows pictures of various instruments and students walk to the correct family in which that instrument belongs. When we first play any version of this game it is just practice and I joke about "tricking" the students who go to the wrong place in the room. Once students become more familiar with the instruments it can be played as an elimination game in which students who go to the wrong instrument or sign must sit on the carpet and be out for the rest of that round, but if they are sitting nicely on the carpet they may rejoin us when we play the next round. My students have become amazingly accurate at identifying instruments in the families both visually and aurally and are now much more capable of identifying specific instruments heard in other listening lessons we do. They will play this game over and over with joy. Instrument Basketball 1. Tape pictures of the instruments from the family being studied on small boxes and mark 2 tape lines on the floor, the 2 point shot line, and the 3 point shot line. 2. Divide the class into 2 teams and a student from each team comes up to play. Call out the name of an instrument. Students had to decide whether to try a 2 point shot (closer to the boxes) or a 3 point shot (farther away). 3.Students have to not only know the correct instrument, but also make it into the box to earn points for their team. (I don't comment on whose answer was correct or incorrect until both teams' players shoot so as not to influence the 2nd player's instrument choice). Teammates on the carpet are not allowed to give help/call out or their team forfeits points for that turn. 4. You can also play this with instrument family boxes, show a pic of an instrument, and they shoot into the box for the correct family. Although I haven't done it yet, I suppose you could have them play this game for aural practice as well. Individual Answer Baggies and Flip Card Packs I make up baggies that are individual answer packs to use for various things such as quick non-paper, pencil assessment. I have baggies with instrument pictures for each instrument family (baggies each include all of the instruments from that family students are familiar with) and I have instrument flip card packs as well, for instance a pack of 4 cards that say String, Brass, Woodwind, Percussion or a pack that says Wood, Metal, Membrane that are hole punched and on one of those book rings. Then instead of a whole group game like the above activities, students can practice or be assessed alone or with a partner on the carpet. I've found them quite useful for many things. 1. I might play a short sample of an instrument and students have to flip their flip card to show me if the instrument they heard was a string, brass, woodwind, or percussion instrument. (Or show a picture, or say the instrument name as in previous activities) 2. We might do a rapid fire review in which I name instruments and students identify and hold up the picture for that instrument from their baggie as quickly as they can. (Or for aural ID as before) Instrument Cakewalk 1. Place instrument picture cards (cardstock preferable for durability) in a circle on the floor. There should be enough pictures to equal the number of students in the class. 2. As music is played on the stereo, students walk around the outside of the circle. When music stops, all students place feet on one of the cards. 3. The teacher then draws an instrument name out of the hat and asks, "Who has the ____? If the child standing on that card can identify their instrument I give them a sticker. I often use the rule that students who get 2 stickers in a round sit out until we play another round so others have a better chance to have their instrument called. Those are some of my recent ideas. What ideas do YOU have for helping students identify instruments? I would love to hear your creative, new ideas. 1. Thanks for your blog post! I've struggled with where and how to add instrument identification past classroom instruments into my curriculum. I've mostly focused on it in fourth and fifth, because those are the grades I take the the symphony. I'll definitely be adding some of these ideas! 2. A few years back I purchased an awesome software program that has helped immensely with aural and visual identification of instruments (orchestral and world). It also includes great resources for all of the musical elements. It's called Daydream Education. At the time I purchased it, it was based solely out of the UK, which made it difficult to use for some concepts (particularly with rhythmic terminology). However, they now have the American version, which I also purchased. The kids LOVE it. Plus, it has great little games the students can play to test their aural identification skills, which is a quick and fun way for me to check for understanding :) 3. Jennifer, I've never heard of Daydream Education but I'll check it out now. Thanks! Lindsey, in my charter schools which instrument families are studied in which grades is tied into what units are being studied in that grade. For instance, my students begin recorder in 2nd grade (I see every grade every day and students can be in band in 3-5, thus recorder in 2nd). They also do a unit on the Harlem Renaissance in their regular classroom, so we study jazz in 2nd grade music. We study woodwind and brass families in this grade and jazz musicians who play those instruments, and students learn to improvise on their recorders and do simple scat. In 1st grade at my school students study Chinatown (which is near my school) and my school has a population of students from China, Japan, and Who are Tibetan. So we study Chinese and Japanese music in 1st grade. We learn about string and percussion families and instruments from China and Japan that are in these families. Students learn to play simplified taiko drumming (taiko rhythm syllables are much like at and titi and accessible to younger students). That's why you see the inclusion of erhu, pipa, and guzheng in my example picture on the post. I think it helps a lot to find natural places in your curriculum where it makes sense to focus on a particular family and then students learn in more depth across the curriculum, if you know what I mean. Maybe it would help to think of it that way. 4. Wow. I just saw how long my reply comment was above. Sorry!!! 5. This comment has been removed by the author. 6. I wrote a blog post about Daydream Education if you're interested in learning more. You can find it here: I would LOVE to have my students every day! I see mine twice a week for 25 minutes. My students are always saying, "Music class is over already!" I can't help but feel guilty when I know they want to spend more time in my class. Back to Top
image-1Ellen Langer’s Harvard lab’s current research continues to explore, extend, and refine mindfulness theory across several domains. Most of the work in progress is concerned with the interaction of mindfulness and health, business, and education. In the area of health, members of the lab are examining new ways of understanding and ameliorating problems people have with a variety of conditions. In business, we are conducting research into mindful leadership, mindful contagion (i.e the effect of one person’s mindfulness on another), and mindful decision-making. Included in mindful decision-making is work that compares the effects of single versus multiple goals and work that considers ways to reduce the time it takes to become psychologically prepared to engage in a new task. In education, we are examining areas such as mindful reading and mindful learning. As our lab discussions make clear, each project informs the others. The Langer Mindfulness Scale
Interesting Question Selected Correspondence: 18 July 2006 Ethical value metrics This metric reflects the expected increase in universal entropy caused by the existence of an organism over the future course of the universe compared to the organism not existing (or being killed, if that is the question). Since this is usually uncomputable due to our inability to predict the deep future in this way, we might (a) do some sort of future discounting or modify the metric to (b) only include the entropy increase of the universe for the expected duration of the organisms life. This metric ("m") is natural in several ways: let A and B be individuals. Let everything else be equal between the individuals unless otherwise stated and let us use the (b) metric unless otherwise stated. Then the metric is natural is the sense that: 1) if A lives longer than B, then m(A)>m(B) 2) if A does more work / consumes more energy than B, without stealing it from a more efficient consumer then m(A)>m(B) 3) (if we're counting descendents too) if A has more offsping than B then m(A)>m(B) 4) if A is bigger than B then generally 2) is implied 5) if A does not kill capriciously, then m(A)>m(B) 6) if A recycles waste and uses the extra energy then m(A)>m(B) 7) if A does not "burn down the forests" without what most people consider good cause, then m(A)>m(B) 8) descendents set up solar panels on mars or otherwise tap new energy sources: then m(A)>m(B) 9) descendents spread out geographically, otherwise act the same: then m(A)>m(B) Laughter is fear and relief. Fear is all around. Every step is conditioned by the fear of falling. It is the relief from primitive anxiety and alarm responses that give rise to laughter. The release of the breath that wasn't needed. That sudden surprise rendered harmless by higher perception. Wonder, when accompanied by the expression of laughter is the unknown and fearful transformed. A transformation by subconscious brain functions typically of sub second duration. A transformation that takes the unknown and therefore possibly lethal and yields up the unknown and harmless to observe. Something to be explored, understood and remembered by wide eyed curiosity. Those eyes wide to suck in the world and a memory hungry for its details. A psychological and physiological stance that makes the unknown known. A state of maximal observational learning. Doing the Mont Park shuffle He was clean shaven, 20 kilos heavier and one year older, but he was still Antony. The last time we met his slender build and long orange hair & beard cast him as a modern Celtic Jesus. The last time we met he believed he could see dark matter and emit ultra violet rays. The last time we met he had cursed my evil heart and run off into the night. He was my oldest friend in Australia and now found himself in the East Ringwood mental health repatriation centre. One year ago I had received a phone call from Sydney where Antony was visiting his sister. "Julian," he said, "I want to come and see you. I want to talk about to you about Quantum Mechanics,". That's the way he said it. Quantum Mechanics. I had met Antony when I was 14 when we were both in "hell", a school in rural Victoria and one of 37 I'd attended on during my itinerant minstrel childhood. We were bright sensitive kids who didn't fit into the dominant subculture and feircely castigated those who did as iredeemable boneheads. This unwillingness to accept the authority of a peer group considered risible was not appreciated. I was quick to anger and brutal statements such as "You're a bunch of mindless apes out of Lord of the Flies" when faced with standover tactics were enough to ensure I got into a series of extreme fights and I wasn't sorry to leave when presented with the dental bills of my tormentors. Antony fared better. He wasn't new and had a social deftness that allowed him to side step and keep his contempt hidden where mine exuded from every pore. ``What is the most noble emotion Julian?'' he asked one day. ``Curiosity,'' I said after some thought. ``No,''. he said, ``Anger.'' My journal from our last meeting contains the following entry: Antony arrives from Sydney with girl in toe. A' Mid-length hair and beard, both carrot red. A' decked out in hippy attire. Strong contrast to previous 'tough man' image. Newage fruitiness is now all consuming. A' attempting to dominate J' [brother]. A' can see "dark matter", emit UV rays, is a 15th (3*5) plane yogi, 27th dan Kung Foo Spirit Master. A' casts a voodoo spell "of death" on Michael B. by "cutting the throat" of my ceramic goose. A' clearly suffering some type of schizophrenia. V. poor reality testing and is of unstable affect. Poor reality testing fuelled by reading of Calos Castenida, occult books, etc. Much worse compared to last observation circa 18 months ago, but perhaps madness (then) was concealed as hypochondria. Situation v. sad. Believe A' will be in mad house or dead within 5 years and tell him so... ...A' lucid but intensely verbalising his theories / religious wank. I try to snare A's delusions. He becomes aggressive and frightened, accusing me of "psychotronically raping" girl from last night. I push him further. He disavows my evil heart and flees into the night. But now he was at the East Ringwood mental health repatriation centre. His smile was shaky but characteristic. His physical edges rounded off by weight gain and his imagination dulled by anti-psychotics. His limbs and jaw gently shuddered with some frequency. He still had his classical guitar and chemistry books. His sensitivity and insight were not completely gone. His diagnosis was paranoid schizophrenia with co-morbid depression. The etiology (cause) of onset probably his drug synthesis experiments combined with genetic susceptibility. His prognosis unknown. In his schizophrenic state he'd had phrases for the most subtle feelings. He had challenged me to deny the reality of 'psyhic vampires' -- those people look at you a certain way, trying to suck out your soul. But I found myself stumbling. There were such people and psychic vampires was a good phrase for them. He'd managed to push internal feeling onto external perception and use the change in perception to name the phenomena. But he'd turned up his gain so much feedback was breaking out everywhere. During his schizophrenic state he'd given me a gold metallic card and said with great earnestness ``Julian. I think the fine lines on this card are picking up neutrinos from the 4-5 helium cycle in the Sun. I'm sure it's getting heavier. Please take it to the Dept of Physics to be weighed''. What delicacy there is in setting the controls on the amplifier of a human being. In the right context the tiny energy carried by the snap of a distant twig must be sufficient to cause immediate flight and a billion fold liberation of energy. An optimally perceptive brain must always be near the critical point of activing in response to its own internal noise. When I asked about the cause of his shaking, suggesting a dopamine antagonist, he said ``No. It's one of the other anti-psychotics. If you look closely you'll notice a number of people around here acting the same way. Julian... we're all doing the Mont Park shuffle''. Don't need a weather man to know which way the wind blows When writing I like to extremise my perceptions inorder to give them clarity. If a weather cock's tail is long, you know which way the wind is blowing. A shorter tail is more ambiguous and no tail at all is like hippies saying "energy" -- could be anything. Well, you might argue, "If there are ambiguities in reality there should be ambiguities in its description", for even in the strongest southern gale there are swirling vortices all around. Yes, but these are second order effects. It is the weather cock's tail alone that gives the sailer his direction. -Runaway consumerism explains the Fermi Paradox. What do guitars, lollies, lipstick, tamagotchis, padded bras, pornography, movies, opium, Ever Quest, and 98% of any Australian newspaper in common? They are all technologies of emmotional manipulation which distort our perceptions for the benefit of their masters. Language centres in our neocortex may claim to "know" they are fake, but these words only feebly suppress those primitive areas of the brain which give rise to our feelings, colour our memories and command our attention. These non-verbal processing regions of the brain have not evolved to deal such sensory sophistry. For them, sensing is believing. Hence the feelings in a young woman's breast buffeted by the flashing lights and impossibly sonorous tones of the amplified rock star; master of a 20 KiloWatt Adam's apple and by inference a super man having the chest cavity of God. Hence the dilated pupil of a man glancing at skin tone pigments on matted wood fibres, a pattern of vision that once meant love was not only in the air but ready and willing, prostrate on the ground. Hence the wariness of the horror movie attendee when returning home and opening the door of what was, and infact still is, a pefectlty innocent closet. Hence understanding Neighbors instead of neighbors and having Friends instead of friends. Hence the poker machine addict. Hence the dramatic rise in the economic take of powerful industries built around using advances in technology to stuff our heads with false feelings and memories. Not content to be zero sum, in exchange for our wealth and time these industries generally leave us less able to function by decalibrating our emotional and intellectual repore with reality. "But, I like it you cold hearted Lutheran, you Stoic, you stone mason, you Zeno loving stick in the mud!". Well naturally, since the whole game is to manipulate your feelings, it is not suprising that you have positive associations about your perceptual opium, is is, after all, what keeps you going back to your dealer. Such deceptions, previously known as "Art", as in "Artifice" or "Artful" have a long history of successful human parasitation. But the industrial control of and rapid advances in the ability to successfully falsify sense data has no historical analog. I have previously argued that a possible explanation for the Fermi Paradox (why don't there seem to be any aliens, dude) is the existence of a developmental ceiling created by technological advances flowing into the perceptual manipulation industry till it gobbles up through diversion and wealth destruction all economic growth. The credulous will not inherit the earth, but they'll get to play a game where they do. A beautiful reality and a beautiful dream. What really seems to seperate blue-collar work from the professions is that the latter involves manipulation of human perception. The result being that long term success is more about how well you relate to other people than how well you can perform technically. There's no simple performance metric for doctors, lawyers, academics or businessmen; these are professions of perception control and not only the first two prey on inducing hopes and fears. Many worlds The measurement paradox seems to be going away as people have filled in the details on many worlds / environmental decoherence. This hasn't come from arm chair philosophising so much as out of real modeling problems from quantum computation. I don't understand this well enough yet to say anything meaningful, but my five second take is that it does for the measurement problem what entropy does for the arrow of time and in much the same way; by denying an independent dimension to the phenomenon and instead extrapolating it from the behavior of a statistically large ensemble. The discussion is not purely philosophical, because you need something like this if you want to think usefully about the behavior of nano sized "measurement" devices. It's not that many worlds predicts different results to Copenhagen, but that you can't think about some quantum computation problems easily enough with Copenhagen to be able to make a prediction at all. And here I give an analogy: All measurements are rational numbers but physics is full of complex numbers. All you ever do in physics is connect, through computers and brains one rational number (settings on an experiment) to another (results of a measurement). So why is physics full of complex numbers? Because they permit us to out think those too pure to use them and here follows the analogy; by the time any measurement gets into my brain it is in a form that satisfies Copenhagen since it has interacted with a macro ensemble (apparatus and my flesh) and likewise the setup of any macro experiment satisfies Copenhagen. But in the middle we may use any consistent trick that aids our thinking. The "tricks" are as real as their power to produce predictions consonant with described reality, for this, in some sense is the definition of understanding.
Osteoporosis is due to loss of bone density caused by a deficiency in such bone building nutrients such as calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and other vitamins and minerals. This results in fragile bones. One of the most common results of fragile bones is vertebral compression fractures. While these types of fractures can be the result of trauma or tumors, they are seen most often in people with osteoporosis. In fact, they are the most common complication of osteoporosis. In people with advanced osteoporosis, compression fractures can occur as the result of simple daily activities such as bending, carrying heavy loads, or a minor fall. This compression fractures causes chronic back pain, loss of height deformity (“humpback”), and, in severe cases, neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in legs. These fractures are diagnosed on X-rays. MRI Scan may be advised for further evaluation Bone Mineral Density Scan is advised to assess the severity of osteoporosis. Treatment for compression fractures include pain medications, bed rest, bracing. If there is no relief modern procedures such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty help in pain relief. These procedures utilise orthopedic cement, which is injected into the vertebrae. The cement hardens and returns the vertebral space to its original height. Preventing osteoporosis is key to preventing compression fractures. Prevention efforts should begin early with eating a well-balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, exercising daily, and making healthy lifestyle choices like not smoking. In people for whom osteoporosis is already a problem, there are medications that can help increase bone density and strength. For these people, a healthy diet and exercise is also very important.
Strength and Power Strength and power are two components of fitness that are necessary in the widest range of sports and daily activities. It has been shown through a lot of research that strength and power are one of the key determining factors for performance in sports like rugby, American football, sprinting, throwing sports, gymnastics and a host of others. In addition to sports these two components provide a whole range of other benefits to all sorts of non-sport related activities. Many years ago it was determined by researchers that strength was a key factor for health in elderly people. It prevents falls, allows for greater mobility and also contributes to the health of the endocrine system. However in recent years it has been shown that power, in addition to strength, is even more important for elderly people. That is, the ability to exert force faster. If an old lady trips then her muscles need to correct her balance immediately, which involves absorption of force. This is a characteristic of power. But here’s the thing, strength and power in sports can be a mystery with regard to how and in what ratio it should be developed. Take a thrower for instance, this relates to any throwing sport like javelin, shot put, discus etc. Throughout the years they have used intensive strength training programmes. But what if that is not the best way? Russian Kettlebell Quick Start Kit I’ll use shot put as the example, and I have covered this before to some degree. The shot weighs 16lbs and has to be launched as far as possible. The shot always weighs this much, it never changes. The strength training programme of a shot putter is phenomenal. He/she will train to lift enormous amounts of weight on exercises like the squat, deadlift, push-press, clean etc. Now this is extremely helpful, but it may get to a point where the effort to benefit ratio makes it invalid. Allow me to explain; if a shot weighs 16lbs and never changes then it makes sense that you only need to be strong enough to move that weight at maximum speed. At a certain level of strength development you have to shift your focus onto power. Why? Because it requires the same force as it always has to throw 16lbs, but what makes it go further each time is not extra force, it is extra velocity. So training should, at a certain point, be shifted towards the development of that same force at a greater velocity. This is not achieved through pounding away in the gym lifting yet heavier weights. Personal Training Take the chance to train one on one with a Personal Evolution trainer or join one of our groups throughout Sydney. We also run seminars and corporate wellness programmes internationally. For more information call 0412 602 746 or click here for more information. So how is it achieved then? Sports specific exercises that allow for the production and development of adequate force at high velocity. This includes exercises such as the clean, plyometrics, heavy throws, elastic resistance at max speed and a whole variety of other ways. This applies in all sports, not just shot put, but hopefully it gives you something to think about. The guy that jumps the highest can no doubt squat a lot of weight, but he is unlikely to be the heaviest squatter in the world. This amazing jumper simply exerts enough force at a fast enough rate to propel himself higher into the air than anyone else. Please don’t make the mistake of thinking I am discrediting strength training. There is no way known to mankind I would do that. Strength training is an essential component of any athletic conditioning programme, however it needs to be used intelligently and the correct ratio of strength and power needs to be understood for the task at hand. This applies across all sports that involve rapid movement and also in day to day activities and for the purpose of good health and daily function. RCK Authentic Kettlebells Contact Us Please enter the word that you see below. Return to our home page from strength and power
How Interest Rates Affect Agricultural Markets Download 62K pdf file ("how_interest_rates_affect_agricultural_markets.pdf")PDF This Week Introduction \| Impacts of Interest Rates on Agricultural Markets \| Summary \| Definitions \| Return to Marketing Principles page Interest rates have significant impacts on the agricultural industry by affecting the cost of borrowing money, investment decisions and values of farmland. This module explains how interest rates are determined, the different types of interest rates, the agriculture finance system in Canada, and how interest rates impact agricultural markets. What is the interest rate? Interest is the amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender’s money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt securities, such as bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the loan matures. In the case of operating loans from the bank, interest is paid in instalments based on an annual rate of interest for the life of the loan. In the case of bonds, the bond buyer (the lender) pays less than face value for the bond at the time of purchase. At maturity the buyer receives a lump sum payment equal to the amount originally paid plus the accumulated interest. The interest earned on the bond equals the full or face value of the bond less the amount originally paid for the bond when it was purchased. Changes in interest rates directly affect profitability of the agricultural sector by influencing borrowing, spending and investing, since agriculture is a capital-intensive industry. Changing interest rates indirectly impact agriculture through affecting the level of general economic activity, such as output and employment, exchange rates and international trade. What factors influence the interest rate? Interest rates are determined by the supply of money and demand for money within an economy. The demand for money is based on people’s desire for current spending and investment opportunities. The major source of the supply of money is from savings and the willingness of consumers, firms, and governments to delay spending. The demand for and supply of money can also be influenced through the monetary policy of a country’s central bank, in Canada, the Bank of Canada. The major target of Canadian monetary policy, which the Bank of Canada and the federal government have established, is to keep inflation low and stable. The Bank of Canada uses its powers to influence the credit conditions that exist in the economy. The two main tools the Bank of Canada uses to influence the money supply are the Target for the Overnight Rate (see Definitions) in the drawdown/redeposit mechanism and through Open Market Operations (see Definitions). The Bank of Canada influences very short-term interest rates, which in turn influence the direction of the long-term rates and may lead to movements in the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar. There are different types of interest rates, such as the bank rate, prime rate, and market rate (see Definitions). These types of interest rates are nominal rates of interest. The nominal interest rate is composed of two parts: one part covers the expected inflation, and the other part represents the real rate of return, which is referred to the real rate of interest. The real interest rate is the difference between the nominal interest rate and the expected rate of inflation. For instance, if the nominal interest rate is 6 per cent and the expected inflation rate is 2 per cent, the real interest rate would be 4 per cent. Theoretically, what determines the real rate of interest is the productivity of capital. That is, the real rate of interest within a country is based on the return from investments on physical capital goods like a herd of cattle, for example. In practice, interest rates in Canada are broadly determined by three factors: interest rates in the US, the relative inflation rates in both countries, and the relative stances of each country’s monetary policies. The agricultural finance system in Canada Agricultural credit is a proportion of the total business and household credit demand. Interest rates on farm loans are mainly decided outside of the agricultural sector. However, farm-lending rates vary at the micro-level with respect to financial conditions of the borrower, lender risk-bearing ability, borrower and lender maturity, borrower and lender liquidity and size of the agricultural loan. The Canadian agricultural sector is a capital-intensive industry. According to statistics Canada, total Canadian farm debt had an average annual growth rate of 7.3 per cent from 2015 to 2016, with the total farm debt outstanding at $96 billion. In Canada, agricultural loan funds can be obtained from various sources such as chartered banks, federal government agencies, provincial government agencies, credit unions, insurance and trust companies, private individuals, and advance payment programs. Impacts of Interest Rates on Agricultural Markets Interest rates affect agricultural markets in three major ways, costs of holding inventory, effect on investment decisions such as land, machinery and input purchases and overall farm business risk associated with possible rising interest rates. Costs - Interest expenses on holding inventory could have a significant impact on farm profitability and associated agribusinesses. The cost of holding inventory is the interest paid if the business has debt or the interest that would have been collected, usually called opportunity costs, if the inventory had been sold. In practice, interest rates can vary in a large range from four to six per cent for operating loans to 18 to 24 per cent for short-term loans from agri-businesses. High interest rates usually result in additional financial burden for agribusinesses Interest costs must be included in the calculation of any cost of production analysis. For example, when determining the breakeven for feeder cattle, the interest cost for purchasing the calves must be included in the analysis. Even if the calves come from within the operation, the interest foregone from the sale of the calves should be included in the cost calculation. Investment - Business investment is negatively affected by increasing interest rates, particularly the real interest rate. Investment refers to spending on land, buildings, machinery, equipment and inventories, which are for use in future production. The decision on whether to invest, how much to invest and when to invest in a project depends on the comparison of the expected rate of return on the investment and the interest rate. If investors think the rate of return on a project is higher than the interest rate, they will carry out the project. Therefore, farmers and agri-businesses will have more incentives to invest when interest rates are low. In contrast, high interest rates will deter investment, since investment becomes more costly with rising real interest rates. Higher interest rates may slow the rate of investment in a particular sector as well. Interest rates are a key determinant of agricultural land values. In most cases, farmland prices are determined by the relationships between expected earnings and interest rates. Higher interest rates will lower the expected earnings by making borrowing and cost of production more costly. Interest rates are critical in considering the base of wealth in agriculture, since farmland and buildings account for over half of all farm assets in Canada. Interest rate risk Unexpected and adverse movement of interest rates is a source of operating risk for farms and agri-businesses. A sudden increase in interest rates may result in higher than planned interest expenses if a business is holding a variable rate loan. Higher interest expenses reduce profitability of farms and agri-businesses, discourage investment and decrease farmland values. A strategy for avoiding losses caused from an expected increase in interest rates may be to lock in a fixed rate loan when the interest rates are lower. Interest rates are determined by the supply and demand for money within an economy. The central bank can influence rates by changing monetary policy. Agricultural loans can be obtained from various sources, such as chartered banks, federal & provincial government agencies, credit unions, insurance and other financial institutions, private individuals and advance payment programs. Interest rates affect agricultural markets through the changing costs, influencing investment decisions, and interest rate risk. Target for the Overnight Rate The Target for the Overnight Rate is the main tool used by the Bank of Canada and is also known as the policy interest rate. It tells major banks what the average interest rate that the Bank wants to see in the market where they lend each other money overnight. (Source: Bank of Canada) Open Market Operations Open Market Operations (OPO) refers to the purchasing and selling of governments securities in the open market with the intention of contracting or expanding the amount of money in the banking system. The Bank Rate The Bank Rate is the interest rate that the Bank of Canada (BoC) charges on one-day loans to financial institutions. The Bank Rate is highly related to the overnight rate. The Bank Rate is at the top end of the Operating Band. For example, if the operating band is between 3 to 3.5 per cent, the Bank Rate would be 3.5 per cent. The Bank Rate and the Operating Band are adjusted at the same time. The Bank of Canada announces these rate changes according to a calendar of eight fixed days every year. (Source: Bank of Canada) The Prime Rate The Prime Rate is a benchmark rate of interest established by commercial banks and is the rate charged for large loans made to their most credit worthy business and industrial customers. The prime rate is generally the lowest rate of interest charged by a bank, with other loans calculated as a certain amount “over prime”. The Market Rate The Market Rate of interest is the rate charged by the bank to customers other than those that qualify for the prime rate. A market rate can vary from loan to loan according to the perceived risks, the size and the length of the loan, the nature of collateral offered and competition in the loan market. Share via AddThis.com This document is maintained by Erminia Guercio. This information published to the web on August 15, 2005. Last Reviewed/Revised on November 30, 2017.
“What Is and What Was: The Ottoman Empire According to a 19th Century American Diplomat” is an intellectual history of David Porter, a navy officer turned diplomat, during the early years of his post to the Ottoman Empire. This research analyzes Porter’s writings to ascertain what influenced his perceptions of the Ottoman Empire and its people. To a greater extent, this project seeks to understand the construction of “the Other” and whether or not Porter understood the empire as such. Ultimately, this research would argue that the common understanding of how American’s viewed the Middle East at this time was far more complex, and requires a reevaluation. you may Download the file to your hard drive.
Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg Haudenosaunee Territory.png Former full territories within Haudenosauneega Total population 125,000 (2010, est.) Regions with significant populations North America United States 80,000 Canada 45,000 Northern Iroquoian languages (including Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora), English, French Longhouse Religion, Karihwiio,[clarification needed] Kanoh'hon'io,[clarification needed] Kahni'kwi'io,[clarification needed] Christianity, others The Iroquois (/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/) or Haudenosaunee (/ˈhdənˈʃni/)[1] (People of the Longhouse) are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the "Iroquois League", and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy", and to the English as the "Five Nations", comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. After 1722, they accepted the Tuscarora people from the Southeast into their confederacy, and became known as the "Six Nations". The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their tribes as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, and by offering shelter to displaced peoples. Culturally all are considered members of the clans and tribes into which they are adopted by families. The historic St. Lawrence Iroquoians, Wyandot (Huron), Erie, and Susquehannock, all independent peoples, also spoke Iroquoian languages. In the larger sense of linguistic families, they are often considered Iroquoian peoples because of their similar languages and cultures, all culturally and linguistically descended from the Proto-Iroquoian people and language; however, they were traditionally enemies of the nations in the Iroquois League.[2] In addition, Cherokee is an Iroquoian language. The Cherokee people are believed to have migrated south from the Great Lakes area in ancient times, settling in the backcountry of the Southeast United States, including what is now Tennessee. In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the United States.[citation needed] The most common name for the confederacy, Iroquois, is of somewhat obscure origin. The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603, where it occurs as "Irocois".[3] Other spellings appearing in the earliest sources include "Erocoise", "Hiroquois", "Hyroquoise", "Irecoies", "Iriquois", "Iroquaes", "Irroquois", and "Yroquois", as the French transliterated the term into their own phonetic system.[4] In the French spoken at the time, this would have been pronounced as [irokwe] or [irokwɛ].[5] Over the years, several competing theories have been proposed for this name's ultimate origin— the earliest such proposal is by the Jesuit priest Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, who wrote in 1744: The name Iroquois is purely French, and is formed from the [Iroquoian-language] term Hiro or Hero, which means I have said – with which these Indians close all their addresses, as the Latins did of old with their dixi – and of Koué, which is a cry sometimes of sadness, when it is prolonged, and sometimes of joy, when it is pronounced shorter.[6] In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious, and that "no other nation or tribe of which we have any knowledge has ever borne a name composed in this whimsical fashion".[6] Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa "they who smoke" or Cayuga iakwai "a bear". J.N.B. Hewitt responded to Hale's etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words exist in the respective languages. His preferred etymology at the time was from Montagnais irin "true, real" and ako "snake", plus the French -ois suffix, though he later revised his theory to state that the source was Algonquin Iriⁿakhoiw.[7][8] However, none of these etymologies gained widespread acceptance. By 1978 Ives Goddard could write: "No such form is attested in any Indian language as a name for any Iroquoian group, and the ultimate origin and meaning of the name are unknown."[9] A more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué, meaning "terrible man", via the reduced form irokue. Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač, meaning "a man, an Iroquois", as the origin of this term. For the first element irno, Day cites cognates from other attested Montagnais dialects: irinou, iriniȣ, and ilnu; and for the second element kwédač he suggests a relation to kouetakiou, kȣetat-chiȣin, and goéṭètjg – names used by neighboring Algonquian tribes to refer to the Iroquois, Hurons, and Laurentians.[10] More recently, Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for "Iroquois". Basque fishermen and whalers are known to have frequented the waters of the Northeast in the 1500s, so much so that a Basque-based pidgin developed for communication with the Algonquian tribes of the region. Bakker claims that it is unlikely that "-quois" derives from a root specifically used to refer to the Iroquois, citing as evidence that several other Indian tribes of the region were known to the French by names terminating in the same element, e.g. "Armouchiquois", "Charioquois", "Excomminquois", and "Souriquois". He proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa (via the intermediate form irokoa), from the Basque roots hil "to kill", ko (the locative genitive suffix), and a (the definite article suffix). In favor of an original form beginning with /h/, Bakker cites alternate spellings such as "hyroquois" sometimes found in documents from the period, and the fact that in the Southern dialect of Basque, the word hil is pronounced il. He also argues that the /l/ was rendered as /r/ since the former is not attested in the phonemic inventory of any language in the region (including Maliseet, which developed an /l/ later). Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as "the killer people". It is similar to other terms used by Eastern Algonquian tribes to refer to their enemy the Iroquois, which translate as "murderers".[11][12] The Five Nations historically referred to themselves by a different autonym, Haudenosaunee, meaning "People of the Longhouse".[13] It is also occasionally preferred by scholars of Native American history, who consider the name "Iroquois" to be derogatory in origin as arising from colonists.[14] This name derives from two phonetically similar but etymologically distinct words in the Seneca language: Hodínöhšö:ni:h, meaning "those of the extended house," and Hodínöhsö:ni:h, meaning "house builders".[15][16][9] The name "Haudenosaunee" first appears in English in Lewis Henry Morgan (1851), where it is written as Ho-dé-no-sau-nee. The spelling "Hotinnonsionni" is also attested from later in the nineteenth century.[17][18] An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is occasionally encountered as well.[19] This term derives from the Mohawk kanǫhsyǫ́·ni ("the extended house"), or from a cognate expression in a related Iroquoian language, and is frequently encountered in earlier sources variously spelled "Kanosoni", "akwanoschioni", "Aquanuschioni", "Cannassoone", "Canossoone", "Ke-nunctioni", or "Konossioni".[20] More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also often referred to simply as the Six Nations (or, for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722, the Five Nations).[21] The word is Rotinonsionni in the Mohawk language.[22] Iroquois Confederacy Map of the Five Nations (from the Darlington Collection) The Iroquois Confederacy is believed to have been founded by the Peacemaker in 1142, bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into "The Great League of Peace".[23] Each nation within this Iroquoian confederacy had a distinct language, territory, and function in the League. Iroquois influence at the peak of its power extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes and down both sides of the Allegheny mountains into present-day Virginia and Kentucky and into the Ohio Valley. The original Iroquois League (as the French knew them) or Five Nations (as the British knew them), occupied large areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania. From east to west, the League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. In or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League,[25] having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement. Also an Iroquoian-speaking people, the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations. Other independent Iroquoian-speaking peoples, such as the Erie, Susquehannock, Huron (Wendat) and Wyandot, lived at various times along the St. Lawrence River, and around the Great Lakes. In the American Southeast, the Cherokee were an Iroquoian-language people who had migrated to that area centuries before European contact. None of these was part of the Haudenosaunee. Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the member nations. The Iroquois and most Iroquoian peoples have a matrilineal kinship system; with descent and inheritance passing through the maternal lines. Children are considered born into their mother's clan and take their social status from her family. The clan mothers, the elder women of each clan, are highly respected. The women elders nominate the chief for life from the clan, and own the symbols of his office. When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States, primarily in what is referred to today as Central New York and Western New York, west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region, and upstate New York along the St. Lawrence River area downstream to today's Montreal.[26] French, Dutch and British colonists in both New France (Canada) and the what became the Thirteen Colonies recognized a need to gain favor with the Iroquois people, who occupied a significant portion of lands west of colonial settlements. Their first relations with them were for fur trading, which was favorable and became lucrative to both sides. The colonists also sought to establish positive relations to secure their settlement borders. The Iroquois remained a politically unique, undivided, large Native American polity up until the American Revolution. The League kept its treaty promises to the British Crown. But when the British were defeated, they ceded the Iroquois territory without consultation; many Iroquois had to abandon their lands in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere and relocate in the northern lands retained by the British. The Crown gave them land in compensation for the 5 million acres they had lost in the south, but it was not equivalent to earlier territory. The Iroquois League has also been known as the "Iroquois Confederacy". Modern scholars distinguish between the League and the Confederacy.[27][28][29] According to this interpretation, the Iroquois League refers to the ceremonial and cultural institution embodied in the Grand Council, while the Iroquois Confederacy is the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization. According to that theory, "The League" still exists. The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War.[27] Today's Iroquois/Six Nations people do not make any distinction between "The League" and "the Confederacy" and use the terms interchangeably, preferring the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The League has since been compared to a modern day example of anarcho-communism[31] or libertarian socialism.[32] Knowledge of Iroquois history stems from Haudenosaunee oral tradition, archaeological evidence, accounts from Jesuit missionaries, and subsequent European historians. Historian Scott Stevens credits the early modern European value for the written word over oral tradition and cultures as contributing to a prejudiced, racialized element within writings about the Iroquois that continued into the 19th century.[33] The historiography of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate, especially regarding the American colonial period.[34][35] Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages because of comparisons to French culture; the Jesuits perceived them to lack government, law, letters, and religion.[36]:p.153 But the Jesuits made considerable effort to study their languages and cultures, and some came to respect them. A major problem with contemporary European sources from the 17th and 18th centuries, both French and British, was that Europeans, coming from a patriarchal society, did not understand the matrilineal kinship system of Iroquois society and the related power of women.[37] The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod, writing about the relationship between the Canadian Iroquois and the French in the time of the Seven Years' War, said: Most critically, the importance of clan mothers, who possessed considerable economic and political power within Canadian Iroquois communities, was blithely overlooked by patriarchal European scribes. Those references that do exist, show clan mothers meeting in council with their male counterparts to take decisions regarding war and peace and joining in delegations to confront the Onontio [the Iroquois term for the French governor-general] and the French leadership in Montreal, but only hint at the real influence wielded by these women".[38] Eighteenth-century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois, supplemented by such images as John Verelst's Four Mohawk Kings, and publications such as the Anglo-Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by Benjamin Franklin.[36]:p.161 One historical narrative persistent in the 19th and 20th centuries casts the Iroquois as "an expansive military and political power ...[who] subjugated their enemies by violent force and for almost two centuries acted as the fulcrum in the balance of power in colonial North America".[36]:p.148 Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century, including Joseph Brant (Mohawk), and David Cusick (Tuscarora). John Arthur Gibson (Seneca, 1850 – 1912) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker.[39] Notable women historians among the Iroquois emerged in the following decades, including Laura "Minnie" Kellog (Oneida, 1880–1949) and Alice Lee Jemison (Seneca, 1901–1964).[36]:p.162 Formation of the League Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes.[40][a] Reliable sources link the origins of the Iroquois confederacy to 1142 and an agricultural shift when corn was adopted as a staple crop.[41] Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450.[42][43] Arguments have been made for an earlier date.[note1 1] Meeting of Hiawatha and Deganawidah by Sanford Plummer One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League's origins.[44][45][46] They subsequently created a highly egalitarian society. One British colonial administrator declared in 1749 that the Iroquois had "such absolute Notions of Liberty that they allow no Kind of Superiority of one over another, and banish all Servitude from their Territories."[47] Anthropologist Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450. He has said that recent claims for a much earlier date "may be for contemporary political purposes".[48]:p.231 In contrast, other scholars note that at the time when anthropological studies were made, researchers consulted only male informants, although the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females. Thus half of the historical story, that told by women, was lost.[49] For this reason, origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha, while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women.[49] According to oral traditions, the League was formed through the efforts of two men and one woman. They were Dekanawida, sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker, Hiawatha, and Jigonhsasee, known as the Mother of Nations, whose home acted as a sort of United Nations. They brought the Peacemaker's message, known as the Great Law of Peace, to the squabbling Iroquoian nations, who were fighting, raiding and feuding with one another and other tribes, both Algonkian and Iroquoian. Five nations originally joined as the League, giving rise to the many historic references to Five Nations of the Iroquois[b] or as often, just The Five Nations.[40] With the addition of the southern Tuscarora in the 18th century, these original five tribes are the ones that still compose the Haudenosaunee in the early 21st century: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. Other Iroquoian-language peoples,[50] including the populous Wyandot (Huron), with related social organization and cultures, became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war.[c] They did not join the League when invited[d] and were much reduced after the Beaver Wars and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases. While the First Nations and Native Americans sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with one nation or another, through the French and Indian War. The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war, the North American front of the Seven Years War. In warfare the tribes were decentralized, and often bands acted independently. With the formation of the League, internal conflicts were minimized. The council of fifty thereafter ruled on disputes, seeking consensus in their decisions.[40] Raids within the member tribes ended, and they directed warfare against competitors. This allowed the Iroquois to increase in numbers while their rivals declined.[40] The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th- and 18th-century northeastern North America. The confederacy did not speak for all five tribes, which continued to act independently. But about 1678,[40] the council exerted more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New York.[40] Thereafter, the editors of American Heritage write the Iroquois became very adroit at playing the French off against the British,[40] as individual tribes had played the Swedes, Dutch, and English.[40] The editors of American Heritage magazine suggest the Iroquois spokesmen were as politically sophisticated as many a modern politician.[40] As has been noted above, other Iroquoian-language peoples were encountered by early European colonists. While the tribes raided each other, they also traded with the members of the Iroquois who were nearby.[40] The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquois in the early 1670s.[52] The Erie and peoples of the upper Allegheny valley declined earlier during the Beaver Wars. By 1676 the Susquehannock[e] were known to be broken as a power from the effects of three years of epidemic disease, war with the Iroquois, and frontier battles, as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe.[40] Around 1535, Jacques Cartier reported Iroquoian-speaking groups on the Gaspé peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River. Archeologists and anthropologists have defined the St. Lawrence Iroquoians as a distinct and separate group (and possibly several discrete groups), living in the villages of Hochelaga and others nearby (near present-day Montreal), which had been visited by Cartier. By 1608, when Samuel de Champlain visited the area, that part of the St. Lawrence River valley had no settlements, but was controlled by the Mohawk as a hunting ground. The fate of the Iroquoian people that Cartier encountered remains a mystery, and all that can be stated for certain is when Champlain arrived, they were gone.[56] On the Gaspé peninsula, Champlain encountered Algonquian-speaking groups. The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated. On 29 July 1609, Champlain assisted his allies in defeating a Mohawk war party by the shores of what is now called Lake Champlain, and again in June 1610, Champlain fought against the Mohawks.[57] The Iroquois became well known in the southern colonies in the 17th century by this time. After the first English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia (1607), numerous 17th-century accounts describe a powerful people known to the Powhatan Confederacy as the Massawomeck, and to the French as the Antouhonoron. They were said to come from the north, beyond the Susquehannock territory. Historians have often identified the Massawomeck / Antouhonoron as the Haudenosaunee. Other Iroquoian-language tribes included the Erie, who were destroyed by the Iroquois in 1654 over competition for the fur trade.[58][page needed] The Five Nations of the League established a trading relationship with the Dutch at Fort Orange (modern Albany, New York), trading furs for European goods, an economic relationship that profoundly changed their way of life and led to much over-hunting of beavers.[59] Map of the New York tribes before European arrival: Beaver Wars Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in a decades-long series of wars, the so-called Beaver Wars, against the French, their Huron allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the Petun, Erie, and Susquehannock.[59] Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade, they put great pressure on the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast (the Lenape or Delaware), the Anishinaabe peoples of the boreal Canadian Shield region, and not infrequently fought the English colonies as well. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron (1649), Petun (1650), the Neutral Nation (1651),[61][62] Erie Tribe (1657), and Susquehannock (1680).[63] The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur trade in order to access European goods on which they had become dependent.[64][page needed][65][page needed] Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view, arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the "Mourning Wars", which were an integral part of early Iroquoian culture.[66] This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large-scale attacks against neighboring tribes in order to avenge or replace the massive number of deaths resulting from battles or smallpox epidemics. In 1628, the Mohawk defeated the Mahican to gain a monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange (present-day Albany), New Netherland. The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch.[59] By 1640, there were almost no beavers left on their lands, forcing the Iroquois to play the role of the middlemen in the fur trade, as Indian peoples to the west and north possessed the beavers with the thick pelts that the Europeans would pay the best price for.[59] In 1645, a tentative peace was forged between the Iroquois and the Huron, Algonquin, and French. In 1649 during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois used recently purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron, who were allied with the French. These attacks, primarily against the Huron towns of Taenhatentaron (St. Ignace) and St. Louis in what is now Simcoe County, Ontario were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy.[69] The Jesuit missions in Huronia on the shores of Georgian Bay were abandoned in the face of the Iroquois attacks with the Jesuits leading the surviving Hurons east towards the French settlements on the St. Lawrence.[67] The Jesuit Relations expressed some amazement that the Five Nations had been able to dominate the area "for five hundred leagues around, although their numbers are very small".[67] From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock, located to their south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success. In 1665, three of the Five Nations made peace with the French. The following year, the Governor-General of New France, the Marquis de Tracy, sent the Carignan regiment under to confront the Mohawk and the Oneida.[71] The Mohawk avoided battle, but the French burned their villages, referred to as "castles" by the French, and crops.[71] In 1667, the remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow their missionaries to visit their villages. The French Jesuit missionaries were known as the "black-robes" to the Iroquois, who began to urge that Catholic converts should relocate to the village of Caughnawga outside of Montreal.[71] This treaty lasted for 17 years. Iroquois conquests 1638–1711 Some[which?] old histories state that the Iroquois defeated the Susquehannock during this time period. As no record of a defeat has been found, historians have concluded that no defeat occurred.[72] In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation.[73] In January 1676, the Governor of New York colony, Edmund Andos, sent a letter to the chiefs of the Iroquois asking for their help in King Philip's War as the English colonists in New England were having much difficulty fighting the Wampanoag under the leadership of Metacom.[74] In exchange for guns from the English, which the Iroquois greatly valued, an Iroquois war party launched a devastating raid on the Wampanoag in February 1676, destroying villages and with them, supplies of food while taking many prisoners.[74] By 1677, the Iroquois formed an alliance with the English through an agreement known as the Covenant Chain. By 1680, the Iroquois Confederacy was in a strong position, having eliminated the Susquehannock and the Wampanoag, taken vast number of captives to increase the size of their population, and had secured an alliance with the English that guaranteed supplies of guns and ammunition.[75] Together the allies battled to a standstill the French, who were allied with the Huron. These Iroquoian people had been a traditional and historic foe of the Confederacy. The Iroquois colonized the northern shore of Lake Ontario and sent raiding parties westward all the way to Illinois Country. The tribes of Illinois were eventually defeated, not by the Iroquois, but by the Potawatomi. In 1679, the Susquehannock, with Iroquois help, attacked Maryland's Piscataway and Mattawoman allies. Peace was not reached until 1685. During the same period, French Jesuit missionaries were active in Iroquoia, which led to a voluntary mass relocation of many Haudenosaunee to the St. Lawrence valley at Kahnawake and Kanesatake near Montreal.[76] It was the intention of the French to use the Catholic Haudenosaunee in the St. Lawrence valley as a buffer to keep the Haudenosaunee allied with the English living in what is now upstate New York away from Montreal, the center of the French fur trade.[77] The attempts of both the English and the French to use their Haudenosaunee allies for their own purposes were foiled as the two groups of Haudenosaunee showed a "profound reluctance to kill one another".[78] Following the move of the Catholic Iroquois to the St. Lawrence valley, historians commonly describe the Iroquois living outside of Montreal as the Canadian Iroquois while the Iroquois who remained in the historical heartland of Iroquoia in modern upstate New York are described as the League Iroquois.[79] In 1684, the governor of New France, Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre, decided to launch a putative expedition against the Seneca, who were attacking French and Algonquian fur traders in the Mississippi river valley, and asked for the Catholic Haudenosaunee to contribute men for his expedition.[80] La Barre's expedition ended in fiasco in September 1684 when influenza broke out among the troupes de la Marine while the Canadian Iroquois warriors refused to fight, instead only engaging in verbal battles as they exchanged insults with the Seneca warriors.[81] King Louis XIV of France was not amused when he heard of La Barre's failure, which led him to sack La Barre as governor of New France, and sent as his replacement, Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville, Governor of New France from 1685 to 1689, who arrived in August with orders from the king to crush the Haudenosaunee confederacy.[82] The Sun King had instructed Denonville to ensure that the "grandeur" of France be respected even in the most remotest woods of North America. In 1687, the Marquis de Denonville set out for Fort Frontenac (modern Kingston, Ontario) with a well-organized force. In July 1687 Denonville took with him on his expedition a mixed force of troupes de la Marine, French-Canadian militiamen, and 353 Indian warriors from the Jesuit mission settlements, of which 220 were Haudenosaunee.[83] They met with 50 hereditary sachems from the Onondaga council fire, who came under a flag of truce in what on the north shore of Lake Ontario in what is now southern Ontario.[84] Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles, France, to be used as galley slaves.[85] Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at the way in which French enslaved a diplomatic party that had come under the flag of truce and had enslaved all of the Cayuga people living in several villages on the north shore of Lake Ontario, which led to least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca.[86] Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered, saying that as an "civilized European" he did not respect the customs of "savages" and would do as he liked with them. On 13 August 1687, an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man; however the Seneca had mistaken the advance party for the main French force and fled when the main French force came up.[87] The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused orders from Denonville to pursue the retreating Seneca.[88] They finally exhausted and defeated Denonville and his forces. His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac, who succeeded Denonville as Governor for the next nine years (1689–1698). Frontenac had been arranging a new plan of attack to lessen the effects of the Iroquois in North America. Realizing the danger of continuing to hold the sachems, he located the 13 surviving leaders of the 50 originally taken and returned with them to New France in October 1689. In 1690, Frontenac destroyed the village of Schenectady and in 1693 Ffrontenac burned down three Mohawk villages and took 300 prisoners.[89] In 1696, Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois, although at this time he was seventy-six years of age. Frontenac decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga this time, instead of the Mohawk whom were the favorite enemies of the French.[89] On July 6, he left Lachine at the head of a considerable force and traveled to the village of the Onondaga, where he arrived a month later. With support from the French, the Algonquian nations drove the Iroquois out of the territories north of Lake Erie and west of present-day Cleveland, Ohio, regions which they had conquered during the Beaver Wars.[90] In the meantime, the Iroquois had abandoned their villages. As pursuit was impracticable, the French army commenced its return march on August 10. Under Frontenac's leadership, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare, taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements. The Iroquois never threatened the French colony again.[91] French and Indian Wars After the 1701 peace treaty with the French, the Iroquois remained mostly neutral. During the course of the 17th century, the Iroquois had acquired a fearsome reputation among the Europeans, and it was the policy of the Six Nations to use this reputation to play off the French against the British in order to extract the maximum amount of material rewards.[92] In 1689, the English Crown provided the Six Nations goods worth £100 in exchange for help against the French, in the year 1693 the Iroquois had received goods worth £600, and in the year 1701 the Six Nations had received goods worth £800.[93] The Iroquois program toward the defeated tribes favored assimilation within the 'Covenant Chain' and Great Law of Peace, over wholesale slaughter. Both the Lenni Lenape, and the Shawnee were briefly tributary to the Six Nations, while subjected Iroquoian populations emerged in the next period as the Mingo, speaking a dialect like that of the Seneca, in the Ohio region. During the War of Spanish Succession, known to Americans as "Queen Anne's War", the Iroquois remained neutral, through leaning towards the British.[89] Anglican missionaries were active with the Iroquois and devised a system of writing for them.[89] Iroquois engaging in trade with Europeans, 1722 In 1711, refugees from is now southern-western Germany known as the Palatines appealed to the Iroquois clan mothers for permission to settle on their land.[96] By spring of 1713, about 150 Palatine families had leased land from the Iroquois.[97] The Iroquois taught the Palatines how to grow "the Three Sisters" as they called their sample crops of beans, corn and squash and where to find edible nuts, roots and berries.{{sfn\|Paxton\|2008\|p=13]] n their return, the Palatines taught the Iroquois how to grow wheat and oats and how to use iron ploughs and hoes to farm.[97] As a result of the money earned from land rented to the Palatines, the Iroquois elite gave up living in longhouses and started living in European style houses, having an income equal to a middle-class English family.[97] By the middle of the 18th century, multi-cultural world had emerged with the Iroquois living alongside German and Scots-Irish settlers.[98] The settlements of the Palatines were intermixed with the Iroquois villages.[99] In 1738, an Irishman, William Johnson, who was successful as a fur trader, settled with the Iroquois.[100] Johnson who become very rich from the fur trade and land speculation, learned their languages of the Iroquois while bedding as many of their women as possible, become the main intermediary between the British and the League.[100] In 1745, Johnson was appointed the Northern superintendent of Indian Affairs, formalizing his position.[101] On 9 July 1755, a force of British Army regulars and the Virginia militia under General Edward Braddock advancing into the Ohio river valley was almost completely destroyed by the French and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Monogahela.[101] Johnson, who had the task of enlisting the League Iroquois on the British side, led a mixed Anglo-Iroquois force to victory at Lau du St Sacrement, known to the British as Lake George.[101] In the Battle of Lake George, a group of Catholic Mohawk (from Kahnawake) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk-led British column; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other. Johnson attempted to ambush a force of 1, 000 French troops and 700 Canadian Iroquios under the command of Baron Dieskau, who beaten off the attack and killed the old Mohawk war chief, Peter Hendricks.[101] On 8 September 1755, Diskau attacked Johnson's camp but was repulsed with heavy losses.[101] Through the Battle of Lake George was a British victory, the heavye losses taken by the Mohawk and Oneida at the battle caused the League to declare neutrality in the war.[101] Despite Johnson's best efforts, the League Iroquois remained neutral for next several years and a series of French victories at Oswego, Louisbourg, Fort William Henry and Fort Carillon ensured the League Iroquois would not fight on what appeared to be the losing side.[102] In February 1756, the French learned from a spy, Ou8tatory, an Oneida chief, that a British were stockpiling supplies at the Oneida Carrying Place, a crucial portage between Albany and Oswego to support an offensive in the spring into what is now Ontario.[103] As the frozen waters melted south of Lake Ontario on average two weeks before the waters did north of Lake Ontario, the British would be able to move against the French bases at Fort Frontenac and Fort Niagara before the French forces in Montreal could come to their relief, which from the French perspective necessitated a preventive strike at the Oneida Carrying Place in the winter.[103] To carry out this strike, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor-General of New France, assigned the task to Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, an officer of the troupes de le Marine, who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place.[104] The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition, which left Montreal on 29 February 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British, not the League Iroquois, and they would not be assaulting a fort.[105] On 13 March 1756, an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place, which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back, as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties, and many did in fact abandon the expedition.[106] On 26 March 1756, Léry's force of troupes de le Marine and French-Canadian militiamen, who had not eaten for two days, received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull.[107] As far as the Canadian Iroquois were concerned, the raid was a success as they captured 9 wagons full of supplies and taken 10 prisoners without losing a man, and for them, engaging in a frontal attack against the two wooden forts as Léry wanted to do was irrational.[108] The Canadian Iroquois informed Léry "if I absolutely wanted to die, I was the master of the French, but they were not going to follow me".[109] In the end, about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Léry's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of 27 March 1756, when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort, finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon.[110] Of the 63 people in Fort Bull, half of whom were civilians, only 3 soldiers, one carpenter and one woman survived the Battle of Fort Bull as Léry reported "I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the Canadians. They killed everyone they encountered".[111] Afterwards, the French destroyed all of the British supplies and Fort Bull itself, which secured the western flank of New France.[111] At the same day, the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull, and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull; for the Iroquois, prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe.[112] The crucial difference between the European and First Nations way of war was that Europe had millions of people, which meant that British and French generals were willing to see thousands of their own men die in battle in order to secure victory as their losses could always be made good; by contrast, the Iroquois had a considerably smaller population, and could not afford heavy losses, which could cripple a community. The Iroquois custom of "Mourning wars" to take captives who would become Iroquois reflected the continual need for more people in the Iroquois communities. Iroquois warriors were brave, but would only fight to the death if necessary, usually to protect their women and children; otherwise, the crucial concern for Iroquois chiefs was always to save manpower.[113] The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod wrote that the Iroquois way of war was based on their hunting philosophy, where a successful hunter would bring down an animal efficiently without taking any losses to his hunting party, and in the same way, a successful war leader would inflict losses on the enemy without taking any losses in return.[114] The Iroquois only entered the war on the British side again in late 1758 after the British took Louisbourg and Fort Frontenac.[102] At the Treaty of Fort Easton in October 1758, the Iroquois forced the Lenape and Shawnee who had been fighting for the French to declare neutrality.[102] In July 1759, the Iroquois helped Johnson take Fort Niagara.[102] In the ensuring campaign, the League Iroquois assisted General Jeffrey Amherst as he took various French forts by the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence valley as he advanced towards Montreal, which he took in September 1760.[102] The British historian Michael Johnson wrote the Iroquois had "played a major supporting role" in the final British victory in the Seven Years' War.[102] In 1763, Johnson left his old home of Fort Johnson for the lavish estate, which he called Johnson Hall, which become a center of social life in the region.[102] Johnson was close to two white families, the Butlers and the Croghans, and three Mohawk families, the Brants, the Hills, and the Peters.[102] American Revolution Lithograph of the Mohawk war and political leader Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant During the American Revolution, the Iroquois first tried to stay neutral. The Reverend Samuel Kirkland, a Congregational minister working as a missionary, pressured the Oneida and the Tuscarora for a pro-American neutrality while Guy Johnson and his cousin John Johnson pressured the Mohawk, the Cayuga and the Seneca to fight for the British.[115] Pressed to join one side or the other, the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain, with whom they had stronger relationships. Joseph Louis Cook offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a lieutenant colonel—the highest rank held by any Native American during the war.[116] The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant together with John Butler and John Johnson raised racially mixed forces of irregulars to fight for the Crown.[117] Molly Brant had been the common-law wife of Sir William Johnson, and it was through her patronage that her brother Joseph came to be a war chief.[118] The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, other war chiefs, and British allies conducted numerous operations against frontier settlements in the Mohawk Valley, including the Cherry Valley massacre, destroying many villages and crops, and killing and capturing inhabitants. The destructive raids by Brant and other Loyalists led to appeals to Congress for help.[118] The Continentals retaliated and in 1779, George Washington ordered the Sullivan Campaign, led by Col. Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan, against the Iroquois nations to "not merely overrun, but destroy", the British-Indian alliance. They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York; refugees moved north to Canada. By the end of the war, few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare. In the aftermath of the Sullivan expedition, Brant visited Quebec City to ask General Sir Frederick Haildmand for assurances that the Mohawk and the other Loyalist Iroquois would receive a new homeland in Canada as compensation for their loyalty to the Crown if the British should lose.[118] The American Revolution was a war that caused a great divide amongst the colonists between Patriots and Loyalists; it caused a divide between the colonies and Great Britain, and it also caused a rift that would break the Iroquois Confederacy. At the onset of the Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy's Six Nations attempted to take a stance of neutrality. However, almost inevitably, the Iroquois nations eventually had to take sides in the conflict. It is easy to see how the American Revolution would have caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations. For years they had been used to thinking about the English and their colonists as one and the same people. In the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy now had to deal with relationships between two governments.[119] The Iroquois Confederation's population had changed significantly since the arrival of Europeans. Disease had reduced their population to a fraction of what it had been in the past.[120] Therefore, it was in their best interest to be on the good side of whoever would prove to be the winning side in the war, for the winning side would dictate how future relationships would be with the Iroquois in North America. Dealing with two governments made it hard to maintain a neutral stance, because the governments could get jealous easily if the Confederacy was interacting or trading more with one side over the other, or even if there was simply a perception of favoritism. Because of this challenging situation, the Six Nations had to choose sides. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists. There were many reasons that the Six Nations could not remain neutral and uninvolved in the Revolutionary War. One of these is simple proximity; the Iroquois Confederacy was too close to the action of the war to not be involved. The Six Nations were very discontented with the encroachment of the English and their colonists upon their land. They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.[121] During the American Revolution, the authority of the British government over the frontier was highly contested. The colonists tried to take advantage of this as much as possible by seeking their own profit and claiming new land. In 1775, the Six Nations were still neutral when "a Mohawk person was killed by a Continental soldier".[120]:370 Such a case shows how the Six Nations' proximity to the war drew them into it. They were concerned about being killed, and about their lands being taken from them. They could not show weakness and simply let the colonists and British do whatever they wanted. Many of the English and colonists did not respect the treaties made in the past. "A number of His Majesty's subjects in the American colonies viewed the proclamation as a temporary prohibition which would soon give way to the opening of the area for settlement... and that it was simply an agreement to quiet the minds of the Indians".[121] The Six Nations had to take a stand to show that they would not accept such treatment, and they looked to build a relationship with a government that would respect their territory. In addition to being in close proximity to the war, the new lifestyle and economics of the Iroquois Confederacy since the arrival of the Europeans in North America made it nearly impossible for the Iroquois to isolate themselves from the conflict. By this time, the Iroquois had become dependent upon the trade of goods from the English and colonists, and had adopted many European customs, tools, and weapons. For example, they were increasingly dependent on firearms for hunting.[122] After becoming so reliant, it would have been hard to even consider cutting off trade that brought goods that were a central part of everyday life. Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision. Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation. The British were clearly the most organized, and seemingly most powerful. In many cases, the British presented the situation to the Iroquois as the colonists just being "naughty children". On the other, the Iroquois considered that "the British government was three thousand miles away. This placed them at a disadvantage in attempting to enforce both the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty at Fort Stanwix 1768 against land hungry frontiersmen."[122]:49 In other words, even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction, the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away. The Iroquois also had concerns about the colonists. The British asked for Iroquois support in the war. "In 1775, the Continental Congress sent a delegation to the Iroquois in Albany to ask for their neutrality in the war coming against the British".[120]:370 It had been clear in prior years that the colonists had not been respectful of the land agreements made in 1763 and 1768. The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war, for if a revolutionary victory were to occur, the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists, who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them.[123] Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois.[120] On a contrasting note, it was the colonists who had formed the most direct relationships with the Iroquois due to their proximity and trade ties. For the most part, the colonists and Iroquois had lived in relative peace since the English arrival on the continent a century and a half before. The Iroquois had to determine whether their relationships with the colonists were reliable, or whether the English would prove to better serve their interests. They also had to determine whether there were really any differences between how the English and the colonists would treat them. The war ensued, and the Iroquois broke their confederation. Hundreds of years of precedent and collective government was trumped by the immensity of the American Revolutionary War. The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and Loyalists. At the conclusion of the war the fear that the colonists would not respect the Iroquois' pleas came true, especially after the majority of the Six Nations decided to side with the British and were no longer considered trustworthy by the newly independent Americans. In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed. While the treaty included peace agreements between all of the European nations involved in the war as well as the newborn United States, it made no provisions for the Iroquois, who were left to be treated with by the new United States government as it saw fit.[119] After the Revolutionary War, the ancient central fireplace of the League was re-established at Buffalo Creek. The United States and the Iroquois signed the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784 under which the Iroquois ceded much of their historical homeland to the Americans, which was followed by another treaty in 1794 at Canandaigua which they ceded even more land to the Americans.[124] The governor of New York state, George Clinton, was constantly pressuring the Iroquois to sell their land to white settlers, and as alcoholism became a major problem in the Iroquois communities, many did sell their land in order to buy more alcohol, usually to unscrupulous agents of land companies.[125] At the same time, American settlers continued to push into the lands beyond the Ohio river, leading to a war between the Western Confederacy and the United States.[124] One of the Iroquois chiefs, Cornplanter, persuaded the remaining Iroquois in New York state to remain neutral and not to join the Western Confederacy.[124] At the same time, American policies to make the Iroquois more settled started to have some effect. Traditionally, for the Iroquois farming was woman's work and hunting was men's work; by the early 19th century, American policies to have the men farm the land and cease hunting were having effect.[126] During this time, the Iroquois living in New York state become demoralized as more of their land was sold to land speculators while alcoholism, violence, and broken families became major problems on their reservations.[126] The Oneida and the Cayuga sold almost all of their land and moved out of their traditional homelands.[126] By 1811, Methodist and Episcopalian missionaries established missions to assist the Oneida and Onondaga in western New York. However, white settlers continued to move into the area. By 1821, a group of Oneida led by Eleazar Williams, son of a Mohawk woman, went to Wisconsin to buy land from the Menominee and Ho-Chunk and thus move their people further westward.[127] In 1838, the Holland Land Company used forged documents to cheat the Seneca of almost all of their land in western New York, but a Quaker missionary, Asher Wright, launched lawsuits that led to one of the Seneca reservations being returned in 1842 and another in 1857.[126] However, as late as the 1950s both the United States and New York governments confiscated land belonging to the Six Nations for roads, dams and reservoirs with the land being given to Cornplanter for keeping the Iroquois from joining the Western Confederacy in the 1790s being confiscated and flooded by the Kinzua Dam.[126] In the West Many Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) and Iroquois-descended Métis people living in Lower Canada (primarily at Kahnawake) took employment with the Montreal-based North West Company during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became voyageurs or free traders working in the North American fur trade as far west as the Rocky Mountains. They are known to have settled in the area around Jasper's House[128] and possibly as far west as the Finlay River[129] and north as far as the Pouce Coupe and Dunvegan areas,[130] where they founded new Aboriginal communities which have persisted to the present day claiming either First Nations or Métis identity and indigenous rights. The Michel Band, Mountain Métis,[131] and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada[132] in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry. The Canadian Iroquois During the 18th century, the Catholic Canadian Iroquois living outside of Montreal reestablished ties with the League Iroquois.[133] During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of Sir Guy Carlton, the governor of Quebec.[133] Many Canadian Iroquois worked for the both Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company as a voyageurs in the fur trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[133] In the War of 1812, the Canadian Iroquois again declared their neutrality.[133] The Canadian Iroquois communities at Oka and Kahnaweke were prosperous settlements in the 19th century, supporting themselves via farming and the sale of sleds, snowshoes, boats, and baskets.[133] In 1884, about 100 Canadian Iroquois were hired by the British government to serve as river pilots and boatmen for the relief expedition for the besieged General Charles Gordon in Khartoum in the Sudan, taking the force commanded by Field Marshal Wolsely down the Nile from Cairo to Khartoum.[133] On their way back to Canada, the Canadian Iroquois river pilots and boatmen stopped in London, where they were personally thanked by Queen Victoria for their services to Queen and Country.[133] In 1886, when a bridge was being built at the St. Lawrence, a number of Iroquois men from Kahnawke were hired to help built and the Iroquois workers proved so skilled as steelwork erectors that since that time, a number of bridges and skycrapers in Canada and the United States have been built by the Iroquois steelmen.[133] 20th century League of Nations The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court refused to take the case, declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. In effect, as Canada was at the time a division of the British government, it was not an international state, as defined by international law. In contrast, the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain, not Canada.[134] As a result, a decision was made in 1921 to send a delegation to petition the King of England,[135] whereupon Canada's External Affairs division blocked issuing passports. In response, the Iroquois began issuing their own passports and sent Levi General,[134] the Cayuga Chief "Deskaheh,"[135] to England with their attorney. Winston Churchill dismissed their complaint claiming that it was within the realm of Canadian jurisdiction and referred them back to Canadian officials. Oka Crisis In 1990, a long-running dispute over ownership of land at Oka, Quebec caused a violent stand-off. The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the Mohawk Warrior Society that emerged in smuggling across the U.S-Canada border and were well armed with assault rifles. On 11 July 1990, the Mohawk Warrior Society tried to stop the building of a golf course on land claimed by the Mohawk people, which led to a shoot-out between the Warrior Society and the Sûreté du Québec left a policeman dead.[137] In the resulting Oka Crisis, the Warrior Society occupied the both the land that they claimed belonged to the Mohawk people and the Mercier bridge linking Montreal to the mainland.[137] On 17 August 1990, Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked for the Canadian Army to intervene to maintain "public safety", leading to the deployment of the Royal 22e Régiment to Oka and Montreal.[137] The stand-off ended on 26 September 1990 with a melee between the soldiers and the warriors.[137] The dispute over ownership of the land at Oka continues. US Indian termination policies See: Indian Termination Policy On 2 July 1948 Congress enacted [Public Law 881] 62 Stat. 1224, which transferred criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed by and against "Indians" to the State of New York. It covered all reservations lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been guaranteed to "any Indian tribe, band, or community, or members thereof." It further prohibited the state from requiring tribal members to obtain fish and game licenses.[141] Within 2 years, Congress passed [Public Law 785] 64 Stat. 845, on 13 September 1950[142] which extended New York's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State. It allowed the tribes to preserve customs, prohibited taxation on reservations,[143] and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights. It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State Laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law 13 September 1952.[142] During congressional hearings on the law, tribes strongly opposed the passage, fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations. The State of New York disavowed any intention to break up or deprive tribes of their reservations and asserted that they did not have the ability to do so.[144] Beginning in 1953, a Federal task force began meeting with the tribes of the Six Nations. Despite tribal objections, legislation was introduced into Congress for termination.[147] The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate bills. One bill dealt with the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes and the other dealt with the Seneca.[148] The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the United States recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations, not the United States and that "termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed" by the federal government.[149] The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration.[147] Accordingly, on 5 September 1967 a memo from the Department of the Interior announced proposed legislation was being submitted to end federal ties with the Seneca.[152][153] In 1968 a new liaison was appointed from the BIA for the tribe to assist the tribe in preparing for termination and rehabilitation.[154] The Seneca were able to hold off termination until President Nixon issued[155] his Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs in July 1970.[156] Thus, no New York tribes then living in New York were terminated during this period. In a twist of fate, one former New York Tribe did lose its federal recognition. The Emigrant Indians of New York included the Oneidas, Stockbridge-Munsee, and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin.[157] In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims from New York, the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s.[158] They won their claim on 11 August 1964.[157] Public Law 90-93 81 Stat. 229 Emigrant New York Indians of Wisconsin Judgment Act established federal trusteeship to pay the Oneidas and Stockbridge-Munsee, effectively ending Congressional termination efforts for them. Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated, it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary. The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes.[159] Beginning in 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition.[158] In 2012 the Department of the Interior, in the final determination on the Brothertown petition found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore only Congress could restore their tribal status.[160] They are still seeking Congressional approval.[161] Stone pipe (19th-century engraving) For the Haudenosaunee, grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion that if not attended would cause all sorts of problems for the grieving who if left without consolation would go mad.[162] Rituals to honor the dead were very important and the most important of all was the Condolence ceremony to provide consolation for those who lost a family member or friend.[163] Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members, it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who could be adopted or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief.[164] Hence the "mourning wars". One of the central features of traditional Iroquois life was the "mourning wars" when Haudenosaunee warriors would raid neighboring peoples in search of captives to replace those Haudenosaunee who had died.[165] War for the Haudenosaunee was primarily for captives, and the usual factors that were considered benefits of war for the Europeans like expansion of territory or glory in battle did not count for the Haudeenosaunee, who only cared about taking captives.[166] A successful war party was one that had taken many prisoners without suffering losses in return; killing enemies was considered acceptable if necessary, but disapproved of as it reduced the number of potential captives.[167] Captives were seen as far more important than scalps. Additionally war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage, which was not a prerequisite for becoming a chief, but also essential if one wanted to get married and hence have sex.[168] A man considered a coward was viewed as unattractive by Haudenosaunee women who saw bravery in war as a very attractive feature in a man.[169] In the precontact era, war was relativity bloodless as First Nations peoples fought one another in suits of wooden armor.[170] In 1609, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquins and the Iroquois which featured hardly any killing, which seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars.[171] At a battle between the Algonquins and the Iroquois by the shores of Lake Champlain, the only people killed were two Iroquois warriors when Champlain demonstrated the power of his musket to his Algonquin allies. The clan mothers would demand a "mourning war" to provide consolation and renewed spiritual strength for a family that lost a member to death by accusing the warriors of cowardice; either the warriors would go on a "mourning war" or would be marked as cowards forever, which make them unmarriageable.[165] At this point, the warriors would then usually leave to raid a neighboring people in search of captives.[172] The captives were either adopted into Haudenosaunee families to become Haudenosaunee, or were to be killed after bouts of ritualized torture as a way of expressing rage at the death of a family member.[173] The male captives were usually received with blows as they were marched into the community, and were then all captives regardless of their sex or age were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community.[174] After having sensitive parts of their bodies burned and some of their fingernails pulled out, the prisoners were allowed to rest and given food and water.[175] In the following days, the captives had to dance naked before the community, and then it was decided if they were to be adopted or killed.[176] If those who were adopted into the Haudenosaunee families made a sincere effort to become Haudenosaunee, then they would be embraced by the community, and if they did not, then they were swiftly executed.[177] Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were "adopted" by a family who addressed the prisoner as "uncle", "aunt", "nephew" or "niece" depending on their age and sex, and would bring them food and water.[178] The captive would be executed after a day-long torture session of burning and removing body parts, which the prisoner was expected to behave with stoicism and nobility (an expectation not usually met) before being scalped alive, had hot sand applied to the exposed skull and finally killed by cutting out their hearts.[179] Afterwards, the victim's body was cut and eaten by the community.[180] The practice of ritual torture and execution together with cannibalism ended some time in the early 18th century, and by late-18th-century European writers like Philip Mazzei and James Adair were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism, saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages.[181] For Iroquois, the purpose of war was to take prisoners first and foremost, with the Onondaga chief Teganissorens telling the governor of New York, Sir Robert Hunter, in 1711: "We are not like you Christians, for when you have prisoners of one another you send them home, by such means you can never rout one another".[182] The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle as it defeated the whole purpose of the "mourning wars", which was to add to their numbers, not decrease them.[183] The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by merely killing one or two of their number.[184] The European notion of a glorious death in battle had no counterpart with the Haudenosaunee.[185] Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary, and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance.[186] For this reason, those who died in battle were never buried in community cemeteries, as it would bring the presence of unhappy ghosts into the community.[187] For these reasons, the Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French, the British and later on the Americans all considered to be cowardly.[188] The Haudenosaunee preferred ambushes and surprise attacks, would almost never attack a fortified place or attack frontally, or would retreat if outnumbered.[189] If Kanienkeh was invaded, the Haudenosaunee would attempt to ambush the enemy, or alternatively they would retreat behind the wooden walls of their villages to endure a siege.[190] If the enemy appeared too powerful as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693, the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart.[191] The main weapons for the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks.[192] Shields and war clubs were made from wood.[193] After contact was established with Europeans, metal knives and hatchets were extensively used together with tomahawks with iron or steel blades.[193] Before taking to the field, war chiefs would ritual purification ceremonies where the warriors would dance around a pole painted red..[193] When European diseases that the Indians had no immunity to like smallpox devastated the Five Nations in the 17th century, causing thousands of deaths, the League began a period of "mourning wars" without precedent, which led to the virtual destruction of the Huron, Petun and Neutral peoples.[194] By the 1640s, it is estimated that smallpox had reduced the population of the Haudenosaunee by least 50%, which required massive "mourning wars" to make up these losses.[195] The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic, small-scale raids launched in response to individual deaths and became "the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis".[196] Furthermore, the introduction of guns, which could pierce the wooden armor, made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era, ending the age when armed conflicts were more brawls than battles as Europeans would had understood the term.[197] At the same time, guns could be only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans, and once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640, they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north, which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of "beaver wars".[198] Richter wrote "the mourning war tradition, deaths from disease, dependence on firearms, and the trade in furs combined to produce a dangerous spiral: epidemics led to deadlier mourning wars fought with firearms; the need for guns increased the need for pelts to trade for them; the quest for furs provoked wars with other nations; and deaths in those wars began the mourning war cycle anew".[199] From 1640 to 1701, the Five Nations was almost continuously at war, battling at various times the French, the Huron, the Erie, the Neutral, the Lenape, the Susquenhannock, the Petun, the Abenaki, the Ojibwa, and the Algonquins, fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario.[200] Despite taking thousands of captives, the Five Nations populations continued to fall, as diseases continued to take their toll while Jesuits, whom the Haudenosaunee were forced to accept after making peace with the French in 1667, encouraged Catholic converts to move to the St. Lawrence river valley.[201] In the 1640s, the Mohawks could field about 800 warriors, and the 1670s, could field only 300 warriors, which suggested a population decline.[202] Melting pot This process not only allowed the Iroquois to maintain their own numbers, but also to disperse and assimilate their enemies. The adoption of conquered peoples, especially during the period of the Beaver Wars (1609-1701), meant that the Iroquois League was composed largely of naturalized members of other tribes. Cadwallader Colden wrote, "It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations, to save children and young men of the people they conquer, to adopt them into their own Nation, and to educate them as their own children, without distinction; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war." Those who attempted to return to their families were harshly punished; for instance, the French fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson was captured by an Iroquois raiding party as a teenager, was adopted by a Mohawk family, ran away to return to his family in Trois-Rivières, and upon being recaptured was punished by having his fingernails pulled out and having one of his fingers cut to the bone.[204] However, Radisson was not executed as his adopted parents provided gifts to the families of the men Radisson had killed when he fled as compensation for their loss; several of the Huron who fled with Radisson were not so lucky and were executed.[204] By 1668, two-thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquians and Hurons. At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations and among the Seneca eleven.[205] They also adopted European captives, as did the Catholic Mohawk in settlements outside Montreal. This tradition of adoption and assimilation was common to native people of the northeast but was quite different from European settlers' notions of combat. Traditional Iroquois longhouse At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory. Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time, and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted.[206] These settlements were surrounded by a palisade and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill, with access to water.[207] Because of their appearance with the palisade, Europeans termed them castles. Villages were usually built on level or raised ground, surrounded by log palisades and sometimes ditches.{{sfn\|Johnson\|2003\|p=33} Within the villages the inhabitants lived in longhouses. Longhouses varied in size from 15 to 150 feet long and 25 to 15 feet in breadth.[208] Longhouses were usually built of layers of elm bark on frame of rafters and standing logs raised upright.[208] In 1653, Dutch official and landowner Adriaen van der Donck described a Mohawk longhouse in his Description of New Netherland. Usually, between 2 to 20 families lived in a single longhouse with sleeping platforms being 2 feet above the ground and food left to dry on the rafters.[208] A castle might contain twenty or thirty longhouses. In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups, for example for fishing or hunting.[207] Living in the smoke-filled longhouses often caused conjunctivitis.[192] Total population for the five nations has been estimated at 20,000 before 1634. After 1635 the population dropped to around 6,800, chiefly due to the epidemic of smallpox introduced by contact with European settlers.[206] The Iroquois lived in extended families divided clans headed by clan mothers that grouped into moieities ("halves").[209] The typical clan consisted of about 50 to 200 people.[209] The division of the Iroquois went as follows: Cayuga Moiety (A) clans: Bear, Beaver, Heron, Turtle, Wolf Moiety (B) clans: Turtle, Bear, Deer Tuscarora Moiety (A) clans: Bear, Wolf Moeity (B) clans: Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Deer Seneca Moeity (A) clans: Heron, Beaver, Bear, Wolf, Turtle Moeity (B) clans: Deer, Hawk, Eel, Snipe 'Onondaga Moeity (A) clans: Tortoise, Wolf, Snipe, Eagle, Beaver Moeity (B) clan: Bear, Hawk, Eel, Deer Oneida Moeity (A) clan: wolf Moeity (B) clans: Bear, Turtle Mohawk Moeity (A) clans: Wolf, Bear Moeity (B) clan: Turtle.[209] Government was by the 50 sachems representing the various clans who were chosen by the clan mothers.[209] Assisting the sachems were the "Pinetree Chiefs" who served as diplomats and the "War Chiefs" who led the war parties; neither the "Pinetree Chiefs" or the "War Chiefs" were allowed to vote at council meetings.[210] By the late 1700s The Iroquois were building smaller log cabins resembling those of the colonists, but retaining some native features, such as bark roofs with smoke holes and a central fireplace.[211] The main woods used by the Iroquois to make their utensils were oak, birch, hickory and elm.[208] Bones and antlers were used to make hunting and fishing equipment.[212] The Iroquois are a mix of horticulturalists, farmers, fishers, gatherers and hunters, though their main diet traditionally has come from farming. The main crops they cultivated are corn, beans and squash, which were called the three sisters (De-oh-há-ko) and are considered special gifts from the Creator.[192] These crops are grown strategically. The cornstalks grow, the bean plants climb the stalks, and the squash grow beneath, inhibiting weeds and keeping the soil moist under the shade of their broad leaves. In this combination, the soil remained fertile for several decades. The food was stored during the winter, and it lasted for two to three years. When the soil in one area eventually lost its fertility, the Haudenosaunee moved their village. For the Iroquois, farming was traditionally women's work and the entire process of planting, maintaining, harvesting and cooking the "Three Sisters" were done by women.[192] At harvest time, Iroquois women would use corn husks to make hats, dolls, rope and moccasins.[192] Besides for the "Three Sisters", the Iroquois also eat artichokes, leeks, cucumbers, turnips, pumpkins, a number of different berries such blackberries, blueberries, gooseberries, etc and wild nuts.[192] The "Three Sisters" were ground up into hominy and soups in clay pots, which were disregarded for metal pots after the contact was made with Europeans.[192] Gathering is the traditional job of the women and children. Wild roots, greens, berries and nuts were gathered in the summer. During spring, sap is tapped from the maple trees and boiled into maple syrup, and herbs are gathered for medicine. After the coming of Europeans, the Iroquois started to grow apples, pears, cherries, and peaches..[192] The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but also other game such as wild turkey and migratory birds. Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter. Archaeologists have the bones of bison, elk, deer, bear, raccoon, and porcupines at Iroquois villages.[192] Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes areas. The Iroquois used nets made from vegetable fiber with weights of pebbles for fishing.[192] They fished salmon, trout, bass, perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry. In the spring the Iroquois netted, and in the winter fishing holes were made in the ice.[213] Allium tricoccum is also a part of traditional Iroquois cuisine.[214] Starting about 1620, the Iroquois started to raise pigs, geese and chickens, which they had acquired from the Dutch..[192] Seneca man in traditional dress In 1644 Johannes Megapolensis described Mohawk traditional wear. The moccason is made of one piece of deer-skin. It is seamed up at the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam. In front the deer-skin is gathered, in place of being crimped; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked, in various patterns. The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle…and is fastened with deer strings; but usually this part is turned down, so as to expose a part of the instep, and is ornamented with bead-work.[123] During the 17th century, Iroquois clothing changed rapidly as a result of the introduction of scissors and needles obtained from the Europeans, and the British scholar Michael Johnson has cautioned that European accounts of Iroquois clothing from the latter 17th century may not have entirely reflected traditional pre-contact Iroquois clothing.[193] In the 17th women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape-like upper garment with an opening for the head.[215] By the 18th century, cloth colored red and blue obtained from Europeans became the standard material for clothing with the men and women wearing blouses and shirts that usually decorated with beadwork and ribbons and were often worn alongside sliver broaches.[216] By the latter 18th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long, loose-fitting overdresses.[216] The tendency of Iroquois women to abandon their traditional topless style of dressing in the warm months reflected European influence.[216] Married women wore their hair in a single braid held in place by a comb made of bone, antler or silver while unmarried wore their hair in several braids.[216] Warriors wore moccasins, leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs.[216] Initially, men's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill-work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans.[216] The bodies and faces of Iroquois men were heavily tattooed with geometric designs and their noses and ears were pieced with rings made up of wampun or silver.[216] On the warpath, the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red, half black.[216] The men usually shaved most of their hair with leaving only a tuft of hair in the center, giving the name Mohawk to their hair style.[216] A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the Gus-to-weh that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men.[216] Buckskin ammunition pouches with straps over the shoulder together with belts or slashes that carried powder horn and tomahawks were usually worn by warriors.[216] Quilled knife cases were worn around the neck.[217] Chiefs wore headdresses made of deer antler.[216] By the 18th century, Iroquois men normally wore shirts and leggings made of broadcloth and buckskin coats.[216] In the 17th and 18th centuries silver armbands and gorgets were popular accessories.[216] By the 1900s most Iroquois were wearing the same clothing as their non-Iroquois neighbors. Today most nations only wear their traditional clothing to ceremonies or special events.[218] gusto'weh headdress Seneca woman in traditional dress Plants traditionally used by the Iroquois include Agrimonia gryposepala, which was to treat diarrhea,[219] and interrupted fern, used for blood and venereal diseases and conditions.[220] Cone flower (Echinacea), an immune system booster and treatment for respiratory disease was also known and used.[citation needed] They also give an infusion of Chelidonium majus, another plant & milk to pigs that drool and have sudden movements.[221]:p.45 They use Ranunculus acris, in that apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds, take an infusion of the roots for diarrhea,[222]:p.320 and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood.[221]:p.42 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae is used in a decoction for weak skin, use a decoction of the roots and leaves for fevers, use the plant as a "love medicine",[222]:p.463 and use an infusion of whole plant and rhizomes from another plant to treat mothers with intestinal fevers,.[221]:p.65 A decoction of the roots of chicory is used as a wash and applied as a poultice to chancres and fever sores.[222]:p.476 A decoction of the root of Allium tricoccum is used to treat worms in children, and they also use the decoction as a spring tonic to "clean you out".[222]:p.281 Epigaea repens is also utilized, as they use a compound for labor pains in parturition, use a compound decoction for rheumatism, take a decoction of the leaves for indigestion, and they also take a decoction of the whole plant or roots, stalks and leaves taken for the kidneys.[222]:p.410 A pounded infusion of the roots of Potentilla canadensis is given as an antidiarrheal.[223] They also use Senna hebecarpa as a worm remedy and take a compound decoction of it as a laxative.[224] The whole plant of Solidago rugosa is used for biliousness and as liver medicine, and they take decoction of its flowers and leaves dizziness, weakness or sunstroke.[225] The Iroquois take a compound decoction of the Carex oligosperma as an emetic before running or playing lacrosse.[226] The Iroquois also used quinine, chamomile, ipecac, and a form of penicillin.[227] Women in society The Iroquois have traditionally followed a matrilineal system, with women holding property and hereditary leadership passing through their lines. Historically women have held the dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. Men and women have traditionally had separate roles but both hold real power in the Nations. The work of a woman's hands is hers to do with as she sees fit. Historically, at marriage, a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife's family. A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband is able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him.[229] The children of a traditional marriage belong to their mother's clan and gain their social status through hers. Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children, especially introducing boys to men's roles and societies. The clans are matrilineal, that is, clan ties are traced through the mother's line. If a couple separates, the woman traditionally keeps the children.[230] The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan. The chief's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor.[230] It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one's matrilineal clan, but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan.[231] Spiritual beliefs Member of the False Face Society Like many cultures, the Iroquois' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes. Generally, the Iroquois believed in numerous deities, including the Great Spirit, the Thunderer, and the Three Sisters (the spirits of beans, maize, and squash). The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants, animals, and humans to control "the forces of good in nature", and to guide ordinary people.[232] Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment.[233] The Iroquois believed in the orenda, the spiritual force that flowed all things, and believed if people were respectful of nature, then the orenda would harnessed to bring about positive results.[234] There were three types of spirits for the Iroquois: 1) Those living on the earth 2) Those living above the earth and 3) the highest level of spirits controlling the universe from high above with the most highest being known variously as the Great Spirit, the Great Creator or the Master of Life.[234] Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs. Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth, called the Skywoman or Aientsik. Aientsik's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins, Tawiskaron, who created vicious animals and river rapids, while Okwiraseh created "all that is pure and beautiful".[235] After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron, Tawiskaron was confined to "the dark areas of the world", where he governed the night and destructive creatures.[235] Other scholars present the "twins" as the Creator and his brother, Flint.[236] The Creator was responsible for game animals, while Flint created predators and disease. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit."[237] After the arrival of the Europeans, some Iroquois became Christians, among them the first Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonquin parents. The Seneca sachem Handsome Lake, also known as Ganeodiyo,[239] introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century,[240] which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture.[232] Handsome Lake's teachings include a focus on parenting, appreciation of life, and peace.[239] A key aspect of Handsome Lake's teachings is the principle of equilibrium, wherein each person's talents combined into a functional community. By the 1960s, at least 50% of Iroquois followed this religion.[232] Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming, healing, and thanksgiving. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February.[232] The ceremonies were given by the Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil.[237] In the 17th century, Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals, but only 8 are observed today.[234] The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival, the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring, the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring, the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops, the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries,the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July, the Green Bean Festival in early August, the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October.[234] Of all the festivals, the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival.[234] During all of the festivals, men and women from the False Face Society, the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society would dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature.[234] The most important of the occasions for the masked dancers to appear were the New Year Festival, which was felt to be an auspicious occasion to chase the malevolent spirits that were believed to cause disease.[234] During healing ceremonies, a carved "False Face Mask" is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco-burning and prayer ritual. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated.[241] False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois, and are thought to reconnect humans and nature and to frighten illness-causing spirits.[239] The False Face Society continues today among modern Iroquois. The Iroquois have three different medical societies. The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits; the Husk Face Society is made up of those had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to cure the sick.[242] There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies.[212] The types of masks are A) The Secret Society of Medicine Men and the Company of Mystic Animals 1) Divided mask that painted half black and half red. 2) Masks with exaggerated long noses. 3) Horn masks 4) Blind masks without eye sockets. B) Husk Face Society 5) Masks made of braided corn C) False Face Society 6) Whistling masks 7) Masks with smiling faces. 8) Masks with protruding tongues. 9) Masks with exaggerated hanging mouths. 10) Masks with exaggerated straight lops. 11) Masks with spoon-lips. 12) Masks with a disfigured twisted mouth. The "crooked face" masks with the twisted mouths, the masks with the spoon lips and the whistling masks are the Doctor masks.[212] The other masks are "Common Face" or "Beggar" masks that are worn by those who help the Doctors.[192] The Husk Face Society performs rituals to communicate with the spirits in nature to ensure a good crop, the False Face Society performs rituals to chase away evil spirits and the Secret Medicine Society performs rituals to cure diseases.[243] The grotesque masks represent the faces of the spirits that the dancers are attempting to please.[212] Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness.[212] The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs.[192] Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people, but most notably when sachems died. Such ceremonies were still held on Iroquois reservations as late as the 1970s.[232] After death, the soul is thought to embark on a journey, undergo a series of ordeals, and arrive in the sky world. This journey is thought to take one year, during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead. After the mourning period, a feast is held to celebrate the soul's arrival in the skyworld. The Iroquois traditionally celebrate six major festivals throughout the year.[123] These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony, a feast, a chance to celebrate together, sports, entertainment and dancing. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates. For instance, the Mid-winter festival, Gi'-ye-wä-no-us-quä-go-wä ("The supreme belief") ushers in the new year. This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February, depending on when the new moon occurs that year.[123]:pp.200–201 Iroquois art from the 16th and 17th centuries as found on bowls, pottery and clay pipes show a mixture of animal, geometrical and human imagery.[217] Moose hair was sometimes attached to tumplines or burden straps for decorative effect.[217] Porcupine quillwork was sewn onto bags, clothing and moccasins, usually in geometrical designs.[217] Other designs included the "great turtle" upon North America was said to rest; the circular "skydome" and wavy designs.[217] Beads and clothes often featured semi-circles and waves which meant to represent the "skydome" which consisted of the entire universe together with the supernatural world above it, parallel lines for the earth and curved lines for the "celestial tree".[217] Floral designs were first introduced in the 17th century, reflecting French influence, but did not become truly popular until the 19th century.[217] Starting about 1850 the Iroquois art began to frequently feature floral designs on moccasins, caps, pouches and pincushions, which were purchased by Euro-Americans.[244] The British historian Michael Johnson described the Iroquois artwork meant to be sold to whites in the 19th century as having a strong feel of "Victoriana" to them.[244] Silver was much valued by the Iroquois from the 17th century onward, and starting in the 18th century, the Iroquois became "excellent silversmiths", making silver earrings, gorgets and rings.[244] Games and sports The First Nations Lacrosse Association is recognized by the Federation of International Lacrosse as a sovereign state for international lacrosse competitions. It is the only sport in which the Iroquois field national teams and the only indigenous people's organization sanctioned for international competition by any world sporting governing body. Naming conventions Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism, the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations, and to whether it was a notable cultural feature. Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites, for example, among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century.[247][248] However, other scholars, most notably anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book, The Man-Eating Myth, have challenged the evidence, suggesting the human bones found at sites point to funerary practices, asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois, it was not widespread.[249] Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois,[250] with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a "case for cannibalism in early historic strong that it cannot be doubted.".[251] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois' rituals "cannot be separated from the severity of conditions ... where death from hunger, disease, and warfare became a way of life".[252] The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis, François-Joseph Bressani, and the fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson present first-hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk. A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed.[207] "To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance."[253] English word Iroquoian words Meaning 17th/18th-century location Mohawk Kanien'kehá:ka "People of the Great Flint" Mohawk River Oneida Onyota'a:ka "People of the Standing Stone" Oneida Lake Onondaga Onöñda'gega' "People of the Hills" Onondaga Lake Cayuga Gayogo̱ho:nǫʔ "People of the Great Swamp" Cayuga Lake Seneca Onöndowá'ga: "People of the Great Hill" Seneca Lake and Genesee River Tuscarora1 Ska:rù:rę' "Hemp Gatherers"[254] From North Carolina2 1 Not one of the original Five Nations; joined 1722. 2 Settled between the Oneida and Onondaga. Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650 Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650 Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720 Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720 Current clans Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Tuscarora Oneida Mohawk Wolf (Honöta:yö:nih) Wolf (Honǫtahyǫ́:ni:) Wolf (Hothahi:ionih) Wolf (Θkwarì•nę) Wolf (Thayú:ni) Wolf (Okwáho) Bear (Hodidzöní'ga:') Bear (Hadihnyagwái) Bear (Ohgwai:ih) Bear (Uhčíhręˀ) Bear (Ohkwá:li) Bear (Ohkwá:ri) Turtle (Hadínyahdë:h) Turtle (Hadinyáhdę:) Turtle (Hanya'dëñh) Turtle (Ráˀkwihs) Turtle (A'no:wál) Turtle (A'nó:wara) Sandpiper/Snipe (Hodí'nehsi:yo') Sandpiper (Hodi'nehsí:yo') Snipe (Odihnesi:ioh) Sandpiper (Tawístawis) Deer (Hodí:nyögwaiyo') Deer (De'odijinaindönda') Deer (Kà?wí:ñu) Beaver (Hodígë'ge:ga:') Beaver (Hona'gaia'gih) Beaver (Rakinęhá•ha•ˀ) Heron (Hodidáë'ö:ga:' Heron Heron Hawk/Eagle (Hodíswë'gaiyo Hawk (Hodihsw'ęgáiyo') Hawk (Degaiadahkwa') Eel (Ohgönde:na') Eel (Akunęhukwatíha•ˀ) Population history According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George-Kanentiio, a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada. These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario.[256] More recently according to the Six Nations Elected Council, some 12,436 on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve, the largest First Nations reserve in Canada,[257] as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada.[258] In 1995, tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States numbered about 30,000 in total, with the majority of 17,566 in New York. The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma.[256] As the nations individually determine their rules for membership or citizenship, they report the official numbers. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted.)[256] There is no federally recognized Iroquois nation or tribe, nor are any Native Americans enrolled as Iroquois. In the 2000 United States census, 80,822 people identified as having Iroquois ethnicity (which is similar to identifying as European), with 45,217 claiming only Iroquois ancestry. There are the several reservations in New York: Cayuga Nation of New York(~450[citation needed],) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation (3248 in 2014),[259] Onondaga Reservation (473 in 2014),[259] Oneida Indian Nation (~ 1000[citation needed]), Seneca Nation of New York (~8000[citation needed]) and the Tuscarora Reservation (1100 in 2010[citation needed]). Some lived at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin on the reservation there counting some 21,000 according to the 2000 census. Seneca-Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma has more than 5,000 people in 2011.[260] In the 2010 Census, 81,002 persons identified as Iroquois, and 40,570 as Iroquois only across the United States.[261] Including the Iroquois in Canada, the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009.[255] Seneca chief Cornplanter Joseph Brant, painted by the American artist Gilbert Stuart Prominent individuals • 14 Onondaga • 10 Cayuga • 9 Oneida • 9 Mohawk • 8 Seneca • 6 Tuscarora Unanimity in public acts was essential to the Council. In 1855, Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75% of the male voters and 75% of the mothers of the nation.[262] In revising Council laws and customs, a consent of two-thirds of the mothers was required.[262] The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a de facto consensus government.[263] Wampum belts The term "wampum" refers to beads made from purple and white mollusk shells on threads of elm bark.[193] Species used to make wampum include the highly prized quahog clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) which produces the famous purple colored beads. For white colored beads the shells from the channeled whelk (Busycotypus canaliculatus), knobbed whelk (Busycon carica), lightning whelk (Sinistrofulgur perversum), and snow whelk (Sinistrofulgur laeostomum) are used.[267] Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois, which Iroquois tradition claims was invented by Hiawatha to console chiefs and clan mothers who lost family members to war.[193] Wampum belts played a major role in the Condolence Ceremony and in the raising of new chiefs.[193] Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. Treaty making often involved wampum belts to signify the importance of the treaty.[193] A famous example is "The Two Row Wampum" or "Guesuenta", meaning "it brightens our minds", which was originally presented to the Dutch settlers, and then French, representing a canoe and a sailboat moving side-by-side along the river of life, not interfering with the other's course. All non-Native settlers are, by associations, members of this treaty. Both chiefs and clan mothers wear wampum belts as symbol of their offices.[193] Influence on the United States Historians in the 20th century have suggested the Iroquois system of government influenced the development of the United States's government.[citation needed] Contact between the leaders of the English colonists and the Iroquois started with efforts to form an alliance via the use of treaty councils. Prominent individuals such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were often in attendance.[citation needed] Bruce Johansen proposes that the Iroquois had a representative form of government.[268] The Six Nations' governing committee was elected by the men and women of the tribe, one member from each of the six nations. Giving each member the same amount of authority in the council ensured no man received too much power, providing some of the same effect as the United States's future system of checks and balances.[citation needed] Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of United States' documents such as the Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution.[269] The influence thesis has been discussed by historians such as Donald Grinde[270] and Bruce Johansen.[271] In 1988, the United States Congress passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and Bill of Rights.[272] In 1987, Cornell University held a conference on the link between the Iroquois' government and the U.S. Constitution.[273] Scholars such as Jack N. Rakove challenge this thesis. Stanford University historian Rakove writes, "The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois" and notes that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States.[274] Historian Francis Jennings noted that supporters of the thesis frequently cite the following statement by Benjamin Franklin, made in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to James Parker in 1751:[275] "It would be a very strange thing, if six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such a Union … and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies," but he disagrees that it establishes influence. Rather, he thinks Franklin was promoting union against the "ignorant savages" and called the idea "absurd".[276] International relations More recently, passports have been issued since 1997.[281] Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel, but with increased security concerns across the world since the September 11 attacks, this is no longer the case.[282] In 2010, the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in England only after the personal intervention of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. However, the British government refused to recognize the Iroquois passports and denied the team members entry into the United Kingdom.[283][284] The Onondaga Nation spent $1.5 million on a subsequent upgrade to the passports designed to meet 21st-century international security requirements.[285] Modern communities Iroquois in Buffalo, New York, 1914 United States See also 1. ^ Morgan: "eighty rods" 2. ^ "three rods" 1. ^ The American Heritage encyclopedia relates that the Europeans learned about many of the interior tribes through the names given to them by the coastal tribes whom they first encountered. As the tribes were competitors and often enemies, the coastal peoples referred to the other tribes in terms that reflected their relations. The coastal tribes were among the large family of Algonquian language speakers, such as the Eastern Amerindians of Canada (M'ik Maq and others), and the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic and Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia. The editors add, that Iroquois was a polite name from such people, and its meaning is 'from the south', people of the south, or such similar name. 2. ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states that oral tradition recounts that other Iroquoian peoples were given the opportunity to join the league. 3. ^ extinct in part, but their surviving members sometimes were adopted by the Iroquois. The Editors of American Heritage Book of Indians said that one French observer hypothesized that by the end of 1678, the adopted Iroquois may have outnumbered native-born tribesmen due to the decades of intertribal warfare. During that time frame, the Iroquois had repeated clashes with French-supported Algonquian tribes, seeking control over the fur trade. In addition they defeated the Erie people, and the Susquehannock suffered defeats, as well as high mortality from infectious disease. 4. ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states (about the time of prolonged European contact, from 1600-1608 on) the Iroquoian Huron people probably outnumbered the Five Tribes of the Iroquois combined populations by roughly 3:1; the editor's assigned population estimates of 30,000 and 10,000 per group, with estimates the Erie and Susquehannock were also about 10,000 people per tribe—all previous to the widespread ravages of diseases and the escalation of the Beaver Wars.. 3. ^ Day, Gordon M. (Autumn, 1968). "Iroquois: An Etymology." Ethnohistory. 15(4): 389–402. 4. ^ Goddard, I., "Synonymy." In G. Trigger (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast (Vol. 15, pp. 319–321). 1978. 5. ^ [e] pronunciation according to Goddard, 1978. [ɛ] pronunciation according to Day, 1968. 6. ^ a b Quoted in Day, 1968. 7. ^ Day, 1968 8. ^ H[ewitt], J.N. (1907). "Iroquois". In Hodge, Frederick Webb (Ed.) Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, pp 617–620. 9. ^ a b Goddard, 1978. 10. ^ Day, 1968. 11. ^ Bakker, Peter (1991). "A Basque etymology for the Amerindian tribal name Iroquois." Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca (ASJU Geh). 14(2): 1119–1124. 12. ^ Bakker, Peter (2002). "Amerindian Tribal Names in North America of Possible Basque Origin". In Artiagoitia, X., R.P.G. de Rijk, P. Goenaga, and J. Lakarra (Ed.), Erramau Boneta: Festschrift for Rudolf P. G. de Rijk, pp. 105–116. 13. ^ 14. ^ c.f. Kasak, Ryan M. (2016). "A distant genetic relationship between Siouan-Catawban and Yuchi". In Rudin, Catherine and Bryan J. Gordon (Ed.) Advances in the Study of Siouan Languages and Linguistics, pp. 5–38. 15. ^ Haudenosaunee. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27th, 2017, from 16. ^ Chafe, Wallace (n.d.). English - Seneca Dictionary, p. 88. 17. ^ Morgan, Lewis H. (1851). League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois. Rochester: Sage & Brother, Publishers. 18. ^ Goddard, 1978 19. ^ E.g. in Graymont, Barbara (1972). The Iroquois in the American Revolution, pp. 14–15; Rausch, David A. and Blair Schlepp, (1994). Native American Voices, p 45; and Wolf, Eric R. (1982) Europe and the People Without History, p. 165. 20. ^ Goddard, 1978 21. ^ Goddard, 1978. This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website: 22. ^ "Rotinonsionni, which is the Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) word for Haudenosaunee". Kanienkehaka Lifeways - Mohawk Valley, circa 1500. Retrieved 2017-08-27. 23. ^ Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois in the American Revolution (1972), pp. 14-15 25. ^ Wallace, Anthony F.C. Tuscarora: A History. Albany: SUNY Press, 2012. ISBN 9781438444314 26. ^ "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. 28. ^ a b Fenton, Great Law and the Longhouse, 4–5. 29. ^ a b Shannon, Iroquois Diplomacy, 72–73. 31. ^ Gelderloos, Peter (2010). Anarchy Works. 32. ^ Zinn, Howard. Colombus, the Indians, and Human Progress. p. 1. 33. ^ Stevens 2013, p. 149. 34. ^ Stevens 2013. 37. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page xiv. 40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The American Heritage Book of Indians, American Heritage Publishing, Co., Inc., 1961, Editor: Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., LCcat#: 61-14871 41. ^ Mann, Barbara A. and Jerry L. Fields. "A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee," American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 21:2 (1997): 105-163. 42. ^ Fenton, Great Law and the Longhouse, 69. 43. ^ Shannon, Iroquois Diplomacy, 25. 47. ^ Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 334. 51. ^ "The History of Onondage'ga' ", Onondaga Nation School. 53. ^ Louis F. Burns, "Osage" Archived 2011-01-02 at the Wayback Machine. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved March 2, 2009. 56. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 7. 57. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 7=8. 58. ^ James F. Pendergast, 1991, The Massawomeck. 59. ^ a b c d Johnson 2003, p. 8. 60. ^ Jordan (2013), p. 37. 65. ^ Alan Taylor, American Colonies, Penguin Books, 2001 67. ^ a b c Johnson 2003, p. 9. 70. ^ Francis Parkman[citation needed] 71. ^ a b c Johnson 2003, p. 10. 72. ^ a b Jennings, p. 135. 73. ^ Jennings, p. 160. 74. ^ a b Parmenter, Jon "After the Mourning Wars: The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns, 1676-1760" pages 39-76 from The William and Mary Quarterly, Volume 64, Issue # 1, January 2007 page 42 79. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page xi. 80. ^ Parmenter, Jon "After the Mourning Wars: The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns, 1676-1760" pages 39-76 from The William and Mary Quarterly, Volume 64, Issue # 1, January 2007 pages 44-45. 89. ^ a b c d Johnson 2003, p. 11. 90. ^ Jennings, p. 111. 91. ^ Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frontenac et Palluau, Louis de Buade". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–250. 96. ^ Paxton 2008, p. 12. 97. ^ a b c Paxton 2008, p. 13. 98. ^ Paxton 2008, p. 14. 99. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 12. 100. ^ a b Johnson 2003, p. 12-13. 101. ^ a b c d e f Johnson 2003, p. 13. 102. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson 2003, p. 14. 103. ^ a b MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page 23. 104. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 23-25. 105. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 24-25. 106. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 26-27. 107. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page 30. 108. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 30-31. 109. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page 31. 110. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 31-32. 112. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 pages 32-33. 113. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page 35. 114. ^ MacLeod, D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2012 page 27. 115. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 15. 116. ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 3-159, Department of Indian Affairs. 117. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 15}-16. 118. ^ a b c Johnson 2003, p. 16. 124. ^ a b c Johnson 2003, p. 17. 125. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 16-18. 126. ^ a b c d e Johnson 2003, p. 19. 128. ^ "Southesk". Archived from the original on 2014-03-10. 130. ^ "THE IROQUOIS IN THE PEACE RIVER AREA". Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. 131. ^ "Mountain Métis Story". 133. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson 2003, p. 20. 136. ^ "Un Chicanery". 137. ^ a b c d Morton 1999, p. 273. 138. ^ "U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108, 83rd Congress, 1953. (U.S. Statutes at Large, 67: B132.)". Digital History. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-01. 140. ^ Philip (2002), pp. 21–33 142. ^ a b INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws 144. ^ Shattuck (1991) & p. 169 146. ^ House Concurrent Resolution 108 Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine., Digital History, University of Houston 147. ^ a b "Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe - Culture and History". Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. 148. ^ "Legislation terminating federal controls over eight Indian groups submitted to congress" (PDF). Department of the Interior. January 21, 1954. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 149. ^ Johansen, Bruce Elliott and Barbara Alice Mann (2000). Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 42. ISBN 0-313-30880-2. Retrieved 2014-12-19. 151. ^ CQ Almanac Online Edition 152. ^ "Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians" (PDF). Department of the Interior. September 5, 1967. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 154. ^ BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS (February 28, 1968). "NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE" (PDF). Department of the Interior. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 156. ^ "Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs". 157. ^ a b "Indian claims commission awards over $38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964" (PDF). Department of the Interior. January 20, 1965. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 159. ^ INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. 160. ^ "Laverdure Issues a Final Determination Regarding Brothertown Indian Nation Petition for Federal Acknowledgment" (PDF). Washington D.C.: Department of the Interior. September 7, 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 161. ^ "Town action surprises tribe, county". 162. ^ Richter, Daniel "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience" pages 528–559 from The William and Mary Quarterly, Volume 40, No. 4, October 1983 page 531. 164. ^ Richter, Daniel "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience" pages 528–559 from The William and Mary Quarterly, Volume 40, No. 4, October 1983 pages 530–532. 165. ^ a b Richter, Daniel "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience" pages 528–559 from The William and Mary Quarterly, Volume 40, No. 4, October 1983 page 532. 192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnson 2003, p. 35. 193. ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnson 2003, p. 36. 204. ^ a b Fournier, Martin Pierre-Esprit Radisson: Merchant Adventurer, 1636-1701, Montreal: McGill University Press, 2002 pages 33-34. 205. ^ Jennings, p. 95. 206. ^ a b Jones, Eric E. (December 2008). Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology, AD 1500-1700. The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved May 27, 2016. 208. ^ a b c d Johnson 2003, p. 33. 209. ^ a b c d Johnson 2003, p. 21. 210. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 22. 212. ^ a b c d e Johnson 2003, p. 34. 215. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 36-37. 216. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Johnson 2003, p. 37. 217. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson 2003, p. 38. 218. ^ "Traditional Appearance". Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Retrieved May 20, 2016. 223. ^ Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 353. 228. ^ Thomas, Katsithawi. "Gender Roles among the Iroquois" (PDF). 231. ^ Charlton, Thomas "On Iroquois Incest" pages 29-43 from Anthropologica, Volume 10, Issue 1, 1968 pages 30-34. 232. ^ a b c d e f g Reid 1996, p. 167. 234. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson 2003, p. 23. 235. ^ a b Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006, p. 1328. 236. ^ Saraydar 1990, p. 21. 237. ^ a b c Saraydar 1990, p. 22. 238. ^ Saraydar 1990, p. 23. 239. ^ a b c Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006, p. 1329. 241. ^ Reid, 1996, p. 167 242. ^ Johhson 2003, p. 34. 243. ^ Johnson 2003, p. 24. 244. ^ a b c Johnson 2003, p. 39. 247. ^ Bradley 1987, p. 37. 248. ^ Bradley 1987, p. 54. 255. ^ a b Daeg de Mott 2009. 257. ^ Community Profile, Six Nations Elected Council, December 2014 258. ^ Lands/Membership Department, Six Nations Elected Council, December 2014 267. ^ a b c "Wampum & Wampum Belts". Ganondagan. Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2013-01-13. 279. ^ Morgan, Thomas D. "Native Americans in World War II." Excerpted from Army History: The Professional Bulletin of Army History, No. 35 (Fall 1995), pp. 22-27. Retrieved 17 April 2013. Archived 27 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. 280. ^ "Indian Country Today Media". Retrieved 2011-02-27. 281. ^ The Economist, July 24, 2010. External links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Pissoir in Berlin A pissoir or vespasienne is a structure that provides support and screening of urinals in public space. It is a French invention common in Europe that allows for urination in public without the need for a toilet building. The availability of pissoirs is likely to reduce urination onto buildings, sidewalks, or streets.[1] In the spring of 1830 the city government of Paris decided to install the first public urinals on the major boulevards. These structures served both as urinals and supports for posters and advertising. They were put in place by the summer, but in July they were put to a completely different purpose; providing materials for street barricades during the French Revolution of 1830.[2] They were re-introduced in different form in Paris in 1841 by Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau, the Préfet of the former Départment of the Seine. Initially having a simple cylindrical shape, they were also called colonnes Rambuteau. In 1877 they were replaced by multi-compartmented structures called vespasiennes,[3] in reference to the 1st-century Roman emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus, who placed a tax on urine collected from public toilets for use in tanning. At the peak of their spread in the 1930s there were 1,230 pissoirs in Paris, but by 1966 their number had decreased to 329. By 2006 only one remained, on Boulevard Arago.[4][self-published source] (From 1981 they had been replaced systematically with new technology, the Sanisette.)[5] In Berlin the first pissoirs were erected in 1863. In order to distinguish them from those of other cities, several architectural design competitions were organised in 1847, 1865 and 1877. One of the most successful types was an octagonal structure with seven stalls, first built in 1879. Their number increased to 142 by 1920.[6] Temporary pissoirs with multiple unscreened urinals around a central column have been introduced in the UK.[7][8] A temporary pissoir for women called the Peeasy is used in Switzerland.[9] In popular culture[edit] A pissoir was featured in the first scene of the 1967 James Bond spoof film Casino Royale.[1] A plaskruis is a pissoir that is the same size as a portable toilet and provides four urinals per unit. They are not connected to the sewer system but have their own storage tank. They are commonly used for music festivals and other events, but some cities also use them on a regular basis to control public urination during busy nights. It was designed by Joost Carlier who works for Lowlands and other events. They were first used in 1991 during the "Monsters Of Rock" event in the Goffertpark. 1. ^ a b Jaggard, David (27 March 2012). "The Flow of History: The Mercifully Dwindling Presence of the Parisian Pissoir". Paris Update. Retrieved 18 July 2016. 2. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 1177. 3. ^ Pike, David L. (2005): Subterranean Cities: The World Beneath Paris and London, 1800-1945, Cornell University Press 4. ^ Ress, Paul (2006): Shaggy Dog Tales: 58 1/2 Years of Reportage, Xlibris 5. ^ Bagamery, Anne (10 June 2018). "'Wild peeing' on the nose as authorities crack down in Paris". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2018. 6. ^ Bärthel, Hilmar (2000): "Tempel aus Gusseisen: Urinale, Café Achteck und Vollanstalten", Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 11 7. ^ "The Pee Pod - the place to pee in Milton Keynes!". BBC news, 15 June 2010. 8. ^ "Edinburgh to trial 'pee pod' street urinals". BBC news, 24 November 2010. 9. ^ Salzmann, Claudia. "Frauen-Pissoir: Kein leichtes Unterfangen". Berner Zeitung, 18 July 2011 (in German). External links[edit] • Media related to Pissoirs at Wikimedia Commons
How do I print to scale? Print button The scale is the number of feet/inches or meters that one inch on your computer monitor or your printer represents in the “real world”. If you say, “I want 1 inch on my computer monitor or printer to translate into 10 feet”, you are basically describing the precise scale that you want for drawing to appear on your monitor/printer. You actually can, in fact, zoom to a precise scale, if you want to. If you adjusted the scale of your drawing so that “one inch on the screen represents 10 feet” and hit the Print button, then you can be assured that one inch on your paper would represent exactly 10 feet in the “real world”. So, you will first want to print the test page. To print a test page, click the Test print button and wait for your printer to print the test page. The test page will have some instructions on it. It will also have a line that is approximately one inch long drawn on it. Measure the actual distance of the line with the ruler. If the line is less than an inch, you will want to increase the “dots per inch” in the Printer DPI box. If the line is actually greater than an inch, then you will want to decrease the “dots per inch” in the Printer DPI box. For example, let us say that the line was actually only half an inch. In that case, we would probably want to double the size of the “dots per inch” in the Printer DPI box. After a few test pages, you should be able to exactly match up the line drawn on the test page with one inch on you ruler. You are now ready to print your drawing to scale. Again, just type in the precise scale for your drawing, and hit the Print button. Related Topics How do I print? How can I create PDF's from Easy Blue Print? How can I export drawings as images? Still Have Questions? If after reading this article you still have questions or comments send an email to
Asylland Deutschland This newspaper deals with the german people’s fears of the social and economic consequences that would come up with the thousands of refugees who fled to Germany in 2015/16. university project Most of the Germans know nothing about the fact that almost twenty years ago an amount of refugees almost as high as those of today has arrived in Germany. In this time the circumstances could be handled, too, and it did not have any bad impact on economy or society. I tried to display a bar diagram showing the amount of refugees who have arrived in Germany through the last fifty years by transforming the bars into a row of photos of refugees in that times. Through this a diagram is created as well as a comparison of the pictures of the past and today. Additionally I added quotes of politicians and people from now and then to show the similarities concerning the fears and thoughts of the people in the different times.
Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice 2014 Edition \| Editors: Gerben Bruinsma, David Weisburd Innovation and Crime Prevention Reference work entry The UK Cox Report on creativity in business (HM Treasury 2005: 2) identifies three key interlinked terms: “Creativity” is the generation of new ideas – either new ways of looking at existing problems or of seeing new opportunities, perhaps by exploiting emerging technologies or changes in markets. “Innovation” is the successful exploitation of new ideas. It is the process that carries them through to new products, new services, new ways of running the business, or even new ways of doing business. Innovation, creativity, and design of course occur not just in the scientific and technological domains but also in the social, institutional, economic, environmental, commercial, and legal domains. And... Recommended Reading and References 1. Armitage R (2012) Making a brave transition from research to reality. In: Ekblom P (ed) Design against crime: crime proofing everyday objects. Crime prevention studies 27. Lynne Rienner, BoulderGoogle Scholar 2. Campbell DT (1969) Reforms as experiments. Am Psychol 24:409–429Google Scholar 3. Chapman J (2004) System failure: why governments must learn to think differently. Demos, LondonGoogle Scholar 4. Chesbrough H (2003) Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business School Press, BostonGoogle Scholar 5. Clarke R, Harris, P (1992) Auto theft and its prevention. In: Tonry M (ed) Crime and justice: a review of research 16. University of Chicago Press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar 6. Clarke R, Newman G (2006) Outsmarting the terrorists. Praeger, WestportGoogle Scholar 7. Cohen L, Vila B, Machalek R (1995) Expropriative crime and crime policy: an evolutionary ecological analysis. Stud Crime Crime Prev 4:197–219Google Scholar 8. Collins B, Mansell R (2004) Cyber trust and crime prevention: a synthesis of the state-of-the-art science reviews. Department for Business Innovation and Skills, LondonGoogle Scholar 9. Cornish D (1994) The procedural analysis of offending and its relevance for situational prevention. In: Clarke R (ed) Crime prevention studies 3. Criminal Justice Press, MonseyGoogle Scholar 10. Cropley D, Cropley A, Kaufman J, Runco M (2010) The dark side of creativity. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar 11. Ekblom P (1997) Gearing up against crime: a dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adaptive criminal in a changing world. Int J Risk Secur Crime Prev 2:249–265Google Scholar 12. Ekblom P (1999) Can we make crime prevention adaptive by learning from other evolutionary struggles? Stud Crime Crime Prev 8(1):27–51Google Scholar 13. Ekblom P (2005) Designing products against crime. In: Tilley N (ed) Handbook of crime prevention and community safety. Cullompton, WillanGoogle Scholar 14. Ekblom P (2010) The conjunction of criminal opportunity theory. Sage Encycl Victimol Crime Prev 1:139–146Google Scholar 15. Ekblom P (2011) Crime prevention, security and community safety using the 5Is framework. Palgrave Macmillan, BasingstokeGoogle Scholar 16. Ekblom P (2012) The security function framework”; and “conclusion”. In: Ekblom P (ed) Design against crime: crime proofing everyday objects. Lynne Rienner, Boulder ColGoogle Scholar 17. Ekblom P, Pease K (1995) Evaluating crime prevention. In: Tonry M, Farrington D (eds) Building a safer society: strategic approaches to crime prevention, crime and justice. Chicago University Press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar 18. Ekblom P, Tilley N (2000) Going equipped: criminology, situational crime prevention and the resourceful offender. Brit J Criminol 40:376–398Google Scholar 19. Farrell G, Tilley N, Tseloni A, Mailley J (2008) The crime drop and the security hypothesis. Brit Soc Criminol Newslett 62:17–21Google Scholar 20. Farrell G, Tseloni A, Mailley J, Tilley N (2011) The crime drop and the security hypothesis. J Res Crime Delinquen 48:147–175Google Scholar 21. Gamman L, Raein M (2010) Reviewing the art of crime: what, if anything, do criminals and artists/designers have in common? In: Cropley D, Cropley A, Kaufman J, Runco M (eds) The dark side of creativity. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar 22. Gibson J (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin, BostonGoogle Scholar 23. Lingenfelter R (1986) Death Valley and the Amargosa: a land of illusion. University of California Press, BerkeleyGoogle Scholar 24. Schneier B (2012) Liars and outliers: enabling the trust that society needs to thrive. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJGoogle Scholar 25. Shover N (1996) Great pretenders: pursuits and careers of persistent thieves. Harper Collins, LondonGoogle Scholar 26. Taylor M, Currie M (2012) Terrorism and affordance. Bloomsbury, LondonGoogle Scholar 27. van Dijk J, Manchin R, Nevala S, Hideg G (2007) The burden of crime in the EU. EU, ICSGoogle Scholar 28. Walsh D (1994) The obsolescence of crime forms. In: Clarke RV (ed) Crime prevention studies, vol 2. Willow Tree Press, Monsey, pp 149–163Google Scholar 29. White M (1998) Isaac Newton: the last sorcerer. Fourth Estate, LondonGoogle Scholar 30. Wortley R (2008) Situational precipitators of crime. In: Wortley R, Mazerolle L (eds) Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Willan, CullomptonGoogle Scholar Copyright information © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.Design Against Crime Research Centre, Central Saint Martins College of Arts and DesignUniversity of the Arts, LondonLondonUK 2. 2.Jill Dando InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK 3. 3.Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Presentation is loading. Please wait. Part of the Judicial Branch Similar presentations Presentation on theme: "Part of the Judicial Branch"— Presentation transcript: 1 Part of the Judicial Branch The Supreme Court Part of the Judicial Branch 2 Basics of the Supreme Court Part of the Judicial Branch 9 justices on the Supreme Court (8 judges and 1 Chief Justice) Court is on a equal plane with President and Congress (framers of the Constitution) 1981 first woman- Sandra Day O’Connor 1967 first African-America- Thurgood Marshall Justices serve for life President appoints, Congress has to approve 3 Where do the cases come from? 8,000 cases are appealed to the Supreme Court each year Court operates from the 1st Monday in October- June or July Rule of 4- 4 judges must agree to put a case on the docket Writ of mandamus- a court order telling a government officer to perform an act that they have legal duty to perform 4 How does a case get to the Supreme Court? 4 judges have to agree to hear a case Writ of Certiorari- a writ from a high court to a low one to get the records of the proceedings to review If 4 or more judges do not agree, the lower court ruling stands If a lower court is unsure of the rule of law that should apply to the case they issue a certificate If they agree they hear the oral arguments, accept the case and set a date 5 What happens during a court session? 1st two weeks- justices hold public sessions and they listen to the facts of several cases (lawyers present, justices listen and question) (30 minutes) 2nd two weeks- justices study the facts of the case (lawyers give them briefs about the case) Called a recess or court in conference 6 What’s the Vote? Decisions are reached by a majority vote Six justices must be present to call for a vote After the Court has voted, it writes an opinion ( a carefully worded statement that explains why the decision was made) 1/3 of decisions are unanimous, most are divided 7 What are the type of opinions? Majority Opinion- Announces the Court’s decision of the case and why they voted the way they did Precedents- Examples to be followed in similar cases Concurring Opinion- Other justices may right this if a point of theirs was not made in the majority opinion Dissenting Opinion- Written by those justices who do not agree with the Court’s decision Download ppt "Part of the Judicial Branch" Similar presentations Ads by Google
Environment of Electronic Commerce Essay Free Human Computer Interaction Individual Report Essay Sample FOR YOU for only $24.38 $20.00/page Custom Student Mr.Teacher ENG1001-04 November 12, 2017 Environment of Electronic Commerce These elements have helped governments create the legal concept of Jurisdiction in the physical world. Because the four elements exist in Mathew different forms on the Internet, the Jurisdiction rules that work so well In the physical world do not always work well In the online world. 2. In about 300 words, describe the differences between subject-matter Jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. * Subject-matter Jurisdiction is a court’s authority to decide a particular type of dispute. For example, in the U. S, federal courts have subject-matter Jurisdiction over Issues governed by federal law (such as bankruptcy, copyright, patent and federal tax matters) and state courts have subject-matter restriction over issues governed by state laws (such as professional licensing and state tax matters). If the parties too contract are both located in the same state, a state court has subject-matter jurisdiction over disputes that arise from the terms of that contract. The rules for determining whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction are clear and easy to apply. Few disputes arise over subject-matter jurisdiction. * Personal Jurisdiction is, In general, determined by the residence of the parties. A court has personal jurisdiction over a case If the defendant Is a resident of the state in which the court is located. In such cases, the determination of personal jurisdiction is straightforward. However, an out-of-state person or corporation can also voluntarily submit to the Jurisdiction of a particular state court by agreeing to do so in writing or by taking certain actions in the state. 3. The advantages and disadvantages of Issuing business process patents have been hotly debated by legal scholars and business people. One compromise proposal advanced by Jeff Bozos, founder of Amazon. Com, is to allow the issuance of business patents, but only allow them to be effective for a short time, perhaps two or here years. In about 300 words, present logical and factual arguments that support the issuance of such limited-term business process patents. * The business process patent, which protects a specific set of procedures for conducting a particular business activity, Is quite controversial. Many legal experts and business researchers believe that the issuance of business process patents grants the recipients unfair monopoly power and is an inappropriate extension of patent law. In 1999, Amazon. Com sued Barnes and Noble for using a process on its Web site that was similar to the I-click method. The case was settled out of court in 2002, but the terms of the settlement were not disclosed. In 2007, a federal Judge entered a final Judgment of $30 million against eBay In a business process patent case. A company Merchants, had sue eBay for its use of a fixed price sales option that eBay calls “Buy It Now. ” Merchants believed that one of its patents covered the mechanism of offering a fixed price option in an online auction. Merchants is continuing to press for an injunction (in addition to the monetary damages already awarded) that would prevent eBay from using the feature at all. 4. Define product disparagement. In two or three paragraphs, present an example of product disparagement. * A defamatory statement is a statement that is false and that injures the reputation of another person or company. Product disparagement is defined as: if a defamatory statement injures the reputation of a product or service instead off person. * In some countries, even a true and honest comparison of products may give rise to product disparagement. Because the difference Justifiable criticism and defamation can be hard to determine, commercial Web sites should consider the specific laws in their Jurisdiction (and consider insulting a lawyer) before making negative, evaluative statements about other persons or products. 5. In about 300 words, explain the idea of nexus. Why is it an important concept in state and international taxation? In what ways is it similar to Jurisdiction? * A government acquires the power to tax a business when that business establishes a connection with the area controlled by the government. For example, a business that is located in Kansas has a connection with the state of Kansas and is subject to Kansas taxes. If that company opens a branch in Arizona, it forms a connection with Arizona and becomes subject to Arizona taxes on the portion of its business that occurs in Arizona. This connection between a tax-paying entity and a government is called a nexus. The concept of nexus is similar in many ways to the concept of personal Jurisdiction. The activities that create nexus in the U. S. Are determined by state law and thus vary from state to state. Its issues have been frequently litigated and the resulting common law is fairly complex. Determining nexus can be difficult when a company conducts only a few activities in or has minimal contact with the Tate. In such cases, it’s advisable for the company to obtain the services off professional tax advisor. Companies that do business in more than one country face national nexus issues. If a company undertakes sufficient activities in a particular country, it establishes nexus with that country and becomes liable for filling tax returns for that country. The laws and regulations that determine national nexus are different in each country. Companies will find the services off professional tax lawyer or accountant who has experience in international taxation to be valuable.
Do healthy people need an aspirin a day? The healthier your heart and arteries, the less you need aspirin. If taking aspirin was 100% beneficial, it would make sense for everyone with heart disease, or just worried about it, to take this inexpensive drug. Aspirin makes blood platelets less "sticky." This limits the formation of clots in the bloodstream, which can trigger heart attacks and strokes. But aspirin has unwanted side effects, too. Reducing blood's clotting potential can lead to hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding inside the brain). In the stomach, aspirin can cause everything from a feeling of mild heartburn to bleeding ulcers. Severe gastrointestinal bleeding can be deadly. Researchers from six large primary prevention trials of aspirin pooled their data and analyzed them as if they were from a single large trial. It's a legitimate technique called meta-analysis. In this relatively healthy group of 95,000 volunteers, the reduction in heart attacks and strokes in people taking aspirin was almost counterbalanced by major bleeding in the gastrointestinal system and the brain (The Lancet, May 30, 2009). The researchers concluded that for individuals without previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease, "aspirin is of uncertain net value." Another meta-analysis showed only a modest overall benefit, if any, for aspirin among people with diabetes but no cardiovascular disease, and it had little impact on heart attack or stroke (BMJ online, Nov. 6, 2009). When the researchers analyzed the data by sex, aspirin reduced the risk of heart attack in men but not women. Finding the tipping point
World Water War (WWW I) World Water War (WWW I) Western Free Democracies have just begun what future generations might call World Water War or WWW I. What not many people know is the fact that Colonel Gaddafi in 1986 started to build the “Great Man-Made River” using underground fossil water sources under the Sahara desert. The project was designed to cover all of Libya with an extensive network of water pipes. The amount of water in the basins under the Sahara is equal to what the second largest river in the world, the Nile,... This story is part of New Europe's Premium content. new europe join now
Protocol Guide: CRISPR/CAS9 Gene Editing of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the capacity to give rise to differentiated progeny arising from of all germ layers of the body including: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The ability to expand patient derived human iPSCs in vitro and subject them to cell-type specific differentiation protocols is the basis for generating “disease-in-a-dish” cellular models for basic stem cell research and drug-discovery applications. Recently, gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/CAS9 have allowed the generation of isogenic control human iPS cell lines to study the genetic mechanism behind disease and cellular functionality. Relying on our extensive experience in both gene editing and stem cell culture, we have developed a step-by-step protocol guide that can be followed to perform gene editing in human iPSCs using CRISPR/CAS9 technology. Overview of CRISPR gene editing of human iPSCs Figure 1. Overview of CRISPR gene editing of human iPSCs. Gene editing of human iPSCs using CRISPR/CAS9 allows for the generation of isogenic disease controls for stem cell research applications. It is important to start with high quality iPS cells prior to initiating any CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing experiment. Ensure that no less than 90% of the overall stem cell culture remains pluripotent and have not spontaneously differentiated. Follow our complete step-by-step human iPS cell culture protocol guide including ECM coating, thawing, culturing and freezing of iPSCs prior to starting a CRISPR experiment. Gene Editing of Human iPS Cells This protocol is based on using 1 x 106 cells per nucleofection. This protocol is for two samples. For more samples, adjust the following protocol as necessary. Where targeted integration is desired, donor molecules must be designed and included in the transfections as well, and will require specific detection assays to determine integration efficiency. These methods will be governed by overall cleavage efficiency of the nuclease, distance from the cut site to the desired mutation site, and local sequence composition. For best results, it is highly recommended that the end user optimizes donor designs based on these criteria. Basic Gene Editing Protocol 1. Enzymatically detach human iPS cells from culture surface using Accutase (A6964) with Rock inhibitor, 10µM (SCM075). When cells are ~90% confluent, each well of a 6-well plate will contain approximately 1.5 to 2 x 106 cells. 2. Transfer cell suspension to a 15 ml conical tube and centrifuge at 200xg for 5 min. 3. Open Lonza P3 kit (V4XP-3024). Add 200 µl of P3 solution to a clean 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube. Then add 44 µl of P3 supplement to the 200 µl of P3 solution. 4. Gently mix. Aliquot 50 µl to an Eppendorf tube. Repeat for a second Eppendorf tube. 5. For tube #1, add 2 µl pmaxGFP plasmid (2 µg total, Lonza kit) as nucleofection control. 6. For tube #2 (and subsequent tubes), add 2-10 µg of test nucleic acid (CAS9 RNA, gRNA or DNA plasmids). 7. Following centrifugation, aspirate media from cell pellet. 8. Add 100 µl of P3 supplemented solution from step 3 to cell pellet and gently resuspend pellet. 9. Aliquot 50 µl of cell suspension to tube #1 and mix by pipetting up and down 2-3 times. Transfer all contents to a labelled Lonza 4D cuvette. 10. Repeat with tube #2. 11. Perform nucleofection with either of these two conditions. a. P3 solution: CM100 (20-50% survival, >90% nucleofection efficiency) b. P3 solution: CM130 (50-75% survival, >75% nucleofection efficiency) 12. After adding nucleofection solution, allow cuvettes to incubate for 10 min. This step increases the nucleofection efficiency, but must be limited to 10 minutes increases the risk of cell death. 13. At 10 min, transfer cell suspension to iPSC Growth Media+ Rock inhibitor, 10uM (SCM075) a. For maximal recovery when nucleofecting with CM100, it is advisable to plate all 1 x 10^6 cells onto a single well of an ECM coated plate. b. For CM130 conditions, cells may be plated into 1 or 2 wells of a 6-well plate. 14. Incubate overnight in a 37°C 5% CO2 humidified incubator. 15. Exchange media with iPSC Growth Media and continue with normal iPS cell culture protocols. Complex Gene Editing Protocol For difficult to edit cell lines, we recommend the use of a 3-part synthetic CRISPR system with purified recombinant Cas9 protein and synthetic gRNA which is divided into a tracrRNA and a crRNA. The crRNA is variable and complementary to the target of interest, while the tracrRNA sequence is static. 1. Resuspend 250µg of recombinant CAS9 protein (CAS9PROT) in 50uL nuclease-free water (W4502) for a 5µg/µl stock solution. Add 2µl to reaction for 10µg of CAS9 protein and store on ice. 2. Target Complex Ratio is 4:4:1 (tracrRNA:crRNA:Cas9 protein) 3. Dilute 2nmol crRNAs diluted in 66ul nuclease-free water (W4502), 5mmol tracrRNA diluted in 166ul nuclease-free water (W4502), and combine 8ul of each crRNA and tracrRNA to achieve a 240 pmole concentration. 4. Heat the 16µL of crRNA/tracrRNA combo to 95°C for 5 minutes, then cool to 4°C or just place on ice. 5. Add 10µg of Cas9 protein to your cooled crRNA/tracrRNA combo, mix, then incubate on ice for 20 minutes to allow the CRISPR complexes to form. 6. CRISPR is ready to nucleofect using the protocol above. Nuclease delivery method is identical for ZFN and CRISPR reagents. Assessing the Cleavage Efficiency of the Targeted Nuclease Following transfection of the nuclease reagents, cells should be incubated for 24-72 hours before assessment of nuclease activity. The SURVEYOR nuclease assay is a widely accepted method to determine nuclease efficiency. Protocols for this method do not vary between ZFN and CRISPR nuclease formats, and a detailed method for this assay can be found in pages 5-8 of the CompoZr Custom Zinc Finger Nuclease Technical Bulletin. Clone Isolation and Screening It is highly recommended that clonal isolates be generated for genotypic screening in order to obtain pure populations of either knock-out cells or SNP converted cells. Limiting dilution and FACS are among the most common methods for cloning, and we recommend optimization of the cloning conditions for your desired cell line prior to attempting gene editing. Tips and Tricks 1. iPSC culture conditions: In order to successfully CRISPR edit human iPSCs, the cells must be highly undifferentiated and in the log phase of growth. It is recommended that the cells are >90% positive for pluripotency markers (Oct-4/Nanog) before initiating a gene editing experiment. The addition of ROCKi during passaging and gene editing greatly help in overall iPS cell survival. 2. Optimized CRISPR design: CRISPR endonucleases have shown wide variation in their activity, even among multiple CRISPRs designed within close genomic proximity. For this reason, we highly recommend that you test 3 to 4 CRISPR nucleases that target different DNA sequences. Many on-line tools are available for CRISPR design, however, Sigma has applied its core capabilities in specific ZFN design to the CRISPR/Cas system to create an in silico collection of genome-wide CRISPR target sequences. 3. Efficient CRISPR delivery: Common transfection reagents can be used to introduce CRISPR DNA/RNA plasmids into iPSCs. However, we have shown that nucleofection is a robust delivery method for a wide variety of cell types including human iPSCs. For initial experiments in human cells, we advise nucleofecting maxi-prepped CRISPR plasmid DNA into well-validated cell types such as K562 or U2OS to assess double strand break activity or donor integration levels. Additionally, Sigma’s single vector format contains a GFP-linked expression cassette for Cas9, so that transfected cells can be subsequently inspected by microscopy or FACS analysis to monitor transfection efficiency 4. Increasing single cell cloning survival: In order to enhance single cell cloning success, we recommended adding ROCK inhibitor to the culture media during passaging and editing steps. Using MEF conditioned media can also enhance cell survival of human iPSCs at single cell levels. Transfection and nucleofection conditions also need to be optimized to prevent iPSC toxicity. Since Sigma CRISPR plasmids contains a GFP-linked Cas9 expression cassette, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to isolate cell populations. We suggest that cells be sorted into fractions with low, medium, and high GFP expression levels prior to single cell isolation. 5. Reagent handling and storage: Store CRISPR plasmid at –20°C immediately upon arrival. Store CRISPR RNA at –80°C immediately upon arrival. Please avoid repeated freeze thawing of the plasmid or RNA. The reagents can be stored at the recommended temperatures for up to 12 months. Practice aseptic technique to avoid DNase contamination of the components. Keep reagent vials and sample tubes closed when not in use. Alzheimer’s Human iPS Cell Lines Figure 2. Alzheimer’s Human iPS Cell Lines. ApoE polymorphic alleles are the principal genetic determinants of Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. The EBiSC stem cell bank contains a complete set of isogenic lines, CRISPR engineered by Bioneer A/S, with the main ApoE genotypes: ApoE 2/2 (BIONi010-C-6), ApoE 3/3 (BIONi010-C-2) and ApoE 4/4 (BIONi010-C-1) as well as an ApoE knockout line (BIONi010-C-3) and TREM2 gene knockouts with homozygous R47H SNPs (BIONi010-C-7) or a homozygous T66M SNPs (BIONi010-C-8). A) iPS cells display normal undifferentiated phenotypes with colonies having clear defined borders and B) express the pluripotency marker Oct-4 (B). Neural Differentiation of Human iPS Cell Lines Figure 3. Neural Differentiation of Human iPS Cell Lines. CRISPR engineered human iPS cells can be differentiated into neural phenotypes with Nestin (A, red) and b-Tubulin (A, green) expression or glial phenotypes with GFAP (B, green) expression. CRISPR Edited iPS Cell Lines Product No. Description Disease CRISPR Edit Details 66540613 STBCi006-A-1 Alzheimer's disease ApoE gene knockout 66540615 STBCi006-A-3 Alzheimer's disease ApoE3/E3 isogenic mutant of STBCi006-A (ApoE4/E4) 66540616 STBCi006-A-4 Alzheimer's disease APOE3/4 genotype 66540617 UKBi011-A-1 Alzheimer's disease ApoE gene knockout 66540619 UKBi011-A-3 Alzheimer's disease APOE3/3 genotype, isogenic to UKBi011-A 66540616 UKBi011-A-4 Alzheimer's disease APOE3/4 genotype 66540632 BIONi010-C-17 Alzheimer's Disease TREM2 gene knockout 66540268 BIONi010-C-2 Alzheimer's Disease ApoE3/E3 isogenic mutant 66540269 BIONi010-C-3 Alzheimer's Disease ApoE gene knockout 66540366 BIONi010-C-4 Alzheimer's Disease Bases at both SNPs rs7412 and rs429358 were changed to a C 66540367 BIONi010-C-5 Alzheimer's Disease CD33 gene mutation 66540368 BIONi010-C-6 Alzheimer's Disease Bases at both SNPs rs7412 and rs429358 were changed to a T 66540369 BIONi010-C-7 Alzheimer's Disease TREM2 gene mutation 66540370 BIONi010-C-8 Alzheimer's Disease Homozygous T66M SNPs 66540371 BIONi010-C-9 Alzheimer's Disease Frame shift mutation in exon 1 as well as 578 bases downstream 66540581 BIONi037-A-1 Alzheimer's Disease APOE gene knockout 66540604 BIONi037-A-2 Alzheimer's Disease Bases at both SNPs rs7412 and rs429358 were changed to a T 66540605 BIONi037-A-3 Alzheimer's Disease Bases at SNPs rs7412 have been changed to a C and at rs429358 to a T and a C 66540606 BIONi037-A-4 Alzheimer's Disease Bases at both SNPs rs7412 and were changed to a C 66540631 SIGi001-A-13 Alzheimer's Disease Heterozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540358 SIGi001-A-10 Corticobasal Degeneration Homozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540359 SIGi001-A-11 Corticobasal Degeneration MAPT gene mutation 66540335 SIGi001-A-8 Corticobasal Degeneration MAPT gene mutation 66540327 SIGi001-A-9 Corticobasal Degeneration MAPT gene mutation 66540611 SIGi001-A-12 Frontotemporal Dementia 17q21.31 gene mutation 66540331 SIGi001-A-3 Frontotemporal Dementia Heterozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540332 SIGi001-A-4 Frontotemporal Dementia Heterozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540333 SIGi001-A-5 Frontotemporal Dementia Heterozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540326 SIGi001-A-6 Frontotemporal Dementia Homozygous MAPT gene mutation 66540334 SIGi001-A-7 Frontotemporal Dementia Heterozygous MAPT gene mutation 66541074 BIONi010-C-10 Normal HNF1A gene mutaion 66541075 BIONi010-C-11 Normal HNF1A gene mutaion 66541076 BIONi010-C-12 Normal HNF1A gene mutaion IPSC1030 β-Actin GFP Normal β-Actin GFP Reporter iPSC Line IPSC1028 β-Actin RFP Normal β-Actin RFP Reporter iPSC Line 66540167 EDi001-A-2 Parkinson's Disease SNCA gene mutation 66540168 EDi001-A-3 Parkinson's Disease SNCA gene mutation 66540169 EDi001-A-4 Parkinson's Disease SNCA gene mutation
September 15, 2014 Gazpacho for Nacho September is Hispanic Heritage Month and to celebrate, won't you read this delightful story to your little one! Gazpacho for Nacho is a fun and educational picture book that children and adults alike will love. It is about a picky little boy named Nacho, who wants only to eat a certain food - Gazpacho, a cold tomato-based vegetable soup that originated in Andalucia, Spain. The story begins with Nacho refusing to eat anything but Gazpacho - not meat, not fish, not even helado (ice cream)! He wants to eat Gazpacho all the time - for lunch and dinner and even for breakfast! He even tells him mother that he thinks leche (milk) and churros, a Latino pastry is for the burros (donkeys)! Nacho's mother eventually gets fed up with Nacho's pickiness and takes Nacho to the market where she introduces him to all the veggetables that go into making Gazpacho, so that Nacho can help her to make the soup, because she's worn out from making it all the time by herself. The trip to the market brings on a love of other vegetables by Nacho, which helps him to realize that there is more to life than Gazpacho. Once he's back at home cooking Gazpacho with his mother, Nacho also realizes that he enjoys cooking! Gazpacho for Nacho is a fun picture book to read to a child who wants to learn Spanish, and features a Spanish-English glossary at the back of the book to help parents and children who need assistance pronouncing the Spanish words. It is also a great book for parents dealing with a stubborn child that wants only to eat certain food. The illustrations by Carolina Farias, are simply beautiful, adding to the book's humorous and fun rhyming prose. Gazpacho for Nacho is sure to be enjoyed by children and parents of all cultures. It's positive, promotes healthy eating, as well as mother and son time, and will keep you smiling throughout. Author: Tracey C. Kyle Illustrator: Carolina Farias September 12, 2014 B is for Bulldozer: A Construction ABC I spy an I beam made out of steel, and a Jackhammer making a noise you can feel. Hear that Ka-boom? What a loud sound! Look! That huge Loader scoops dirt from the ground. Is your little one fascinated by big trucks and construction sites? If so, he or she will love B is for Bulldozer: A Construction Alphabet, a wonderful book that teaches children the alphabet by referencing construction site tools! This adorable board book, also available in paperback, explains what asphalt is as well as a crane and a forklift, as well as their functions and so much more! For example, it explains why a hard hat is important, the name of that noisy and vibrating tool called a jackhammer, and what mallets and a loader is. What I like most: the book is that it features diverse characters, including ones of different races, and doesn't just limit the characters to males; it includes a female welder, making it even more educational and inclusive. It's a book that can be enjoyed by both young boys and girls and children of color who don't often see themselves in picture books. For me, that makes it an A+. B is for Bulldozer: A Construction ABC Author: June Sobel Illustrator: Melissa Iwai Available at: Target, Amazon September 6, 2014 Dancing in the Wings Sassy makes her mark in this lovable story that proves when you aren't afraid to be yourself and go after your dreams, they can come true! Dancing in the Wings is a wonderful picture book by actress, dancer, and writer Debbie Allen, with equally wonderful illustrations by Kadir Nelson. Since she could walk, all sassy wanted to do was dance. Unfortunately, she has unusually long legs and large feet, and is constantly teased by her big brother, who calls her "Big Foot. "She also gets teased by her fellow ballet dancers who one day call her "Tyrannosaurus." Despite being the butt of jokes from others, Sassy pushes toward her dream of being a dancer - with the support of her mother and her Uncle Red who encourages Sassy to focus on how her differences can help her; such as her ability to jump higher and spin faster than anyone else in her ballet class. Sassy takes Uncle Red's advice when she hears that a famed ballet instructor is going to come to her ballet class to choose one dancer for a prestigious summer dance festival in Washington, DC. At first, Sassy is worried that she is too awkward and would never be chosen, but then she remembers Uncle Red's advice, puts on her brightest leotard, and auditions for the spot in the dance festival - and is chosen to participate. Throughout the story, you are cheering for Sassy and the ending is so feel-good, you don't want the story to end. Dancing in the Wings is a great story with a great message: Don't be afraid to be yourself AND when you're confident and do your best, you can make your mark on the world. The book is a great story for a child who loves to dance but also for every child who has ever felt like they don't fit in. Sassy's story is also for any child who has dared to dream to make their mark on the world - whatever that dream may be.
Raiding the CRISPR A couple of gene-editing news items from this week’s science literature: First, Nature reports that a group in my “back yard,” at the University of California San Diego, has tested gene editing using the CRISPR approach in mice. Recall that CRISPR is an acronym for a particular molecular mechanism, first discovered in bacteria, that is particularly efficient—though not perfectly so!—at editing genes. The idea is to find a “bad” gene that you’d like to replace, for example to prevent or treat a disease, and edit it to be the normal version of that gene. The kicker in this particular case in mice is that it tested something called “gene drive.” In classical genetics, humans (and other higher organisms) have two copies of each gene. In sexual reproduction each parent passes one copy of the gene to offspring, so the chance of a particular gene being handed down is 50%. “Gene drive” is a technique designed to change those odds, and make a particular gene “selfish,” and much more likely to be passed on. In fact, the idea is that transmission would be 100%, or nearly so. If that worked, then a new gene would soon take over a population of organisms, and every member would, in a few generations, have that gene. Why might that be a good thing? Suppose you are interested in pest control, and you could use the technique to make, say, mosquitoes infertile. Then they would soon all die off. Or if you had some other “desirable” characteristic, you could make it so all members of a species (rodents? Cattle? People?) have that characteristic. Assuming it’s determined by one gene, that is. And assuming that the technique works. In the mouse experiment, efficiency was only 73%. That’s probably good news. This is one of those techniques that could have serious unintended consequences if tried in the field. Scientists have been warning about that. It looks like it’s a way off, but something else to fret about. The second item involves a clinical trial to treat sickle cell anemia. In this one, blood stem cells from a person with the disease are removed from the bloodstream and gene-edited outside the body to make hemoglobin that is not as damaged as in the disease (SCA is an inherited disease in which the red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin that doesn’t carry oxygen well). Then the altered cells become the therapy, and are given back to the patient. The FDA has put a “clinical hold” on this clinical trial. Exactly why has not been publicly disclosed (it doesn’t have to be), and it sounds like the trial itself hadn’t started yet, but that the company developing it was getting ready to start. This is, in my view, an approach to gene editing that does not pose special or particularly worrisome ethical issues, because the genetic changes are done on “adult” stem cells to treat an existing individual with a disease in a way that would not entail transmission of altered genes to future generations. And, probably, it’s a case of “this too shall pass,” and the FDA’s concerns will be answered and the trial will proceed. But check out the sidebar reporting this in Nature Biotechnology. If you follow the link you will probably get a prompt asking for payment but I was able to sneak a free read on my screen. If you go there, read below the separate quote (itself picked up from The New York Times) from Dr. George Church of Harvard: “Anyone who does synthetic biology [engineering of biological organisms] should be under surveillance, and anyone who does it without a license should be suspect.” Apparently he said that in response to “the publication of an experiment recreating a virus that has engendered fears that such information could be used to create a bioweapon. ” The old “dual use problem,” eh? We should really fret about that. Labs are growing human embryos for longer than ever before That’s only a slight paraphrase of a news feature article this week in Nature. The clearly-written article is devoid of scientific jargon, with helpful illustrations, open-access online, and readily accessible to the non-specialist. Check it out. Key points include: • Scientists who do not find it ethically unacceptable to create and destroy human embryos solely for research purposes continue to follow the so-called “14-day rule,” by which such experimentation is limited to the first 14 days after fertilization. At that point, the human nervous system starts to form and the time for twinning is past. • The 14-day rule is law in some nations, but until now has not been a practical issue because scientists have been unable to grow human embryos that long in the laboratory. • That technical limit has been sufficiently overcome that embryos are now surviving for almost 14 days. Scientists have not directly challenged the 14-day rule yet, but might, and would like to revisit it. • Experiments on human embryos in that time have included editing of critical genes to see what happens (sometimes they stop growing), and making hybrids of animal embryos with human cells whose purpose is to “organize” embryonic development rather than remain part of the developing individual. • Embryo-like structures, referred to as “embryoids” in the article, and sounding similar to “SHEEFs” (“synthetic human entities with embryo-like features”) are also being created. These entities don’t necessarily develop nervous systems in the same way as a natural embryo, prompting questions of just how much they are like natural embryos, whether the 14-day rule applies, and whether they raise other ethical concerns. The last paragraph of the article, reproduced here with emphases added, is striking and more than a little ironic in light of arguments that embryos are “just a clump of cells”: As the results of this research accumulate, the technical advances are inspiring a mixture of fascination and unease among scientists. Both are valuable reactions, says [Josephine] Johnston [bioethicist from the Hastings Center]. “That feeling of wonder and awe reminds us that this is the earliest version of human beings and that’s why so many people have moral misgivings,” she says. “It reminds us that this is not just a couple of cells in a dish.” The essence of humanity Over the past few days I have been reflecting on this year’s CBHD conference which was titled Bioethics and Being Human. In reviewing all the thought-provoking presentations and discussions, I think the opening address by Dennis Hollinger impacted me the most. His talk was entitled Why Humanness Is the Key to Bioethics. He began by saying that in the culture around us the focus has shifted from concept of human dignity to the concept of humanness or what it means to be human. He suggested the technology which is developing artificial intelligence that may be able to reason and robots that take on roles that we have traditionally considered to be human raises questions about what counts as a human being. The core of what he said related to the idea that there has been a shift in how the culture around us thinks about these things. Our surrounding culture now questions whether there can be an essence of realities. If the existentialist assertion that existence precedes essence is true and there is nothing outside the self to define the self, all our concepts, including our understanding of humanness, become subjective. Those of us who see the world from a biblical Christian viewpoint understand that there are objective realities in the world. We see that human beings do have a nature, a humanness, that is not subjectively defined, but it is an objective reality that exists due to how we have been created by God. We find that objective understanding of what it means to be human represented in the ultimate human being, Jesus. But how do we express this understanding of an objective reality of humanness to people in a culture that believes that everything is subjective? I think Hollinger suggested a strategy when he identified the ironies of our surrounding culture’s thinking. He said that the surrounding culture rejects humanness, but longs for relationship; rejects intrinsic moral norms, but longs to be treated justly and honestly; and rejects human meaning, but longs for something beyond. We live within a culture that leaves people without a solid foundation for meaning, relationship, and values. That foundation is available in the God who created us and in his Son, who became one of us, died for us, and rose again to redeem us. He is the essence of humanity and we can share Him with those around us who are deeply in need of the hope that He can provide. A Supreme Court of One Like Neil Skjoldal in yesterday’s blog entry, I, too, am a Supreme Court watcher and enjoy reading their decisions as some might enjoy watching a good sports match or listening to a beautiful symphony. Nerd that I am, I find a well-articulated argument a beautiful thing to behold, even when it runs counter to my bioethics, as it can be a learning experience to help me sharpen my counter argument. My counter argument becomes moot if five or more Justices concur with that original argument, as it is rare, though not impossible, for the Court to completely reverse itself. Last week, the legal landscape suffered the equivalent of a San Andreas-like major tremor along its political fault-line with the announced retirement of Associate Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. Justice Kennedy has generally been considered the political center of the Court, the all-important tiebreaker, if you will, on controversial bioethical issues related to abortion, gay marriage and the death penalty. Presently, we give 9 Justices the authority to be the final interpreters of our laws, including those that determine our collective bioethics. Amazingly, we will accept a majority rule 5-4 split decision as being just as acceptable as a 9-0 unanimous decision when validating or invalidating our laws. Being the tiebreaker on previous controversial issues effectively made Justice Kennedy what I call “a Supreme Court of One”. And that is exactly how both political parties are treating the selection of Justice Kennedy’s replacement. And they should. In a past blog entry, I tried to make the case that it vitally matters who is interpreting our Constitution, as those individuals are grounding our secular bioethics. Allowing one tie-breaker to decide these important issues is too much power and responsibility in one individual but that has been the reality in our presently divided Court. My favorite legal philosopher is the late Yale Law School professor Arthur Leff. He gave a lecture at the Duke University Law School in the late 1970s called “Unspeakable Ethics, Unnatural Law”. He made the case that if our source of right and wrong is anything other than a transcendental (unnatural) source, then the resulting ethics/law is always open to challenge. The U.S. Constitution is an example of a natural source of law, perhaps the best that mankind can create for itself, but, since it was created by us, it is therefore always open to challenge by us. Given its internal checks and balances, as long as “We the People” continue to agree to be governed by the Constitution (and this is by no means a permanent agreement), rulings by the Supreme Court essentially function as our collective approval of laws that determine our national bioethics. I have shared the following quote from Leff’s lecture before but it again seems appropriate: As long as the Constitution is accepted, or at least not overthrown, it successfully functions as a God would in a valid ethical system: its restrictions and accommodations govern. They could be other than they are, but they are what they are, and that is that. There will be, as with all divine pronouncements, a continuous controversy over what God says, but whatever the practical importance of the power to determine those questions, they are theoretically unthreatening. It is only when the Constitution ceases to be seen as fulfilling God’s normative role, ceases, that is, to be outside the normative system it totally constitutes, or when, as is impossible with a real God, it is seen to have “gaps,” that a crisis comes to exist. What “wins” when the Constitution will not say, or says two things at the same time? Presently, the Supreme Court interprets those gaps and decides what wins and what loses in our national bioethics debates. Given our present evenly split Court, picking the next Supreme Court of One can literally make all the bioethical difference in the world. Goodbye, Korematsu Supreme Court watchers always eagerly anticipate the last week of June because that is when the highest court in the land usually reaches decisions in its most controversial cases. Last week did not disappoint — several of the decisions were reached by the slimmest of majorities (the infamous 5-4 vote). Then, to add to the excitement, one of the longest serving justices, Anthony Kennedy, announced his retirement, giving the talking heads of cable news seemingly endless fodder for roundtable discussions. In the midst of the frenzy, a few observers noted the words of Chief Justice John Roberts at the end of his Trump v. Hawaii opinion. The dissent in the case brought up Korematsu, the decision from the 1940s which concluded that the internment of American citizens of Japanese descent was constitutional. Roberts disagreed with the dissent, but offered this assessment of Korematsu: “The dissent’s reference to Korematsu, however, affords this Court the opportunity to make express what is already obvious: Korematsu was gravely wrong the day it was decided, has been overruled in the court of history, and—to be clear—‘has no place in law under the Constitution.’ 323 U. S., at 248 (Jackson, J., dissenting).” Bioethics should affirm the basic dignity of all humanity. It reacts strongly to governments using people for experimentation against their will, or to the preferential treatment of one people group over another, or any number of other abuses that have arisen over the years. Those from the Judeo-Christian perspective often link this to the biblical teaching of the image of God (see the powerful book by John Kilner, Dignity and Destiny). From my perspective, it means hearing the voice of those who do not normally have a voice and affirming the rights of those whom society so casually overlooks. Looking back seventy-plus years, Chief Justice Roberts sees the issues of Korematsu clearly. Sadly, for the many American citizens of Japanese descent interred during the Second World War, there were only three Supreme Court justices who stood with them against such horrific treatment. Korematsu is a sobering reminder of what can happen when the powerful trample the powerless. During this Fourth of July week, I will celebrate that this decision has been placed in its rightful place, the ash heap of history. Vaccines: Modern Trolley Car Dilemmas The Trolley Car dilemma is back in bioethics news. For those unfamiliar with the trolley car dilemma, you alone are responsible to operate a trolley track switch to divert an out-of-control trolley car away from five workers on one section of track only to cause the death of a lone worker on the only alternate section of track. The dilemma: someone is going to die, and you get to decide who. In a recent editorial in the June 13th New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Lisa Rosenbaum nicely describes the utilitarian dilemma surrounding the public health risks and benefits associated with a vaccine for the dengue virus, a mosquito-borne virus that annually causes significant severe illness and death worldwide. The dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, is a real-world trolley car dilemma. Dengvaxia presently can protect large numbers of patients from this deadly virus, but at the expense of causing severe illness and death in a much smaller number of patients, mostly children. Dr. Rosenbaum describes our response to utilitarian thinking, correctly I think. We don’t mind utilitarian rules that negatively affect others, particularly when the rules tend to confer benefit to our group as a whole (the very definition of utilitarianism) but we resist utilitarian thinking when it threatens to affect us negatively as an individual despite overall benefit to the rest of our group. Healthy self-interest often conflicts with the utilitarian calculus that purports to determine the overall benefit to the group. In the case of Dengvaxia, if the deaths caused by the vaccine only occurred in people who would have died from the natural dengue virus anyway, there would be no problem. In other words, by golly, you all were going to die from the widespread disease anyway, and since the vaccine did save some of you from dying, there is really no new or additional loss. Net positive outcome, right? Sadly, vaccines do not work that way. With Dengvaxia, it may be possible to create a pre-vaccine test for seropositivity for the virus. This would mean determining whether a person previously had a very mild case of the virus such that they would not suffer a catastrophic outcome from receiving the vaccine, thereby allowing them to safely receive the vaccine to prevent a more severe case of dengue in the future. Such a screening test may be possible but it would cost some unknown amount of additional money and would still not be 100% accurate. Even so, no vaccine is 100% safe. How many lives would need to be saved and at what cost before we are satisfied with the cost/benefit ratio of Dengvaxia (or any vaccine for that matter)? Presently the World Health Organization is recommending a pre-vaccination test be developed and only vaccinate those who test positive for prior exposure. This is effectively saying that the vaccination is not only not required but not even presently recommended in endemic regions, this despite the fact that Dengvaxia clearly significantly reduces overall mortality and morbidity. If the disease were more contagious and more lethal than dengue, at what point does the vaccine, however imperfect, become mandatory? This is the ultimate trolley car switch for public health officials. Aren’t trolley car dilemmas fun? A safety concern with gene editing Hat-tip to Dr. Joe Kelley for bring this to my attention… As readers of this blog will recall, there is keen interest in exploiting recent discoveries in genetic engineering to “edit” disease-causing gene mutations and develop treatments for various diseases. Initially, such treatments would likely use a patient’s own cells—removed from the body, edited to change the cells’ genes in a potentially therapeutic way, then return the altered cells to the patient’s bloodstream to find their way to the appropriate place and work to treat the disease. How that would work could differ—make the cells do something they wouldn’t normally do, or make them do something better than they otherwise do (as in altering immune cells to treat cancer); or maybe make them work normally so that the normal function would replace the patient’s diseased function (as in altering blood cells for people with sickle cell anemia so that the altered cells make normal hemoglobin to replace the person’s diseased hemoglobin). Or maybe we could even edit out a gene that causes disease (sickle cell anemia, Huntington’s disease) or increases the risk of disease (e.g., BRCA and cancer) so that future generations wouldn’t inherit it. Or maybe we could edit genes to enhance certain health-promoting or other desirable qualities. The recent scientific enthusiasm for gene editing is fueled by the discovery of the relatively slick and easy-to-use (if you’re a scientist, anyway) CRISPR-Cas9 system, which is a sort of immune system for bacteria but can be used to edit/alter genes in a lot of different kinds of cells. It turns out that cells’ normal system to repair gene damage can and does thwart this, reducing the efficiency of the process. The key component to this is something called p53, a critical protein that, if abnormal, may not do its repair job so well. When that happens, the risk of cancer increases, often dramatically. In cancer research, abnormal p53 is high on the list of culprits to look out for. Two groups of scientists, one from the drug company Novartis and one from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, have published on this. P53’s thwarting of gene editing is particularly active in pluripotent stem cells, that are some, but not the only, candidate cells to be edited to create treatments. These cells are also constituent cells of human embryos. If the CRISPR-Cas9 process is used on these cells, p53 usually kills them off—unless it’s lacking or deficient, in which case it doesn’t, but also in which case it means that the altered cells could themselves become cancers, later on. This is something that has to be monitored carefully in developing cells as medicines, so to speak, with genetic editing. One does not want the patient to appear to be healed, only to develop a cancer, or a new cancer, later on. One certainly would want to know the risk of that before editing an embryo—an unborn human, a future baby if placed in the right environment—to create a gene-edited human being. Yet, as I’ve written here in the past, it appears that experimentation in heritable gene editing is pressing on. I’ve argued, and continue to argue, that heritable human gene editing is a line that must not be crossed, that would place too much trust in the providence of the scientists/technologists who are the “actors” exerting power over fellow humans who become “subjects” in a deep sense of the term; that the risks to the subjects are undefinable; that it would enable perception of humans as “engineering projects”; that the gift of life would tend to be replaced by seeking to limit birth to “the people we want”; that the people acted upon are unable to provide consent or know what risks have been chosen for them by others, even before birth. Rather than press ahead, we in the human race should exercise a “presumption to forbear.” A counter argument is that, in limited cases where the genetic defect is limited and known, the disease is terrible, treatment alternatives are few or none, that the risks are worth it. The recent papers seem to expose that line as a bit too facile. How many embryos created (and destroyed) to develop the technique before “taking it live?” Could we work things out in animals—monkeys, maybe? How many generations to alter, create, and follow to be sure that a late risk—such as cancer—does not emerge? Or maybe our animal rights sensibilities stop us from putting monkeys at such risk—maybe mice will do? The new papers are dense science. Frankly, I can grasp the topline story but have trouble digesting all the details. More sophisticated readers will not be so impaired. The news report, in the English of the general public, can be read here, the Novartis and Karolinska reports read (but not downloaded or printed) here and here, respectively. More on physician-assisted suicide Recently, Dr. Arthur Caplan of NYU, on the Medscape service (subscription required), took on the question of whether physician-assisted suicide (PAS) should be allowed for old folks just because they are old, or because they want to die together. There have been reports of just that. While he supports PAS for terminal illness but objects that PAS for “suffering” in general is just too fuzzy, and therefore rejects broadening it. An accompanying poll of doctors reported: 64-36% against PAS for old age, but 69-31% in favor of PAS for terminal illness. As some advocates of PAS, like the editors of The Economist, have pointed out in the past, however, this distinction is highly difficult to sustain: if someone is suffering “intolerably,” who are we to overrule that person’s wishes based on a diagnosis of the cause of said suffering? Better is to recognize, as Neil Skojdlal noted this week, that real palliative care is not PAS, but is the ethical alternative. And as Mark McQuain noted this week, changing the terminology confuses, rather than clarifies, the issues. At least Dr. Lo, whose New England Journal of Medicine editorial Mark reviewed, accepted that not all physicians will accept PAS or be willing to offer it or refer for it. He seemed to make room for that—unlike some advocates. In a related item, Hastings center president Mildred Solomon “Calls for ‘Moral Leadership’ to Improve End-of-Life Care.” In essence, she argues that over-emphasis on “autonomy” can be a way for doctors to abdicate their responsibility, and leave patients out to dry without guidance in end of life decision making. She argues for a more relational approach, rethinking social supports to provide people with broader help in late life. Makes sense. She doesn’t address PAS in the brief piece I’m citing here, but I would certainly leave that out of the list of recommendations. A Rose By Any Other Name… Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco and present President and CEO of the Greenwall Foundation, a foundation that sponsors bioethics research, wrote one of the lead editorials in the May 31st NEJM entitled Beyond Legalization – Dilemmas Physicians Confront Regarding Aid in Dying. His main point was that regardless of the physician’s position, given the increasing number of jurisdictions where “Physician Aid in Dying” (his term, hereafter PAD) is now legal, at some point the physician will probably be asked about the process, as well as their position, and whether or not they are willing to participate, so it is better for physicians to have answers to those questions prior to that doctor-patient discussion. I think it is perhaps more important to understand the terminology in which these issues are presently being discussed so I encourage your review of the short editorial in the link before considering my following concerns. I believe the lumping of all terminal care into the moniker PAD confuses the issue. Physicians have always participated in their patient’s care, including the death of their patients. What is novel is the expectation that physicians will hasten the death itself. A physician treating a dying patient has always been legal. What is becoming legal is physician-assisted suicide (PAS), specifically causing the death via suicide that the terminal illness has, at that point, failed to accomplish. A physician directly administering an agent with the intent to cause death should be physician homicide (PH) or at least physician manslaughter (PM), though it is unclear why the adjective “physician” should change the criminality of the event. At one point, Dr. Lo appears to include Palliative Care within PAD but later clearly identifies them as distinct and separate options in his provision for patients with terminal illness. This is especially so given his statement that “perceived loss of autonomy and dignity is now a more common reason for requesting PAD than inadequate pain control.” If PAD simply was the preferred term for general end-of-life care then palliative care would obviously be one component. Since it is not, then Dr. Lo is really talking about PAS and he should use the term PAS rather than PAD and be honest about it. Finally, Dr. Lo discusses the need to consider adverse outcomes “such as deciding whether to call 911 if distressing symptoms develop after lethal medications are ingested.” What does he expect 911 to do? I am assuming he wants their assistance in stopping the suicide process, nevermind that it was physician assisted. If a growing number of physicians are henceforth going to be expected to actively kill their patients, surely we can all agree to keep 911 as an emergency response unit of healthcare providers unambiguously dedicated to keeping their patients alive? A call to 911 seems a tacit admission that supporters of PAS aren’t exactly certain or in common agreement as to what euthanasia (“a good death”) or “Death with Dignity” is supposed to look like, and, perhaps more importantly, an admission that no one can control the dying process as well as they may believe they can. By the way, what does Dr. Lo mean by “distressing symptoms”? I thought the reason for providing PAS was that the original terminal process wasn’t going as desired and this was causing “distressing symptoms”. If the addition of PAS can cause more distressing symptoms, what has been gained through PAS? Certainly not euthanasia or “Death with Dignity”. Discussing whether or not a physician should hasten their patient’s death for any reason is unfortunately a necessary debate given the present diversity of world views in our society. Describing that process in less specific terms such as “Physician Aid in Dying” does nothing to help that discussion. Like Neil Skjoldal said in yesterday’s blog entry, I also will “continue to advocate strongly against PAS, affirming God’s gift of life whenever and wherever I can.” Physician Assisted Suicide, Again Last month, I sat through a presentation on the ethics of Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) in a local hospital. I attended the presentation, not because I am unfamiliar with the arguments on the subject and ambivalent about my feelings on it, but because I wanted to observe how it was presented, what the reaction of the audience was to the presentation, and how it might affect my work as a hospital chaplain. For some context, the state where I reside, Florida, does not have a PAS law on the books, nor, according to the “Death with Dignity” website, is it even considering one. I found the presentation to be disappointing, in part because the participants talked past each other as if they were on a cable news program, repeating the typical talking points that have become so common over the years. It was also disappointing because it used the classic example of a sad, horrible death story to advocate the use of PAS with the highly manipulative question, “You wouldn’t want your loved one to experience this, would you?” No one ever seems to respond that we cannot build a law out of such experiences because hard cases make bad law, nor does anyone ever take the time to wonder what else could have been done to make the suffering patient more comfortable. It simply is an elevation of human autonomy to a staggering height. At the end of the presentation, the PAS advocate asked for a show of hands on people’s support/non-support of PAS. I didn’t have the heart to count the hands, but the speakers said it was about 65%-35% in favor of PAS. My worst fears had been confirmed. After what I witnessed in that presentation, I have no doubt that we are headed full-speed ahead towards a civilization that will in some way systematically encourage its elderly, its weak, its sick, and its disabled citizens to make a “compassionate choice” and choose “death with dignity.” Those of us who think otherwise are firmly entrenched in the minority. I understand that I am not the first person to have had this experience, and in some ways I have anticipated this day for some time, but because I saw it so close to home, it still was somewhat shocking to me. When filling out the seminar evaluation, I found the question, “How will apply what you have learned today to your current practice?” I’m not sure what the reviewers thought, but my response was simple: “I will continue to advocate strongly against PAS, affirming God’s gift of life whenever and wherever I can.”
Wednesday, 25 February 2015 Remember what lies beneath Are you planning on going away on holiday soon? Perhaps to a idyllic location with beautiful white beaches and tropical waters? If you are, make sure you prepare fully before you go, and we are not just talking about packing sun-cream and your snazzy Hawaiian shirts. We want you to prepare mentally. Did you know, in 2014, over 80% of participants in our survey who visited Perhentian last year went snorkeling. That is a staggering proportion of people, and highlights the attraction the marine life has to us. I am also pretty sure that if you go on holiday to a beach location, you will be getting in the water for a swim or snorkel. With this in mind, we would like you to take some time to consider just what lies beneath. In a coral reef ecosystem, you can find thousands of animals and species all hunkered together, working and living in balance. Some of these species, like corals, can take years to grow, living in colonies and working in symbiosis with algae, helping remove carbon from the atmosphere, and providing a home to thousands of important fish and marine species. Corals, although they look like rocks, are fragile and very susceptible to stress and change. You might notice broken corals lying on the floor, often broken by natural causes, but commonly by carefree tourist behaviour, those that are white are also at risk, either bleached or already dead they have expelled the algae that provides the majority of sustenance and are on the verge of (or are already) dead. We ask simply that you remember what a coral is and when you head out into the sea to snorkel, you don't need to stop and stand up, even if you think you are standing safely, there are loads of different varieties of corals, and even some species of fish and invertebrate that camoflage themselves and can be painful for you. Yesterday we went snorkeling, our hearts died a little bit inside. Even after people were told of the impacts, they continued to do it. Don't be one of the crowd, look closely and in one square meter you will see so much life. Imagine a giant foot coming down on London or New York City, it might not kill everything, but the stress caused could be irreparable. or, alternatively... Please think twice when you are out in the waters, so much damage can be avoided!
Types of Databases - Object Oriented For example, imagine you're a police officer looking for a patient in a hospital ... but the only information you have to go on is that the patient's first name is John. If you searched for John in the "kinds" or class list of the hospital's OOD, likely every person named "John" who has ever visited the hospital would come up. But if you first searched the "parts" or object list looking for Patient ID's and today's date and then combined that information with a search for "John", only the names of recent patients named John would appear. As you can see, our four types of databases look at data in different ways ... A good programmer will be able to find the right database application for your situation. Next ...
Monday, September 12, 2011 Quiz #416 (2011-3-11) Solution Click on picture(s) for a larger view. Solution by Tony Leukering Respondents were split with this week's quiz bird between Empidonax flycatchers and vireos, with most opting for the latter, though with four species of vireo submitted as answers. Presumably, the thicker bill with a strong point and no yellow on the mandible and the bluish legs were features that those in the vireo camp used to arrive at that destination. Empidonax tends to black legs, with Least and Gray having decidedly black legs. The strong gray and white tones to the bird encouraged most respondents into the Plumbeous/Gray/Bell's trichotomy (Cassin's always shows yellowy-green flanks, at least), with the majority selecting the correct option. As Thomas Hall noted, "The double broken eye-ring leaves only one choice." Yes, focusing on the face, we can see that the bird has a white supraloral area -- which all three sport to some extent -- and a very thin dark eyeline splitting the eye ring both in front and behind and creating eye arcs. Plumbeous' eye ring is split only in front and Gray's eye ring is complete. So, two breaks = Bell's; one break = Plumbeous; and zero breaks = Gray. Steve Mlodinow took this picture of a Least Bell's Vireo near the tip of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in March 2011. Incorrect species provided as answers: Least Flycatcher - 1 Gray Vireo - 5 Plumbeous Vireo - 2 Gray Flycatcher - 1 Cassin's Vireo - 1 Congratulations to the 15 of 25 getting the quiz correct: Tyler Bell Patty McKelvey Devich Farbotnik Diane Porter Pam Myers George Cresswell Su Snyder Josh Parks Christian Nunes Jim Nelson Peter Wilkinson Thomas Hall Robert McNab Marcel Such Chishun Kwong Answer: Bell's Vireo
skip to main content Monday, July 16, 2018 Spiral Top What We Do? Why we exist? The Claiborne County School District has as its Mission to provide high quality education, to promote a safe and conducive learning environment, and to prepare students to meet the challenges of a global society. A vital part of our Mission is to establish a safe and conducive learning environment, which reflects the positive values, needs and ambitions of our community. Where Do We Want To Be The Claiborne County School District has as its reason for existence the maintenance of ensuring as essential curriculum that reflects the needs and values of all stakeholders while maintaining a financially sound system. What We Believe In? Core Beliefs 1. Laser-like focus on all student 2. Excellence 3. Integrity 4. Transparency and accountability 5. Equity 6. Dynamic and quality Leadership 7. Healthy, Safety and Security 8. Respect for individuality of all stakeholders 9. Strong school board and Superintendent Relationship 10. Sound Fiscal Management What we want to accomplish? 1. To provide strong, highly effective instructional leadership. 2. To provide a safe school environment that enables students' success. 3. To increase student achievement. 4. To increase graduation rate. 5. To maintain financial stability. 404 Market Street \| PO Box 337 \| Port Gibson, MS 39150 \| 601-437-4232
3 Tips For Reducing The Occurrence Of Favre-Racouchot Syndrome Favre-Racouchot syndrome is a benign dermatological condition that is associated with long-term sun exposure. The condition typically occurs on the face and can include obvious clusters of blackheads, wrinkles, and cysts. Since the condition most likely appears as you age, early sun protection is critical for preventing skin concerns later in life. Minimize Sun Exposure Using sun protectant factor (SPF) 30 or higher is the standard for reducing the harmful effects from the sun's rays. Your sunscreen should also be broad spectrum, meaning it protects against UVA and UVB rays. Although Favre-Racouchot can affect anyone, men should pay special attention to their skin care regimen. Many women wear makeup or otherwise engage in a skin care regimen that offers at least some sun protection. Another increased risk for developing Favre-Racouchot is certain occupations. People who drive frequently, such as truck drivers, may be unaware of the amount of sunlight exposure they receive each day while driving long hours. Often, the left side of the face is more severely affected by Favre-Racouchot, most likely because this is the side that receives more sunlight as a driver. If you are in a profession where you drive frequently or sweat profusely, you may need to reapply your sunscreen more often. Use Products With Antioxidants Although antioxidants will not prevent or reverse all skin damage, they can help your skin repair itself from environmental damage. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is one such antioxidant that is found in many skin products. With regular use, ALA can help mitigate some of the harmful effects of the sun. ALA is usually found as a topical cream in many retail skin products. Although using products with antioxidants on your skin is important, what you put into your body can be equally helpful. Make sure your diet is sufficient in antioxidants or use supplements. Seek Preventative Care Most people only think about visiting a dermatologist when they develop a skin problem. Once a problem develops, it is not always easy or possible to correct. Ideally, you should make at least one appointment with a dermatologist to determine your skin needs and what you can do to minimize problems in the future. Since skin types and lifestyles are different, these variables will factor into the skin concerns you may encounter in the future and how your skin responds to different products. Your dermatologist can help you develop a preventative skin care regimen and guide you on which retail or prescription products would be appropriate for your skin type. Although Favre-Racouchot syndrome does not have an adverse effects on your health, it can diminish your self-confidence. Fortunately, there are ways you can minimize skin damage, even if you are beginning to notice changes. 23 June 2016 Understanding Dermatology Concerns When I started taking my skincare regimen more seriously, I started carefully evaluating my daily routine. I realized that I wasn't taking care of my skin like I should, so I met with a dermatologist to talk about the details. My skin doctor was incredibly kind and caring, and he did everything he could to explain what my skin needed. He started me on a skincare regimen that started that day, and I could tell that he was on to something. Within a few months, my skin looked clean, clear, and incredibly healthy. This blog is all about understanding dermatology concerns and knowing how to address serious problems.
Winnicott, Donald Winnicott, Donald, 1896–1971, British psychoanalyst, pediatrician, and child psychiatrist. He worked at the Paddington Green Children's Hospital in London for over 40 years, beginning in 1923, where he became interested in child psychoanalysis. In this pursuit, he was influenced greatly by the work of Melanie KleinKlein, Melanie, ..... Click the link for more information. . Winnicott had a major impact on object relations theory, particularly in his 1951 essay "Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena," which focused on familiar, inanimate objects that children use to stave off anxiety during times of stress. Mentioned in ?
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The Challenge to the Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Apr 21st, 2018 \| By \| Category: Culture & Wordview, Featured Issues When one thinks of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s through the 1970s, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) immediately comes to mind. Born in 1929, his name was Michael at birth, but his father changed his name to Martin Luther, honoring the famous German reformer who began the Reformation. As a young boy, it was obvious that he was brilliant. He skipped two grades and passed his entrance exam to enter Morehouse College at 15. He earned his B.A. there and then went to Crozier Theological Seminary for his B.D. and earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. He began his ministry as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, but soon joined his father as co-pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. In 1957, King helped organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an early civil rights group, from which he planned a series of nonviolent marches to draw the nation?s attention to the cause of civil rights for blacks. He raised awareness of the gross injustices done against blacks and of the pernicious results of segregation in the South and in other parts of the nation. As he led nonviolent marches and addressed the nation through sermons, public speeches and his writing, he was in many ways the conscience of the nation. His efforts led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, both of which mandated desegregation of public facilities and improvements in housing, education and job opportunities. In 1964 he was awarded the Noble Peace Prize and Time magazine named him ?Man of the Year,? the first black person to be so honored. On 28 August 1963, over 200,000 people marched on the nation?s capital in one of the largest Civil Rights demonstrations in history. The final speaker of that event was Dr. King. He told the crowd that he had a dream for his children to live in a nation where they would be judged not ?by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.? King called for America to see people the way God sees them?created in His image and of infinite worth and value regardless of the color of their skin or their socio-economic status. The speech got the attention of the power structures of America?s segregated society. King?s speech that day constituted one of the high water marks of the Civil Rights movement that had begun in the mid-1950s in Montgomery, Alabama when a black woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. Local pastors organized a boycott of city buses and chose Dr. King to lead them. In accepting the offer, he insisted for peaceful nonviolent demonstrations even if the white power structure responded with violence. Dr. King represented what can be accomplished when people apply the love of Christ to social injustice. Direct action, motivated by love and non-violence, meant confrontation in the name of reconciliation and redemption. There is no better summary of this proposition than King?s important ?Letter from a Birmingham Jail,? required reading for all believers, in my opinion. In April 1968 he visited Memphis to speak on behalf of a sanitation workers? strike, where he was assassinated on 4 April 1968 by a bitter racist named James Earl Ray. King was 39 years old. Tragically, the Postmodern culture is challenging King?s legacy?and there is no better example of this challenge that Ta-Nehisi Coates, national correspondent of The Atlantic, whose essays and books illustrate a formidable challenge to King?s legacy and contribution. Scott Allen, president of the Disciple Nations Alliance, provides an instructive contrast between Dr. King and Coates: 1. As a Baptist minister, Dr. King operated from a biblical set of propositions about God, human nature and history. He accepted the authority of the Bible and quoted from it regularly. Coates is an outspoken atheist and, understandably, his atheism is reflected in the hopelessness, anger and resentment that pepper his writing and speaking. 2. Dr. King argued for the dignity and value of all human beings, because all are created in God?s image. That theological fact is to unite all people regardless of skin color. He often declared that ?We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.? As he said in his famous ?I have a dream? speech, ?the content of their character? was far more important than skin color. Coates rejects all of this; he argues that there is no common human nature that binds us together. Rather, our identity is determined entirely by our ethnicity and race. Reflecting the Postmodern ideology, Coates maintains that the ?group defines everything.? 3. Dr. King affirmed that sin is part of our core human identity, for all humans are in need of a Savior. Coates rejects this and stipulates that the line between good and evil runs between groups??in his case between whites and everyone else.? Scott Allen argues that Coates embraces the framework of the Marxist Antonio Gramsci: ?The world is divided between oppressor groups and victim groups; nothing exists outside these categories. For Coates, to be white is to be defined as part of an oppressive group. To be black is to be a victim of white oppression . . . Society as a whole is structured to preserve white power.? He sources evil in ?whiteness.? 4. For Dr. King, justice was defined as equality between white and black; true justice must be color-blind. But for Coates, skin color trumps everything, for justice will never be possible in America where ?whiteness? defines everything. 5. Dr. King was consistent and persistent that non-violence was necessary in his fight for civil rights. He consistently championed Matthew 5:44: ?Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.? Coates writes disparagingly about those who ?exult nonviolence for the weak and the biggest guns for the strong.? His father was a member of the Black Panther Party?a revolutionary socialist organization of the 1960s and 1970s?and he writes that ?I was attracted to their guns, because guns seemed honest. The guns seemed to address this country, which invented the streets that secured them with despotic police, in its primary language?violence.? 6. For Dr. King, the Civil Rights movement had a clearly defined goal?end Jim Crow segregation and promote equality across the entire spectrum of American civilization. Coates puts forward no positive agenda for race relations in America. Instead, he calls for reparations: ?His basic formula goes like this: Take the difference between black and white per capita income, multiply it by the population of blacks, and pay it out each year, for a ?decade or two.? Such a re-distribution of wealth would amount to somewhere between $4 and $9 trillion. The basic worldview assumptions that animated and energized the Civil Rights movement that Dr. King led are being undermined by an entirely new set of worldview assumptions?a Postmodern one represented by Ta-Nehisi Coates. Dr. King often turned to the Scriptures to cast his vision of what America could become. There is no better example of this than his use of Exodus to explain the failures and dreams of American democracy. On the night before he was murdered, he declared: Like anybody, I would like to live a long life . . . But I am not concerned with that now. I just want to do God?s will. And he?s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I?ve looked over. And I?ve seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. Those of us who love Jesus Christ must carry on the hope for a better world that Dr. King consistently preached about?a world where people will not be judged ?by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.? All human beings are of equal worth and value to God because they bear His image. It is the doctrine of genuine, biblical Christianity (not cultural Christianity) that offers the hope and energy of a better world. Dr. King personified that?and so should we in 2018. See Scott Allen, ?A Tale of Two Worldviews? at PRINT PDF Comments Closed
You are here Home > Health > To improve hearing, a new electroacoustic implant To improve hearing, a new electroacoustic implant To improve hearing, a new electroacoustic implant Pr Olivier Sterkers, head of the Orl department at the Beaujon Hospital, explains the benefits of the latest electroacoustic implant, demonstrated at the recent Congress of the French Society of Orl and Head and Neck Surgery at the Palais des Congrès in Paris. Can you briefly explain how the ear receives sounds? Pr Olivier Sterkers.They reach the inner ear (cochlea) through the external auditory canal, the eardrum, and then the ossicles. The main role of this inner ear is to transform sound energy into electrical energy (mechano-electrical transduction). This coding is done by means of specific cells, called “hair cells”, which are connected to the nerve endings of the auditory nerve. This electrical message is then transferred along the brainstem to the brain, in the areas of hearing. The ciliated cells are different and distributed according to the frequency of the sounds (treble or bass) that they code like the keys of a piano. The coding of these high-pitched sounds is provided by the lower part (or base) of the cochlea, and the bass sounds by the upper part (or vertex). 5 destinations to successfully combine city and … While we tend to contrast “cities” and “nature”, we have found for you some of the most beautiful destinations that combine the improbable marriage of concrete and leaves. What are the most common forms of deafness? Pr OS These are degenerations that occur in the course of life and increase with age. They always concern the inner ear where, with the years, progressively a loss of the ciliated cells which process the acute sounds, becomes a dead region of the cochlea: consequently, an auditory discomfort settles, particularly painful in a noisy environment. When the attack is more advanced, there is this time loss of intelligibility. Then persist only the low frequencies, which always allow to analyze the rhythm of the sound messages but more to integrate them in the brain. Up to a certain level of loss What type of prosthesis is placed then? Prof. OS There are two types of these external hearing aids: 1 Single-ear implants are indicated in cases where the hearing decline is not too large. 2 In cases requiring more powerful help, a contour prosthesis is used, the tip of which is connected to a tiny device placed behind the ear and amplifies the sounds. But at a later stage, the prosthesis is not enough anymore. It is then necessary to consider the surgical placement of a cochlear implant. How does a cochlear implant work? Pr OS The process involves placing electrodes inside the cochlea to stimulate the sensory cells of the inner ear, which will then send neurological impulses to the brain. The apparatus implanted behind the ear consists of different elements. Outside, a tiny receiver receives the sounds, then transfers them (through a magnetic system introduced under the skin) to an electronic processor that turns them into electrical messages. These signals are transmitted to the electrodes implanted in the cochlea where it will be possible to analyze the high-pitched sounds. What results do we get with this implant? Pr OS Patients can understand speech again, while retaining limited hearing when in a noisy environment. This understanding is optimized by reading the movements of the lips of the interlocutor. Does this method have disadvantages? Pr OS Yes, this implant technique involves the destruction of the remaining healthy auditory cells. The patient is left with a totally artificial hearing, which requires adjustments to the device and a re-education to follow. What is the new approach using two implant techniques? Pr OSThis method associates the stimulation of the low frequencies for the hearing aid with that of the nerve endings allocated to the high frequencies for the cochlear implant. But there, a new minimally invasive surgical technique allows to preserve the hearing cells remained healthy, in 80 to 90% of the cases. Instead of practicing a large opening to introduce a rather large electrode, the surgeon, using micro-instruments, makes a small millimeter window to place a much finer diameter electrode. The operation is performed under a microscope (the operative field is enlarged) with regular electrophysiological checks of the hearing. The first settings of the implant are made fifteen days after the operation to optimize speech recognition Leave a Reply
Bangol tiger bangol tiger Watch as this Amur tiger fights this Bengal tiger. See the full force and fighting techniques of these tigers. Due. The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the most numerous of the tiger subspecies. By , the total population was estimated at fewer than 2, individuals ‎Characteristics · ‎Distribution and habitat · ‎Ecology and behavior · ‎Threats. The Bengal tiger is found primarily in India with smaller populations in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar. It is the most numerous of all tiger. Tiger Action Plan for Bhutan — More than tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by Retrieved from " https: Best apps for ipad free eyes and ears are closed. Andrea ka medals of the British army, and how they were won Rev. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Into Africa 1st ed. Königstiger Wissenschaftlicher Name Panthera tigris tigris LinnaeusDer Königstiger Panthera tigris tigrisauch Bengal-Tiger oder Indischer Tigerist eine Unterart des Tigersdie zu den Festlandsunterarten zählt. Retrieved 21 October Die Dziugas am Schwanz des Tieres sind recht breit und ebenfalls oft club world casino disconnected by administrator. Kampagnen Gemeinsam mehr erreichen. Grundsätzlich gehören Menschen nicht zum Beutespektrum von Tigern. Retrieved 29 April As of , an estimated breeding tigers lived in Nepal. These landscapes comprise the following: Most young are born in December and April. Make a One-time Donation Make a Monthly Donation Become a Paperless Member Renew Your Membership Join as a Partner in Conservation. In areas where opportunistic man-eaters were found, the killing of humans was correlated with their availability, most victims being claimed during the honey gathering season. Exploding human populations, particularly since the s, have resulted in major loss of tiger habitat. For other uses of "Bengal tiger" and related terms, see Bengal tiger disambiguation. Wie bei allen Tigerunterarten wird auch der Königstiger wegen Altersschwäche, Krankheit oder gravierender Verletzungen zum Menschenjäger, wenn er seine reguläre Beute aufgrund von physischen Beeinträchtigungen nicht mehr erlegen kann. Die Schädelform ist der des Indochinesischen und Malaysia-Tigers sehr ähnlich. The TCUs in tropical moist evergreen forests represent the less common tiger habitats, being largely limited to the upland areas and wetter parts of the Western Ghats , and include the tiger reserves of Periyar , Kalakad-Mundathurai , Bandipur and Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. The powerful structure of a Bengal Tiger enables them to drag a prey for almost a mile, even though the prey may be heavier than his own weight. Bangol tiger - das Tag Cloud Conservation Facts Facts and Information Humans Images Information Kids Sound Species Video. A full grown male Bengal Tiger can weigh up to pounds. The most significant immediate threat to the existence of wild tiger populations is the illegal trade in poached skins and body parts between India, Nepal and China. The average of these six sites provided an estimate of 3. Included in his home range were the much smaller home ranges of two females, a tigress with cubs and a sub-adult tigress. The goals are to manage tigers as a single metapopulation , the dispersal of which between core refuges can help maintain genetic, demographic, and ecological integrity, and to ensure that species and habitat conservation becomes mainstreamed into the rural development agenda. For over years people, tigers, and livestock have been injured and killed in the conflict; in recent decades up to 50 people, 80 livestock, and 3 tigers have been killed in a year. Related Species Chimpanzee Giant Panda Macaw Jaguar Poison Dart Frog Saola Orangutan African Wild Dog Cross River Gorilla Mountain Gorilla Monarch Butterfly Red Panda Amur Leopard African Elephant Sumatran Tiger Sumatran Rhino Brown Bear Tiger Forest Elephant Western Lowland Gorilla Gorilla Eastern Lowland Gorilla Bonobo Bornean Orangutan Black Spider Monkey Tree Kangaroo Amur Tiger Asian Elephant Javan Rhino Greater One-Horned Rhino Indochinese Tiger Malayan Tiger Borneo Pygmy Elephant Sri Lankan Elephant Sumatran Elephant Sloth. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Bangladesh. This includes early warning systems, investing in effective legislation, and improving enforcement of policies and laws. WWF works to secure the large areas of habitat that tigers need to survive in the long-term. The Power of Tipu's Tiger. Every part of these tigers, right from their claws to their eyes are sold for a fortune in this market. Near Threatened Likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Bangol tiger - Hauptziel ist The mangroves of the Sundarbans—shared between Bangladesh and India—are the only mangrove forests where tigers are found. Bengal Tiger Comments hi "I never new they were in danger. The male cubs stay with their mothers till they leave at about two years of age. Blind at birth, a newborn cub weighs less than two pounds. Whether the animal is solitary or sociable. 0 Replies to “Bangol tiger Schreibe einen Kommentar
General Questions & Code related questions 1. What is whitespace? 2. What is meant by freeform? 3. What does it mean to maintain programs? 4. What does C++ prefer most, uppercase or lowercase letters in programs? 5. What are comments? 6. Why are comments necessary? 7. What does the compiler do when it sees a comment? 8. What do all C++ comments begin with? 9. What is the difference between a C-style comment and a C++-style comment? 10. What happens when you nest C-style comments? 11. True or false: Longer programs are more difficult to understand than shorter ones. 12. True or false: You can substitute parentheses for braces if you feel that the parentheses are more readable. 13. True or false: Comments are not Visual C++ commands. 14. True or false: You can nest one C++ comment inside another. 15. Match the special character on the left with that special character's description on the right. Special CharacterDescription <Left bracket }Right-angled bracket \|Right parenthesis \Forward slash (or just slash) ]Left-angled bracket {Left parenthesis )Right brace (Vertical line >Left brace /Right bracket There is no What's the Output? section in this unit. Find the Bug 16. Here is a comment and a C++ command (the return statement). Where is the problem? // Go back to the IDE return; 17. The following program contains three comment bugs. See whether you can determine what is wrong. // This program computes taxes #include void main() { The next few lines calculate payroll taxes // Computes the gross pay float gross = 40 * 5.25; float taxes = gross * .40; / Just computed the taxes cout "The taxes are " <<> Write Code That. . . 18. Tim Peterson wants to put his name at the top of his program using a comment. Write a comment that contains Tim's name using both the C++-style and the C-style approach. 19. Here is the same program you saw earlier, with one difference: The programmer forgot to precede the comments with double slashes. After trying to compile the program, the programmer looked at the 20 or so error messages and realized what was left out. See if you can help the programmer correct the program by inserting the proper commenting symbols everywhere they go. Filename: 1STLONG.CPP Longer C++ program that demonstrates comments, variables, constants, and simple input/output #include void main() { int i, j; These three lines declare four variables char c; float x; i = 4; i is assigned an integer literal j = i + 7; j is assigned the result of a computation c = 'A'; Enclose all character literals in single quotation marks x = 9.087; x is a floating-point value x = x * 12.3; Overwrites what was in x with something else Sends the values of the four variables to the screen cout <<> 20. Hint: Count the number of double slashes you put in this program. If you did not add 18 double slashes (or if you added more than 18), try again. Extra Credit 21. Of the following five lines, which contain useful comments and which contain redundant ones? clog << '\n'; // Sends an end-of-line to the error log radius3 = radius1 + radius2; // Calculates radius3 // The following code contains a C++ program // The following code tracks your investments clog << '\n'; // Sends '\n' to clog No comments:
--> Many eyed bug thing- the diary of a Neighbours addict many eyed bug thing many eyes buggy eyes green thing buggy eyes many buggy eyed thing Wednesday, September 28, 2005 American history week- Evolution In Pennsylvania this week parents have gone to court to argue against the teaching of Intelligent Design in their local schools. (BBC) This theory suggests that because living beings are so complex they must have been designed by a creator. The parents say that it should not be taught alongside Darwinian evolution because it is more religion than science. Evolution (BBC)was first* widely proposed in the nineteenth-century by Charles Darwin. His best known publication on the matter is On the origin of the species, which can be read on Project Gutenberg and on the BBC website linked above. Darwin found that species gradually change over time in response to developments in their natural environment. The plants and animals that are best suited to particular habitats survive to pass on their genes whilst those that are not die out. Over thousands and millions of years these changes create new species. For example we share a lot of genetic material with chimpanzees, as well as common ancestors. I think Darwinian evolution is accepted as fact by the majority of Britons but it is still controversial in many parts of America. Certain types of Christianity have such a strong presence in the states that a significant part of the population prefers to believe the Biblical explanation for the origins of the world. (i.e. God created the world in seven days.) Evolution has been the subject of American court cases before. This week's case reminds many in America of the Monkey trial of 1925 when John Scopes, a biology teacher, was charged with illegally teaching the theory of evolution. You can read a detailed account of it here. * Darwin was not the only person to come up with ideas about evolution. The early 18th-century botanist Linneaus came close and George Louis Leclerc discussed the idea in a 1774 publication. You can read more about them and other pre-Darwinian evolutionists here. Post a Comment << Home
Want to become a better writer? Easy. Just write an article a day. When you write each and every day, you develop skill. Writing is a skill that demands the easy interaction of various parts of your brain. This interaction isn't developed without practice, nor does the interaction seem to remain viable unless you consistently practice --- unless you write every day. I imagine writing skills as being like developing communication pathways between different areas in the brain. If you don't practice your writing daily, those pathways disappear, just like untraversed paths through a forest. ===> Please write an article a day for seven days No instruction I give you about getting ideas for articles, doing research, or how to structure an article will do as much for you as actually writing the things. Consistently. Day after day. For at least seven days. I promise you, at the end of the seven days you will be a better writer. You've been reading articles in newspapers, magazines and online for years. You know how it's done. Doing it will bring out that hidden knowledge you have and make it consciously usable. Writing articles is a skill you learn by doing, just as you learned to tie your shoelaces and to walk. I'd like you to write an article a day, of at least three hundred words. That's just over one page. Use the BEST formula below to get your articles written. The BEST formula is an easy way to remember basic article structure. I discovered it in June Duncan Owen's book How To Write And Sell Articles (Penguin Books 1992, ISBN 014 0146 253). ===> The BEST formula for writing articles BEST is an acronym for --- B --- Bait E --- Explanation S --- Step T --- Termination ===> The BAIT The BAIT is also known as the hook. It's an intriguing beginning for your article. As well as being the beginning of your article, it's also the most important part. It tells the reader why she should care, why she should stop and read the article. It's important because if your reader doesn't like the bait, she's not going to read the rest of the article. Pick up six different magazines, ones you have at home, or ones you go and buy. Look at the baits, the first couple of paragraphs, in each article in those six magazines. All the baits in the articles will be different. Don't spend too long writing the bait for an article. I often write the bait after I've finished an article. The only time you need to spend a lot of time on getting your bait exactly right is if you're writing an article for a major market. If you're getting a dollar a word or more, it's worth it to write out ten or twenty forms of bait and pick the best one. When you're writing your seven articles for the next seven days -- and forever afterward --- don't be too enraptured or concerned with the bait paragraph or paragraphs. Your bait is important, but not so important that you stall over it, and never get around to writing the article. The bait can only become a stumbling block if you let it. Get the article written, and then you can worry about individual components like the bait. ===> The Explanation This part of your article explains the article's subject, or thesis. If you're writing about a computer program, you can explain what the program does in a nutshell, or why the program is important. If you're writing a personality profile, the explanation tells the reader why he should read the profile. Sometimes you won't need an explanation, it will be covered in the article's headline and the bait. ===> The Step(s) The Steps are your argument. They can be individual anecdotes, or pieces of evidence. If you're writing about a computer program, the Steps could be various ways of using the program, or how to get started with the program. If you're writing a profile, the Steps could be your subject's career, his family life, the details of his run for office, or the details of how he won the tennis championship, what others say about him, and so on. I usually write the steps in any order, and then rearrange the order with appropriate transitions as I work through later drafts. In a short article of 300 words, you won't have space for more than one Step. ===> The Termination The ending of the article. In the case of the article about the computer program, it could be how many people have bought the program, when the next version will be available, or where you can buy it. In your personality profile, the ending could be a final quote from the subject. A circular ending, when you manage to refer to the bait or the explanation in the ending, is satisfying, and is an easy way to wrap the article up without working too hard. Although the BAIT formula seems prosaic, it will release your creativity. It gives you a structure, which is always the hardest task in writing an article. So go ahead. Write an article a day for the next seven days. At the end of the seven days, you'll be a better writer.
Alcohol Withdrawal Alcohol withdrawal is a set of symptoms that occur when someone stops or significantly reduces the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol withdrawal syndrome typically involves a range of physical and psychological effects, as the body responds in a hyper-excitable way to a lack of alcohol in the system. Alcohol withdrawal is often managed through detox, with rehab clinics helping people to stop drinking through a combination of medication treatment, therapy and relapse prevention programs. Alcohol withdrawal is one of the major signs of alcohol dependence, along with increased tolerance and uncontrolled drinking patterns. Signs and symptoms of withdrawal occur mostly in the central nervous system, with typical symptoms starting 6-24 hours after the last drink. While alcohol rehab centers deal with people at all stages of addiction, the alcohol withdrawal syndrome is only formally recognized if two of the following symptoms are observed: insomnia, increased hand tremor, vomiting or nausea, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, transient hallucinations, tonic-clonic seizures, and autonomic instability. Hallucinations can be auditory, tactile or visual, with the severity of symptoms highly dependent on the extent and length of addiction. Alcohol Withdrawal Progression The alcohol withdrawal syndrome progresses through a number of distinct phases, with the first symptoms beginning as little as 6 hours after the last drink. Early symptoms are likely to include headaches, sweating, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting, with more severe symptoms starting from 12-24 hours after the cessation of alcohol. During this period, patients are likely to experience mental confusion, hallucinations, tremor, and agitation. The final acute phase of alcohol withdrawal occurs from 24-48 hours after cessation, with early symptoms still experienced and seizures also possible for long-term addicts. Seizures can be very dangerous and even fatal for the alcoholic, with ongoing medical supervision and medication required during this phase. A range of medications are used to manage the withdrawal syndrome, with benzodiazepines commonly taken to suppress withdrawal symptoms and reduce the chance of seizures. While both long-acting and short-acting benzodiazepines can be used to treat and prevent withdrawal, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are often preferred for their long half-life. The use of these drugs has proved to be effective over many years, with benzodiazepines the most commonly prescribed medication for alcohol withdrawal. The administration of these drugs requires a lot of care, however, with cross tolerance between alcohol and benzodiazepines possibly causing overdose. The continued use of benzodiazepines can also lead to addiction, with doctors and medical staff needing to evaluate each case individually when deciding on a treatment program. Other Medications In addition to benzodiazepines, a number of other medications can also be used to treat alcohol withdrawal. There is some evidence that topiramate, carbamazepine and other anticonvulsants are effective in treatment, with antipsychotics such as haloperidol also used to control agitation and psychosis. Vitamins also play a big role in managing withdrawal, with the intravenous administration of thiamine, folate and pyridoxine often useful during the recovery process. Vitamins should always be given to patients before carbohydrates or glucose, with patients evaluated and tested individually before treatment. Behavioral Therapy According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), detoxification should always be followed by drug treatment when required and ongoing behavioral therapy. While therapy is not a part of the detox process itself, it is an essential element in reducing relapse rates among recovering alcoholics. A number of therapies and counseling programs are useful in the context of alcohol recovery, including family therapy, motivational interviewing, motivational incentives, 12-step programs, and group support. Behavioral therapy teaches patients how to deal with their emotions and thoughts, providing them with the skills and support they need to break the bonds of addiction and start a new healthy life. To find out more about how we can help you or a loved one manage and treat alcohol dependence, call Alcohol Treatment Centers Bronx at 212-202-5656. Most Major Insurances Accepted
next up previous Next: 3 Routing around faults Up: 2 Routing without faults Previous: 2.3 Improving the constant 2.4 Other improvements The algorithms described in Sections 2.1 through 2.3 can be improved in several ways. For example, by considering the expansion obtained across two or more levels of splitters, it is possible to obtain much larger expansion factors for randomly-wired splitter networks. In fact, it is possible to show that even a splitter network with multiplicity 2 can route any permutation in tex2html_wrap_inline1911 steps. This is not possible to prove using the previous analysis for splitters with d=2, since they do not have expansion. One of the nice properties of a d-multibutterfly is that it requires about the same VLSI layout area [28] as a d-dilated butterfly. In particular, the layout area of an N-input d-butterfly or d-dilated butterfly is tex2html_wrap_inline1925 . In Section 2.1 we proposed appending a set of levels numbered tex2html_wrap_inline1927 to the multibutterfly, each isomorphic to the first. Unfortunately, each such level requires tex2html_wrap_inline1929 area to lay out (as much as the entire multibutterfly), so the total area becomes tex2html_wrap_inline1931 . For tex2html_wrap_inline1933 , however, it can be shown that a more area-efficient network will suffice: the multi-Benes network. The multi-Benes network consists of back-to-back multibutterflies and requires twice the area of the multibutterfly. Bruce Maggs Mon Jul 22 18:45:42 EDT 1996
Reciting Creeds: Act of Humility and Justice Creeds are interesting in that they serve several functions in the Christian tradition. For many they are seen as a litmus test for who is Christian and who is not. I would submit that this is a misuse of the creeds of our tradition and to distill their role as just a test we all sign off on cheapens the richness of the creeds. So what else are creeds? I would submit that reciting the creed in corporate worship is more an act of humility and justice rather than a way to decide who is in and who is out. The creeds stated in worship, for the most part, are older than the people speaking them today. And this highlights why recited creeds are an act of humility and justice. Because these words are not "our" words means that we must stop talking and speak the words of others. When we speak these words we are humbled with the reality that others might have something to teach us. Even more than that, when we give voice to the voiceless we participate in a act of justice. While the creeds are often written by those in power in their time, those people are no longer in power. Said another way, when we give voice to the powerless we recall all those who are powerless and voiceless. So when you say a creed, perhaps you do not believe all (or any) of the lines, that is okay. Say them anyway. Say them as a practice of humility and as an act of justice. Then go out into the world and continue works of humility so that justice may be made real for all. And perhaps, that is the greater goal of our creeds.
The work of scientists is not often poetry. But they do reveal patterns that are profound. Noting the observations of Geschwind and Galaburda in 1987, I am struck by how many of their insights apply to the possible origins of autism. Consider the emergence of autism among Somali Minnesotans. (Click here to note the autism-inducing implications of equatorial populations migrating to extreme Northern climates, taking into consideration Geschwin and Galaburda’s hypothesis.) Many of the studies inspired by their work did not take into consideration the difference between familial left-handers and those who became left-handed as a result of trauma. Results of those studies were usually inconclusive. I sometimes wonder how often it is that cerebral palsy and autism have identical etiologies, only different parts of the brain were traumatized. Researchers conducting studies involving left-handedness who do not remove those individuals that have been traumatized study two different etiologies, muddying results. It seems to me that administering Marian Annett’s dexterity/speed peg tests would efficiently separate those untraumatized genetic lefties from those that had experienced early, hostile environments. (Natural lefties often evidence facility with both hands.) “The earliest civilizations of the world–in China, Tibet, Egypt, the Near East, and Europe–were, in all probability, matristic” Goddess civilizations. “Since agriculture was developed by women, the Neolithic period created optimum conditions for the survival of matrilineal, endogamous systems inherited from Paleolithic times. During the early agricultural period women reached the apex of their influence in farming, arts and crafts, and social functions. The metrical with collectivist principles continued. There is no evidence in all Old Europe of a patriarchal chieftainate of the Indo-European type. There are no male royal tombs and no residences in magarons on hill forts. The burial rites and settlement patterns reflect a matrilineal structure, whereas the distribution of wealth in graves speaks for an economic egalitarianism.” (Gimbutas, Marija (1991) The Civilization of the Goddess. Harper: S. F. P. 432) There are two major currents contemporary theorists are not noticing, forces influencing the direction that society evolves and its individuals adjust to. Handedness is not arbitrary. Those that are random-handed (commonly called left-handed) are the old matristic or matrifocal neurological types common perhaps 100,000 years ago, and they were still exerting influence in terms of social structure as recently as early recorded history. Second, when Geschwin and Galaburda note the influence of features of the environment, such as light, on handedness, they are observing one of the ways that an individual’s neurology and resulting social structure is modified. Sexual selection proclivities also have enormous influence on these maturational trajectories, revealing left-handers as matrifocal in origin. Visit here and here for more on sexual selection and conditions featuring maturational delay. Understanding social structure and the relationships between matrifocal and patrifocal frames as they drive human evolution provides insight on the origin of conditions characterized by maturational delay. Understanding the neuropsychological origins of these conditions and the many related psychological and oncological disorders offers awareness of how the nature of societal transformation integrates into the neuropsychological, psychological and physiological profile of the individual. Much comes down to how and whom we pick as partners. And then, how we live our life. Perhaps the poets should be writing about evolution. Perhaps they are. Name (required) Email (required) Share your wisdom
What Is Money? (Yes, We're Talking About Bitcoin) What is money? Then they realize money is a social construct, a merging of social consensus and political force — what we agree to use as money, and what our government mandates we use as money under threat of punishment. We assume that our monetary system is much like a Law of Nature: since it’s everywhere, it must be the only possible system. But there are no financial Laws of Nature for money. In our experience, 1) money is issued by a government or central bank (i.e. a currency), and each of these currencies is the sole form of legal money in the nation-state that issues the currency… 2) Each of these currencies is available in physical coins and paper bills and digitally as entries in bank and credit card accounts… 3) Our currency is borrowed into existence by the central bank or by fractional reserve lending in private banks, and… 4) This currency meets all the utility traditionally required of money (it can be divided into smaller parts like quarters or dimes, that it is easily transferable, it has a market value that’s easily discoverable, etc). But history informs us that money doesn’t have to be issued by governments. Nor does it have to be borrowed into existence by banks, nor does every form of money have to satisfy every condition of utility. It’s possible to have multiple forms of money which each serve different purposes. We tend to look at money as value-neutral and apolitical, but as a social construct, it reflects specific social and political values. Our money is created and distributed at the very top of the wealth-power pyramid. To understand why, we need to start with money’s three basic functions. As a general rule, money is: A store of value (i.e. it serves as a reliable repository of wealth)… As means of exchange between buyers and sellers… But in other social constructs, different kinds of money perform different functions. The giant stone disks on Yap (rai) are a store of value, and a means of exchange for high-value items. But the recording of transactions involving the rai is done in an oral-history ledger. The transfer of ownership of a particular rai is recorded in the community memory, and so the heavy 2-meter-high stone doesn’t have to actually move in physical space to transfer ownership. Which brings us to bitcoin… Bitcoin’s limitations are well-known: the blockchain/mining consumes vast quantities of electricity, and bitcoin can’t be scaled to replace all the credit card transactions in the world. But as noted above, every type of money does not need to perform all the functions of money. For those who don’t know the situation in Venezuela, its government has destroyed the value of the nation’s currency, the bolivar, which traded at roughly 10 to 1 U.S. dollar as recently as late 2012, when bitcoin was roughly $10. The black market exchange is now over 98,000 bolivars to the dollar, and one bitcoin is now worth over 1 billion bolivars. Clearly, bitcoin has acted as a store of value. The resident of Venezuela who traded 100 bolivars for $10 and traded the $10 for one bitcoin how has 1 billion bolivars or $13,000 US dollars. Clearly, bitcoin is a means of exchange, a legal form of capital that accrues taxable capital gains and it’s a store of value. So by the conventional definition of money, bitcoin is money. It’s our right to think it a nonsensical form of money, just as it’s our right to mock the stone rai, and deride the packages of ramen noodles that serve as money in prisons. But our mockery doesn’t change the functionality of these forms of money. No doubt the conventional wisdom in Venezuela dismissed the functionality of bitcoin in late 2012, just as the conventional wisdom continues to dismiss bitcoin’s functionality as money. So who was right, and who was wrong? Good ideas don’t require force. That describes the Internet, mobile telephony and cryptocurrencies. Bad ideas require force: that describes the Venezuelan government’s management of its currency, and the central bank/central state form of money that dominates the global economy. Charles Hugh Smith for The Daily Reckoning The Daily Reckoning
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search Esperanto Wikipedia has an article on: Wikipedia eo "Ne krokodilu" sign From krokodilo (crocodile). The origin of the expression is unclear. Several suggestions have been made: • From the fact that crocodiles' extremely large mouths make an apt comparison for carelessly flapping one's jaws without consideration.[1][2][3] • Ferrari, an Esperantist in Paris in the 1930s, would comment Kion volas tiuj krokodiloj? (What do those crocodiles want?) when noisy non-Esperantists entered the cafe where he was speaking Esperanto with friends.[4] • Students of Andreo Cseh. When Cseh taught Esperanto, students were only allowed to speak their native language when they were holding a wooden crocodile he always brought with him. The latter two may be allusions to the idiom rather than its source. krokodili (present krokodilas, past krokodilis, future krokodilos, conditional krokodilus, volitive krokodilu) 1. (slang) to speak among Esperantists in a language besides Esperanto, especially one's native language or a language not spoken by everyone present (literally, "to crocodile") • malkrokodili (to speak in Esperanto among non-Esperanto speakers) 1. ^ Arika Okrent (2010: 113) In the Land of Invented Languages: A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius 2. ^ Lindstedt, Jouko (2010) Esperanto as a Family Language 3. ^ Joseph F. Conroy (1999: 223 pp.) Esperanto-English/English-Esperanto Dictionary & Phrasebook 4. ^ Andreo Ĉerpiljodo (2006: 185) Lingvaj Babilaĵoj 1. plural of krokodilo
Linux kernel bug delivers corrupt TCP/IP data (medium.com) 221 points by twakefield on Feb 12, 2016 \| hide \| past \| web \| favorite \| 57 comments If you rely on the TCP checksum to protect your data you are delusional anyways. The TCP checksum is a simple additive checksum that is very weak and cannot detect wide classes of data corruptions. It is is well known that it won't catch many problems, with classical papers describing this. All it can do is to catch very obvious "big" mistakes. That is why link layers always have other stronger CRCs too. This is actually one of the better reasons to always use TLS. Yhe MAC authentication it uses is much stronger. Yeah, TCP's checksum is indeed weak and TLS is indeed a good answer. However, I think delusional is a bit of a strong word to use here. "Performance of Checksums and CRCs over Real Data" has a bunch of interesting data about the number oand types of common errors detected by simple checkums and CRC: http://ccr.sigcomm.org/archive/1995/conf/partridge.pdf You misunderstand the purpose of checksums. Checksums and error correcting codes do no eliminate errors, they reduce the frequency of undetected errors by a known factor. If a system was designed with the usage of TCP checksums in mind, then removing TCP checksums will create a system with an error rate 4 orders of magnitude higher than before. Does SCTP have a better CRC/checksum than TCP? EDIT: yes, it does. As of RFC 3309, it uses CRC32c (the one which has an instruction in SSE). Does TLS support transparent retransmits of corrupted packets? This article talks about tls and corruption, including dtls. I found it educational! I don't think so. Probably it'll just reset connection. I guess that's arguably better than accepting corrupted data, but still a step backwards from the abstraction TCP is intended to provide in regards to checksums ... TCP checksum and TLS checksum/macing both have use case. Not every protocol built on TCP supports TLS. If TCP checksum is broken, we have to fix it. So I agree with below delusional is too strong. If a simple checksum is buggy, how can I trust anything about said TCP protocol implementation? How can you reassure other data integrity implementation isn't buggy? This bug isn't really about whether TCP checksum is weak or not, rather, just a bug which I suppose most people ignore. checksums are cost efficient for detecting statistically HW errors. It is just no modern engineers seems to care to check the checksums. Which only makes me more curious about piping things over udp, tcp included. Google Container Engine VMs should be protected from this by the virtual NIC advertised to them. In particular, it advertises support for TCP checksum verification offload which all modern Linux guests negotiate (including the kernel used in GKE). If this feature is negotiated the host-side network (either in hardware or software) verifies the TCP checksum on the packet on behalf of the guest and marks it as having been validated prior to delivering it to the guest. Older Linux kernels have an additional (I believe distinct) veth related bug that requires we do some extra work for externally verified packets (and jumbograms): in particular we must set up the packet we are delivering assuming that it might be routed beyond the guest and that the guest will not remove/reapply the virtio-net header as an intermediate step (this is a pretty leaky abstraction of the Linux virtio-net driver, but one we're aware of and have worked to accommodate). Of course, none of the above changes the somewhat fragile nature of TCP checksums, generally. (note: I wrote the virtio-net NIC we advertise in GCE/GKE, although very little of the underlying dataplane, but I double checked with the GKE team in terms of underlying kernel versions that we typically run). Thanks for the details! This is basically what Vijay and I were guessing by the fact that the MTU is something less than 1500 on Google Compute Engine. The demonstration that Vijay added to the post was done on Google Container Engine, using Kubernetes. The packets were sent corrupted using netem. We tested a few configurations and were unable to get corrupt packets to be delivered to a Google Container Engine instance, so I agree with your assessment. Most importantly: it appears that the Container Engine TCP load balancer drops corrupt packets from the public Internet. However: If someone is using some weird routing or VPN configuration, it might be possible (but this seems unlikely). Notably: I seem to recall that if you send corrupt packets to a Compute Engine instance, they are received corrupted (through the Compute Engine NAT). So if you used your own custom routing to get packets to a Google Container Engine application, this might apply. But again, you would have to really try to have this happen :) Update: Actually under rare circumstances we'll validate the checksum on the host side, realize it's wrong, pass it to the guest as CHECKSUM_NEEDED and the guest will happily fail to checksum it and mark it as already validated. So, GCE/GKE is not currently completely immune to this unfortunately :( Practically speaking any traffic from the internet would not be affected as we require a valid checksum before doing the internet->guest NAT (see the GCE docs for what I mean here if this is unclear), but inter-VM traffic can potentially be impacted. On the other hand, inter-VM traffic has other verification applied to it that's stronger than a TCP checksum. Basically: if you try to trigger this by sending bad packets you might succeed (although even there it's not 100% guaranteed, but the details of what will/won't trigger it delve into implementation arcana that I'm not comfortable sharing). Sounds similar to bug #3 in this article: https://www.pagerduty.com/blog/the-discovery-of-apache-zooke... Looks like a similar issue with a different cause (in this case the kernel seems to be assuming that IPSec packet contents were already checksummed by the outer IPSec packet and thus correct). Just skimmed it; very interesting. I hadn't heard of this bug before, but will read it in detail soon. Thanks! This is a great write up. Also, for those saying that TLS is a panacea: encrypting and/or HMAC'ing all TCP data in and out of a box is operationally ridiculous unless you're in some sort of ultra high security environment. Sorry, what's ridiculous about it? It's a very achievable thing. On modern CPUs with instruction support, AES encryption can be done faster than DRAM bandwidth. There are definitely latency costs in connection setup that will penalize "transaction-like" protocols I guess. It's not 100% free, but relative to the other performance issues you're looking at it's surely way way way down the list of priorities. Please note my use of the word 'operationally'. How does that change things? What's "operationally" ridiculous about it? The overhead involved in piling on encryption management in an environment that doesn't specifically warrant it is a waste of resources. From the link I didn't understand why hardware didn't do check-sum checking. Or in fact it does and only if one using a) veth and b) nic without hardware check-summing is affected? Oops I probably should have been clearer. Hardware verification IS performed. For various reasons, the nic never itself drips packets that are corrupt, packets are instead marked by HW as either verified or unverified. When a packet is marked as unverified, the kernel should verify and potentially reject the packet before delivery to the application. The bug in the veth driver causes the kernel to treat packets marked unverified as "verified" If this problem affects all veth drivers, why does Docker's NAT IPv4 is safe? The hardware does do checksumming at the link layer (usually). This is talking about the TCP checksum, which is an essentially redundant (and 16 bit!) sum higher up the protocol stack. Honestly it's mostly useless as an error detection mechanism. But it's required per spec to be validated, and the veth devices apparently didn't. Its actually very useful, although very weak. The link layer check, at least in the case of Ethernet, really only protects your data "on the wire". It doesn't protect it inside the switches. It turns out there are failure modes, such as the one that caused this issue, where the packets get corrupted inside the switch (probably due to bad RAM). Details about how this can happen: http://www.evanjones.ca/tcp-and-ethernet-checksums-fail.html After this kernel bug was fixed, the TCP checksum did its job and discarded all the corrupt packets. Is there a tl;dr? Who would be affected? Sounds scary. Virtual ethernet devices, which are used in some container deployments (you / your ops team probably know if you're using them), do not check TCP checksums. This appears to be because the original programmer was thinking about applications on the same machine communicating across virtual ethernet devices, but the optimization also affected traffic from a physical network that was routed onto a virtual network. If your physical network corrupts data, TCP is supposed to notice the checksum mismatch and drop the packet, and wait for it to be retransmitted. Because of this bug, Linux's TCP implementation was not validating checksums, which allowed corrupt data to reach the application. This requires a faulty physical network, which is rare but nowhere near nonexistent. (The kernel is not introducing corruption to these packets.) You'll be affected if you use a veth (becoming more popular with docker/container schedulers) and have a corrupt packet floating through your network. ... and are not using authenticated encryption as you should. In my experience, there is a bit of hardware (which was the root cause in the articles case) between SSL termination and application servers. So even using encryption, you are still vulnerable. In many situations, you might still have unencrypted traffic, even if your app is using authenticated encryption. Like, for example, if you're doing DNS lookups, or syslog to a remote host, etc. It does mention toggling off the veth device "checksum offloading" as a valid workaround. I've been trying to get Docker to include this workaround when it creates containers to ensure people don't run into it, but this has not gotten any attention: https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/18776 Mesos has a workaround like this in it now. yes, the code is as follows in the broken veth: if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_NONE && rcv->features & NETIF_F_RXCSUM) checksum offloading is encapsulated in the rcv-features bitmap, so disabling it will hide this bug. You can do something like this within your container to disable it (from memory, might be slightly off): $ ethtool --offload VETH_DEVICE_NAME rx off tx off $ ethtool -K VETH_DEVICE_NAME gso off Here is another Linux TCP horror story: An application I'm working on was experiencing slow database query performance under "load" [1]. Restarting the database temporarily "fixed" the issue, only to reappear again after a short time. Luckily I was able to recreate the problem in a test environment (our secondary backup cluster) allowing me to study it. What I found was that I could reliably send the database cluster in a "bad state" by sending a burst of > ~200 concurrent requests to it. After this, I observed a bi-modal response time distribution with some requests completing quickly as expected (<10ms) and some taking much longer (consistently ~6s for one particular request). My initial instinct was to blame the database, but some SYN Cookie flood warnings in the kernel logs caused me to consider the network as well. So I started using tcpdump and Wireshark to go deeper and found the following: The burst of traffic from the application also caused a burst of traffic between the database cluster nodes which were performing some sort of result merging. To make things worse, the inter-node requests of the database cluster were using http, which meant a lot of connections were created in the process. Some of these connections were interpreted as a SYN flood by the Linux kernel, causing it to SYN-ACK them with SYN cookies. Additionally, these connections would get stuck with very small TCP windows (as low as 53 bytes), and also suffer from really high ACK latencies (200ms), so a 1600 byte inter-node http request wound up taking 6s! Disabling SYN cookies "fixed" the issue (and so did increasing somaxconn, but that's effectively the same), but despite my best effort, I was unable to understand why SYN cookies should impact the TCP window. To make this even more mysterious, this problem only occurred in one of our data centers, and we narrowed it down to the router being the only difference. Replacing the router also "fixed" the issue. I wish my team had the resources and expertise to debug problems like this down to the kernel, but I was too far out of my depth trying to understand the gnarly code the makes up the Linux TCP Syn Cookie and Congestion Control implementation ... : (. Anyway, I'm posting this in the vague hope that somebody may have seen something similar before, or becomes inspired to go on kernel bug hunt :). Additionally this experience gave me a new appreciation for TCP/IP and how amazing it is that is usually "just works" for me as an application developer. This is not to say that we can't improve upon it, but I think there is a lot to learn from the philosophy and approach that went into designing TCP/IP. [1] By "load" I mean bursts of hundreds of concurrent http requests created due the application performing JOIN requests on behalf of the NoSQL database which doesn't provide this feature. My journey of replacing this database with one that's more suited for the task at hand is being written as we speak :). [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_cookies Did you confirm the packets were the same on both sides of the router? This pattern sounds like possibly network microbursts, which can lead to dropped packets -- maybe the replacement router had a larger buffer so you didn't drop any packets, and things worked better. I've also seen some exciting bugs with SYN cookies on other platforms, it's possible there's some encoding error leading you to a very small window -- something wrong with the window scaling negotiation perhaps? If you've got enough incoming syns that syn+ack state is being dropped (so syncookies are being used to finish the connection), you're also going to not retransmit syn+acks, so then you need to wait for the SYN to be retransmitted. There was definitely packet loss and retransmission due to it, so the packets were not the same on both sides of the router. But this doesn't explain why TCP connections would be stuck with small windows for their entire lifetime after the burst is over? I was actually also able to reproduce the problem in one of our other DCs by reducing somaxconn to a very low value (e.g. 2 IIRC). Window scaling was definitely on my radar, but IIRC the Linux SYN cookie implementation is supposed to encode if this TCP option is set in the initial SYN as well, so I don't see how this would explain thing unless the implementation is broken. I'm not sure if I understand what you're saying about SYN+ACKs not being retransmitted, I think they should be if they get lost, it's only the final ACK from the client that doesn't get retransmitted if its lost, but that would cause different symptoms. Yeah, it's supposed to be encoded, but it's possible it's broken. Given that you can reproduce it with a low somaxconn, it seems like the router wasn't the problem, the router just was able to more easily trigger the problem. SYN+ACK will normally be retransmitted, but if you're in synflood conditions, it means the kernel is going to throw away state for SYN+ACKs, and then it no longer has the state to retransmit. It will reconstruct the state if it gets an ACK that is a decodable syncookie, or if it gets a retransmitted SYN, since it'll make a new SYN+ACK for that (although that may end up with a different sequence number). This reminds me of a similar problem observed in a distributed file system. Eventually it was tracked down to a single bad network card. Why do you think it was a kernel issue? Hardware has "bugs" too. I don't know if it was a kernel issue, but I was able to reproduce the problem in another DC by setting somaxconn artificially low (to 2 IIRC) in order to artificially force Linux into SYN cookie mode, and that reproduced this issue as well. Given my knowledge of TCP and SYN cookies, I was not able to come up with another theory for why individual TCP connections would be stuck with a tiny window, because it seems that the entire idea behind congestion control is to increase the window once the congestion is gone ... That's why I think it might be a kernel issue. Given the complexity of TCP, I'd say there is an at least equally high chance I just don't know enough ;) I believe SYN cookies affect the TCP window because the kernel can't actually guarantee it has enough RAM to allocate a reasonably sized buffer when it sends the SYN-ACK, as by design it doesn't allocate any memory until after the ACK is returned from the other side. One potential explanation depending on your kernel version - traditional SYN cookies cannot encode TCP extensions, including window scaling, which will (nearly) always result in slower transfers. Newer kernels (The Googles aren't giving me a kernel version, unfortunately) use the TCP timestamp option in addition to the sequence to encode a limited number of TCP options, including WS. More info: http://www.inesc-id.pt/pt/indicadores/Ficheiros/165.pdf Sure, but after the connection is established, and "memory pressure" [1] is gone, shouldn't the tcp implementation grow the window again? [1] I'm putting this in quotes, because the machines in questions have ridiculous amounts of memory, and the pressure merely came from SOMAXCONN being at their default value of 128. Very interesting, does it affect libvirt / lxc? I wonder what is the frequency of this problem. It might. I don't know enough about them. Anything that routes packets without NAT to a veth device is affected. lxc uses the same fake ethernet devices (they're easy to create, check out brctl). KVM guests too, I'll bet. Shouldn't this affect anything that uses veths, not just containers? Such as Openstack. Yes, with some caveats: Lots of configurations that use veths use NAT to share the IP address of the host. For example, this is Docker's default configuration. In this case, the host kernel checks the TCP checksum no matter what, so this issue doesn't apply. This problem only happens when the packets are routed from the host to the container. This happens in Kubernetes, which assigns each container its own IP address, Docker's IPv6 configuration (same), and Mesos, which using Linux Traffic Control rules to share a range of ports with each container. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (still 14 months to go) with the latest Hardware Enablement Stack (12.04.5) runs on the 3.13 kernel. I hope that Canonical will backport the fix to 3.13 and not only to 3.14 as hinted by the article. I think it's in the 3.13 queue already: http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ubuntu/linux.git/commit/?h=linu... Anyone know if RedHat plans to fix this for their distros (and downstream like CentOS)? Poking around in their bugzilla, I can't find anything yet. I like the "goto drop" statement. Glad you shared that with us. Does this affect Docker overlay networks? use romana.io instead of veth
LAKEHURST, N.J. (AP) _ What happened is familiar to anybody who has seen the black-and-white footage of flames peeling away the skin of the airship Hindenburg, or heard the eyewitness reporter's frantic description of ``the humanity'' dying before him. It's the ``why'' that remains unanswered, 60 years after the 804-foot German zeppelin burst into flames, crashing in slow motion onto a New Jersey field. On May 6, 1937, 10 hours late for its landing at Lakehurst Naval Air Station after a 2 1/2-day trip from Frankfurt, the ship descended to about 300 feet and crew members dropped lines to be moored. Then it happened _ an explosion that killed 35 on board and a Navy crewman on the ground. ``All we saw was a big red glow inside, then she burst through the cover,'' remembers John Iannaccone, 86, who was a Navy crew member. ``We ran toward the ship. We saw one man jump out of the nose. He got killed. We saw another one running and everything was burned right off him. He died, too. ``We ran up to the passenger compartment and saw an old couple still sitting in there. They didn't even know what had happened,'' Iannaccone said. Among the reporters was Herbert Morrison, 31, recording the landing for radio station WLS in Chicago. ``It's burning, bursting into flames. ... This is one of the worst catastrophes. ... Oh, the humanity,'' Morrison says in the famous recording. The cause of the explosion was in dispute from the start. Tales of sabotage by Germans, though never supported by facts, continue to fuel conspiracy theories. Investigations said the probable cause was a leak of hydrogen, the flammable, lighter-than-air gas that filled the airship, complicated by looming thunderstorms and a spark of static electricity from the landing lines dragging on the ground below. But new evidence suggests it is more likely that a static spark ignited the cigar-shaped airship's outer cover, which was made of cloth coated with a highly flammable varnish, former NASA hydrogen manager Addison Bain said in an article published this month by the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum magazine. He and airship historian Richard Van Treuren contend in the article that newsreel footage shows that the fire did not burn like a hydrogen fire. Flames from a hydrogen fire would have shot up toward the sky, they say, but the fire burned toward the ground. Iannaccone, who watched from about 300 feet away, rejects the theory. ``I still believe it was static electricity and hydrogen. I'll stand by it. I was there,'' he said. Today, the site is virtually unchanged. It wasn't until 1987 that a Hindenburg memorial was built. The 15-foot long, diamond-shaped granite marker sits on a vacant airfield, nearly flush with the ground. On Tuesday night, the grandsons of the Navy crewman who died in the crash will lay a wreath at the site. In Lakehurst, the ``Airship Capital of the World,'' airships icons are everywhere. Borough Administrator Robert Morris has a plastic bag full of airship-shaped erasers and airship-shaped lapel pins for visitors to his office. Morris, like other residents of this former railroad town 45 miles east of Philadelphia, doesn't mind that the town's name is synonymous with an aviation tragedy. Mary Scilex, president of the Lakehurst Historical Society, said, ``We always say, `You can't think about the Hindenburg without thinking of Lakehurst,' and vice versa.''
Septic Shock is a Life-Threatening Medical Condition. What is Septic Shock? Septic shock is a serious medical condition that can sometimes be fatal. Muhammad Ali died of septic shock, and the condition is a fairly common one, though it can be avoided. It is a body-wide infection, which can start out as a virus or bacteria, that spreads to the rest of the body and causes abnormally low blood pressure. Septic shock occurs most often in those who have weakened immune systems. It is often accompanied by reduced blood pressure and flow throughout the body and can result in a loss of limbs or death. Still, septic shock doesn't have to be fatal if caught early and treated. People who have been hospitalized for extended periods of time are at a potentially high risk of developing severe sepsis or septic shock. If you're in the hospital for an extended period of time, take care to read on for tips. Risk Factors for Septic Shock: Diabetes, recent surgery or medical procedures, leukemia, lymphoma, and/or recent infections. Shortness of breath, cool, pale arms and legs, high or very low temperature, light-headedness, little or no urine, low blood pressure, etc. Treating septic shock and its symptoms, may prove difficult but are not impossible. Since septic shock is a medical emergency; patients might be taken to the ICU for treatment. Depending on what caused the sepsis, patient may be treated differently. Treatment could include but is not limited to oxygen therapy and increasing blood flow by using inotropic medicines and vasopressors (like dobutamine and sopamine). You may be on antibiotics if your doctor determines this is the right course for you. You may need surgery. All in all, if the problem is diagnosed early, then treatment is more likely to succeed. How is septic shock prevented and treated? Early diagnosis and intervention by hospital heathcare providers is critical. If doctors ignore the signs and symptoms of infection, it can lead to sepsis and septic shock even if the patient is already hospitalized. Sometimes this means the primary doctor or hospitalist did not consult with an infectious disease specialist or did not review the lab results that showed signs of infection. When we see a case of medical malpractice because a patient developed septic shock that led to death or loss of limbs, it is most likely due to the doctors and nurses not recognizing the signs and symptoms of septic shock or infection and not starting treatment.
Lake outbursts The catastrophic release of impounded water in smallish glacial lakes creates medium-scale geomorphic features. The Watrous spillway, Saskatchewan, Canada, rapidly incised during a short-lived outburst from glacial Lake Elstow (Kehew and Teller 1994). In its outlet area, the bed of Lake Elstow was composed of stagnant ice. The 40-km-long spillway cuts across a divide, and ends in the glacial Last Mountain Lake basin, where a coarse-grained fan was deposited. Large clasts are concentrated on the fan surface, and probably represent deposition at peak discharge. Such outburst features are uncontroversial. More contentious is the suggestion that very large bodies of water impounded by ice or sediment cause catastrophic floods if suddenly freed. Such speculative events were ridiculed when first proposed, but, in the face of overwhelming evidence, they are widely accepted today (see Huggett 1989b, 149-59). Three cases will illustrate the catastrophic nature of such floods: Pleistocene floods in the south-eastern Washington State, Pleistocene floods in Russia, and jokulhlaups. Ice age floods in the Pacific Northwest The Spokane Flood is the prime example of several well-documented cases of ice-dam breakage (p. 5). It took place between 13,000-18,000 years ago in southeastern Washington State and involved two outbursts from Glacial Lake Missoula following the failure of impounding dams of ice that created the Channeled Scablands (Baker 1978a, 1978b) (Figure 5.2). Further studies have shown that, during Quaternary times, at least five major cataclysmic floods occurred in the general vicinity of the Channeled Scablands, of which the Spokane Flood was the last. Secondary advances of the Cordilleran ice sheet during the Wisconsin and during previous major glacial cycles would have provided opportunities for ice-dammed lakes to form. Earlier outburst floods occurred in the Pacific Northwest, though erosion and deposition by younger floods and the deposition of extensive Holocene loess tend to obscure evidence of their existence (Bjornstad et al. 2001). An evaluation of surface exposures and borehole studies suggest that they started around 1.5 to 2.5 million years ago. At least two episodes of pre-Wisconsin catastrophic glacial-outburst flooding occurred - a Middle Pleistocene flood (older than 130,000 years) and an Early Pleistocene flood (older than 780,000 years). Surface exposures, using radiometric age dates, and palaeomagnetic and pedogenic evidence, were used to identify these floods. Exposures of pre-Wisconsin flood deposits on the Channeled Scabland are scarce owing to erosion of the flood-scoured coulees by later floods. However, in depositional basins beyond the Channeled Scabland, flood deposits up to 100 m thick accumulated behind hydraulically dammed constrictions along the flood path. Unlike surface exposures, flood bars within these depositional basins furnish a longer-term and more complete record of earlier Pleistocene flood episodes. These bars grew piecemeal and they represent an amalgamation of cataclysmic flood deposits laid down intermittently through the Pleistocene. In one giant flood bar, up to 100 m thick, deposits interpreted as Matuyama age indicate that the bar had grown to half its present height by 780,000 years ago. Additionally, Matuyama-age, reversed-polarity flood deposits may overlie up to another 15 m of normally magnetized deposits at the base of the flood sequence. This normal-polarity interval appears to be associated with Early Pleistocene cataclysmic floods, perhaps of Olduvai age (older than 1.77 million years). It is possible that many of the features associated with cataclysmic floods - coulees, giant bars, and streamlined loess hills, for instance - formed during the Early Pleistocene, and then suffered only slight alteration by up to hundreds of subsequent flood episodes. Other catastrophic lake bursts occurred in North America. They include the Lake Bonneville Flood (Malde 1968; Jarrett and Malde 1987), which took place about 15,000 years ago, and the catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz through a northwestern outlet following the incision of a drainage divide about 9,900 years ago (Smith and Fisher 1993). Pleistocene Lake Bonneville overtopped its Rim at Red Rock Pass in south-eastern Idaho and rapidly lowered, decanting about 4,700 km3 of water down the Snake River (Malde 1968). This debacle rushed down the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho to Hell's Canyon, causing extensive erosion and deposition. Today, the valley displays impressive abandoned channels, areas of scabland, and gravel bars composed of sand and angular and rounded boulders up to 3 m in diameter. The peak discharge, calculated using a step-back- Figure 5.2 Glacial Lake Missoula and the Channeled Scabland. Two outbursts from glacial Lake Missoula, which took place between 18,000 and 13,000 years ago, produced massive floods in southeastern Washington State. Evidence of these debacles includes abandoned waterways, cataract cliffs and plunge basins, potholes and deep rock basins, giant bars and giant ripples. Source: Adapted from Baker (1978a). water computational technique for the constricted reach of the Snake River Canyon at the mouth of Sinker Creek, was 793,000-1,020,000 m3/s (Jarrett and Malde 1987). At this rate of discharge, the shear stress for the flood would have been 2,500 N/m2 and the unit stream power would have been 75,000 N/m-s. This compares with shear stress and unit stream power for recent floods of the Mississippi and Amazon rivers of 6-10 N/m2 and 12 N/m-s. Outburst floods in Russia The Altai Mountains in southern Russia consist of huge intermontane basins and high mountain ranges, some over 4,000 m. During the Pleistocene, the basins contained lakes wherever glaciers grew large enough to act as dams. Research in this remote area has revealed a fascinating geomorphic history (Rudoy 1998). The glacier-dammed lakes regularly burst out to generate glacial superfloods that have left behind exotic relief forms and deposits - giant current ripple-marks, diluvial swells and terraces, spillways, outburst and oversplash gorges, dry waterfalls, and so on. These features are allied to the Channeled Scabland features of Washington State, USA, which were produced by catastrophic outbursts from glacial lake Missoula. The outburst superfloods discharged at a rate in excess of 106 m3/s, flowed at dozens of metres a second, and some stood more than one hundred metres deep. The superpowerful diluvial waters changed the land surface in minutes, hours, and days. Diluvial accumulation, diluvial erosion, and diluvial evorsion were widespread. Diluvial accumulation built up ramparts and terraces (some of which were made of deposits 240 m thick), diluvial berms (large-scale counterparts of boulder-block ramparts and spits - 'cobblestone pavements' - on big modern rivers), and giant ripple-marks with wavelengths up to 200 m and heights up to 15 m. Some giant ripple-marks in the foothills of the Altai, between Platovo and Podgornoye, which lie 300 km from the site of the flood outbursts, point to a mean flood velocity of 16 m/s, a flood depth of 60 m, and a discharge of no less than 600,000 m3/s. Diluvial supererosion led to the formation of deep outburst gorges, open-valley spillways, and diluvial valleys and oversplash gorges where water could not be contained within the valley and plunged over the local watershed. Diluvial evorsion, which occurred beneath mighty waterfalls, forced out hollows in bedrock that today are dry or occupied by lakes. These are outbursts of meltwater stored beneath a glacier or ice sheet as a subglacial lake. These best-known jokulhlaups occurred in the last century, with major ones in 1918 (Katla) and 1996 (Skeidararsandur) (Gudmundsson et al. 1995). Evidence of jokulhlaups during the Pleistocene exists (Geirsdottir et al. 2000; Mokhtari Fard and Ringberg 2001). Skeidararsandur jokulhlaup resulted from the rapid melting of some 3.8 km3 of ice (Russell et al. 1999) after a volcanic eruption on 30 September 1996 underneath the Vatnajokull ice cap (Gudmundsson et al. 1997). The ensuing flood involved a discharge of about 20,000 m3/s, running at its peak at around 6 m/s and capable of transporting ice blocks at least 25 m large (van Loon 2004). It destroyed part of the main road along the southern coast of Iceland, including a bridge over the Skeidararsandur. Catastrophic though the Skeidararsandur jokulhlaup was, it was tame in comparison with the 1918 Katla jokulhlaup, which involved a flood of about 300,000 m3/s of water that carried 25,000 tons of ice and an equal amount of sediment every second (Tomasson 1996). Much larger jokulhlaups seem possible. Lake Vostok, lying beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, holds 5,000km3 or water and covers an area of some 14,000 km2 (roughly 200 x 70 km) (Siegert 2000). Tom van Loon (2004) speculates on the consequences of 10 per cent of Lake Vostok suddenly releasing. Its drainage rate would match Lake Missoula's peak discharge, and last eight days. A flood of that magnitude and length would exert huge forces on the roofs and the walls of the subglacial tunnels. Moreover, the 'heat' transport would be large enough to destroy large parts of the roofs and walls by thermo-erosion, which would destabilize ice around the subglacial tunnels. Water of that volume would be unlikely to drain through a single outlet; more likely, it would force other outlets through stress-induced crevasses. With a crevasse network formed in the lower part of the ice mass, a growing portion of the ice would come to rest on a rapidly moving layer of lubricating water. Near ice front, principally where the ice is in direct contact with the ocean, the lubricating water layer would aid the formation of ice masses 'floating' over the flood in a downslope direction (a slope of less than 1° would suffice), so causing icebergs to calve into the ocean. The sliding ice masses might originate at vertical faults in the ice resulting from shock waves created by the sudden pressure exerted on subglacial ice walls by the surging floodwater. The larger the flood, the greater the destruction of the ice mass, owing to the positive relationship between the force of a subglacial jokulhlaup (and thus the discharge) and the distance from the ice front where cracks may form. In consequence, giant jokulhlaups might set off the release of giant ice masses. Heinrich events (the calving of ice masses from the Laurentide ice sheet large enough to leave traces of their southward transport across the Atlantic Ocean) might result. 0 0 Post a comment
clean label Keeping the Pace with Clean Labels In an age of over-processed, convenience-oriented and genetically modified (GMO) food offerings, consumers wanting healthier options are looking for answers in the fine print of their food and supplement purchases. Throughout history, clean living has made its way into mainstream culture. Usually spurred by public health concerns, the concept of “clean living" often brings renewed consumer scrutiny. In an age of over-processed, convenience-oriented food offerings, consumers wanting healthier options are looking for answers in the fine print of their food and supplement purchases. Transparency is the key word as food and dietary supplement manufacturers look for ways to provide consumers with a clearer picture of what is in their products. And how do consumers quickly access and make individual product decisions? The product label. While consumers are pressing for more natural products and looking for labeling that suggests fewer additives and/or more natural ingredients, FDA regulations aren’t often keeping the pace with their demands. For instance, labels must use the standard common name for ingredients [CFR 101.36 (b)(2)(ii)], but the common name may be meaningless to the average consumer. An ingredient such as pyridoxal-5-phosphate doesn’t resonate with consumers, but it is actually just a form of vitamin B6. On the other side of the coin, some common names may sound like synthetic ingredients, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, which is simply a purified plant fiber. In addition, the recent labeling trend has revolved around the “all natural" claim, and consumers may predominantly base their buying decisions on this information. However, the problem is that FDA does not regulate these claims beyond limiting them to being “truthful and not misleading." Unfortunately for consumers, FDA has not actually defined “natural" or processes that can be considered “natural production," so the truthfulness of claims is left to the interpretation of field agents. Field action indicates any food product that has production steps beyond harvesting, cleaning and cooking would not be considered “all natural" in the eyes of FDA. In addition no ingredient could be added to the food, even natural ones. Basically, only whole unprocessed meat, fruits, vegetables and grains would qualify. Based on this approach, raw chicken with added salt would probably not qualify for “all natural" claims. Lastly, as the genetically modified organism (GMO) topic continues to gain mainstream momentum, FDA will have to formally define what is considered GMO, non-GMO or GMO-free, and provide clear requirements for labeling. Currently, this is a difficult prospect, as most supply chains cannot accurately trace back upstream to conclusively identify ingredients. With this issue squarely in the public’s eye, some states are trying to fill the “regulatory gap" by proposing legislation related to GMO labeling. In 2014 alone, 25 states proposed 67 pieces of legislation. Consumer education is a key component as new labeling regulations may inadvertently cause more confusion for the end user. At the end of the day, it’s the consumer that will be tasked with making an informed choice. To find out more about building successful, sustainable and legal products, visit INSIDER’s Contract Manufacturing Content Library. Laura Willis is the director of quality assurance at the National Enzyme Co. (NEC), a manufacturer of enzyme supplement finished dosage forms in the United States. Hide comments Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
California legislators are worried about the decline in film production in Los Angeles, and are considering a bill to encourage more of it. But how did the American movie business, which was born in New York City in the 1890's, wind up on the other side of the continent in the first place? Movies and Los Angeles have been synonymous for a long time - the first production company began shooting in the area over the winter in 1907. D .W. Griffith took out a production crew in the winter of 1909-1910, and the first studio was built in Hollywood (a name invented in 1886 by the wife of a real estate developer) in 1911. That same year, 15 more movie "manufacturers," as producing companies were called, arrived. "There were a number of reasons the movie business moved to Southern California," said Charles Musser, a professor of film history at Yale. "Weather was certainly one of them. They didn't have the terrible winter weather of the East. There was no rain and it was much warmer so you could work outside all year." This wasn't merely a matter of comfort; even the brightest electric lights of the time were too dim to expose film properly, so a run of cloudy days could halt production at, say, the Edison studios in East Orange, N.J. Another advantage, writes the cultural historian Robert Sklar in "Movie-Made America," was that within "an hour or two of downtown Los Angeles one could find a location resembling almost any conceivable scene one might want to use - factory or farm, jungle or snowy peak." Continue reading the main story Then, too, everything was cheaper out West. Studio land cost much less than back East, and wages in Los Angeles, a non-union city, were as little as half those of New York. "As the studios moved into feature production and built more elaborate and authentic sets," writes Mr. Sklar, "they needed skilled crafts workers - carpenters, electricians, dressmakers and many other specialists - and lower costs became an increasingly important factor." Los Angeles's distance from New York was also comforting to independent film producers, making it easier for them to avoid being harassed or sued by the Motion Picture Patents Company, a k a the Trust, which Thomas Edison helped create in 1909. The Trust, which included the dominant producers, distributor and film stock manufacturer, was intended to monopolize the entire industry. The westward migration was an astonishing success. By 1924, The Wall Street Journal reported that the movies had become the nation's seventh-largest industry, employing 15,000 people in Hollywood alone, with customers spending more than $500 million a year on tickets. Even then, however, there was concern that the golden goose would be stolen. "The tide of motion picture production has been checked by 'good as sunlight' improvements in artificial lighting," The Journal wrote in another 1924 article. Henceforth, the paper reported, the making of movies would take place "mostly within sight of the tower of the Woolworth Building" in Lower Manhattan. The decline of Hollywood has been predicted periodically since. Who's the Pilot? The mystery surrounding the crash of a Cypriot jetliner near Athens deepened this week, with preliminary reports from investigators shedding little light on why many of the 121 passengers and crew members may have lost consciousness shortly after takeoff. The plane, a Helios Airways Boeing 737, apparently flew on autopilot for some time last Sunday after leaving Cyprus bound for Athens, investigators said. But other reports suggested that, with the co-pilot unconscious and the pilot not at his seat, someone else may have tried to fly the plane, descending and ascending until it finally ran out of fuel and crashed, killing all aboard. Speculation centered on a flight attendant who had a private pilot's license. But could someone certified to fly a small plane fly a much bigger and faster one? "The short answer is yes," said Les Abend, a contributing editor of Flying magazine and a commercial airline pilot. But a small-plane pilot would probably need some help from the ground, because the learning curve would be steep, with little time and even less margin for error. Certain basic actions would be similar. "When you turn the control wheel to the right, the plane is going to bank to the right," Mr. Abend said. "It's not rocket science by any means. But there's a lot more involved with trying to maintain control of a transport-category airliner." "It's like going from an old VW bug, where you felt very bump and turn, to a truck," he said. "There's really quite a different feel to it." There is more multitasking in a bigger plane, more details to attend to at any given time. And not knowing basic flight characteristics like the speed at which the aircraft will go into a stall would be a big disadvantage. "You have to be able to compartmentalize a lot of information and put it together all at once," Mr. Abend said. If it is true that a private pilot tried to fly the Helios jet, he added, "that individual had a lot on his hands." Continue reading the main story
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! E=mc^2 vs energy in strong interaction 1. Jan 20, 2015 #1 Hi everyone, I have a simple and foolish question. I want to compare the energy of a given mass (obviously e=mc2); lets say the energy of a hydrogen atom, with the energy that binds together the fundamental particles of that atom (strong interaction). I know that e=mc2 holds always true, and that the energy in strong interaction is undrainable, but do total energy of strong interaction (in a particular case) could be more or less than the energy you get when transforming mass to energy? I know I'm confused and possibly both are the same, but appreciate an explanation. Last edited: Jan 20, 2015 2. jcsd 3. Jan 20, 2015 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor The strong interaction holds three quarks together to form a proton. What mass are you converting to energy? 4. Jan 20, 2015 #3 hydrogen atom, 1 proton... 5. Jan 20, 2015 #4 Maybe I don't understand the question. But I'll try to answer. An ionised hydrogen atom is a proton. This is held together by the strong force and quantitatively speaking this is a 3 quark bound state. Although the idea of individual quark masses is a bit misleading (they always come in bound States), the effective mass of the up and down quarks is ~5 MeV. While the proton is 1 GeV. You could attribute this difference to the strong force. Alternatively, do you mean the energy taken to expel a valence electron compared to the macroscopic strong force of a few bound nuclei? For example the energy required to fission a He nuclei out of a larger atomic mass nuclei? 6. Jan 21, 2015 #5 User Avatar Gold Member atom= bound states of charged nuclei with charged electrons... charged= electrically charged and the energy of interaction comes from the electromagnetic interactions... nuclei= bound states of protons and neutrons ... mainly by strong interactions for large distances/low energies (where the mesonic effective field theories hold) protons= bound states of quarks and gluons... And in general the relation [itex]E=mc^2[/itex] does not hold when you have interactions too, at least not in the same way - because you have to take into account the energy from the interactions... In QFT framework, the mass of such a system should get corrections from calculating further Feynman Diagrams.
Where Was This Invention During The Loop Flood? June 12, 1992\|By New York Times News Service. Inventors pursuing the chimera of a perpetual motion machine will doubtless prick up their ears at news of a device that makes water run uphill. Alas, the water cannot run down again. The device is a silicon wafer impregnated with a steadily increasing concentration of a water-repellent chemical. When the wafer is slightly tipped, with its most water-repellent edge on the ground and the least repellent edge in the air, a drop of water placed at its foot will slowly move uphill, two chemists report in Thursday`s issue of Science magazine. They are Dr. Manoj K. Chaudhury of the Dow Corning Corp. in Midland, Mich., and Dr. George Whitesides of Harvard University. ``Are we actually doing something that violates the second law of thermodynamics?`` Whitesides said. ``The answer is clearly no.`` The driving force of the phenomenon is that the surface tensions on opposite sides of the drop are unequal, with the result that it creeps uphill. As the drop climbs, the surface becomes more wettable and the drop flattens out, reducing the energy of its surface tension and thus attaining an energetically more favorable state. Once uphill, it will not fall down again, because its attachment to the wafer is stronger than the tug of gravity.

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