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Islamic Perspectives
Mir Syed Ali Hamadani and advent of Islam in Kashmir
Religions are part of human life with people having affiliations to different and particular religions. They are an integral part of human lives and preach the same message of peace and brotherhood. Islam is also one of the monotheistic and major religion in the world having an enormous following of 1.8 billion Muslims in the world. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the founder of Islam in Arabia. With the passage of time, the companions of Prophet (pbuh) played a great role in the spread of Islam in the world facing a lot of hardships day-in and day-out.
Dargah of Hazrat Hamadani in Tajikistan
Dargah of Hazrat Hamadani in Tajikistan
Dargah of Hazrat Hamadani in Tajikistan
The messenger of Allah sent his companions every right, left and centres to convey the divine message of one God to the people of the world in order to show them a real path of eternal religious prosperity.
History is replete with the facts that although Islam had reached Kashmir very early, but the practical aspect was missing thereof. Kashmir was once a non-Muslim land where people were accustomed to non-Muslim practices and were mostly Hindus. Thus, there came an intervention in their lives. Whether, we call it divine or by chance, Islam arrived to make its roots permeate into the lives of the masses of the valley of South Asia.
It was initially Hazrat Syed Sharaf-ud-Din Abdul Rahman (RA), a Sufi from Turkistan also known as Syed Bulbul Shah (RA) who provided the idea of Islam in Kashmir. Unfortunately, there have been little literary forays into his life, although few references to him form a part and parcel of the historical narratives of the medieval Kashmir. He was thus the first Islamic missionary to Kashmir who laid the foundation of Sufi order here. He played a catalytic role in the spread of Islam to concretise the societal transformation at large. According to historical sources, many people in Kashmir embraced the creed of Bulbul Shah.
After this great saint, there arrived the descendent of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), known as Hazrat Mir Syed Ali Hamadani (R.A), a Sufi of Kubrawi order from Hamadan, Iran from central Asia along with 700 Sayyids in Kashmir to enlighten the masses with the glorious Islam and its practical aspects through his teachings. He was a Shafi’i Muslim scholar from an educationally well-off family. He was born in 1314 A.D. at Hamadan, Persia from parents namely Syed Shihab-Ud-din and Saiyida Fatima.
Shah-i Hamadan R.A. came to Kashmir thrice with a noble mission of spreading the religion of Islam and arrived in Kashmir for the first time in 1372 A.D. and left for Mecca afterwards. Thereafter, he again arrived in Kashmir and stayed briefly and left vale again. Finally, he again came to Kashmir in 1383 and remained in Kashmir for a short span of time and left this earthly world towards eternal heavens afterwards and Tajikistan became the epicentre of his eternal bodily stay.
Shah-i Hamdan is also known as Ali Sani (Second Ali) in Kashmir and revered by one and sundry with a linked genealogy through Imam Husain (R.A.) traced back to fourth Caliph, Hazrat Ali (R.A.). He contributed not only Islamic tenets and principles based on the Islamic philosophy for the people, but also contributed the dual elements of art and crafts in Kashmir. He contributed subjects like ethics, science, philosophy, jurisprudence, theology, poetry and prose immensely in Kashmir. He also profoundly impacted the architecture in Kashmir through construction of Khanqahas and tombs.
The arrival and influx of Shah-i Hamadan (R.A.) in Kashmir brought a socio-cultural and religious revolution. Shah-i-Hamadan was also an author and a poet par excellence who wrote books like, Zakhiratul Muluk and Muwwadatul Quraba. Zakhiratul Muluk dealt with his political ideology, the duties of rulers and the responsibilities of the people. Besides, he also authored several books spanning religious and spiritual aspects.
Awrad-e-Fathiyais a major case in point. It is the collection of religious prayers of great religious people which is recited every morning after the Fajr prayers in almost all the Hanafi mosques across the Valley, reflecting the faith and deep commitment in one God laying emphasis on the unity of God and His attributes. Another important poetic collection of Shah-i Hamadan (R.A) is Chahlul Asrar. Every year prior to Eid Ul Adha, the Urs of this great saint Shah Hamdan (R.A) is celebrated on the 6th of Zil Haj of the Muslim calendar at few sacred abodes of his shrines, including Seer Hamdan, Dooru Shahabad, Tral and Srinagar as a mark of deep reverence and regard for the unrelenting efforts of this saint for the uplift and prosperity of the people of Kashmir.
The inroads of Shah-i Hamadan (R.A.) into Kashmir without any regard for the rewards makes the point clear that the great saint as a mark of legacy of the mission of his dynasty of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) cared about the people of Kashmir and yearned to stabilise their lives socially, religiously and culturally. Today, when Kashmir is at the crossroads of uncertainty, whether politically or otherwise, if we follow the paths of their great religious saint, time will not be far when divinely support to our problems will annihilate them and a valley of scenic beauty will restore and regain its charm again and metamorphosize our pains into peace. Together, by following the charted discourse of Shah-i Hamadan R.A, our lives will blossom both here and hereafter. I still remember tears rolling down the cheeks of my father at the time of prayer’s recitation at Shah-i Hamadan R.A. This were the time that etched my memory and solidified my love for the Auliya. As the remembrance days of this saint have started today in the vale, the mosques of Hanafiya school of thought are reverberating with his couplets and providing aura to the environs.
Abid Ahmad Shah hails from Seer Hamdan Anantnag Jammu and Kashmir and is alumnus of Jamia Millia Islamia and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He writes on diverse issues and is a social and political analyst on Kashmir affairs. Besides teaching, career counselling, motivational lectures and writing are his other professions. He may be reached at abidjmi121[at] |
GPS Coordinates: -8.959146 39.498294
Qibla Directions:
1. North Open prayer area: 0.1 degrees
2. Oldest part of the mosque: 356 degrees
Archnet: https://archnet.org/sites/3779/media_contents/1606
The Great Mosque of Kilwa is a congregational mosque on the island of Kilwa Kiswani, in Tanzania. It is the earliest remaining mosque structure on the East African coast. The Great Mosque, which now stands at the edge of modern Kilwa, was built in several distinct stages, which can be seen in the marked difference between the earliest small mosque, a northern prayer hall built in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the subsequent fourteenth century southern enlargement. Furthermore, segments of a tenth century foundation predate both sections of the existing mosque layout. The Great Mosque of Kilwa, which is entirely roofed by domes and vaults, has since its construction been widely acknowledged as one of the first mosques built without a courtyard. A Qibla wall is in the north side of each of the building stages. The sanctuary measured about 7.8 meters side and 12 meters along the qibla axis.
There is a definite difference (5 degrees) between the qibla of the southern part of the mosque and the qibla of the later north section. This mosque would have been built by Arab merchants sailing to the coast of Africa, and the Qibla direction most likely set by one of their navigators.
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Urinary Retention – A Complete Guide
Man holding a water bottle outdoor
Urinary Retention – A Complete Guide
What is Urinary Retention?
Urinary Retention is a term used for the inability to empty the urinary bladder entirely when it is still full. This may cause an accumulation of urine in the bladder, and the person feels an urge to urinate but is unable to do the needful. The condition of urinary Retention can, in general, affect both men and women. But many medical researchers have proved that it is more common in men than women. One can notice an alarming rate of Urinary Retention in men between the age of 40 to 83.
What are the symptoms of Urinary Retention?
The condition of Urinary Retention can be broadly classified into two categories:
1. Acute Urinary Retention
It is a condition considered a medical emergency and may occur suddenly due to the blockage of the urethra in the human body. In this situation, the person may feel an urge to urinate but is unable to process. This may result in severe pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen of a person. In the condition of acute urinary Retention, a person gets emergency medical care so as to release the collected urine in the bladder; otherwise, the situation may get worse. Even a minute symptom of urinary Retention shall be consulted with the doctor for on-time treatment.
1. An intense urge to urinate
2. Inability to pass urine
3. Severe pain in the lower abdomen
4. Swelling in the lower abdomen
5. In some cases, the person suffering from acute urinary Retention may also experience fever and chills. If such is a case, then one must immediately consult the doctor.
2. Chronic Urinary Retention
Chronic Urinary Retention is a condition that develops over a period of time and might not cause any severe symptoms initially. It is often hard to detect at the initial stage as the person is able to urinate, but the bladder isn’t emptied entirely, and this may go for quite some time. This condition may lead to some severe complications in the human body if the treatment is delayed. To avoid the consequences, a person must consult the doctor is he/she observes the following symptoms in the body as they can be the core of Chronic Urinary Retention:
1. Frequent inability to empty the bladder.
2. Constant Urinary sensations in the body, often eight or more times in a day.
3. An intense urge to urinate again right after urinating.
4. Frequent urge to urinate at night. This condition is known as Nocturia.
5. Little drops of urine leakage from the bladder during day time.
6. Inconvenience or strain to push out the urine.
7. Week stream of urine.
8. A mild sense of constant discomfort in the lower abdomen.
9. The feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen implies that your bladder is not fully empty.
The inefficiency of the Urinary tract causes the condition of Urinary Retention. As we already know, our urinary tract system consists of urinary bladders (store urine) and urethra (a tube that enables us to pass urine out of the body). While in men, prostates are also a part of their urinary tract. So, the malfunctioning of these parts may result in uneasy conditions in urination. The causes of Urinary Retention can broadly be classified into two categories:
1. Obstructive Reasons
In case of an obstruction in the body, urine cannot flow efficiently. This may include some medical conditions like Cancer, Kidney stones, and enlarged prostate(men). Let us know in detail.
Narrow urethra or urinary bladder
As explained above, for the ability of a person to urinate appropriately, his/her urinary tract must function together in the right capacity. Urine generally flows from our kidney and through ureters and then comes to the urinary bladder and is finally excreted out from the body through the urethra. If there is any severe blockage or narrowing in this urine path, then we tend to face problems in urination. Some conditions, including an enlarged prostate in men, bladder outlet obstruction, pelvic organ prolapse, and tight pelvic floor muscles, may cause the blockage in the urinary tract. In such conditions, one must immediately visit the doctor and undergo required surgery and treatment as prescribed by him. Proud Urology Clinic is the best clinic to rely on for your surgery and check-ups. Our professional urologist ensures to provide the best treatment to patients with utmost hygiene.
1. Non-Obstructive Reasons
This includes weak bladder muscles and weak nerves that interfere between the signals passed from the bladder to the brain. Due to the inactivity or low functioning of these nerves, the brain does not get the alerts about the full bladder, and hence the person is unable to urinate completely. Let us understand in detail.
• Underactive bladder or inefficient contraction between bladder and brain
When the nerves that connect the bladder to the brain are not able to send the information to the brain, the person is unable to empty his/her bladder completely. This condition in medical terms is termed as an Underactive bladder. There can be many causes of the underactive bladder, as mentioned below:
Neurological inefficiency – A problem with the human nervous system that obstructs the impulses from bladder to brain can lead to the condition of an underactive bladder. Some general reasons for neurological inefficiency are:
1. Alzheimer
2. Spinal cord injury during accidents
3. Vaginal childbirth
4. Pelvic Injury
5. Impaired nerve function due to anesthesia
Never hide your condition from your partner; instead, ask her for help and support. Practicing the start-stop method during sex helps you delay ejaculation. Just ask your partner to stop stimulating your penis when you feel the urge of ejaculation and repeat the same 4 to 5 times during one round. This allows you to control your body sensations and penetrate longer until you feel the urge to ejaculate.
The advancement in medicinal science has allowed humans to breathe a healthy life. The condition of urinary Retention can easily be diagnosed through multiple lab diagnosis. Some of the tests involved in the diagnosis of Urinary Retention are:
1. Physical examination to detect the injuries or infection in genitals.
2. Prostate examination for men
3. Cystoscopy – This involves a thin instrument that is inserted inside the human bladder through the urethra and examines the problems inside the system.
4. X-ray or scanning of urethra, bladder, or kidney.
5. As a concerned human, every patient must openly express his condition and symptoms to the doctor for better and more efficient treatment.
• Regular Exercise
Now, let’s come to the treatment process of Urinary Retention. It is worth noting that a fair treatment with a motive of permanent cure depends solely on the cause of Urinary Retention in individuals. So, it is vital for everybody to undergo proper lab testing before starting the medications. After the diagnose, your doctor might suggest you following measures to treat your condition:
1. Antibiotics to cure the infection in the urinary tract.
2. If any previous medicine causes issues in your body, you might be suggested to consider a replacement of the same.
3. Usage of a catheter to drain the urine out of the bladder.
4. The surgery of Urethral dilation to treat the narrow urethra.
5. Prostate surgery for men.
6. Surgical repair surgery for Cystocele.
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Not quite sure how solar cells work? Think of them as pizza.
Yes, there are more similarities between solar cells and pizza than you might think.
I'm a solar energy researcher working towards eliminating the defects in and improving the performance of industrial solar cells. A PhD is a long journey full of untimely experiments and countless sleepless nights, so I often find myself eating while working (definitely not in the labs!) and working while eating. One day, intrigued by how delicious a cheese pizza is, I realized how alike the pizza and the cell samples I work with are.
Build your own Solar Cell
A solar cell is a device that generates electricity when the sun shines over it. A combination of these cells linked in sequence makes a solar panel that can generate significant power, and that is what you see on people's rooftops, in solar-powered streetlights, and calculators. As a good pizza starts....
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Off-season Baseball Development
Post by Jeff Roux B.P.E; CSCS, TSCC GOLD
Baseball has famously been called a game of inches.
Anyone who has ever guessed fastball and flailed at a breaking ball, hugged the line and watched a hot smash shoot up the middle or tried to paint the outside corner but missed belt high, knows that consistency, strategy, and a confident approach at the plate can all determine success or failure on the diamond.
I hate to disagree with Yogi, as mental preparation will certainly contribute to on-field success, but without proper physical preparation the most focused, strategic and skilled players will still be limited in their performance potential and at greater risk for injury.
The game of baseball is built upon speed, rapid force production, and fine motor skills. It is a high intensity game that blends quick bursts of anaerobic effort with the demand of lightening fast reactions and decision-making. A purposeful off-season baseball program must draw upon the full scope of athletic development needs in order to help make players more skillful, and durable with the glove, the ball and the bat.
Key Physical Elements of Baseball Success:
• Athletic Strength & Power Development from the ground up
• Core stability, mobility & strength leading to the development of Rotary Power
• Shoulder Girdle stability, mobility and strength
• Anaerobic energetics for explosive stops, starts, hitting and throwing/pitching
• Anaerobic endurance for repetitive efficiency and success
• Balance and body control
• Speed-agility–quickness
• Deceleration and arm control
• Reactivity and hand-eye coordination
• Balanced Overall Mobility, flexibility, Stability
Swinging it New School
From a strength and conditioning perspective, baseball has been one of the slowest sports to evolve. Luckily, things are finally changing.
Throwing and hitting a baseball involve some of the most physically demanding, explosive, athletic actions in all of sports, yet many players still do not train effectively to be able to harness, control and improve the physical aspects of the game. Instead most time is spent on skill development and execution which creates a kind of chicken and egg conundrum. Athletes who are more physically conditioned and prepare with a proper, strength and conditioning program will be able to transfer this physical base into better skill development and be more able to withstand the demands of the game and avoid potential injury.
The bottom line is; better athletes make better baseball players.
Baseball is a unique sport with unique positional demands, athletic needs and injury concerns. On some level you have 5 different types of athletes on the field: Pitchers, Catchers, Corner Infielders, Middle Infielders and Outfielders, all with a different set of physical and mental needs. Although it is a team game, it is often individual performance and success at each position that determines wins or losses. Analyzing the demands of each position will help strength and conditioning coaches develop a precise training plan that addresses sport and position specific demands effectively.
The Pitchers: Command and control come from repetition, technical development, mental practice, and understanding the elements of pitching. Arm strength, shoulder girdle mobility and stability, core, hip and leg strength and power development and overall mobility are essential physical elements that can all be developed through training. In order to be successful, younger pitchers still need to develop as athletes, hitters, and fielders that excel at their position and their sport so caution must be taken not to specialize too early in the skill of pitching only.
The Catchers: The physical and metal demands of catching are significant and overuse or underdevelopment can lead to chronic injury issues. Hip and core strength and stability, power from the ground up, arm strength, footwork, reactivity and of course hip and core power for hitting are all essential to development and success behind the plate. Catchers also need to be able to quickly and uniquely explode up from their crouch to throw out runners trying to steal which demands a complicated mix of mobility and athleticism.
The Cornermen: First and third basemen are typically bigger stronger players with big bats, long reach, great footwork and a strong arm to either gun down a base runner from behind the bag at third or relay a throw from the outfield to the plate. Hip and core strength and stability, power from the ground up, arm strength, footwork, reactivity and of course hip and core power for hitting are all essential to development and success at the corners.
The Middle Infield: Arguably the best athletes on the team, the middle infielders tend to be the quickest, most agile, and dynamic players. They need efficient footwork to move laterally, cover a wide range of the infield on both sides, flash the leather and turn double plays. They need to have quick, accurate throwing skills to get the ball wherever it needs to go quickly and they are often the base stealers in the lineup that can use their speed to steal, pickup extra bases, beat out a bunt, or score from second on a single. All of these areas can be improved during the off-season in addition to adding strength, power and extra pop to their bats.
The Outfield: Today’s outfielders need to become hybrid players with the athleticism, speed, and skill of middle infielders and the explosiveness and power of the corner players in order to field their position defensively, hit for power, drive in runs, be aggressive on the base path and have the arm strength and accuracy to throw out runners and hit the cut-off man.
Improved strength and conditioning will allow them to focus on tracking down fly balls in the gap, stealing bases, and hitting bombs when the first pitch is thrown.
Conditioning for Spring Training
Foundational levels of conditioning, strength development, movement skill efficiency and overall athleticism are essential to athletic success in all sports and baseball is no exception.
These foundational elements can be best developed early in the off-season in order to allow the athletes to focus more on skill development, hitting, fielding, pitching and more position specific development as the season approaches.
Coaches are often frustrated early in the season that players do not have the strength and stamina to execute specific drills and maintain physical and mental focus during practices, games and tournaments early in the season because their conditioning doesn’t match the demands of the practice and competition, leading to injuries to shoulders, hips, claves/hamstrings etc.
The Details
Shoulder the Load: The shoulder and the elbow are key areas of focus and development for all positions but especially for pitchers. This includes not only the things that athletes should do to improve it, but also movements and exercises they should avoid that can impede range of motion, over-develop unnecessary muscle groups and actually be detrimental to pitching success and set them up for potential injury.
All in the Hips: When we think about hitting, throwing and pitching powerfully, explosively and accurately it is often all about arm strength when the power truly comes from the legs and hips.
Hip and Core stability, mobility, strength and power in pitching, throwing and hitting all start from the centre of the athlete’s body. Without a strong, stable and mobile centre to set leverage and drive power production, the forces are translated directly to the arms and legs which creates much more potential for elbow, shoulder, ankle and knee injuries as well as typical soft tissue muscle strains and tears.
Rotation. Rotation. Rotation.
Baseball power may be driven by the hips, legs and arms but the ability to maximize the production and acceptance of force is limited by the athletes’ mobility and the ability to rotate properly, powerfully and purposefully during the off-season. Restricted rotation during hitting and throwing will ultimately transfer much of the force of the movement through the spine and joints of the body rather than across the desired muscles. A baseball athlete who combines strength and power development with rotational mobility and core and hip stability will have the most potential for success and be protected from injury.
Speed, Agility and Reactivity: Teaching footwork, quickness and agility is much more than just simply
going fast, running sprints, or going through a speed ladder. Baseball is a high velocity sport that involves movement in all directions, requiring athletes to view the field, see the ball, and process what is going on around them at all times to achieve the desired outcome. Efficient movement is a skill and a purposeful teaching progression is required to develop speed, agility and quickness so that mechanics and reactivity are optimized. Players need to learn how to brake and change directions efficiently by absorbing ground forces and decelerating efficiently so that they can quickly set their feet to throw or move again. Proper skill execution requires teaching and rehearsal of proper mechanics with a progressive plan to continue to challenge the athlete.
Athletic Strength: The addition of muscle mass strength and power go hand in hand with increasing performance but strength development must be athletic in nature, not just look good in the uniform. Having a foundation of athletic strength that progresses into power production and enhances baseball skill development is the ultimate goal. Developing the resilience and stability a player needs to avoid injury also plays a significant role in off-season strength development. Baseball players must be able to produce strength in multiple planes and various ranges of motion for true sport success.
Hard Work Beats Talent When Talent Doesn’t Work Hard
Baseball athletes who do not have the foundational strength and conditioning base they need when the season starts will not be able to focus their attention on learning skills and tactics successfully. Long term player development is about constantly finding ways to teach, coach and develop young players and an effective off-season strength and conditioning program is an essential part of that development. The time is now to begin a foundational strength and development program this off-season to be prepared when “Spring Training” officially arrives and maximize performance on the field this season.
Jeff has worked in various capacities within the fitness and performance industry for over 20+ years in both BC and Ontario, as a strength & conditioning coach, presenter and writer for a variety of projects and educational programs.
He is a strong believer in the process of Long-Term Development and youth Physical Literacy. Coach Roux’s background boasts a wide range of experience coaching everyone from professional (NHL, MLB, MLS) and elite level athletes (Hockey Canada, Canada Soccer, Volleyball/Beach Volleyball, Snowboarding, NCAA/CIS, CHL etc.) to young athletes and weekend warriors and people who just want to get a little better every day.
Jeff spends his down time with his family, on one of his bikes, trail running with his dog or playing volleyball.
“I believe that having a career where you get to live your passion, play every day and help others learn, develop and get better is the best job in the world.”
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Do you know the difference between a watch and warning?
Today’s Severe Weather Awareness Week topic centers on the difference between a watch and a warning for severe storms.
A watch means conditions are favorable for severe weather to occur through the duration of the watch. These are usually several hours in length and cover a large area. If your area is under a watch, whether it’s a tornado, severe thunderstorm, or flood watch, you need to be alert to weather conditions. Have a way to get warnings if they area issued for your area.
A warning means severe weather is occurring or is likely to occur soon. Warnings are much small in coverage size and typically represent only a part of a parish or county. These are indicated by polygons that are drawn ahead of the storm to show the area about to be impacted.
If you are in a warned area you need to seek shelter immediately and get to a safe place. Warnings typically do not last longer than 30-45 minutes.
A NOAA weather radio is always a good device to have in your home. When warnings are issued an alert will sound that will help wake you up at night and notify you of impending dangerous weather.
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The food in Northeast of China
In China, northeast cuisine refers to the cooking dishes that exist in northeast China. As people living in the northeast are more enthusiastic and bold, so the northeast food quantity is very large. And northeast food to meat - based. People in northeast also like pasta, such as noodles, dumplings and so on.
Chinese sauerkraut
Pickled cabbage is the most representative dish in northeast cuisine. It uses Chinese cabbage pickling and become, have northeast place characteristic extremely.In winter, this dish is always served when families eat together.
Pig's ear
Pig ear contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and calcium, phosphorus, iron, with spleen and stomach function. Pig ear is very nutritious, and the taste is very good, especially when the cold food to eat "bittern pig ear", it tastes soft and crisp, delicious flavor is not greasy, and rich in gelatinous.
Kidney beans
This dish can also be called a stew. Beans, potatoes, eggplant, green pepper, tomato, fungus and other vegetables, and meat stew until cooked. This is a common northeast home dish.
Rice noodles
Rice noodles in northeast is different from in south. Northeast rice noodles are convenient and fast to make, with rice noodles as the main material, accompanied by a variety of vegetables and meat, with its unique taste to win many people's welcome.
Cold noodles
Due to the proximity of northeast China to north Korea, the people of northeast China have derived northeast cold noodles from north Korea. Although cold noodles are very cold to eat, people in northeast China always eat cold noodles in summer and winter.
Dumplings are a traditional food throughout China, but they are especially important to people in the northeast. No matter what festival, northeast people will have dumplings on the table.
Poached spicy slices of pork
The pork is cooked with cabbage and seasoned with plenty of chili oil. It is a very popular dish in northeast China especially in winter. It's delicious and warm.
Spicy hot pot
Spicy hot pot is a spicy hot pot with meat, vegetables and staple food. It is a perfect combination of meat and vegetable for a meal. What's more, spicy hot pot USES a lot of frozen semi-finished products such as meatballs and fish balls, which are easy to process and come in a variety of sources.
Food in northeast of China is very delicious. For more information, please click the link
Northeastern Chinese cuisine |
The CS 6120 Course Blog
by Philip Bedoukian
Dynamic Languages
Statically-compiled languages force the programmer to abide by the restrictions of the ISA. For example, languages like C, Java, and Perl require type information to be specified by the programmer. The hardware only knows how to do arithmetic between certain type combinations, so type knowledge is a requirement when compiling for that hardware. In the RISC-V ISA, an integer addition compiles to an add instruction while a single-precision floating point addition compiles to a fadd.s instruction.
Dynamic languages allow the programmer to free themselves from the strict requirements of the ISA. In languages like JavaScript and Python, a programmer does not need to specify whether a type is an int, float, or any other primitive type. However, these languages cannot be directly compiled to machine code because there is no instruction for untyped operations in most ISAs. Most high-performance interpreters will compile the source code to bytecode instead. A bytecode instruction is neither machine instructions nor lines of source code, but rather something in between. A bytecode instruction consists of behavior much like a machine instruction opcode, but also includes other information from the source language that would not be encoded in a machine instruction. Each bytecode instruction is evaluated by the interpreter, by (1) checking type information and opcode and (2) jumping to a function that evaluates that operation.
Problem - Dynamic Languages are Slow
Consider a single iteration of vector-vector add (vvadd) as a motivating example. In each iteration, we load two values from memory, add them, and store the result back to memory.
A C compiler would statically compile this iteration to the following RISC-V instructions assuming the types of the arrays were int.
Interpreter Performance
If instead we ran the program using an interpreter, we would execute the following machine instructions representing the interpreter rather than the user program.
Interpreter Performance
Notice the same lw, add, and sw are present in the code, but we have to jump to the appropriate function to execute them. The interpreter overhead is, thus, everything that isn't the instructions required by vvadd. For every instruction in vvadd, it requires seven additional interpreter instructions and incurs a penalty of a few cycles due to the additional branches. In total, we can estimate that it takes at least 10 cycles to execute an equivalent machine instruction on the interpreter. Many real-world interpreters perform additional operations that will increase the overhead even more. For these reasons, interpreters are generally an order of magnitude slower than statically compiled code.
Solution - Just-in-Time Compiler
Just-in-Time Compilers (JITs) provide speedups to dynamic languages. Although previously proposed, this paper optimizes and popularizes tracing JITs for accelerating dynamically typed languages. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness a tracing JIT in a real-world environment, namely the Mozilla Firefox web browser.
The core idea exploited in tracing JITs is the following:
A loop tends to have similar type information across multiple iterations.
In the case of vvadd, if on every iteration the types are int then we don't actually need the flexibility of the interpreter. Instead, we can compile the bytecode during run-time to machine instructions where the type of each instruction is int. The run-time compilation procedure will greatly resemble the ahead-of-time compilation procedure of non-dynamic languages. Generally we only want to spend time compiling code that is run multiple times (i.e., in a loop).
Unlike an ahead-of-time compiler, a JIT makes assumptions about the type information of the bytecode and speculatively emits machine instructions. If our assumptions were wrong, we need to fall back to the interpreter. The JIT compiler then must also insert guards that detect when type information is wrong and will jump back to the interpreter. The state machine below describes the high-level process.
Interpreter Performance
Machine code emitted by a JIT might look something like the following. Notice that there are fewer "overhead" instructions than in the interpreter version (just two instead of seven).
Interpreter Performance
The authors propose TraceMonkey, a JIT which roughly follows the high-level ideas described above. TraceMonkey is a tracing JIT as opposed to a method JIT, which were predominant at the the time of this publication. Method JITs compile single functions at a time whereas a tracing JIT compiles single paths through the whole program.
The machine code generated by each JIT differ significantly. The machine code generated by a method JIT machine code will resemble the original source program. By comparison, the machine code generated by a tracing JIT will have most of its control flow removed (i.e., conditional control flow and function calls). This code will be superior because more basic blocks have been stitched together and can be optimized together.
The overall flow of TraceMonkey is to run the interpreter for a while, observe "hot" bytecode, compile the bytecode to machine code, run the machine whenever possible instead of the interpreter. Guards are inserted into the machine code to fallback to the interpreter when are assumptions failed. The main steps of TraceMonkey are interpreting, recording, compilation, native execution, and aborting. These steps are described in some detail in the next section.
To avoid confusion, keep in mind that there are four types of code in TraceMonkey: 1) Source code, 2) Bytecode, 3) Low-level intermediate representation (LIR), and 4) Machine code. Only bytecode and machine code are executed, while source code and LIR are only meant to compiled down to the subsequent code level.
The default state of TraceMonkey is to execute bytecode via an interpreter. This yields correct but slow execution of a users program.
When TraceMonkey detects a loop (simply a back-edge in the control-flow graph), it begins to record a trace. For each bytecode instruction, one or more LIR instructions are generated along with type guards. LIR instructions directly map to machine instructions, but are ISA agnostic.
// Bytecode (not typed)
c = add a b;
// LIR Trace (typed)
guard typeof(a) == int;
guard typeof(b) == int;
int c = add_int a b;
Traces inherently can only follow a single path within a loop iteration. No type information is known about the paths that we not taken, so we can't generate machine code for them. Therefore guards must also check branch conditions. In the following example, two possible traces can be generated from the code.
// Source code
if (a == true) {
else {
// LIR Trace 1
guard a == true;
int c = add_int c 1;
// LIR Trace 2
guard a == false;
int c = add_int c -1;
Each individual trace can be much shorter than the original program and can forgo any control flow in favor of specialized guards.
The LIR traces must first be compiled to machine code to execute natively on the processor. This compilation needs to be much faster than static compilation because it occurs during runtime. The authors propose limiting the number of code optimizations performed to keep the compilation runtime reasonable. For example, register allocation uses a greedy algorithm. Greedy algorithms generally give non-optimal results, but may be the only type of algorithm appropriate for a small time budget.
The compiled traces are stored in a trace buffer for later use by the interpreter.
// LIR code
guard a == true;
int c = add_int c 1;
// Machine code
addi t0 x0 1; // put 'true' into a register
bne t1 t0 abort;
addi t2 t2 1;
Note that more assumptions allowed in the traces, the more specialized and higher performance the machine code will be. The trade-off is that there are more guards that can fail, and the generated machine code may not be useful for most iterations of a loop.
Native Execution
The interpreter can execute traces when certain conditions are met. Effectively, the interpreter cedes program control to the generated native machine instructions. The performance of this code should approach that of static code, but is somewhat held back by the low-effort optimizations and additional guard instructions. However, the performance is much better than running in the interpreter.
Whenever a guard fails, we must abort from the current trace because our assumptions were wrong. For example if we thought the type of a value was int, but the value turned out to be a float future instructions will have incorrect behavior. A simple example is shown below.
lw t0 0(s0); // unexpected float!
add t1 t0 t1; // actually need a fadd instruction!
The un-optimized version of this mechanism always jumps backs to the interpreter to decide how to proceed. The interpreter can then record a new trace and start executing machine code from that in future iterations. Effectively, the enumerated steps will repeat in the same order. The optimized version of this process is described in the Linked Traces section below.
The authors lower-level implementation of the ideas described above are the main contributions of this paper. They develop multiple optimizations to make traces less likely to abort. Aborts incur a high performance penalty, so the fewer aborts the faster the user program will run. They also develop techniques to reduce the amount of storage required for the compiled traces.
Typed Traces
Each trace is a basic block that has one entry node and no inner control flow. The interpreter will only enter this basic block if the types of the input variables to the block type check. This is more efficient than entering the trace and immediately aborting because the incoming types were incorrect. In the case of multiple traces, the interpreter has the ability to decide which trace to run based on the input variable types and the trace signature (i.e., the type of each variable as would be given in a C function call).
Linked Traces
A trace is a single forward path. A naive approach would jump back to the interpreter at the end of the trace and have the interpreter re-execute the same compiled trace. A trace can be expanded to include its jump back path if the loop is deemed type-stable, i.e., the type information does not change over consecutive iterations.
A trace can also jump to another similar trace that has different that uses different input types. This can occur is there is a particular pattern detected between different traces, i.e., if input types go from int to float to string consistently, we would want to link the three traces together.
Trace Branches
As previously mentioned a trace can only contain information about a single path through the loop. If machine code encounters a different conditional branch path, it needs to abort. However, it doesn't necessarily need to abort back to the interpreter. If there is another trace that starts from the side path, we could jump directly to this other trace.
The diagram below presents two traces. The vertical trace (the root trace) is called directly from the interpreter, while the slanted trace is called from the root trace when a certain branch condition is met. These arrangements form tree-like structures called trace trees.
Interpreter Performance
Jumping to another trace instead of aborting back to the interpreter is much more efficient.
Nested Traces
Traces always consist of a single forward path and end on a backwards path. In the case of a loop nest, instructions will be recorded from a single path through both loops. If there are any conditionals that are post-dominated by the outer loop, then the outer loop instructions can be compiled multiple times (one for each full path). This increases the amount of storage required for reach trace.
The authors propose to effectively perform function outlining on nested loops. One trace can effectively call another trace as the interpreter would.
Interpreter Performance
Specific traces are not worth generating and are prevented from being recorded or run.
The authors evaluate on a MacBook Pro! JavaScript is somewhat of a consumer language rather than a high-performance language, so a consumer-grade MacBook is somewhat relevant. Keeping in the spirit of consumerism, the authors evaluate on a consumer benchmark suite SunSpider. These benchmarks are all extremely small (< 250ms), but webpages generally load within this time.
The authors estimate that a bytecode instruction is 4x faster when compiled to machine code (could be multiple machine instructions, which is why this isn't higher). Most benchmarks spend their time natively executing machine code rather than interpreter bytecode. Thus, every compatible benchmark achieved at least some speedup in TraceMonkey over SpiderMonkey, the interpreter-only version of TraceMonkey. TraceMonkey lacks support for certain JavaScript primitives and thus could not gain performance on benchmarks containing those primitives.
I would have liked to have seen the performance impact of the many optimizations they described in their paper, particularly the benefit of creating trace-trees and nested trees.
However, the authors report significant overhead in some benchmarks due to the JIT state machine mainly the recording and compilation procedures. They estimate that a native trace must be executed 270 times to justify the overhead. This may seem small, but generally the total run-time of a JavaScript program is also quite small.
Discussion Questions
Is the short compilation time potentially limiting the performance that could be achieved by traces? Bytecode only 4x when executed natively? What could be done?
Could an ISA be designed that does not require machine instructions to include type information?
This paper was written at the beginning of the multi-core processor era. Could multiprocessing improve the JIT performance?
Is it wasteful for billions of computers to "learn" the same traces when they load a webpage? Could anything be done to remedy this? |
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Guinea Pigs: General care
Guinea pigs are often chosen as children's first pets. They aren't very demanding, and are easy for children to handle, once they learn the technique. They come to recognise their owners, with eager squeaks around food time, and it's relaxing to watch them grazing in the garden on a sunny day.
Guinea pigs may only live three or four years, though healthy animals can live for up to seven years. They aren't very demanding, but they do need daily care, and are all too often neglected once their young owners grow out of them. It's worth thinking about what will make your guinea pig happy, so it lives a long time. And if you feel you've grown out of your guinea pig, or are just too busy to give it the care it needs, find a friend or neighbour who wants to take it on, or an animal welfare charity may find someone for you.
Breed types
Guinea pigs acquired from pet shops are usually crossbreeds so if you buy from a pet shop, the main thing to look for is a healthy, alert animal. Pure-bred guinea pigs can be obtained from agricultural shows and exhibitions where specialist breeders sell and show their animals. There are three main kinds of guinea pigs: those with short, smooth coats; the Abyssinians with short hair in rosettes; and those with long straight hair. You will need to groom long-haired guinea pigs, and be especially careful to keep them clean, so short-haired guinea pigs are easier for younger children. There is a wide range of guinea pig colours and colour combinations, including albinos with white coats and pink eyes, which need more protection from the sun.
Guinea pigs live in groups in the wild, and prefer companionship in captivity. You need to choose their cage mates carefully, because they have to get on really well. They can't run away from a companion they don't get on with in a cage. Two males will sometimes fight, especially if they are competing over a female, and females may also fight, until they work out who's boss. Keep an eye on your guinea pigs when you introduce new companions, until you're certain they do get on. Try introducing them in a big run before putting them in a smaller cage together. Only keep adult males and females together if you have homes for the potential babies, and only put one male at a time in the same cage as a female or females. They won't pair off if you try putting two males and two females together, one male is likely to want both females!
Guinea pigs can be allowed to exercise outdoors in a secure run during the summer. They must have a shelter in their run to protect them from rain and wind, and give them more than one hiding place if it's a very big run, so they feel safe. The run should also give protection from dogs and foxes, if there is a risk of their entering the garden. Put the run in partial shade so they don't get too hot, and find somewhere in your garden with total shade for albinos.
A pair of guinea pigs needs a hutch around 75 cm long, by 40 cm wide and 40cm high, with a partition at one end for sleeping with a wooden front, and 18mm wire mesh across the rest of the front. Smaller hutches will get soiled faster, and you're more likely to have fights, though you can have a smaller cage for the night if you can let your guinea pigs out in an indoor or outdoor run in the daytime. Front-opening cages are kinder than cages opening at the top, because it's less frightening for your guinea pig to see you at its own level, than to have you pick it up from above. You need two doors, one for the sleeping quarters, and one for the living quarters.
Put the hutch in the part of your shed or garage that is most draught-free. Paper can be placed on the hutch floor and covered with around 5 cm of wood shavings, plus hay for bedding, which should be changed daily. Sawdust should not be used as it causes breathing and other health problems. Guinea pigs need a chewing block to exercise their teeth, which can grow too long otherwise.
Guinea pigs need daily doses of vitamin C and generally eat the same range of food as rabbits. Feed them twice a day with fresh vegetables if they don't have access to grazing outside. They eat fresh green vegetables like dandelions or cabbage, root vegetables such as carrots. They should also have hay and special guinea pig mix available at all times, as well as fresh water. You need a heavy bowl that won't get knocked over and is easy to clean, for both their water and their food. Plastic bowls will tend to get knocked over.
You can prevent a lot of health problems by making sure your guinea pigs have proper food, a clean, roomy, draught-free home, and making sure they are not being too rough with each other. If you think they are fighting, it is worth checking for any scratches and cleaning them with mild antiseptic. Guinea pigs can be troubled by skin diseases or lice and mites, and you will need to take them to the vet if you see signs of these problems.
Guinea pigs breed freely. They have a long gestation period of from 60-65 days, and the young are born with all their fur, unlike rabbits, which are born blind and hairless. Litters are usually small, from one to four babies. Young guinea pigs are enchanting creatures, but beware of overcrowding, and keep the sexes separate if you haven't enough space and can't easily find homes for the youngsters. You can sex a young guinea pig by gently turning it onto its back and pressing (very gently) above its genitals to see if it has a penis. Females can breed from as young as a month old, males from two months, so you need to separate them just after weaning, at three to four weeks. Do this even if you want to breed them, because they aren't adult and ready for breeding until they are six months old. |
Argumentative Essay On Syrian Refugees
841 Words4 Pages
Mariam Ismail
Rhetorical Argument #1
Since the year 2011, the Syrian civil war has brought terrible atrocities upon the people of Syria. These atrocities have caused the Syrian people to lose their homes, livelihoods, family members, - and most importantly- their sense of security in their very own country. Ever since the war has been triggered, not only have people been wounded, permanently disabled, or killed, they also watched their homes getting destroyed and their loved ones killed in front of them. Moreover, children were traumatized as they closely witnessed violence and brutality. This in turn led to the need of about 13 million Syrians to receive humanitarian assistance. To their avail, several countries such as some major European nations, whom have given the Syrian people a refuge in their land, especially Germany. Although the help that these countries have given to Syria has saved hundreds of Syrians, more countries are needed to provide refuge to the Syrians since these European countries are already reaching full capacity and will sadly, not be able to accept more refugees. This paper is addressed to the Swedish government to join the humanitarian effort that few countries are providing and kindly consider providing the devastated refugees with a refuge.
First of all, Syrian refugees are a golden opportunity for Sweden on the economic scale. Sweden is a country with low unemployment and therefore is seeking skilled workers. Among the refugees
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Blood In Macbeth
716 Words3 Pages
William Shakespeare, a prominent English poet and author of the famous tragedy Macbeth, whom has wrote one hundred and fifty four sonnets, thirty eight plays, and numerous narrative poems throughout his era. In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare uses blood as a constant and dominating theme in the play. Blood appears in two forms as physical and imaginary blood. Furthermore in the beginning, it resembles honor, bravery, and victory. But throughout the play, conveys guilt, murder, betrayal, infidelity and evil.
It is a tragedy told of a Scottish general named Macbeth, who desires power and advancement, that seeks the throne through the temptation of his own aspiration and his wife, Lady Macbeth. The recurrence of blood symbolizes the guilty
…show more content…
Macbeth then presumed that the witches evoked it to appear. But as he has not noticed that his hallucinations were prompted by his own vision of the overwhelming guilt. Also in Act 2 Scene 1, “Dudgeon gouts of blood” reiterates the hallucinations overwhelmed from guilt. Lady Macbeth reckons how Macbeth’s infatuation is cowardly and impotent. In Act 2 Scene 3, Macbeth mentions to King Duncan’s sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, of their father’s death. He states that blood is a invigorated essence to…show more content…
This is a representation of how he restrains his guilty thoughts and feelings. “Bloody and invisible hand” demonstrates the contrast between the appearance and reality. It becomes difficult for both characters to hide their distress and contrition of their crimes. In Act 3 Scene 4, Macbeth loses composure at his gathering as Banquo’s ghost has appeared. He notices that the table is full and thought witnessing Banquo’s bloody figure was a joke. He convinces himself that he is not his fault the ghost is present. The purpose was to bring forth the truth of what he has done. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks through the castle and had illusions of blood. In which she realizes the mistakes she had committed after she was incapable of rubbing the stains of blood of her
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California is on the burning edge of climate breakdown. Record temperatures are teaming up with record droughts to turn the Golden State into a tinderbox. The megafires have followed, erupting with stunning speed and ferocity across forests, grasslands, rural areas and city neighbourhoods.
These megafires, each burning more than 100,000 acres, are rising exponentially — both in frequency and size.
And all this is unfolding with just one degree of global heating, so far. Unfortunately for all of us, the primary fuel for global warming — the CO2 humans are adding to our atmosphere — is also rising exponentially. We've already burned down our old, calmer and more stable climate. It's gone. Sorry, kids.
And yet even now, instead of turning back towards safety, we continue to crank up the climate burner — cooking up an ever-more turbulent, hostile and extreme climate future.
To illustrate the scale, pace and climate connections of California's megafire crisis, I’ve dug into years of wildfire reports and the latest climate science to chart what's happening.
California's 35 largest wildfires
Let's start by looking at California’s 35 largest wildfires since accurate, modern records started being kept around 1930. My chart below arranges them by year, and the height of each bar shows the number of acres burned. Bars in red are fires from the last three years.
California top 35 fires charted by size and year
California's top 35 largest wildfires, arranged by year. Data from CalFire. Chart by Barry Saxifrage.
As you can see, megafires used to be rare in our old, lower-energy, stable climate. But in our new extreme climate, they are arriving with startling frequency. In fact, eight of the state's 35 largest wildfires on record — including five of the top six — burned this year.
Just as troubling, the size of the largest fires is also rising exponentially. My next chart highlights this rise in yellow.
Change in the size of California's largest wildfire, from 1932 thru 2020
Chart showing the exponential rise in the size of California's largest wildfires, from 1932 to 2020. Data CalFire. Chart by Barry Saxifrage.
Back in the early 1930s, the Matilija Fire ripped through the forests around Santa Barbara, burning nearly 220,000 acres. It was the largest known fire in the state's history. There may have been one fire in the previous century that was larger, but it burned before accurate measurements were made.
"Record temperatures are teaming up with record droughts to turn the Golden State into a tinderbox," writes @bsaxifrage. "The megafires have followed, erupting with stunning speed and ferocity."
After the Matilija Fire, Californians enjoyed a 70-year stretch without another inferno of that scale. That's what living in the old, stable, lower-energy climate was like — record-breaking extremes were blessedly rare. Don't you wish you and your loved ones were still living with that climate? I sure do.
In 2003, Matilija's record finally fell when the Cedar Fire near San Diego torched 273,000 acres. It burned an area 24 per cent larger. Sadly, this new megafire record would last for only 13 years.
In 2017, the Thomas Fire rampaged through suburbs just north of Los Angeles, burning a record 282,000 acres. This fire was a climate wake-up call for many. For one thing, it broke the record despite an armada of firefighters, bulldozers, tankers and water bombers thrown at it to try to keep it out of neighborhoods and city centres. Even more troubling, all this happened during December, making it California's first “rainy season” fire to even break into the top 20.
Only a year later, the sprawling Mendocino Complex fire jumped off the charts, burning nearly 460,000 acres. This was an eye-popping 63 per cent leap in size from the old record set just the year before.
And two years after that, the still burning August Complex fire exploded to more than twice that size. As I write, it's already burned over a million acres and is only two-thirds contained. The current estimated containment date is still a month away.
And it's not just the frequency and scale of megafires that's skyrocketing. The total area burned in the state is, too. So far this year, wildfires have burned more than four million acres in California. That's more than double the previous record set only two years ago. And a recent study found that the extent of the state's summer forest fires has jumped eightfold since the 1970s.
The climate beast
“The climate system is an angry beast and we are poking it with sticks.” — often-repeated warning by the late climate scientist Wallace S. Broecker
Climate science has long warned that dumping ever more fossil fuel pollution into our atmosphere will lead to ever-more extreme fire conditions.
Here's a chart showing cumulative global fossil fuel CO2 emissions since 1960; that's the black line. The red line below it is the amount that has remained in the atmosphere driving global heating. As you can see, both are continuing to rise exponentially. We are literally accelerating away from climate safety and towards an increasingly energized and dangerous climate system.
Cumulative global fossil fuel CO2 vs CO2 ppm in atmosphere
Chart shows cumulative global fossil fuel CO2 emissions since 1960 (black line) and atmospheric CO2 (red line). The 25 global climate conferences are listed in the year they happened. The dashed lines show rate that CO2 was accumulating in the atmosphere in each decade. Chart by Barry Saxifrage.
Climate science has documented many ways in which our human-caused global heating is turbocharging wildfires. These include more extreme winds driving the flames faster, hotter nights that keep fires raging when they used to damp down and the unleashing of hordes of tree-killing insects that have killed a "staggering" 129 million trees in California alone in just the last few years, creating super-fuelled fire cores that are hard to put out. But the most powerful climate hammer of all is the rapid rise in the number of days that are both hotter and drier.
A new study led by researchers from McGill University is the latest in the long line of science reports linking climate change to rising wildfires. It focuses on this convergence of heat waves and droughts — what they call the "disastrous duo." Their research shows these hot-dry events are becoming increasingly common and more extreme in western parts of the United States due to climate change. And their study explains how these dual “hot-dry extremes” are the conditions that breed explosive, hard-to-contain megafires.
To illustrate this rising hot-dry trend, I've charted NOAA data for the average temperature and precipitation in every California wildfire season since 1895. (h/t to @RARohde)
Chart showing average temperature and precipitation for every California wildfire season (May thru Oct) since 1895
Grey dots show the years from 1895 to 1999. Red and orange dots show 2000 to 2019.
Notice how every year since 2000 has been hotter than the “old normal,” with several in record hot territory. And notice how most of these years were also drier than the “old normal” (red dots).
I've further labelled the extreme megafire years of 2017 and 2018 to highlight just how extreme the “disastrous duo” of hot-dry conditions were then.
This year, 2020, doesn’t yet appear on this chart because October isn't over. But it has already entered the record books as the hottest California summer on record. And, so far, it has been one of the driest as well.
The McGill researchers also found another troubling fact. The trigger for these extreme hot-dry events has shifted dangerously. In our old, lower-energy climate, these events were driven primarily by the lack of rain. But now rising temperatures have reached the point where our new extreme heat waves are enough by themselves to cook the landscape into extreme dryness, even when the rains don't fail. And the most certain prediction of future climate change is that temperatures will continue rising until humans stop emitting fossil fuel pollution — and likely for a while longer after that.
There will always be sparks to start fires in California, from both nature (lighting) and humans. But to turn a common small brush fire into a city-eating megafire requires a lot of kindling-dry fuel (forests, brush, grassland) that burns explosively fast. That's what extreme hot-dry conditions deliver.
As one example, the off-the-charts Mendocino Complex fire in 2018 was started when a rancher was driving a metal stake into the ground. A spark jumped off and ignited the bone-dry landscape faster and more furiously than even modern firefighting technology and crews could contain. Driving metal stakes into the ground isn't new. Extreme hot-dry fire conditions are.
These extreme hot-dry weather conditions are expected to keep rising exponentially. As Park Williams, a climate scientist at Columbia University and an author of another recent California wildfire study, told the Atlantic: Each degree of warming causes way more fire than the previous degree of warming did. And that’s a really big deal.”
What next?
I remember vividly a winter day, back in 2009, when the U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, voiced his deep concerns for what climate change could do his home state. “I don't think the American public has gripped in its gut what could happen ... We're looking at a scenario where there's no more agriculture in California.” And, he added: “I don't actually see how they can keep their cities going.”
A decade later, in 2018, as yet another extreme fire year was shattering the records for both biggest fire and total area burned in a single year, then-Gov. Jerry Brown held a press conference: “This is not the new normal. This is the new abnormal ... Unfortunately, the best science is telling us that dryness, warmth, drought, all those things, they’re going to intensify ... We have a real challenge here threatening our whole way of life.”
Right on cue, the fires of 2020 have obliterated both those records — more than doubling the worst that came before. That's what exponential change feels like. What seems impossibly distant a few years ago suddenly arrives with bewildering speed.
As climate scientist Philip B. Duffy told the New York Times last month: People are always asking, ‘Is this the new normal?’ I always say no. It’s going to get worse.”
How much worse will depend upon how soon we all decide to stop emitting climate pollution.
It is a good time to review what we here in Canada are doing with our climate pollution. Canada remains one of the world's “dirty dozen” countries, both in terms of total climate pollution emitted and in emissions per capita. Despite pledging new climate targets nine separate times over the last 30 years, we've yet to come close to living up to any of them.
Cutting climate pollution and living up to climate promises is certainly possible. Our economic and Commonwealth peer, the United Kingdom, has reduced its emissions 42 per cent since 1990. We've increased ours by 21 per cent. The U.K. long ago enacted an effective Carbon Budget law that legally binds their governments to meet targets that include all emissions in every year. Our federal government, in contrast, has no such laws and has yet to even create a plan that would meet any of our climate targets. Not even close. So it is both deeply discouraging, and yet unsurprising, that our climate pollution emissions in Canada are still headed in the wrong direction, rising, not falling, in recent years.
As we continue our foot-dragging in Canada, the climate beast is waking up. When will we?
Keep reading
Thank you for this article. Very sobering. And now it seems that climate change has taken a back seat to Covid on the news and in the minds of politicians (except Greens). Since I live in British Columbia, where so much of our food comes from California, we need to strengthen our food security here so we're not so reliant on imports. This means protecting the ALR and providing incentives and support to farmers. And stop Site C.
Allow me to connect the dots.
Canada's oil industry, its army of lobbyists, legions of fossil-fuel boosters, oil-soaked politicians, and a bought-and-paid-for media poses the biggest obstacle to climate action in Canada.
Upstream oil & gas is Canada's top-emitting sector. Nominally 26.5% of the national total. Ahead of transportation.
Environment Canada: "In 2018, the oil and gas sector and transportation sector were the largest GHG emitters in Canada. In 2018, the oil and gas sector accounted for 193Mt CO2 eq (26% of total emissions), followed closely by the transportation sector, which emitted 186 Mt CO2 eq (25%)."
The oilsands is Canada's fastest-growing source of emissions.
The federal Env Commissioner, the OECD, and the UN all warn that Canada is NOT on track to meet its targets. The stumbling block? Increasing oilsands emissions.
Oilsands expansion is enabled by new pipelines, such as the Trans Mountain pipeline, purchased by PM Justin Trudeau. The main market for new oil exports via Trans Mountain and its expansion (twinned pipeline) is none other than California.
California alone accounts for 1% of global oil demand.
Although California has announced a new plan to end the sale of gasoline-powered cars by 2035, it will continue to be a major oil consumer for years to come.
Connect the dots, and we see the links between California's oil demand, Canada's consistent failure to meet its climate targets, and raging infernoes that consume communities in both regions. |
Table of Contents
Volume 34, Issue 1, March 2020
Volume 34, Issue 1, March 2020
Dr David Tuffley, Senior Lecturer, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
Governments steer national economies on a safe course by striking a balance between monetary policy and fiscal policy. Finding this balance is a moving target, but when the two are properly applied, the economy prospers. When monetary and fiscal policy is not properly applied, economies can become deranged and collapse into recession.
In Australia, monetary policy is set by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) which operates independently of the Government. In contrast, Parliament sets fiscal policy according to the policies of the elected Government.The RBA operates at arm’s length from the Government and maintains a non-partisan attitude to the current political climate.
It is a complicated business knowing how best to coordinate monetary and fiscal policy. There are many variables to consider and no simple answers.Some of these variables are known as macroeconomic indicators.These give insight into how an economy is performing.
Indicators of Economic Performance
Economic indicators are objective measures that can be useful in predicting future economic performance. The RBA publishes a snapshot of the prime economic indicators on their publicly accessible website (see References for link):
1. The Cash Rate. The foundational interest rate at which funds are lent and borrowed on financial markets, for example, on loans between financial institutions and the public.
2. Economic growth. The overall measure of how the production of goods and services has grown over a period. Growth creates profit and profit causes stock markets to rise in value.
3. Inflation. The rise in the price of goods and services over time. In Australia, inflation is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). See Figure 1 showing inflation rates in Australia over the past 100 years.
4. Unemployment Rate/Employment Growth. Unemployment rate measures what proportion of the workforce is not currently employed. Employment growth is the change in the number of people employed.
5. Wage growth. Adjusting for inflation, this indicator measures how much real wages have grown over time, thus reflecting purchasing power and living standards.
6. Average weekly earnings/household saving ratio. Average earnings are the value of the money that people earn. The household savings ratio is what proportion of disposable income is put into savings and superannuation.
7. Net foreign liabilities. Foreign debt indicates how much is owed to overseas entities minus the value of Australia’s overseas assets.
8. Exchange rate of the Australian dollar. The current value of Australia’s dollar expressed in terms of another currency, most commonly the US dollar.
9. China GDP growth/G7 GDP growth. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of all goods and services produced by an economy over a 12-month period.This indicator benchmarks Australia’s performance against China’s GDP and that of the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States), these being Australia most important trading partners.
Figure 1: End of Year Australian Inflation rates 1920-2020.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is a two-fold mechanism by which the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) influences (a) how much money is circulating in the economy at a given time, and (b) the structure of interest rates using the ‘cash rate’. Monetary policy is either expansionary or contractionary, depending on the desired effect on the economy.
When the economy becomes overheated, and inflation is rising, the RBA puts the brakes on by withdrawing money from circulation while raising interest rates. Less money at a higher cost usually has the desired effect of slowing down investment and spending.
Later on, when the economy has become sluggish, the RBA counteracts the trend by increasing the amount of money in circulation while lowering interest rates. This dual incentive to borrow can usually be relied on to create economic stimulus.
In March 2020 the RBA reduced the official interest rate to a record low of just 0.5% to counteract the adverse effects of the Coronavirus pandemic on an already sluggish Australian economy. Interest rates had fallen three times in 2019 due to a slowdown in housing construction and the catastrophic bushfires.
Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism
The transmission mechanism is how the RBA’s monetary strategies flow through to the economy. Having decided to what degree the supply of money should be regulated, and what the interest rate should be, these adjustments made by the RBA flow through to the banks and other financial institutions. Over time these have their effect on the economy. This is how monetary policy is transmitted.
Limitations of Monetary Policy
As the old saying goes, you can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink. The RBA can lower interest rates which flows through to the banks, but people might still decide not to borrow. They have free will, after all. They might not want further debt, even at lower interest rates. In this situation, the stimulus will be slow to arrive. An incentive increases the likelihood of an outcome, but it is no guarantee.
Ultra-Low Interest Rates
It might be expected that ultra-low interest rates such as those in Australia in 2020 would stimulate the economy, but this is not always the case. Sometimes interest rates approaching zero will set up a boom/bust cycle that destabilises the economy and leads to recession. In recent years there had been a boom in Australian housing construction which turned to bust in 2019. Coronavirus has brought interest rates down to an ultra-low 0.5% in March 2020.
Overseas examples of this phenomenon include the bubble from 1994 to 2000 and the US housing boom and mortgage financing bust that triggered the global financial crisis of 2008. Other boom/bust events occurred in Iceland, Spain, and Ireland.
In every case, the underlying cause is the easy access to low-interest rate loans.
Quantitative Easing (QE)
Applied in ultra-low interest rate environments, Quantitative Easing (QE) is an expansionary monetary policy that has immediate effect. The Reserve Bank buys quantities of government bonds or securities as a way of directly injecting liquidity into the economy, lowering interest rates and easing unemployment.
But quantitative easing is controversial because it can cause inflation, but without economic growth, a situation known as stagflation. This is characterised by slow economic growth, declining GDP, high unemployment and rising prices.
The opposite of Quantitative Easing is Quantitative Tightening (QT). It is a contractionary monetary policy.
Fiscal Policy
Working hand in hand with Monetary Policy is the instrument known as Fiscal Policy.Essentially, Fiscal Policy can be neutral, expansionary or contractionary depending on whether the economy needs to be stimulated, slowed down or kept the way it is.The Government implements Fiscal Policy by adjusting tax rates up and down and spending more or less on services.
The principles of Fiscal Policy are well-established in economics, being based on the work of British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946).Keynes advocated for tax levels and public spending to be adjusted up or down as required to keep inflation around the ‘sweet spot’ of 2-3% At this level employment is stimulated and the value of money is maintained.
Australian Fiscal Policy
The Australian Government’s fiscal policy in 2020 is is aimed at achieving budget surpluses over the coming economic cycle with the aim of some overall economic stimulus.
The Government’s fiscal policy is to strategically spend on boosting productivity and workforce participation. But overall spending will be regulated in order to free up resources for private investment and job creation. Tax rates will be kept to sustainable levels with a tax to GDP ratio of 23.9% of GDP or less, and a budget surplus of at least 1% of GDP. The Government will seek to strengthen its balance sheet by borrowing less and paying down debt.
Fiscal and Monetary Policies Working Together
The combined effect of fiscal and monetary policy will determine what is known as Aggregate Demand (AD). This is the overall demand for goods and services in an economy, as indicated by how much people spend on those goods and services, how much they invest in business ventures and by how much the Government is spending.
Fiscal policy has an impact on aggregate demand by influencing levels of employment and household income. This in turn influences consumer spending and investment.
Monetary policy and the availability of money has an impact on levels of business activity which in turn feeds into aggregate demand.
The underlying principle at work here is that for economic stability it is necessary to spend more and tax less when economies are depressed and then do the electorally unpopular thing of raising taxes and/or cutting spending during the good times.
A budget surplus is the opposite of budget deficit. A surplus happens when the amount of tax revenue collected by the Government exceeds the amount spent on areas such as social security, defence, infrastructure, and so on.
Surpluses allow governments to create cash reserves for use in recessionary times. While a budget surplus sounds like a good thing, it can nonetheless cause problems if too much money is held in reserve.The more that is sequestered in government reserves, the less there is for investment and other economic activity. When the Government retains too much money, it can trigger a recession.
Causes of Recession
There are many causes of the recession. As discussed, recessions can be triggered when governments starve the economy of funds by retaining too much cash in reserve. People might invest if they could access the funds. Or a recession can happen when people lose confidence in the investment market and cease activity.
In extreme cases, this leads to a stock market crash. Recession can also be the result of the RBA setting interest rates too high, or when consumer confidence falls, and people stop buying things. It can happen when there is a significant decrease in real wage levels, leaving people with less to spend.
During recessionary times, there is always a downturn in the stock market, while unemployment levels rise along with national debt.
Healthy economies depend on the careful coordination of monetary and fiscal policy over time. It is a tricky balancing act because small changes in policy can result in larger or smaller flow-on effects than expected. Sometimes the effects don’t come at all, and sometimes they arrived later than expected. It calls for fine judgment and steady nerves on the part of the Treasury and Reserve Bank of Australia.
What happens if a coordinated policy is found wanting? Recession surely follows. Argentina, for example, has had multiple severe recessions in recent history; 1974-1990, 1998–2002 and most recently in 2018 that saw their currency devalued to ‘junk’ status and the collapse of the Argentine banking system. Deep recession is underway in Argentina, inflation is running high, and millions are being plunged into poverty.
Student activities
1. In Australia, which entity determines Fiscal Policy?
2. What does the economic indicator ‘Inflation’ measure, and what is the name of the index by which it is measured?
3. Explain how the Reserve Bank’s Monetary Policy flows through to the economy.
4. How does Quantitative Easing (QE) stimulate an economy?
5. What are the characteristics of ‘stagflation’ and under what circumstances is it likely to occur?
6. Broadly speaking, what are the causes of a recession?
7. Under what circumstances do budget surpluses occur, and why is a surplus not necessarily a good thing?
8. Define Aggregate Demand.
9. What happens when Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy are not properly coordinated?
10. Outline the goals of the Reserve Bank and explain how the composition of its Board can help to achieve them and a balance with fiscal policy.
11. Why did the Australian government budget for a surplus in 2019-20 when the Reserve Bank continued to lower interest rates and talk of quantitative easing? Explain the circumstances that have led to the Government to dropping the goal of a surplus in 2019-20 and aligning the stance of fiscal policy more to the stance of monetary policy. In your answer, refer to the limitations of both monetary and fiscal policy.
Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) 2020, Key Economic Indicators Snapshot, available at, accessed February 2020.
Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) 2020, Inflation and its Measurement, available at accessed February 2020.
Investopedia (2020) Fiscal Policy vs. Monetary Policy: Pros & Cons , available at Accessed February 2020.
Investopedia (2020) Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy: What’s the Difference?, available at Accessed February 2020.
Australian Government, Department of Treasury, 2020, Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook, available at accessed February 2020.
Investopedia, How Do Fiscal and Monetary Policies Affect Aggregate Demand? available at accessed February 2020.
Australian Government, Department of Treasury, 2020, Australia’s response to the global financial crisis, available at accessed February 2020. |
Two weeks ago, I wrote an article in the News encouraging students to over borrow for their education while simultaneously investing money for the future. This week, I want to backtrack and answer the question: “Why on earth would I save for retirement during my bright college years?”
As is so often true, the limitations of our brains force us to ask questions with shockingly simple answers. In this case, we are all limited in our ability to imagine the effects of compound interest. I grew up with a children’s story about a young girl who convinces the Raja to double her rice every day for a month. Beginning with just one grain, she ends up with more than a billion.
If one could fold a sheet of paper in half just 42 times, it would grow thick (or tall) enough to reach the moon. Without reading further than this sentence, how quickly can you figure out how many folds it would take to reach halfway to the moon? Many people struggle with the answer, but it’s quite logical: 41. The final, 42nd fold doubles that.
Understanding the power of investing early is no different: hard to imagine, but easy to calculate. Here are some motivating numbers: Saving $100 a month in a bank for 40 years would leave you with about $48,000. You’d earn just $580 on top of that, if you received our nation’s average 0.06 percent per year in interest.
But investing that $100 a month and earning an average of 8 percent a year in interest would leave you with $350,000. That’s a difference of more than $300,000.
So why invest for retirement now? You are likely thinking that you should wait until you get out of school, or until you’re financially secure (whatever that means) or until you make a high salary. Spending is like smoking cigarettes: The longer you wait to quit, the harder it will be to succeed. And waiting is a dangerous choice when it comes to optimizing your future.
The investor above ends up with $350,000. She started at age 20 and quit at age 60. If she had waited until age 30, though, and invested twice as much ($200/month), she’d only end up with $300,000. She put away twice as much each month and ended up $50,000 poorer. And for the record, if our investor begins at age 20 and stops at age 70, she’d go from $350,000 to $800,000. Ten extra years more than doubles her money.
Here’s one final hypothetical. You take my advice from the previous article, and invest $22,000 during your time at Yale (less than four years’ Student Effort). You never invest a dime after that. Growing at 8 percent a year, your account would be worth $540,000 at age 62. Now imagine you put off investing for ten years. You’d need to invest $4,300 a year for 30 years to do as well as you did in the previous scenario. In the first case, you only invested $22,000 of your money. In the second, you had to invest $130,000 of your money — almost six times as much for the same result.
If all these numbers are beginning to bleed together, don’t worry. It’s normal. Here’s the takeaway: Investing a little in your future today is far more valuable than investing far more several years down the road. And while this all may seem complicated and daunting in the abstract, it’s absolutely learnable.
The implications of these small building blocks of financial literacy cannot be overestimated. I firmly believe that taking steps for your personal financial security is vastly more effective than working to change macro-level flaws that bolster the unacceptable inequality of wealth in the U.S. I don’t claim that we shouldn’t fight to change the system. But while we’re in the system, we should learn to extract from it every possible advantage.
Beginning with a $100 per month investment is a start, and one that will provoke vocal envy in many a middle-aged adult. Remember that saving money each month is nothing like a bill: You aren’t losing anything. You’re simply moving money from your front pocket to your back pocket.
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Pesticides pose numerous dangers to human health. A lot of the chemicals we discuss in this book can have nasty health consequences, but most aren’t likely to kill you outright. Pesticides are an exception. Every year, pesticide exposures are responsible for thousands of deaths throughout the world, and there are typically a handful of children killed in the U.S. from pesticide use. A high enough dose of certain pesticides can kill a child within hours or even minutes.
Dangerous pesticides
All pesticides are dangerous, but some are more dangerous than others. Aluminum phosphide is particularly nasty, and is responsible for most of the child deaths we encounter in the U.S. Yet it’s sprayed all across the country, including areas near schools and homes. Organophosphates are another deadly pesticide; these products are actually chemically related to sarin nerve gas – the kind Suddam Hussein used as a weapon of mass destruction. Malathion, dichlorvos and trichlorfon are particularly nasty organophosphates.
Children poisoned by pesticides
Children can be poisoned by pesticides through accidental exposure, such as when a toddler gets into a bag of pesticide and covers themselves or ingests it. Yet many of the worst child pesticide poisonings occur when kids are simply going about their normal business in their usual environment. They encounter a toxic area where pesticides have been applied and get sick. Usually this occurs through carelessness: Too much of a pesticide is applied, the wrong kind is used; a dangerous pesticide is used too close to a home or school; or a crop duster sprays in high winds, sending a toxic cloud raining down upon a school playground.
Children injured or killed by pesticides
Serious injuries can result when children encounter toxic pesticides. One family noticed problems with their kids as soon as they moved into an apartment complex that had been heavily sprayed with the pesticides Dursban and Creal-O. The parents say their son and daughter were healthy and normal before moving in, and home videos of the kids back this up. But shortly thereafter, both kids started having convulsive seizures, and “the girl began to show severe neurological problems. She could not color between the lines in preschool. If she left the classroom to go to the bathroom, she could not find her way back. She became incontinent.” Sadly, their conditions worsened. At age 16 she was prone to uncontrollable fits, excessive drewling, and had the mental capacity of a 3-year-old. The boy, at age 12, had an IQ of 44. (Shabecoff & Shabecoff, 2010, pp. 136-37)
In another example, one boy was exposed to the potent pesticide Dursban as an infant. As Charles Lewis, former executive director of the Center for Public Integrity puts it, he “came into the world a healthy, happy baby but now is a ten-year-old paraplegic, confined to his home with twenty-four-hour nursing care, an oxygen system to breathe, and health care bills of about $30,000/month. (ibid, p. 137)
Acute exposure to pesticides can send children to the emergency room, lead to permanent lung damage or neurological disorders, and even kill them. Children die every year as a result of pesticide exposure, often with very little media attention paid to their cases. In one example, two young girls, ages 4 and 15 months, died after a pest control company sprayed fumitoxin (aluminim phosphide) too close to their home. A cloud of deadly vapors seeped into the home, poisoning the family as they went about their daily routine. Both girls fought for their life in the hospital, one in agonizing pain for several months, but sadly, both eventually died form their injuries.
In a recent case at the beginning of January 2017, a father in Texas, not understanding the dangers involved, applied aluminum phosphide underneath the family’s house. The poisonous fumes infected the house while the family slept. Of the 10 people inside, all were sickened, and four children ranging in ages from 7 to 17 died from the exposure.
These are just some of the cases that are happening all around you every year. Pesticides are designed to kill, and human beings share a similar biology with other living things. Stories like this are a tragic reminder of why parents should be diligent in protecting their family from pesticides.
• Just how toxic are pesticides? A class of dead schoolchildren provides a sobering answer. Learn how pesticide residues led to an accidental contamination that wiped out nearly every child who came into contact with them, and how this relates to your own children. This story and plenty more is available in our e-book Toxic Childhood, which you can get for just $7.99. (All proceeds from your purchase go to help kids in need.) |
民间故事：Hou Yi missing the target
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Master 0sifu Folktale: Hou Yi missing the target
During the Xia Dynasty, there was a crack archer named Hou Yi. One day, the King of Xia pointed to a shooting target of one square metre in size with a bull's eye of only 1/3 decimeter in diameter, and said to Hou Yi: "If you can hit the bull's eye, I will award you 1,000 pieces of gold. But if you miss, I will take back the 1,000 li of land granted to you."
At that Hou Yi drew the bow to shoot, but he felt very nervous, his face turning red and pale in turn. Unable to calm his flustered mind, he missed the target with the first arrow, and missed again with his second arrow.
When the King of Xia saw this, he was rather surprised and asked Mi Ren: "Usually, Hou Yi hits the target every time. But today he failed. What's the reason?"
Mi Ren replied: "Hou Yi failed to hit the target because he was in an unstable mood, which affected his shooting skill. The award of 1, 000 gold pieces was the cause of his fault. If people could take no account of their gains and losses, and put aside either generous awards or severe punishment, then anyone could become a crack archer." |
A Guide to Modern High Performance Liquid Chromatography
HPLC stands for high performance liquid chromatography. It is a chromatographic technique that can separate a combination of compounds. This technique is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mix, especially in the separation of amino acids and proteins because of their different behavior in solvents regarding the amount of electronic charge of every one. Like liquid chromatography, HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase to transfer the sample mix. But, HPLC is a step up from liquid chromatography in many ways.
1. Size matters: HPLC generally uses very little packaging posts in contrast to liquid chromatography. A particle size analyzer can easily determine the size of those particles. Since the particles are smaller, there’s greater surface area for connections between the stationary phase and the molecules flowing past it, allowing for greater separation of the elements.
2. High Stress: The solvent does not trickle through the column under gravity in HPLC. Instead, it is forced through under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres, hastening the whole procedure.
3. Stationary Phases: HPLC also utilizes different kinds of stationary phases. The most common stationary phase is that the hydrophobic saturated carbon chain but others like a pump which moves the mobile phase and analyte through the pillar and a sensor which offers a characteristic retention time in the analyte are also utilized.
How HPLC Works
1. The molecule of interest is stored in the liquid state.
2. The sample is injected into the HPLC instrument.
3. The sample preparation passes through a column. Molecules are partitioned based on size and motives of polarity interactions. Basically the pillar enables smaller molecules to pass through quickly and holds onto larger molecules longer.
4. After every molecule is partitioned, it moves through the column and heads toward the sensor. The sample is carried past the sensor by the mobile phase.
5. The sensor emits light in the assortment of 190-700nm. After the molecule of interest enters the sensor it reacts electronically with the light. The degree of the answer relates directly to the concentration of the molecule in the sample preparation.
6. The software plots the strength of the molecule, on the y-axis and what is hplc. The program also records the time that the chemical passed the sensor. This is the elution time, or the characteristic time for this molecule, and signifies the x-axis.
Main kinds of HPLC
1. Partition this was the first sort of chromatography which chemists developed. The partition system separates analytes based on polar differences.
2. Adsorption: Also called normal-phase chromatography, this procedure separates analytes based on adsorption into a static surface chemistry and by polarity.
3. Ion-exchange: This is commonly used in protein analysis, water purification as well as some other technique that can be separated by charge |
Natural Capital Credits
Climate change is a global issue, and it requires a global solution. There are a number of actions that can be taken to keep global warming below the 2 degree Celsius target; saving the planet’s natural resources is essential to the mitigation of climate change. There is a natural climate solution that is already in place to help capture and store carbon in significant amounts. This solution is simply, protecting our natural forests.
Forests store vast amounts of carbon, and when protected ensure that those levels are maintained, therefore ensuring that they are not emitted through deforestation, or other land-use-related effects. They can also continue to capture and store additional carbon, and therefore further contributing to reducing the CO2 in the atmosphere. Natural Capital Credits are the result of successful forest protection projects being implemented.
Standing forests have a substantial carbon value, and Natural Capital Credits can be the catalyst to ensure that they remain standing, continue to absorb and store carbon, and provide a long-term, large-scale and effective climate mitigation program.
Forests can mitigate climate change. By capturing and storing carbon, forests remove significant volumes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Natural Capital Credits are a way of demonstrating that a forest is being effectively protected so the carbon stored in these forests remains stored and does not get released as a result of deforestation or forest degradation (REDD).
Forests also influence nature’s capacity to cope with natural hazards, acting as barriers against heavy rains, flooding and strong winds. They help control or reduce the risk of soil erosion, landslides and avalanches. Forests therefore have an important role in the wider ecosystem, protecting the homes and communities of animals. Natural Capital Credits also signify that there are biodiversity and community benefits being brought about as a result of the forest conservation projects which are certified with these carbon credits.
Biodiversity is a term used to refer to the diversity of life on earth.
Biodiversity includes all the living organisms and the ecosystems in which they occur. The number of species of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the enormous diversity this includes is highly valuable within the different ecosystems on the planet, such as rainforests. Together, these ecosystems and species create a balance and ensure the continuance of life in the natural world and Natural Capital Credits. They also help regulate and ensure the provision of oxygen, water and natural resources that are essential for our existence on Earth.
Forests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and are home to about 80 percent of the world’s land-based animals and plants. Appropriate forest conservation and sustainable development strategies, such as the Natural Capital Credits framework of the Natural Forest Standard are being recognised as an integral approach to preserving biodiversity, and our nature-based climate solutions.
Carbon Credits
• Natural Capital Credits are carbon credits that demonstrate combined carbon, social and biodiversity benefits have been achieved though the successful implementation and verification of REDD+ projects in accordance with the Natural Forest Standard.
• The term Natural Capital Credits signifies a recognisable consistency in quality, as each one encompasses a combination of ecosystem, nature-based benefits.
• NCCs intrinsically combine the carbon, community and ecosystem benefits of a project that are instantly recognisable as a natural climate solution.
• Natural Capital Credits are carbon credits denoted in tonnes of CO2e as each one represents that one tonne of CO2 has been avoided from being released into the atmosphere as are result of the successful protection against deforestation.
• Natural Capital Credits are validated and verified by third-party verification specialists under ISO14064-3 and ISO14065 guidelines. |
The use of cannabis and cannabinoids is growing in the U.S. and hemp seed oil around the world, with many interested in taking advantage of the benefits of cannabinoids. However, some curious individuals are hesitant to use cannabinoids because of marijuana’s potential intoxicating psychoactive effects. If you are someone who is reluctant to use cannabis products because you do not want to experience psychoactive side effects, consider CBD products instead. Many people might think that CBD comes from marijuana plants, and while it can be produced by cannabis plants, most CBD oil comes from the hemp plant. The hemp plant contains little to no THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, which is the active ingredient in marijuana.
As THC activates CB1 receptors in the pain-control area of the brain, it acts as an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective benefits. Rats, given both CBD and THC, had normal levels of ERK activity, behaved less anxious, and seemed quite happy to spend time at front and center in their cages. Even though it’s hard to apply results from a rat study to humans, it helps to understand the unique interaction between these chemicals.
The native network of cannabinoid receptors and transmitters described by Howlett and Mechoulam is now known as the endocannabinoid system. It’s central to homeostatic regulation, that is, how the body maintains, and returns to, its baseline state after being disturbed.
The two cannabinoids share many similarities, as they both interact with the Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a network of receptors found in the human brain, which help to maintain vital body functions. As both CBD and THC are chemically similar to the endocannabinoids found in the human body, they interact with your cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors.
Cannabis pollination causes a plant’s flowers — its buds — to set seed and stop making cannabinoids. Hemp seeds and their oils have essentially zero cannabinoids and are only considered illegal if THC residue lands on them. Both THC and CBD are members of a chemical family called cannabinoids. |
Biomass hot water boiler shutdown classification
According to the analysis of biomass hot water boiler manufacturers, boiler shutdown can be divided into normal shutdown and abnormal shutdown. The hot water boiler is equipped with a computerized boiling water boiler controller, and all functions are stored on a smart chip, which realizes the intelligence, digitization, automation, and humanization of the boiler. The boiler intelligently controls the water temperature and automatically stops heating when the water temperature is reached; large screen fonts The water temperature is displayed and the boiler water temperature is clear at a glance. The normal shutdown refers to the shutdown of the biomass hot water boiler when it is not in use under normal operating conditions, while the non-normal shutdown refers to the shutdown in the event of an accident. The following is the classification of biomass hot water boiler shutdowns analyzed by Zozen:
1. The steam boiler is a kind of energy conversion equipment. The energy input to the boiler is in the form of chemical energy in the fuel, electric energy, and heat energy of high-temperature flue gas. After the boiler is converted, it outputs steam, high-temperature water or organic heat with certain thermal energy. Carrier. Normal shutdown of biomass hot water boiler: The continuity of the operation of the boiler equipment is limited, and an unplanned shutdown inspection must be carried out. In addition, due to the reduction of external load, according to the dispatch plan, some boilers should also be shut down and converted to standby, and these boilers are in a normal shutdown state.
2. Abnormal shutdown: It can be divided into emergency shutdown and fault shutdown:
(1) When the biomass hot water boiler equipment has an accident due to internal or external reasons, when the boiler must be shut down, it is called an accident shutdown. According to the severity of the accident, when the boiler operation needs to be stopped immediately, it is called an emergency shutdown;
(2) If the accident is too serious, but in order to ensure the safety of the boiler equipment, it is not allowed to continue to operate for a long time, and the operation must be stopped within a certain period of time, which is a fault shutdown. Biomass boilers: horizontal biomass boilers, vertical biomass boilers. Biomass gas heat conduction oil furnace, biomass steam boiler, biomass hot water boiler, biomass heat conduction oil furnace.
The above is the classification of biomass hot water boiler shutdown, which uses a unique secondary air structure. The air field in the furnace is effectively improved, and the hot particles are directed toward the front arch, which is beneficial to the ignition of the fuel. At the same time, the residence time of the fuel in the furnace is extended, and the adaptability and utilization of the fuel are improved.
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This other sources give some traces about
This other sources give some traces about
This article taught me mavlavi and sama are ones of the most important elements for Turkish tradition. It gives information about the rituals and the ceremonies. It also mentions about development of the mavlavi sama by giving exact times.
This article took my attention because I was already curious about this topic.The author gives a detailed information about mavlaviyya, when it was written and how it was written. Looks like, mavlavi mukahala started to evolve during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries but it shaped its final form in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
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Although some early sources of Mavlaviyya have any exact definition of sama but other sources give some traces about the origin of the mavlavi sama. The author explores and explains origin of the Mavlavi sama in detailed way. I learnt from this chapter the Sama means a supernatural travel of man’s afterlife, reach to intellect and cherish to flawlessness. I also learnt what the moves in sama means and how sama is presented and played as an exhibition in the stage.
Some of the moves in sama don’t exist in mavlavi mukahala as I see. I am surprised that sama dance and music related to the universe and the creation of universe. One of the topics that drew my attention was that Mavlavis don’t accept zikr as the basis of their ritual although they practice in repeating the name of God. I really don’t understand why they do so.
I learnt that Mavlavis may attend rituals of other cult and they perform sama. Thanks to the chapter, I had information about the rabab which is a musical instrument. I learnt from the some websites that even if Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi is thought that he was a neyzen(reed-flute player), he was a rabab player.
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The right to a jury trial is a constitutional treasure. It is often held up as a cornerstone of American democracy—a person charged with a crime can trust fellow citizens to operate as a bulwark between him and government overreach. But, just how effective can a jury be when it is deprived of critical information about the case before it? No, we are not talking today about the all-too-common and disturbing prosecutorial practice of suppressing exculpatory evidence. The critical information we highlight here is the sentencing outcome of a trial if the jury finds the defendant guilty of a crime. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, jurors are not permitted to know what sentence a criminal defendant will face if convicted.
Blindfolding jurors with respect to a defendant’s sentence is a long tradition, but the practice has not been uniformly accepted. The last substantial discussion about informing jurors of the sentencing outcome took place nearly ten years ago when a famous federal judge in New York, Judge Jack Weinstein, wrote a lengthy opinion on the subject. In United States v. Polizzi, he wrote:
Defendant’s request that the jury be informed of the five-year mandatory minimum should have been granted. A brief historical review demonstrates the right of the jury in this case under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to know the sentencing impact of its decision — a right shared by the defendant.
His “brief” historical review—not actually so brief—concluded that jurors had, at the time of this country’s founding, the right to know the punishment and nullify. “When a jury refuses to convict on the basis of what it thinks is an unjust law as applied, a misconceived prosecution, or an excessive penalty, it is performing exactly its role imposed by the Sixth Amendment.” (This sort of refusal to convict despite evidence of guilt is commonly referred to as nullification.) In concluding his analysis, Judge Weinstein granted the defendant’s motion for a new trial.
Judge Weinstein’s opinion generated a wave of controversy and sparked some scholarly activity around this topic. The Second Circuit reversed his grant of a new trial, finding that “[a]lthough jurors have the capacity to nullify, it is not the proper role of courts to encourage nullification.” The court held open the possibility that a trial court may have good reason for informing the jury of the potential sentence in some instances, but found that Weinstein’s decision to grant a motion for new trial after he decided during trial not to share that information was flawed.
In the past few years, there has been a massive societal awakening to the problem of prosecutorial overreach and its role in fueling mass incarceration. While the recent elections of progressive and reform-oriented District Attorneys seem to be moving some localities in the right direction, the real solution should not be lost in the excitement: “Prosecutors should have less power.” Given the current momentum, has the time come to revisit the idea of informing jurors about what sentence a defendant will receive if he is convicted?
It strikes us an idea for this time. We are not talking about a piecemeal, case-by-case fix. After all, “[d]efendants continue to seek to inform jurors about the punishment they face, yet those efforts are nearly always rebuffed.” Even local changes by progressive prosecutors to agree to inform the jurors about sentences in every case—though they would be welcome—would not be sufficient. This is a significant opportunity for lawmakers and voters (who can push ballot initiatives in some states) to increase transparency and promote proportionality at a crucial stage of juror decision-making. One scholar reminds us, “legislatures are free to experiment with the amount and type of constraints on jury authority.”
Jurors are citizens who can actively check the power of the prosecutor. Elections matter, but so too does jury service. Unfortunately, as one law professor has observed, “jurors have become bystanders.” Another scholar recently wrote, “It’s always seemed crazy to me that punishments for crimes are public info[rmation], but in the jury box no one can know what will happen to the defendant, even when there’s a mandatory minimum. Juries should have this info[rmation] to check prosecutorial overreach.” Indeed, it is crazy. Why not pursue this change?
One can certainly expect massive prosecutorial resistance to legislative proposals providing that jurors be notified about the sentencing consequences attached to various available verdicts. It is widely known that District Attorneys like to throw their weight around at state capitols. But, that should not be enough to stop a righteous movement toward fairness and accountability. Let’s put more information in the hands of everyday citizens who are being asked to make decisions on our behalf that will have momentous consequences.
Judge Wiseman in Tennessee put it best:
[I]f community oversight of a criminal prosecution is the primary purpose of a jury trial, then to deny a jury information necessary to such oversight is to deny a defendant the full protection to be afforded by jury trial. Indeed, to deny a defendant the possibility of jury nullification would be to defeat the central purpose of the jury system. Argument against allowing the jury to hear information [about the sentence] that might lead to nullification evinces a fear that the jury might actually serve its primary purpose, that is, it evinces a fear that the community might in fact think a law unjust. The government, whose duty it is to seek justice and not merely conviction . . . should not shy away from having a jury know the full facts and law of a case.
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by Brendan Jacobs
August 20, 2020
Parents, faced with helping their children learn from home, are also increasingly involved with how learning takes place using technology.
‘Learning by doing’ using technology
South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist and educator, Seymour Papert, generally regarded as the father of educational technology, was one of the first people to see the potential for technology to enhance learning. He saw computers as an exciting new way to build on the established principle of learning by doing. Papert and his team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology created opportunities for children to become lessons planners, coders, graphic designers, narrators, and to develop all of the associated skills required to construct learning artefacts. The idea of involving children so directly in their own learning seems radical, even by today’s standards, but never before has the need for authentic learning tasks been so closely matched by the abundance of technology available in most homes.
So what does the role of the teacher look like in this student-centred model? Alison King’s seminal (1993) article From sage on the stage to guide on the side captured this perfectly by writing about how teachers can move away “from being the one who has all the answers and does most of the talking toward being a facilitator who orchestrates the context, provides resources, and poses questions to stimulate students to think up their own answers”.
But this it is a difficult transition for those who see their role as delivering content. Most of us have Google in our hip pockets or handbags where you can literally search for anything but what are we to do with the multitude of answers that we are presented with? Clearly, information is not synonymous with knowledge or learning. Complexity is not something to fear but the current shake up of the whole education system presents some promising possibilities if we choose to embrace them at each level of the educational hierarchy. Perhaps it is this hierarchy that presents the promising potential for change.
The trouble with ‘back to basics’ mantras
Educational policy makers and government decision makers need to stop espousing fundamentalist mantras such as ‘back to basics’ as this is a paradox which is clearly not working. Perhaps a musical analogy is apt here. Musical scales are the building blocks of songs but imagine asking musicians only to focus on perfecting their scales. Training musicians in this way and then putting them on a stage would leave an underwhelmed audience as the basics are only a means to an end.
Are children truly capable of becoming content creators?
There is plenty of research to show that such higher-level tasks can improve both learning and engagement. Simple practices like encouraging children to add the date into their file names creates a chronology of the learning and an abundance of digital assessment data. The idea of ‘learning by teaching’ has been around since antiquity where Pliny the Younger said that “he [or she] who does the talking does the learning”.
Is this an ideal which is beyond the capability of most students? The ‘guide on the side’ model suggests that children will still require assistance but the nature of the assistance in these scenarios revolves around higher levels of thinking. The four Cs of 21st century skills are the same skills that creating digital artefacts can develop, namely; collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creativity. Now that circumstances are forcing teachers to abandon the teacher-centric model, their own practice is also morphing into instructional design.
Students learn by becoming content creators
My proposal, that students become content creators for the sake of their own learning, also resonates with two other approaches which are widely accepted as best practice, namely, project-based learning and open-ended tasks (tasks where achievement options are not pre-determined allowing learners to respond creatively).
Project-based learning is a move in the right direction as this reflects how adults work and function in the real world. It also does away with a lot of the time that teachers spend explaining standalone lessons and can be likened to a good TV drama where each episode begins where the previous one finished, unlike a movie where considerable time is spent establishing the characters.
Open-ended tasks cater for all students and mitigate many of the challenges involved with differentiation as each student can work at their own level. Another advantage of open-ended tasks is that they are an authentic example of formative assessment where teachers provide guidance throughout the activity rather than just a summative assessment at the end.
I must admit that I feel fortunate to have made the transition from teaching in primary schools into academia where I work with pre-service teachers in the Bachelor of Education at CQUniversity Australia. My role involves working with distance students from all around the country, but what I actually do is basically the same as last year, before the pandemic.
Online lecturers use learning management systems with the functionality to deliver content and manage assessment tasks seamlessly in this online environment. My point is that the higher-level thinking that I do as I prepare and curate online content involves the very same skills that we want our children to have. It is my hope that the children caught in the middle of this transitional phase become the new generation of instructional designers.
Dr Brendan Jacobs works in teacher education as a lecturer at the Mackay City campus of Central Queensland University Australia. He spent most of his career in primary school classrooms before publishing an early example of a multimodal PhD dissertation through the University of Melbourne. Since entering academia, Brendan has published widely in academic journals and spoken at various international conferences about learning and technology. His latest book is titled Explanatory animations in the classroom: Student-authored animations as digital pedagogy. Brendan is on Twitter @BrendanPJacobs
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Historical Hero Upgrade
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"Remember that God created all men equal!"
William Wilberforce, abolitionist, in the film Amazing Grace
"[The poor should know] that their more lowly path has been allotted to them by the hand of God; that it is their part ... contentedly to bear its inconveniences."
William Wilberforce in Real Life
OK, let's say you're still writing that movie, which is Very Loosely Based on a True Story. You've chosen a period of history that involves a lot of exciting fight scenes and explosions so your audience won't fall asleep and now you need some main characters.
But there's a problem: most of the real life figures were morally grey and complex people. How are you going to make sure that your audience knows who the hero is?
Well, all you have to do is to pick someone who was on your side. If you're American, all you have to do is choose a heroic American. Or failing that, an Irishman or a Scotsman (just as long as they fought those dastardly Englishmen/Germans/Commies/Arabs). And if you're English, you'll want to support that brave and heroic King William the Conqueror against those treacherous English bas... Hey—wait a second...
But hang on. There's another problem. Your new hero doesn't exactly fit our modern standards of goodness. Maybe he was a slave trader. Or a wife-beater. Or an openly admitted racial bigot. What are you going to do now?
Well, all you have to do is give your newfound hero a few Pet the Dog moments, adjust his looks for modern tastes and cut out or ignore anything of his life that doesn't fit your artistic vision.
While we would prefer not to name specific examples, one common Real Life sequence of events that results in this is as follows: 1) X region is populated by numerous tiny warring tribes led by warlords constantly attempting to conquer one another. 2) Eventually one tribe gets a new warlord who turns out to be vastly better at their job than the others. 3) Said hypercompetent warlord gets remembered by future generations as "The hero who united our people."
Note that just because this trope happens to a person does NOT mean that he was evil in real life; he is simply being portrayed more positively in the work of fiction than he was in real life. Also note that this is not necessarily a bad thing, as it is often done to make for a better story.
Note that this trope isn't always played seriously; sometimes, a character will be retroactively turned into something on par with a Memetic Badass purely due to Rule of Cool, upgraded in ways that are obviously intended to go far beyond any real-world heroism. The most extreme examples of this, of course, often overlap with Beethoven Was an Alien Spy.
This trope is the opposite of a Historical Villain Upgrade, although many figures often get one of those as well in works with a different viewpoint. They may also appear alongside each other when applied to different people, to make the Black-and-White Morality contrast even more obvious. May overlap with Historical Beauty Update, Historical Badass Upgrade, Values Dissonance, Politically Correct History, Broken Pedestal or Flanderization.
When Fan Fic writers do this to a canon character, it's Draco in Leather Pants. When it's done with original characters in an adaptation of the source work, it's Adaptational Heroism.
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Examples using real people
Anime & Manga
• Date Masamune is played like this in many works. In real life, he may as well be categorized with Oda Nobunaga; he killed his brother to rise to power (his nagging mother constantly opposed him and promoted his brother for clan leader) and betrayed the alliance with the other clans without much discussion (and conquering them). He also showed little respect to Hideyoshi when he was called to join the attack on Odawara (and late to come to boot!). But in Samurai Deeper Kyo, he ends up becoming Kyo's ally, though he may be rude and brash (aka Bontenmaru). And in Sengoku Basara, he becomes the Jerk with a Heart of Gold hero with a somewhat charming personality and several Pet the Dog moments (seen with Kojuurou and Itsuki, or in the Drama CD, Oichi) And in The Ambition of Oda Nobuna, she is a Boisterous Cute Bruiser and Large Ham who's an ally of the heroes. This one is averted in Koei's Warriors series. In Samurai Warriors, he comes off as a jerk, but hides a lot of ambitions that are beneficial for Japan. But in Warriors Orochi, he becomes Orochi's henchman and is pretty much loyal to him and has no qualms on bringing chaos into the world.
• In Fullmetal Alchemist: The Conqueror of Shamballa, Fritz Lang becomes one of Ed's allies in Weimar Berlin, and is depicted as an anti-fascist badass who opposes Nazism as early as 1923. His real-life political leanings are less well known and Lang actively obscured them with his creative retellings of his life in Germany. However, he was thrown out of at least a couple German exile parties in Hollywood for making anti-Semitic comments, and was known to be abusive to his cast and crew on set. (Granted, it's hard to expect historical accuracy from a film that depicts the Beer Hall Putsch as part of a coordinated effort to take over Germany with the help of a group attempting to open a portal into Ed's alchemical universe.) Lang putting an entire film crew into mortal danger just to get a shot of a dragon for Die Nibelungen seems fairly like him, though.
• Rurouni Kenshin turns Saitou Hajime into a badass Anti-Hero. In actual history, he did manage to survive the mess that was the Meiji revolution and became a member of Japan's secret police (pretty much their equivalent of the FBI), but Watsuki freely admits that he pretty much made up all of the other details about Saitou's personality (as a minor note, RuroKen Saitou claims to have given up drinking, while in real life he died of a stomach ulcer as a result of it).
• Saito is sort of an odd example as he's initially introduced as a vicious Blood Knight and Watsuki comments on getting angry letters for giving him a Historical Villain Upgrade, which might explain why soon after his introduction, Kenshin describes him as a morally pure Worthy Opponent, and he becomes an Anti-Hero from that point onward.
• The manga's treatment of Okubo is closer to this trope. He's historically seen as a Sleazy Politician, and that aspect is certainly part of his character, although he's presented as working for the best for his country and deserving of the respect he gets from Kenshin and Saito. Word of God comments on wanting to rehabilitate his image, noting that in terms of corruption, he wasn't much different than Japan's current politicians.
• Then, there's also the fact of how Watsuki portrayed the infamous Hitokiri Kenshin Himura. Truth in Television, Kenshin is actually based on a real life assassin, Kawakami Gensai. Like Kenshin, Gensai was also noted for his slim and feminine built, ties with the Ishin Shishi, and ruthless pursuit of moral agendas. Unlike the red head however, Gensai did not say "oro" as a mannerism, he did not like Western "barbarians" entering his homeland, and he killed scholars who studied Western ideologies. He was also far from the pacifist that Kenshin was after the war; instead, he continued the fight for his rights as a samurai and was executed by the same government he dedicated his life to create and defend.
• While this trope applies primarily to human beings and not machines, the eponymous Cool Starship of Space Battleship Yamato counts. The real life warship may have been a Cool Boat, but battleships were being eclipsed by aircraft carriers in World War II and the Yamato was no exception, with no kills during the war except possibly one small escort carrier, and being ignominiously sunk by aircraft while on a one-way suicide mission. Not the most appropriate ship to undertake a voyage to save the earth.
• Fate/Zero
• Takes Alexander the Great, certainly an inspiring figure in his own right, but hardly a morally superior one, and turns him into what may be one of the most inspiring characters in anime and manga history by giving him a complex philosophy that guides him while staying relatively true to the original Alexander's historical actions and fiery, straightforward personality, occasionally even calling him out on some of the less heroic actions of his historical counterpart. His Noble Phantasm is the result of the loyalty and inspiration he evoked in his followers, ignoring that the real Alexander's erratic actions won him plenty of criticism, resulted in his killing at least a few of his followers/friends and ended his expansions when low morale resulted in his army rebelling against him and insisting that they return home.
• Subverted in Fate/strange fake. Richard the Lionheart at first appears to be a noble and chivalrous (if eccentric) Knight in Shining Armor, so much so that his Master, Ayaka, starts feeling guilty that he even bothers with her. However, it eventually becomes clear that Richard had a fairly disastrous, blood-soaked reign and isn't exactly proud of his actions in life.
• Fate/EXTRA does this with its version of Saber, who turns out to be the Roman emperor Nero. Here, she wasn't The Caligula as the real Nero is known as, but rather a very kindhearted individual who loved everyone under her rule, but demanded they loved her in kind, thus causing her to commit suicide out of despair when the coup in 68 AD began and no one rose to defend her. Amusingly, in-universe she's a victim of the opposite trope, as she still has the same reputation the real Nero does, and in fact it seems to be even worse, as the appellation "the Whore of Babylon" from the Book of Revelation is applied to her specifically, rather than to the Roman Empire in general under Nero's rule as many real-world scholars argue.
• Fate/Apocrypha shows that this sort of thing is an inherent part of the form a Servant is summoned in, depending in part how well-known they are and what kind of reputation they had in the place they're summoned. For instance, Vlad the Impaler is summoned as a Lancer-class Servant there for the second time, after his appearance in Fate/Extra. In Extra, set on the moon, he's a deranged killer highly reminiscent of a vampire (despite not really being one, and taking offense at such a suggestion), and any of the three playable Servants can defeat him in battle. In Apocrypha, since he was summoned in his native Romania (and pretty close to his actual home town at that), he's a more well-adjusted, charismatic, and extremely powerful being that, according to the producers, would be able to defeat Fate/stay night's Berserker and Saber (respectively Hercules and King Arthur, who are well-known around the world and have more agreeable reputations, but were summoned in Japan).
• Kingdom paints the young Qin Shi Huangdi in a far more positive light than his reputation within contemporary Chinese sources and history. Set prior to his descent into tyranny (such as burning books and burying scholars alive) as The Emperor of a united China; it has him portrayed here as both The Good King and a Well-Intentioned Extremist. This is, however, a case of Tropes Are Tools - readers are unlikely to root for Qin Shi Huang if he were portrayed historically.
• Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic takes the usually villain-upgraded characters from Arabian Nights and give them their original proper roles (Ja'far, to name one).
• In Shuumatsu no Walküre: Record of Ragnarok, the setting really pushes for making all characters as badass as they can possibly be, with that historical and mythical figures, good and bad, have their commonly known backstories completely revised if they contained any shameful moment in them, such as loss, a moment of weakness, cowardice, etc. Case in point: a common record of Lu Bu’s final moments was him throwing a fit upon being captured by Cao Cao’s forces and being denied a chance to work with their army, as he was known as a serial betrayer; this series, however, changes that event into Lu Bu being completely calm in his final moment, going as far as to say the previous record is completely false, the “truth” being that Lu Bu actually allowed himself to be captured, the man was so bored of being unmatched in battle throughout his entire life that nothing mattered anymore, so he might as well free himself of such a meaningless life.
Comic Books
• 300 conveniently leaves out any mention of Spartan pederasty and slaveholding (of fellow Hellenes no less), which were major parts of their culture at the time, to keep them sympathetic to modern audiences. The film also leaves out their extreme devotion to religion in an attempt to appeal to gung-ho masculine audiences, going as far as having the hero criticize the Athenians as "boy lovers" and call out their own clergy as "corrupt." However, this is justified as the comic is narrated by the Greek soldier Dilios, hence the lionization of the Spartans.
• Three was born out of the author reading 300 and being driven apoplectic at the grandiose speeches about freedom from a culture that had massive slave population. The story begins with the Spartiates hunting down slaves who had proven a little too successful at war.
• Charles Fort may be one of the most important figures in paranormal science, but he wasn't much of a hands-on investigator. The only weird event he claimed to be present for was a painting falling off a wall for no apparent reason. Various comics have given him a more active role.
• Vlad the Impaler himself receives this in Image Comics title Impaler, where he is an immortal vampire slayer that defended humanity from vampires and demons summoned from hell by Sultan Mehmed in a desperate attempt to take over Europe.
• Puerto Rico Strong: Invoked in Reality Check. A man tells his sons about how Christopher Colombus, known by his Spanish name Cristóbal Colón in the comic, came to Puerto Rico. Cristóbal thought the island was the most beautiful place in the world and, after meeting a Taino child, he allowed his men to stay on the island, where they blended in peacefully with the natives. His wife tells him, in Spanish so their kids don't understand, that he shouldn't lie to his children like that.
Fan Works
Films — Animated
• The imperial Romanov family in Anastasia. Don Bluth really just grabbed the opportunity to portray another idyllic Disney-like princess, while neglecting to mention all the reasons the revolutionists thought themselves justified in their actions. On the other hand, Grigori Rasputin gets quite the Historical Villain Upgrade, and indeed it's implied that the only reason the Revolution happened at all is that Rasputin had cursed the family.
• Disney's Pocahontas movie, has some examples of this.
• John Smith is given this treatment to the point where critics agree this is the version of John Smith the actual Smith would have wanted history to see him as. The real Smith wrote boastful accounts of his adventures, in which he spun fact into legend and portrayed himself as a James Bond-like figure. One of the reasons historians doubt the story about Pocahontas saving his life is that that's one of three times he claimed to have been rescued by a native woman. Either native women really had a thing for him or he was a rather uncreative writer. Also, John Smith was much more of a Jerkass, with one of his well-documented actions being taking a Native leader captive so that the leader's tribe would provide him with plentiful resources.
• While the Powhatan are portrayed as flawed but fundamentally decent people rather than incorruptible noble savages — probably at least partly for the benefit of the movie's themes — the film glosses over some of their more questionable actions (such as inviting starving colonists to a banquet, only to murder them). Chief Powhatan in particular gets this, becoming a wise and noble (if imperfect) leader. The real Chief Powhatan, on the other hand, often behaved like a massive douche - one of the most notable examples is him not lifting a finger to save Pocahontas when she got kidnapped by some Englishmen (in fact, Pocahontas rebuked her father for this the last time she saw him).
• In the sequel, John Rolfe is portrayed as a generally positive character who hesitates to get involved with Pocahontas due to thinking she was still in love with John Smith. In reality he married her at least in part for political reasons shortly after her aforementioned kidnapping, and agonized over the repercussions of marrying a "heathen" (even though by this point Pocahontas converted to Anglicanism). He's also thought by some historians to have been involved in introducing slavery to England's New World colonies.
• Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar aka El Cid is portrayed as a young brave, romantic knight who rallies both Muslims and Christians to fight against a tyrant who seeks to crush both and is ultimately loyal to the king who exiled him. The real Rodrigo was largely self-serving and fought for both sides and against each other, which included sacking Christian cities for Muslims and vice-versa. He also famously murdered his wife's father for insulting and slapping Rodrigo's own father, while in the movie, Rodrigo accidentally kills Jimena's father in self-defense after he attempted to kill Rodrigo so he wouldn't interfere in her Arranged Marriage with someone else.
• The Road to El Dorado greatly whitewashes Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica. It's treated as something the people of El Dorado don't like, but are led to believe is a necessary evil. The one person pushing human sacrifice in the city, Tzekel-Kan, is evil and also uses it secondarily as a form of Blood Magic. In reality, human sacrifice was simply a fact of life for many Mesoamerican cultures, as accepted as any other aspect of their religion.
Films — Live-Action
Multi-example cases
• Earlier in the USA's history, General Custer was often depicted as a Messianic Archetype, a brave hero who fought against the Indians and died alongside his men. This myth extended to both literature and eventually, film. This is most notable in 1941's They Died with Their Boots On. More modern sympathies with the Indians have caused him to no longer be portrayed this way, however, often to the point of overcorrection (though eventually this second view would soften, so that Custer now comes off as more a Punch-Clock Villain than an Indian-hating sadist). Custer's heroic myths are due to his wife, who outlived him (she died in 1933, a little under 60 years after him). She wrote three books depicting her late husband as a folk hero. She was afraid he would be blamed for the humiliating defeat and slaughter his troops suffered, and thus spent the rest of her life lobbying extensively to make her husband look a hero.
Specific movies
• 55 Days at Peking: The Eight-Nation Alliance gets portrayed in a significantly better light in this film. The movie tries oh so hard to pretend putting down the Boxer Rebellion had absolutely nothing to do with imperialism. Instead, it was all about honor or... maintaining peace or... something. Whatever, it sounds credible when you say it in a Rousing Speech with David Niven's accent. In addition, the relationship between the various powers wasn't nearly as harmonious as depicted in the film, and the film also omits the widespread destruction, looting and murder carried out by the alliance's forces after the siege was lifted.
• The Spartans in 300. In the movie, Sparta is portrayed as a secular utopia of egalitarianism and freedom. In reality:
• Sparta was almost entirely supported by their slave helots, which allowed Spartan men to spend all their time fighting. On the other hand, Spartan women were given more rights than other Greek women.
• The state was the ultimate owner of everything, with citizens being granted assets as deemed appropriate.
• While the film portrays Spartan citizens as secularists who are disgusted by their corrupt clergy, real Spartans were even more devout than citizens of other Greek city-states.
• In real life, the Spartans practiced pederasty, sexual relationships between grown men and teenage boys. In the film, Leonidas chides Athenians as "boy-lovers," implying that Spartans were above such behavior.
• The portrayal of the 300 Spartans as fighting and holding the Persians alone, with a small amount of help from a few Acadians, who are portrayed as being made up of amateur, poor soldiers. In reality, the 300 Spartans formed only part (albeit a crucial part) of a coalition of forces from several Greek cities probably numbering 5,000-7,000, the bulk of whom would have by this point been professional, well-trained soldiers, though perhaps not quite as elite as the Spartans.
• Christopher Columbus in Ridley Scott's 1492: Conquest of Paradise is depicted as a calm, kindly explorer who is fascinated by the native peoples he encounters when he reaches San Salvador. In reality, as deduced from both Columbus' own writings and legal proceedings against him, the man was not quite so nice. In fact, he could be very brutal towards both the natives and his own subordinates — to the point that Queen Isabella, who helped establish the Spanish Inquisition, thought he took things too far and had him hauled back to Spain to answer for what he did.
• Agora depicts Hypatia, an ardent pagan in Real Life, as something of an agnostic or atheist. This was presumably done to underscore the film's (historically inaccurate) faith vs. reason conflict, as well as allow her to use empirical reasoning. In reality, empiricism was contrary to her school of thought and religion. She is also shown making astronomical advances which rely on these methods (despite there being no contemporary evidence tying her to these advances in Real Life).
• Ali gives its titular subject pretty big HHU by glossing over or reducing some of his less likable aspects. His extreme views on race and religion are toned down significantly, views which, in real life, caused a great deal of controversy even amongst people who otherwise held him out as a hero. Notably, his denunciations of integrationist policies and the Civil Rights Act are absent, as are the episodes of him preaching of America's imminent destruction (per Nation of Islam theology). The movie also downplays Ali's mean streak when it came to his opponents. In addition to openly taking delight in humiliating opponents he personally disliked (Floyd Patterson and Ernie Terrell being the most infamous examples), his pre-fight insults often degenerated into cheap shots and racial stereotyping (such as calling George Foreman "a white, flag-waving bitch" and Joe Frazier "an ugly, dumb gorilla" and an "Uncle Tom").
• In Apache, Massai and Al Sieber are portrayed as worthy opponents who happen to be fighting on opposites of the conflict. Neither is as purely heroic as the film portrays them. Massai was more outlaw than freedom fighter and, unlike the film version, did not restrict his attacks to the US Army. He robbed, murdered and (according to some accounts) raped civilians. Sieber, meanwhile, is known to have perjured himself to ensure Massai recieved a heavier sentence.
• Taken to ludicrous extremes with The Babe Ruth Story, which depicts its subject in such a ridiculously positive light it almost comes off as a parody. In addition to the movie (not unexpectedly) glossing over most of Ruth's vices, it also portrays him as a literal miracle worker, with moments like him curing a paralyzed boy by saying "hi" to him.
• John Nash and his (first) wife in A Beautiful Mind. In the film, she is still with him in the 1990s when he got his Nobel prize, making it a heterosexual triumph-of-love story. In real life, she divorced him in the 60s when he got caught hanging around in public toilets picking up young men, and he wasn't allowed to accept his Nobel onstage due to being off his meds. He did, however, reconcile with and remarry her.
• The Birth of a Nation (1915): One of the main reasons this movie is so infamous is its glorification of the First Klan, treating it as a morally justified insurrectionist group responding to abuses from carpetbaggers, scalawags, Union troops and especially free blacks.
• The Birth of a Nation (2016): Unlike in this movie, Nat Turner and his followers were known to have murdered white children, including a baby in its crib. The movie also depicts Nat turning himself in so that a spate of reprisal killings against black people will end; in reality, Nat spent six weeks hiding out in the wilderness before a local farmer discovered him squatting in Native American territory.
• Braveheart upgraded William Wallace into the architect of Scottish Independence and downgraded Robert Bruce to little more than a background character.
• Robert Bruce is one of the great heroes of Scottish history, and his guerrilla campaign against the forces of Kings Edward I and II was much larger, went on for much longer and was far more successful than Wallace's. Plus, it shows Bruce betraying Wallace, when in reality he never once betrayed Wallace - everyone else, sure, but never Wallace. Wallace also never met Princess Isabella, and certainly wasn't the father of Kind Edward III - for one, the Real Life Isabella was only nine or ten years old at the time and still living in France.
• The film depicted the future Edward II as being effeminate and obviously gay. While questions of Edward's homosexuality have long been debatednote contemporary accounts tend to note that Edward was quite athletic being fond of hunting and other activities. He also fathered numerous bastards, meaning he was at least attracted to women, if not solely to them.
• Likewise, contrary to the kind of anachronistic Pictish barbarian highlander that Wallace comes across as in the movie, the real one was a feudal lord. Not a wealthy or prestigious one, but definitely part of that society's elite. He owned serfs, and lorded over peasants, and likewise, when he invaded England pre-emptively, he and his army sacked and burnt villages, attacking English peasants and serfs.
• In Bridge of Spies, Frederic Pryor, an American student in Berlin who was taken prisoner by the East German authorities because he was in East Berlin on the day the Berlin Wall went up, is depicted as being captured in a heroic attempt to help a non-existent German girlfriend escape to the West. In reality, he was trying to return his library books.
• Cleopatra does this with both the title character and Mark Antony, with a corresponding Historical Villain Upgrade for Octavian. Antony is portrayed as a dashing romantic hero and an able leader, and it's fully implied that Rome would've been far better off under him than Octavian, who is depicted as a Psychopathic Manchild. In real life, Antony was the more violent of the two. The historical Cleopatra was well-known for backstabbing and murder-for-hire, as well.
• Istvan Szabo's Colonel Redl (1985) does this for Alfred Redl, infamous Austrian spymaster-turned-traitor. Most historical accounts claim that Redl betrayed military secrets to Russia after being blackmailed for homosexuality, though a few accounts suggest he merely did it for the money. By contrast, Szabo's Redl is essentially scapegoated by officials in the Austro-Hungarian government to distract from a coup d'état plotted by Archduke Franz Ferdinand - who conversely gets a major Historical Villain Upgrade as a bloodthirsty warmonger.
• Culloden: Lord George Murray is depicted as the Only Sane Man among the Jacobite commanders, who could have won the day for them had Bonnie Prince Charlie put more stock in him. In reality, Murray contributed to the Jacobite defeat with a failed attempt at a night attack on the Duke of Cumberland's forces that left the Jacobite forces tired and caused as many as several hundred of their men to miss the battle.
• Dances with Wolves gives this treatment to the Sioux, portraying them as simply defending themselves from the Pawnee. In reality, the Sioux were the aggressors in that conflict. During the late 18th Century, they began pushing the Pawnee and other native peoples out of their ancestral lands, and were still committing atrocities against them decades later. One of the most infamous of these atrocities was one 1873 massacre where a large Sioux war party attacked a band of Pawnee out hunting, engaging in extremely brutal behavior and even setting Pawnee children on fire. These abuses are actually why the Pawnee and other tribes allied with the United States.
• Dangerous Beauty gives this to both Veronica Franco and Marco Venier. The film portrays Franco as bravely standing up to the Inquisition (which receives a major Historical Villain Upgrade) at her trial for witchcraft, and portrays Venier as being desperately in love with her, and defending her from the Inquisition, and persuading the rest of the Venetian Senate to do so as well. In reality, Veronica Franco was never in any real danger from the Inquisition. They tried her twice for witchcraft and let her go without punishment after she testified to performing rituals solely as entertainment. In fact, the Inquisition regarded accusations of witchcraft as silly superstition, and acquitted accused witches as a matter of course. The film also, in an earlier scene, depicts Franco as a heroine of the Venetian republic for persuading the king of France, by being just that good in bed, to ally with Venice against the Turks. In real life, King Henry III of France did sleep with Franco when he visited Venice to negotiate the alliance, but that had nothing to do with why he allied with Venice.
• Death Hunt: Albert Johnson was a real person who was the subject of a months-long manhunt in the Yukon Territory in 1931-1932. While he kept to himself in a cabin in the wilderness, reportedly he kept messing with the locals' hunting traps. The mounties tried to question him two separate times, bringing a search warrant the second time around, but he ignored them. This eventually resulted in a shoot-out between Johnson and the mounties after they forced his door, wounding several lawmen. The film makes him a lot more sympathetic by turning him into a Great War veteran who is really just a kind-hearted hermit, having him nurse a maltreated dog back to health, and only becoming a fugitive after a group of vengeful locals force him into a shoot-out by attacking him.
• Defiance: Though the Bielski Partisans did protect and save thousands of Belarusian Jews, there were some far less heroic things they did too. In contrast to the film, the Partisan leaders held more resources than the rest, and took first pick of the women as sexual partners. Also, there are controversial allegations that they participated in NKVD-ordered atrocities against Poles who resisted giving supplies to the Soviet Partisans.
• Downfall:
• When Eva Braun's brother-in-law Hermann Fegelein is ordered executed by Hitler for desertion (and to vent his anger at Himmler for betraying him), she pleads with him to spare his life. The real Eva made no such attempts. On the contrary, her reaction was to bemoan the fact that so many people were backstabbing Hitler to save their own skins.
• The Red Army's conduct during the Battle of Berlin is given a good deal of sanitization. Only one instance of pillage is shown, as a bit of comic relief where some female Soviet soldiers rummage through Magda Goebbels' clothing. Constance Manziarly is merely stated to have "disappeared" after leaving the bunker, when in real life she was last seen being taken into an underground station by two Soviet soldiers and was never heard from again — it's commonly believed that she was raped and murdered by them.
• Ernst-Günther Schenck is depicted as one of the more conventionally heroic figures of the movie, wanting to risk his own life help civilians even when it's against orders and trying to keep people from throwing their lives away for Hitler. This conveniently glosses over the fact that he was involved in human experimentation on concentration camp victims and was barred from practicing medicine and nearly stripped of his medical license by West Germany as a result. note
• Downplayed with Wilhelm Mohnke. He's characterized as one of the few German generals with more or less clean hands. The real Mohnke was investigated for alleged war crimes, including claims that he was responsible for the murder of civilians and POWs, but not enough evidence was found to prosectue him and there's skepticism over whether the accusations hold any truth. One history by Howard Margolian paints a picture of him as a drug-addicted following combat injuries, with a hair-trigger temper and a sadistic streak which led him to kill surrendered British soldiers in cold blood in 1940, and again in Normandy in 1944 where dozens of Canadians were massacred.
• Vlad the Impaler gets this in Dracula Untold, his vampirism being a quasi-superhero origin tale. The fact the movie is closer to actual history regarding Dracula than most (not that this is saying much) also helps this trope. Namely, Vlad doesn't make a habit of impaling his own people, and he's known as the Impaler because of his deeds in the past, not his deeds as ruler.
• Eight Men Out: Along with the film Field of Dreams, this movie and the book that inspired it have been instrumental in sparking attempts to rehabilitate the reputation of Shoeless Joe Jackson. The film presents Jackson as a misunderstood and tortured soul with regard to the 1919 Black Sox scandal. This whitewashing ignores several facts, which get conveniently ignored. First, Jackson admitted via grand jury testimony (dated September 29, 1920) under oath that he accepted money to throw the Series, something court transcripts delineate plainly; he also changed his story regarding level of involvement with some frequency. Some observers point to Jackson's glowingly good stats in that World Series as proof that he wasn't actually participating in throwing games — but this ignores that he only played well in games that were "on the level" (not every game in the 1919 Series was fixed) or in fixed games after a loss was assured. Inning-by-inning analysis of thrown games and perusal of "clean" games shows this clearly. See this link for details.
• Gettysburg:
• Buford, Chamberlain, and Hancock in the sense that, though their actions aren't really upgraded in any significant way, they are brought to the forefront of the audience's attention in a manner that plays up their importance to the detriment of dozens of equally heroic and important actions elsewhere on the field. Ironic given that the book and film are what pulled them out of historical obscurity.note
• This film and its source material played a major role in rehabilitating James Longstreet's reputation in both professional and popular history, which before had mostly followed the ex-Confederate narrative that badmouthed Longstreet as a scapegoat for the defeat at Gettysburg (and therefore the entire war) because he became a Republican and publicly criticized Lee after the war. However, Shaara's narrative takes the opposite extreme of portraying him as the blameless Only Sane Man, effectively arguing that Lee lost the battle (and therefore the war) because he didn't listen to Longstreet, downplaying Longstreet's own command flaws, particularly his somewhat desultory performance on 2 July (which might've affected the overall resultnote ), and especially by painting him as fundamentally against bloody frontal assaults (which his brilliant successes at Gaines's Mill, Second Bull Run, Chickamauga, and his self-determined Epic Fail at Fort Sanders all contradict).
• Pickett generally receives the Tragic Hero treatment, noticeably downplaying the fact that historically he was at best a mediocre commander and wasn't really tragic in any sense beyond the bare fact of leading one third of the charge.
• Lucilla, sister of the Roman Emperor Commodus has been given a Historical Hero Upgrade in both Gladiator and the 1964 epic The Fall of the Roman Empire (where she was played by Sophia Loren). The real life Lucilla was indeed involved in a plot to assassinate her brother... but according to contemporary historian Herodian it was because of her own jealousy and desire for power (in fact he even blames her attempt to have Commodus killed as what made him so paranoid in the first place).
• The Great Warrior Skanderbeg is pretty accurate to the title character's reputation, since he was regarded as a hero by the Europeans and a Worthy Opponent by the Ottomans during his lifetime. With that said, the movie glosses over his more brutal acts like forcing Muslims to convert to Christianity or face impalement. All in all, the story focuses on the nationalistic aspects like defending their homeland from invaders rather than the religious aspects.
• The 1940 German film Das Herz der Königin ("The Heart of the Queen"), viewed by many critics as an anti-British propaganda movie, portrays the troubled Mary, Queen of the Scots (Zarah Leander) as a beautiful saintly martyr whose heart is full of love for her people and who wishes above all to give them freedom and happiness. She spends the majority of the film frolicking around Scottish castles in glamourous anachronistic gowns while singing pretty songs about her tragic life.
• The Hurricane (1999) depicts Rubin Carter as an unambiguously innocent man who was wrongly convicted largely thanks to a racist cop with a longstanding grudge, and exonerated thanks to the efforts of three Canadian activists and a young African-American who wrote to him in prison. This is not what happened: the real Carter was never exonerated, or even acquitted. In reality, no evidence proving he was innocent was found, just some that had not been presented by the prosecution. He was ordered released or retried — the state of New Jersey appealed this ruling, lost, and chose to not retry him again (he had already been retried before in 1976, with another guilty verdict resulting). The real Carter's guilt or innocence is still debated today. Other elements of Carter's criminal history also get whitewashed by the movie. For example, it depicts him being arrested and sent to a juvenile facility in his youth for defending himself against a pedophile. In reality, Carter was locked up for assaulting and robbing a man, a fact nobody disputes.
• Imperium: Augustus did this heavily with the eponymous Emperor Augustus and his rise to power. The movie presented him as an idealist whose goal was for the good of Rome. He also never wanted to do all the ugly things he did but was forced to because of the actions of his enemies. This was also done to a lesser extent with Julius Caesar who was presented as a Wide-Eyed Idealist.
• The Owen Chase of In the Heart of the Sea can do no wrong. He is shown to have opposed every questionable decision made by his incompetent captain, heroically dives down into the flaming, sinking Essex to retrieve navigational equipment (a feat actually committed by the ship's steward in real life) and ultimately has a epiphany wherein he realizes whale hunting is immoral, and decides to give up a career as a whaler to settle down into a family life. The latter detail cannot be further from the truth. In reality, Chase went on to have a long and successful career as a whaling captain, at the expense of his family life suffering: he went through 4 marriages in his lifetime. Chase was said by some who served under him to have carried a personal vendetta against the whale which sunk the Essex, and this may well have driven him insane, for he spent some of his later years in a mental institution. While his heroic command of the open boat is commendable, he also made some questionable decisions before, during and after the sinking that may have put his crew in danger.
• The Iron Lady certainly isn't uncritical of Margaret Thatcher (depicting her as a bit too stubborn and contrarian for her own good), but the damage her administration did to industrial communities is glossed over. This is justified, however, by the fact that much of the movie essentially takes place in the senile Thatcher's mind.
• Jim Garrison is depicted in Oliver Stone's JFK as a fearless crusader for the truth, driven by a deep sense of devotion to the slain president and a desire to bring justice to his assassins. The real life Garrison is considered by just about every objective historian to have been either a completely delusional paranoid or a shallow opportunist. He intimidated witnesses, suborned perjury and based his case against Clay Shaw on homophobia.
• Kingdom of Heaven:
• Balian in the movie is elevated from a knight who made a courageous, humanitarian decision to negotiate with Saladin into an archetypal heroic Everyman knight embodying the best of the chivalric ethos. Balian wasn't as nice as the film made him out to be. Not only was he raised a noble, not a blacksmith as he is in the film, but he betrayed his oath not to fight Saladin on more than one occasion, sold many of the peasants in the siege into slavery and threatened to massacre his Muslim prisoners if Saladin wouldn't accept a surrender.
• Saladin gets a bit of a Heroic Upgrade too in the film. He's been receiving Historical Hero Upgrades from both Muslims and Christian Europeans (to whom he was a Worthy Opponent) for so long that it's probably harder to represent him badly. Ironically, the modern lionization of Saladin flows from the European depiction of him - until the late 19th century he was mostly forgotten in the Muslim world, in large part because the empire he created barely outlived him.
• Kundun by Martin Scorsese is one for the 14th Dalai Lama. From the view of the PRC (who are not shown as entirely without sympathy) in the film, this was essentially hagiographic. The film portrays the Dalai Lama as an Internal Reformist who hopes to transform Tibet.
• Lord Guilford Dudley in Lady Jane. In the film, despite his bad boy persona, he's actually a virgin with a passion for social justice. While Guilford has a well-established historical reputation for being a jerkass, actual evidence indicates he was as much a helpless pawn as Jane herself. The film has him falling in love with Jane (and she with him). In reality they seem to have been willing to tolerate each other, Jane's real problem was with her new father-in-law. The story goes that Guildford requested a final interview with Jane before their executions which she refused on the grounds it would only upset them both.
• Nicholas Garrigan in The Last King of Scotland is based on Bob Astles (he wasn't Scottish), who was imprisoned twice for his association with Ugandan dictators Milton Obote and Idi Amin. Astles in real life was a Minion with an F in Evil; Garrigan on the other hand is a Loveable Rogue/Jerkass Woobie who, it is implied, helps bring down the Amin regime.
• The Lost City of Z is an adaptation of a sensationalized non-fiction book by David Grann, which portrays its hero Percy Fawcett as a Bold Explorer and unheralded genius who, despite being an officer of The British Empire, comes across as a benevolent and compassionate man with enlightened views about tribes in the Amazon jungle. According to John Hemming and other historians, Fawcett was a racist who believed that the architecture of Ancient South American natives were built by "white tribespeople" who came in from the Atlantic, was an incompetent explorer who never accomplished anything, and who more or less got himself and his son killed in an expedition that flouted basic rules of professional conduct in Amazonia. Likewise, there's been no mystery about Fawcett's death for experts in South America. A local chieftain admitted to have killed him and his son in the forties, but most people rejected that account because they liked the idea of a mysterious disappearance.
• The Mask of Zorro: Three-Finger Jack and Joaquin Murieta were historical outlaws operating in California during the Gold Rush, and their gang was believed responsible for most of the murders in the Mother Lode area of the Sierra Nevadas. In the film they form a cheery band of outlaws with Joaquin's brother Alejandro (who was invented for the film), who use guile to steal from the corrupt soldiers serving the government of California and seem content with humiliating their victims. note
• Mission to Moscow: The Soviet government in general and Josef Stalin in particular are portrayed in a far more positive light than they deserved. Protagonist Joseph E. Davies discovers that his view of the USSR as backwards and tyrannical was based on ignorance and prejudice. Stalin's infamous purges are whitewashed and justified as entirely legitimate investigations designed to root out traitors and fifth columnists working for Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, with the Moscow Trials being condensed into one trial and portrayed as fair, while his acts of ethnic cleansing are never touched upon. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet invasion of Finland are rationalized, and the USSR is depicted as moving towards a democratic model. The movie even goes so far as to define the morality of Western characters by their opinion of the Soviet Union: good ones support it or are at least willing to be open-minded about it and Agree to Disagree on communism, while bad ones are opposed to it and either Axis sympathizers or isolationist to an irrational degree. Needless to say, a movie like this could only have been made by Hollywood during the brief time when America and the Soviet Union were allies.
• Nicholas and Alexandra lauds Pyotr Stolypin as The Good Chancellor and a talented Internal Reformist who could have saved Tsarist Russia had he not been shot. Needless to say, this glosses over some of his more... questionable acts. For example, in reality, he responded to the 1905 revolution by setting up a series of kangaroo courts so notorious for hanging people that the noose became known as "Stolypin's necktie".
• While Charles Lightoller was a certifiable hero, the famous RMS Titanic movie A Night to Remember takes it a bit too far. It depicts him launching lifeboats he had nothing to do with and in places he couldn't possibly have been.
• The North Star:
• This being a wartime film, it goes without saying that Josef Stalin's Soviet Union is glorified. The movie is set in Soviet Ukraine in 1941, a.k.a. the very place that was devastated by the Holodomor less than ten years earlier. Not only is there no mention of this, the film makes Soviet Ukraine look like some kind of perfect Arcadia, creating the false impression that Stalin's collectivization totally worked. At one point, Marina, who would clearly be old enough to remember the Holodomor, mentions that she has never really experienced hunger until now. There is also no mention of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, making it look like the Soviet Union was a neutral bystander before the Nazis attacked.
• On another note, many Ukrainians sided with the Nazis in Real Life, even helping them to round up Jews for The Holocaust. In the film, there are no Ukrainian collaborators. Of course, you could say the film just happens to be focused on a group of Ukrainians who stayed loyal, but even if all the collaborators are safely off-screen, their existence still undercuts the whole theme of the unbreakable solidarity of the Soviet people.
• Outlaw King: Rober The Bruce's murder of John Comyn III is presented as him saving his own skin, but most historians believe that, in reality, it was simply due to the two having rival claims on the Scottish throne.
• In The Phenix City Story, John Patterson is portrayed as supportive of Zeke and his family, the only non-white people in the entire film.note In Real Life, he ran for Governor of Alabama in 1958 on a segregationist platform that earned him the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan. Patterson was so racist that even George Wallace (of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" infamy) complained that Patterson had "out-niggered" him after being defeated by Patterson in the nomination for Governor of Alabama.
• Princess of Thieves upgrades Richard the Lionheart's illegitimate son Philip of Cognac, a historic figure about whom almost nothing is known, into a full-blown Action Hero who prevents his Evil Uncle Prince John from claiming the throne and wins the girl, who happens to be Robin Hood's daughter.
• Chris Gardner in The Pursuit of Happyness. Although somewhat true, he was somewhat more of a jerkass than he was in the film, as Cracked notes here (quote: "he actually didn't even know where the hell his son was for the first four months of the program.")
• Quills:
• The Marquis de Sade had already written and published Justine long before he went to Charenton (in fact, it was one of the books — the other being Juliette — that got him locked up; also, despite what the film implies, much of his infamous work was published before the Revolution, and wasn't inspired by it). He had been in and out of prison for years less for his writings than for a string of sexual offences, including abduction and rape. Most of the stuff he published in Charenton was both rather tame and not particularly good, being rejected by the publishers who saw it. He was kept under regular police surveillance (which the film does not show) and for good reason, and the only reason he was in Charleton in the first place was because he abused the hell out of the Insanity Defence to get a cushy sentence. He was a colossal Jerkass, morbidly obese at the time of the movie, and deeply unpopular with many of the other inmates for his special treatment. Kate Winslet's character was only 13-15 in Real Life when de Sade began his lengthy affair with her, and he had paranoid delusions that she was a spy. He paid her 3 francs for each liason and, in real life, she was not murdered by anyone.
• The Abbé Courmier also gets this treatment. The real Abbé was pretty corrupt and in a relationship with de Sade (he needed little seducing), who got special privileges while the rest of the inmates lived in squalid conditions and were treated pretty poorly (when it came to the plays, they were given minor roles-the big ones were given to professional actors). The Abbé basically ran Charenton like it was his own personal palace, and unlike the film was actually a committed Bonapartist-it was not the government that complained about how he ran the institute, but the French medical establishment, largely because he was grossly unqualified. And the terror baths were his idea, along with a lot of other cruel and outdated techniques. While he did encourage patients to express themselves, he wasn't really much interested in curing them.
• Few would call Manfred von Richthofen a bad person (there are good reasons Allied air officers generally considered him a Worthy Opponent) but The Red Baron depicts him as something of a pacifist who refuses to kill an enemy pilot if he can settle for crippling the plane. The real von Richthofen generally did aim for the pilots, since it was the easiest way to bring a plane down, and had 80 kills.
• While not much is known about the actual personalities of any of the well-known military leaders in the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history, they are depicted in Red Cliff as having considerably modern views on things despite living in third century CE China.
• Among other liberties taken, Remember the Titans has Herman Boone portrayed by Denzel Washington as a heroic figure, whose coaching leads the eponymous team to success and whose family faces animosity from the rest of the town. There are a number of things wrong with this:
• In real life, Boone's only egalitarian quality was that he treated all of his players equally terribly, the team's success had little if anything to do with his coaching note , and the animosity portrayed in the film was nonexistent. The real life Boone, whose actions eventually lead to the team mutinying against him (and who died in 2019), more-or-less took advantage of the movie whitewashing his terrible behavior and mimicked Washington's portrayal of him for his public persona, which he used for "inspirational" speaking engagements that often paid him between 10-15K per visit (including one by Barack Obama in 2008!).
• Boone was also widely hated by both his players and assistant coaches alike. He was eventually fired in 1979 after numerous allegations of verbal and physical abuse.
• The Revenant:
• In the film, Hugh Glass is the Sole Survivor of a Half-Pawnee family and his main motivation is avenging his son's murder. The real Glass really lived among different Native American tribes, but he didn't have any known Native wife or children, and his main motivation to go after Fitzgerald was to recover his stolen gun.
• There's also no mention that Glass served in a pirate ship in Texas before living among Native Americans. His companions' hostility comes entirely from the latter. The former likely was the inspiration for movie!Fitzgerald being the son of a villainous (and anachronistic) Texas ranger instead.
• The Arikaras in the film are motivated exclusively by The Chief's Daughter being kidnapped and enslaved by French trappers, ceasing their attacks on whites when they get her back. In real life, the Arikaras had been hostile to whites for decades and would remain so, to the point of Glass being killed by Arikaras some ten years later.
• The real Rob Roy was both a murderer and a cattle thief. The movie Rob Roy turns him into a heroic man of impeccable honor, though strangely it still does make passing mention to cattle-thieving, which was a common practice in those days.
• No less a luminary than Joe Montana has criticized Rudy for far overstating Rudy's role on the team and understating how much work everyone else was putting in too.
• Cecil B. DeMille's Samson & Delilah does this to the latter, whether she existed or not. Delilah never felt remorse for chopping off Samson's hair and removing his strength and her part in the story ends after that. His version has her truly fall in love with Samson and feel bad when he goes blind.
• The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934): The Prince Regent (later King George IV) is depicted in this film as a universally beloved if not particularly intellectual figure; the real George was a highly controversial figure who was considered an unprincipled liar, cad, and scoundrel by many Englishmen.
• Seven Years in Tibet downplays Heinrich Harrer's involvement in the Nazi Party. To be fair, he later described it as a youthful mistake and he never actually fought for the Nazis, having left Europe before the start of the war. Still, the image of him insisting that he's Austrian and only reluctantly taking the Nazi flag is a false one.
• Shattered Glass:
• In this movie, Michael Kelly is portrayed as a rather soft-spoken, gentle and fatherly individual who sticks up for his reporters, including Stephen Glass. While the "sticks up for his reporters and Glass" part is certainly true to life, as the article the movie is based on notes the real Kelly could be a lot more aggressive. It's stated that he responded to at least two individuals who challenged the veracity of articles that Glass wrote with very combative letters full of personal attacks. This may be the result of a certain amount of Never Speak Ill of the Dead, as Kelly was killed in action while reporting on the Iraq War months before the movie was released.
• To an extent, Martin Peretz. In the movie he's a hands on type of boss who can be petty to the staff and has a vicious temper but genuinely wants what's best for the magazine and applauds with everyone over Chuck Lane discovering the truth about Glass. In real life Martin Peretz blamed Lane and Kelley for failing to catch Glass and held both of them responsible. Even worse, Lane was immediately fired after TNR published their apology and Lane actually found out about his being fired by a reporter who was interviewing him in regards to the Glass scandal. Then there's the claim that Glass helped pass off some of his confabulations by designing them to appeal to Peretz's bigotry.
• Sophie Scholl: The Final Days:
• Else Gebel, the political prisoner who is depicted as a firm anti-Nazi and as sympathetic to Sophie's plight, was in reality most likely a Gestapo mole.
• Communism itself also gets this by virtue of being opposed to fascism and Nazism. This despite the fact that commmunists frequently engaged in the same terror tactics that the White Rose denounced and deplored, a point never brought up in the movie.
• Maria Von Trapp appears in The Sound of Music to fulfil a Manic Pixie Dream Girl role. In reality, she was the stricter parent.
• Stalin: The movie glosses over Nikolai Bukharin's poltical alliance with Stalin against Trotsky, and later against Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev. Rather, he's portrayed as "the good communist", a revisionist narrative pushed by Gorbachev's regime as a way to envision a Soviet communism without Stalin.
• Straight Outta Compton: Being produced by Dr. Dre and Ice Cube themselves, this movie has been accused of glossing over some of the N.W.A.'s negative aspects:
• The members of NWA are depicted as reconciling with Eazy shortly before his death from AIDS and planning a reunion of NWA. In real life, this never happened, and DJ Yella was the only member of the group present at E's funeral.
• The film makes no mention of several high profile cases of Dr. Dre beating women (his beating of Dee Barnes was in the original script, but had to be cut for time).
• Thirteen Days was criticized by historians and then still-living members of Kennedy's administration because the movie intensely exaggerates the role that Kenny O'Donnell (the main point of view character played by Kevin Costner) played in preventing the Cuban Missile Crisis from escalating. The chief agent in the American government who pulled the administration together during the crisis was in fact Ted Sorensen, who's instead relegated to such a minor role that he's barely noticeable.
• Tombstone takes several liberties to whitewash the Earp faction, even though the film doesn't take it quite as far as earlier films surrounding the O.K. Corral shootout and the Vendetta Ride.
• The Earps are portrayed as heading west to strike it rich, but get drawn into conflict with the Cowboys for largely idealistic reasons. In real life, the Earps came to Tombstone in part to strike it rich, but also to avoid arrest warrants in Colorado, and the conflict was largely motivated by money and politics. The Cowboys were intimately linked with agricultural businesses in the area (mostly ranchers who bought the cattle the Cowboys rustled in Mexico) and were by and large conservative Southern Democrats, while the Earps and their backers were mostly liberal Midwestern Republicans with interests in mining and manufacturing.
• Wyatt himself started out his career in law enforcement as a pimp, and Mattie was, as far as can be determined, one of his working girls. His return to law enforcement was enthusiastic, rather than reluctant, and purely financially motivated [note] In most of the rural US at this time, sheriffs were charged with collecting taxes, and were entitled to a share. In Tombstone at this time, the sheriff's cut could be 30000 dollars a year, at a time when a laborer was lucky to earn a dollar a day.[/note] The Earps' hostility with Behan began when Behan offered to throw the election for County Sheriff in exchange for a cut of the sheriff's share of taxes raised, and then went back on his word.
• United Passions infamously went full hagiography with FIFA president Sepp Blatter, who is portrayed as a valiantly unimpeachable crusader against institutional corruption. On the very same week the film was released, Blatter was forced to step down for charges of money-laundering and bribery, which didn't exactly come out of the blue.
• The Untouchables portrays Elliot Ness and his Untouchables skillfully battling Al Capone and ultimately bringing him down on tax evasion charges. In reality, while the Untouchables put pressure on Capone's organization, and Ness weeded out the corruption in Chicago's law enforcement, it was an unrelated IRS operation that ultimately brought down Capone. Ness's self-promotion at the time helped popularize the impression that Ness was responsible. The film also portrays Ness as an Action Dad who gains resolve when Capone targets his family, but Ness had no children when taking on Capone. His later life was marked with business failures and alcoholism.
• Valkyrie:
• The German officers involved with the plot are implied to be exclusively against Hitler for moral reasons. The fact that many of them harbored racist, anti-Semitic and classist views is glossed over. Their objections against Hitler ranged from him being far too murderous towards the "gutter races", to empowering the lower and middle classes, to simply losing the war.
• The film leaves out Goerdeler selling out the conspirators who were not initially caught to the Gestapo in a (failed) bid for clemency, which led to the executions of hundreds of anti-Hitler partisans. Made even worse by the fact that he was responsible for convincing a great number of them to join the resistance in the first place. To be fair to him, the confessions were elicited by a prolonged, intense bout of psychological torture, and may have been motivated by a misguided belief that the Gestapo would not have enough time to act on the information before Berlin was captured.
• Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff, Berlin's Chief of Police. Although a minor character, he's portrayed heroically for siding with Stauffenberg and receives a postscript notifying viewers about his fate alongside the other, more prominent conspirators. Unmentioned in the film is that von Helldorff was a member of the Nazi Party who was close friends with Joseph Goebbels, and had earlier masterminded round-ups and pogroms of Jews in Berlin, including a key role in organizing Kristallnacht in 1938. Even the degree to which von Helldorff was involved with the Resistance is unclear; some claim he was one of its leaders, others that he played a peripheral role, others that (like many military and political officials) he was aware of the plot, and broadly sympathetic to its aims, but didn't actively participate. In any case, von Helldorff was ultimately executed for his alleged involvement.
• The film version of V for Vendetta paints Guy Fawkes as a Doomed Moral Victor and Tragic Hero who died to strike a blow for freedom. It fails to mention that he and the other members of the Gunpowder Plot were essentially Western Terrorists mainly interested in replacing the Protestant monarchy with a Catholic one by murdering the whole government. This is more true in the film than in the original graphic novel, as the adaptation removes the moral ambiguity of V, the self-styled modern-day Guy Fawkes.
• Wilson: The movie depicts Woodrow Wilson as an anti-racist who treats blacks as equals, waxes poetic about the American melting pot, and lectures a German ambassador about the evils of racism. In reality, Wilson believed blacks were inherently inferior and expanded on segregationist policies. Wilson is also whitewashed in other ways, with the movie glossing over some fairly controversial aspects of his life. His support for the eugenics movement and his crackdowns on civil liberties during World War I go unmentioned.
• The Wind That Shakes the Barley: While the IRA — and later, the Anti-Treaty IRA — are shown doing some morally questionable things, the movie still sanitizes them somewhat and interprets several incidents in very controversial ways.
• The Wind and the Lion depicts Mulai Ahmed el Raisuli as a virtuous man who fights for the autonomy of his people. Most historical accounts show the real Raisuli as being a rather vicious mixture of feudal bandit and political power player. For instance, Walter Harris recounts that when Raisuli's brother-in-law planned to take a second wife, Raisuli stormed the wedding party and hacked the bride and her mother to death. Shortly after the film's events, Raisuli became the Governor of Tangier and was soon removed from office by the Sultan due to allegations of corruption and imprisoning and torturing his personal enemies. To top it all off, during the Rif War of the 1920s, the real Raisuli allied with the Spanish and French to fight against Morocco's pro-independence hero, Abd el-Krim. Thus, depicting him as a roguish, romantic hero who just wants his people to have self-determination is a pretty major stretch. However, he was reportedly well-read, religiously devout and very polite to his ransomable captives.
• Older Than Print: The Arabian Nights gave Harun al-Rashid a Historical Hero Upgrade. The most memorable event in his real reign was his execution of a powerful aristocratic family, therefore making his empire weaker. Is it ever mentioned in the stories? Sometimes, but they don't go too far in the opposite direction to Harun himself. In most stories, he's a lovable eccentric going on fantastic adventures-except in stories featuring Ja'far ("The Three Apples" especially), in which he comes off as a bit unstable.
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms has a few, mostly with the Shu Han kingdom portrayed as what would be the best path for China to being a Doomed Moral Victor.
• This is especially the case regarding on Liu Bei. True enough, he had noble goals. However, his traits have often been exaggerated to make him seem as if he was an extremely honorable man; never mind that he made lots and lots of mistakes that make him pale in comparison to Cao Cao's war abilities (such as irrationally leading the disastrous attack on Yiling, or slamming his infant son to the ground, effectively dooming his future empire). Yeah, author favoritism is also at fault here. Even his goals were less than noble. While the novel depicts him as a loyal subject of the Han Empire and distant relation to the emperor himself, in reality Liu Bei spent most of his life as a mercenary, betraying many warlords who took him in before he establishing Shu Han. And his descent from the Han Dynasty was so distant that his adopted son, Liu Yong, who he ordered to commit suicide because of the birth of his biological son, was more closely related to the royal family.
• His blood brothers also are as flawed as he was. For example, Zhang Fei, often depicted as a headstrong warrior, was a ruthless bandit who kidnapped Xiahou Yuan's niece in Real Life. And Guan Yu being betrayed at Fan Castle wasn't because of treachery but due to his arrogance as well as refusing to allow one of his children to marry into the Sun family for political reasons.
• The author portrays Zhuge Liang as completely godlike in every way, except for the minor detail where he has to succumb to overwork in the end because history said so. In real life his greatest weakness was his cronyism and sweeping Wei Yan aside despite his accomplishments.
• Zhao Yun gets special treatment as Liu Bei's most badass Bishounen spear-wielding hero apparently and treated like Yukimura as one of the best warriors in China. In reality he was an insignificant officer in Shu's ranks until Chengdu and only became well known after Zhuge Liang's commendations.
• Special mention goes to Ma Chao, whose father Ma Teng was a willing Han rebel who even served Dong Zhuo, and what does Ma Chao do? He's abandoned his members of his family all too many times, and tried to always rebel against Cao Cao to no avail before his service in Shu.
• The Shahnameh: The second third of the book mostly concerns semi historical characters or characters based on historical people performing greatly exaggerated or outright fantastic feats, i.e., a strong and patriotic warrior named Rostam probably did live and rule in Sistan, but he sure as hell never killed a WHALE or beheaded a demon!!!
• Gore Vidal's historical books often give us alternative perspectives on despised and misunderstood figures. His Burr provides a more complex portrayal of the winner of the Burr-Hamilton duel. His Creation likewise shows the Ancient World from the perspective of the Persian hegemony, an abolitionist, multicultural empire as opposed to the slave-owning back-stabbing Greek city-states.
• 20 Years After stops just short of making Charles I The Messiah mk. II, both because it fits the ideals of the protagonists (such as seeing themselves as the last bastions of chivalry, defending royalty against a commoner uprising) and because it makes Mordaunt that much more of an Asshole Victim (not only did he give Cromwell the idea of bribing the last of the king's loyal soldiers, he volunteered to be his executioner, all because the king had denied him his inheritance and title).
• Mary Boleyn was characterized by The Other Boleyn Girl as a blushing virgin who loved Henry VIII and only wanted a quiet life in the country (as opposed to her sister, who was evil by virtue of being ambitious). The real Mary was known as "The Great Prostitute" because of her promiscuity. Her family went so far as to recall her from the French court because her behavior there was scandalizing them. Anne, on the other hand, only ever slept with one guy, and look how she's remembered.
• In Harry Turtledove's The Guns of the South, Nathan Bedford Forrest is portrayed as being fiery, devoted, and honorable, though his racist ideals aren't shied away from. In the first and third Acts, he is shown to be a hero for the South, and he is a Graceful Loser at the end of the Second, ultimately agreeing to serve an abolitionist who beat him in a fair election. The real Nathan Bedford Forrest is perhaps best known for being the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (which notably doesn't even exist in the book's altered timeline, because the CSA wins the war).
• In The Hooded Riders, author J.T. Edson portrays the outlaw and gunfighter John Wesley Hardin as a wrongly accused hero, and his killing of a black man is presented as self-defense.
• The Pyrates reinvents Captain Henry Avery/Long Ben Bridgeman, mutineer and pirate, as Royal Navy hero Captain Benjamin Avery. But it's not claiming to be remotely historically accurate.
• The Epic of Gilgamesh may have originally been propaganda for the real King Gilgamesh of Uruk, although it likely mutated over hundreds of years, as the story as we know it paints him as very flawed (but still incredibly badass.)
• There is a bit of this in the Belisarius Series. While even heroic medieval warlords behave on occasion like, well, medieval warlords, there is more religious tolerance than is credible and Antonina's loyalty to Belisarius is raised above what some sources would indicate. Although the explanation is used by the book that much of that is malicious court gossip, and that explanation is not totally rejected by real historians.
• Subverted in the fictional story "Operation Chickenhawk" in Al Franken's Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot, where Newt Gingrich, Dan Quayle, Rush Limbaugh, Pat Buchanan, Phil Gramm, Clarence Thomas and George Will serve in the Vietnam War (which they all avoided in Real Life), but prove to be either Dirty Cowards or dead meat.
• The G. K. Chesterton poem "Lepanto" pumps up Don Juan of Austria ("The Last Knight of Europe") from Christian military hero to saviour of the western world from the hordes of darkness and its own political corruption... until the last verses where Chesterton talks about the other famous guy who was at the battle and the kind of book he wrote seem to subvert the trope. You can also visit Battle of Lepanto and see the entry under Dude, Where's My Reward?:
Cervantes on his galley sets the sword back in the sheath
(Don John of Austria rides homeward with a wreath.)
• Wolf Hall does a lot to rehabilitate Thomas Cromwell's image as a man of principles who nonetheless does pragmatic and ruthless things in the service of his masters to raise his station. Most other stories give him a Historical Villain Upgrade, particularly A Man for All Seasons, in which he's a sneering asshole.
• The poet Stratius historically loved The Aeneid, but The Divine Comedy makes up a conversion story where Stratius love of the The Aeneid leads him to love Christianity and be baptized in secret. Saved from damnation, Stratius repents of his ill-spending in the afterlife and begins his journey to join the Ultimate Good in Heaven.
• The Sunne in Splendour: The novel heavily romanticizes Richard III, portraying him as a dashing victim of circumstances who only did ruthless things when necessary and most certainly did not kill his nephews.
• The Lion Of Flanders Or The Battle Of The Golden Spurs: Robrecht van Béthume, the titular Lion of Flanders, was not present at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, and remained in a French prison until after the battle was over. In the novel, he secretly escapes to take part in the battle.
Live-Action TV
• Doctor Who regularly gives Big Damn Hero moments to admirable historical figures met by the Doctor during his various trips through time, particularly if the writers like the figure. Examples include Vincent van Gogh, William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth, Agatha Christie, Winston Churchill, and Charles Dickens.
• Al Swearengen of Deadwood. Both the real and fictional Al Swearengen did terrible things. In the show, Al is a frontier mob boss who regularly orders murders, while in reality he was a sex slaver who forced unwitting women into prostitution. Al's hero upgrade gets more pronounced as the show continues, allowing him more and more Pet the Dog moments until he eventually makes a Heel–Face Turn in the fight to save the camp against Hearst's interests. Al's role as resident villain in the camp is slowly transferred over to Cy Tolliver, a fictional character replacing a harmless real guy.
• In Ravna Gora, a Serbian series about the World War II Chetnik movement made by Radoš Bajić, Chetnik leader Draža Mihajlović is shown to be rather humble and nice, unlike the true historian picture of him and his movement, which says that they were murderous and chauvinist... The author explained how he wanted to show the truth, but he also made the movie as artistic expression (even if artistic expression and true history don't go together)... This can be explained due to growing Serbian nationalism after the breakup of Yugoslavia. That said, while they weren't saints the Chetniks probably get more sympathy nowadays due to being opposed to the communist Yugoslav Partisans led by Tito, who visited horrible fates on them after taking control of the country.
• I, Claudius single-handedly rehabilitated the reputation of the Emperor Claudius, who-long thought of as just another cruel despot among the Roman Emperors-is now rather positively viewed in the popular imagination. However, the idea that he wished to restore the Republic is pure fabrication. In their eyes, the Republic never collapsed, with Augustus and his successors simply being princeps, or "first among equals", with the remaining senators, at least superficially, sharing power with him. It wouldn't be until Commodus' reign that the senate began its true slide into irrelevance.
• Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey:
• In general, the show takes scientists who have been largely forgotten or overshadowed (such as Cecilia Payne or Ibn Al-Haytham) and showcases their achievements and discoveries. By necessity these tend to be simplified, covering decades in the animated segments of a 43-minute show.
• One example that attracted particular criticism was Giordano Bruno from the first episode. He was burned at the stake in part for his belief in a plurality of worlds, but his views on other doctrinal beliefs are only mentioned briefly in the reading of the charges. He's also portrayed as being pelted with fruit by the monks of Oxford, who in reality simply listened to and rejected his ideas, and being a homeless beggar for most of his life even though he was sponsored by kings for his memory techniques. The writer of that episode had his own response to the critics.
• Hitler: The Rise of Evil: Ernst Hanfstaengl is portrayed as having fled Germany in 1934 for moral reasons because he realized where Hitler's leadership was taking Germany. He actually continued to clamor for Hitler's approval for several more years and defected to the United States only after falling out of favor with the Nazis.
• 100 Greatest Britons: Several of the candidates who ended up in the list were not free of controversy:
• Oliver Cromwell: Ended up at #10, which was controversial because Cromwell was widely disliked by his own people at the time, both Royalists for his war crimes but also Republicans who considered him a traitor to their cause. To this day he's viewed in Ireland as a Complete Monster, making his relative whitewashing in British popular culture something of a culture shock. Clarendon, a prominent Royalist who regarded Cromwell as the most wicked of all men neatly summed up the contradictory nature of Cromwell, noting that 'as he had all the wickedness against which damnation is denounced and for which hell fire is prepared, so he had virtues which have caused men in all ages to be celebrated' even praising his industriousness and wisdom even if they were put to what he saw as evil use.
• Nr. 16, Margaret Thatcher was also considered to be a polarizing choice. Her politics and economics weren't exactly considered beneficial to the working class population, especially not Oop North.
• Nr. 30, Guy Fawkes, tried blowing up the English Parliament.
• Nr. 55, Enoch Powell, a British politician, most infamous for his "Rivers of Blood" speech, which was considered to be racist and xenophobic by many.
• Nr. 64, James Connolly, an Irish nationalist and socialist, executed by the British Crown in 1916 for playing a leading role in the Easter Rising.
• Nr. 73, Aleister Crowley was a controversial choice for being an occultist, nicknamed "The Wickedest Man In The World".
• Nr. 82, Richard III, a king suspected of murdering his nephews.
• In Band of Brothers and the book it was based on, Pfc. David Kenyon Webster gets a pretty sympathetic portrayal, largely because author Steven Ambrose thought of him as a Warrior Poet. According to other Easy veterans, Webster was a lazy and ineffective soldier who only ever did the bare minimum, as well as a Jerkass who thought his Harvard education made him better than everyone else and wasn't shy about it either. He had few, if any, friends. Webster's own war memoir doesn't help his case, as it's mostly filled with his complaints about the army and just about every officer in the company (generally that he's smarter than they are, according to him at least) except Major Dick Winters, who gets only a single brief mention. Bill Guarnere, Babe Heffron, and Don Malarkey, who all wrote their own memoirs, disliked him and felt that the book and miniseries gave him far too much credit.
• Subverted in Highlander. Duncan and another immortal Scots friend of his fought in the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. His friend idolised Bonnie Prince Charlie and resented Duncan forcing him to stay out of the final battle to keep up The Masquerade. Many years later he tried to start another rebellion and took Duncan to meet Charlie in Italy. We initially see the meeting from the friend's perspective, showing Charlie in his pop culture persona as charismatic and noble. Then we see the true events from Duncan's viewpoint, showing Charlie as the broken alcoholic he really was at that point in his life.
• The Tudors is notable and controversial for its sympathetic portrayal of Mary Tudor (yes, the same "Bloody Mary" who burned 280 Protestants at the stake). While the show doesn't shy away from her religious extremism, a greater focus is put on her tragic circumstances... Turns out that having a megalomaniacal, tyrannical father wasn't all that easy.
• The White Queen: This is the most sympathetic live-action portrayal of King Richard III ever made. Richard was not the invokedComplete Monster of Shakespeare's play, but in Real Life, he maneuvered from the start to push Edward IV's sons and the Woodvilles aside in order to grab power for himself, and he probably had the Princes in the Tower murdered. Here, he is sincere about intending to crown Edward V, he had absolutely nothing to do with his nephews' disappearance (in fact, he freaks out when he realizes that they're missing), and he makes peace with his sister-in-law Elizabeth Woodville. It's Margaret Beaufort The Chessmaster who schemes her way into pitting Richard and Elizabeth against each other, and it's she and her husband Thomas Stanley who basically trick Richard into seizing the throne.
• The Iranian miniseries Passion of Flight, focuses on the Iran-Iraq War F-14 pilot Abbas Babaei, which the show portrays as an intelligent officer and skilled pilot who was loved by both his superiors and comrades and was very forgiving. In reality, Abbas wasn't a nice guy and was hated by his colleagues since he mistreated anyone he suspected who wasn't loyal to the new Iranian regime. Furthermore, those officers who dislike him even claim he wasn't even qualified to fly an F-14.
• Parodied in Blackadder, where it states that Richard III's reputation was a result of Henry VIII's changing of history, and that instead of being a wicked king, Richard was a loving uncle to his two nephews, one of whom would eventually become king.
• When They See Us: The miniseries largely glosses over the 5's actual crimes against other people in the park, which included assault and robbery. Perhaps ironically, these helped exonerate them in addition to Reyes' confession, since it was shown they had been elsewhere committing them at the time of the rape. Naturally, this alibi wasn't used at trial, since saying "I was assaulting somebody else" is not really helpful. They were also convicted of these crimes along with the rape, but the film omits this (they got thrown out as well due to their questionable confessions).
• Barbarians Rising: This docudrama miniseries has multiple cases of this trope, both on a national and individual level.
• The barbarian peoples covered are depicted as freedom fighters against the evil, pro-slavery empire of Ancient Rome. Of course, the show glosses over the fact that slavery was common virtually everywhere at the time, that all barbarian tribes presented in this show practiced it, and that Roman slavery was arguably Fair for Its Day. Some of the barbarians are known to have indulged in human sacrifices, ritual mutilations and other horrifying things that Romans were scandalized at.
• Ancient Carthage gets portrayed as a kind of "good counterpart" to Rome whose victory would have been preferable. In reality, Carthage was also an imperialistic, slaveholding power prone to seriously brutal acts, and it was actually a harsher master than Rome to its client states and subject peoples in some ways. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage were far more grey-shaded, with both sides being pretty questionable by modern standards and neither one holding a decisive moral edge.
• Hannibal was not a freedom fighter as stated in the show, but just a military man motivated by a family feud against another nation. Strangely, the show itself doesn't shy away from showing that Hannibal's oath against Rome was directly based on revenge, which turns it into a sort of inner contradiction.
• Ditalcus here receives sympathetic motivation for his treachery that does not appear in any historical chronicle, namely that he blames Viriathus and his rebellion for the suffering of his tribe and the massacre of his friends. It's implied this was the main factor in his betrayal of Viriathus, aside from his lack of trust in the man's campaign from the start. Meanwhile, the historical Ditalcus apparently betrayed Viriathus out of sheer opportunism and greed, and judging by the chroniclers' condemnations of him and his cronies, it is clear he didn't have any other reason that is worthy to know.
• The Plot Against America: In real life, newscaster Walter Winchell vociferously opposed Nazism and racism during the 1930 and 1940s. In this Alternate History, he starts an actual political campaign and personally faces down fascist thugs to oppose President Charles Lindbergh's Nazi-friendly policies. This version doesn't live long enough to become a villain in the 1950s, when his full-throated support of McCarthyism put his real-life counterpart very much on the wrong side of history.
• Time After Time: H. G. Wells in the show is a charming man who wishes to be single after going through a divorce. In real life, H. G. Wells had multiple affairs. He left his first wife to marry his second wife Amy Robbins, who allowed him to continue to see other women. He also had children from two separate affairs. The writers seem to not want to show this historical fact, doubtless thinking a cheating womanizer would be less sympathetic. Wells is also portrayed as enthusiastic at seeing more racial equality in the future, saying he'd predicted it as a part of his posited utopia. In fact, his actual stated views on that (admittedly, years after when Wells is portrayed here) were far less savory-he said people of color would "have to go", i.e. become extinct if they didn't evolve enough. It's true his views were more progressive later, praising African-American endurance despite racism, criticizing xenophobia, all "racial purity" ideas and denouncing racism. However, Wells in 1893 may well have still had less pleasant views. Thus, he might not have adapted so easily to learning that his descendant Vanessa is mixed race.
• The Neil Young song "Cortez the Killer" depicts the Aztec Empire as an idyllic paradise where "Hate was just a legend/And war was never known". In reality, the Aztecs were notorious warmongers who performed Human Sacrifice on an industrial scale (though the exact numbers are disputed). They were so widely hated in the region that most of Hernán Cortés's army against them was composed of their neighbors.
• Henry V ignores several inconvenient aspects of the historical king, probably because he was a badass warrior King of England at a time when English nationalism was on the rise after hundreds of years of domination by French overlords. Still, he could easily have been seen as a villain, even by the Elizabethans. He executed captured enemy knights, presided over some horrible bloodbaths, doomed both sides to keep fighting a pointless war, burned "Protestant" heretics alive—including Sir John Oldcastle, the original of Shakespeare's Falstaff.
• Henry VIII ends with Henry and Anne eagerly expecting his heir, the future Queen Elizabeth—ignoring the fact that the entire point of the exercise had been for Henry to get a male heir, and indeed that Catherine had already borne a female heir (who would grow up to be Bloody Mary)...not to mention the infamous mess that would come a few years later, with Catherine dead and Anne convicted of capital crimes, both under very suspicious circumstances.
• Julius Caesar: Marcus Junius Brutus is characterized as a Republican hero and Internal Reformist torn by Conflicting Loyalty between Julius Caesar and the Republic's ideals and institutions, which has since become iconic. This characterization is entirely Shakespeare's invention. While it's very compelling as an artistic achievement, the real Brutus was hardly so idealistic or conflicted. Brutus was an optimate, a defender of the entrenched elitism and an opponent of the more populist and egalitarian ideas Caesar and other populares championed. According to Cicero's letters, he was a corrupt Loan Shark who extorted interest from the poor by sending goon squads to make them pay up. There's also much debate among historians, such as Mary Beard, if Brutus was really going to restore the Republic or merely angling to be another warlord dictator out for his own powernote .
• Macbeth:
• In reality, Malcolm did not become king after slaying Macbeth, rather, Macbeth's stepson Lulach was crowned, only for Malcolm to murder and usurp him, ironically the exact crime that the play (falsely, see below) portrays Macbeth committing.
• Duncan is portrayed as a good king who ends up dishonorably slain by someone he trusted while in bed. While he was killed by Macbeth in real life, it was in combat in which he was the aggressor.
• Richard III with its Historical Villain Upgrade for Richard, makes other characters look more heroic. Lord Stanley is portrayed as a loyal and noble vassal, who heroically acts to put Henry VII on the throne. In real life the Stanleys were notoriously treacherous and double-dealing, switching between sides, and at Bosworth Lord Stanley didn't do anything with his troops, it was his brother Sir William Stanley who basically stabbed Richard in the back when he attacked his forces. And William was later executed by Henry for supporting a Pretender. Infamously, Lord Stanley mocked Richard III's threats to execute his son with the reply, "Sire, I have more sons." However Lord Stanley's descendants ended up funding Shakespeare's plays, hence his glowing portrayal. Another character who gets an upgrade is George, duke of Clarence, who is portrayed as, at worse, a bit naïve and foolish, though his joining the Lancastrians is portrayed it is glossed over. In reality George was a massive Smug Snake, who spent a lot of his time plotting against his brother Edward IV, trying to have him declared illegitimate, joining the Lancastrians so he could gain more influence, and finally getting executed after he bullied a court into executing someone, then left court without permission, which was basically the precursor to rebellion. However he is probably portrayed as more heroic to contrast him with his youngest brother Richard. Lastly is Henry VII himself, who Shakespeare portrays as a holy liberator from a horrid tyrant. Even the most charitable of Tudor supporters have to concede that Henry VII was hardly a saint. Also some historians conclude that his actions only prolonged the Wars of the Roses as his usurpation led to more instability as Henry's entire reign was mostly spent securing his hold on the throne. Also, Henry VII was noted for being cold, paranoid and stingy as king.
• Thomas More's portrayal in A Man for All Seasons tends to focus on his bravery in maintaining his principles even when he knew this would result in his gruesome death, presenting him as a champion of the freedom of the individual conscience. Even apart, however, from the Values Dissonance that led him (like nearly everyone in his own time) to approve the burning of heretics, More was fully convinced that the state had a perfect right to suppress any open dissent; his entire defense was based upon the plea that he had not made his personal opinions known. He was definitely no advocate of free speech, as the play seems to suggest he was.
• Sir Thomas More is another example of More being portrayed as a more sympathetic person than he really was, making sure to hide away his bad sides and show only the flattering parts.
• The Cirque du Soleil shows based on Michael Jackson's work, Michael Jackson THEIMMORTAL World Tour and Michael Jackson ONE portray him as a transcendentally gifted performer and humanitarian. In the latter show, his iconic costume items magically grant people his core attributes — playfulness, agility, courage, and love — and the primary antagonists represent a Strawman News Media out to tear him down. As one might imagine, his myriad personal failings — egotism, drug abuse, plastic surgery to the point of Body Horror, the lingering question of whether he was a pedophile or not, etc. — are swept under the rug; even before ONE opened, Steve Bornfeld questioned this portrayal (which is the standard one amongst the more rabid Jackson fans, keep in mind): "[Cirque's] predecessor shows honored the brilliant music of The Beatles and Presley without suggesting that its subjects wrapped their arms around the globe and cradled it in its loving embrace." He also points out that the image of Michael as a champion of goodness and the world's greatest entertainer was one he cultivated to begin with (as in the Forced Meme "The King of Pop").
• Not a person, but a country. The Sound of Music creates the impression of Austria being a free country trampled by Nazi jackboots. In fact, Austria became a fascist state in 1934, four years before the Anschluss. Also, most Austrians saw themselves as Germans at the time and welcomed the Anschluss. While the musical does include some Austrian characters who support the Anschluss, it portrays them as Les Collaborateurs. It is true that some Austrians opposed the Anschluss, including the real Captain von Trapp, but they were in the minority and most were monarchists hoping for a Habsburg restoration.
• Evita, much like The Sound of Music, implies that Argentina was a democracy before the 1943 military coup that ultimately brought Juan Peron to power two years later. The country had actually been a dictatorship for over a decade, and in fact many Argentines supported the coup.
• Hamilton gives out these all around.
• Hamilton himself:
• His anti-slavery stance is greatly increased in order to make him more sympathetic. While the real Hamilton was more antislavery than some people of the time, he did not see slavery as nearly as important an issue as other things were, and tolerated slaveholders among his associates (John Laurens, however, really was that much of an abolitionist). There’s conflicting evidence on if he ever owned slaves but his wife’s family definitively did. There is plenty of evidence that he bought and sold them for his various in-laws.
• His feud with John Adams was incredibly nasty and is only given a song. Adams himself never shows up. While there’s blame to be laid at both men’s feet, he did everything in his power to actively undermine Adams’s negotiations with France for a peace treaty. Lin-Manuel Miranda and Ron Chernow, the biographer of the book it’s based on, freely admit that it was toned down to make Hamilton more sympathetic.
• The play also tones down Hamilton's elitism. Real life Hamilton was accused of being a monarchist due to wanting to re-establish a blue blood elite in the Colonies, and at the Constitutional Convention argued that the President should serve for life, though historians debate if he really believed these things or if the whole thing was an elaborate feint planned with James Madison to make the latter's plan look better by comparison.
• The show skirts the pretty abhorrent Questionable Consent aspects of his affair with Maria Reynolds. Reynolds was a barley literate young mother stuck in an abusive marriage, and given that this takes place in the late 18th century, had no legal recourse or social safety net to fall back on. She went to him for help as an older, more established man who was a cabinet secretary at that point. He also gleefully ruined her life a few years later by publishing the blackmail letters her husband had sent him to get himself out of a tough spot.
• George Washington, as ever, is presented as fairly saintly in the finished play, though this may simply be how Hamilton sees him. In earlier drafts, there were hints that him stepping down from the role of President was due to his realization that Power Corrupts, with King George's theme slipping into his song.
• Jefferson, while an antagonist in the play's second act, is a lot less cutthroat towards Hamilton than he was in real life.
• 1776 portrays John Adams as having more modern views of social issues, such as slavery, than the real man possessed. This is not due to any attempt to lionize Adams, but rather because this Adams is a Composite Character of John and his more radical cousin Samuel, who really did hold the more progressive positions John espouses in the play.
Video Games
• Oda Nobunaga is typically portrayed as villainous in most Japanese Historical Fiction, but from Samurai Warriors 2 onwards he gets treated as a pragmatic Anti-Hero. Historically, he was much closer to the game's portrayal of Hashiba Hideyoshi as an eccentric yet highly effective general and administrator. He was not only a ruthless commander, but embraced Western culture and technology before most other Daimyos and implemented several important policies that are still used or directly influence current policy today. Embracing the use of guns (and introducing volley fire using three staggered lines of gunners, so that some gunners would be firing while the others reloaded; this was 20 years before William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg revolutionized European armies by independently developing the same tactic) allowed him to rout his opponents in battle.
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His character in Samurai Warriors depict him as, while prone to silly antics at times, an ultimately good guy who wishes for everyone to be happy and inspired loyalty from great warriors like Yukimura Sanada. The game failed to mention his brutal persecution of Christianity, crucifixion of the 26 missionaries sent to Japan, invasion of Korea (and his attempt to do the same to China), lethal Hair-Trigger Temper, and imposition of rigid social classes that halted the social mobility from which he himself had benefitted. The Korean invasion being omitted may be because KOEI wouldn't dare piss on the Korean due to the bad blood between them and Japanese (which was Hideyoshi's fault, and even Capcom makes no mention of that despite giving Hideyoshi a Historical Villain Upgrade.) Hideyoshi even has some bonds with some Chinese warriors in Warriors Orochi (although these Chinese people were in a time before Hideyoshi was born or could even invade.) It also has a very mild take on his notorious sexual rapacity, which saw him go after his vassals' wives and daughters regardless of their age or consent.
• In the 2nd 3DS game, they introduced Yagyu Munenori, badass swordsman of the Yagyu clan who usually is portrayed as villainous or an utter bastard. In this game, he's said to be possessing none of those overexaggerated bastardizations and is an all around just and honorable swordsman.
• Nobunaga is also pretty badass in Pokémon Conquest (A Pokemon-Nobunaga's Ambition crossover) as in this continuity he not only a Master Pokemon trainer, but is the trainer of a shiny Rayquaza. For those not known in Pokemon lore, Rayquaza is a massive dragon Pokemon, practically a god among Pokemon, and "shiny" is when a Pokemon gets a rare note alternate colour scheme. The only legit way to get one in the main series games, is to Save Scum about 8000 times.
• Also, while not that glaring, there's the portrayal of Katou Kiyomasa in Samurai Warriors. In real life, while he's a model general, he's also a brutal pro-Buddhist man, extremely ruthless against Christianity and willingly ordered his men to butcher Christians, cutting the bellies of Christian women then have their infant babies killed. Koei decided to not even touch the Christianity issues for their game, and so Kiyomasa becomes a merely snarky, loyal general to the Toyotomi army with no comments about religion. Funnily enough, in the spin-off Hyakuman-Nin Sengoku Musou, this ends up giving a Jerkass upgrade to one of Kiyomasa's historical Christian opposition, Konishi Yukinaga, who's instead portrayed as a money-grubbing jerk.
• Pretty much everyone in the Sengoku Basara series that wasn't instead made into an outright villain gets some degree or another of this, but Tokugawa Ieyasu is the biggest — by Sengoku Basara 3 he's basically a Messianic Archetype, compassionate and honest, and his Power Fist combat style is symbolic of his desire to keep war from ever again severing the Bonds between people, rather than power-hungry and manipulative. Not to mention, he's a young Bishōnen rather his usual portrayal of being a fat old man.
• Taking a leaf from Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Warriors promotes Liu Bei to a man concerned primarily with virtue and honourable behaviour, and one more thing: He's much more of a caring father and is capable of being proud of his son. It helps that the infamous scene where he threw his son to the ground was omitted for the game.
• To a lesser degree, his son Liu Shan is also portrayed as, while far from the warrior his father was, a man of virtue. As stated above, it helps that he's not thrown to the ground as a baby...
• Sima Zhao also gets this, as he was much worse in real life. Zhuge Dan's bio in the game even suggests that Zhao's rule was Tyrannical.
• A prime example of this is during Zhuge Dan's rebellion after Dan killed Wen Qin. Zhao states that any soldiers who willing surrenders would be unharmed while Zhong Hui suggests that they should just kill them, when historically it was the other way around.
• Ma Chao is generally portrayed as a man who upholds justice above all else and is loyal to Shu, even in death. While the loyalty part is true...well, let's just say Wang Yi isn't the only person pissed at him for killing a family. He was rather brutal in real life, and certainly didn't care about whether he was doing the right thing or not.
• Lu Bu in the games has increasingly been portrayed as being a sort of Noble Demon, going from being obsessed with strength for its own sake in earlier games to wanting strength to protect those he cares for. Historically, Lu Bu allowed his soldiers to pillage, rape and plunder which contributed greatly to his ultimate failure and death.
• Gan Ning is shown as being a pretty cool dude, and his initial bad blood with Ling Tong eventually gives way to a friendly rivalry. The real Gan Ning was a murderous bastard that most of his fellow generals would've happily killed if not for Sun Quan's protection. He even murdered a young serving boy who'd fled to Lu Meng for protection, despite promising to spare him if Lu returned the boy. Ling Tong hated him till the day he died, and Lu Meng very nearly killed him for the murder of the serving boy.
• Assassin's Creed has this and its counterpart as its entire plot. The series's main draw is how the developers use the Rule of Cool to combine exquisite research with Historical Upgrades. Everybody of note in the past belonged to one of two Ancient Conspiracies; the Templars and the Assassins. The Templars work to eradicate free will in the name of peace. The Assassins hunt and kill Evil Aristocrats wherever and whenever possible "to safeguard Mankind's evolution"(and peace). If somebody in the past was awesome, he's in the series somewhere with his life examined in detail - with Hidden Depths because history was Written By The Templars.
• For starters, The Hashshashin themselves. In real life they were Hassan-I-Sabah's private army not unlike modern terrorists. They built a reputation at the time as his enemies were Asshole Victims who they eliminated with a minimum of collateral damage.
• King Richard I of England, however, got a fairly realistic representation: he went by the title "Lionhearted" even in his own day, and it did not refer to heroism but a love of combat. So, though he's driven to conquer Jerusalem, he keeps his promise to listen to Altaïr finally after he beats Robert De Sable in single combat, and lets Altair go free afterwards. He's undeniably a jerkass, but he's still portrayed in a relatively positive manner - basically a Noble Demon.
• Lorenzo de'Medici is portrayed as being a devout republican and a benevolent ruler. In reality, like all the noble families in the Italian city-states, the Medicis were Machiavellian schemers who committed all sorts of immoral acts to maintain their power. At least it's shown in the Lineage short how Lorenzo brutally tortures an agent of his enemies for information, and in Brotherhood Lucrezia Borgia claims, probably truthfully that he quashes the families of his rivals utterly, even those who had nothing to do with the plots against him.
• And who can forget how Leonardo da Vinci got an upgrade in heroism, despite only being the sort-of deuteragonist? Notable changes include that his inventions work, are completely functional and can be used at nearly any time. Plus he's the main character's BFF.
• According to some fan-theories, the events of the games are filtered through Altair and Ezio's impressions of them. Such as the way beggars in the first game would bother Altair and only Altair.
• Not to mention that with their advantage in information control, the Templars would obviously try to slander any historical figure who allied themselves with the Assassins.
• Call of Duty: Black Ops II gives one to Angolan Rebel Leader Jonas Savimbi. In the game, he's a gregarious and enthusiastic player ally who rides into battle at the head of his army and even pulls off a spectacular Gunship Rescue at the end of the mission he's featured in. In real life, while he was known for his charisma and his courage (having a reputation for leading from the front lines as he does in the game), he was also a war criminal who massacred civilians, funded his army by selling conflict diamonds, accepted military aid from apartheid South Africa, ran the territories he controlled like his own personal kingdom, ordered the torture and execution of his own men if he had even the slightest suspicion of betrayal, and re-started the civil war twice after previously agreeing to ceasefires because he didn't win the post-war elections - it took his death in battle with government troops in February 2002, a full sixteen years after the in-game level he's featured in, to finally bring the war to an end. The characters in the game does comment that Savimbi was insane but don't elaborate over.
• Discussed and ultimately discouraged in Where In Time Is Carmen Sandiego? When you meet William the Conqueror, who casually mentions one time that he razed a Saxon village to the ground, your Good Guide will chime in to remind you that just because you're meeting and working with figures from history doesn't mean that they're all necessarily nice people. Your job as a time traveller isn't to pick sides, but to get history as we know it back on track.
Web Animation
• This trope is examined in the video "Bar Kochba: The Worst Jewish Hero Ever". Simon bar Kochba spent decades as an Israeli national hero... even though he committed severe war crimes, persecuted non-Jews, and punished any Jews who refused to support his rebellion. The consequences of his revolt included severe harm to the Jewish people, and Jewish scholars and religious leaders would bemoan the revolt for nearly two thousand years.
• Extra Credits: Their Extra History series has done this a couple of times.
• The series on Justinian gives his reign and overall campaign to reconquer and restore The Roman Empire a significant whitewashing. In truth, these conquests were devastating to Italy, and left Rome a shell of its former self and was the principal reason for its decay and depopulation until The Renaissance. The creators admit that they "like" Justinian and they do insist that he was a dreamer and too overly ambitious to properly sustain his goals, but this still means that the show sentimentalizes his conquest of Italy and demonizes the Ostragoths (whose opinions, views, and side of the story are left untold).
• Their take on The Great Northern War largely focuses on Charles XII of Sweden and paints him as a romantic Young Conqueror who overreached himself, and saw his defeat as the end of the Sweden's status as a great power and decline in prominence. Many modern people see Charles XII as a reckless Blood Knight who refused to make peace, whose endless wars brought unnecessary sufferings and hardships on the Swedish people, and whose defeat in battle actually started the process of Sweden going from absolute monarchy to a parliamentary system. Globally and culturally speaking, Sweden actually became more prominent after Charles XII's death, on account of its significant economic innovations and for its contributions to theatre and film, whereas outside of Scandinavia and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Charles XII is a fairly obscure figure except among history buffs, metalheads, and white supremacists.
• Genghis Khan's life and conquests are entirely shown from his point of view, with his positive reforms to Mongolian society being presented at length, and his good intentions extrapolated, but the fate of the people he took over and those he killed in his ambition are barely alluded to, with only the very last segment taking the time to consider the human toll of his campaigns.
• The Unbiased History of Rome: As you can guess from the title, this trope and its counterpart are Played for Laughs.
• Cato the Elder's burning hatred of Carthage, which helps to lay the groundwork for the destruction of Carthage, is portrayed as entirely reasonable and even justified. In reality, Carthage posed no real threat to Rome after the Second Punic War. Cato's involvement in an attempt to have Scipio Africanus and his younger brother convicted on trumped-up charges of corruption is also glossed over.
• Sulla is depicted as a Cincinnatus figure who saved the Roman Republic from its enemies, both internal and external. In truth, however, Sulla's march on Rome and many of his subsequent actions would play a major role in the erosion of the republic's political norms and the bitter conflict between the optimates and the populares, setting the stage for some very brutal rebellions and civil wars that ultimately resulted in the end of the republic.
• Mark Antony's acts of treachery and extreme violence that he committed after Julius Caesar's assassination are said to be the result of him being mind-controlled by Cleopatra, who sought to use him to either subjugate or destroy Rome.
• While the pre-illness months of Caligula's rule were consistent with his portrayals by contemporary historians, the post-illness rule was portrayed as him having an epiphany as being a god. His infamous moment of declaring war on Neptune and collecting seashells as bounty was portrayed as conquering the elements to make crossing the English Channel easier, only stopping short of invading Britain (ergo leaving the task to Claudius) because of other matters to attend to.
• The Roman administration in Britannia engaged in some extreme abuses, perhaps most infamously having Boudica flogged and her daughters raped. Here, the flogging is omitted and the rape is changed to consensual sex.
• Hadrian's brutal crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt is outright glorified. While Simon bar Kokhba and his forces were hardly saints themselves, Hadrian took severe punitive measures against the Jews in general, not just those who took part in the rebellion. Not to mention the fact that the revolt was triggered in part by him reneging on a promise to rebuild the Jewish Temple, instead deciding to build a temple to Jupiter where the Second Temple once stood, then doubling down and building a colonia called Aelia Capitolina over the ruins of Jerusalem.
• In real life, Caracalla had Geta murdered, but here he's portrayed as loving his brother and treating whatever he perceives as a negative influence, or suggesting he's the one to murder Geta, to a wrathful response. That being said, his depiction is otherwise accurate to the violent and wrathful nature of the real Caracalla, albiet played for comedy.
• Elagabalus is depicted as engaging in some ridiculously debauched behavior to bring attention to the Empire's degeneracy problems, and preaching about Sol Invictus to streamline Roman religious practices. In reality, his unrestrained pleasure-seeking was motivated by nothing more than self-indulgent and unethical hedonism, and he simply placed his namesake Syrian sun god above the Roman pantheon.
• Persecutors of Christians, like Decius and Valerian, have their actions justified as them needing all the help they could get from their pagan gods against internal and external enemies, and needing to punish Rome's Christian population for its obstinance.
• Diocletian is portrayed as a capable but tragic figure and as such his more questionable actions are subjected to whitewashing. For example, his Edict on Maximum Prices (an attempt to curb inflation that only caused more problems for the Roman economy) is depicted as failing because the world wasn't ready for the full force of his reforming genius.
Web Original
• Epic Rap Battles of History: While Muhammad Ali isn't exactly depicted as a Nice Guy, his trash-talk in his rap battle against Michael Jordan is a lot cleaner and more politically correct than it was in real life, which is unique for this series as the rappers are usually made more crude and vulgar (for obvious reasons). For example, he called Joe Frazier an "Uncle Tom", "ugly gorilla", and "the wrong kind of negro"; insulted George Foreman for his devout Christianity and called him "a white, flag-waving bitch"; and claimed Ernie Terrell was "an Uncle Tom nigger who is going to get his ass whupped". ERB's Ali also never brings up the fact that Jordan had a white wife, which the real Ali definitely would have done in this context considering he spoke at KKK rallies advocating segregation and gave an interview to Playboy in 1975 where he said that any black man who married a white woman should be lynched (ditto a black woman marrying a white man); the closest the battle gets to addressing the real Ali's racism is him saying Jordan "sold out to crackers". He did mellow out later in life, but the Ali of the battle is clearly depicted as the active boxer of the 60s and 70s.
• The Great War discusses how Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was idolised until relatively recently for his role in defending German East Africa against a much larger Entente force. It acknowledges his skill as a commander, stating that he was a major pioneer of guerrilla warfare in the 20th century. However, the show also mentions von Lettow-Vorbeck's role in the Herero genocide, his participation in the 1920 Kapp-Putsch (a far-right coup attempt, intending to depose the Weimar Republic), along with his racist imperialist views.
• Hitler Rants features Hermann Fegelein, who's presented as a lovable and devious trickster who lives to make Hitler's life miserable through his antics. Putting aside the fact that the real Fegelein didn't piss off his boss nearly that much until his final days, this makes him a saint compared to the man who oversaw the murder of tens of thousands of Ukrainian Jews. Albert Speer also described him as being the most personally loathesome member of Hitler's inner circle.
Western Animation
• Played with hilariously in Time Squad. When the team is given a mission, Otto always would get really excited and start rattling off the wonderful achievements of whoever it was they were going to meet, pretty much ignoring any of the flaws (arguably justified through childish idealism). When they actually meet the historic figures however, they are all stupid, insane, stubborn, cruel, or plain incompetent.
• Christopher Columbus' heroic reputation is actually Averted in, of all places, an episode of The Flintstones dealing with Time Travel. While the mythical story of him trying to prove the world is round is kept, here he's portrayed as a Jerkass and a Mean Boss towards his crew (and the four members of the cast) who has to fend off an attempt at a mutiny while threatening the four cast members to help him. The mutiny is stopped when Wilma sees land... And he quickly takes credit for it. (Fortunately for the four protagonists, the Time Machine starts working again and whisks them to a new time period, but they only find more trouble there.)
• Nero is never regarded as a hero, but when he appeared on Peabody and Sherman's segment of Rocky and Bullwinkle, there was a twist, as he was portrayed as Not Evil, Just Misunderstood. In this reality, it was actually Nero's music teacher who started the fire.
In-Universe examples
Anime & Manga
• Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei has an instance wherein during a lecture on the importance of holding one's tongue, Nozomu speaks positively about Kira, the man traditionally viewed as the villain in The 47 Ronin incident. Nozomu refers to him as a cultured man taken advantage of by a bunch of bumpkins.
• At the end of Fullmetal Alchemist, the heroes have to whitewash Führer Bradley's life and not tell anyone that he was a Homunculus and willing to sacrifice his people to give Father godhood.
• The second prequel series of Legend of Galactic Heroes has a younger Yang Wenli trying to research the life of one Bruce Ashbey, a famous Alliance war-hero. The arc itself is a discussion of this trope, with Yang lampshading the fact that while Ashbey, admirable as he was, may not have been the great badass people remember him to be, it would be foolish to automatically assume the opposite just to say that his interpretation is "unique."
• Naruto: The Uchiha Clan. The village at large sees them as a great and noble clan that were victims of their traitorous prodigy, Itachi. The truth of the matter is that the Uchiha Clan was extremely bitter about their lack of power in the politics of the village despite being politically the most powerful clan due to their Military Police position, and about the perceived discrimination they suffered during the Second Hokage's reign and after the Kyuubi attack. It eventually led them to plan a coup against the village, which forced Itachi to kill them all, though in fairness, he mainly did it because Danzo ordered the hit. It should be noted that Itachi WANTED the massacre if it meant that Sasuke wouldn't live with his clan's crimes on his shoulders, and would rebuild the Uchiha to be truly noble after "avenging" their deaths. When Sasuke found all of this out, his reaction was a bit... extreme.
• In One Piece's Skypiea Arc, the tale of Noland The Liar paints the king of Noland's country as a brave warrior who overcame many dangers but got suckered by Norland's lies. The flashback shows that the king was actually a greedy opportunist who relied on Noland the entire journey. When the island where the City of Gold supposed to be wasn't there, the king had Noland put in a Kangaroo Court and basically destroyed his good name out of spite.
• Escape From the Moon: In the later sequel Scavenge for the Future, by the time it takes place (five thousand years into the future), Spliced Genome is known more for her work healing and curing the diseases she created and is considered the foremare in the universal health standard. She reacts with disgust at hearing that description of her.
• Played for Laughs in Eugenesis: The Quintesson general Ghyrik was a heroic patriot who sacrificed his life for the cause. He was absolutely, totally not an egotistical idiot who got himself killed in a laughably one-sided battle. Anyone who says otherwise is lying, according to the Quintesson leadership.
• In Kingdom Hearts New Epic The First, being that it's a Flash Forward Fic set in Lord Cavendish's verse, the new President of the Alliance has given himself a massive Historical Hero Upgrade, presenting himself as a victorious war hero. The actual history shows he only got involved when it looked like things were going the Alliance's way, and only even then got involved in "easy" campaigns.
Films — Live-Action
• And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself is all about this trope, with Villa's image being changed by the filmmakers for Rule of Drama and to make him more acceptable to American audiences. For example, the episode where he murdered a grieving widow is deliberately omitted.
• In Back to the Future Part II, when Biff Tannen uses the almanac to make himself a wealthy and corrupt man, and turn Hill Valley into a wretched hive, he does this twofold: in the museum in the casino he owns, he portrays his ancestor Buford Tannen, a sociopathic outlaw, into a brave frontiersman, and unsurprisingly, portrays himself as a patriotic and generous businessman.
• Bright: Four cops are supposedly killed in the line of duty against a terrorist group and honored in heroes. In reality, they were corrupt and tried to murder the main protagonist and steal the MacGuffin for themselves, though he manages to kill them in self-defense. The federal agents made up this cover story to protect the main protagonist's reputation and keep the whole incident secret.
• Star Trek: First Contact explores this trope with the fictional historical figure of Zefram Cochrane. Federation history paints Cochrane as a shining paragon of idealism while he was really a selfish, perverted, cynical drunk (but still kind of a Loveable Rogue). Much of his widely known idealism only came long after he'd made First Contact, while the time-traveling crew only met the earlier, broken man who'd barely lived through World War 3. The Cochrane they meet even sneers at the very same aphorisms he'll later famously deliver. The novelization hints that he may have had untreated bipolar disorder, alternating between manic creative highs that led to his inventing the warp drive and crushing lows.
• Perhaps even shown earlier in Star Trek: The Original Series where after begin forced to land on a planet by an energy cloud, Kirk and company encounter a still alive and rejuvenated Cochrane. When he's informed that the energy cloud that's been keeping him alive is female and in love with him, he's disgusted by it as immoral which can be perceived as Fantastic Racism. It's not until she takes over the body of a dying human woman is he able to return her feelings.
• Thor: Ragnarok: During the Batman Cold Open, Loki tries to invoke this on himself while posing as Odin. Thor finds him putting on a terrible play that portrays Loki as a kind, innocent, and misunderstood soul who just wanted his family to love him. Actor Thor brushes off all of Loki's crimes as the actions of a lovable scamp.
• It also reveals, more seriously, that Odin did this to himself, hiding his history of conquest with his firstborn Hela. He did have a Heel–Face Turn that included banishing Hela when she became too bloodthirsty, but rather than owning up to his mistakes, he chose to sweep them under the rug (well, tile over the ceiling) and present himself as always having been a heroic figure, erasing Hela from the narrative entirely.
• In Dragon Bones, the hero, Ward, is told to his horror that Seleg, the man he hero-worshipped and admired as role-model, had been No Hero to His Valet, and in fact, been the one who horribly punished the defenseless slave Oreg, when Oreg complained about his killing the dragons he (Seleg) was duty-bound to protect. Naturally, no report of those deeds made it to any ballad or other account of history.
• CIAPHAS CAIN, HERO OF THE IMPERIUM! Pretty much the poster boy for this trope: a cowardly, manipulative political officer who gets thrown into death and destruction at every turn, and comes out as a hero for the Imperium, even revered as an aspect of the god-emperor of mankind in some circles. He doesn't believe all the hype, though.
• Within the Dragaera series, the Dumas-recycling Khaavren Romances novels are an example of this (and probably Historical Villain Upgrade as well) in universe. Paarfi, the narrator, presents a rose-colored, Good Old Ways view of Dragaeran history and tends to present historical figures in a flattering light, although in some cases, you can read between the lines and sense the real person was much less pleasant.
• In the Belisarius Series, there are a couple of comments lampshading this, in which it is said that a character who died in battle would become an epic hero. In one of those cases King Eon of Ethiopia says that about himself as he is dying (ironically Eon's case is a subversion; his behavior clearly was heroic enough to win him such an honor, it simply lacked military professionalism as might be expected for so young a Warrior Prince).
• In A Song of Ice and Fire Renly Baratheon is portrayed by the Lannister-Tyrell regime as a heroic and glamorous figure who came back from the dead to defeat his wicked brother Stannis Baratheon. In reality Renly, though brilliant with publicity and putting on an image of The Good King, really has only publicity going for him. He shows himself in private to be a Smug Snake, greedy for more influence, showing no real administrative skills, along with being a terrible military leader and fighter, and trying to usurp the throne after his brother Robert's death with the Tyrells' aid, along with planning the death of Robert's true heir, his brother Stannis. However after his death the Tyrells join the Lannisters so they can get more power, and Garlan Tyrell disguises himself in Renly's armor so it appears he came back from the dead, therefore Renly is given a better reputation. This is suitable considering Renly is based on the treacherous George, duke of Clarence (see above). Oddly enough this was missed in the TV series, which tries to portray Renly as an ideal ruler (though this comes across as Informed Ability).
• Wings of Fire: Prince Arctic is portrayed in IceWing mythology as an innocent rape victim who happened to be kidnapped by Foeslayer and forced to rip out his own tongue and use his own claws to disembowel himself, courtesy of Darkstalker. In reality, Arctic and Foeslayer had a consensual relationship (albeit a tragic and unhappy one), and while what Darkstalker did was extremely morally ambiguous, it is worth noting that Arctic tried to kidnap and enchant his own daughter, and give NightWing intel to the IceWings. and was just a really lousy father and dragon.
• The 1632 series frequently notes this happening in real-time, as both the deeds and personalities of the characters get exaggerated with each telling, and recorded in deliberately embellished accounts by sensationalistic newspapers. The best examples are Gretchen Richter and Jeff Higgins. They're both genuinely tough characters (she a revolutionary and he a military officer), but the stories turn them into a quasi-mythical Battle Couple, personally responsible for every USE military victory.
• In Timeline, The Hundred Years War English leader Lord Oliver is regarded by historians as "almost a saint," but the time travelers find that the real Oliver is a massive, gluttonous, sadistic jerkass.
Live-Action TV
• An episode of The Brady Bunch showed Bobby idolizing Old West gunman Jesse James. His worried parents take him to meet one of James's victims, after which he has a nightmare in which James murders his entire family. That cures him.
• Earlier in the same episode, they watch a movie based on Jessie James, but it had been Bowdlerized due to TV censorship, leading Bobby to believe that James was not violent.
• Jayne Cobb in Firefly. On a backwater planet of mud-cultivating peasants, Jayne apparently stole a fortune from the local tyrant, but was forced to jettison the cargo from his damaged ship. It landed near the homes of the 'Mudders', who assumed he had done it on purpose. Stories were told and songs were sung about the legendary Jayne Cobb, folk hero. Even when the Mudders are told the truth, some of them are so loyal to the idea of their hero that they prefer to stick to the old story.
• The original Star Trek invokes this trope by establishing that some people in the 23rd century consider Khan Noonien Singh to be one of history's heroes.
• In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Living Witness", the ancestors of an alien civilization are treated this way after they tried to raid Voyager and took hostages while doing so. Voyager was trading with one of their enemies while not knowing there was even a conflict between the two sides, and both are given a corresponding Historical Villain Upgrade to the point that they launched a horrific war against their "peace-loving" culture and staged full-on genocide against them. They themselves, on the other hand, are depicted as martyrs and freedom fighters.
• In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Dax", General Tandro is hailed as a hero for his noble leadership and death during his planet's civil war. Since then he's been turned into an important symbol for his people. The plot of the episode concerns Dax and his widow, Enina, trying to suppress the truth about him: that he was killed by his own side for trying to betray them, and also that he was apparently a pretty terrible husband and friend.
Enina: I knew the man before he became a legend. But I also knew my place in history. My place is to carry on bravely, never to remarry, to represent my husband at the banquets given in his name. But never, never to talk about who he really was, because nobody wants to hear that.
• On the series True Blood, 3000 year old vampire Russell Edgington claims that he once met Jesus, who was just a "boring hippie who stank of patchouli."
• In the Supernatural episode "About a Boy", the Winchesters meet Hansel. He's in league with the child-eating witch and has willingly eaten his own sister.
• Discussed in a Star Trek: Enterprise episode in regards to Zephram Cochrane. Captain Archer wants to take an obscure speech by Cochrane in which he claimed cyborgs tried to sabotage first contact as the complete truth (which, of course, it is). T'Pol points out that Cochrane was "frequently intoxicated" (which is also true, and probably the only reason Cochrane ever revealed that information).
• In Game of Thrones Ned Stark is considered one of the greatest swordsmen of his generation because he defeated Ser Arthur Dayne in single combat at the Tower of Joy. Dayne was a master swordsman and had a reputation for honor and chivalry. Bran Stark is shown a vision of what really happened during the fight at the Tower of Joy. Ned and five of his soldiers attacked Dayne and another knight of the Kingsguard. Ned killed the other Kingsguard, but Dayne really was as good as the stories said and he killed Ned's four remaining soldiers. He then destroyed Ned in one-on-one combat. Dayne was about to kill a disarmed Ned when he was stabbed in the back by Howland Reed who was wounded at the beginning of the fight and presumed dead. The fight at the Tower of Joy was brutal and dirty but few people know what really happened since Ned and Howland, the only survivors, refused to talk about it. Stories turned Ned into a brilliant swordsman who defeated the chivalrous Ser Arthur Dayne in an honorable duel.
• On The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Captain Gregg tries to convince everyone that a celebrated local hero was a ne'er do well and braggard. Yet when his grave is uncovered, the headstone reads of a man 'who did not hesitate', it seems the ghost has not a chance of changing any minds. When the dedication ceremony occurs, Gregg summons a wind-storm to completely uncover the headstone, which then reads 'He did not hesitate - He Ran Like Hell!'. Played with in a later episode, when Gregg realizes his recall of a second-hand account about two of the American Founding Fathers may not be perfect, and nearly ruins Mrs. Muir's son's school report by insisting they were bitter adversaries, not the friends the boy originally believed. While Gregg's stubbornness nearly derails the reputation of another rival-in-life by showing the school he supposedly founded was in fact founded much earlier, his historian descendant is delighted; it means their school is among the oldest in all of New England.
• Lucifer (2016) sees Abel of Cain and Abel fame, despite how the Bible talks about him, turned out to be just as big an asshole as Cain. Tellingly, both actually wanted to kill the other and Abel was actually the first soul sent to Hell after Cain killed him.
• The Outer Limits (1995): In-Universe. In "Gettysburg", Andy Larouche is very proud that his ancestor Major Beauregard Larouche led the only Confederate unit in Pickett's Charge to break through the Union lines during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. He often boasts about this to his friend and fellow War Re Enactor Vince Chance. However, when Andy and Vince are sent back in time to 1863 by Nicholas Prentice, they meet Beauregard Larouche, who is only a corporal. Andy soon discovers that his exploits have been highly exaggerated. When he asks his ancestor whether he still believes in the cause of the Confederacy, Beauregard replies that he only believes in the cause of staying alive. When the two of them, Vince and Major Drummond come under fire from Union troops while trying to rescue the wounded Will Monroe, Beauregard runs away as he has seen enough death. He later tells Colonel Angus Devine that he rescued Monroe single-handedly. Andy's fervour reignites Beauregard's own long dormant patriotism and he proudly takes part in Pickett's Charge in which he is killed, the only accurate part of the Larouche family legend beyond his name.
Video Games
• The Elder Scrolls
• Ysgramor, the first king of Men in Tamriel, was a Atmoran (ancient proto-Nord) hero who led his family and some like minded individuals from their homeland of Atmora to the northernmost area of Tamriel, now known as Skyrim, after Atmora became embroiled in a massive civil war. Ysgramor later led the Atmoran people in colonizing Skyrim from their landing point of Hsaarik Head. He also became the first historian of mankind and developed the first written human language based on Atmoran and Elvish linguistic principles. After the Falmer, native "snow elves" of Skyrim, massacred an Atmoran city, Ysgramor and his sons returned to Atmora. There, they gathered a group of potent warriors known as the 500 Companions, and handily slaughtered the majority of the Falmer population and drove the remainder underground. However, some scholars suggest that the accomplishments credited to Ysgramor were actually performed by several early Nordic kings. Additionally, his claim that the Falmer attack on Saarthal was "unprovoked" is disputed by numerous records of the Elves who say that the attack was in response to repeated "provocations and blasphemies" committed by the early Nords.
• Pelinal Whitestrake, known as the "Divine Crusader", was the legendary 1st Era hero of mankind/racist berserker. Believed to have been a Shezarrine, physical incarnations of the spirit of the "dead" creator god Lorkhan (known to the Imperials as "Shezarr"), Pelinal came to St. Alessia to serve as her divine champion in the war against the Ayleids. Pelinal would fly into fits of Unstoppable Rage (mostly directed at the Ayleids) during which he would be stained with their blood and left so much carnage in his wake that Kyne, one of the Divines, would have to send in her rain to cleanse Ayleid forts and village before they could be used by Alessia's forces. In one particularly infamous fit of rage, Pelinal is said to have damaged the lands themselves, nearly causing the Divines to leave the world in disgust. His hatred of non-human races extended even beyond the Elves to the Khajiit, whom he slew in droves mistaking them for another race of Elf. Imperial dogma (and his portrayal in Oblivion's Knights of the Nine expansion) conveniently forgets about his blatant racism and psychopathic episodes, focusing only on his heroic aspects.
• Reman Cyrodiil, founder of the Reman Dynasty who would forge the Second Cyrodiilic Empire of Tamriel, is said to have had divine origins which made him The Chosen One and was coronated at no older than age thirteen. However, there is evidence that his "divine" origins were fabricated in order to legitimize his rule. Further, modern Imperial propaganda has covered up most of his debauchery and psychoses. Despite this, he is (justifiably) remembered as one of the greatest rulers in Cyrodiilic history.
• Tiber Septim (aka Talos Stormcrown, Hjalti Early-Beard, et al), was the first emperor to unite all of Tamriel and is held up as a paragon of mankind, especially by the Imperials and Nords. Following his death, he did become the god Talos, God of War and Good Governance, and even took the top spot as the chief deity on the Nordic pantheon. However, elements of his past are almost certainly embellished and/or outright fabricated as part of Imperial propaganda to appeal to the Nords, whose support he badly needed in order to forge his empire. He may have had a hand in the assassination of King Cuhlecain (who Septim served as General) so that he could usurp the position. Many of his best known exploits can quite possibly be attributed to others (the Underking, Wulfharth Ash-King, Zurin Artus) or, at the very least, his role in them was highly embellished. His legions were brutal in conquering Tamriel, committing many atrocities along the way (such as slaughtering the ruling family of Morrowind down to their young daughter). He almost certainly betrayed and killed one of his closest advisors (Zurin Arctus) in order to power the Numidium to complete his conquests (and then had his propaganda machine paint Arctus as the villain). Of course, the worship of him isn't entirely unfounded, as there is evidence that he really did ascend to Godhood... and may be one of the last things holding Mundus together. Additionally, it is speculated that he may have used his divine powers post-apotheosis to alter reality to make his version of events "true".
• As seen most prominently in Morrowind, with the Dwemer gone, Nerevar dead, and Azura a Daedric Prince who doesn't often openly communicate with most mortals, the Dunmeri Tribunal combined this with Written by the Winners in regards to themselves following the Battle of Red Mountain. They took credit for all of the positives that came out of the event, as well as many of Nerevar's accomplishments before, while blaming the Dwemer or Dagoth Ur for the negatives, including the death of Nerevar. As such, the Tribunal Temple's official story about what happened there is the most widely accepted version, even though it is clearly the version most full of Blatant Lies and Metaphorically True things out of those that comprise The Rashomon once you've done a little research. All stories to the contrary are considered heresy, kept alive only by the actions of the Ashlander Nerevarine Cult and the Dissident Priests.
• The Dragonborn is revered in Skyrim for being a great hero, the ultimate warrior, and the pinnacle of what a Nord should aspire to be. Despite it being revealed that the First Dragonborn was actually a Dragon-Priest who Turned Against Their Masters and ruled over Solstheim as a tyrant. However, this is somewhat of an subversion, since the Ancient Nord legends didn't refer to them at all, but actually the Last Dragonborn, prophecied to appear when Alduin returned. This bizarrely makes it a case of Future Historical Hero Upgrade.
• In Far Cry 4, Mohan Ghale, the founder of the Golden Path, is treated by Sabal as a mixture of Moses and George Washington, who led the oppressed people of Kyrat against the despotic rule of Pagan Min. Sabal's co-leader of the Golden Path, Amita, instead considers Mohan to be The Fundamentalist. And Amita's opinion has solid weight to it: Mohan was not just a brutal fundamentalist, but a supporter of Kyrat's ancient Stay In The Kitchent traditions, which is why he refused to let his wife Ishwari have a more active role in his revolutionary activities. Eventually, to try and discourage Ishwari from taking a greater role in the Golden Path, Mohan sent her to seduce Pagan Min for useful information, a decision that backfired when Pagan and Ishwari fell in love and had a daughter called Lakshmana. Afterwards, in a moment of jealous anger, Mohan killed Lakshmana when she was only a year old. In response, Ishwari shot her husband, took her and Mohan's son Ajay, and fled Kyrat to live in America, while Pagan Min Took a Level in Jerkass and treated the people of Kyrat even more callously than he already did. So, in a way, Mohan is ultimately the Greater-Scope Villain of Far Cry 4, not the Greater-Scope Hero.
• Final Fantasy:
• In Final Fantasy Tactics, the official history records Delita as a hero, even though he left quite a body count on the way to the throne.
• Interestingly, Final Fantasy XIV's Heavensward expansion has both this and Historical Villain Upgrade on the first Azure Dragoon, the difference lying solely in who's remembering what he did. To Ishgard, the first Azure Dragoon is revered as a hero who slew Nidhogg, took his eyes, and went on to slay many more dragons. To the Dravanians, the first Azure Dragoon is vilified as a monster who... slew Nidhogg, took his eyes, and went on to slay many more dragons. The truth is a bit more complicated, of course: his fight with Nidhogg was in self-defense, after Nidhogg attacked Ishgard when his father, King Thordan I, betrayed the Dravanians by killing Nidhogg's sister Ratatoskr to consume her eyes for more power. He was also horrified by what his father had done, relinquishing his claim to the throne as Thordan's heir in favor of becoming a nameless dragoon who would simply defend Ishgard from further reprisals by the Dravanians, rather than seeking them out to slay them as either side believes. And, as it turns out, he didn't even really kill Nidhogg - he survived long enough to seek out his brother Hraesvelgr, convincing him to give up his own eye for Nidhogg to use to exact his revenge, and even after he's finally killed during Heavensward, his essence consumes the current Azure Dragoon when he comes into possession of both of his eyes.
• In Final Fantasy XV, The Founder King AKA the Mystic, Somnus Lucis Caelum, is remembered by the Lucians as the noble king who built the first kingdom after the fall of the ancient civilization Solheim in the War of the Astral, mesmerizing in battle, bringing peace and fighting back the horrifying Starscourge hand-in-hand with the Oracle of his time. In truth, Somnus was a man who yearned to be special and loved and grew to envy his older brother Ardyn. This made it easier for him to follow the Astrals' plan to make Ardyn into the Starscourge's avatar, which entailed Somnus betraying his brother, killing the Oracle Aera (Ardyn's betrothed) when she got in the way, and sealing his brother in a prison for thousands of years. Ultimately, Somnus was less a hero and more the Astrals' pawn. At the end of the Ardyn DLC when Somnus is defeated by Ardyn, Somnus is reduced to a broken spirit who can only beg his brother for understanding (even he realizes he can't ask for forgiveness).
• The protagonist of MediEvil, Sir Daniel Fortesque, became a friend of the king through various exaggerated tales of his exploits. When an actual battle occurred, Daniel ended up getting killed by arrows minutes into it. However, due to being the King's friend, he went down in history as a hero. When the evil sorceror he fought against tries to take over the world again, Sir Dan gets a chance to finally prove himself as the hero history remembers him as.
• Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon has Adrah, the first Emperor of Archanaea, who is remembered as The Good King when in reality he was a common thief who stole the Fire Emblem from the Fane of Raman, removed and sold its Spheres and used the money to finance an army. In doing so, he caused the shield to lose its mitigating effects on dragon degeneration, leading to Medeus and the rest of the Earth Dragons' insanity. The few who do know his real story consider the current rumoured "curse" on the Fire Emblem to be a form of Laser-Guided Karma.
• Raven King Naesala gets this in Fire Emblem Awakening. Specifically, in Olivia's supports with Donnel she sings a song about his romance with the heron princess Leanne. While this is true, the song reduces the story to a fairy-tale style romance (and "downgrades" Naesala to a prince), conveniently leaving out some of his more...questionable deeds, such as his Chronic Backstabbing Disorder, selling his best friend into slavery and piratical raids on any human ships entering his territory.
• Also in Awakening, this trope is inverted when Sumia talks with her daughter from the future, Cynthia. Instead of making a morally questionable person out to be a hero, a heroic person is made out to be less ethical:
Cynthia: Well, in my time, you're a true legend. The most famed pegasus knight of all! There are so many stories of your heroic and terrible deeds. Like when you smashed through the enemy lines to rescue a stricken Chrom? note
Sumia: Er...did I do that?
Cynthia: Or the time you argued with Chrom and slapped him in the face!note
Sumia: Gods above, I sound like a madwoman...
Cynthia: Or the time you went into a blood frenzy and downed friend and foe alike!
Sumia: I downed FRIENDS?! That's not heroic at all!
• Speaking of Tellius, Ashnard, Big Bad of Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance, gets Hero Upgraded by his countrymen after Lekain, Big Bad of Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn, turns out to be even worse.
• Fire Emblem: Three Houses: Nemesis is known as the Liberator King, an ally of Saint Seiros in protecting humanity from other wicked Gods by wielding the Sword of Creator. Sadly, he became Drunk with Power and had to be put down by Seiros. By delving into the story, eventually you learn that Nemesis was just a normal petty thief who was manipulated by Those Who Slither In The Dark to murder the sleeping Goddess Sothis and make weapons out of her remains to be shared by his allies and went on another murderous rampage against the remaining Nabateans, which understandably made Seiros mad and killed him, and decided to saintify his allies in order to keep mankind's dark side at bay and make sure that the tragedy committed by Nemesis would never happen again.
• In the backstory of the Metal Gear series, Big Boss' exploits from before Outer Heaven were declassified at some point after the Big Shell Incident (a bit of Leaning on the Fourth Wall in that the game that came after MGS2 was a prequel focusing on Big Boss before he was Big Boss). As such, by the time of Metal Gear Solid 4, Big Boss is a legendary hero in the eyes of the current war economy - a far cry from the battle-obsessed soldier who tried to lead his own organization to their deaths that Solid Snake knew him as.
• Many fade spirits from the Dragon Age series view Loghain as a coolheaded and savvy general who refused to let his soldiers get killed for King Cailan's vanity. The reality is that while this is how Loghain saw himself, he was delusional and paranoid when he made the call to retreat and leave Cailan to die. Other spirits take the opposite approach.
• The Elven pantheon were actually corrupt and power-hungry mages known as the Evanuris who took lower-class elves as slaves, but are now remembered and celebrated as gods. (Naturally, Fen'Harel, the elf who fought back against the Evanuris, freed their slaves, and eventually imprisoned them is now remembered as a malevolent trickster god).
• In World of Warcraft this is the Watsonian explanation on why Kargath Bladefist is regarded as a hero for freeing himself and his fellow slaves from their ogre masters and building a new clan, as well as his service during the first two wars. As a result many places are named after him and when he is corrupted by fel blood the Horde players are told to mourn him. This glosses over his sadism and own proclivity for slavery as well as the many war crimes he committed. The Doylist explanation is due to a Continuinty Snarl; originally Kargath joined the modern Horde with Thrall fitting in with the orc campaign ending in Beyond the Dark Portal where Grom Hellscream, Kargath and their clans were left on Azeroth.
• While telling the history of the Nedians to the heroes in Star Ocean: The Second Story, Mayor Nall describes Dr. Lantis as the one who discovered the means of defeating the seemingly-invincible Ten Wise Men. One of the heroes (an Intrepid Reporter) suspects that there might actually a little inaccuracy on Nall's account. An optional quest allows the heroes to unearth the true historical records, where it is revealed that Dr. Lantis is in fact the Ten Wise Men's creator, and uploaded his memories into the tenth and most powerful Wise Man, Gabriel.
• In Guild Wars 2 the Charr consider Bonfazz Burntfur to have been a hero for leading the invasion of Ascalon and occupying Rin. They neatly excised the fact that he was a member of the now-despised Shaman caste and his victories were only possible due to the Searing.
• In Path of Exile King Kaom is well remembered for his great military victories and heroic, if ultimately failed, attempt to carve out a kingdom for the Karui people from the corrupt Eternal Empire. Karui legends don't include him abandoning his people and slaughtering 500 of his own men in sacrifice to The Beast.
• Also, every god ever rose to power through a series of horrifically catastrophic deeds and trials known as the divine birthing pains and became worshiped as god walking among men, only to go insane and/or seriously screw things up. Most are still venerated, some are properly reviled, and one has been declared the origin of all evil for trying to save mankind from divine madness.
• In Sable's Grimoire history remembers the great friendship between the elf Ein and the human Bartholomew as being the birth of peace between the two races and later between humans and other non-humans after centuries of Fantastic Racism on both sides. Making the right choices in the story can reveal that in reality while Ein and Bartholomew were friends to start with Bartholomew became obsessed with Ein's magical power and imprisoned him in a torture device designed to siphon off that power for himself, planning to eventually do the same to Ein's infant daughter. Ein (who's still alive by the time of the game) escaped, killing Bartholomew in the process, but preserved his former friend's good name so as not to damage the fragile peace.
• In Tales of Zestiria, Artorius is remembered as the first of the great Shepherds, an upstanding man who founded the Abbey in its modern form and rallied humanity and seraphs against daemonkind. In Tales of Berseria, we found out he performed human sacrifices with his own family, enslaved seraphs (then called Malakhim), and would indeed protect humanity from daemons... by completely suppressing their free will. In fact, he's the Big Bad of the story, but goes down in history a hero thanks to his status as Villain with Good Publicity. Meanwhile, Byronic Anti-Hero Velvet is remembered as the Lord of Calamity, her noble acts - if not intentions - forgotten by history.
• Twisted Wonderland: The "Great Seven", upon whose ideals Night Raven College was founded on, are all Disney villains. The tales about them that Ace gives you in the prologue either frame their actions with Metaphorically True or focus on their Evil Virtues (minus the evil part), implying that they were the targets of this in the game's universe.
Western Animation
• Parodied on a Robot Chicken sketch that shows Benjamin Franklin practicing with a bo staff and declares "For America!" at the very end.
• A different, but similar, sketch had The American Revolution done in the style of the film 300.
"1776! It ain't accurate, but it'll blow your fucking mind!"
• Jebediah Springfield on The Simpsons. Touted as an archetypal pioneer who killed bears with his bare hands, he was in fact a German pirate who once tried to off George Washington but got his ass kicked.
• And even before that was revealed, the narrator of the TV recreation showing a man dressed as a pioneer fighting a man in a bear suit says: "but modern historians think that was the bear who killed him"
• Among many tall tales about Jebediah Springfield, one says that he tamed a wild buffalo by himself and in a matter of seconds, and another that he started the tradition of Springfield's Wacking Day by killing a snake in 1775 (the Springfeldians considered this a good thing at the time). In reality: he killed the buffalo, and Whacking Day was invented in 1924 as an excuse to beat up the Irish. At least it is true that he did not want men to marry their cousins.
• "The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star" ends with a flashforward to 3005 AD, showing that Bart is now revered as the Last Prophet of God. Unfortunately, the world is engulfed in a war between those who think he taught love and tolerance, and those who think he taught understanding and peace.
• One episode of the Fairly OddParents has Timmy wanting to make a parade float based on legendary Dimmsdale founder Dale Dimm; AJ scoffs at him, declaring Dale Dimm to be just a legend and wanting to base their float on Alden Bitterroot, who is given actual historical credit for founding Dimmsdale. It turns out they both sucked. When Timmy travels back in time, it turns out Dale IS real, but a moron who is an accidental Idiot Hero AT BEST, and Alden Bitterroot is an obsessive and delusional witch hunter, identical ancestor of Crocker (who is actually a real witch himself and even more of an evil pain than his Identical Grandson!).
• Gravity Falls: Initially, in "Irrational Treasure", presumed founder of Gravity Falls Nathaniel Northwest was, in reality, a waste-shoveling village idiot that the government used to hide the real founder of Gravity Falls, America's 8th and 1/2 President Quentin Trembley. As it turns out, that was merely the tip of the iceberg — Northwest and his wife gain untold amounts of wealth with the cover-up, along with a mayoral position, and then used the townspeople to build Northwest Manor with the promise of a party every year celebrating their hard work. The people built the manor, only to be betrayed and denied entrance to the party for the next 150 years. This was the first of the many lies and deceit the Northwests, Gravity Falls' supposed "first family", has been involved in since then — a fact that Pacifica Northwest is very much horrified to find out.
• In Star vs. the Forces of Evil, the original Mewman colonists like to describe themselves as having bravely fought a war to purge the land of evil monsters so they could live in peace. The obvious subtext is that the monsters were the natives being driven from their lands by a superior force, and that history was Written by the Winners.
• One queen in particular stands out, Solaria the Monster Carver is portrayed as stalwart hero who defended mewman lands from monsters in their history but the The Magic Book of Spells reveals that she had a hatred for monsters that exceeded even the rest of Mewni and would even lead genocidal purges into monster lands when they stopped attacking.
• Steven Universe: Steven steadily realizes that the Crystal Gems have done this a bit with Rose Quartz; she was a hero who was willing to sacrifice everything to protect Earth, but the Crystal Gems (out of a mixture of Nostalgia Filter and wanting to protect Steven) have left out many of her flaws, making her out as if she was some kind of Messianic Archetype. As heroic as Rose was, she was also a warrior and commander of an army who had to repeatedly Shoot the Dog for the sake of the greater good, such as bubbling Bismuth and covering up her fate when the latter showed signs of Jumping Off the Slippery Slope. They also left out the fact that it took a lot of Character Development for Rose to become such a good person, as it's implied she originally saw humans as little more than cute animals. In truth, Rose Quartz was originally called Pink Diamond, and came to Earth to oversee its colonization, a process that would've wiped out humanity. She eventually had a change of heart and created her new identity of Rose Quartz in order to lead a rebellion against her homeworld's government, even faking her own assassination in a misguided attempt to end the war quickly. Instead, it led the other diamonds to retaliate with a Fantastic Nuke that corrupted nearly all gems on Earth into mindless monsters. Rose Quartz spent thousands of years trying to atone for what she's done, culminating in her essentially dying in order to create Steven, a half-gem half-human who might some day become powerful enough to cure the corruption.
Video Example(s):
Mr. Burns
Mr. Burns does this to himself, in his film "A Burns For All Seasons." It does not work for him.
How well does it match the trope?
2.8 (5 votes)
Example of:
Main / HistoricalHeroUpgrade
Media sources:
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American Sociological Association
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1. Rents, Power and Governance in Global Value Chains
3. Modern Social Hierarchies and the Spaces between: How Are Subjective Status Inconsistencies Linked to Mental Well-Being?
Higher socioeconomic status is linked to higher mental well-being, but modern individuals inhabit multiple hierarchies and reference groups—and thus well-being may be determined between as much as within socioeconomic statuses. Drawing on proprietary national data collected by Gallup in 2017, I find that inconsistency between one’s perceived standing in society and one’s standing in more local hierarchies based in neighbors or friends is quite common.
4. Going Out: A Sociology of Public Outings
In this article we propose a framework for description and analysis of public life by treating “outings” as a unit of sociological analysis. Studying outings requires bracketing a concern with bounded places and isolated encounters. Instead, descriptions of outings track people as they organize trips “out,” including their preparations, turning points, and post hoc reflections. We emphasize how people understand and contextualize their time in public by linking situated moments of public life to the outing’s unfolding trajectory and to people’s biographical circumstances.
5. Born Poor? Racial Diversity, Inequality, and the American Pipeline
The authors examine racial disparities in infants’ exposure to economic disadvantage at the family and local area levels. Using data from the 2008–2014 files of the American Community Survey, the authors provide an up-to-date empirical benchmark of newborns’ exposure to poverty. Large shares of Hispanic (36.5 percent) and black (43.2 percent) infants are born poor, though white infants are also overrepresented among the poor (17.7 percent).
6. Separate and Unequal: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and the Great Recession on Racial Disparities in Housing Values
The effects of race, class, and residential segregation on housing values continue to be a major focus of sociological research. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that places these factors in the context of the great recession of 2008 and 2009. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is to assess the extent to which the great recession affected housing values for African Americans and whites relative to the joint effects of race, class, and residential segregation.
7. School Strictness and Education: Investigating Racial and Ethnic Educational Inequalities Associated with Being Pushed Out
There are racial and ethnic disparities associated with school discipline practices and pushout rates. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school discipline practices and higher pushout rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between racial and ethnic inequality, school discipline practices, and pushout rates across urban, rural, and suburban schools.
8. Completing the Educational Career: High School Graduation, Four-year College Enrollment, and Bachelor’s Degree Completion among Black, Hispanic, and White Students
Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, the author investigates racial disparities in high school graduation, four-year college enrollment, and bachelor’s degree completion. In addition, the author considers how conditionally relevant college and early adult variables shape bachelor’s degree completion. The results indicate that although comparable numbers of black and Hispanic students obtain bachelor’s degrees, their educational career trajectories differ substantially.
9. Pushing the Boundaries: Searching for Housing in the Most Segregated Metropolis in America
The Housing Choice Voucher Program struggles to assist families in accessing low‐poverty neighborhoods. This paper explores a newly introduced incentive in the voucher program in Milwaukee County that could expand its potential to improve locational outcomes by providing security deposit assistance to households who move to a suburban jurisdiction. Using in‐depth interviews we examine the different ways voucher users responded to the program and how it interacted with their life experiences and search strategies.
10. Overcoming Spatial Mismatch: The Opportunities and Limits of Transit Mode in Addressing the Black‐White Unemployment Gap
Spatial inequality is a central characteristic of U.S. metropolitan areas. Overcoming related employment disadvantages requires a broad set of responses: relocation, economic development, or an increase in mobility. Given the difficulty of widespread relocation or urban rebuilding programs, increasing mobility through transportation options may be a core solution in the short term. This article explains the racial gap in unemployment under spatial mismatch in the largest metropolitan areas by examining racial gaps in automobile access and public transit use. |
Truth, justice and the American way: We need new superheroes
The cover to "Action Comics" No. 1000 was illustrated by DC co-publisher Jim Lee.
The cover to "Action Comics" No. 1000 was illustrated by DC co-publisher Jim Lee. (DC Entertainment)
Superman was the first superhero to introduce Americans to a new role for their government. Unlike the grandiose spectacle of the hero's current cinematic iterations, Superman's first appearance in 1938 showed him combating social issues. In the debut issue of Action Comics, he saved a woman from death row who had been wrongly accused, prevented a domestic abuser from further harming his wife and stopped a gangster from blackmailing a senator.
Delivering justice, protecting family and stopping corruption, Superman represented the newly expanded New Deal state. His immense power could seem threatening - after all, an unstoppable alien could just as easily be villain as hero - but Superman vowed to use his powers only to advance the greater good and fight pervasive social ills. He had an infallible moral compass and an unquenchable desire to make the world a safer and fairer place.
At a time when President Franklin D. Roosevelt made bold claims of leadership and executive power, Superman mirrored the benefits for American society, embodying the palpable determination of an administration calling for "action, and action now." Admonishing the greed and selfishness of the Roaring Twenties, the Roosevelt administration swiftly enacted laws and executive orders aimed at protecting and assisting those most vulnerable in society, such as the Social Security Act, the Wagner Act (which protected unions) and the formation of the U.S. Housing Authority.
In the pages of the comics, Superman did the same. Stories like "The Blakely Mine Disaster" and "Superman in the Slums" highlighted issues surrounding the right of the worker to a safe working environment and the need for adequate housing.
If Superman helped readers adjust to the sweeping social reforms of New Deal America, another superhero - Captain America - prepared them for war. Making his first appearance for Marvel (then known as Timely Comics) in March 1940, this indefatigable patriot represented "the American ideal - individual freedom, individual responsibility, moral sensitivity, integrity, and a willingness to fight for right," an editor wrote in one issue.
Both his costume and his iconic round shield were emblazoned with the Stars and Stripes of his home country. Captain Marvel battled Nazis and any other villain who dared threaten the unquestionable divinity of a free world. Planting the seeds of American interventionism mere months before the attack on Pearl Harbor (and at a time when Roosevelt was struggling to convince Americans of the threat they faced), the superhero simultaneously embodied and protected the fusion of American identity and foreign policy.
On comic pages, Superman and Captain America championed American self-confidence at a time of international uncertainty. The Writers' War Board understood this well. During World War II, the U.S. Office of War Information used comic books as propaganda tools to encourage brave and admirable depictions of America's identity. On the cover of Captain America Issue No. 1, a fearless Captain delivers a knockout punch to Hitler, decrying fascism as "the menace of hate and oppression, of tyranny and evil which is sweeping over the world." Superman, in turn, sought to raise money for the war by encouraging readers to buy war bonds to "knock out the Axis."
These characters sold a particular version of the war and its aims: celebrating diversity, domestic cooperation between labor and business and an international role for the United States abroad. Contrasted against the evils of fascism, America became the antithesis to a gruesome ideology espoused by Nazi Germany and its contempt toward freedom, individuality and human rights.
And it worked. The overt patriotism of Captain America and Superman contributed to the confidence, morale and pocketbook of the Allied Powers. Their moral certainty stood in stark contrast to the chaos and anarchy ravaging the European continent, and it helped Americans adjust to a new internationalism that the war ushered in.
During a time of upheaval at home and the looming threat of war aboard, comic books fortified new interpretations of the American spirit and a burgeoning American hegemony. Superman and Captain America were idealized notions of the American character, notions that became deeply intertwined with U.S. foreign policy. These heroes acted as a vehicle through which America could explore, dissect and ultimately understand both its national character and, eventually, its Cold War foreign policy.
And so, perhaps as America's international prestige diminishes and its national identity becomes more exclusionary for the first time in decades, we should revisit the pages of comic books and those early adventures of Superman and Captain America for inspiration. Their early stories cemented the vision of America as a righteous and noble leader of nations in the hearts and minds of readers, a vision either lost to antiquity or simply lying dormant. And it's a vision that we must endeavor to resuscitate in a world once again yearning for moral leadership.
The United States once again finds itself at a momentous turning-point in history. By casting its gaze back to these influential stories from a time of great uncertainty, the nation has an opportunity to adjust its faltering course, reevaluate its core principles and strive anew for the virtuous and heroic identity it has long sought to champion.
This originally appeared in The Washington Post
Moore is a master's graduate of International Relations from Dublin City University, working on the intersection of pop culture and politics, European history and U.S. foreign policy.
Recommended on Chicago Tribune |
Namchak Community Blog
Sympathetic Joy: A Tibetan Buddhist Formula for Multiplying Happiness
What is Sympathetic Joy?
Searching for happiness is a common theme in books, movies, TV shows, podcasts, and all kinds of media. One simple way to find happiness that you may not see in movies or TV is through the Buddhist practice of Sympathetic Joy, also referred to as Mudita in Sanskrit and Pali. In its most general sense, Sympathetic Joy means to be happy for others. For example, when someone you love has something wonderful happen, you feel a flush of joy right along with them! You might high five or hug each other—maybe even a happy dance! —for joy!
Sympathetic Joy is one of the Four Immeasurables, or Boundless Qualities, a set of Buddhist practices that help you feel your interconnection with others. These qualities, also known as the Four Brahmaviharas, will help you find your way to more meaningful connections and genuine happiness. In these times of digital connection and Covid 19 distancing, we have broad but shallow connection. We want broad and deep connection. These practices give us a great opportunity to do that from four slightly different directions.The Four Immeasurables are directly connected to cultivating a limitless heart so we can experience a new level of awareness. For simplicity, we will focus on Sympathetic Joy here, but know that the rest of the qualities include Compassion or Tonglen, Loving Kindness, and Equanimity. These emotions are considered the four highest states and will help you overcome their near and far enemies.
Sympathetic Joy (dga’ ba in Tibetan) is closely related to the act of rejoicing (rjes su yi rang). Rejoicing is the direct antidote to competitive attitudes (‘gran sems) and jealousy (phrag dog). Generally, there’s nothing wrong with friendly competition. It can even be fun. However, anger, resentment, and jealousy grow when you lack appreciation for the qualities of the others involved. In all the movies, books, and media on happiness, you will not find anger, resentment, or jealousy on the path to happiness. If you engage in competition and lose to someone yourespect and whose strengths you recognize and appreciate, you can accept your loss and sincerely congratulate them. When you rejoice in the qualities of others, their success, intelligence, happiness, or the good works they do, you will feel genuine happiness for them. It’s easy to think, “Why didn’t I get what they have?” But the Buddha said that if you rejoice in the good deeds of others, you share in the merit of those deeds. And isn’t that what we want? To be a part of the good deeds or good fortune?
What is Sympathetic Joy Meditation?
Sympathetic Joy meditation is the process of using breath, visualization, and presence to expand upon one of the Four Immeasurables or Boundless Qualities. Through this practice you create a shared sense of joy for others and their good fortunes.
How do I practice Sympathetic Joy?
Like all of the Four Immeasurables, Sympathetic Joy isn’t a passing sentiment. It is a capacity that you can cultivate. That’s why they call it practice! The basic progression is that you go from self, outward to others, gradually to all and everyone.
If you’re familiar with Tonglen, which is the practice of Immeasurable Compassion, then you know you’ll prime the pump, starting with yourself. Yes, you get to be happy for yourself! You get to celebrate some simple joy, such as a warm phone call with someone you love, or stepping out of the shower, fresh and clean. See and feel that moment, really sinking into it, savoring it, feeling your happiness. Then celebrate it—be happy for yourself! Ignore the cultural question of whether you deserve it. Actually, since all beings emanate from one perfect source, and one ongoing quality of that source is joy, then joy is everybody’s natural state. We get plenty distracted from joy, but it’s our baseline, nonetheless. So be happy that you’re experiencing even a whiff of that, in this distracted world.
Now step it out to someone you already easily care for. You can think of anything that may be a source of goodness or happiness for them. Practice Tip: Avoid the urge to compare their good qualities with your own. Again, worthiness is quite beside the point! Instead, consider those qualities from the perspective of that person’s life and how those qualities are sources of happiness for them. With that change of perspective, you can begin to feel happy for them for having such goodness in their life. Without confusion or distraction, we would ALL be in a state of 100% joy all the time! You might even imagine hugging each other in celebration of that joy that you’re imagining.
After doing this with a couple of your loved ones, step it out to whole categories of people, such as those getting jobs they wanted, or eating a delicious meal at this moment, finding love, getting a new puppy, etc. Then you’ll step it out to everyone in your country, everyone in the world; even, perhaps, to animals. The goal is to make it Immeasurable by expanding that Sympathetic Joy to all beings.As you strengthen the Sympathetic Joy muscle, you’ll find that stronger capacity naturally showing up in your life. And through it all you’ll feel more deeply connected to everyone by sharing in their happiness. If we are indeed from one common source, then their joy actually is our joy.
Sympathetic Joy through Contemplation
Another method for developing Sympathetic Joy is to consider the faults of jealousy and the good feelings you get when you are happy for others. Think of a time when you were jealous. How did you feel? How did you behave? How does it feel to look back on that time? In contrast, think about a time when you felt genuine joy for someone else’s happiness. Imagine when your best friend, brother, or sister got married, got the job of their dreams, or overcame a serious illness. Think of the joy you felt for them and how good that felt. When you meditate on Sympathetic Joy, you will begin to tap into that feeling in your off-the-cushion life.
Is joy Inherent? Is joy the same as Sympathetic Joy?
Here’s an important differentiation between joy and Sympathetic Joy in a Buddhist context. Buddhism teaches that joy is inherent and an aspect of thenature of your mind. In the sense of Sympathetic Joy of the Four Immeasurables, joy isn’t merely an energy of happiness, bliss, or brilliant awareness. Instead, it is a thought of appreciating and rejoicing in the meritsof others. In Buddhism, we would say that awareness and compassion are inherent and everything else is learned or brought about by the conditions ofour lives. That being said, even though compassion is an inherent quality, our inherent compassion can be covered up or obscured by other factors in our lives, so it’s important to commit to developing the capacity for Sympathetic Joy.
Meditations to Expand Sympathetic Joy or Mudita
Here are some guided meditations from Lama Tsomo to help you develop and cultivate Sympathetic Joy. Remember, these are practices you can comeback to again and again. Through visualization and embodying the feelings of joy for others, we can learn to open our hearts and cultivate these positive emotions.
Book recommendations for further study:
The Way of the Bodhisattva by Shantideva
The Nectar of Manjushri’s Speech (commentary to The Way of the Bodhisattva) by Kunzang Pelden
Words of My Perfect Teacher by Patrul Rinpoche |
These robots were built to be punched, stabbed and cursed. Here's why you might want to oblige them.
The masochistic little bots are intended to help people process negative emotions, but some experts wonder if they might do just the opposite.
Image: A block-like geometric shape that emits a glowing red light when it hears swear words.
This block-like geometric shape emits a glowing red light when it hears swear words.Michal Luria
It’s no secret that technology can drive us batty. Between glitchy apps, social media outages and data breaches, the only thing stopping some people from smashing their personal tech is the exorbitant cost of replacing it.
Now a trio of researchers say they’ve found a way to use technology to channel our rage rather than provoke it. They’ve created robots designed not to perform tasks but to serve as our personal punching bags.
The research team, based at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, says the so-called “cathartic objects” are designed to be hit, stabbed, cursed and otherwise abused. The bots don’t complain or fight back, as seen in a video, but they do respond by flashing lights and flailing around.
Why should we take our anger out on robots? The researchers say it’s all about catharsis, the process by which people give full expression of their negative emotions as a way to curb them.
“Negative emotions are unpleasant, but they are necessary,” Michal Luria, a doctoral student in human-computer interaction at the university and leader of the team who created the robots, told NBC News MACH in an email. “I suggest that technology can help us channel our negative emotions in a healthier way, that doesn't hurt the people around us.”
Luria and her colleagues created four different prototype robots.
Object 1 is a moplike robot covered in black fabric that wiggles back and forth when poked with something sharp.
A mop-like robot covered in black fabric wiggles back and forth when poked with something sharp.Michal Luria
Object 2 is a blocky geometric shape that emits a glowing red light when it hears swear words (see image at top).
Object 3, the most humanlike, has a doll-like fabric body and a shock of blue hair. It provokes users with an irritating laugh until they pound it into submission.
A doll-like fabric body with blue hair provokes users with an irritating laugh until they hit it into submission.Michal Luria
Object 4 is a yellow plastic cartridge lined with LED lights that allows users to write what’s irritating them on a ceramic tile and then safely pulverize it with a hammer. Users can keep the shattered tile as a reminder of both the negative emotions and the smashing good time that relieved them.
Users can write something that irritates them on a ceramic tile and then safely smash it with a hammer.Michal Luria
If hauling off and hitting a helpless robot sounds as if it might encourage our sadistic tendencies, Luria says it’s just the opposite. In a paper describing the team’s research, which was presented May 5 at a human computer interaction conference in Glasgow, Scotland, she and her co-authors cite research linking expressions of anger to higher pain tolerance and better responses to being wronged.
“Catharsis has been controversial since its early days,” Luria told IEEE Spectrum. “But recently, researchers have been finding that physical expression of anger in particular contexts or combined with reflection can be beneficial.”
But Patrick Markey, a professor of psychological and brain sciences at Villanova University, isn't so sure. In an email to NBC News MACH, he called catharsis an outdated concept, adding that beating up a robot might make us feel more angry, not less.
“As a psychologist, there is nothing I would like better than the idea that you could reduce a person’s negative emotions by having them hit a robot,” he said. “However, it seems extremely unlikely this will actually have any real effect on reducing anger.”
Sarita Robinson, a psychology lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston, England, agreed with Luria that physical expressions of anger can be beneficial for some. But she said stabbing a robot that appears to quiver in pain could be a distressing experience, particularly for those who tend to humanize nonliving objects.
“People can start to believe that their car has a personality and will give it a name, or that their kettle is sad when it gets broken,” she said in an email. “If people start to attribute thoughts and feelings to the cathartic robots, then they might not be able to bring themselves to hurt them.”
The researchers acknowledged that, for now, it’s hard to gauge the effectiveness of robot-assisted catharsis. In the paper, they argue that it would be hard to obtain institutional approval for a study with participants angry enough to assault their computer hardware.
Instead, Luria said she’d use herself as a test subject, interacting with a prototype at home and carefully documenting the results. If the first test goes well, Luria said, she'd try the bots out on others, too.
Robinson, the psychology professor, has a different idea for the future of these punching bag bots. “Maybe in the future,” she joked, “cathartic robots will need to be customized so that they resemble your boss.”
Want more stories about technology? |
Because schizophrenia is a cluster of symptoms and brain function anomalies, not everyone with schizophrenia has the same beliefs, perceptions or experiences. One phenomenon experienced by a few people I know with schizophrenia is called Capgras syndrome.
Capgras syndrome causes a person to have the irrational belief that someone they know is not who they really are, replaced by an imposter. Capgras syndrome can also be experienced by people with Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Even anxiety could bring on an episode of Capgras syndrome. It may have a correlation with whatever part of the mind can make a person paranoid or not trusting, but taken to an extreme. The person experiencing Capgras syndrome may even feel that people they know well, like family members, are actually robots, not even another human being.
In the coming years when we have more artificial intelligence to interact with, this disturbing thought disorder might even get stimulated more in some individuals. It reminds me of the classic paranoid delusion in which a person thinks that the government or some private entity is spying on them. And now we know that is verifiably true, whether through Alexa, Facebook or the surveillance technology all around us. Your Smart TV might not be talking to you, but it could possibly be listening to you!
One friend of mine has a son with schizophrenia and he will look his mother over and check for the moles on her arms in order to be sure that it is really his mother who has come to visit him. Some suggest that Capgras syndrome can be caused by a brain injury and this is quite plausible, especially if there is documentation that the onset of Capgras syndrome started directly after a brain injury. I once dated a man who has what is referred to as “Face Blindness,” or Prosopagnosia. He did fall off a second story balcony as a small boy, hitting his head, and that is when his Prosopagnosia began. He learned quickly to recognize people by the sound of their voice and other non-visual details because he really could not recognize faces.
One time we went out to lunch and he had to excuse himself to use the bathroom. When he came back, he first started to walk toward a table where another woman was sitting alone. She didn’t look anything like me except for having brown hair. I waved at him and then he knew he was about to sit down with the wrong woman. I learned then that we take for granted how instantaneously our brains can put together thousands of pieces of information in order to recognize other people. I don’t recall asking him, but it must have been very mentally exhausting for him to watch a movie, where characters come and go on screen and he had to guess who they were before they resumed speaking.
My own son has never verbalized to me that he thought someone was an imposter although one time years ago he mentioned that he had a hard time believing some people were real. He specifically said it was hard for him to conceptualize that once a person left his presence that they were real or carried on with their own lives somewhere else. This almost seems like a version of Capgras syndrome because he is not sure if people are real, let alone, pretending to be someone else.
Additionally, there is probably a correlation with the fact that some people with schizophrenia do not always know how to interpret the facial expressions of others. We take for granted that most of us learn very early in life how to read all kinds of emotions on others’ faces. If people are smiling at you, or if they are indifferent, but you think they are mad at you, this alone would be very anxiety-producing. This topic illustrates one reason why some people in the mental health field are advocating for schizophrenia to be re-classified as a neurological brain disorder and not just a mental illness. With mental illness, we know a person can be genetically pre-disposed to having it, but there is still a prevalent assumption that it remains dormant unless brought on by environmental factors outside the person’s own innate physiology. Re-classified as a neurological brain disease, it may help increase funding for research and cures.
Kartar Diamond is a mental illness advocate and author of Noah’s Schizophrenia: A Mother’s Search for Truth |
What is Web Hosting and web servers?
What is Web Hosting and web servers?
Web hosting is a technical process or activity that provides websites or web pages with storage space and access on the internet and then allows it to be appeared. Web hosting services enable individuals and organizations to post their website or web page on the Internet.
If you have a website and want make it appeared on the internet, you need to put your website files on a web server. Every website owner can not setup and manage the web server as setting up and managing a server is not only expensive, but also difficult. That is why purchasing a web hosting is a right options for most of the website owners. Purchasing web hosting allows site owner to rent a space on a web server.
What is Web Host or Web Hosting Service provider?
A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business or organization that sets up some special kinds of computers with special technologies (commonly called server) and provides the technologies and professional services needed for a website or webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on these servers.
When Internet users put your website address into their web browser, then their PC is successfully linked to your web server and then your WebPages are delivered to them through the browser.
Most web hosting companies require that you own your domain name in order to host with them. If you do not already have your own domain name, the hosting companies generally help you purchase one with it.
Types of Web Hosting Services
Various kinds of web hosting services are available to host your website. Before you sign up for web hosting services, you need to understand what type of service your website or websites require. The kind of server your business needs, the type of services a web host offers and your budget are very necessary to bring into high consideration.
Hosting options available are:
• Free Hosting
• Shared Hosting
• VPS Hosting
• Dedicated Hosting
• Collocated Hosting
Free Hosting Services
Some companies offer free hosting services but they want you to purchase your domain from them, some others offer you a free sub domain under them, such as. But be careful as you cannot transfer these free sub domains. Free web hosting is a good choice when someone just wants to create a website a website only for fun. In the free hosting environment, you will often find connection speed, slow. Your website can be down frequently. And sometimes you will find advertising banners appeared automatically on your website.
Shared Hosting Services
In a shared hosting plan, your website is hosted with other websites on a shared server. You and other websites owner share the physical server and the software applications within the server. That is the very reason that shared hosting services are cheap because the cost spent on operating the server is shared between you and other website owners whose websites are hosted on that particular server. In this plan also you have some limitations including limit on disk storage, bandwidth and CPU consumption.
VPS Hosting Services:
VPS stands for virtual private server. Under the VPS hosting plan, your website is placed with some other websites on a server like shared hosting plan, but here the number of websites on the server is less comparatively. Here you have root and admin access to its own operating system. Here you can install specific packages or software that is not provided by shared hosting.
VPS Server in terms of shared hosting and Dedicating hosting: In terms of root and admin access, A VPS hosting mimics a dedicated server but within a shared hosting environment. You can technically take it as a middle phase of both shared hosting and dedicated hosting.
How does VPS Hosting Work?
The technology of VPS hosting is similar just to that of VMware or Virtual Box. These programs make you able to run several virtualized operating systems on a single machine. For better understanding you can take the example: When your desktop is running Windows 7, at the same time you can also run some other operating systems such as Linux or Windows XP without restarting your computer.
Dedicated Hosting Services:
Under the dedicated hosting plan, a website owner has the entire web server to himself. The website owner has full control on it. Your website gets full access to the web server as there is no other website to share your server. It means that dedicated web hosting offers website owner capabilities and resources of an entire server that is completely devoted to you and your websites. This dedicated hosting environment allows for faster performance, enough bandwidth and memory to handle large traffic, interaction and any kind of multimedia as it is only you who have all the server’s resources entirely. Dedicating hosting plan is a good choice for the website that requires a lot of system resources higher level of security.
Collocated Hosting
Under the term of Collocated Hosting plan, website owner or business person purchases their own web server and house at any web host’s facilities. In this way you are owner of your server and are responsible for the server itself. You have capability to install any application and scripts. It means that you have full control on the web server.
Similarities and variations with all web hosting Services
All of these web hosting account types are similar on the basis of the fact that these accounts all provide you a web server to run your website on. But webhosting accounts vary on the basis of setup, the features they offer, and different levels of customization a website owner can have with each one.
Reseller hosting -This reseller web service is geared for resellers who want to resell their own web hosting service, and webmasters who develop various websites and provide webhosting services for their clients. This reseller web hosting is also a good option for those persons who have multiple websites as this hosting environment makes it easier to manage various websites under one control panel.
What is ASP Web Hosting?
What is ASP?
ASP/Active Server Pages are HTML pages with embedded ASP scripts. ASP scripts are processed on the server before the page is sent to the visitor’s browser. ASP allows you to create dynamic database driven pages, a visitor can access data in a database and interact with page objects such as Active X or Java components.
How does ASP work?
When you type in a URL in the Address Box of your browser, you are asking the web server to send the file to your computer. If the file is standard HTML, then the file that your web browser receives will look exactly the same as it did on the web server. However, if an ASP file is sent to your computer from the server, it first runs the HTML code, then the ASP code. The ASP code could be anything such as the current time, date, or other such information.
How to find an ASP web host?
You will need to find a web host who will host your website on a Windows server. It is safer to host your ASP pages on a Windows server as they are more stable and most ASP components work specific to Windows. You also need to consider if your website uses a database, such as SQL and Access. Make sure your web host provides support for the type of database your website requires.
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Each computer on the Internet is assigned a unique address, called an IP address. A typical IP address looks like this: 199.123.456.7
It is very difficult to keep in mind the IP addresses of all the websites we visit daily. Words are easier to remember than strings of numbers. This is where domain names come into the picture. When you visit a website, all you need to know is its URL. Computers remember numbers, and DNS helps us convert the URL into an IP address that the computer can understand.
When you type in domain.com into your browser, the browser first needs to get the IP address of www.domain.com. The browser contacts a DNS server to query the location of the server where the webpages are stored. Think of it as a directory service of IP address.
The classic phonebook directory analogy, you need to find the company “Joe’s Bookstore”, you look in the directory and see that it is located on 123 Main Street. Then you go to the address to visit the store.
Which Web Server – Linux or Windows?
What are Features of a Hosting Plan
The basic features of a hosting plan include:
Disk Space
All hosting accounts offer a certain amount of disk space that you can use to store your web files. It is recommended that you have some sort of estimates on what you need for various tasks. How much space willyou need for your emails, web files, databases, etc. By breaking down your usage, you can better estimate how much space you should go for.
Email Accounts
Email accounts are a common feature of hosting, especially if you are hosting a domain. There are three main types of email accounts: POP3, forwarding, and aliases.
POP3 accounts are the traditional inboxes. You have space on the server to store your emails, and at the same time, you can use an email program to download your mail. Each login and password combination usually equates to one account.
Forwarding mail accounts are useful if you are employing the service of another company to filter your emails for you. Rather than storing your emails on your mail server, emails are redirected to another email address.
Aliases accounts are similar to forwarding mail accounts. Some hosts allow you to setup a catch-all alias, which is often used to collect emails sent to addresses not recognized by your mail server.
What is FTP Account and FTP Access?
After you have created your web pages on your computer, you need to transfer those files to your web server. The files are transferred to the server by use of FTP.
Can I host my website on my personal computer?
Your Internet service provider supports you running websites on your home computer. You will need to investigate your bandwidth quota.
Your computer has to stay on at all times. Each time you turn it off or reboot, your website will become unavailable.
Your website will load slowly as home internet connections are not designed for serving web pages.
Keywords: web hosting plan, web hosting services, web hosting server, linux web server, windows web server, vps web server, dedicated web server
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How do we become who we are?
Research Overview
One of the major questions driving the field of developmental neuroscience is “How do we become who we are?” This question is one of the most intriguing, and incidentally, one of the most complicated to address. Part of the complication arises from the fact that each individual encounters unique experiences throughout his or her life course that can have profound impacts on the brain and, consequently, behavior.
Our primary research interests focus on the biological mechanism underlying neurobehavioral deficits induced by pre- and/or postnatal adverse experiences, with a special focus on the associated increased predisposition for developing psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders—up to 4% prevalence in Canada—and encompasses a wide-range of physical, physiological, and neurobehavioral changes resulting form prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)
Individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol also show dramatically higher rates of mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. The underlying mechanisms mediating these increased rates of mental health problems following PAE are not completely understood. However, the immune system is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in typical brain development and function, and immune dysregulation is known to occur in individuals with depression and anxiety.
Using a translational approach to explore parallel and complementary outcomes in an animal model of PAE and human cohorts of individuals with FASD, our research is investigating the possibility that PAE-induced changes in immune function may underly the increased vulnerability to mental health problems following PAE.
FASD effects 2.png
PAE model.png
Early-life Adversity
We have known for many years that exposure to early-life adversity, such as abuse, maltreatment, and/or neglect significantly increases the risk for later mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. Yet, we still have little understanding of how the infant brain responds to adversity and which specific factors within the complex social trauma initiate negative developmental trajectories leading to later life pathology.
Our research uses multiple animal models of early-life adversity to systematically identify key factors that are sufficient and necessary to induce adversity-related neurobehavioral deficits.
ACE effects.png
Low bedding model.png
© 2020 by Raineki |
Meeting the Needs of a Stressed Generation
Jennifer Haston-MaciejewskiBlog, Connect Better, Self Care Better
• Students of all ages face many stressors in their daily lives.
• Mindfulness is just one approach we can take to address the needs of a stressed generation.
• Emotional regulation uses strategies to guide anxiety, worry, and distress to harness those feelings and achieve specific goals in life, and in the classroom.
“Our children are our greatest treasure. They are our future…” Nelson Mandela spoke those words at a march in Pretoria, South Africa, in November of 1997. Over twenty years later, those words are just as true. As leaders, teachers, parents, and, quite frankly, just humans, it is our duty to lead them towards the acknowledgment of their own great worth.
Yeah, okay, but what does that mean? That sounds awesome, doesn’t it? Lead them towards the acknowledgment of their own great worth. Doesn’t that just make you warm and fuzzy? Probably not. My husband would quote the Grinch here: “Oh. Bleeding hearts of the world unite!
But if you genuinely care about kids, that’s what you’re ultimately doing, or trying to do, even if you don’t realize it!
Mindfulness can be the preventative measure schools need to assist students in creating the space between impulse and action. Click To Tweet
Meeting the needs of a stressed generation: You want students to see the potential you see when you look at them.
Instead, kids see what people tell them to see. Maybe it’s abusive parents, maybe it’s the media, or worse…social media…*shudders.* Kids have young, malleable minds. They will take on whatever persona you tell them they have.
They become so self-conscious that they will lie to themselves and others just to fit in until they believe it. Or they will be so confused about who they are that they will struggle with their own identity. This can lead to having zero self-worth and no clue where they belong in this huge and demanding world.
No matter how trivial it is to you, the stress these kids are facing day in and day out is real to them. I hear it all the time, “These kids don’t know what real stress is.” Yes, some kids’ stress is minimal.
But some kids go through and see more than the average person does in their whole year, all before you’ve even taken your first sip of coffee for the day.
Children and adolescents face an alarming number of pressures at school, home, and from their own peers.
Childhood stress is definitely on the rise. There are academic pressures, domestic problems, financial issues, family illness, or, quite frankly, just living in a culture that values product over process.
Thus, it is crucial these students learn stress management skills for both now and as they move into adulthood.
Stay with me! The skills learned from a mindfulness curriculum can make all the difference in students’ lives. Research suggests that the benefits of adopting a mindfulness-based curriculum for classrooms are profoundly transformative. Students learn to focus their attention, become less reactive, and learn to be more compassionate with themselves and others. Ultimately, this leads students to a more engaging and fulfilling life of lower stress and anxiety.
Statistics of a stressed generation.
Are you ready for the next couple of sentences? Hold on, sit down.
According to the Children’s Defense Fund (2010),
• a child is suspended once every second;
• a high school student drops out every 11 seconds;
• a student is corporally punished every 20 seconds;
• every 3 hours, a child or teen is killed by a firearm;
• every 5 hours, a child or teen commits suicide;
• and every 6 hours, a child or teen dies of abuse or neglect.
These statistics are alarming, and they hurt my heart.
Parents, teachers, and schools must do better to meet the needs of a stressed generation.
We need to give students adequate resources to alleviate the stress of their everyday life. Although mindfulness cannot stop these events from happening, it can help in students’ abilities to cope with the stressors in life.
Regardless of class, educational opportunities, or race, a substantial number of students are labeled as ADHD, depressed, anxious, obese, or with an addictive personality. Many are also taking part in other self-mutilating or destructive behaviors, including suicide.
Their ability to think before they act is limited. More often than not, negative responses to stress are unconscious, impulsive, and automatic. They are born out of anger, anxiety, or sometimes boredom.
Mindfulness-based curricula can teach far more than focusing attention and emotional impulse control. Students can also develop compassion for themselves and their peers. By understanding how their mind works, students can recognize those same emotions in their peers and have a greater sense of empathy for their troubles.
Mindfulness can teach compassion. Students are taught just how powerful self-talk really is. Students can learn to pay attention when their mind starts to think negative thoughts and redirect those thoughts into positive ideas. And they can learn they must be kind to others, but also compassionate with themselves.
How often do we hear kids say things about themselves that they would never say to a friend?! Mindfulness can teach students to retrain their brain so they can notice when that negative self-talk creeps in.
Here it comes…you knew I was going to mention it.
Diagnosis for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is on the rise.
*Gasp.* Don’t look at me like that.
Now, I’m not all essential oils and meditations. Certainly, there are situations that call for medicating students with this particular diagnosis. However, paying attention is something we can teach and amplify with the right skills. It takes practice.
There have already been several successful trials in which medication doses were lowered, or even completely removed! There was a study in 2008 in which mindful awareness practices were offered to a mixed group of adults and adolescents with ADHD. Findings included improvements in self-reported ADHD symptoms, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and working memory.
In 2005, in a controlled study by M. Napoli, 194 first, second, and third graders participated in a twice a week mindfulness and relaxation program. The results showed increases in their ability to pay attention and in their social skills, while at the same time displaying decreases in test anxiety and ADHD behaviors. (Note: Decreased ADHD behaviors essentially means an increase in executive function.)
The results speak for themselves. Although more research is needed to definitively say mindfulness increases a student’s ability to focus, one thing is for certain: it cannot hurt.
[scroll down to keep reading]
Aside from teaching students to focus their attention, teaching mindfulness in schools also trains children and adolescents how to be less reactive.
With training, students are better able to regulate their emotions—to take that pause before reacting and find out the why behind their often destructive outbursts.
Emotional regulation uses strategies to guide anxiety, worry, and distress to harness those feelings and achieve specific goals in life, and in the classroom. Troubles with emotional regulation are a core reason for many adolescent emotional and behavioral issues, including depression, anxiety, self-harm, eating disorders, and drug/alcohol use and abuse.
I mean, if these are all facts proven by research, then it would make sense to act now in the name of preventative measures. Right? Right.
Teaching emotional regulation in schools should be a systemic response to a nationwide mental health epidemic among the youth of this nation.
About Jennifer Haston-Maciejewski
Jennifer Haston-Maciejewski is the lead teacher of an alternative placement program and the behavior specialist at Greenfield-Central High school. She lives with her husband and 4 children in Greenfield, Indiana. After receiving her 200hour training in Yoga and mindfulness, she opened her own yoga studio and started a program called Stop.Breathe.Be. Her program focuses on restorative practices, replacing detentions and suspensions with a mindfulness program, skills to implement mindfulness into your classroom, and developing a personal mindfulness practice. She is a contributing writer in the book Educating Mindfully. Jennifer recently completed her wilderness therapy training and hopes to bridge that and mindfulness together. |
From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia
By Swami Harshananda
Sometimes transliterated as: Sivalinga, ZivaliGga, shivalinga
Śivaliṅga literally means ‘emblem of Śiva’.
With regards to the origin of the Śivaliṅga, the Liñgapurāṇa[1] states that when Viṣṇu and Brahmā were puffed up with arrogant pride about their powers, ignoring Śiva, he appeared before them as a pillar of fire of infinite length and challenged them to find out the extremities. They failed to do so and had to accept his superiority. This pillar of fire came to be known as liṅga because all the creatures merge in it at the time of dissolution.[2]
Significance of the Word Śivaliṅga
Śiva, the third god of the Trinity, is generally worshiped in the aniconic form of the liṅga. Literally, Śiva means auspiciousness and liñga means an emblem. Hence Śivaliṅga means an emblem of auspiciousness.
Śivaliṅga, Symbol of Supreme God
Since both the words, Śiva and liṅga, also mean the Supreme God into whom the whole universe dissolves at the time of pralaya<Pralaya means or withdrawal of the created world.</ref> and ‘sleeps’ in Him till the next cycle of creation, Śivaliṅga is the symbol for that Supreme God. Since God[3] is nirākāra and nirguṇa[4] a uniformly rounded surface like the Śivaliṅga can be the best visible representation of that God.
Significance of Śivaliṅga as an Emblem
With regards to the liṅga, the emblem of Śiva universally venerated, some explanation is needed. Literally Śiva means auspiciousness and Liṅga means a sign or symbol. Hence the ‘Śivaliṅga’ is just a symbol of the great God of the universe[5] who is all-auspiciousness. As already explained, ‘Śiva’ means the one in whom the whole creation sleeps after dissolution. ‘Liṅga’ also means the same thing, a place where created objects get dissolved during the disintegration of the created universe. Since, according to religion, it is the same God that creates, sustains and destroys the universe, the Śivaliṅga represents symbolically God Himself.
Śivaliñga, Ancient Symbol
Whether the Śivaliñga is the final product of the yupastambha[6] as the yāgaśālā[7] evolved gradually into the temple, or is a replica of the Buddhist stupa, there is no clinching evidence to prove it. However, it is an undeniable fact that it is an extremely ancient symbol.
It is interesting to note that the liṅgas have been described as emblems of the Devi, Gaṇapati and Narasiñha also and worshiped as such. The sculptured images of Śiva and Pārvatī worshiping a liṅga, in the Kailāṣanātha temple of Ellora[8] adds some mystery, leading to the supposition that the liṅga may be a very ancient object of reverence, not necessarily considered an emblem of Śiva.
Denominations of Origin of Śivaliṅga as an Emblem
Whether the Śivaliṅga is a phallic emblem or not is a moot point. Phallic sects have existed in all countries and in all civilizations. It is quite likely that the phallic sects of an aboriginal civilization were absorbed into religion and the worship itself was elevated to honor the Father-Mother-Principle of creation. This is one view. That it is a remnant of the Vedic yupastambha, to which sacrificial victims used to be tied, is another view. According to this view, the temple is a metamorphosis of the Vedic yāgaśālā.[9] That it is an imitation of the Buddhist stupa is another guess that is sometimes hazarded but not substantiated, since Śivaliṅgas have been found even in the pre-Buddhistic civilization of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
The icon of Paraśurāmeśvara at Guḍimallam[10] being an exact replica of the phallus, gives us this impression. The word liṅga[11] seems to confirm it. However there are many Śivaliñgās,especially of the svayambhu or udbhavamṅrti[12] which do not at all resemble the phallus. Śiva for instance, is said to have manifested himself as a great altar of gold from which sprang forth a blazing fire.[13] before Aśvatthāma.
Even supposing it does, one may surmise that certain non-Vedic sects wherein phallic worship might have existed as in many ancient civilizations of the world, were absorbed into the Vedic culture, and the same elevated to represent the father-mother principle at the cosmic level. Since God is beyond name and form, and since we cannot conceive of an abstract principle like Him, without the aid of concrete symbols, a rounded surface is perhaps the nearest approach to him.
Classification of Śivaliṅga as per One Belief
Classification of Liṅgas
Liṅgas are broadly divided into two classes:
1. Akṛtrima - natural
2. Kṛtrima - man-made
Akṛtrima Liṅgas
The former include the svayambhu liñgas[14] and the bāṇaliñas, made of quartzi-ferous substances and naturally available in certain rivers, mainly the Narmadā in Madhyapradesh. These bāṇaliṅgas are of various sizes, shapes and color. They are considered holy always not needing the rites of consecration or invocation and so on.
Classification of Śivaliṅga as per Other Belief
Śivaliṅgas may be of two types. They are:
1. Cala - movable. They are the ones that can be kept in one’s home and worshiped.They may also be carried on the body as the Vīraśaivas or liṅgāyats do. They do not normally need the customary installation rites or a permanent abode. Such cala-liṅgas may be made of several materials such as metals, clay, precious stones or even wood. The metals recommended are gold, silver, copper and bell-metal. Precious stones that may be used are rubies, pearls, corals, topaz, emerald and even diamond.
2. Acala - immovable. The acala-liṅgas are the ones made of stone and fixed in the sanctums of the temples for worship.
Acala Liṅgas
These liṅgas are in two pieces:
1. The pedestal called pīṭha or yoni
2. The liṅga proper
Segments of Śivaliṅga
These liṅgas are in two pieces:
1. The pedestal called pīṭha or yoni
2. The liṅga proper
This liṅga can be further divided into three parts:
1. The lowest part is square and is called ‘Brahmabhāga’.
2. The middle part is octagonal, represents Viṣṇu and hence called ‘Viṣṇubhāga’.
3. The topmost part is cylindrical and is called ‘Rudrabhāga’.
Rudrabhāga is this part above the ground level and is worshiped, the other two being below. The Brahmabhāga is buried in the ground whereas the Viṣṇubhāga is encased inside the pedestal.
Types of Rudrabhāga
• The topmost part known as the pujābhāga has certain lines called the brahmasutra, without which the liṅga is considered unfit for worship. Sometimes the face of Śiva is carved on the pujābhāga. Such a liṅga is called ‘īśvaraliṅga’.
• If the whole figure is carved, it becomes known as ‘Rudraliṅga’.
• There are liṅgas which have the cylindrical part treated with the design of fluted facets. These are called ‘dhārāliṅgas’. The fluted facets may vary from 5 up to 100.
• If the image of Śiva is carved on the middle portion of the liṅga, it is called ‘Liṅgodbhavamurti’.
Relevance of Material of Liṅgas and their Fruits
Liṅgas made of different materials are recommended for worship to fulfill different kinds of desires. For instance:
• The worship of a pearl-liṅga can result in the elimination of sins.
• Worship of topaz can give prosperity.
• Liṅgas made of wood, the following trees are considered suitable:
1. Red-sandalwood
2. Babul
3. Pine
4. Bilva
5. Few others coming to the acala or the immovable liṅgas, they are the ones made of stone and fixed in the sanctums of the temples for worship.
1. Liñgapurāṇa chapters 17 to 20
2. līyate asmin; layarh gacchanti
3. God means the Supreme, as Brahman.
4. Nirguṇa is without any particular form or specific qualities.
5. God of universe is called ‘Mahādeva’.
6. Yupastambha means Vedic sacrificial post.
7. Yāgaśālā means Vedic sacrificial shed.
8. Ellora is in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
9. Yāgaśālā means sacrificial shed.
10. Guḍimallam is in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.
11. Liṅga means indicating the generative organ of man.
12. It means self-manifested type.
13. Mahābhārata, Śauptikaparva 17.13, 14
14. Svayambhu liñgas means naturally emerging out of the earth. |
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We work with founders of tech, tech-enabled and product-based businesses to create and realise life-changing value. Were a collective who have operated, invested in and advised companies and founders over many years.
Founder Co
Once hyphenated, the word is a single word, so only needs a capital at the beginning of the entire word. If you write co founder (which isnt really a word) then youd capitalize both. Co-founder works in a sentence when its not part of someones title.
Founder is a word that we are familiar with and understand it as the person or individual who establishes a venture. It is a term that connotes pride and prestige as well as creativity on the part of the person who starts the venture.
Entrepreneurs, philanthropists, engineers, hackers, venture capitalists, web developers, web designers and others. A co-founder is someone who helps the founder found the company.
Theres no need to capitalize it since it is not a proper noun unless it is at the beginning of a sentence or being used in a title. Once it is hyphenated it becomes a single word and so f should not be capitalized.
there may be a preference regionally, such as british english generally preferring the co-founder or co-founder alternatives, but that does not make those options incorrect in american english. Likewise, the more favored cofounder in american english is just as correct in british english. |
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Blood Politics
Circe Sturm
Copyright Date: 2002
Pages: 267
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• Book Info
Blood Politics
Book Description:
Circe Sturm takes a bold and original approach to one of the most highly charged and important issues in the United States today: race and national identity. Focusing on the Oklahoma Cherokee, she examines how Cherokee identity is socially and politically constructed, and how that process is embedded in ideas of blood, color, and race. Not quite a century ago, blood degree varied among Cherokee citizens from full blood to 1/256, but today the range is far greater--from full blood to 1/2048. This trend raises questions about the symbolic significance of blood and the degree to which blood connections can stretch and still carry a sense of legitimacy. It also raises questions about how much racial blending can occur before Cherokees cease to be identified as a distinct people and what danger is posed to Cherokee sovereignty if the federal government continues to identify Cherokees and other Native Americans on a racial basis. Combining contemporary ethnography and ethnohistory, Sturm's sophisticated and insightful analysis probes the intersection of race and national identity, the process of nation formation, and the dangers in linking racial and national identities.
eISBN: 978-0-520-93608-9
Subjects: Anthropology
Table of Contents
1. Front Matter
(pp. i-viii)
2. Table of Contents
(pp. ix-x)
3. List of Illustrations
(pp. xi-xii)
4. Acknowledgments
(pp. xiii-xvi)
5. Note to the Reader
(pp. xvii-xviii)
6. CHAPTER ONE Opening
(pp. 1-26)
In a back room outside a bar stand two men estranged by chance from one another, a grandfather and his grandson, tentatively speaking their first words. Otis Payne, the elder of the two, is an imposing African-American man with intense eyes, a wide girth, and a round, soft face. His grandson barely resembles him and is bookish, shy, and uncomfortable. Otis literally owns the space, a bar he has lovingly tended for twenty-five years. But he also owns the space with his presence, which floods the room like warm summer light. He is standing with his grandson in a shabby,...
7. CHAPTER TWO Blood, Culture, and Race: Cherokee Politics and Identity in the Eighteenth Century
(pp. 27-51)
It’s nearly midnight at the Cherokee ceremonial grounds in the backwoods of Adair County, not far from the border of Arkansas. She and her Cherokee friends have been dancing all night around a sacred fire, and they have every intention of continuing until the early hours of the morning. But it’s late July and the midsummer’s night is hot and still, and they need a moment to rest, catch their breath, and cool down a little. Standing beside the Bird Clan arbor, the anthropologist and her two companions, both men in their thirties, laugh and tell jokes as they watch...
8. CHAPTER THREE Race as Nation, Race as Blood Quantum: The Racial Politics of Cherokee Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
(pp. 52-81)
The activities of Euroamericans in the early nineteenth century ensured that Cherokee nationalism—and, by extension, racialism—would take hold. Between 1808 and 1835, Cherokees were increasingly confronted with U.S. expansion into their territory in the Southeast (McLoughlin 1986: 146–67). Historian William McLoughlin argues that as they “wrestled with the question of their own identity and future,” the Cherokees concluded “with unerring logic . . . that national identity rested upon a cultural heritage imbedded in history, language and culture and a distinct and identifiable ‘homeland’ ” (McLoughlin 1986: xvii). For the first time, Cherokees also came to believe...
9. CHAPTER FOUR Law of Blood, Politics of Nation: The Political Foundations of Racial Rule in the Cherokee Nation, 1907–2000
(pp. 82-107)
Turning onto Muskogee Avenue, the narrow main street running through downtown Tahlequah, she begins her journey from the old Cherokee capital to the new. As she drives by Cherokee square, she is impressed, as always, by the elegant lines of the two-story red brick building at its center. Built in 1870, the former Cherokee capitol is one of many old Cherokee buildings dotting the landscape. The 1845 Cherokee supreme court building, the oldest governmental structure in the state of Oklahoma, lies just to the south of the capitol, across from a modern bank with Cherokee script etched into its windows....
10. CHAPTER FIVE Social Classification and Racial Contestation: Local Non-National Interpretations of Cherokee Identity
(pp. 108-141)
Henry James said a century ago that it was a complicated fate to be an American. He had no idea, of course, about the future complications of being Native American. Today, whether or not someone is Cherokee has different answers depending on who is being asked and within what context. National and local definitions of Cherokee identity are often in tension, particularly in regard to race. Due to the historic interplay between various racial ideologies and legal codes, the Cherokee Nation has come to define its citizens on the basis of blood ancestry, a policy that fosters a widespread tendency...
11. CHAPTER SIX Blood and Marriage: The Interplay of Kinship, Race, and Power in Traditional Cherokee Communities
(pp. 142-167)
As we have seen in the past several chapters, blood is a polyvalent idiom of Cherokee identity. Blood can stand for shared biological, racial, or cultural substance, as both Cherokee national identity and individual social identities are manipulated along a race-culture continuum. Recall, for instance, the full-blood Cherokee medicine man with the green eyes, or how Cherokee citizens have elected national leaders with increasingly greater degrees of Cherokee blood as the tribal population has become less blooded since the mid-1970s. This trend toward more blooded political, social, and religious leaders shows how Cherokees have internalized various blood hegemonies and how...
12. CHAPTER SEVEN Challenging the Color Line: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen
(pp. 168-200)
Point. Click. The newly arrived messages roll across her computer screen. In her small room in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, she sits on the edge of her seat, squinting at the rapid-fire procession of names and subjects. She takes a deep breath, feeling anxious and impatient, as she experiments with her research methods, trying to use electronic mail to correspond with Cherokees outside of Oklahoma. As she lets the shades down to get rid of the glare on her monitor, she wonders if anyone will respond to her survey, if they will feel comfortable with the format, if anthropological fieldwork via the...
13. CHAPTER EIGHT Closing
(pp. 201-212)
Five minutes before grand entry at the Tahlequah powwow: a Cherokee man in his mid-thirties fluffs the neon pink feathers of his bustle. Tired of the vibrant Disney colors popular among fancy dancers a few years ago, he now wishes he had the money for new regalia. At least with a home crowd, they won’t care if he’s a little behind the times. As he gently shakes himself loose, warming up muscles and tendons, he takes in all the family and friends, the people from his home community and church, who have come to watch tonight’s events.
Carla, a pretty...
14. Notes
(pp. 213-230)
15. Bibliography
(pp. 231-244)
16. Index
(pp. 245-249)
17. Back Matter
(pp. 250-250) |
proving Gödel
The implications of Gödel’s Theorem are profound. A full understanding of its implications is not restricted to math professionals, however – there are numerous books that have addressed Gödel, aimed at a layman audience. Of these the most famous is Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, by Douglas R. Hofstadter. That’s a book that every geek needs to have on their bookshelf. However, there are many more, and short excerpts from many of these books on the topic of Gödel have been compiled in one place.
The most powerful explanation of Gödel is to simply restate it’s proof in general terms. That proof, originally published in Infinity and the Mind by Rudy Rucker, is reproduced below (courtesy of
1. Someone introduces Gödel to a UTM, a machine that is supposed to be a Universal Truth Machine, capable of correctly answering any question at all.
3. Smiling a little, Gödel writes out the following sentence: “The machine constructed on the basis of the program P(UTM) will never say that this sentence is true.” Call this sentence G for Gödel. Note that G is equivalent to: “UTM will never say G is true.”
4. Now Gödel laughs his high laugh and asks UTM whether G is true or not.
7. “I know a truth that UTM can never utter,” Gödel says. “I know that G is true. UTM is not truly universal.”
As Rucker says, think about that a bit. It grows on you. Rucker goes on to explain,
Although this theorem can be stated and proved in a rigorously mathematical way, what it seems to say is that rational thought can never penetrate to the final ultimate truth … But, paradoxically, to understand Gödel’s proof is to find a sort of liberation. For many logic students, the final breakthrough to full understanding of the Incompleteness Theorem is practically a conversion experience. This is partly a by-product of the potent mystique Gödel’s name carries. But, more profoundly, to understand the essentially labyrinthine nature of the castle is, somehow, to be free of it.
The castle to which he refers is Reason itself.
Or, as The Hoft put it:
Gödel showed that provability is a weaker notion than truth, no matter what axiom system is involved.
(for more on the limitations of reason, and the false promise of what Hofstadter called “super-rationality”, see Super-Rational blog.)
24 thoughts on “proving Gödel”
1. Well I read Hofstadter’s GEB not long after it came out.
I know I am as rusty as all hell on this subject.
At the time I can remember thinking something like:
Godel is a very deep abstraction. It is never going to be encountered in real life. Serious philosophers will love it and debate it for ever because it implies some sort of ultimate limit to our ability to construct intellectual systems like theories and theorems.
I didn’t think it would have any impact on physics as such, because, if one particular theoretical model breaks down at some point, because it encounters an unprovable proposition, there is nothing stopping you from developing an alternative theoretical model – that could cover that point well – though that new theory would then have some other weakness elsewhere.
With luck two theories could cover everything. As long as their unprovable parts didn’t overlap.
If we’re really lucky or really clever, maybe we can design a single theory, where the unprovable propositions are all somewhere harmless in explanation space – preferably somewhere where the system you are modelling never goes, or hardly ever goes.
It’s a bit like, when Intel designs a processor, with an obscure bug in the microcode. As long as the circumstances that evoke the bug never occur in real-life applications – in that combination – then no-one will ever encounter the bug and there is no problem. That’s what the ideal theory would be like.
I am still waiting for the first scientific theory to fail because it encountered a Godel-unprovable proposition. I am not expecting we’ll be encountering them very often – maybe once every trillion years or so.
2. (I will now cease honoring the umlaut.)
Godel’s theorem is invoked in computer science: see Turing’s “halting problem”. Here are class notes from a CS course at Stanford explaining it and the connection to the Big G (PDF link).
As far as physics, no less an august personage than Stephen Hawking has pointed directly to Godel and argued,
“Some people will be very disappointed if there is not an ultimate theory, that can be formulated as a finite number of principles.I used to belong to that camp, but I have changed my mind.”
and points at M-Theory’s refusal to be pinned down by empiricism as exhibit A.
Suffice it to say that string theorists are quite taken with Godel – the G shows up all over the place in the hardcore literature (behold, just one of many examples from Nuclear Physics B. Over your head and mine.)
I think you are still not understanding the scope of Godel, Dan. You simultaneously declare it to be all-powerful and sweep it under the rug as tangential.
3. No I sweep it under the rug as tangential to progress in physics. It doesn’t stop us from understanding the world.
Look, let’s say you have theory X and theory X explains 30% of the phenomena in the physical world.
And with Godel’s theorem that drops to 29.9%
I can understand that Godel is a problem for people who are trying to develop a ToE. Maybe that will not be possible. But to suggest that reason has failed just because we can’t find a ToE is total hype.
There is no reason why physics can’t continue with multiple theories for ever. Or one major theory, with patches and workarounds, whenever we run into problems. Isn’t that how we do things now? Physicists invent new theories and subtheories on the fly all the time.
It is a far bigger problem for mathematics or philosophy than it is for day-to-day physics.
4. I can understand that Godel is a problem for people who are trying to develop a ToE. Maybe that will not be possible. But to suggest that reason has failed just because we can’t find a ToE is total hype.
Dan, I wouldnt be a scientist if I wasnt convinced that reason is something important, useful, and geneuinely of merit in and of itself as an abstract. I don think you can point to anything i have written that says I believe reason ot be “total hype” or that we can know nothing about anything. I am saying we cant know everything about everything, which is the opposite of a ToE. I don’t believe a ToE can exist.
Now, if you say you are a rationalist, and you then qualify that to say you believe reason can account for %50 of all Truth, then I hate to break it to you but you are no rationalist at all. (I gave you a 20.1% upgrade).
The rationalist says that reason is sufficient. It is the rationlaist, and only the rationlaist, who will fight tenaciously against the idea that Godel has application beyond rarefied mathematics. Frankly I dont know where you stand because on one hand you refuse to even acknowledge the evidence that Godel has direct application (the proof itself makes no distinction between math and physics, and I gave you plenty of links in the previous comment as supplementals). And yet on the other you are content for reason to describe 30% of the universe.
5. I did not say that reason can only understand 30%. I said that reason can understand 30% with theory A another 20% with a theory B that covers a different aspect of the natural world, another 25% with theory C
This is the world as we see it today. I am not sure it is an achievable goal (after Godel) to believe in one explanation for everthing.
But if your physics is empirically driven – to conduct experiments and observations – to explore the world and to keep coming up with better and better understandings, as our knowledge grows, then I don’t see Godel as a problem.
Physics can live with a Godel-incomplete world. After all we’ve been doing it all along – we just didn’t know until the theorem was proved.
6. A Godel universe is a type of time-loop cosmology which Godel described in his final days, while he was hanging out with Einstein. Its continuing appearance in the physics literature does not indicate any connection to Godel’s theorems in logic.
7. I’m an atheist. I’m also a profound skeptic of “theories of everything”. But my reason for that has nothing to do with Godel. I’m not a physicist; my field is computer science and system theory.
And I think the consequences of chaos theory are enough to demonstrate that a “theory of everything” won’t happen. By which I mean a theory that makes it possible to predict everything. We may come up with retroactive explanations for everything that’s happened up to now, but that won’t help us with the future.
A lot of the future will be predictable. A lot is predictable now. But the chaos fog prevents us from making anything more than very general predictions a long way out. The further we try to see, the worse the detail and the more error. That is the nature of cumulative error in an iterative simulation of a system: the error expands exponentially as the number of generations increases, and eventually it swamps the signal, leading to a model which is no better than chance of being correct.
In any case, the fundamental principle of scientific epistemology is that burden of proof is on those who make substantial claims. Until such time as someone genuinely proposes a “theory of everything”, and it survives initial scrutiny, I’m not inclined to spend much time worrying about it.
Daniel, what you’re saying is, “Well, it might happen.” Yeah, it might. And maybe someday UFOs will land. And maybe there really is a Bigfoot out there. But until I see more evidence, I’m not particularly interested in spending much effort worrying about it.
8. Speaking of chaos, there are some cosmologies where the universe begins out of some random fluctuation event, and the laws of physics are “frozen in”, in some random configuration. as the universe expands and cools through all the levels of symmetry breaking.
In such a cosmology, I would say there is no overwhelming reason to believe that the laws of nature should cohere into one super law of laws. There may well be multiple disjoint laws.
9. I’m surprised to see chaos brought up as an objection to a “theory of everything”. You already have chaos in celestial mechanics, based on nothing more than Newton’s law of gravitation. It did not make the law undiscoverable or wrong or unusable.
10. I am certainly with Dan in objecting to this interpretation of Godel\’s theorem as somehow constituting a critique of rationality itself. But I think he has obscured matters by talking about undecidability in physics.
Consider some factual claim which you are simply not in a position to decide, e.g. that Julius Caesar had raisinbread for breakfast on the last day of his life. You weren\’t there; no one who was, wrote about it; Romans did eat raisins, so it cannot be dismissed as absurd. Here we have a true-or-false proposition which reason cannot decide for us.
Does this \”limitation\” mean that rationality is \”flawed\”? And if it doesn\’t – what\’s different about the Godelian situation? Once again, we find that certain propositions (the Godel sentences) are undecidable – out of reach of a particular epistemic method.
It would make far more sense to say that Godel\’s theorem falsifies a particular theory of what rationality is – namely, the theory that rationality consists in following some mechanized decision procedure – the argument being that \”we\” can decide the truth of the Godel sentences, when the mechanized decision procedure can not. There are further counterarguments, so it\’s far from the end of the discussion. But I think it is at least more of a discussion.
11. The theory about the raisin bread fails for lack of evidence.
Given the right evidence (say, fossilized raisinbread crusts with Julius’s teeth marks in it, wrapped in a letter from Brutus dated to the previous day, and a note scribble on the back saying, “To Morning House Slave. I will eat the rest of this when I get back home from the senate”)… and there would be no problem proving it.
With Godel the theories that you have every reason to believe would work, and model the right behaviour, don’t.
12. Something else has just occured to me.
You know that in Newtonian Gravity theory, “The Three Body Problem” has no analytical solution. You are forced to use approximation schemes to generate solvable subtheories.
I wonder if this is already a manifestation of Godel’s theorem in classical physics?
Because this is exactly what I would expect Godel to look like. Something that should work (you would think, naiively)… But it just doesn’t work – and you can prove it.
I may have to withdraw that jibe, about Godel only affecting us once every trillion years.
13. OK, explain, because I don’t understand why that is so.
Godel predicts that there are propositions that are true but can’t be solved.
The TBP is clearly Newtonian gravity- there’s nothing else involved. But the math is unsolvable.
14. Where’s the “true” part? What Godel says is that there will be cases where we know the answer but cannot prove that the answer is correct.
But in the Three Body Problem, we don’t actually know the answer, and have no way of figuring it out.
15. The true part is the truth of the axioms. Newton’s gravity and the laws of motion.
We have no reason to believe they don’t work at this scale and speed.
In fact, the fact that you can find approximation schemes that are able to solve the physical problem to arbitrary accuracy, numerically on a computer say, proves that the underlying laws of physics are OK.
Now it is the laws of physics that are the axioms that are used to create the dynamic equation of the Three Body Problem. It’s just that the equations have no analytical solution, at least not internally from within the theory.
You have to jump out of the system and use an approximation scheme to get around this absolutely intractible roadblock.
If anyone knows why this is wrong please forgive. Like I said I am very rusty with this stuff.
16. The three body problem isnt a Godelian statement of unknown truth because we understand the laws which govern it completely. however, an analytic solution is not possible, but that doesnt mean the underlying theorems that govern it are false. fundamentally the three body problem is just F = G*Mi*Mj/(Rij)^2 but its the problem of applying it to all pairs i,j that is where we get tripped up.
A godelian example might be that we observe the orbit of a planet and find that taking everything into account the planet should be at position X,Y,Z but instead appears to be offset by dX,dY,dZ. That actually happened, but then we used relativity to reduce the delta to zero. ut suppose we do a more fine grained measurement and find again some offset that cannot be explained. All godel says is that there is no guarantee that we will find another theory to fill in the gap and again reduce the deltas to zero. Personally i would be predisposed to believe that a theory does exist simply because things are always easier at the macroscopic level. Its when you drill down to microscopic scale and below that theres more potential for running into fundamental limits. This is why string/M theory may be closer to some godelian truth than mere celestial mechanics. The latter are really just the integral of the former, in a sens e- an aggregate behavior, like a mob.
17. Aziz, I don’t agree with your example. An example of a Godelian statement would be a result we arrived at using a Monte Carlo simulation, but which we can’t explain formulaically.
There are a lot of problems like that in fluid dynamics. We can run simulations, with controlled random components. We can rerun them hundreds of times and statistically examine the results and determine what reality probably will look like. (Assuming the simulation isn’t flawed, a really big assumption.) But we cannot derive formulas which will directly predict the result. So we know what the answer is, and we know that the answer is right, but we can’t prove it within the system.
18. Steven/Dan
we have to be careful not to confuse “statements of truth” with “computation”. Godel addresses the provability of statements. Statements are things like “There are infinitely many primes” or “even numbers are the sum of two primes”. These may or may not be true. The provability of these statements, according to Godel, is the thing we cannot take for granted. (Euclid proved the first above. The second is Goldbach’s conjecture, for which I am not sure if a proof has yet been found.)
A computation on the other hand is a process whereby inputs are fed into a function, and the result are outputs. The function must be finite, can not be magical, and can only perform basic operations. The definition of these operations relies heavily on the “space” in which the function operates – in the example of Monte Carlo simulations, which incidentally is just a fancy term for “randomize the inputs”, the basic operations are simple arithmetic. I have used Monte Carlo extensively in my own research and training and its nothing magical.
However! not every function is necessarily computable. In fact that statement is called Turing’s undecidability Theorem. It is tempting here to simply say “Godel = Turing!” and that functions equal statements but these concepts are not homomorphic, let alone isomorphic.
Now, you could define the n-body problem as a series of statements (including Theorem Duck: Planet X is at Position Rho at Time Tau). Let us call this collection of statements the N Body Problem System. If you do this, then yes, the solution to the N body problem will be outside that set of statements describing it. And yes that is due to godel – but that is because we have defined a very specialized subset of the Universe, focused soely on the N body problem. So of course Theorem Duck’s provability *within the N Body problem System* is not guaranteed. However that doesnt have any bearing on whether the N Body problem itself, in general, is godelian in hte much larger system called the Universe, which contains the N Body problem as a subset, and which Theorem Duck might well be contained within, and thus provable. Or maybe not.
The reason we can solve the N Body problem in the real universe using Monte Carlo is because classical mechanics can be described using Turing Machines, such as the MATLAB programming language. Or slide rules. Both qualify. Practically every single physical theory meets the conditions for computation (the “Church-Turing Thesis”) and so we can do numerical simulations to model them (though our simulations are never as perfect as the Real Thing, because to do a perfect simulation, we would need a simuation of the same complexity as the actual system, namely a pocket Universe like you might find in Zarniwoop’s office. So we can’t really “solve” the N Body problem anyway, but we can get as arbitrarily close to figuring out what we need to know for pragmatism’s sake.
I am so not a theoretical physicist, so everything i said above might as well be Godelian. It certainly may be true.
To me as an empiricist, this is mysticism. We know nothing about “the Universe”, except what we know from observation, and the theories that we construct and have worked so far.
What that wider reality consists of, we gradually discover by exploration. That is not a Godelian problem it is a Bayesian one. Godel is only telling us that no one theory we invent will be able to solve every problem. It can be the simplest little theory (almost) or subtheory, or the most complex.
Unless a theory is so simple that it is Godel-complete, then somewhere within the theory there are true statements that cannot be proved from within the theory. i.e. We will never reach the point when we don’t need new theories – unless we find a ToE which is so simple that it is indeed G-complete, and from that (finally) we will be able to find (hack) emergent theories that can explain everything.
I can’t emphasise this strongly enough: Physics is a creation myth. A very good creation myth – one that agrees with all the known evidence. Some of us find it a very exciting creation myth. But it is first and foremost a narrative we are building as we go. And we, as storytelling humans know nothing, except what we observe, and the myths (models) we construct to explain what we see.
20. Two excellent links I just came across that shed some more light on the connection between Turing and Godel. First is a paper: “Gödel’s Theorem and Information” – International Journal of Theoretical Physics 21 (1982), pp. 941-954, Gregory J. Chaitin. Yes, THAT Gregory Chaitin. The abstract:
Gödel’s theorem may be demonstrated using arguments having an information-theoretic flavor. In such an approach it is possible to argue that if a theorem contains more information than a given set of axioms, then it is impossible for the theorem to be derived from the axioms. In contrast with the traditional proof based on the paradox of the liar, this new viewpoint suggests that the incompleteness phenomenon discovered by Gödel is natural and widespread rather than pathological and unusual.
He proves Godel’s Theorem using Turing’s Halting Problem.
The other is a powerpoint presentation by Avi Widgerson at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, titled “Proof, Randomness, Computation, Games” that provides a nice high level overview.
Comments are closed. |
Science / Year 9 / Science Understanding / Chemical sciences
View on Australian Curriculum website Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority
Curriculum content descriptions
• investigating reactions of acids with metals, bases, and carbonates
• investigating a range of different reactions to classify them as exothermic or endothermic
• recognising the role of oxygen in combustion reactions and comparing combustion with other oxidation reactions
• comparing respiration and photosynthesis and their role in biological processes
• describing how the products of combustion reactions affect the environment
Cross-curriculum priorities
ScOT terms
Enthalpy, Acids, Redox reactions
Towering global oil consumption
Watch as computer-generated imagery helps us imagine how much oil humans use every year.
Algae oil
Could algae be used to create an alternative to crude oil? It's not straightforward - but it is possible. This video describes how algae and waste products from other industries could be used to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and play a part in controlling climate change.
Check the pH before jumping into this wetland!
Can you imagine a wetland so acidic that its pH levels are similar to the acid in a car battery? It's part of a problem that scientists call acid mud. In this clip from 2008, see how it forms and what scientists are doing to better understand this environmental disaster.
Magic tricks revealed using chemistry
Some magic tricks, such as disappearing ink or candles that won't blow out, can be explained by chemistry. In this clip, three classroom chemistry experiments demonstrate that some familiar magic tricks rely on acid-base chemical reactions, and the properties and behaviour of gases. Watch closely if you've ever wanted to ...
The bang behind fireworks!
Ever wondered how fireworks are created? In this clip, pyrotechnics expert John Conkling describes the chemical and physical components of fireworks, and demonstrates many coloured explosions in a laboratory. Discover that a fireworks display is a chemical reaction between an oxidiser such as potassium nitrate and a fuel ...
Dyeing with red cabbage!
Many natural products, such as red cabbage and turmeric, can be used as a natural source of colour to dye fibres. Watch the dyeing demonstration in this clip to see how. Discover the chemistry of natural dyes, including the bonding properties of different pigments and how acid-base reactions can alter the colour of pH-sensitive ...
Recycling whole buildings
You probably recycle bottles, cans and paper at home, but imagine recycling whole buildings that have outlived their usefulness. Explore how doing this can save a huge amount of energy, prevent unnecessary carbon dioxide emissions and address landfill issues.
All about engines
What does 'horsepower' really mean? And how do engines work? Join Luke and Abhi from MIT to find out! As Abhi explains, engines produce power by forcing a mixture of fuel and air into a tight space and then burning it. Piston engines and turbine engines do this in similar, yet different ways. After watching this video, ...
The Reaction of Metals with Acid
Students use this simulation to learn that react with hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen and find out how to test for hydrogen gas. The notice that sodium reacts violently and that magnesium reacts more quickly than zinc but that the hydrogen gas test is positive for both. Word equations are provided for all reactions.
Acid Base Reactions
Students use this resource consisting of eleven slides with diagrams, written explanation and voice-over to understand that different bases react with acids and how word and chemical equations summarise the reactions. There is a two-question quiz and a summary slide.
Making a Salt Using an Acid and an Alkali
Students use this resource consisting of seven slides with diagrams, written explanation and voice-over to understand how to prepare a neutral salt sample using an acid and an alkali. There is a two-question quiz and a summary slide.
Laptop Wrap: Chemical Equations
A page with a focus on completing and balancing chemical equations with supporting activities and links to resources.
Mercury is released as coal is burnt in power stations
This resource describes research into environmental disease resulting from the heavy metal mercury. It is estimated 60,000 babies are born each year in the United States with mercury-related diseases from the burning of coal in power stations. World wide, this is a significant problem. Mercury also enters the environment ...
'Cooking' carbon to make crude oil
Visit the rugged Arabian mountains to see the exposed remains of the bottom of the ancient Tethys ocean, the prehistoric algal soup that gave rise to today's massive oil fields of the Middle East. Hear how oil-source rock laid down in the Jurassic Period changed over millennia as the Earth's surface was re-shaped. Under ...
Carbon and the origins of crude oil
Follow a carbon atom as the central character in a story about crude oil. Watch as this ancient chemical that has existed since the dawn of time is recycled through all life forms, oceans, rocks and the atmosphere. See the origins of the vast oil fields on which the modern world now depends.
Addicted to oil, automobiles and petrochemicals
How our bodies burn food for energy
We burn food for energy in our bodies. Chemically it's the same as burning fuel for energy in cars and rockets. Listen to Bernie Hobbs explain more about combustion reactions. Discover why we don't burst into flames when we burn food in our cells.
Try maintaining your shell in an acidic ocean!
The shell of the tiny marine snail called the pteropod is under attack from ocean acidification. See how research into this and the Southern Ocean circulation tells us about impacts of climate change. In this clip from 2010, find out about this research and the Southern Ocean Sentinel project focused on developing an early-warning ...
Cells and energy
Cells are like chemical factories. Discover the different ways cells get energy to carry out their daily operations. Learn about the different types of metabolic processes inside cells, such as those that break down molecules to release energy and those that assemble building blocks to make more complex components.
Popcorn, pikelets and chemical reactions: Connected Learning Experience
In this Connected Learning Experience students explore important chemical reactions such as neutralisation and combustion and their application in our world. They students will review the signs that indicate a chemical reaction has taken place and then apply this knowledge to their investigations. |
Ce site est la propriété de Wight Hat Ltd. © 2003-2020 et géré par celle-ci. Definitions of Pounds and Kilograms The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the SI base unit of mass. 1 Pounds is equivalent to 0.45359237 Kilograms. lbs to obolos Pour une réponse plus précise, veuillez sélectionner « décimal » dans les options au-dessus du résultat. Pound is often shortened to ‘lb’, so we can say 1lb=453.59237g. to use the unit converter. The Roman pound, equivalent to 324g, is largely different in terms of imperial comparison compared to the Roman unit (in ancient Greece), the mina, which was equivalent to 0.432kg. 1 pound (lb) is equal to 0.45359237 kilograms (kg). If you spot an error on this site, we would be grateful if you could report it to us by using the contact link at the top of this page and we will endeavour to correct it as soon as possible. 1.6 kilograms or 1600 grams equals 3.53 pounds. conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. If you're just trying to convert pounds to kilograms for cooking or to know your own weight, there's a handy rule of thumb you can use:To get kilograms, divide by 2 then take off 1/10th of your answerEg 100 pounds… Divide by two = 50 Kg. Convert 1.37 Pounds to Kilograms (lb to kg) with our conversion calculator and conversion tables. All you have to do is to switch the right option implemented in the scale. One kilogram (normally abbreviated to ‘Kg’) is almost exactly equal to the mass of one litre of water. 2 lbs. Its size can vary from system to system. The kg to lbs conversion is possible via implemented in the code formulas which are able to count basically every value given by a particular person. Note: You can increase or decrease the accuracy of this answer by selecting the number of significant figures required from the options above the result. Keep up to date!Quarterly newsletter to keep up with changes in calculations / rates and improvements. pounds (lbs) kilograms (kg) Swap == > 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg : 1 kg = 2.20462262 lb Cette unité est en cours dans les pays anglo-saxons. lbs to packen kg Use this page to learn how to convert between pounds and kilograms. The decimals value is the number of digits to be calculated or rounded of the result of pounds to kilograms conversion. This site is owned and maintained by Wight Hat Ltd. ©2003-2020. metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more. The international avoirdupois pound is equal to exactly 453.59237 grams. 1.6 kg to lbs. 0.90718474 kg. It is defined as being equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between pounds and kilograms. You can do the reverse unit conversion from Remarque : Pour obtenir un résultat décimal exact, veuillez sélectionner « décimal » dans les options au-dessus du résultat. dernière mise à jour de cette page :: mer 18 Fev 2020, Montrer le résultat au format exponentiel, termes et conditions, politique de confidentialité. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the metric calculators and charts given on this site, we cannot make a guarantee or be held responsible for any errors that have been made. lbs to scruple. Note: Fractional results are rounded to the nearest 1/64. The kilogram is the only SI base unit using an SI prefix ("kilo", symbol "k") as part of its name. The mass m in kilograms (kg) is equal to the mass m in pounds (lb) times 0.45359237:. 1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg 1 kg = 2.2046226218 lbs. La livre impériale (avoirdupois, ou internationale) est officiellement égale à 453,59237 grammes. So much for my old knees... KgLb Converter Units, is a fast and simple app to convert pounds to kilograms. m (kg) = m (lb) × 0.45359237. How much does 1 pound weigh in kilograms? It accepts fractional values. 1 lbs = 0.4535924 kg Pounds Definition The pound is a unit of weight in a number of different systems, including various systems of units of weight that formed part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. |
What Are The 2 Types Of Matter?
What are the types of matter answer?
There are four natural states of matter: Solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
The fifth state is the man-made Bose-Einstein condensates.
In a solid, particles are packed tightly together so they don’t move much..
What is matter and its type?
Matter is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space. According to modern physics, matter consists of various types of particles, each with mass and size. … Matter can exist in several states, also called phases. The three most common states are known as solid, liquid and gas.
What is the smallest unit of matter?
What are the 7 types of matter?
The classical states of matter are usually summarized as: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
What are the classification of matter and examples?
Under normal conditions, there are three distinct states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Solids are relatively rigid and have fixed shapes and volumes. A rock, for example, is a solid. In contrast, liquids have fixed volumes but flow to assume the shape of their containers, such as a beverage in a can.
What are the three classification of matter?
The three states of matter are the three distinct physical forms that matter can take in most environments: solid, liquid, and gas. In extreme environments, other states may be present, such as plasma, Bose-Einstein condensates, and neutron stars.
Is Coke a mixture?
Is Coke a mixture or a solution? … It is an aqueous homogeneous solution of carbon dioxide, sugar and the secret ‘Coca Cola concentrate’. Since it consists of more than one compounds, it is also a mixture.
What are the two main types of matter?
What are the 2 types of substances?
Different types of chemical substancean element contains just one type of atom.a compound contains two or more types of atom joined together.a mixture contains two or more different substances that are not joined together.the different substances in a mixture can be elements or compounds.
What are the classification of matter?
Matter can be classified into several categories. Two broad categories are mixtures and pure substances. … Pure substances may be divided into two classes: elements and compounds. Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes are called elements.
What is a solid for kids?
Solids are objects that keep their own shape and do not flow in a given temperature. Ice is a solid but when it melts it becomes a liquid. Other examples of solids are cars, books and clothes. Solids can be different colors and textures, and they can be turned into different shapes, for example clay.
Is gold a mixture?
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures. Pure gold is referred to as 24-karat gold. … Thus it is a mixture. e) Aluminum is a chemical element so it is a pure substance.
What are 2 pure substances?
Is sugar a mixture?
Table sugar, or sucrose, is not a mixture. It is a compound. … A compound is made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded/joined to each other. Compounds cannot be separated through physical means.
How are mixtures classified?
Mixtures can be classified on the basis of particle size into three different types: solutions, suspensions, and colloids. The components of a mixture retain their own physical properties. These properties can be used to separate the components by filtering, boiling, or other physical processes. |
Black box classroom guide
Black box diagram
Below is a picture of a typical black box:
1. Main power switch - lights-up when turned on
2. DVD/VCR switch - Toggles between selecting DVD or videotape playback
3. Sound amplifier switch - Turn right to power on
4. Computer power switch - Blue light when turned on. The computer should automatically log in to Windows
5. Volume control for left and right channels - Turn the knobs right to increase volume
Remote for projector
1. ON-OFF - Press once to turn on, press twice to turn off
2. COMPUTER - Press for using black box computer (use Computer 2 input; may need to press button twice)
3. VIDEO - Press for using DVD/VCR
5. AUTO PC - Press if screen is out of alignment
Using the black box
Make sure the equipment is powered on in this order:
1. Main power switch
2. Sound amplifier
3. Projector - point remote control at projector and press ON-OFF twice
Pull down the projector screen mounted above the dry erase board.
Using the black box computer
Check if the computer's turned on; it's power button will light up blue.
Make sure the projector is set to Computer 2 input. If it's not, press the COMPUTER button on the remote to cycle between the Computer 1 and Computer 2 inputs.
Using the black box DVD/VCR
Check if the DVD/VCR player is turned on.
Choose DVD or VCR for the appropriate video source.
Insert your DVD or VHS cassette.
Press the VIDEO button on the projector remote
Using a laptop in a black box classroom
Depending on your laptop's ports, you will connect the VGA adapter or the Mini-Displayport adapter.
Troubleshooting sound problems
1. Use the VOLUME buttons on the projector remote
2. Adjust the left and right channels on the sound amplifier
3. If you're using the podium computer, or your laptop, check the volume on those devices
Cleaning up
When you are finished with the classroom, please turn the projector off using its remote control. Do not turn off the computer. Do not turn off the black box's master power switch. |
1. Main
2. Post
3. English Tr
English Tr
English Tr
Translate is a mobile and web service that translates words, phrases, whole texts, and entire websites from english into russian. The meanings of individual words come complete with examples of usage, transcription, and the possibility to hear pronunciation.
Old english, sometimes known as anglo saxon, is a precursor of the modern english language.
IPA for English 'tr' : linguistics reddit
Over 100,000 german translations of english words and phrases.
The phonetic realization of those phonemes is r for many people (including me!). But if you say r in train and travel you probably also say it in truck and trust. So, r is a common phonetic realization of the underlying phonemes tr.
The english-turkish dictionary includes the option of manually going through the alphabet. When you find an english word you wish to translate to turkish, follow the link to the page for the corresponding turkish translation in the dictionary.
English Tr
English skills include speaking, listening, reading and writing. |
Confusion in the East - First crusade - Kingdom of Jerusalem
Post-classical history
‘Yea, though they have hired among the nations, now will I gather them, and they shall sorrow a little for the burden of the king of princes.’ HOSEA VIII, 10
The Battle of Manzikert was the most decisive disaster in Byzantine history. The Byzantines themselves had no illusions about it. Again and again their historians refer to that dreadful day. To the later Crusaders it seemed that the Byzantines had forfeited on the battlefield their title as the protectors of Christendom. Manzikert justified the intervention of the West.
The Turks made little immediate use of their victory. Alp Arslan had achieved his object. His flank was now protected; and he had removed the danger of a Byzantine-Fatimid alliance. All that he demanded of the captive Emperor was the evacuation of Armenia and a heavy ransom for his person. He then marched off to campaign in Transoxiana, where he died in 1072. Nor did his son and successor, Malik Shah, whose empire was to stretch from the Mediterranean to the boundaries of China, himself ever march into Asia Minor. But his Turcoman subjects were on the move. He had no wish to settle them in the ancient lands of the Caliphate; but the central plains of Anatolia, emptied and turned into sheep-farms by the Byzantine magnates themselves, were perfectly suited to them. He gave to his cousin, Suleiman ibn Kutulmish, the task of conquering the country for the Turkish people.
The Turks enter Asia Minor
The conquest was made easy by the Byzantines themselves. The next twenty years of their history were spent in a tangle of rebellion and intrigue. When the news reached Constantinople of the disaster and the Emperor’s captivity, his stepson, Michael Ducas, declared himself of age and took over the government. The arrival of his cousin Andronicus with the remnants of the army confirmed his position. Michael VII was an intelligent, cultured youth, who in kindlier times would have been a worthy ruler. But the problems that faced him required a far greater man. Romanus Diogenes returned from his captivity to find himself deposed. He attempted to fight for his position but was easily defeated and taken as a prisoner to Constantinople. There they put out his eyes so savagely that he died a few days later. Michael could not afford to let him live; but Romanus’s powerful relatives and the friends that his gallantry had won him were shocked and angry at the brutality of his end. Their resentment was soon to find its expression in treachery.
The Turkish invasions of Asia Minor began seriously in 1073. They were neither concerted nor uniform. Suleiman himself wished to establish an orderly sultanate that he could govern under the suzerainty of Malik Shah. But there were lesser Turkish princes, men like Danishmend, Chaka or Menguchek, whose aim was to capture some town or fortress from which they could rule as brigand chieftains over whatever population might be there. Behind them, giving the invasion its full force, were the Turcoman nomads, travelling lightly armed, with their horses, their tents and their families, making for the upland prairies. The Christians fled before them, abandoning their villages to be burnt and their flocks and herds to be rounded up by the invaders. The Turcomans avoided the cities, but their presence and the destruction that they caused interrupted communications throughout the country and forced provincial governors into isolation and enabled the Turkish chieftains to follow their own desires. They formed the element that would render impossible any Byzantine attempt at reconquest.
Roussel of Bailleul
The Emperor Michael had tried to oppose the Turkish advance. The prudent treachery of Roussel of Bailleul had enabled his Franco-Norman regiment to survive the disaster at Manzikert. Unreliable though Roussel had proved himself, Michael was obliged to make use of him. To him he attached a small native army, under the young Isaac Comnenus, nephew of the former Emperor. The choice of Isaac was wise. He and his brother Alexius, who accompanied him, belonged to the family that most bitterly hated the Ducas clan; but, despite their mother’s urging, they remained loyal to Michael throughout his reign, and both proved their worth as generals. But Isaac’s loyalty was cancelled out by the perfidy of Roussel. Before the Byzantine army had met the Turks, Roussel and his troops threw off their allegiance. Isaac, attacked both by Turks and Franks and hopelessly outnumbered, was taken prisoner by the Seldjuks.
Roussel now made his intentions clear. Fired by the example of his compatriots in southern Italy, he planned himself to found a Norman state in Anatolia. He had only three thousand men with him; but they were devoted to him and well equipped and trained. Man to man they could outfight any Byzantine or Turkish soldier. To the Emperor, Roussel now seemed a more dangerous enemy than the Turks. Scraping together what troops he could gather, he sent them out under his uncle, the Caesar John Ducas. Roussel met them near Amorium and easily routed them, capturing the Caesar. To clothe himself with a legal excuse he proclaimed his unwilling captive Emperor, and marched on Constantinople. He reached the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus without hindrance, burning the suburb of Chrysopolis (Scutari) and camping amid its ruins. In despair Michael turned to the only power that could help him. An embassy was sent to the Seldjuk Sultan, Suleiman. Suleiman, with the approval of his suzerain, Malik Shah, promised assistance in return for the cession of the east Anatolian provinces that he already occupied. Roussel turned back to meet him; but his troops were surrounded by the Turks on Mount Sophon in Cappadocia. He himself with a few men managed to escape and to set himself up in Amasea, further to the north-east. Michael then sent Alexius Comnenus to deal with him. Alexius managed to outbid him for the support of the principal Turkish chieftain in the neighbourhood and induced him to surrender. But so efficient and popular had his government been that the citizens of Amasea only gave up their attempts to rescue him on the news of his being blinded. In truth Alexius could not bring himself so to mutilate him; and such was his charm that even the Emperor was glad to hear that he had not suffered that indignity.
Roussel disappears from history. But the episode left its mark on the Byzantines. It taught them that the Normans were not to be trusted, that their ambition was not bounded by the shores of southern Italy but they wished to found principalities in the East. It goes far to explain Byzantine policy twenty years later. In the meantime Normans were discouraged from entering the imperial service; and even their Scandinavian cousins were suspect. The Varangian Guard was henceforward recruited from a people that had suffered from the Normans, the Anglo-Saxons of Britain.
Fear of the Normans and the constant need for foreign mercenaries prompted Michael to adopt a policy of appeasement towards the West. The loss of southern Italy was irreparable; nor could he afford to continue the war there. The ambassador that he sent to make peace with the Normans, John Italus, an Italian-born philosopher, was considered by many Byzantines to have betrayed the interests of the Empire. But Michael was satisfied, and, knowing the desire of the upstart house of Hauteville to make grand marriage alliances, he suggested that Guiscard’s daughter, Helen, be sent as a bride for his own infant son Constantine. At the same time he sought and obtained the cordial friendship of the great Pope Gregory VII. His policy preserved peace on his western frontier.
But in Anatolia confusion grew worse. The imperial government lost control; and though a few loyal generals, such as Isaac Comnenus, now in command of Antioch, maintained the Emperor’s authority, communications were interrupted and there was no concerted policy. At last, in 1078, Nicephorus Boteniates, governor of the great Anatolic Theme in west-central Asia Minor, partly from personal ambition and partly from genuine exasperation at the weakness of Michael’s rule, rose up in revolt. But Nicephorus was a general without an army. To secure himself the force that he needed he enrolled large numbers of Turks under his standard and used them to garrison the towns that he took on his way to the capital: Cyzicus, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Chalcedon and Chrysopolis. For the first time, Turkish hordes found themselves inside the great cities of western Anatolia. They might be the mercenaries of the new Emperor; but he would not find it easy to dislodge them. Michael made no resistance. When Nicephorus entered the capital he retired into a monastery. There he found his true vocation. Luckier than most fallen emperors, within a few years he had risen, entirely on his merits, to an archiepiscopal throne. His deserted wife, the Caucasian Maria of Alania, the loveliest princess of her day, wisely offered her hand to the usurper.
The Accession of Alexius Comnenus
Nicephorus found a rebel’s life easier than a ruler’s. Other generals followed his example. In the west of the Balkans Nicephorus Bryennius, the governor of Dyrrhachium, declared himself Emperor and attracted the soldiers of the European provinces to his standard. Alexius Comnenus was sent against him with a small force of untrained Greek soldiers and a few Franks; who, as usual, deserted. It was only through the timely arrival of some Turkish mercenaries that he was able to defeat Bryennius. No sooner was this campaign ended than Alexius had to go to Thessaly to crush another usurper, Basilacius. Meanwhile, the Turkish garrison of Nicaea rose in revolt. Pope Gregory, on the news of the fall of his ally Michael, had excommunicated the new Emperor; and Robert Guiscard, encouraged by the Papacy and himself furious at the rupture of his daughter’s engagement, planned to cross the Adriatic. In May he landed in full force at Avlona and marched on Dyrrhachium. Early that same spring the leading general in Asia, Nicephorus Melissenus, revolted and made an alliance with the Turkish Sultan Suleiman; thanks to which Suleiman was enabled to march unchallenged into Bithynia, where the Turkish garrisons left by Boteniates welcomed him. When Melissenus failed to capture Constantinople Suleiman refused to hand back the cities that he occupied. Instead, he established himself in Nicaea; and Nicaea, one of the most venerated cities of Christendom, situated within a hundred miles of Constantinople itself, became the capital of the Turkish sultanate.
In Constantinople the Emperor Nicephorus threw away his only chance of survival by quarrelling with the family of the Comneni. Isaac and Alexius had served him loyally and had hoped to keep his goodwill by a close friendship with the Empress, whose cousin Isaac had married and whose lover Alexius was thought to be. But she could not control the court intrigues that turned Nicephorus against them. For their own safety the brothers were forced into rebellion; and Alexius, recognized by his family as the abler of the two, proclaimed himself Emperor. Nicephorus fell as easily as the Emperor that he had dislodged. On the advice of the Patriarch he retired, weary and humiliated, to end his days as a monk.
The Emperor Alexius
Alexius Comnenus was to reign for thirty-seven years and was to prove the greatest statesman of his time. But in the year 1081 it seemed certain that neither he nor his Empire could survive. He was a young man, probably not yet thirty years of age, but he had had many years’ experience as a general, usually as a general with inadequate forces, whose success depended on his wits and his diplomacy. His presence was impressive; he was not tall, but well-built, with a dignified air. His manner was gracious and easy, and his self-control was remarkable; but he combined a genuine kindliness with a cynical readiness to use trickery and terror if the interests of his country required. He had few assets beyond his personal qualities and the affection of his troops. His family, with its connections branching through the Byzantine aristocracy, had undoubtedly helped him into power; and he had strengthened his position by marrying a lady of the Ducas house. But the intrigues and jealousies of his relatives, especially the hatred that his domineering mother bore for his wife and all her clan, only added to his problems. The court was filled with members of former imperial families or the families of would-be usurpers, whom Alexius sought to bind to him by marriage alliances. There was the Empress Maria, desperately jealous of the new Empress, Irene; and Maria’s son, Constantine Ducas, whom he made his junior colleague and soon betrothed to his eldest child, Anna; there were the sons of Romanus Diogenes, one of whom he married to his sister Theodora; there was the son of Nicephorus Bryennius, who actually married Anna Comnena after the early death of Constantine Ducas; there was Nicephorus Melissenus, already married to his sister Eudocia, who yielded his claims to the Empire to his brother-in-law in return for the tide of Caesar. Over all of them Alexius had to keep a watchful eye, calming their quarrels and forestalling their treachery. An elaborate system of titles was created to satisfy their pretensions. The nobility and the higher civil service were equally unreliable. Alexius continually discovered conspiracies against his government and was in constant danger of assassination. Both from policy and from temperament he was gentle in his punishments; and this clemency and the calm long-sightedness of all his actions are the more remarkable in view of the personal insecurity in which his whole life was spent.
The state of the Empire in 1081 was such that only a man of great courage or of great stupidity would have undertaken its government. There was no money in the treasury. Recent Emperors had been spendthrift; the loss of Anatolia and rebellions in Europe had sadly diminished the revenue; the old system of tax-collection had broken down. Alexius was no financier; his methods would have left a modem economist aghast. Yet somehow, by taxing his subjects to their utmost limits, by exacting forced loans and confiscating property from the magnates and the Church, by punishing with fines rather than imprisonment, by selling privileges and by developing the palace industries, he managed to pay for a large administrative organization and to rebuild the army and the navy, and at the same time to maintain a sumptuous court and to make lavish gifts to loyal subjects and visiting envoys and princes. For he realized that in the East prestige depends entirely on splendour and magnificence. Niggardliness is the one unforgiven sin. But Alexius was guilty of two great errors. In return for immediate aid he gave commercial advantages to foreign merchants, to the detriment of his own subjects; and at one crucial moment he debased the imperial coinage, the coinage that for seven centuries had provided the only stable currency in a chaotic world.
In foreign affairs the situation was even more desperate — if ‘foreign’ was still an applicable epithet; for on all sides enemies had penetrated far into the Empire. In Europe the Emperor maintained a precarious hold over the Balkan peninsula; but the Slavs of Serbia and Dalmatia had risen in revolt. The Turkish tribe of Petchenegs, roaming beyond the Danube, continually crossed the river to raid. And in the West Robert Guiscard and the Normans had captured Avlona and were besieging Dyrrhachium. In Asia little was left to Byzantium except the Black Sea coasts, a few isolated cities on the south coast and the great fortified metropolis of Antioch; but communications with these further cities were uncertain and rare. Several cities in the interior were still in Christian hands; but their rulers were entirely cut off from the central government. The bulk of the country was in the hands of the Seldjuk Sultan Suleiman, who ruled from Nicaea domains stretching from the Bosphorus to the Syrian frontier; but his state had no organized administration and no fixed frontiers. Other cities were in the power of pettier Turkish princes, some of them acknowledging the suzerainty of Suleiman, but most of them admitting no master but Malik Shah. Of these the most important were the house of Danishmend, now in possession of Caesarea, Sebastea and Amasea; Menguchek, the lord of Erzindjan and Colonea; and, most dangerous of all, the adventurer Chaka who had captured Smyrna and the Aegean littoral. The Turkish chieftains had established some sort of order round their main cities; but the countryside was still overrun by nomad Turcoman hordes, while bodies of Greek and Armenian refugees added to the confusion. Large numbers of Christians adopted Islam and were gradually merged into the Turkish race. A few Greek communities lingered on in mountain districts; and the Christian Turks, settled some centuries before round Caesarea in Cappadocia, retained their identity and their religion right down to modem times. But the majority of the Greek population made its way as best it could to the shores of the Black Sea and the Aegean.
The Armenians in the Taurus
The migration of the Armenians was more deliberate and orderly. The various Armenian princes dispossessed by the Byzantines had been given estates in Cappadocia, especially in the south, towards the Taurus mountains. Many of their retainers had accompanied them; and when the Seldjuk invasions began in earnest a continual stream of Armenians left their homes to join these new colonies, till almost half of the population of Armenia was on the move south-westward. The Turkish penetration of Cappadocia drove them further into the Taurus mountains and the Anti-Taurus; and they spread out into the valley of the middle Euphrates, to which the Turks had not yet come. The districts that they had abandoned were soon filled not by Turks but by Moslem Kurds from the hills of Assyria and north-west Iran. The last Armenian prince of the old Bagratid dynasty, a dynasty that proudly claimed descent from David and Bathsheba, was killed by Byzantine orders in 1079, after his own peculiarly atrocious murder of the Archbishop of Caesarea; whereupon one of his relatives, by name Roupen, rebelled from the Empire and set himself up in the hills of north-west Cilicia. About the same time another Armenian chieftain, Oshin, son of Hethoum, founded a similar lordship a little further to the west. Both the Roupenian and the Hethoumian dynasties had parts to play in later history; but at the time Roupen and Oshin were outshone by the Armenian Vahram, whom the Greeks called Philaretus.
Philaretus had been in Byzantine service and had been appointed by Romanus Diogenes to the governorship of Germanicia (Marash). When Romanus fell he refused to recognize Michael Ducas and declared himself independent. During the chaos of Michael’s reign he conquered the chief cities of Cilicia, Tarsus, Mamistra and Anazarbus. In 1077 one of his lieutenants, after a siege of six months, took Edessa from the Byzantines. In 1078 the citizens of Antioch, whose governor, the successor to Isaac Comnenus, had just been assassinated, begged Philaretus to take over the city to save it from the Turks. His dominion now stretched from Tarsus to the lands beyond the Euphrates; and both Roupen and Oshin became his vassals. But he felt insecure. Unlike most of his contemporaries he was Orthodox, and he did not wish to separate himself entirely from the Empire. On Michael’s abdication he announced his allegiance to Nicephorus Boteniates, who left him as governor of the lands that he had conquered. He apparently recognized Alexius also; but he took the additional precaution of paying some sort of homage to the Arab lords of Aleppo.
The Seldjuk Conquest of Syria
Alexius on his accession was obliged to decide against which of his enemies it was necessary first to campaign. Calculating that the Turks could only be driven back by a long sustained effort for which he was not yet ready and that in the meantime they were likely to quarrel amongst themselves, he considered it more urgent to defeat the Norman attack. It took longer than he had thought. In the summer of 1081 Robert Guiscard, accompanied by his Amazon wife, Sigelgaita of Salerno, and by his eldest son, Bohemond, laid siege to Dyrrhachium. In October Alexius, with an army whose chief regiment was the Anglo-Saxon Varangian Guard, went to relieve the fortress. But there, as at Hastings, fifteen years before, the Anglo-Saxons were no match for the Normans. Alexius was decisively beaten. Dyrrhachium held out over the winter but fell in February 1082, enabling Robert in the spring to march along the great main road, the Via Egnatia, towards Constantinople. Italian affairs soon obliged him to return home; but he left his army under Bohemond to secure Macedonia and Greece. Bohemond twice defeated Alexius, who was obliged to borrow men from the Turks and ships from the Venetians. While the latter interrupted Norman communications, the former enabled the Emperor to deliver Thessaly. Bohemond retired to Italy in 1083 but returned with his father next year, destroying the Venetian fleet off Corfu. The war only ended when Robert died in Cephalonia in 1085, and his sons quarrelled over his inheritance.
The authority of the Emperor was at last established over the European provinces; but during those four years the eastern provinces were lost. Philaretus fatally involved himself in Turkish intrigues. Early in 1085 Antioch was betrayed by his son to the Sultan Suleiman, together with his Cilician cities. Edessa fell in 1087 to a Turkish chieftain, Buzan, but was recaptured later in 1094 by an Armenian, Thoros, who had been a vassal of Malik Shah and was at first kept in order by a Turkish garrison in the citadel. Melitene meanwhile was occupied by another Armenian, his father-in-law, Gabriel, who, like Thoros, belonged to the Orthodox rite. Quarrels between the Orthodox and the Jacobite and Armenian Churches increased the disorder throughout northern Syria. To the latter the decline of Byzantine power was a matter for rejoicing. They preferred the rule of the Turk.
In southern Syria Seldjuk domination was now complete. Ever since Tughril Bey had entered Baghdad in 1055 the Syrian possession of the Fatimites had been threatened; and growing alarm and suspense there had resulted in disorder and petty rebellions. When in 1056 the Byzantine frontier officials at Lattakieh had refused to allow the pilgrim Bishop of Cambrai to proceed southward, their motive was not, as the westerners suspected, just to be unpleasant to a Latin (though there was probably a ban on Norman pilgrims); they were informed that Syria was unsafe for Christian travellers. The experience of the German bishops who eight years later insisted on crossing the frontier against local advice shows that the Byzantine officials were justified.
In 1071, the year of Manzikert and the fall of Bari, a Turkish adventurer, Atsiz ibn Abaq, nominally vassal to Alp Arslan, captured Jerusalem without a struggle and soon occupied all Palestine down to the frontier fortress of Ascalon. In 1075 he took possession of Damascus and the Damascene. In 1076 the Fatimids recovered Jerusalem, from which Atsiz drove them again after a siege of several months and a massacre of the Moslem inhabitants. Only the Christians, safe within their walled quarter, were spared. Despite this, the Fatimids were soon able to attack Atsiz at Damascus; and he was obliged to call in the help of the Seldjuk prince, Tutush, the brother of Malik Shah, who was trying, with his brother’s approval, to build himself a sultanate in Syria. In 1079 Tutush had Atsiz murdered and became sole ruler of a state stretching from Aleppo, which remained still under its Arab dynasty, to the borders of Egypt. Tutush, and his lieutenant Ortoq, governor of Jerusalem, seem to have provided an orderly government. There was no special animosity shown against the Christians, though the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem seems to have spent much of his time in Constantinople, where his colleague from Antioch now took up residence.
The Danishmends and Chaka
In 1085 the Emperor Alexius, freed from the Norman danger, turned his attention to the Turkish problem. Hitherto it had only been by unceasing intrigues, setting one Turkish prince against another, that he had been able to keep any check on them. Now, combining his diplomacy with a show of arms, he secured a treaty that restored to the Empire Nicomedia and the Anatolian shores of the Marmora. Next year his patience was rewarded still further. Suleiman ibn-Kutulmish, having taken Antioch, marched on Aleppo, whose Arab ruler called on Tutush to rescue him. In a battle fought outside the city, Tutush was victorious and Suleiman was slain.
The death of Suleiman brought chaos to the Turks in Anatolia; and Alexius was in his element, plotting with one chieftain against another, playing on their mutual jealousies, offering each in turn bribes and hints of a marriage alliance. Nicaea was held for six years by the Turkish rebel, Abu’l Kasim; but in 1092 Malik Shah was able to replace him by the son of Suleiman, Kilij Arslan I. Meanwhile Alexius had been able to consolidate his position. It was not easy. The only territory that he could recover was the town of Cyzicus; and he could not prevent the Danishmends from extending their dominion westward and taking his own family home, Kastamuni, in Paphlagonia. Palace conspiracies hampered him; and in 1087 he had to meet a serious invasion from over the Danube, led by the Petchenegs with Hungarian help. It was not till 1091 that his diplomacy, aided by one tremendous victory, permanently freed him from the threat of barbarian inroads from the north.
More alarming still was Chaka, the Turkish Emir of Smyrna. Chaka, more ambitious than most of his compatriots, aimed at succeeding to the Empire. He employed Greeks rather than Turks, for he realized the need for sea-power; but at the same time he attempted to organize the Turkish princes into an alliance and married his daughter to the young Kilij Arslan. Between 1080 and 1090 he made himself master of the Aegean coast and the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Rhodes. Alexius, one of whose first cares had been to recreate the Byzantine fleet, managed at last to defeat him on the sea at the entrance to the Marmora; but the menace remained till in 1092 Chaka was murdered by his son-in-law, Kilij Arslan, at a banquet at Nicaea. The murder was the result of the Emperor’s advice to the Sultan, who feared to see another Turk grow greater than himself.
With Suleiman and Chaka dead, Alexius could contemplate a more aggressive policy. He himself was now secure in Constantinople; and the European provinces were quiet. His fleet was efficient; his treasury was temporarily full. But his army was very small. He had few native troops on which to draw, with Anatolia lost to him. His need was for trained foreign mercenaries.
Certainly, by about the year 1095, it seemed that the Seldjuk power was at last declining. Malik Shah, who had kept some control over the whole Turkish empire, died in 1092; and his death was followed by civil war between his young sons. For the next ten years, till they could agree to a division of their inheritance, the main attention of the Turks was given to this struggle. Meanwhile Arab and Kurdish chieftains arose in Iraq. In Syria, where Tutush died in 1095, his sons, Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus, proved themselves incapable of keeping order. Jerusalem passed to the sons of Ortoq. Their government was ineffectual and oppressive. The Orthodox Patriarch Symeon and his higher clergy retired to Cyprus. At Tripoli a Shiite clan, the Banu ‘Ammar, set up a principality. The Fatimids began to reconquer southern Palestine. In the north a Turkish general, Kerbogha, Atabeg of Mosul under the Abbasid Caliph, gradually encroached upon Ridwan’s territory of Aleppo. To the travellers of the time it seemed that every city had a different master.
The Difficulties of the Pilgrims
It is remarkable that there were still travellers, not only Moslems but also Christian pilgrims from the West. The pilgrim traffic had never entirely ceased, but the journey was now very difficult. In Jerusalem, till Ortoq’s death, the life of the Christians seems to have been very little affected; and Palestine, except when Turks and Egyptians were actually engaged in fighting there, was usually quiet. But Anatolia could now be traversed only if the voyager took an armed escort; and even so the way was full of danger, and wars or hostile authorities often held him up. Syria was little better. Everywhere there were brigands on the roads; and at each small town the local lord tried to levy a tax on passers-by. The pilgrims that succeeded in overcoming all the difficulties returned to the West weary and impoverished, with a dreadful tale to tell.
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Sivori, Camillo
Camillo Sivori, Italian violinist and composer, 1817-1894
Ernesto Camillo Sivori was an Italian virtuoso violinist and composer. From 1827 Sivori began the career of a travelling virtuoso, which lasted almost without interruption until 1864. He played Mendelssohn's concerto for the first time in England in 1846. His violin techniques, in many instances were executed to impersonate human sounds. "Le Stregghe" is one of his best examples in which his unique ability to create such lively, almost cinematographic effects is achieved. He lived for many years in Paris and collaborated with composers of his day, including Giuseppe Verdi and Franz Liszt. He played the first performance of Luigi Cherubini's "Requiem" in E minor. |
Dark Energy and Dark Matter – UPSC IAS
In this article, You will read Dark Energy and Dark Matter for UPSC IAS.
You by now know that matter and energy are interconvertible; so there is Dark Energy, Anti Energy, and Negative Energy too.
Now let’s see what each of these terms signify.
Dark Energy and Dark Matter
The term ‘dark’ is used to denote the unknown.
• Dark energy is an unknown form of energy that is hypothesized to permeate (spread throughout) all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.
• Meanwhile, dark energy is a repulsive forcea sort of anti-gravity — that drives the universe’s everaccelerating expansion.
• Dark matter makes up 27 percent.
• And the rest – a measly 5 percent is all the regular matter we see and interact with every day.
• The velocity of rotation for spiral galaxies depends on the amount of mass contained in them, But the outer arms of the Milky Way are rotating much too fast to be consistent with the amount of matter that we know exists in them.
• Such fast rotation is possible only when there is more mass, and that extra mass is believed to come from dark matter.
• Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter. The majority of dark matter is thought to be composed of some as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particles.
• The name dark matter refers to the fact that it does not appear to interact with observable electromagnetic radiation, such as light.
• It is thus invisible (or ‘dark’) to the entire electromagnetic spectrum, making it extremely difficult to detect.
• Dark matter interacts with the rest of the universe only through its gravity (that’s how we know it exists).
• The material is considered to be a ‘matter’ since it has gravitational attraction and it is ‘dark’ because it does not seem to interact with light (or any part of the electromagnetic spectrum).
Dark Energy and Dark Matter
Are Black Holes Dark Matter?
Black holes could be considered as a dark matter for the reasons mentioned below:
1. Almost collision-less.
2. They are stable (if sufficiently massive)
3. They have non-relativistic velocities.
4. They formed very early in the history of the universe.
In March 2016, 3 groups of researchers proposed that Black Holes had a primordial origin. Results from 2 groups are consistent with the scenario that almost all dark matter is made of primordial black holes. 3rd group concluded that black holes contributed to only less than 1% of total dark matter.
Anti-Matter and Anti Energy
• Anti’ means the opposite. So anti-matter has some properties opposite with respect to the usual matter.
• It is hypothesized that every elementary particle in the Universe has a partner particle, known as an ‘antiparticle’.
• The particle and its antiparticle share many similar characteristics, but many other properties are the exact opposite.
• The electron, for example, has as its antiparticle the antielectron. They both have the same masses, but they have exactly opposite electrical charges.
• Most of the human understanding of anti-matter comes from high-energy accelerator experiments.
• When a matter particle meets its antimatter particle, they destroy each other completely (i.e. annihilation), releasing the energy equivalent of their rest masses (following Einstein’s E = mc2).
• For instance, when an electron meets an antielectron, the two annihilate and produce a burst of light which produces a corresponding energy level equivalent to the masses of the two particles.
Negative Matter and Negative Energy
• Negative matter is a hypothetical type of matter which if it exists will have negative mass and negative energy.
• Hope you remember that matter and anti-matter will attract each other resulting in annihilation. But matter and the negative matter will repel each other under gravity.
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Liu An
Liú Ān (Chinese: 劉安, c. 179–122 BC) was a Han dynasty Chinese prince and an advisor to his nephew, Emperor Wu of Han (武帝). He is best known for editing the (139 BC) Huainanzi compendium of Daoist, Confucianist, Buddhist and Legalist teachings and for supposedly inventing tofu. Early texts represent Liu An in three ways: the "author-editor of a respected philosophical symposium", the "bumbling rebel who took his life to avoid arrest", and the successful Daoist adept who transformed into a xian and "rose into the air to escape prosecution for trumped-up charges of treason and flew to eternal life."
He was the grandson of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty. After his father died, he became the Prince of Huainan, the lands south of the Huai River, at the age of 16.
Liu An had two sons. The younger was Liu Qian (刘迁), who was born by his princess consort and thus became heir to Huainan, while the elder, Liu Buhai (刘不害), was born to a concubine. Liu An favoured Liu Qian over Liu Buhai and never viewed the latter as his son. Liu Qian never regarded Liu Buhai as his elder brother. According to Tui'en Ling (推恩令, Order to Expand Favours), Liu Buhai could become a marquess if Liu An carved a part of Huainan for him as his fief, but Liu An never did. Liu Jian (刘建), son of Liu Buhai, having realized that both he and his father had little chance to be a marquess, became so resentful that he accused Liu An and Liu Qian of a coup attempt. Finally, in a fate similar to his father, Liu An committed suicide in 122 BC after his plot was revealed.
Noted for his literary ability, Liu An was reputed to be able to compose an elaborate work of prose between waking and finishing breakfast. In addition to composing literary pieces himself, Liu An also frequently invited other scholars as guests to his estate. Eight of these scholars in particular became known as the Eight Immortals of Huainan (淮南八仙).
Together with the Eight Immortals of Huainan and/or other members his literary circle, Liu An published a treatise in 139 BC. known as the Huainanzi, translated as "Book of the Master of Huainan", or the "Huainan Philosophers". This book is considered one of the cornerstones of Taoist philosophy, along with the works of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Along with the earlier ShuJing (Classic of History) of the 5th century BC (Warring States era), this book provided further concrete information on geography, including descriptions of the topography of China. His book was also concerned with mathematics and music, making use of the "Pythagorean comma" and listing the first known Chinese 12 tone musical tuning.
Chu ci
One of the two major ancient Chinese poetry collections was the Chu ci, also known as The Songs of the South or The Songs of Chu (the other being the Shijing). The seminal poem of the collection is the "Li Sao", generally agreed to be by Qu Yuan. Liu An wrote an introduction to the "Li Sao" as well as the first known commentary. There is also reasonable evidence that Liu An was the first editor and anthologist of the original Chu ci collection. The poem "Zhao yin shi" (Summons for a Recluse") is attributed to him and "Yuan You" ("Far-off Journey") shows many similarities to the work of the literary circle around Liu An.
Legend of inventing soy milk
According to the legend, Liu An developed soy milk for his old, ill mother. She wanted to taste soybeans but couldn't chew, so Liu An ground the soybeans into milk, apparently upon her suggestion. No historical evidence supports the legend. In the Ming Dynasty reference work Bencao Gangmu, author Li Shizhen describes the development of bean curd but does not mention a particular inventor. The attribution of the invention of tofu to Liu An was also made by another Ming dynasty writer, Li Yi (李翊). During the Song dynasty in the 10th century, Zhu Xi had already written of the method of Huainan in "Song of Bean Curd" ("豆腐詩"). It is also mentioned in a book which called bean curd "Lai Ki" in the Han dynasty, and the word appeared in an early Song dynasty writing. Other Chinese sources discredit the Liu An invention theory, however, and state that Liu An lived with a lot of vegetarian monks and the method was taught by them. The Chinese Daoists that he recruited used "alchemical" methods to make both soy milk and bean curd, perhaps as a medicine for eternal life. As the only powerful noble at that time, Liu An could order the (relative) mass-production of such items and spread them around, thus making him famous for soy milk and bean curd. Still, many place Liu An as the inventor of both bean curd and soy milk.
A different tradition could be found in 《金華地方風俗志》 and 《中國風俗故事集》, which mention that soy milk and bean curd were made before the Han dynasty. These traditions date soy milk to the warring states period by the Yan general Yue Yi, These two books are rather recent and the quote in it was only a legend told to bean curd makers orally, without written record.
See also
• *Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books.ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2
• Wallacker, Benjamin E. (1972), "Liu an, Second King of Huai-nan (180?-122 B. C.)," Journal of the American Oriental Society 92.1, pp. 36–51.
External links
Uses material from the Wikipedia article Liu An, released under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. |
Fiscal Federalism and Local Government Finance in Nigeria
Fiscal federalism deals with the sharing of resources in a federated nation. Over the years problems about local government finance have become an important aspect of intergovernmental relations. Constitutionally, local government is the third tier of government which exists as an independent entity, possessing some degree of autonomy and sovereignty. However, its capability to perform its constitutionally mandated functions is beleaguered by the problem of inadequate revenue. In Nigeria, a number of factors have contributed to the financial setback experienced by most local governments and these include: overdependence on allocations from state and federal governments which in most cases are withheld by the same federal and state governments; lack of fiscal autonomy; creation of non-viable local governments, among others. The aim of this paper is to examine the problems of the local government in Nigeria, especially concerning its financial limitations, necessitated by the unequal share of resources, imbalance revenue-sharing formulae and lack of fiscal autonomy in the operations of the local government in Nigeria.
Keywords: Fiscal federalism, Local government, Autonomy, Finance
1. Introduction
The concept of local government simply implies government at the grass root level. The local government is the most critical and important level of government because it deals directly with the citizens of a particular state. The local government is a formal organization set up by law, and it has a degree of autonomy to perform certain constitutional functions. Local governments are created with the expectation of delivering services within their jurisdictions. Any state or nation aspiring for development must ensure that there is the decentralization of power and functions to lower tiers of government in order to accommodate the interest of individuals at the grass root level. In most federal systems of government there is the existence of local authorities or local government; and their constitution allows for decentralizing power and functions as well as finance down to grass root governance.
Historically, the local government in Nigeria has faced a lot of problems; it has been beset by limitations ranging from lack of autonomy, dictatorial attitude of the central government, and financial limitations, of course, among others. The native administration set up by the British colonial administration lacked the capacity to function without incessant interruption from the central colonial authority. The establishment of regionalism in 1945 and the quasi-federal system in 1951 set the pace for a federal structure in the country. Yet, while during this period there was the existence of local authorities, their functions(rights) were not clearly defined but until 1976. It was the 1976 local government reform that set the pace for the establishment of an ‘independent’ third tier of government in Nigeria.
Indeed, finance is a necessity for any organization with responsibilities and functions to perform. The survival and sustainability of local government largely depends on its finance(Bello-imam, 2007). According to the 1979 constitution, there were two major sources of local government revenue and these included the internal and external sources. The internal sources included poll tax or community tax, property tax, user fees and benefit tax, and others; the external sources of revenue for local government included fiscal transfers from the central government and loans. Although these requirements are stipulated in the Nigerian constitution up till today, in reality and in practice both the state and central government shave exhibited a nonchalant attitude towards fiscal transfers to the local government. More so, most of the internal sources of generated revenue by the local government are hijacked by the
central and state governments, leaving the local government with multiple functions but limited means for proper implementation of such functions. |
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1. 1. Endangered AnimalsWe are Responsible !
2. 2. • "We all moan and groan about the loss of the quality of life through the destruction of our ecology, and yet each one of us, in our own little comfortable ways, contributes daily to that destruction. Its time now to awaken in each one of us the respect and attention our beloved mother deserves."- Quote by actor, environmental supporter, Ed Asner.
3. 3. • As we “happen to be” the best creature of the world, it’s our duty to look after (at least not destroy) other species. I am writing down some points which might help to preserve the wildlife and help the endangered species.
4. 4. How to protect these animals
5. 5. 1.• Organizations like Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund have dedicated themselves to preserve the earth and its ecology. Many volunteers join organizations like these and work for the environment. You can find some international/local organizations like these and join them.
6. 6. 2.• Boycott fur coats and medicines made from rare animals. Boycott ornaments made from ivory and staff like this. Baby seals are murdered for their skin, as it is used to make expensive coats- don’t bye them.
7. 7. 3.• Raise your voice against this injustice. Peaceful protest, human chain, petition and rally are some ways to do it. You can also write a heart felt and logical letter to the government stating your ideas about this issue and how it can be solved.
8. 8. 4.• Try to raise awareness amongst your local people. Apart from face to face interaction, the best way to do so is blogging. Blog about endangered animals and what we can do to help them. If you have posts like this, then please write about it in the comment section.
9. 9. 5.• Recycle and reuse. It will reduce the need to have more raw materials to produce something. As a result a lot of trees will be spared and wild animals’ habitat will be undisturbed.
10. 10. 6.• Governments should come forward to create more safe zones and national parks for wild animals where they will be able to move freely without worrying about hunters and poachers. Governments should apply strict laws to stop poaching.
11. 11. 7.• . You can make a little room for your wild neighbors. Like, you can build a bird house and feed local birds.
12. 12. 8.• . Like I always say, PLANT A TREE.
13. 13. 9.• Stop hunting for pleasure !
14. 14. 10.• Donate money or trees to different non-profit organizations which work to protect the wildlife. You can donate money to Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund etc. You can gift trees from Arbor Day Foundation.
15. 15. • I hope this post was helpful. Thank You !!! |
Does creatine cause hair loss?
Our bodies can accomplish numerous feats, and the best way to see the extent of our strength and abilities is by watching sport competitions. Through rigorous training, athletes go to great lengths to rise above the competition.
However, our bodies can only do so much no matter how hard athletes try to push themselves to the limit. That’s why a lot of them resort to performance-enhancing drugs and supplements, and the most well-known is creatine.
This natural substance comes in the form of tablets, powdered drink, and energy bars. They can be taken without any prescription from the doctor, which makes it easily accessible in drugstores as well as online stores.
Unfortunately, several users have reported hair loss while taking this supplement, driving off potential users of creatine who do not want to risk losing their hair in exchange for increased strength. But does creatine actually cause hair loss? If you’re planning to take creatine daily, keep reading and find out how safe this is and if it’s really the cause behind a balding head.
What is creatine?
Creatine is an amino acid found in the muscles. Our body naturally produces this substance and converts it to phosphocreatine that helps increase muscle mass and strength. Creatine production can be enhanced by eating red meat and seafood, but a concentrated amount can be gained orally through supplements.
Doctors have also recommended creatine for those suffering from certain brain disorders associated with dysfunctional energy metabolism such as Parkinson’s Disease.
Side effects of creatine
Creatine is generally safe to consume at appropriate doses, but it does come with several side effects such as the following:
• Bloating
• Cramps
• Dehydration
• Diarrhea
• Gastrointestinal pain
• Heat intolerance
• Increased weight gain
• Nausea
Creatine may also have adverse effects when used with other substances such as caffeine, so be conscious of your caffeine intake especially if you have Parkinson’s disease. Avoid creatine if you have an underlying kidney disease.
Creatine and hair loss
As you may notice, hair loss is not included as a side effect of creatine. Trustworthy sources for dietary supplement research do not consider creatine as a direct cause of hair loss. The only scientific study that may link the connection between the two is a study made in 2009 published in the Clinical Journal Sports Medicine.
The study involved the participation of twenty rugby players who took 25 grams of creatine a day in the span of 3 weeks. The results revealed that creatine may boost the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone believed to be a cause for male pattern baldness.
On the other hand, there was no proof that creatine directly causes hair loss. It’s also worth noting that the participants took five times more than the daily recommended dosage of 5 grams. There was no specific mention of hair loss, and the study involved only a few participants within a limited time frame.
The bottom line
Creatine may boost the production of DHT, but it’s not yet proven that it’s a direct cause of hair loss. While several people claim that creatine led to baldness, there are a lot more claiming that they never experienced hair loss at all. Overall, creatine is a safe dietary supplement that can increase muscle growth and strength. As long as you stick to the recommended daily dosage, there’s not much to worry about.
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Limits to Marine Life
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Science 17 Apr 2009:
Vol. 324, Issue 5925, pp. 347-348
DOI: 10.1126/science.1170756
Ocean chemistry is currently undergoing enormous change from the twinned impacts of higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from fossil-fuel burning (1), inducing ocean acidification (2, 3), and of rapidly declining mid-water oxygen (O2) concentrations. The decline in O2 results from lower sea-surface O2 concentrations, reduced ventilation of the mid-water from ocean warming (4, 5), and local eutrophication events, all of which lead to an expansion of oceanic dead zones. The reduced ventilation further elevates CO2 concentrations at depth, because the decline in O2 is accompanied by the equivalent respiratory CO2 (6); as a result, ocean acidification penetrates more rapidly to lower depths than it would due to the fossil-fuel signal alone. Can the effects of these changes on marine life be quantified on the basis of existing data, and if so, how does one quantify them?
Initial concerns over ocean acidification focused on reduced calcification in coral reefs and other calcareous organisms (7, 8), but other concerns soon arose. Elevated dissolved CO2 concentrations may impose a physiological strain on marine animals, impairing performance and requiring energy that would otherwise be used for locomotion, predation, reproduction, or coping with other environmental stresses such as rising temperatures. However, there is as yet no formal way to estimate this impact or to relate observed oceanic chemical change to the physiological limits for marine organisms.
Ocean scientists today define the limits to aerobic life in the sea in terms of a minimum dissolved O2 concentration (5), typically ∼5 μM, below which it is inefficient for aerobic microbes to consume dissolved O2; instead, the microbes turn to other electron acceptors such as IO3, Mn(IV), and NO3 (9). For higher animals, “dead zones” are defined as regions where normal respiration is greatly limited and the expenditure of effort is physiologically constrained, but there is no precise, universally accepted definition that would allow a common limit to be used when mapping changing conditions. In writing this limit in terms of dissolved O2 [or oxygen partial pressure (pO2)] alone, ocean scientists typically ignore the CO2 side of the respiration equation, on the unspoken assumption that pCO2 levels are low and are inversely proportional to the O2 concentration via bacterial oxidation of marine organic matter. However, this may no longer be the case as atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise and reset ocean chemical relations.
A simple way to approach this problem is to define the basic oxic respiration equation
Corg + O2 → CO2 (1)
and from this write out the free-energy relation
ΔG = ΔG° − RT · ln{[f CO2]/[Corg][f O2]} (2)
Here, ΔG° is the Gibbs free energy at standard conditions, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, and f is fugacity. From this equation, we can see that for all food sources there is a common term: the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gas fugacities. By substituting partial pressures for fugacities, log10 for the natural logarithm, and inverting the ratio to eliminate the minus sign, we obtain the expression log10 (pO2/pCO2), which provides a simple numerical constraint that is linearly related to available energy. We define this as the respiration index (RI), which may prove useful for estimating the physiological limits of deep-sea animals.
For a specific example, consider a station in the eastern tropical Pacific that is characteristic of the very large suboxic regions of the oceans. Here, the dissolved O2 concentrations at depths between 300 and 600 m decline almost to zero, and large-scale reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurs. In this region, the calculated RI ranges from just below zero to 2 or more, depending on the ratio of pO2 to pCO2 (see the figure). Field data (10) suggest that denitrification begins to occur at RI ≈ 0.4 to 0.7, and this ratio likely sets the limit for aerobic respiration of higher animals. Actual limits will be species dependent and remain to be determined (see the figure for some hypothetical limits).
Expanding dead zones.
An example of respiration stress at a station in the eastern tropical Pacific (WOCE P16C Sta 413: 13°01.75′N, 91°45.60′W). (A) The calculated pCO2 rises with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The preindustrial profile was calculated from the modern data by removing the anthropogenic CO2 at constant alkalinity. The projections (two times preindustrial and three times preindustrial) were calculated by determining the stepwise change in total CO2 in the sea surface for each case and then propagating this change throughout the ocean. (B) Calculation of the respiration index with depth (RI) reveals the existence of a formal dead zone for aerobic life, where RI ≤ 0 (gray band). However, even at RI = 0.0 to 0.4 (red band), aerobic respiration is not observed. Bacteria appear to set the practical limit for all aerobic respiration at RI = 0.4 to 0.7 (orange band). Some marine animals can tolerate RI = 1 or slightly less, but others cannot (yellow band). With increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, dead zones for aerobic life will grow in size. Rising ocean temperatures will further exacerbate the growth of the dead zones by decreasing oxygen saturation.
What is of concern is the impact of rising oceanic CO2 concentrations on this ratio. Present-day pCO2 at 500 m depth at this site is about 1000 μatm, but an increase of +280 parts per million by volume CO2 to the atmosphere and surface ocean translates into a far greater change at depth. As surface sea water is transferred to depth, its buffer capacity is reduced by the acidic components of the normal Redfield cycle (6). A doubling of surface-water pCO2 leads to a doubling or more of pCO2 at depth (see the figure) due to the different geochemistry of the deeper water masses. From ocean equilibration with a doubled CO2 atmosphere, the pCO2 at the example station at 500 m depth will rise to 2500 μatm and possibly higher. Such levels have not been considered previously in many of the models designed to predict the status of the future ocean.
This simple example uses the fossil-fuel CO2 signal alone, thereby greatly understating the case. The calculation assumes constant temperature, but oceanic warming is taking place and will drive the in situ pCO2 higher. The calculation also assumes unchanging pO2 levels, but deep-water O2 concentrations are steadily declining. This affects the RI both through reducing pO2 and through the associated increase in respiratory CO2. Thus, we may anticipate a very large expansion of oceanic dead zones.
The expansion of dead zones also has other chemical side effects. The major redox cycles of the chemical elements are microbially driven, and thus an increase in production of N2O—also a greenhouse gas—at depth seems likely, although any release of this to the atmosphere would be greatly limited by oceanic processes of mixing and consumption. Other redox species may serve as important tracers of the processes at work as these changes occur, with the IO3 → I system being the most sensitive indicator.
For the vast areas of the ocean that are well-oxygenated, the rise in oceanic CO2 concentrations will exert a negligible effect on the normal aerobic functioning of adult marine animals. However, based on our redefinition of dead zones, it is clear that even if oxygen levels do not decline, the oceanic dead zones will still expand as a result of rising CO2 concentrations; with global warming reducing the oxygen levels as well, the combined effect will be severe.
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An estimated seven million Ukranians died during the famine in 1933, a result of collectivization.
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Those Remembrance Day forgot about
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Reading Time: 5 minutes
By Wojtek Dabrowski
The children died fastest.
Shivering in Ukraine’s farmhouses at night without any food to nourish their skeletal bodies, they expired by the million, often quietly, too weak to cry.
The loud ones, the orphans who turned to petty crime after their parents died, were rounded up by Soviet Union authorities, held until many starved and were buried in remote parts of the countryside. No aid workers were allowed to enter Ukraine and help.
The Soviet’s raiding squads that came to take the peasants’ food did not explain why they were there and did not tolerate arguments.
Those who opposed the massive food collection were often shot where they stood or snatched away, never to be heard from again.
Survivors were reduced to picking through piles of eggshells and eating anything they could find, from composted vegetable slop to tree bark. If the peasants were lucky, the men who came to take their grain and meat would leave their cats and dogs behind. A cat or a dog could feed a family, at least for a while.
But eventually, even the skimpiest of scraps ran out.
In the winter of 1933, between four and ten million Ukrainians starved to death in a famine so well concealed by the Soviet Union that much of the Western world did not acknowledge it happened until the last days of Communist rule in the 1980s.
“Very often, popular writers in Ukraine refer to it as a holocaust,” said Paul Magocsi, a professor of Eastern European history at the University of Toronto. “Historians are often careful not to use that term terribly widely, other than for the Jewish experience in the Second World War.”
But the case of Ukraine, which was ruled by the iron-fisted Soviet Union, was different than Israel’s.
“The Soviet Union denied that there ever was a famine as late as the very last years of the Soviet regime,” Magocsi said. “This is the reason why one tragedy was known so well and another virtually not at all.”
Today, Ukrainians consider the famine an integral part of their national identity. Meanwhile, the rest of the world — including some members of the Jewish community — continues to debate whether the famine was a wholesale attempt to eradicate an entire race or just a horrible byproduct of misguided policy.
It was in 1929 that the Soviet Union first forced its peasants to organize in so-called “collective” farms under party control. Autocratically governing many Eastern European states such as Poland, Latvia and Estonia, the Soviet Union enforces its collectivisation campaign on the fertile farmlands of Ukraine, which had a reputation as being some of the most productive in Europe.
Collectivization, in theory, meant that all food would be pooled across the Union and distributed according to need. The superpower was entering a period of very rapid industrialization and the food supply has to be guaranteed. That’s why collectivization went from voluntary to mandatory.
“There was no longer tolerance for gradual change,” Magocsi said.
Those who opposed the food redistribution, the authorities decided, must be wealthy land- or labour-owning capitalists, called kulaks. The definition of what a kulak was varied widely, and Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin ended up using the term to brand all undesirable radical elements.
This resulted in the forced deportation of one million people to Siberian work camps in 1929 and 1930.
Meanwhile, the remaining farmers had to deliver a set-in-stone amount of grain each season under the collectivization campaign. Missing the targets was an impossibility, some cold or drought.
And cold and drought did come, in 1931 and 1932. Poor harvests and a drought to Ukraine made it impossible for farmers to deliver the required amount of food. To remedy this, the Communists sent raiding parties into rural Ukraine to seize any and all foodstock available.
“During this process, Stalin and the Communist leadership became convinced that there really was more grain than was being said and that the peasants were lying,” Magocsi said.
While Soviets questioned whether the peasants were lying, it is a fact that they were dying. Historians estimate that as many as 7 million Ukrainians starved to death in 1933 as a result of the Stalinist collectivization campaign — a million more than the six million who perished during the Jewish Holocaust in the 1940s.
In his book The Harvest of Sorrow, historian Robert Conquest estimated seven million people perished, mostly Ukrainians, including three million children, who one observer said “looked like embryos out of alcohol bottles.”
Conquest quotes a railway engineer who, in 1933, entire traincars of dead bodies being carted away from sight by Soviet authorities, to be buried in remote rural areas.
Although Conquest writes that “the verdict of history cannot be other than one of criminal responsibility,” a debate exists whether this man-made famine should be considered a genocidal holocaust.
“I haven’t seen the final evidence that would convince me of genocide,” said Lynne Viola, a history professor at the University of Toronto who specializes in Stalin.
Viola said she isn’t convinced a genocide took place because “I think the attempt to eliminate any sort of traditional authority came earlier, in 1931,” referring to the kulak deportation to Siberia.
And the Canadian Jewish Congress, while it recognizes that a huge and entirely avoidable loss of life took place, refuses to label the famine a holocaust.
“I think one has to show a little bit of historical care in making these comparisons,” said Bernie Farber, the director of the Ontario chapter of the CJC. “There are still many historical questions being raised about whether or not this was a deliberate, manmade attempt at wiping out an entire people.”
A holocaust, by dictionary definition, is a great act of destruction and loss of life. However, linguists caution against using the word to describe massive deathtolls that occur naturally, such as deaths from drought.
But Eugene Yakovitch argues that the famine fits the United Nations definition of genocide.
“I think it’s very important because our famine-genocide … represents a time when food was used as a weapon, and very effectively, too,” said the chair of the Famine-Genocide Committee of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress.
The Jewish community has engraved the Holocaust in the international consciousness with films such as Schindler’s List and books such as Elie Wiesel’s Night. Holocaust education is part and parcel of high school history and English curriculums and vocal organizations such as the CJC exist to remind the world of what happened between 1939 and 1945.
Yakovitch said Ukrainians have had very few resourced, chiefly money, to make the world aware of what only recently became a widely known event.
His committee is responsible for making the media and the public at large aware of the famine and ensuring the world remembers what happened.
The group is currently working on a website to document and educate about what Yakovitch unequivocally believes was genocide.
Despite this, there have been problems with getting media interested in the famine, except around Remembrance Day, and relatively few books have been written on the topic, he said.
Regardless, Yakovitch said the famine’s importance to the Ukrainian history is “probably equivalent to the Holocaust with the Jewish people.”
“Unless people are aware of what can happen when food is used as a weapon, there is a possibility that it can occur again.”
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Developing Self
Approaches to Learning
Play and Exploration
Goal 1: Children engage in play to understand the world around them.
By the end of each age group or grade level, most children will have met prior age group or grade level standards in this domain.
Infants Through Older Toddlers
(By 12 Months)
1. Play independently (solitary play)
2. Respond to play activities (e.g., peek-a-boo)
3. Uses senses to explore objects and toys (e.g., chews on toy)
4. Relate objects to each other (e.g., banging 2 blocks)
5. Engage in simple turn-taking games
Young Toddlers
(By 18 Months)
1. Engage in solitary and parallel play (e.g., children building blocks next to each other, but not interacting)
2. Engage in intended use of toy (e.g., running car along the floor)
3. Engage in simple pretend play with actual objects (e.g., puts phone to ear, or doll to bed)
4. Play outside engaging with the natural environment (e.g., feeling leaves, digging in sand)
Older Toddlers
(By 36 Months)
1. Engage in constructive play (e.g., use blocks to build a tower)
2. Engage in representational play (e.g., use a gourd as a hammer or a block as a phone)
3. Experiment with the outdoor environment (e.g., climb on rocks, roll down hills)
4. Build friendships through play
Younger Preschoolers Through Kindergartners
Younger Preschoolers
(By 48 months)
1. Engage in associative play (e.g., play without planning and negotiation) with other children for short periods of time
2. Primarily engage in basic constructive play activities (e.g., building road with rocks) and dramatic play activities by taking on a role
3. Build knowledge through play (e.g., blocks/math, dramatic play/literacy, water table/problem solving, outdoor play/science)
Older Preschoolers
(By 60 months)
1. Engage solidly in “solitary”, “parallel”, “associative” and “cooperative play” (e.g., play that involves engagement, negotiation and pre-planning)
2. Engage in sustained play episodes (e.g., stays in a dramatic play role like “the baby”)
3. Practice concepts through play (e.g., emergent writing: restaurant menu, geometry: naming the block shapes used in building a garage)
4. Play basic games with rules
1. Play basic games with rules
2. Engage in a variety of play-based contexts, to develop skills in oral language, idea expression, problem-solving, and self-regulation
3. Incorporate the outdoor natural environment into play scenarios
4. Engage in productive play scenarios to develop oral language, express ideas, problem-solve, and develop self-regulation
First Graders Through Third Graders
First Graders
1. Play moderate level games with rules with other children
2. Engage in intricate dramatic play and role play scenarios, some in real-world settings, that help then make sense of the world (e.g. acts out favorite stories with a group of friends)
3. Engage in child-initiated outdoor games and activities
Second Graders
1. Play advanced games with rules
2. Engage in dramatic play and role play scenarios and dramatic interpretations of text, including: flannel board stories, finger plays, and reader's theater
3. Organize outdoor games and projects
Third Graders
1. Engage in, negotiate, develop and organize games with rules
2. Cooperatively play with others in intricate dramatic play scenarios, making own props, engaging in multiple topics, expressing ideas
3. Produce and execute reader's theater scripts
4. Resolve conflicts during organized indoor and outdoor play activities
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Kids and Sugar Effects
Excess sugar has been linked to a variety of health problems in kids today. No only do increases in sugar, automatically lead to unnecessary levels of carbohydrates, but these carbs are not paired with the fiber necessary to minimize a sugar surge.. This increased amount of sugars in a daily diet can lead to a host of health problems such as heart disease and diabetes. Increased sugars in the body make the liver work harder and leads to elevated cholesterol levels. Kids that eat less sugar will be healthier and less likely to develop problems with obesity.
Retain Daily Energy
Sugars that are contained in foods such as cereal are processed and not natural. Processed sugars do not provide any health benefits as they cause the digestive system to work harder. Any energy that is gained by kids eating foods with high levels of processed sugars is quickly lost.
Increase in Productivity
Kids will have more energy when less sugar is being consumed. The less work that the body will need to do to process sugars in the body means that more is available. This energy is then available to use by kids to pay attention in school.
Normalize Blood Sugar Levels
Reducing the amount of high sugar cereals prevents a spike in your blood sugar levels. This increase is the cause of sluggish behavior that occurs during the day. When your body does not need to normalize blood sugar levels, more resources are available to keep you alert and active.
Control of the Diet
The reduction of sugar can occur gradually over time. You will begin to notice that your kids no longer need large amounts of food and may be content to have small snacks during the day. A smaller amount of food that is eaten can also lead to weight loss.
Decreased Dental Problems
The deterioration of your kid’s teeth is a direct result of eating too much sugar. Reducing the sugar that is eaten will also reduce the amount of cavities and other associated dental problems.
Less Likely to Get Sick
Reducing the amount of sugar that is eaten will result in the decrease in heath issues. You may see over time that your kids get sick less frequently. Kids that are less sick will be more productive and happy.
Additional Information
Reducing the availability of sugary energy drinks will prevent the consumption of sugars that will lead to health problems. Drinks available to kids in schools no longer include soda pop. This is a big source of processed sugars that are consumed by young kids. |
Research Projects
Can a novel computer simulation of human brain activity improve the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases?
Awarded to:
Dr Randy McIntosh
Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care
Although Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are distinct diseases, some patients have overlapping clinical symptoms which can make diagnosis challenging.
One of the major goals of ongoing brain research is to identify better ways to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease at their earliest stages, as well as to distinguish the two diseases from each other.
Recent research shows that changes in brain activity occur in distinct patterns that can differentiate various neurodegenerative diseases.
This suggests that changes in brain activity may serve as a biomarker to indicate the presence of disease at an early stage and could aid in the detection and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases
Why is this important?
The results of this research will improve our understanding of how Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease alter brain activity, and may reveal the shared and unique changes that occur in each disease.
These findings may also lead to better ways of diagnosing and distinguishing the two diseases, and could help scientists identify new therapeutic strategies for the earliest stages of the disease.
What will they do?
Dr Randy McIntosh and colleagues have developed a computerised system called TheVirtualBrain (TVB) that simulates changes in brain activity.
The Virtual Brain integrates large amounts of information from brain images and brain activity to create models that simulate changes in human brain networks.
The researchers will use brain imaging results already available from two large databases of people who have either Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease.
By analysing the results that TVB produces, the researchers will determine if the simulation can detect and differentiate Alzheimer’s from Parkinson’s disease and provide new information on the underlying disease processes that contribute to change in brain network activity.
This project is funded through a global funding partnership, called Biomarkers Across Neurodegenerative Disease, between Alzheimer’s Research UK, Alzheimer’s Association, The Michael J Fox Foundation and the Weston Brain Institute. |
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Answered 2017-06-21 10:52:28
Ethane is C2H6 and combustion of ethane is 2C2H6 + 7O2 ==> 4CO2 + 6H2OThus for combustion of 2 moles of ethane, one requires 7 moles O2
The mass of O2 required thus is 7 moles O2 x 32 g/mole O2 = 224 g of O2 needed
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Related Questions
What is ethane plus oxygen?
That would be combustion with the products being carbon dioxide and water (assuming complete combustion) and a release of energy.
What is the word equation for the combustion of ethane?
ethane + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water
How many moles of oxygen are required for the complete combustion of heptane?
11 moles of oxygen are needed for the complete combustion of heptane. C7H16 + 11O2 --> 7CO2 + 8H2O
How can oxygen produce combustion?
Oxygen is a required reactant in a combustion reaction - without oxygen, you do not have combustion. If you combine a hydrocarbon with oxygen and add heat, you will cause a combustion reaction that results in carbon dioxide and water being formed (provided there was complete combustion).
Is oxygen a product of combustion?
No, oxygen is required for combustion to take place.
Is Mercury required for combustion?
No. Oxygen is required for combustion. Mercury is not involved.
Why does complete combustion release more energy than incomplete combustion?
in complete combustion the amount of oxygen is higher/more than the amount of oxygen in incomplete combustion. Heat needs oxygen.
What is produced when ethane react with steam?
I understand that Ethane reacts with oxygen (not steam) and producing hot water or steam according to the chemical equation:The Complete Combustion of Ethane.ethane + oxygen ---------- carbon dioxide + water + energy 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) -------- 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 3120 kJThe reaction is exothermic (it gives out heat)Refer to link below for more details
What are complete and incomplete combustion?
Complete combustion fuel + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide Incomplete combustion fuel + oxygen = water +carbon dioxide + soot (carbon)
What is the equation for ethane plus oxygen?
This is called Combustion and is ethane + Oxygen produces carbon dioxide + water (Dihydrogen monoxide). This can be balanced to 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 = 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
Why does excess supply of oxygen lead to complete combustion?
Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon yields carbon dioxide & water; incomplete combustion yields carbon monoxide & water. By having excess oxygen you have enough oxygen to ensure complete combustion. For example the combustion of methane (CH4):complete combustion: CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2Oincomplete combustion: CH4 + 1.5O2 --> CO + 2H2OAs you can see you need a 1/2 mole less of oxygen for the incomplete combustion of methane. So as long as you have twice the amount (in terms of moles) of oxygen as methane you will ensure complete combustion. So anything in excess of that will also ensure complete combustion.
Can ethane be broken down by a chemical change?
Yes. Ethane can undergo combustion, in which it reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. 2C2H6 + 7O2 --> 4CO2 + 6H2O
How many moles of oxygen are required to burn 22.4 liters of ethane gas C2H6 at standard conditions?
2c2h6+702=4co2+6h20 2moles of ethane :7 moles of oxygen 0.9333 of ethane:? cross multiply it and the answer will be 3.266666
What is an active gas in the air that is necessary for combustion?
Oxygen is the required gas that is necessary for combustion
How many moles of oxygen will be produced from the complete combustion of 4 moles of propane?
No moles of oxygen are produced by complete combustion of propane. Oxygen is CONSUMED, not produced. For combustion of 4 moles of propane, it will use 20 moles of oxygen.
What are the types of combustion?
There are two main types of combustion. These are complete, in which the reactant burns in oxygen producing a few reactions, such as carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen to complete a reaction.
What is the problem of complete combustion?
To have a sufficient quantity of oxygen.
Why do you burn food in oxygen and not in air?
burning in oxygen ensures complete combustion
How many moles of oxygen are utilized by the complete combustion of propane?
Propane is C3H8 and the combustion equation is C3H8 + 5O2 ==> 3CO2 + 4H2OSo the complete combustion of 1 mole of propane requires 5 moles of oxygen.
How are complete and incomplete combustion different?
Complete combustion leads to yellow flame while incomplete combustion leads to blue flameComplete combustion releases more heat than incomplete combustion.Incomplete combustion is more luminous than complete combustion.Combustion of saturated hydrocarbon with sufficient supply of oxygen undergoes complete combustion while unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo incomplete combustion
What are the product of combustion of an organic compound?
The product of combustion of an organic compound are oxygen, water and carbon dioxide. Sufficient oxygen will only be given in a case of complete combustion.
What are the products of the complete combustion of cycloheptane?
In the combustion of cycloheptane with oxygen, the products are water and carbon dioxide.
Still have questions?
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Boon's pigs help cook family meal
Thai farmer Boon Lua, his wife, and two sons cook three meals a day on pig power.
The power comes from methane gas, extracted from the animal waste of some 700 pigs raised on the Boon family farm near Bangkok.
Manufacture of biogas, as the waste byproduct is known, requires a special chamber to digest manure until it degrades and produces methane. Pipes carry the gas to a stove where it is burned. The biogas is cheaper for the Boon family than kerosene or even firewood.
Mr. Boon, a prosperous farmer, was able to afford a biogas plant. Such devices are touted by village development experts as a solution to high energy costs and rapid deforestation from wood gathering.
For most of Asia's peasants, however, the initial cost of buying a device to recycle animal waste into energy are still too high.
''The technology is available,'' said Dr. J. Gururaja, a United Nations energy expert in Bangkok. ''But the capital and social barriers are too high.''
In rural India, where some 250 million head of cattle roam the land, small digesters of two- to three-cubic-meter capacity have been used to produce methane from cow dung. But their use has been limited because they are barely competitive with kerosene for cooking.
''Villagers ask, 'Why should I pay $300 for a biogas plant when that is two to three times my income?' '' says Dr. Gururja.
Also, villagers must often collect animal dung from fields to be placed in a biogas container -- a labor-intensive chore.
''There's a lot of talk of biogas in India, but not much has been done,'' says Dr. Gururaja.
''Only China has been able to promote biogas plants with some success,'' he says. Large manure digesters of 8 to 10 cubic meters have a relatively low capital cost of about $70 and are now fully competitive with kerosene. An estimated 7 million biogas contraptions of one sort or another are producing energy in China.
An experiment with very large digester of 2,500 cubic meters is under way in Papua New Guinea, which proposes to use biogas for industrial power.
In extremely poor countries such as India, biogas plants could worsen poverty for the poorest peasants, says Mohandas K. Samuels, an economist with the Asian Development Bank. Cow chips now picked up by the absolutely poor for cooking fuel would be denied them if the cows' owners suddenly started using the chips for a biogas plant.
Still, Asia could have 20 million biogas plants by the year 2000, according to Prof. Pradeep Rohatgi of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The doubling in agricultural waste expected by then should be an incentive to more people to buy these plants.
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Find Tires for Your Ride:
how to measure
The overall tire height when properly inflated. You can measure this by taking a soft tape measure around the circumference of the tire and divide that number by pi (3.14).
Width is measured in a straight line from the furthest point on one sidewall, across the tread, to the furthest point on the opposite sidewall.
Rim diameter is the diameter of the rim/wheel on which the tire will be mounted, in inches.
tire height
tire width
rim diameter |
The Complete Musician
The only Kodály-based string curriculum I knew of was Colourstrings out of Finland, and so I went to a workshop in Helsinki led by Geza Szilvay, its founder. He and his brother were brought up in Hungary, moved to Finland and have had 40+ years of experience developing their approach. Their Helsinki Strings have become renowned performers. Colourstrings is also strong in Great Britain and Australia. Even though there was an attempt made to introduce it to the American string community, it didn’t really succeed, possibly because it was expensive and people didn’t understand how it worked. Also, their folk songs are not our folk songs. American children need American songs for their study material (a mandatory principle of Kodály’s work).
Violin Book One
I learned much and began developing a curriculum of my own. In collaboration with my colleague Dr. Jerry L. Jaccard (prominent in the international Kodály community) over the past 15 years or so, we have developed a string curriculum that follows singing musicianship curriculum principles common to most North American Kodály-based programs. It is called The Complete Musician (Third Edition). At present there are books in three levels for violin, viola and cello. Book 4, the study of major keys and key signatures, and Book 5, the study of minor keys and key signatures, are under construction.
The first 3 levels are designed for the private studio and homogeneous classes (classes of like instruments). By the time the students have finished the first three levels, they know all the basic finger patterns as they relate to solfege and the moveable do. Rhythmic and melodic elements are taught one at a time through short, singable tunes. Students have learned the names of all the notes on the staff in first position. Shifting activities acquaint the students with the whole fingerboard from the very beginning, preparing them for later shifting studies which require more advanced reading skills. Part work is introduced sequentially through the use of ostinato, canon, and composed duet, providing the instrumental class with material to develop the students’ ensemble skills.
Books 4 and 5 are designed for either same instruments or mixed instruments. Each key signature is introduced with a sound to sight learning segment from which students write a two- octave scale in the key. The notes of the key are then reinforced with song, dance, canons, solos with piano accompaniment, duets and trios. The transition from singable music to instrumental music is smooth, keeping concepts of tonal structure clear. Eighteenth century dance forms are introduced. More complex rhythms, varied bowing styles including spiccato, and more shifting prepare students for intermediate level performing.
I have found this learning sequence to be effective in preparing students to become knowledgeable musicians. They have the foundation necessary to understand discussions of musical structure and style. |
Why the Octopus?
#1Video: What is Friendship?
#2 Think: Big Ideas
What is something a friend has helped you with?
What are some skills (Big Ideas) you need to be a good friend?
(Big Ideas: 1.Treat others right | 2.Make smart decisions | 3.Maximize your potential)
#3 Activity: Draw an Octopus
Draw a picture of an octopus to remind you to be a great friend!
#1Video: Friends Work Together
#2 Think: What does a friend do?
What examples of friendship did you see in the video?
What words did you see on their mural that describe good friends?
#3 Activity: Five Finger Challenge
On a piece of paper trace your hand and write or draw one thing you can do to be a good friend on each finger. Take the five finger friendship challenge!
#1Video: Be Our Guest
#2 Think: What do you do?
How do you find out what other kids like so you can play with them?
What do you do when you meet someone for the first time?
#3 Activity: Helping Hands
Using a blank sheet of paper make a virtical line and write "Friendly Words" and "Friendly Actions". Make a list or draw a picture on each side.
© NSES Counseling Corner 2021
Tel: (915) 434 - 6706
Email: dwhite5@yisd.net
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El Paso, TX 79924 |
What is important in therapy is not the point of view of the therapist or what is true or not, for even if many methods are based on science, they are often subjective and submitted to cultural differences and sensitivities.
Giving advise is a very serious matter, whether you are a therapist, a friend, or a relative.
I often think that the best approach is to make a person feel good about the stage she, or he, is at, because it is the ONLY WAY to access the next stage.
For instance, for a person that has been told, quite often, by the people around her, that she should "get out of her comfort zone", but feels stressed about it, it might not be a good idea to encourage her to act, even if the benefits of doing so, seem clear to the outside eye.
The reason is that people are, when in doubt, easily impressed and influenced by their surrounding. They tend to compare themselves to others and when they do, they feel miserable or "smaller" than others.
When a person relaxes, knowing that there is no need for her to do anything, as long as she is fine with a situation, a door of ease opens inside of her and later on, many things can be contemplated.
The stress of "having to" has been lifted.
For nothing can be lived fully, or enjoyed, before the fruit is ripe.
Another example would be a person feeling anger against the whole word. It would be pointless to make her see that being reasonable is better, for anger is, at her stage, an upgrade, an ascension, in the emotional scale, from depression and passivity, to anger.
The approach here, would be to help the person live the anger fully, without acting upon it.
Later on, the next available emotion on the scale can be hit easily.
Acceptance is therefore, the most loving and effective approach, whether from a friend, a relative, or a therapist.
What is better is not always what should be immediately applied, because "better" is often the enemy of "good", as the expression says. Also, because "our" "better" is not always someone else's "better".
Whether in therapy or education, often times, a place of love and safety is the only thing required. We do not need to tell a person, or a child, what to do, but to provide the tools so that they can figure it out at their own pace, without getting hurt or hurting anyone else.
One can also apply this to ourselves.
When the next stage can be prepared is when a question is asked.
But not any type of question. A real question. The one that can be recognized by the tone of voice, the look in the eyes, the body language, the energy of the person.
A question is often more important to the person who asks than it is to the person who answers, for a question, when genuine, is a window that invites fresh air and newness in.
At this point, one can suggest, softly and respectfully, an alternative.
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A tale of two shipwrecks
There cannot be a single person on this planet who does not know that the Titanic sunk on April 15, 1912. But how many have heard of the less mediagenic deaths of sixty-three Libyan migrants in a small inflatable boat off the coast of Italy last year? 1517 passengers perished in the Titanic tragedy - by contrast more than 17,000 people have died since 1998 trying to cross the Mediterranean illegally to flee the poverty and oppression in North Africa, circumstances that are the legacy of the failed colonial ambitions which also created the "unsinkable" Titanic . This deathtoll makes the Mediterranean one of the biggest mass burial site in history; yet, with the honorable exception of the Guardian newspaper and of intercultural visionaries Montserrat Figueras and Jordi Savall, few outside the human rights movement have taken up the cause of the migrants who are literally being left to die off the shore of western Europe.
Mare Nostrum - Our Sea - is the recently released musical exploration of the Mediterranean by Montserrat Figueras and Jordi Savall, and Catalan author Rossend Domènech contributes an essay titled 'The Sea of Death: The Challenge of Immigration - The Human Drama' to the CD booklet. In another accompanying essay the Moroccan novelist and chronicler of the often tragic migration from the Maghreb Tahar Ben Jelloun ponders on ''Revolt? Revolution?' He concludes with the words "In the end contempt and racism are always counterproductive", while in his introduction Jordi Savall expresses sentiments relevant to the current Titanic junketing - "Let us allow history to help us gain a better understanding of our origins and tragedies, of our conflicts and our hopes".
My Photoshop-free header photo is the product of chance; or is it? Late last year I was photographing the padlocks left as contemporary votive offerings on the bridge over the Seine near the Quai d' Orsay in Paris. As I pressed the shutter a military inflatable burst into shot. At the time I did not know that 'the sea of death' would be one of the themes of Mare Nostrum, which was released that week. Nor did I know that the day I was taking the photo, November 23, 2011, was the day that Montserrat Figueras passed away. More on oppression in North Africa here.
* For a lighter take on the Titanic junketing follow this link.
Also on Facebook and Twitter. Header photo is (c) On An Overgrown Path 2012. Mare Nostrum was bought from Prelude Records. Report broken links, missing images and errors to - overgrownpath at hotmail dot co dot uk
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Trigger Finger Surgery
Trigger finger surgery is a minimally-invasive procedure where the surgeon opens a narrowed tendon pulley at the base of a finger or thumb affected by the trigger digit. Opening the pulley prevents the nodule from catching, allowing the affected digit to flex and naturally extend with no triggering or pain.
What You Need To Know About Trigger Finger Surgery
What is Trigger Finger?
Trigger finger, or stenosing tenosynovitis, is a debilitating condition that causes a person's finger to stick in a bent position. Inflammation shrinks the space within the sheath surrounding the compromised finger's tendon, which locks it in a bent position.
Trigger finger most often occurs in the ring finger or thumb. People with occupations or hobbies that involve repetitive gripping are most at risk of developing trigger fingers. Also, women and people with diabetes more commonly develop the condition.
The experts at Resurgens Orthopaedics can help alleviate painful conditions that affect your fingers. Book an appointment to see a Hand and Wrist Center expert today!
Why is Trigger Finger Surgery Performed?
Trigger finger conditions can range in severity. Individuals with chronic pain or loss of function should consider a surgical procedure to fix their trigger finger. A person with an irritated or inflamed tendon may experience continuous irritation, which results in scarring, thickening, or nodule formation in the affected finger.
The flexor tendon may worsen over time and require the afflicted patient to straighten their finger with their other hand to move it. If the condition continues to cause pain or loss of function in the finger entirely, a surgeon may recommend a trigger finger procedure to prevent permanent stiffness.
How to Prepare for Trigger Finger Surgery
Patients may require different instructions to prepare for trigger finger surgery, depending on the severity of their condition. A person may need to perform exercises, attend physical therapy, or use a splint to help unlock their afflicted finger before the procedure.
All patients will need to refrain from eating the day before surgery and only drink water. A physician will disclose specific instructions for each unique case before surgery.
What Happens During Trigger Finger Surgery?
To begin the surgical procedure, a doctor will administer general anesthesia to the patient and sterilize the afflicted area. The patient will place their hand palm-up as the doctor places a tourniquet on the hand. They will make a small incision in the palm to release the A1 pulley and expose the tendon.
The surgeon will use a scalpel or scissors to divide the pulley and release the constricted tendon. Once the outpatient operation is complete, the doctor will close the incision with sutures and bandage the hand. The patient may leave the hospital the same day and will continue rehabilitation after surgery.
Are there Risks Associated with Trigger Finger Surgery?
Trigger finger surgery is relatively safe, and complications are rare. However, common risks during surgery include:
• Infection
• Nerve injury
• Bleeding
• Temporary soreness or swelling
• Inability to straighten the operated finger
• Finger stiffness
Post Trigger Finger Procedure & Recovery
Trigger finger surgery recovery time could take up to 4 to 6 months. During that time the incision will heal but patients may experience swelling and stiffness in the hand, fingers, or thumb. Patients should wear a bandage for four to five days post-surgery but will not need to take any time off post-surgery. The patient's finger will likely be sore for several days, but they should be able to conduct simple tasks such as typing on a keyboard immediately after the procedure.
Patients should perform hand exercises and hold their afflicted hand above the heart to reduce swelling at home. The intensity of rehabilitation will differ from person to person. Avoid strenuous activity for several weeks and consult with your physician for a successful recovery.
Visit a Resurgens Orthopaedics expert to learn more about trigger finger surgery and hand procedures. Book your appointment now! |
Standard AcupunctureAcupuncture is a safe, natural, drug-free treatment modality that gradually provides the means to regain health, and maintain a vibrant state of wellness with relatively few complications. It also strengthens and supports the body and its efforts to prevent future illnesses and disease.
Acupuncture originated in China and is among the oldest healing practices in the world. It incorporates a number of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical points or areas on the surface of the skin using a variety of techniques, including the insertion of very fine (whisker-like) needles into specific acupoints that alter and improve bodily functions. It has been determined that acupuncture restores, regulates and rejuvenates the body's vital energy, known to the Chinese as Qi (pronounced "chee"). According to the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), when the Qi is flowing freely and smoothly with balanced Yin and Yang energies, the body flourishes and radiates a healthy vibrance indicative of internal stability and harmony. Various stressors (physical, mental, emotional, environmental, etc), in addition to our diet and lifestyle choices, disrupt or block the normal flow of Qi pathways and their associated organs.
Acupuncture works by stimulating the body's own innate self-regulating and self-healing mechanisms. Therefore, it won't make a problem worse. Acupuncture is often used in conjunction with many different therapies, as it doesn't interact with other interventions.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes acupuncture's effectiveness for over 200 common disorders.
Click here to know details about what acupuncture treats. |
Introduction of Robot Technology Creating an Increase in Unemployment
As we all know – what with that big ol’ bugbear going around, you know, the one called Recession – unemployment is rife right now. And it’s not just here in the United Kingdom – the problem is a pandemic; it’s pretty much global. Currently, we are all just riding out the storm, waiting for things to get better eventually, the way they always have done before.
But who is to say that that’s how things will go? Why should we simply assume things will just get better of their own accord, purely because they’ve always done so in the past? To be bleakly honest, we don’t see it this way – just think of recent advancements in technology (robotics in particular) and you’ll see why.
Robot Technology
Recent Technological Advancements Which Have Displaced Jobs
Think about the last time you popped into your local supermarket for a few bits and pieces. Whether it was Waitrose or Morrison’s, Asda or Sainsbury’s, chances are that they had a number of self-service checkout counters.
These are a fairly recent development, yet they have rapidly become ubiquitous. At our local (a branch of Morrison’s), there are no less than eight of these machines, meaning that they have potentially replaced the jobs of eight people.
As well as being much cheaper than your typical cashier (there are no monthly wages to pay, after all) they take up much less space – each “normal” checkout is at least twice the size of a self-service one, meaning they can pack more in to the same space. Why would they keep traditional cashiers on, when these are so much more effective?
And if you briefly consider the manufacturing industry, one of the first things that comes to mind is the production line, and how it has been consistently evolving and incorporating more and more robotics technology into the system. Why would you pay someone to spray paint a car when a machine can do it in less than half the time?
Possible Saving Graces
As you all know, touchscreen kiosks like those mentioned above (the ones found in supermarkets) are now found almost everywhere. However, something you would also know (as long as you’ve used one, that is) is that they are definitely not infallible. Quite often, the machine simply refuses to scan something, or scans incorrectly, or metallically belches out that most dreaded of phrases: UNEXPECTED ITEM IN BAGGING AREA.
And when this happens, a little light starts flashing, and a staff member comes running over, short of breath, and fixes the problem for you. The problem that wouldn’t have existed, had you been served by a traditional cashier.
Also, until the day comes when we have created machines to create machines which create machines which are designed to create more machines, then there will always be jobs there, in the design and manufacture of said machines.
Capitalism doesn’t work unless people are earning money and then spending it – the future of a jobless robocracy is still a long ways off.
Guest post by Jamie King a technology blogger from the UK fascinated with touchscreen kiosks and robots!
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April 4, 2012
Why sugar is a 21st century drug
A 90 minute lecture Sugar: The Bitter Truth has gained the attention of over 2 million viewers in the last few years. The speaker is Robert Lustig, a medical doctor and a UCSF Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology. The presentation reveals compelling truths about the correlation of the use of processed foods and the rising epidemic of obesity.
Processed foods are made by removing fiber and adding sugar. The removal of fiber is damaging to the body because it catalyzes the time it takes for food to become a usable form of glucose for the body. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose. Processed foods tax beta cells to produce insulin faster. This, in turn, leads to beta cell exhaustion and thus the likelihood of diabetes.
Not only does Dr. Lustig validate why sugar is toxic but he strongly believes that it should be regulated like any other addictive drug. He’s got a point. Dr. Sanjay Gupta interviewed Dr. Lustig on “60 Minutes“, along with other medical researchers. They all emphasize how dangerous sugar is in the body. Among some of the maladies are: feeding tumor growth, increased dangerous blood lipids, and influence of addiction to the substance (dependency).
In the face of all this information – what does the sugar industry say? “Science is not completely clear here.” Really? Sounds similar to the tobacco industry when confronted with the adverse effects tobacco has on health. Buckle-up, ladies and gentleman. Sugar could be the 21st century tobacco.
Visit Your Diabetes Health for more resources about health. |
Cancer Biology Program
The goal of the Cancer Biology (CB) Program is to conduct basic cancer research conducive to important discoveries that positively impact cancer incidence and mortality in Hawaiʻi and the larger Pacific. The focus of the CB Program remains in our catchment area and includes:
1. high incidence cancers in Hawaiʻi's adults (breast, liver, and colorectal cancers) and the pediatric population (glioblastomas and neuroblastomas as the most frequent solid tumors in Hawaiʻi's children),
2. cancers resulting from environmental exposures (mesotheliomas), and cancer-related conditions with higher mortality in the Native Hawaiian population (cancer-related sepsis).
Additionally, reflecting on our geographical location, the CB Program fosters research on natural products from local, endemic species to discover chemical probes for studying cancer molecular pathways.
To achieve our objectives, CB research is organized into two themes: Cancer Mechanisms (CM) and Targets and Intervention (TI).
CM will identify cellular and molecular mechanisms, and inflammatory events, which promote cancer development and progression. Areas of study include:
1. microRNAs (miRs) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) biology,
2. extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their role in the biology of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME),
3. DNA damage and repair mechanisms,
4. calcium channel biology,
5. oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and
6. metastasis.
TI will focus on:
1. interrogating critical cancer pathways and molecular targets for novel insights, and
2. translate molecular discoveries into improved predictive and prognostic biomarkers that can be developed as clinical diagnostics for early detection of cancer.
We are developing new chemical probes from natural products isolated from the local endemic organisms of the land and oceans of Hawaiʻi and the Pacific region, and interrogating their efficacy for therapeutic purposes. We are also developing synthetic small molecules and antibodies that target the critical cancer pathways as potential preventative and therapeutic modalities for cancer.
To advance the goals of the program, CB has three specific aims:
1Uncover new mechanistic insights into the development and progression of cancer.
Program members employ biochemical, genetic, metabolomics, and other methodologies to study and advance knowledge on the molecular and cellular processes of malignancy development and progression.
2Identify new targets for interrogation and validation for both mechanistic insights and therapeutic significance.
Members utilize diverse genetic and chemical approaches to validate critical cancer targets and pathways for biological and therapeutic significance.
3Translate molecular and chemical probe discoveries into new chemoprevention, therapeutic, and diagnostic modalities.
Physicians, physician-scientists, and basic researchers in the program work together to translate basic science discoveries to appropriate cancer patients. |
Simple Main Window Class
Usage example:
/// <summary>Main entry point for the application</summary>
/// <param name="instanceHandle">Instance handle of the new process</param>
/// <param name="previousInstanceHandle">Instance handle of the previous process</param>
/// <param name="commandLine">arguments provided to the application on the command line</param>
/// <param name="showWindow">Desired initial state of the application's window</param>
/// <returns>Zero on success</returns>
int WINAPI WinMain(
HINSTANCE instanceHandle, HINSTANCE previousInstanceHandle,
LPSTR commandLine, int showWindow
) {
// This creates a new window, using the default window size and position.
// It starts invisible, so you can tweak the window before showing it.
Window mainWindow(instanceHandle, L"My Game");
// You can resize the window and it will end up with its drawable region
// having the exact size you requested
mainWindow.ResizeViewRectangle(800, 600);
// Centering the window can be done with a single call and it will for once
// not mess up if your game is run on a workstation with multiple monitors.
// After you're done tweaking the window, you show it
// Run the message loop. When the user tries to close the window by clicking
// on 'X' or pressing Alt+F4, your game is informed via WasCloseRequested()
// and can perform an orderly shutdown.
while(!mainWindow.WasCloseRequested()) {
MSG message;
if(message.message == WM_QUIT) {
return message.wParam;
// As the window goes out of scope, it gets destroyed and everything will
// be cleaned up.
return 0;
Nuclex.SimpleMainWindow.Example.7z (14.2 KiB)
Includes Visual C++ 2010 project files and an example application.
7 Responses to “Simple Main Window Class”
1. Darren Evans says:
Awesome. Thanks for this and tall the other tutorials on your blog.
I’m slowly learning Win32 game programming and this discussion and sample code looks to be the perfect starting point for my dabbling. I’m still a bit of a programmer noob so I’m struggling to fully grok your code at this point but at least I can plug in my demo code into it without fully understanding how it works until I get more C++ knowledge under my belt :)
2. Cygon says:
The only fancy stuff should be the two classes in Window.cpp. The WindowClassUnregisterer follows the RAII pattern (and the Dismiss() method is inspired by Andrei Alexandrescu’s ScopeGuard). The PointerAppender was originally just an if(sizeof(void *) == 4) {} but on /W4 Visual C++ complained that the if will always evaluate to true, so I used a template specialized on the size of a pointer instead.
It’s all just good, modern C++, never trying to be fancy, though :)
3. Darren Evans says:
In reading some books on game programming I kept coming across all that boiler-plate Win32 window and message loop code examples and immediately thought to encapsulate it into a class as an exercise to see if all this ‘object-oriented’ I keep reading about is sinking in. I’m still a bit rooted in the old procedural way of thinking from my Atari ST days :)
I soon encountered that problem of the window procedure method not playing nice in any derived classes though and found myself researching into the problem. I found quite a few sites discussing the issue and am currently trying to wrap my head around the problem with the help of the discussion @
I’m only just getting comfortable with the C++ language syntax and object-oriented way of designing things though so I’m not entirely ‘getting the problem’ yet. I did have an immediate gut-reaction to all the ‘Win32 window wrapper’ class tricks though and that was – “this doesn’t seem thread-safe”. I may be naively wrong here though :)
Then I found your implementation of the Simple Main Window Class. It immediately ‘spoke’ to me because you were using modern C++ 11 language features. I’m a late starter remember and I’m coming to this with C++ 11 RTM out the door, so it’s my default learning tool (out with the old, in with the new etc). You also stated it was thread-safe, whereas the other ‘window wrapper class’ discussions seem quite dated and do not explicitly state this and I’m too inexperienced to determine if this is so or not. My naive, gut-feeling tells me they’re not.
About your ‘pointer appender’ templates too. All discussions of templates I see in books simply use examples where some notation is replaced in the template-generated code by whatever type you speclalise it with. Your usage in the appender class didn’t seem to be following this pattern and was just being given a number to specialise it and I couldn’t quite follow what was happening under the hood. I had an inkling it was something to do with the number of bytes in 32 and 64 bit pointers though. I also get the impression that you’re using this technique to generate unique window class string names to pass into the WNDCLASS structure? Is this correct? Also, is the ability to specialise the appender class to 4 or 8 bytes to support situations where an application is to be compiled as 32-bit or 64-bit? It does seem like a very elegant way to accomplish things.
Hopefully it won’t be long until I start internalising all the C++ language (and native Win32) elements and get to the point where I can look at other peoples code and see what all these code constructs are accomplishing with minimal effort :)
Thanks for sharing the rationale behind WindowClassUnregisterer. I recently watched Bjarne Stroustrup’s talk on the RAII idiom on Channel 9’s Going Native talks so your usage makes more sense now. I didn’t know about Alexandrescu’s ScopeGuard though so I’ll be Googling that next. I do have his ‘Modern C++ Design) book as a reference but the topics are a bit beyond me at the moment.
4. Cygon says:
Lots of code is not thread-safe, even when it claims it is :)
You’re right about the PointerAppender, it converts pointers into hex numbers and appends them to a string in order to generate unique window class names for each instance of my class.
Depending on whether sizeof(void *) evaluates to 4 (32 bit) or 8 (64 bit), the matching specialization is used, calling either ultow() or ui64tow(). For any other pointer sizes it would fall back to the non-specialized template, thereby causing a compilation error and forcing the programmer to add a code path for his pointer size.
I would have greatly preferred a plain if to all that code, but aforementioned compiler warning prevented me from taking the easy way out :p
5. DissidentRage says:
Don’t call it a class if it’s not a class. What you have here is a generic Windows program written entirely in the main method – thanks for being one of the million people erroneously naming your static Windows program a class and contributing to my 6 hour search for an ACTUAL window class.
6. Cygon says:
Let me guess, you looked for 2 seconds at the example code showing how to use this main window class and felt it appropriate to shout at me. Gee, thanks.
There’s a download link under the code. It’s probably the cleanest and most well designed implementation of a window class you’ve come across in your 6 hour search, but this being the internet, you likely won’t be back to find out.
7. Why don’t use SDL2? Creating a Windows is 2 lines of code and has all the event management too. Also it is multi-platform, so your game can be potentially ported to Linux and Mac.
Leave a Reply
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Thus, focusing on exclusion rate, instead of on the binary outcome of coexistence versus exclusion, allows a variety of outcomes to result from competitive interactions. It’s been shown that phylogenetic overdispersion may also result from convergence of distantly related species (Cavender-Bares et al. Here, we introduce a framework where niche difference and competitive differences are combined. In a consumer–resource model, competition takes place naturally through explicit depletion of shared resources. of Haifa at Oranim, Kiryat Tivon, Israel. In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,[1] sometimes referred to as Gause's law,[2] is a proposition named for Georgy Gause that two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. However, the two extreme cases, namely near‐zero exclusion for non‐competing species, as well as for highly similar species, should be a general feature of competitive exclusion. Here we explore the mechanistic basis of competition and show how it can bridge niche and neutral approaches. The greater the similarity between species in their niches (i.e. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Exclusion rate is obtained as the inverse of the mean exclusion time, 5000 different realizations of the demographic noise were used to obtain mean exclusion time for each value of competitive similarity and niche overlap. Alternatively, the correlation between niche overlap and competitive similarity in nature may differ from that modelled here; the issue is a fertile topic for future empirical research. Hardin, in his influential paper (Hardin 1960) writes ‘No matter how small the difference between the competing species in their efficiency in producing offspring may be, one species will eventually replace the other’ (p. 1293). Hence, it causes reduction in the number of closely related species and even distribution of it, known as phylogenetic overdispersion (Webb et al., 2002[22]). Although P. caudatum initially dominated, P. aurelia recovered and subsequently drove P. caudatum extinct via exploitative resource competition. A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system. During finite time intervals, when examining real communities in flux, it is impossible to differentiate species coexisting in the classical sense from those that coexist only temporarily due to very slow competitive exclusion. We define exclusion rate as the inverse of the expected time until the extinction of one of the competing species, and model it as a function of both niche overlap and competitive inequality, which can vary independently. (a) Possible shapes of the relationship between exclusion rate and species similarity, where niche similarity and similarity in competitive ability are correlated. Interestingly, as the degree of demographic stochasticity rises (from panel a to c), the overall speed of exclusion rises and the ‘plain’ of deterministic coexistence is first blurred and then erased entirely. However, the outcomes of ecological interactions are not so clearly delineated; competitors might persist together for very long periods although eventual exclusion is predicted, and conversely demographic stochasticity or external disturbances mean that species cannot, in practice, coexist forever. 3a). Thus, over ecologically realistic timescales, exclusion rate is arguably the most relevant measure of competitive exclusion, and the dynamics, rather than the long‐term outcome of competitive exclusion, should be the focus of research (Hutchinson 1961, Kalyuzhny et al. Point A represents the location of a neutral model. Support for this notion may be found in a simulation study (Kramer and Drake 2014) where it was found that competitive imbalance was the most important factor affecting time to exclusion. 2006, Leibold and McPeek 2006, Adler et al. High niche overlap speeds exclusion, but high similarity in competitive ability slows it. Similarly, a competition experiment found that when both species had similar performance in extracting soil nitrogen, exclusion took longer than when one species was clearly superior in this respect (Dybzinski and Tilman 2007). Competitive similarity and niche overlap take discrete values in the intervals (0.05, 1) and (0, 1) respectively with the step 0.05. However, as competitive similarity approaches zero, the importance of niche overlap falls once again, as rapid competitive exclusion occurs for virtually any level of niche overlap (> 0). Gause also studied competition between two species of yeast, finding that Saccharomyces cerevisiae consistently outcompeted Schizosaccharomyces kefir[clarification needed] by producing a higher concentration of ethyl alcohol.[6]. 2012, Connolly et al. NE/H007458/1. In their study, they have shown that traits are convergent rather than conserved. According to the competitive exclusion principle, only a small number of plankton species should be able to coexist on these resources. In the study performed by Webb et al., 2000, they showed that a small-plots of Borneo forest contained closely related trees together. 2007). Under ecologically plausible scenarios of correlation between these two factors, the strongest exclusion rates may be among moderately similar species, while very similar and highly dissimilar competitors have very low exclusion rates. The competitive exclusion principle (Gause, 1934) states that if two competitive species occupy the same ecological niche, then one of them will force the other to extinction. It is not to be confused with, "The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies", "The Origin and Distribution of the Chestnut-Backed Chickadee", "Experimental studies on the struggle for existence: 1. competitive exclusion principle – it can be verified only theoretically5. In other words, species that are better competitors will be specialists, whereas species that are better colonizers are more likely to be generalists.
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The Red and the Green II: Judgment at København
In the meantime, the international scientific collective, in the form of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has set much higher targets as being necessary if destructive global warming of at least two degrees Celcius on average is to be avoided. Industrialized nations need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 25-40 percent below 1990 levels by 2020, and 80-95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050, in order to provide a “reasonable chance” of averting warming beyond two degrees Celcius above pre-industrial temperature that would have significant risks of severe and irreversible impacts on human and ecological systems.(1) Already, the consequences are quite dire, particularly for the underdeveloped countries. Nations on floodplains or low levels such as Bangladesh are likely to face catastrophic floodings, beyond anything seen in the tsunami of 2004 that killed 200.000 people, as polar ice melts and water levels rise. Similar problems appear in mountainous regions such as Nepal, where the revolutionary government staged a cabinet meeting at the highest altitude ever recorded (5.250m) to emphasize the dangers of glacier melting for that country.(2) Rising sea temperatures and stronger El Niño effects will destroy the coral reefs and threaten fundamentally the populations of Polynesian archipelagos, such as Tuvalu. A warmer planet strongly threatens the biodiversity of our shared world as well, killing everything from Alpine flowers to Amazon toad species and butterflies.
The cause of all this is irrevocably man-made, a viewpoint shared strongly by the scientific communis opinio, but also confirmed by the everyday common sense that the limitless self-expanding accumulation of capital at the expense of our metabolic interaction with living nature cannot go on forever. It must have destructive consequences in its rapacious greed in nature as it does in society, and it has now been shown to be so. Already the murderous effects on human beings of air and water pollution, of smoke and lack of sunlight, of the subsumption of all human vital powers to the machinery of capital were observed and analyzed in the 19th Century. Now it is ever more strongly becoming clear that not just homo sapiens sapiens, but also all other species on our vulnerable planet are trampled underfoot as capital moves globally and “creates the world in its own image”. The specific form this takes in the 20th and especially 21st Century is the thirst for oil, which is the lifeblood of capital and all its productive powers, more precious than the real blood of the millions it destroys yearly. What coal was for the 19th Century, its vital power and cancer alike, oil is today. The search for oil has brought hitherto unknown energy and productivity to some of the most barren and remote regions of the world, such as the Arab sands and the remote wastes of Canada. But at the same time it has ruthlessly destroyed the natural environment of any place it is found, it has caused whole peoples to be thrown aside and made to fight each other to obtain but a fragment of the natural wealth they own, it has poisoned the ground and the air, the oceans and the snows to a degree never before seen, in order that ever more and ever faster our capitalist societies may expand. Few things so clearly indicate the interconnectedness of capitalism’s social contradictions and its natural contradictions as the worldwide addiction to the black gold.
Similarly, deforestation is a major issue that will have to be considered during the Climate Change Conference. Already very little of the natural rainforest of Borneo remains, because palm oil production has destroyed within one generation what countless generations beyond remembrance have taken for a monument of nature. The Amazon rainforest also, the lungs of the world, are even now being reduced by a segment as large as the American state of Delaware each year, and this even constitutes a historical low because Brazil’s government has taken great pains to protect it at any cost. But here the question is again one of both the main contradictions of capital at once: the deforestation is the result of the landlessness of many farmers in Brazil and Indonesia and the relative profitability of production of beef, palm oil and tropic wood for export, rather than a sustainable production in healthy interaction with nature for local needs. Indeed the Brazilian government has quite rightly pointed out that if the Western peoples attach such value to the Amazon rainforest, then they should pay the cost of their demands on the same Brazilian peoples on whose cheap production they count: let them put their money where their mouth is, and compensate the Brazilian poor for the destruction of our common environment they have forced them into. However, this too should apply to the landlord class in countries like Brazil and Indonesia. Neither of them have had significant land reform to take the pressure off the small peasantry and landless rural labor, and at the same time they lack the industrialization that would make proletarians out of peasants and so solve the contradiction. A similar reasoning in any case would apply to the industrialization efforts of nations such as China and India, since they have no choice but to submit their own natural resources to the fullest possible exploitation by capital if they are not given (and do not wish to take) the opportunity to choose a sustainable path of production for needs instead, the path of socialism. Capital must pay its bills, and either this will be in the shape of a massive redistribution of value from the industrialized nations to the Third World, or Gaia will pick up the bill herself, and then the consequences will be dire when she adjusts her balance accordingly.
It is clear then that the solution cannot be one that simply keeps capital accumulation in place, but in some other form. The mirage of ‘cap-and-trade’ schemes must be avoided. The illusion here is that market capitalism will solve the problem when given the right incentives to do so, when those incentives were absent in the first place because of the nature of capital as such. Paying capital to not expand, which the cap-and-trade idea basically entails, will lead to nothing but swindle and accounting fraud while it will prove practically impossible to set the hard limits low enough to make any effective impact on global warming. After all, if such limits could coexist with current rates of profit, why wouldn’t the ‘philantropist’ capitalists, from Bill Gates to Ratan Tata, seize the opportunity to show their good will? No, it is evident that it is not any specific malfunction of capital accumulation, nor any particular form it has contingently taken in recent times, but the very laws of motion of such accumulation themselves that are to blame for the current ecological crisis. The choice at København is exceedingly clear: either we all throw ourselves before the deadly Juggernaut of capital, and let it steer its own course at the expense of our planet, or we call a halt to this vehicle of destruction once and for all.
1) Rie Jerichow, “The rich-poor rift widens only days before the Copenhagen meeting”.
2) Marianne Bom, “Cabinet meeting at Mt. Everest”. Associated Press (Dec. 04, 2009).
“Paying capital to not expand, which the cap-and-trade idea basically entails”
Cap-and-trade with a permit auction (like Obama supports) does not “pay” capital not to expand, it forces a price on GHG emissions that would otherwise not exist and is the equivalent of a carbon tax.
It seems to me that the problem of hard caps, which you call an impossibility, is more associated with the basic collective action problem and the problems associated with externalities due to a lack of global democracy. Developed countries and their people have a lot to lose from radical emissions reductions and have much more capacity to adapt while discounting the future while most of the benefits from change would be felt in the developing world.
I mean imagine what a 50% reduction in emissions in ten years in the US (which is a 40% reduction below 1990 levels) would take in terms of changes in economic structure. That’s the equivalent of ending all present consumption of fossil fuels for transportation of persons or goods and then making a 25% cut in all other sources of GHG emissions. 92% of Americans live in households with access to a private car and 9 of 10 trips are made by car, imagine the scale of change required to invert that. The idea that policy-makers would just engineer a short-term economic collapse and lifestyle revolution in order to meet global objectives for undetermined possible benefits forty years from now to other countries seems unlikely regardless of what economic system they adhere to.
I know you are aware of the environmental destruction associated with planned economies in the Soviet Union and China, which I guess you would say were still capitalist and driven by accumulation due to various historical pressures, but such facts don’t speak well to the idea that simply shifting towards a different economic system would provide the basis for environmental protection. The idea that you could build a consensus for some sort of green global communism but that taking existing market economies and making them more efficient in internalizing costs would be impossible just seems implausible.
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Most people will agree that of all our senses our eyes are what we cherish the most, yet we are possibly exposing them to danger on a regular basis by simply going outside.
Research has shown that over time the suns rays can cause serious damage to the eyes and the surrounding skin. This can sometimes lead to vision loss and contribute to the formation of ocular conditions such as cataracts, macular degeneration, pterygium, snow blindness and eyelid cancers.
The good news is, by wearing a good quality pair of sunglasses, ideally starting from the earliest age possible one can help to keep our eyes healthy.
To the eye, Ultra-Violet radiation is a dangerous component inflicting cumulative damage. UV radiation can be divided into 3 categories, each having different effects upon the eye; UVC, UVB, and UVA.
UV-C radiation originates from the solar system and is readily absorbed in the earth's atmosphere by the ozone layer and does not present any threat. Note this is in contrast to man made sources of UV-C such as electric welding arcs which can be harmful to the eyes if proper protection is not worn.
Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB) are powerful invisible rays with wavelengths shorter than visible light, and are considered to be the most dangerous part of sunlight.
These can cause cataracts, eyelid cancers and other skin cancers, and are considered to play a part in macular degeneration, which is a major cause of vision loss for people over the age of 60. In addition, UV rays can prematurely wrinkle and age the skin around the eyes.
Visible Light/Blue Light
High energy blue light in the violet/blue spectrum is a potential contributor to cataracts and other serious eye conditions.
While the cornea and crystalline lens absorbs some of the ultraviolet rays, high percentages of blue light can still pass through causing cumulative damage to the retina and skin cells overtime.
Are you at RISK???
While everyone is at risk of the harmful effects of UVA and UVB radiation, certain people and scenarios, result in increased exposure to the Suns radiation and therefore greater risk.
• Infants and children - In the first decade of life the lens of the eye is most transparent and may represent the period of greatest exposure, even though the effects of sun damage may not become apparent until much later in life. UV damage is cumulative and it is estimated that 50 to 80% of the lifetime exposure to ultraviolet occurs by the age of 18 years. This means, that the longer your eyes are exposed to UV radiation the greater the risk of developing conditions such as cataracts later on in life.
• Fair Skin - the fairer your skin, the greater your age and the lighter your eyes, the higher you're long term risk, particularly if your work or recreation involves prolonged sunlight exposure. Light eyes are at increased risk of certain eye diseases and skin cancers because they contain less of the protective pigment melanin.
• Ordinary sunglasses, even the best are not able to protect your eyes from certain intense light sources such as Arc Welding, tanning lights, snowfields or gazing directly at the sun (especially during a solar eclipse). Without adequate protection, looking at any of these light sources can cause a painful corneal condition called photokeratitis, possible loss of central vision or permanent harm.
• Medications - Certain medications such as psoriasis drugs, anti-histamines, oral contraceptives, tetracycline, allopurinol etc increase ones sensitivity to ultraviolet light.
• One is at increased exposure to harmful UV radiation when one is around Water, snow and outdoor sports like skiing at high altitudes
What to look for when purchasing Sunglasses
• Block out 99 to 100 percent of UV-A and UV-B radiation with wavelengths up to 400nm. Sunglasses which meet this requirement are often labeled as "UV400".
• Screen out 75 to 90 percent of visible light.
• Check that the sunglasses are marked with the CE mark for quality standards.
• The lenses should be perfectly matched in colour and free of distortion and imperfections.
• Wraparound glasses are shaped to keep light entering from around the frame and can often be combined with your prescription.
• Polarized lenses cut down on reflected glare such as looking in water during fishing and water sports, and pavement/roads while driving. In addition they improve contrast, enhance colour perception and provide greater visual comfort. They need to be (and usually are) combined with an additional chemical to block the harmful UV-A and UV-B rays.
• Impact-resistant lenses are essential for a sporty or active lifestyle as they are made from polycarbonate or toughened glass
• Wearing a hat or cap with a wide brim will provide additional protection to your eyes and the surrounding orbit.
Please note at Barnard Levit Optometrists, there is always a fully qualified Dispensing Optician available to advise you on the most suitable sunglasses and provide information on sport specific tints and frames. |
35 mm slide projectors, direct descendants of the larger-format magic lantern, first came into widespread use during the 1950s as a form of occasional home entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slide shows. Reversal film was much in use, and supplied slides snapped during vacations and at family events. Slide projectors were also widely used in educational and other institutional settings.
Photographic film slides and projectors have mostly been replaced by image files on digital storage media shown on a projection screen by using a video projector or simply displayed on a large-screen video monitor.
Continuous-Slide Lantern, ca. 1881
A continuous-slide lantern was patented in 1881.[1] It included a dissolving views apparatus.[2]
A projector has four main elements:
A flat piece of heat-absorbing glass is often placed in the light path between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the latter. This glass transmits visible wavelengths but absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a perpendicular flat screen so the audience can view its reflection. Alternatively, the image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen, often used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids the audience interrupting the light stream by casting their shadows on the projection or by bumping into the projector. |
Tips to Maintain a Good Physical Condition When You Are Older
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It is common to avoid physical activity when you reach a certain age, either because of fear of unexpected injuries or because you do not have routines that generate long-term goals.
Experts share data on how physical exercise helps in the daily life of someone who stays all day in front of a desk, and how they change their habits by incorporating an efficient routine of low impact in their daily lives.
Remember that it’s never too late to change exercise habits, but where do you start? Before doing so remember to go to your doctor for advice.
Walk more, and faster
It is difficult to break down the benefits of a good walk, but it is even more difficult to find some kind of reason not to do it. A report from Macmillan University found that if each person walked 30 minutes a day, more than 37,000 lives would be saved per year. It also reduces the risks of suffering from type II diabetes and heart disease, as has also shown that a moderate pace walk prevents the risk of suffering Alzheimer’s. Like any habit, it is much more difficult to acquire it than to maintain it, and so that it does not happen, experts recommend hiking with another person.
Cycling is listed as an incredible way to keep fit by being a low impact activity. Take advantage of a park or your urbanization. Just a small route and 20 minutes a day to consider cycling as a physical activity that can increase the quality of life.
New physical activities
Many people evade making a new physical activity because they consider that the impact generates a dangerous stress on their bodies. But doing aerobic exercises-at any age-increases the density of the bones, which is helpful for women of advanced age. Weight training can attract even more benefits to bones and muscle mass. The study of the English Journal of Bio-gerontology recommends all older adults to perform aerobic and resistance exercises accompanied by a high protein diet. All these measures help to preserve muscle mass.
Even if it hurts, do not give up
It is normal to feel tired the first time you try something, but it is only the muscles protesting to have made them work out of their comfort zone. The situation occurs at any age and lasts no more than two days. Engaging in little exercise causes joint pain and starting with a more vigorous routine helps mitigate the consequences of being in front of a desk or TV all day.
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What Element Is Toxic To Humans?
What animal kills most humans?
Which gases can kill you?
What is the most poisonous poison in the world?
What is the most toxic heavy metal?
What is the most feared animal in the world?
What are the four major elements found in the human body?
What is the rarest element?
What elements can kill you?
So here is a list of substances that are more poisonous than their LD50 values might indicate.Botulinum toxins. Even though some of them are used in the cosmetic industry (including in botox), the botulinum family of neurotoxins includes the most toxic substances known to man. … Snake toxins. … Arsenic. … Polonium-210. … Mercury.
What elements are not toxic?
Non-toxic elements such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and sodium (Na) are required for oxygen transport, energy production, blood pressure regulation, proper bone formation and serve as coenzymes in humans [7. Mathias, C.L.P.
How do snails kill people?
What is the most deadly element to humans?
PlutoniumPlutonium: A History of the World’s Most Dangerous Element.
What is a toxic element?
What is the most deadly thing on earth?
What elements are dangerous to humans?
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2 000 2 500 word research paper with mla citation conventions for in text citations and a works cite page 1
Before coming to any conclusion about which type of vehicle is better for the environment we have to ask yourself three questions.
The two biggest questions when it comes to this topic are first emissions and then materials and Mining.
so starting with the emissions we need to answer two questions. how many emissions are produced for vehicle production? and how much emissions result from the vehicle?
Based on those 2 questions, we could understand which car is better for the environment throughout the life of the car.
About 2-17 metric tons are produced in order to create the average normal car. Such a difference between the numbers due to the size and production differences between the wide array of cars that are being produced today.
Every study looked at showed that more CO2 emissions are produced by creating and building these electric cars rather than the cars that run on fossil fuels. Mainly because of the batteries. They produce roughly 15% – 70% more emissions than regular cars just because of the battery alone! The amount of emissions is based on the size of the battery. Example: Tesla is much worse than a Nissan Leaf.
Now comparing the cars: 10 tons to produce each, without considering the battery of the electric car. Now with the battery in perspective as well, the electric car has takes about 1-6 tonnes to produce the smaller battery and 6-17.5 tons to produce the bigger battery. With everything in play now, for a normal gas emissions car it takes 10 metric tonnes to produce, a small battery car is 15.3 metric tonnes, and for the bigger battery car it’s about 27.5 metric tonnes.
Now when driving the cars, the gasoline-powered cars are at about 5.2 metric tonnes after an average driving mileage of 12000 miles per year. Electric cars as a whole create about 2.02 metric tonnes of CO2 after looking at the national average. All information in this paragraph was found on the US department of energy website. They have everything summarized on there.
In conclusion, for electric cars with smaller batteries it will take 1.67 years for the electric car emissions to offset the difference in production emissions. But for electric cars with the bigger batteries it could take up to 5.53 years. In the long run, the electric cars are better for the environment because the average lifetime of a car is much more the just 5 or 6 years.
This information doesnt include the maintance on the cars. Gasoline-powered cars need much more maintenance than electric cars as well.
The best option is still going to be any hybrid vehicle because it produces the least amount of CO2 emissions. |
BAPCO: A new theory explains why autism numbers are growing
A unifying explanation of the cause of autism and the reason for its rising prevalence has eluded scientists for decades, but a theoretical model published in the journal Medical Hypotheses describes the cause as a combination of socially valued traits, common in autism, and any number of co-occurring disabilities.
“The [The Broader Autism Phenotype Constellation-Disability Matrix Paradigm or] BAPCO-DMAP theory describes how people are attracted to other people who are very similar. They are attracted to certain traits that are very common in the population, and this leads to offspring who are more likely to have certain traits, as well as a greater intensity of traits.” [T.A. Meridan] McDonald said.
“The (BAPCO) traits are not what people expect. They expect the traits to be about challenges or difficulties, but instead there are six main traits — increased attention, increased memory, a preference for the object world vs. the social world and their environment, increased nonconformity, increased differences in sensory and perception, as well as systemizing.”
“What we call ‘autism’ is the BAPCO personality combined with a disability or very intense BAPCO traits,” she said. “Because the BAPCO is made of socially valued traits, it is not possible to cure autism. Instead, we need to focus on the full range of disabilities that affect people with and without the BAPCO personality.”
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Why is it That the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer
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In today’s world, the number of people grows exponentially. Some are brought up from a wealthy background while others are less fortunate to grow up in poverty. Why is it that the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer? It is not the fault of the poor people that makes them poor. It is the actions the American government takes that allow for economic growth, but sadly do not aid every person suffering from poverty. In “Globalisation” by Oxfam, the authors describe how the globalisation movement can affect social class groups negatively.
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While in “Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer” by Robert Reich, the authors explain how people lose their jobs because labor in other countries is cheaper and companies will want to make the most profit at the lowest cost. Some key forces behind the gap between the rich and poor are the practice of globalisation, the growing problem of inequality, and the need for an education.
Globalisation is a process of rapid economic integration driven by the liberalization of trade, investment and capital flows, as well as by rapid technological change and the “Information Revolution.
According to Oxfam, “global integration is proceeding at breakneck speed as barriers to trade and capital come down and new technologies come on stream” (110). This implies that there are fewer trade barriers that allow for people to enter the market with less difficulty. Costs are reduced between the consumers and producers, which allow for increased trade and a greater cash flow between countries. However, these policies only benefit those with Bradly 2 money, leaving people who are unable to enter the market stagnant which increases the gap between the rich and the poor.
Oxfam states, “a theme on Globalisation was presented on the White Paper where it was more important to increase complex and integrated international economy, international trade, capital flows and global governance than it was to find aid for poverty reduction” (109). Rather than finding a way to narrow the gap between the rich and poor, the government can claim there is a reduction of poverty in certain areas but not on a global level. While there is poverty in America, other countries have it worse and cannot do anything about it.
While traveling to the Philippines, I learned that a laborious farm worker would only make about half as much as anyone with a minimum wage job in America. What seems to make the difference is how much the country has been industrialized. Noted by Oxfam, “the rules of globalisation neglected the needs of those less equipped to benefit from new opportunities” (110). As other nations become industrialized, they can better provide jobs for lower income workers, those that are not advancing are not able to benefit from what other nations bring up.
So as wealthier nations begin to develop rapidly, poor nations stay poor, as well as get poorer due to inflation from the governments of wealthy nations. Inequality is only worsened by the fact that company owners are selfish by taking on privatization, which does not distribute the wealth fairly among the nation. As the world turns to earning the most profit at the lowest cost, this leads to an unequal distribution of the profit. As described by Robert Reich, “AT&T then discovered that routine workers in Singapore would perform the same task at a far lower cost” (124).
Production companies seek out people who are willing to work for lower wages. These workers are only found in other countries where they may actually get paid more than a harder job. Leaving American workers either having to take a lower paying job or become jobless altogether. There Bradly 3 are some upsides on choosing to hire workers from other nations. Reich remarked, “everyone around the world can benefit because workers now have more money to spend and is also beneficial to everyone around the world who can now obtain high volume, standardized products cheaper than before” (126).
Looking at the issue on a global scale, money is being distributed more effectively to poorer nations, which in turn is what the government wants to happen. Inequality now occurs within the nation itself, between production company owners and the workforce. It is not fair how executive positioned workers get generous earnings and benefits, but have to lay off a number of workers to do so. With the invention of new production technologies, this leaves more people without jobs and thus making company owners richer.
In industrialized nations, increasing technologies lead to new and different job opportunities. Other opportunities brought up by Reich were that “in-person servers catering to the old and ailing will be in strong demand” (130). With production labor jobs becoming less available, other job opportunities arise. Jobs people are not used to become in demand and jobs like engineering allow people to still get rich because of the problem-solving factor. People have the chance to change the world by thinking of innovative ideas like the machines in factories.
These types of jobs require the person to have an education, but people at the time felt it was better to go straight to work than to spend their time in school. Education is another factor as to why the gap between the rich and poor still stands. Back during the times of war, people went to work as soon as possible. Even if that meant they would not have an education under their belt. Reich observed, “unlike the boats of routine producers and in-person servers, however, the vessel containing America’s symbolic analysts is rising (130). This is the boat that Reich refers to as rising, while others fall slowly or rapidly. These symbolic analysts are those that can sell their services to the global economy. People who hold Bradly 4 these positions are scientists, researchers, engineers, and others who go to school for an extended number of years. As the economy changes for the better, routine production jobs diminish and service jobs become in demand. Reich states, “symbolic analysts at the top are in such great demand worldwide that they have difficulty keeping track of all their earning” (131).
If these types of jobs are in such demand and provide a substantial income, why do people not go for them? Most of these jobs require a higher form of education, but not everyone has this education available to them. People of developing nations will actually take the routine production jobs that companies were looking to pay wages lower than what they initially gave to advanced nations. However, with people in advanced nations taking the higher paying jobs, the gap between the rich and poor is widened.
Education should one day be widely available to anyone who wishes to live the life they want. As opportunities arise and developing nations become industrialized, the inequality between the rich and poor may slowly narrow over time. One possible solution would be to give everyone the education needed to be successful and happy in life. If the person dreams to be a doctor or some other symbolic analyst, nothing should restrict them to achieve it. If a nation does well in a certain aspect like having low poverty or a fair working government, other nations should follow their lead.
People need to work together and not be selfish because people should not have to struggle in the one life they live. There will always be the rich, and the poor. It is a matter of how the government takes action to bring those less fortunate to better standards of living. Bradly 5
Works Cited
Oxfam. “Globalisation. ” Writing about the World. Eds. S. Mcleod, J. Jarvis, S. Spear. Boston. Thomson Wadsworth, 2004. 108-114. Reich, Robert. “Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer” Writing about the World. Eds. S. Mcleod, J. Jarvis, S. Spear. Boston. Thomson Wadsworth, 2004. 123-134.
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Why is it That the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor Poorer. (2016, Dec 25). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/the-income-gap/
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Risking it all for a view: Colorado forest dwellers face climate-driven intensification of wildfires
By Leah Thayer
SALIDA — Perched atop a small bluff, with a perfect view of the Sawatch Range, lies a house at the end of Ridge Road. The beautiful cottage belongs to Jerry Mallett, founder of the nonprofit Colorado Headwaters, and 20-yearlong resident of Salida, Colorado. Just over a month ago, on October 2nd, Mallett’s wilderness lifestyle was shaken to its core by the flames of a wildfire coming within a mile of his home.
“It looked like a volcano, the whole mountain was on fire,” said Mallett. Methodist Mountain was ablaze that morning, when he was jolted awake at 2 A.M by firefighters urging him and his wife to evacuate their home.
The Decker Fire, which tore through 8,959 acres of forests, was started by a lightning strike, a natural cause for many wildfires. It is unclear if this occurrence was impacted directly by climate change. The forest burned by the fire was largely full of standing dead beetle kill spruce, which burns easily and quickly. Experts attribute this fact to why the Decker Fire was likely the worst seen in Salida in over 100 years. The prolific spreading of mountain pine needles that cause such damage to trees can be linked to impacts of climate change and warmer temperatures.
Mallett and his neighbors see fire mitigation as your everyday typical household chore. Because they are living in ‘red zone’, meaning the firefighters may not fight a fire in the area, they take measures into their own hands. They cut down most of the trees on their properties, keep wood away from the house, and adhere to strict fire-friendly landscaping, just to name a few. “They [the Forest Service] wanted to let it burn,” says Mallett, “we live with that every day.”
“Were trying to manage our forests, but we also need to educate people,” says Tom Kinney, Helitack crew leader for the Decker Fire. It may be Kinney’s job to protect the lives of people from wildfires, but he also sees the immense importance in educating people on the very real risks of living in areas where wildfires are common, so they are prepared and can do their best to mitigate that risk.
Kinney has worked for the US Forest Service for 26 years and says that during that time, fires have become less and less predictable. Kinney was used to his busiest season being in the summer, from about May to September. Now, the fire season is extended as late as November or December, and in recent years Kinney has been kept away from family over the holidays because of fires still raging long into the season.
Along with Kinney, the Mallett’s and all their neighbors are constantly adjusting their lifestyle to live with the threat of wildfires at their door.
“Fires are going to be a part of our lifestyle, the climate is getting warmer,” says Mallett. People like Mallett, who find the simple pleasures of mountain life, warrant the ‘rolling of the dice’ when it comes to wildfires. It’s an acceptance of risk that comes with building a home in such close proximity to a wilderness area.
Climate change is affecting Mallett and his wife in a very real way. In addition to the short term effects and dangers of wildfires, Mallett is living with the fear of long term effects like erosion, flash flooding, uncertain wildlife patterns, and major drops in the local tourism economy.
Why then do people like Mallett insist on building nice homes in wilderness red zones? Well for him, the answer is remarkably simple.
“My wife wanted a view,” says Mallett.
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Dealing with thousands of different items is difficult. When you've got a couple of dozen you can view them together, but as you get into the hundreds, thousands and beyond it becomes necessary to group items to make sense of them. For example if you've got a list of customers you might group them by state, or by annual spend. But sometimes it would be useful to split them into a few groups using some heuristic criteria; clustering is a powerful technique to do this.
First you'll need some data with items and features about the items; for example this could be from a customer database or from a survey you have conducted. In the customer example it could look like:
customer_id first_date state industry acquisition_channel support_calls annual_spend
1 2003-05 SA agriculture Referral 2 10,000
2 2020-03 Vic manufacturing Direct 0 3,100
Clustering and Descriptive features
You need to separate your clustering features from your descriptive features. The clustering features are things you would segment your customers on, for example it might not make sense to use support_calls because this will be highly variable and won't apply to new customers, or maybe the first_date isn't really going to be meaningful for customer behaviour. The descriptive features are the non-clustering columns that are useful for characterising a group.
In this example it might make sense to have state and industry as clustering features, and support_calls and annual_spend as descriptive features. The simplest clustering is a full pivot of the clustering features; that is every combination. In this case we'd treat every state and industry as a separate group. The problem with this is we may end up with lots of groups, and many small groups for uncommon combinations (like customers in the ACT in manufacturing). Sometimes you can sweep this away by collecting all the small groups into an Other group, but you can lose valuable information this way.
Similarity measure
Clustering works by grouping together objects that are more similar to each other than those in other groups. To do this we need to define what "similar" is. The general way of doing this is to combine distances as a weighted average of features (this is described well in Elements of Statistical Learning (2nd ed.) section 14.3).
First you need a notion of distance for each feature in the similarity measure. For example you might have a notion of distances between states (maybe 1 if they share a border or 0 otherwise), and industries (based on subject matter expertise; for example you might curate your own heirarchy). Otherwise you could just say the distance is 1 if they are the same and 0 if they are different (see Gower's formula for a fairly general dissimilarity function). For annual spend the distance could be the absolute difference between them.
Then you combine them to create a distance with a weighted average accross the features. Because they are on different scales a weight of 1 does not give them all equal importance (and in this example annual_spend would dominate). It's best to normalise the individual metrics so the average distance accross all pairs of items is 1, so they are on the same scale. Even then you will want to give more weight to some features than others; this is an iterative process where you use domain knowledge to choose how important each feature will be in your clustering.
An alternative approach to a similarity measure is having a fitness function of the clustering. For example if we were most interested in clustering together customers with similar annual spend we could treat it as a regression problem. Then the quality of our cluster could be the (cross-validated) root mean square error of predicting the mean annual spend accross a cluster for each customer in that cluster. We could then use regression trees over the cluster variables to create the clusters.
Clustering Algorithm
There are lots of clustering algorithms such as k-medioids (the k-means equivalent for non-Euclidean distances) and heirarchical clustering, or more exotic ones like self-organising maps.
You can try a few different algorithms but this is normally the easy bit; the hard part is evaluating it.
Clustering is difficult because there's no one way to evaluate a cluster. You have to think hard about what evidence that this clustering is going to be useful. In practice you'll generally want to have the one segmentation accross a number of different use cases, and so you want to check it's useful for all of them.
The best way to look at a cluster is to look at the descriptive and clustering features and make sure they make sense and reveal some insights. It's always useful to have cluster size; generally clusters that are too small are not useful but you might make an exception for a group of your top few customers that contribute most to your revenue (and similarly too large clusters will wash out useful information, but that might be ok for many customers that make small purchases).
The clustering features will define your cluster; in this example it would be the groups of states and industries we consider the same. You should ask the question does it make sense for these to go together?
The descriptive features help understand your cluster; it's worth looking at the centre and the spread, if not the whole distribution. For example you might want to know the typical number of support calls you get from these customers, the most common aquisition channel and the typical spend. Measures of spread will tell you how tight the clustering is; common examples are the standard deviation, interquartile range or percentage not in most common category. If the spread is similar to the whole dataset then the cluster isn't telling you anything useful. It can be useful to just plot the distributions of individual features to get an idea of how it's composed.
It's important to think through the clustering and descriptive features up front. Then you can evaluate on different measures, with different weights and different clsutering algorithms as much as necessary. I've found I often want to constrain the clustering using business knowledge and this is much more difficult with some algorithms than others.
Because the evaluation is subjective it makes sense to start with a simpler clustering method and try tuning feature weights or adding constraints until the clusters look useful. Reducing the iteration time is really useful for creating reasonable clusters; Shiny or ipywidgets are handy tools for experimenting interactively. As you look more at the clusters you'll get clearer about what a good clustering looks like and refine the evaluation criteria.
Generally you want the clustering to be easy to explain, so it's worth thinking about how to do this. Maybe making it easy to find what cluster something is in is good enough. Other time you may approximate the final clustering model with a more transparent model.
Clustering isn't the best way to do things like customer targeting; there you're better off building a direct predictive model. But for extracting information, like reporting, clustering can be a useful tool to understand your dataset. |
How Do You Work Out Dimensions?
How do you plan capacity?
How to develop an effective capacity planning processSelect an appropriate capacity planning process owner.Identify the key resources to be measured.Measure the utilizations or performance of the resources.Compare utilizations to maximum capacities.Collect workload forecasts from developers and users.Transform workload forecasts into IT resource requirements.More items…•.
How do you work out Litre capacity?
The first thing you need to do is multiply the length by the width by the height. That gives the number of cubic millimetres. To calculate the number of litres, you then divide that number by a million. As an example, let’s take a box measuring 406 x 356 x 203mm.
What is the formula for LxWxH?
Multiply the length (L) times the width (W) times the height (H). The formula looks like this: LxWxH For this example, to calculate the volume of the object the formula would be 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000 cubic inches.
What is LxWxH used for?
How do you find the width and height of a book?
What is W * H * D?
Dimensions (W x D x H)-Graphic Cards This the measurement of the product’s width, depth and height. Width is the measure of the product’s front (i.e. the distance between its two sides when viewed from the front).
Is length a width?
What is the difference between length and width?
How do you calculate water capacity?
Multiply the number of cubic feet by 7.47 gallons to determine the number of gallons each container can hold. In the rectangular container example above with a volume of 8 cubic feet, 8 x 7.47 = 59.76 gallons. The volume in gallons of the round container is 56.66 x 7.47 = 423.25 gallons.
How do you find the length width and height?
How do you measure a box?The first dimension to measure is length. Length is always the longest side of the box that has a flap.The next dimension is width. The width side also has a flap, but is always the side shorter than the length.Measure the height of the package. Height is the only dimension without a flap.
How do you find the width?
To find the width, multiply the length that you have been given by 2, and subtract the result from the perimeter. You now have the total length for the remaining 2 sides. This number divided by 2 is the width.
Which way is length and width?
What is the LxWxH?
Length x Width x Height. (LxWxH) where the height is the vertical dimension of the box when the opening is facing upwards. (for easy reference, you can open this page in another browser window)
What is Length Width?
Area is measured in square units such as square inches, square feet or square meters. To find the area of a rectangle, multiply the length by the width. The formula is: A = L * W where A is the area, L is the length, W is the width, and * means multiply. A square is a rectangle with 4 equal sides.
What is width and height?
What comes first length or width or height?
How do you calculate capacity?
The Easy Way: Total Production Quantity During a Time Period One of the easiest ways to measure capacity is to simply use the total production quantity for a given time period. For example, if your plant can produce an average of 20,000 gizmos per week, then your total capacity is 20,000 gizmos per week. |
Free Hypertension Essays and Papers
Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays
• Hypertension And Treatment Of Hypertension
1063 Words | 5 Pages
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure, is the persistent, chronic elevation of blood pressure force in the arteries that can cause health problems, and damage to the body’s organs. There are two main types of hypertension consisting of, primary (essential) and secondary (Khan, et al., 2013). Primary hypertension is a gradual increase in blood pressure without a known cause or contributing underlying disease. Secondary hypertension is an acute onset, or a spike in blood pressure
• Hypertension
596 Words | 3 Pages
Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. A normal blood pressure is 120/80. A blood pressure reading higher or equal to 140/90 is considered abnormally high. Elevated blood pressure means your heart is working harder than normal, putting both your heart and arteries under great strain. High blood pressure is serious business. On average, people with uncontrolled hypertension are:Seven times more likely to have a stroke. Six times more likely to develop congestive heart failure.
• Hypertension
800 Words | 4 Pages
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is more often found in males than in females as age increases then reverses around the age of 65. There is about 67 million of American adults that have high blood pressure, which is 31 percent, that comes down to one in every three American adults (High Blood Pressure Facts, Hypertension is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your
• hypertension
859 Words | 4 Pages
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has deemed hypertension or high blood pressure a global public health issue (World Health Organization, 2013). Not only does hypertension affect over 1 billion people worldwide but in the Unites States alone, about 76.4 million Americans over the age of 20, equating to about 1 in 3 adults, have hypertension (AHA, 2012). This growing health condition occurs when an individual’s blood pressure when the heart beats (systolic) is higher than 140 millimeter
• The Dangers of Hypertension
2381 Words | 10 Pages
where she was diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension is deadly and it is a silent killer, if not detected on time, it can cause severe complications to major organs in the body. I chose this topic because I took care of a patient who had high blood pressure in my previous clinical placement. Ever since I have been taken care of this patient, I discovered that she has been withdrawal, depressed and this behavior challenged me to research on hypertension. Hypertension can be defined as a force exerted
• Effects Of Hypertension
1058 Words | 5 Pages
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a disease by which the force of the arteries raises the blood pressure in the body. The continuous elevation of the high blood pressure will ultimately lead to major health issues. Boedthjer & Aalkjaer (2013) states, "frequently described causes for hypertension involve changes in the kidneys, the resistance vasculature, and the autonomic nervous system" (p.1). Blood pressure is assessed by the strength of blood that depresses against the vessel
• Hypertension Essay
753 Words | 4 Pages
What is hypertension? Hypertension is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. (Nordqvist 2013) Hypertension is commonly known as high blood pressure. If hypertension is left untreated, it can cause severe health problems such as stroke and heart failure. In order to treat hypertension, the drug Losartan is used. Losartan is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist (AIIRA). In other words, it can also be known as angiotensin receptor blocker. (Allen 2012) There are
• Hypertension Essay
941 Words | 4 Pages
Hypertension, a complex multifactorial and polygenic disorder, is a major silent disease affecting young people because of their hereditary and modern lifestyles and it is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. 1 A positive parental history represents a major risk factor for future hypertension in normotensive offspring.2 Several studies have been conducted in the offspring of hypertensive to find the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension
• Hypertension Essay
883 Words | 4 Pages
Hypertension is a global problem. 30% subjects of primary hypertension have genetic predisposition If a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, has high blood pressure, the chance to develop the high blood pressure is more.9 This association was studied and it was shown that offspring with parental history of hypertension are by some estimates four times more likely to develop the disease and the influence of positive family history becomes apparent in males by the age of 20 and in females
• Hypertension In Obese
829 Words | 4 Pages
But in our study obese with parental history of hypertension showed a statistically significant increase in diastolic pressure and MAP compared to the other two groups probably due to hyperactive sympathetic nervous system because increase in adiposity significantly associated with increase in sympathetic tone. 12 Increased SNS activity leads to increase in the peripheral vasoconstriction resulting in the increased peripheral vascular resistance with rise in the diastolic blood pressure. Although |
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Facebook Is Clamping Down On Coronavirus Misinformation In English, But Hoaxes Are Going Viral In Other Languages
A false claim that lemons can kill the coronavirus was shared tens of thousands of times on Romanian Facebook pages.
Josh Edelson / Getty Images
Experts say Facebook is struggling to stop dangerous misinformation about coronavirus in languages other than English, after Romanian-language posts saying lemons kill the virus spread like wildfire on the site over the past couple of days.
After being contacted by BuzzFeed News, Facebook removed several viral posts in Romanian claiming to share advice from a "Professor Chen Horin" at the nonexistent "Beijing Military University" saying drinking hot water with lemon slices can kill the virus.
The message is a subtle variation on a long-running online meme giving "advice" from the same professor saying lemons can kill cancer cells. This has had the widest reach on Facebook in Spanish.
The more recent twist — saying lemons kill the coronavirus — has also recently had some traction in English, with the most shared post by a popular Ugandan musician.
The message on an Italian-language website has had hundreds of thousands of views according to data provided by the website Viral Magazine, but similar posts on Facebook have had smaller reach, suggesting Facebook is onto the problem.
The same message in Romanian, however, had tens of thousands of shares across multiple posts, which were removed when reported to Facebook by BuzzFeed News.
Screenshots of misinformation shared on Facebook.
“Facebook have committed enormous amounts of resources and funding into combatting misinformation in larger countries, but this can come at the cost of these smaller countries," said William Dance, a linguistics and disinformation expert at Lancaster University.
Dance noted that Romania has low levels of digital skills and media literacy, according to EU figures, so the consequences of this sort of misinformation could be dangerous.
Claire Wardle, head of nonprofit First Draft News, agreed that misinformation is more likely to go viral in languages spoken by smaller numbers of people.
"This is a problem we continuously see," she told BuzzFeed News.
The post had been shared in dozens of Facebook groups for Romanians living abroad.
Facebook has taken measures to combat the spread of misinformation, such as incorporating pop-ups which direct people to official sources and removing posts which spread dangerous medical advice.
A spokesperson told BuzzFeed News: “Facebook is committed to ensuring everyone using our platforms can access accurate information, and we’ve removed the posts in question for violating our policies."
While it is easy for Facebook to remove one misleading post after it has been reported, it is much harder to root out misinformation when it is copied and pasted across the site, especially when translated into other languages.
"Once you've identified it you can find it with the right keywords, but it ends up feeling like whack-a-mole," said Claire Wardle. "As you take some down, more pops up."
In the UK general election in December, a Facebook user falsely claimed that a newspaper image of a boy sleeping on a hospital floor was staged in order to embarrass Boris Johnson's Conservative party.
Many other users copied and pasted an identical message to their own personal accounts, as well as groups and pages, making it virtually impossible to root out the misinformation entirely.
The myth of lemons as a miracle cure coming from "Professor Chen Horin" predates the coronavirus outbreak.
For example, in 2018, a Nigerian fact-checking site debunked an almost identical message circulating on WhatsApp saying lemons could cure cancer, also attributed to "Professor Chen Horin".
In 2019, the same post about lemons and cancer went viral on Spanish-language Facebook pages. One post has almost 400,000 shares.
At some point over the last few weeks, the same text was subtly tweaked to be about coronavirus rather than cancer, and translated into multiple languages.
An English-language post on the page of a Ugandan musician called Pallaso mentions the new outbreak and, referencing Professor Horin once again, encourages people to "use as much natural Vitamin C as possible" to strengthen their immune system.
It does not explicitly say lemons cure the coronavirus, but it does say they cure cancer.
These posts show how hard it is to combat misinformation during a dramatic unfolding news story like the coronavirus.
It's not a case of deleting one bad post — misinformation changes, and gets translated, as it bounces around the internet.
Slow enforcement of Facebook's policies during the coronavirus outbreak "could lead to real-world harm" said Chloe Colliver of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a think tank.
"These examples from Romania point to the gaps in enforcement that remain, despite the relevant policies now being in place."
Facebook has previously admitted it did not do enough to prevent the incitement of violence on the site in Myanmar, and expanded its number of Burmese-speaking moderators as a result.
It's hard enough to identify and bury misinformation in English, particularly when users copy and paste rather than simply clicking "share".
It's even harder to completely get rid of harmful medical advice when it is translated into multiple languages and posted on multiple groups and pages, by Facebook users thousands of miles apart.
A Facebook spokesperson added: "In addition to removing harmful misinformation we are also connecting people to accurate information around coronavirus in a number of ways. Anyone around the globe searching for coronavirus related content on Facebook, or clicking on a hashtag on Instagram, is shown a pop up pointing them to the latest official guidance from experts including WHO and local health organisations.
"We are also connecting people in high risk countries directly from their News Feed with authoritative information served to them in their chosen language setting, and we're continuing to expand this across the world.”
Joey D'Urso is media and politics reporter at BuzzFeed News UK and is based in London.
Contact Joey D'Urso at joey.durso@buzzfeed.com.
Got a confidential tip? Submit it here |
Pomba Mundo
The Practice of Mutual Aid on a Planetary Scale
Maurício Andrés Ribeiro
“We are striving to flourish
tomorrow as a new civilization,
mestizo and tropical, proud of herself.”
(Darcy Ribeiro)
Political scientist Samuel Huntington proposes that the future will be shaped by the interactions among some major civilizations: Western, Confucian (China), Japanese, Islamic, Hindu (India), Slavic-Orthodox (Russia), Latin American and African. Bilateral relations between them are in some cases conflictive and in other cases less conflictive (…).
In his view, Latin American civilization has strong relationships with the Western civilization of the North Atlantic (North America and Europe) and has no significant links with the other ones. In this scheme, Brazil is not visible and is perceived as part of the Latin American civilization. |
Why Plasma Cutting Machines are the Best
Plasma cutting machines are powerful machines that can be used to cut various materials. The principle by which this machine operates is by causing gas to reach the fourth state of matter (the plasma state). This is done by passing an electric spark through the compressed gas, thus causing the gas to reach the plasma state. As a result, the plasma steel cutting machine burns hot enough to cut through steel.
Plasma cutting machines can use different gases to cut through various materials. Some may use nitrogen or other consumable gases. When the plasma is created, it then transfers an electric arc between the material that is being cut and the cutter’s power supply. Thus, whenever the plasma touches the workpiece, intense heat is generated which can be used to cut through different materials.
The major advantage of using plasma cutting machines is that they do not cause warping or bending of materials that are usually common with materials cut with physical force-based cutting methods. Instead, they offer smooth and very precise cuts in various materials. However, they can be utilized in different ways. Here are a few ways plasma cutting machines can be utilized.
1. Cutting Tough Materials
A major drawback with using a cutting blade to cut high-hardness materials is that the cutting blade can become dull quickly. In the process of cutting through metal, the saw quickly gets dull. It can also cause hazardous sparks in the workshop. Besides, in the process of cutting through metal, you can have metal chips flying around.
Plasma cutting machines, however, are not subject to wear and tear. As such, they can keep cutting through touch materials all day. As long as there’s sufficient gas to turn into plasma, the machine can keep working non-stop. Hence, there will be no need to shut the machine down at intervals to replace the tooling. This ultimately saves time, especially when there are lots of materials to be cut.
2. Rapid Cutting Jobs
Another great advantage of using plasma cutting machines is that they are ideal for cutting jobs where efficiency and speed are crucial. For example, there is no need to preheat the torch as you would with an oxyacetylene torch. Also, you will not need to constantly change the tooling of the machine as you would with physical cutting tools. As a result, this machine is ideal for cutting jobs that need to be done as fast as possible.
3. Reduce the Heat Affected Zone of a Cut
When cutting materials with a thermal-based cutting method, you have to deal with the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The physical properties of a material may be altered as a result of a large amount of thermal energy the material is exposed to. Some metals are deliberately exposed to high temperatures for this reason.
However, this often causes the material to be brittle. It can also lead to warping. Using a CNC plasma cutting machine helps reduce the heat-affected zone to ensure that the physical properties of the material are unchanged. It also ensures that the cuts are neat and straight.
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Why Do Field Lines Never Cross?
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Why Do Field Lines Never Cross?
Field lines refer to the electric field lines which is actually invisible but existing. This concept was introduced by Michael Faraday. He conceptualized that there are pattern of lines emitted by the electric field. If an object is charged, then the space surrounding that objects is affected, thereby may create an electrified web of space. The field also makes use of a certain force on objects which are electrically charged.
In reality, there are no field lines but it was conceptualized to visualize the field and to understand how the magnetic fields work together. If these lines are visible then, these will not cross because there are forces that affect the forces of one another. This means that the electric field lines are opposing from each other. The lines in the filed may not be seen by the naked eye but the forces do exist. The lines do not interfere with each other and will never interfere with each other.
Field lines also carry with them the same charge. They always start from positive and end with a negative charge. In physics, opposite charges attract. In the case of field lines, they have the same charges so they could never attract one another. They will always repel no matter what the circumstances are.
Electric field lines are an imaginary line where the positively charged object moves towards the negatively charged. Because of these, electric field diagrams always have the features of being perpendicular to the surface where the object which is charged met. Field lines never intersect each other that’s why they never cross.
It’s impossible for 2 field lines to intersect or cross because if they do that means there were two directions of electric fields at the same point. In reality, there never was a time when electric fields go to different directions. Though imaginary, these lines follow the same pattern and that pattern will never allow them to cross.
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Slaves to Duty, by John Badcock(!)
Slaves to Duty
by John Badcock
“stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled.”
For that boy had figured in my school-lessons as a praiseworthy example of devotion to duty—the duty of obedience—of obedience to authority—the authority of superiors: Father, Country, God. I suppose it has been much the same with the education of other children. By pictorial example and precept the idea of duty is impressed into the soft brains of juveniles, and, along with the cane, the devil and other moral and religious influences, helps to restrain the rebellious, happy-go-lucky spirit of youth, teaches the due performance of ceremonial antics and gives a serious aspect to life. But now, after many years, the childishness of Mrs. Hemans appears to me to be on a level with that of her hero. The natural desires of both of them had been warped by the overpowering sense of obligation-duty. To call Casabianca, “a creature of heroic blood,” because he stood where he was told to stand, without attempting to save himself from the shot and flame which came nearer and nearer; because, rather than disobey the word of command, the boy gave up his life (a sacrifice which had no compensating good effects); for all this to be considered worthy of eulogium, I have only the most profound pity-and think the pity of it is that he did not run away with the rest of the crew.
Having looked on that picture, I beg you will look on this: In the first act of Offenbach’s opera, “The Grand Duchess,” [2] a young soldier, by name Fritz, is discovered strutting up and down before the imperial tent. He goes with the regulation step, and holds his head erect in the regulation attitude. Presendy a beautiful damsel, the soldier’s sweetheart, comes upon the scene. Seeing Fritz, she rushes up to him, but he scarce deigns to notice her. He does not stop marching, and dares not even bend his head when on duty. He merely mutters aloud: “I must obey the reg-ulations!” This exasperates the girl, who answers, “Confound the regulations!” She presses her attentions on Fritz, who, however, stiff as a clothes-prop, repeats: “I must obey the reg-u-lations.” The conflict between love and duty goes on apace—but, at last, Fritz unbends, puts down his musket, kisses his sweetheart and they both dance to a song whose chorus is “Damn the Regulations!” With these two extreme and opposite examples—Casabianca and Offenbach’s Fritz-before us; seeing that the path of duty is beset with many temptations; and that the pressure of obligation has to compete with the allurements of the sensual for the guidanceship, or misguidanceship of youth; we will now try to find a basis in reason, if we can, for that duty or subordination of self which most people believe m to some extent.
To defend one’s home and country is patriotic. Patriotism is a fine, healthy, selfish feeling; but it is comparatively little developed owing to its subordination to political duties. Reverence for the national flag, and duty to rulers, are frequently mis-called patriotic sentiment. You, however, are able to disconnect fatherland and government, and will understand that patriotism recognizes no difference between a foreign king and a home king, i.e., between a foreign foe and one in possession,-and that the most truly patriotic people are those who try to preserve their homes and country from all kinds of invaders, from military conquerors to School Board inspectors and rate and tax collectors. If I am compelled to labor and pay tribute to somebody, what does it matter to me (except as a choice of least evil) whether I do so at the bidding of a Napoleon or of a majority of elected representatives of my fellow-slaves? While on the lookout for an opportunity to repudiate the obligations thrust upon me, it makes no difference whether succor comes from abroad or from within my own country, so long as I gain in freedom.
When, in 1887, a war was talked of as imminent between Russia and Germany the hope was expressed by a considerable number of Russians that, in the event of war breaking out, their own side would be defeated. Said Georg Brandes, [3] alluding to this patriotic feeling, “No other possibility of liberation from the predominant misery presents itself than that which is offered in the weakness which an unsuccessful war will entail on the ruling system.”
If I am duty-bound to the particular government in possession of the country I live in, I stultify myself. So I do whatever or wherever the government. The feeling of duty prevents my judging correctly as to where my self-interest lies. To act for my best advantage, I require freedom to act as I like, and, so long as I allow the same freedom to others, the just demands of others can no further go, as far as I am concerned. I, who recognize no political duty, am free to form an opinion as to whether the great political machine over me-the British Empire, to wit-is worth preserving. There’s a gain in being able to take that standpoint; on the other hand, men become voluntary slaves to the State by harboring ideas of political duty.
See how far political duty was carried in old Japan. To protect their lord and master was taught as a sacred duty to all subjects. Political education was thiswise: “Thou shalt not lie beneath the same sky, nor tread on the same earth as the murderer of thy lord,” and the rights of the avenger of blood were admitted even though he should pay the penalty of his life. The story of the 47 Ronin [4] exemplifies this: It is related that when the Prince of Ako was executed, through the mean contrivance of some other lord, these 47 gentlemen, faithful vassals of the dead Prince, swore to avenge the honor of their master. For this end they put aside all other considerations and, through every obstacle, pursued their plan up to the moment when they surprised the object of their vengeance and cut off his head. They then surrendered themselves to their government and were allowed the privilege of committing hara kiri. Thus did these 47 noodles do their duty to their murdered lord by slaying his murderer; their duty to their government by surrendering themselves to it and voluntarily acquiescing in the righteousness of the punishment awarded to them; and their duty to themselves by committing suicide in the most honourable way. Such “noble” conduct as theirs became immortalized, and has been the stock example for teaching the young Japs how to be good down to the present times.
At the present time, to the present generation, mastership in its nakedness is distasteful. Arguments have, therefore, been invented to reconcile the governed to their governors. Majority rule is now the fashion, and is called representative,-i.e., representative of the majority of those who cannot govern themselves or who wish to have a hand in governing others. Majority rule is said to be sanctioned by the consent of the governed. Unfortunately for that theory, it so happens that all of us have to submit whether we consent to be governed or not. It is also said that people govern themselves by delegating powers into the hands of representatives. Do they, indeed? It rather appears to me that, when a man relegates the control over his purse, the control over his body, or the direction of his energies to others,-as if he had lost the use of his head,-abdication best describes his performance. In the present state of political education the representative theory certainly gives to majority rule the semblance of a justification, and a respectability not otherwise attainable; so it will stick for a time. It may be better than monarchy-it may, or it may not (we receive the blessings of both, by the way); but when we realize that all government derives its “rights” from its might, and that majority rule is merely a short cut to the victory of the numerically-stronger part, we see that the ballot confers no rights upon majorities and their representatives that are inviolable, and imposes no duties upon minorities that are binding. The plea for the ballot, and of the whole electioneering machinery, it to make out a case of free contract between the people and the government. But the case is a miserable failure. Free contract implies free individual consent of all the contracting parties, and that is the one thing never allowed by any kind of government.
From acting under the idea that we subjects are duty-bound to support the doings of the Government we have taken part in the election of, we find ourselves to-day saddled with enormous debt responsibilities not of our making. The holders of Consols, India 3 percents, Turkish bonds, Corporation Stocks, Savings bank passbooks and other such “securities,” labor under the belief that they have a perfect right to receive interest on the money they have lent to government, as per agreement; and that the people and their descendants must be taxed to pay such interests forever, or until such time as they choose to pay off the principal. If the repayment of the principal is an impossibility, then taxes will be permanent for the benefit of the heirs of stockholders. This is all said to be supported by free contract! Well, as far as I am concerned, the mere statement of the case is sufficient to show its absurdity. As a private citizen of the world, in no way sharing with any government the responsibility of contracting debts, being in no sense a consenting party to what a government does in my name, I entirely repudiate the duty that has been put upon me of paying a quota of either principal or interest of the government’s debts. Let National Fund holders fight out their claims before impartial juries; and if the Royal Family, the Peerage, and the whole House of Commons get sold up to satisfy those creditors, I shall not shed a tear.
The saying that “treaties are made to be broken,” evidently originated in the easily perceived fact that war treaties are never free contracts. A promise, wrung from a people at the sword’s point, counts for nothing. Let the tables be turned, and the vanquished gain strength enough, and the promise is repudiated as a matter of course. Between individuals the same rule of equity holds as between nations. Only when my contract with my fellow man is considered fair by both of us, will we both do our utmost to fulfil its terms. We would not have contracted did we not think our interest furthered by such procedure; and under free conditions, each knows that the gain must be mutual to make the contract binding. If I enter into an agreement, on an equally free footing with another person-and by equally free I do not mean equally forced, as the Fabians interpret equal freedom, but the condition of fullest freedom required by both of us, in order that the contract shall not be stained by force or fraud over either, or over third parties-then such agreement contains the appeal to the self-interest of each party to fulfil what he has undertaken. Of all contracts that require to be backed by fines and penalties, the freest and therefore most equitable contracts require these threats least of all, if at all. The pity of it is that, nowadays, the vitiating element of force enters into nearly all contracts-a statement I ask your patience while I prove.
Let me first draw your attention to those despotic ordinances, known as the Bank Charter Acts of 1844-5 and the Coinage Acts. Those Acts are commands of the British Government to all its subjects in this manner: “Thou shalt use no other money than mine, or such as is issued by those bankers whom I have granted special privileges to.” Other governments have enacted currency laws to much the same effect as ours. You understand that, owing to the indirect nature of all exchange, due to the division of labor, a medium is required in order that exchanges be completed. This medium, money, is necessitated in the transactions between shopkeepers and their customers, between capitalists and their laborers, and in fact, whenever producers want to exchange their products with another. Given the division of labor and consequent indirect exchange, and money is a necessity, It is, in fact, the first necessity in any community that has advanced beyond direct barter. It goes without saying, therefore, that any tampering with the money supply will have far-reaching effects, and that whenever currency laws exist trade cannot be free. Laborers may not receive wages in kind; the law has made that penal. Nor may they receive wages in notes issued as liens upon their employer’s property; or upon general products in possession of issuing bankers. Nor are they allowed to receive wages in any money but the legal tenders defined by statutes. The old private issues of tokens, usually made of lead and for a long time very abundant have been suppressed as have also many forms of bank note. The general ignorance and prejudice in favor of a gold money now support the money laws. But it must not be forgotten that the repeated interference, by law, of all private enterprise in attempting to supply the money-want, has been prevented by the development of the banking trade to the point where the wants of the people in this line are fully met. The law now says, in effect, to the laborer; “You must buy gold, or some of our tokens, before you will be allowed to eat bread; and if there are not enough of these trinkets to go around, you may starve.” When the supply of money falls below the demand of those who have all the other requisites of exchange, someone’s goods won’t sell except at a loss, someone will have to go without dinner, and unproductive idleness for some capitalists and some laborers is inevitable. At the same time, those who obtain the use of the scarce money have to pay the scarcity price for it. The holders of money are thus able to corner those who don’t happen to have any—to keep the needful medium from circulating, and so cripple trade—to lend it at interest, and so live without work. These results follow, whether the limitation of the money supply is caused by statue law, or arises from lack of inventiveness. The effect upon contracts is obvious. If contracts are entered into beyond the means of the allowed money credits to liquidate, men of business are pushed toward bankruptcy, and have to pay usury, in order to raise the needful cash. Then, again, with a short supply of money, the unit of value appreciates. When contracts are worded in terms of a monetary unit that alters in value, an element of uncertainty is introduced which is capable of upsetting all values, and traders may at any time find themselves playing a game of chance, running risks they did not intend to, and forced to speculate to save themselves. It is impossible for contracts to be equitable with the antiquated money system now in vogue.
The most calamitous effect, however, of a restricted currency, is seen in the labor market. Consider: an increase in population is both an increase in the demand for food and an increase in the supply of labor (potential). But no equivalent increase in the demand for laborers can take place with money fixed. Ability to pay wages is limited to the extent that employers have command over the money supply, no matter how much command they may have over other wealth. While our legal counters cannot increase except by new discoveries of a scarce metal, or by issue of tokens upon which the government makes a profit, i.e., robs laborers, it follows that wages in the aggregate are kept down to a dead level. The supply of laborers is ever growing, and their requirement is that production, all around, shall increase. But farmers and manufacturers will not increase the production of food and other necessities unless they can sell such increase. This they cannot do, except at a loss, while the total purchasing power of the masses is kept down by a limited and expensive and taxed currency. The competition amongst laborers to get some of the needful but short cash (in order to buy food, etc.) reduces wages to the lowest, i.e., compels workers to give a great deal for very little return. The fact of a luxurious aristocracy existing side by side with the other extreme of a hard- worked poverty-in fact, the whole glaring inequitable distribution of wealth-is mainly the effect of our antiquated money system.
Such considerations as the foregoing are, however, only those of expediency. According to the conditions in each case of oppression, more or less force may be the only means left for the wronged ones to assert their right and to get some satisfaction out of existence.
To return to the contract question. Putting aside the vitiating effect of force, it will still be asked if I admit that, under perfectly free conditions, men are duty bound to fulfil their promises. I reply: there is no duty in the matter. The binding power of a promise has limits, as anyone can see who appreciates the uncertainty of human expectations. Promises have to do with the future, an uncertain factor in any case. Alterations may occur in the value-measurer, whether it is one chosen freely or one imposed by authority-and inequity may result. If I promise to deliver a ton of coal to Smith by next Saturday, but fall ill, or find I have miscalculated the time necessary to get the coal over to Smith, what becomes of my duty to fulfil? It is useless to tell me I can fulfil that duty later on, or that an equivalent fine will put things straight. For those makeshifts are not fulfilments, but alterations of the terms and, therefore, a qualified repudiation of the promise.
Following the example of shipowners in their Bill of Lading clauses, exempting them from completing their contracts should an Act of God or any other enemy of the State intervene; many merchants, for the same end, insert strike and lock-out saving clauses in their contracts. But it is impossible to foretell and specify all the occurrences, outside the contractors’ control, which might interfere with contract anticipations. All the uncalculable contingencies should theoretically (one might suppose) exempt contractors from penalties as much as the specified one. Not that I have any deep-rooted objections to risks, nor that I advocate insurance against every blessed little contingency that might happen. I simply assert that the chances of the unexpected happening do cut under the idea of the sacredness of the contract.
Contracts will be kept, when all idea of their sacredness has disappeared, because it is for the contractors’ self-interest to keep them. If any one thinks he can take advantage of a general D.V. [5] unwritten clause in order to repudiate his promises on the strength of his unexpected weakness, he does so at the peril of losing the confidence of others in him, and of being “left.” Jails are not the most potent enforcers of contracts. The attractions of the benefits which a good reputation confers are greater.
The condition of equal and fullest liberty can only be attained by those who desire it. Those who can only contemplate equitable conditions with angry feeling cannot be under an obligation to further the attainment of the same. Neither can those who find consolation in dutiful obedience to monarchs and other masters. None of these people are under any obligation to further liberty or to respect the liberty of any one. How can they be, seeing they do not believe their interests run liberty-wards? How can they be under obligation to injure themselves? But-let them take warning. Be they fools or knaves, kings or slaves; be they county- councillors, tax imposters, or other invaders-if they will not respect the liberty of others, they thereby give up all title to have their own respected. When aggressively-inclined legality-mongers see the force of this argument they may, perchance, hesitate before accepting positions of privilege and rulership.
Let those who judge harshly the breaker of laws and contracts reflect that, while dishonest laws create privileged positions for some, the only defense of those who are enslaved by such laws may be underhand, dishonest practices. If the self-preservation instincts are not allowed free play in honest channels, they are forced into dishonest channels. A man will be honest when he sees honesty to be his best policy. Those who preach honesty as though the expediency of that course did not depend upon the conditions prevailing preach rank superstition.
Courts are erected now, as they have been for ages, to insist upon human sacrifice being made to the contract deity. The whole duty of man as a social unit is to fulfil his contract to the letter; as, likewise, his whole duty as a political subject is to obey the laws to the letter and nothing else.
I know well, how some thinkers are swayed on this point. They say, as did one of the gang who tried the Merchant of Venice, that the Court exists to uphold a principle embodied in the laws of the realm, and so forth. But, I ask, why should any principle, or any law, be considered of more importance than human life, than human happiness? If it be urged that no laws could be enforced if exceptions were allowed, I reply: the need for the exception shows the foolishness of the laws. Cease to make any more laws, and put those you have upon the shelf.
The trouble with contracts is: to know when a breach of contract constitutes a breach of liberty, i.e., an invasion. When it comes to be seen generally, that that is the only question for juries and other defensive institutions to argue upon, we shall be nearer the realization of equity than we are at present.
If I choose to fulfil a promise of life-long marriage, I can do so. If I choose to pay usurious debts to a Shylock, I can do so. But neither the woman nor the Jew should, in these cases, have any help from the Courts of Justice, any more than betting creditors now have in this country. The natural consequences which I take in breaking those promises (say I am shunned in the one case and lose my credit in certain circles in the other) I must take, and may deserve. But as the keeping of either of those promises might land me in slavery; would give to the Jew the gains of his cunning upon which he had no just claim upon which she, also, had no business to rely; it is clear to me that equity does not require the fulfilment of either promise. We do not require institutions for the upholding of extortion, or usury or slavery of any kind, just because those things have been previously agreed to between both parties in writing. As no aggression has been committed when a person refuses to fulfil his promise to give something for nothing, such a promise is not enforcible in defense of liberty. Let the cunning intriguer stand upon his merits, upon his own enrichment and another’s impoverishment.
As for the duties said to be created by the relationships between husband and wife, and between parents and children, these require special notice.
To commence with, the marriage contact is not a free contract. The Powers only acknowledge one form of it, and put disabilities upon the offspring from those who have not obeyed the marriage regulations. Therefore, the parrot-like, repeated-after-the-official, marriage vows, can no more be considered the voluntary expression of the free desires of both contracting parties than can any other promises that are dictated by public usage and law. Therefore, are we not justified in condemning, offhand, those who are nonconformist to marriage. When the law threatens, society ostracises, and education produces its bias against those who participate in free natural unions, and against “natural” children, those who are too weak to openly face the tempest need not be restrained by “duties” from seeking in secret those satisfactions denied them openly.
As the poverty-producing currency laws, land laws, and taxes, intensify the struggle for an enjoyable existence, the marriage market inevitably feels some of the resulting speculation which runs through all markets; and this must sometimes subordinate, distort and degrade the natural attractions which alone give marriage a raison d’etre. In one of Ibsen’s plays, Mrs. Tessman [6] is asked by an old lover, why she had consented to marry Tessman whom she did not love. She replied: “He was the only one who offered to support me.”
Women who are independent are not likely to bear more children than they themselves want. What they want-in that line-they will be willing to pay for, as far as the natural price of labor and pain goes. If the birth of a child is the realization of a want, a gratification of the maternal longing, then is the mother paid for the trials preceding her deliverance.
The last stronghold for the reign of duty to others is, undoubtedly, in the relations between parents and their children. Yet, as with other duties, those who insist upon them do not tell us where they came from. Study wild nature from which we sprang and see if there is any place for obligation to take care of offspring. Is the lion under an obligation to kill the lamb, in order to fulfil his “duty” to provide food for Mrs. Lioness and her cubs? If so, perhaps the mother sheep is also in duty bound to keep her lamb out of the lion’s way? The duties of the two species clash, and knock the bottom out of the duty theory. I would also like to inquire if the ichneumon insect is fulfiling its duty when it lays its eggs inside of a living caterpillar, for that act is necessary to the care of the young ichneumons. And are all the ugly and ferocious animals on the face of the earth blameworthy if they neglect their young, and if they do not their level best to bring their young to maturity, and so ensure the perpetuation of their own ugly mugs?
Whether materfamilias looks after her progeny to just that extent that it gives her pleasure to do so (the pleasure of the moment and the pleasure prospective), or whether she looks after them from a sense of duty, or from fear of penalties for neglect, we may be sure that only that treatment will survive that ensures, or at least allows, offspring to attain maturity, and that improvement in methods of treatment which give better chance of existence to offspring will (caeteris paribus) supplant less beneficial methods. Dispositions being inheritable. neglectfulness and brutality towards offspring lead directly to the extinction of those qualities, because those qualities are antagonistic to survival; while affectionate care perpetuates itself. Now, as the most affectionate parents are just those who find their own happiness furthered by, and dependent upon, the tender solicitude they show for their children’s welfare; who, therefore, give their care voluntarily and in the easiest manner (i.e., at the least cost of effort); while on the other hand, it is only the callous or indifferent parents who can be influenced in this matter, by the compulsion of the feeling of duty or of the force of law, you see, at once, that all interference or teaching that insists upon duty, either of the parents or of the community, to preserve children is so much wasted force spent in trying to undo the beneficial action of natural selection.
With regard to children, all we can do (from the point of view of a far-reaching self-interest), beyond denying the right of parents and others to ill-treat the children in their charge, is to succour them ourselves whenever, and to what extent, our individual sympathies for the unfortunate ones may impel us. Any child must be allowed to accept such outside help, whenever its own parents forfeit their position as guardians by neglect or cruelty. To deny such liberty to the child would be an aggression upon the child.
When we consider that the care of children, when prompted by duty alone, is likely to fall far short of the care that is prompted by affection alone, and has a harshness about it sufficient to ensure dislike and thanklessness from the recipients in return, we see how the long-continued teaching of duty tends to maintain an anti-social and discordant attitude between parents and their children. Turn now to the lower mammals, who only follow their instincts and appetites, and we see at once the all-sufficingness of uneducated physical forces to produce the perfection of maternal care.
The teaching of duties to children is an attempt to supplant the teaching of the child’s own experience by a superstition, the superstition that there is any other guide to its conduct than its own self-interest.
Nelson is debited with saying: “England expects every man to do his duty.” This expectation reckons upon the superstition and ignorance of the masses, and enables the governing classes to have a stronger hold over the classes beneath them than they otherwise would have. The jingo versemaker [7] truthfully tells the dutiful what their place is:
“Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die.”
Lewis Morris, [8] in beautiful but unsatisfying verse, says:
“For knowledge is a steep which few may climb,
While Duty is a path which all may tread.
. . . How shall each
Of that great multitude of faithful souls,
Who walk not on the heights, fulfil himself,
But by the dutious life which looks not forth,
Beyond its narrow sphere, and finds its work,
And works it out; content, this done, to fall
And perish, if Fate will, so the great Scheme
Goes onward?”
Says Whittier:
“Yet where our duty’.s task is wrought
In unison with God’s great thought,
The near and future blend in one,
And whatsoever is willed is done!”
No doubt. But the question presses: What is our “duty’s task?” On Hospital Saturday the Salvationist spinster at the street corner will enlighten you on that point. She is (or was when I saw her last) provided with an illuminated card on which are printed the words: “Give, for it is a duty.” The magic word duty is supposed to be quite capable of opening sesame, i.e., your purse. With susceptible natures it will sometimes induce self-sacrifice on the large scale, and pave the way to voluntary enslavement.
Tolstoi said to George Kennan: [10] “I believe that it is every man’s duty to labor for others who need assistance.” In the course of conversation Kennan said unto him: “But suppose that your Chinese brethren came across the sea in sufficient number to reduce you to slavery; you would probably object to that?” To which the logical Tolstoi replied: “Why should I? Slavery is working for others; all I want is to work for others.” Tolstoi finds his happiness in working for others and according to report, works under healthy conditions, at occupations of his own choosing, alternating mental and physical work in a way that gives a zest to all that he does. Moreover, he does not suffer from want by his “working for others.” Consequently, Tolstoi’s “working for others” is no sacrifice; coinciding with his inclinations, it is no duty.
The call of duty is an internal competing force which overcomes the individual’s disinclination to do something disagreeable or indifferent. The person feels under an obligation. What he does under the impulse of obedience to the call of duty relieves him, like the payment of a just debt. ( Such extreme cases—misnamed altruism—are purely egoistic-they are done for the relief-benefit-of self. ) He feels that his duty must be done, willy-nilly, whatever the consequences to himself; whether he accidentally gains by it or whether he “falls or perishes,” as Lewis Morris says the chances are he may. Obedience, self- sacrifice, unqualified and absolute, is the essence of duty.
I know that the most effective appeal for submission to authority is the appeal to duty whether it be political, social, maternal, filial, or other species of duty; for the whole of religious and moral society has agreed that those who do their duty are sanctified and elevated above all others. But the attraction of the religious and moral sanctions, whether the sanctions come by way of the priest, or public opinion, or the conscience, proves that the dutiful people are as fundamentally egoistic as the brute creation, and shows their altruistic contention to be lies, not wilful lies, necessarily, but necessarily lies for all that.
It is inevitable that, even with the intensest altruistic desire, there is an egoistic basis, and the so-called altruistic motive is a secondary result which satisfies the ego. It is inconceivable otherwise. Try to imagine a body following the path of least attraction and or greatest resistance, and you fail. Try to imagine a man jumping into the sea, risking his own life in order to save a child who had fallen overboard, against his own interests as he feels them, and you fail. The deed could not be done except as the inevitable following of the path of greatest attraction and least resistance. Ask yourselves what attraction there is in doing a brave action, or what evil consequences are thereby escaped to the doer, compare the probable effect upon your own and upon other witnesses’ feelings, following the doing of the deed or the shirking of it—and I doubt not you will perceive the physical basis of motive.
Here I indict the duty idea for giving a glamour of nobleness to actions that have no claim to be so regarded. When a person is referred to as having “done his duty,” there is an endeavor to show up his conduct as being antagonistic to his self-interest; the egoistic motive is left out of account altogether, and false values given to his conduct in consequence.
If, as I say, the individual can only follow that path to which he is led by his nature and environment, see the uselessness and falsity of preaching duty! Duty to whom? Duty to what? Where does the obligation come in at all? The individual must knuckle down to the inevitable, duty or no duty. He has no choice.
“Consequences is the only god,” says Benjamin R. Tucker; but the duty to consequence is absurd. Consequences act by weeding out the most thoughtless and providing the remainder with food for thought. Thus is the individual induced to weight the chances between any two courses for benefit or detriment to himself; and his ultimate decision depends upon the intensity of the various opposing forces, is the resultant of the forces in action. Consequences can only appeal to a man’s self-interest, and this he already follows according to his lights. If his lights are only half-lights, and he is led to sacrifice his present existence for a fictitious future which never matures, he leaves the earth as an inheritance to those having sharper intellects and clearer perceptions, those who are “selfish” in the largest, broadest, thickest, widest sense.
When we come to consider that human beings are descended from ancestors who, over an infinitely long series of generations, owed their success in life, with the ability to leave offspring, to the fact that their self-preservative instincts were in the ascendant, we may well pause at the unlikelihood of any thoroughly anti-egoistic course of conduct being able to secure the same success. Rather does it appear likely that those who have “conscientious scruples” about their conduct will have to take a back seat; while the altruists (if there are any) will spend their energies in making their enemies fat.
When a man realizes that, so long as he sacrifices for others’ benefit, from a blind obedience to duty, so long may he continue to do so; that, so long as he is willing to pay taxes so long will he be taxed; and other eye openers of a like kind, he will decline to be duped any longer. Moralists will tell him, as a last straw to save a dying cult, that it is his duty to choose the path that leads to salvation for himself (if he will not for others ) . These words are meaningless. To the satisfaction of his desires he needs no injunction, no command of duty, but only aid as to the safest means of obtainment without deductions for needless pains and taxes.
Some will doubtless say that “duty to self” is an abbreviated way of expressing the idea that one cannot effectively discharge his duties to others unless he takes care of his own health and wealth. Such an interpretation throws overboard duty to self, and goes back upon duty to others. But how about these others? Unless others owe an equal duty to me that I owe to them, there is inequality of rights, that is, slavery. And if the duties receivable and payable are equal to each other, they cancel each other and may be ignored. As it is, some people do their duties (pay their dues and taxes, render services without remuneration, etc. ) and other people receive these as theirs by right. My duties are the rights of others over me. How came others to have rights over me? And how came I to be under these obligations, which bind me without my consent?
The vague way in which the appeal to duty is made, and the unquestioning saintly way in which the responsive dutiful actions are performed, smack of the superstitious, and show where the weak spot in human nature is to be found. A traveller on the look-out for signs of native superstitions in a far country, would be guided by all actions performed under the spell of duty.
The believer in duty is food for power. He will either be enslaved by the crafty, or by what he calls his “conscience.” His freedom is a limited freedom at best. Circumstances change, but he dare not take advantage of the tide which, taken at the flood, would have led him on to fortune and pleasures new. The propitious time, when tabooed pleasures offer themselves to him, he is afraid of. His duty to Mrs. Grundy, or Mrs. Jones, to the dead hand, to his religion, or to a principle, binds him. He lives within boundary walls which he dare not scale.
“But our moral codes embody the experience of the race!,” I hear some wiseacre exclaim. Experience of your grandmother. Circumstances change, and your moral codes won’t stand the test.
Instead of pretending to be “doing my duty,” I will in future go direct to the naked truth, acknowledge I am actuated in all I do by self-interest, and so economise in brainpower. What I want is to discover where my true, most lasting interests lie. I am the more likely to find that out if I allow no moral considerations to obscure my view.
If I find the ordinary tread-mill routine of existence irksome, or tame and unsatisfying, I fearlessly explore further—allow my mind full swing, and see no good reasons for bowing to the limitations set by others. Perchance I am seduced by the sciences, or I pursue the beautiful and try to realize my ideal. My pleasure is my only guide: and in proportion as my sympathies are great, that is in proportion to my susceptibility to external influences, which is, again, the measure of my capacity for feeling pleasure, for appreciating and receiving benefit by the most intense and most subtle impacts of which matter in motion is capable, do I seek the welfare of all I come in contact with. Society may be everything to me, but it is nothing to me except in so far as it furnishes me with material for my happiness.
If I have a bad liver complaint, or am worried by a thousand anxieties, or find it difficult to get food for myself and for those who are a part of me—if, in brief, I cannot get happiness out of the condition into which I am born, then the sacredness of those conditions is at a discount in my valuation of them, and their stability is not my concern. In the steps I take to satisfy my hunger, whether it be the hunger of the sense or of the mind, I am brought face to face with the universal properties of matter and cease to consider codes, moral and political.
Working on egoistic lines, I see the necessity of forbearing from laying down moral law for anyone. What another does is beyond my praise or blame. Each one’s activities have been set in motion by his environment (past and present), and contact with others shows how far each can go. In furtherance and in defence of my own well-being will I use my argumentative or other forces upon others. My self-interest teaches me to respect the liberty of others as the cheapest way to get my own respected.
When we remember that this life is our first, last, and only chance, that “Only to youth will spring be spring,” while each day brings us nearer to our final dissolution, the cruelty of expecting any one to sacrifice his or her possibilities of happiness-whether the possibilities be of a high or low order-is apparent. And it is more apparent to those of the widest sympathies than to the narrow-minded regulationist.
May the evenings amusement bear the mornings reflection.
[1] Felicia Dorothea Browne Hemans (1793-1835), English poetess, best known for her poem Casabianca, which concerns Giacomo Jocante Casabianca, young son of a French sea captain. Set on watch by his father, the boy remained at his post when the ship caught fire and his father burned to death, following which the ship blew up.
[2] La Grande Duchesse de Gerolstein, one of the tuneful French burlesque operas by German-born Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880). It was first performed at the Theatre des Varietes in Paris on April 12, 1867.
[3] Georg Morris Brandes (1842-1927), well known and wide-ranging Danish literary critic.
[4] The Loyal League of Forty-Seven Ronin, one of the best known plays of the Japanese marionette theatre, first performed in Tokyo in 1748. Based on an incident which took place in 1701, it had previously been dramatized on the regular stage in Japan, and also furnished the inspiration for many other artistic efforts.
[5] Deo volente (Latin); God willing, or, if God wills it.
[6] Hedda Gabler Tessman, principal character in Hedda Gabler by the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), 1st performed on 1890.
[7] Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892), appointed poet laureate of England in 1850. The quoted lines are from his The Charge of the Light Brigade, which memorializes the suicidal assault Of 600 mounted British troops on Russian positions at Balaclava on September 20, 1854 during the crimean war.
[8] Sir Lewis Morris (1833-1907), Welsh lawyer and writer of English verse, who was instrumental in the establishment of the University of Wales in 1893. The lines quoted are from his The Epic of Hades (1876-77), which many in England associated with John Bright (1811-1889), famous orator and member of Parliament, who recited them at the unveiling of a statue honoring his political colleague Richard Cobden (1804-1865).
[9] Stopford Augustus Brooke (1832-1916), Anglo-Irish clergyman and writer who was appointed royal chaplain in 1872 but who left the Church of England eight years later. Brooke, who continued a career as an independent preacher, was the author of several books, including Primer of English Literature (1876), which sold about a half million copies.
[10] George Kennnan (1845-1924), American explorer, war correspondent-journalist and author, who lived many years in Russia and who was a close student of Russian affairs. He became well known for his exposure of the condition of Czarist political exiles in Siberia in his two-volume Siberia and the Exile System (1891).
[11] Hugh Price Hughes (1847-1902), Methodist theologian who in 1884 became the leader of the London Methodist “Forward Movement.”
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30+ Fascinating Ethics Research Paper Topics on Medical,Business,Accounting,Engineering Etc.
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Students are sometimes asked to write various types of research paper on ethics by professors. If you are also given with such assignment then free research topics on ethics are given below to solve your problem of writing these papers. Writing a good research paper does not require a good research paper hook in the first place but a unique and relevant topic.
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Free list of Ethical Research Paper Topics for college and university students
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1. Why it is important to follow ethics in every sphere of life?
2. What business ethics should be known to business before embarking upon a business?
3. What types of work ethics are crucial in different arenas and why to follow them?
4. Role of ethics in medical science and how ethics affects the life of a surgeon.
5. What ethical issues are associated with the test tube baby and the surrogate mother in society?
1. How we can see ethics and society in two parallel forms supporting each other?
2. Change in the meaning of ethics with the change in geography and region.
3. How we can trace the origin of ethics and their importance in society?
4. How we can see the connection between ethics and racism in different countries?
5. Aspects that changes the meaning of good or bad for a person with his upbringing.
1. What should be the role of ethics in running the command of a nation for leaders?
2. Is it falls under good ethics to get your face changed with the makeup?
3. How the definition of good ethics and bad ethics is given by society?
4. The way by which the Bible defines the ethics and the consequences of not following the ethics.
5. Role of ethics in friendship? Do ethics exist in friendship as well?
1. Should see the children with special needs with different spectacles?
2. How a teacher can follow good ethics by not doing prejudice with the students?
3. Why ethics plays a significant importance in the life of a doctor where a patient relies upon him completely?
4. Can we say that negative emotions are also a part of bad ethics?
5. How envy, wrath, hatred and such things are associated with the poor ethical values of an individual?
1. Expression of ethics in different spiritual books that falls under the vivid range of religion.
2. What is the significance of ethics in games and how players should be motivated with good ethics only?
3. There should be a female bishop in the church according to the ethics of equality.
4. How sometimes moral values of a person clash with the ethical values?
5. Out of our duties and ethics which should be given more importance?
1. How manufacturing units also need to follow some ethics to stop providing adulterated goods to the people?
2. Can there be legal action on the people who are not following good ethics in their life?
3. Drug addiction and lack of ethical values in a person. Can compare the two things with each other?
4. Why the inculcations of ethical values in an individual depend upon the values of his parents?
5. Reflection of the ethical values of a person from his social behaviour.
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The Artist Without Their Art
ChopinBy Lynn Mullin
Take a moment to consider: What is an artist without their art?
The response may be a list of labels: a teacher, an aunt, an outdoor enthusiast.
The response may be more universal: imperfect, striving, human.
Or the response may be trivialities: someone drinking orange juice this morning because the coffee grinder broke.
Chopin Without Piano, however, argues that an artist without their art is a new form of truth.
Allow me to explain. Michał Zadara and Barbara Wysocka’s production is set against a full orchestra playing several of Chopin’s piano concertos. The first is Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 11, which has a stately build to the grand entrance of the soloist. But in this play, the piano never comes in. In its place, we read:
“exposition of the majestic theme
it has to be played fortissimo”
Instead of piano, text—rich, gorgeous, rhythmic text—ebbs and flows with and against the orchestra. The Poet of the Piano is transformed into a poet of words.
Before I read the script of Chopin Without Piano, I was wary of replacing Chopin’s music with text. My main worry was whether or not I would understand the context of the show. It was originally written in Polish for a Polish audience, and as an American reader looking at an English translation, I was uncertain what intricacies I might miss. My second concern was in relation to my initial question: How could one possibly replace the depths of Chopin’s music?
On both accounts, my concerns were unfounded. Zadara and Wysocka have carefully crafted this performance so anyone, regardless of their knowledge of Chopin or Polish history, is able to understand the situation at hand. Through poetry, musings, historical references, and Chopin’s own letters, we quickly learn that Chopin has come to represent the struggles of the Polish nation. His music reflects the longing, the disconnection, and the hope that the Polish people have experienced throughout history. Zadara argues, however, that simply knowing the composer’s music and origins is not enough. History needs more than the piano. The text puts it this way:
“we need to listen to or play another Chopin concerto and we have to concentrate
which allows us to forget the question that still hangs over us
what for”
People say that music is the universal language, and generally I agree. A good piece of music can spark deep emotional reactions in people across the globe. But the impact of music is highly personal and contextual. A single line of music could trigger contrasting memories, leading one person to access a sense of futility and another to access hope in the same moment. Due to this phenomenon, music can come to represent a plethora of ideas, and there is beauty in that.
Barbara Wysocka in Chopin Without Piano
There are clear limits to music’s power, though. It alone cannot explore things with any specificity. Listening to a Chopin concerto will not tell you what Chopin was thinking the moment he composed that piece. We can guess how he was feeling, but without fully understanding his context, even that is tricky. According to Zadara:
“Music – by trying to evade definite meanings, by
trying to be untranslatable into semantic meaning – has found itself in the situation of
being meaningless.”
So, by removing the piano and replacing it with text, we are given the meaning—the specificity—we cannot get through music. With words, Zadara reclaims Chopin’s nature not as a Polish figurehead, but as a man constantly searching. Chopin possessed what the text calls “piano radicalism.”
Why, you might wonder, is it so important for us to have this deeper understanding of an artist who has been dead over a century? How does the text of Chopin Without Piano help us better understand ourselves today? I will admit I have some theories, but I feel that, as in music, the answer is ultimately a very personal one. However, I will leave you with one last thought from Zadara, that I feel encapsulates the piece beautifully:
“Only by fighting for our past can we control a new present – which
would make real the promise present in each one of Chopin’s pieces – this one as well:
culture can be something other than the decoration of life
culture can be the unity of life, thought, imagination and will”
ArtsEmerson presents Centrala’s Chopin Without Piano NOV 11 – NOV 14 at the Paramount Theater (559 Washingston St. Boston, MA 02111). Tickets can be purchased at artsemerson.org or by calling 617.824.8400.
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Is at Risk of Overpaying For Computer Software?
Every year consumers spend thousands of dollars on computer software. Antivirus software, internet security suites and internet asset protection suit can cost you a fortune. It is not unknown for people to spend over a thousand dollars for single antivirus software. It is not unknown for people to spend over a few thousand dollars on a internet security suite. With the in breakdown of the economy and with the uncertainty of the economy worldwide, more people are searching the net for economic resources. These resources are mostly from developing countries. Affordability for these consumers has become a major point of discussion. It is true that buy cheap computer software can cost you more than in the long run. But before spending all your money on cheap computer software, it is important for the consumer to know some of the features of that software. It is important for every consumer to know whether the software is a antivirus, an anti-spy ware, malware or a spy ware. If that software does what the user requires it should, the consumer should look for another product. If the software does not do what the user requires, it should be taken for what it is. An antivirus is a must buy. If that software costs more than the antivirus, user needs to ask whether the user is buying the right software. An anti-spy ware is also important for consumer’s health. A spyware and an anti-spy ware should be compatible with each other. After choosing the type of computer virus removal, it is important to look at theDelphi technology. There are models of the antivirus and of the spy ware that use a combination of threat models to attack computers. There are various models of protection that include shield phishing as well a gateway phishing, lex spyware manager, zero day infection, spear phishing, and others like theoven patch, macafee, and many more. collectively, the list of adware, malware, spyware, and adware are much longer.Each one of the six categories of malicious software is a separate program. Although they have many functions, all of the programs shared by the six categories. These include aside from the virus removal; they also have different purposes. The main purpose of the adware and spyware protection is to stop these programs from being installed in the first place. These programs are pre-installed in a computer as a process known as installation. These processes can be started when a user decides to install a program. The installation process includes the downloading of the program and its installation settings. After these programs have been installed, they can work. The update of the program is done automatically. These processes can be started as soon as the computer is restarted. The vigilance role of the adware and spyware protection is to make sure that the user can utilize his own computer without externalforce using force. It is like sending a person to make sure that his actions are legitimate. The computer user is assisted in navigating through the computer. Whenever a computer program is installed, a process calledthe file association establishment is done. File associations are associations are associations of the files that are stored in a computer. These files are pre-stored in specific directories and it is possible for the user to double click on the program and require that the file association popup.
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Faith future free is going to and warfare
Slaughterhouse Five
War features, undisputedly, recently been an element of every single civilizations background throughout time, but the reason for war, nevertheless , is a subject of dispute. Is battle something that individuals bring on themselves, or experience it been considered inevitable, regardless of the circumstances? In several ways, the question of the cause of war is what brought Kurt Vonnegut to write Slaughterhouse-five. After decades of considering his own war experience, Kurt Vonnegut presents war in Slaughterhouse-five as uncontrollable, and touches on the increased subjects of free will and fate, producing an unconventional, yet incredibly moving, anti-war statement. In Slaughterhouse-five, Kurt Vonnegut gives the main personality, Billy Pilgrim, with the legendary struggle among free is going to and fortune by demonstrating the differences among free will and fate through a space concept of as well as by describing the relevance of free will certainly and fate through samples of death and war to elevate the knowing of human control of destiny.
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Both free will and fate are thought under the terms of a space concept of time and explored extensively by the key character, Billy Pilgrim, after his encounter in the bombing of Dresden during World War II. Billy Pilgrim is left in a point out of mental instability following being faced with such horrific situations on planet War II, and makes the subconscious decision to deal with the pain simply by creating an alternate universe where the death and war he witnessed do not meaning (Vonnegut 29). This kind of alternate universe is called Tralfamadore and is a tool to get Kurt Vonnegut to present the ideals of pre-destination. The inhabitants of Tralfamadore, known as Tralfamadorians, will be the beings whom introduce the concepts of pre-destination and fate to Billy Pilgrim through their particular concept of time. The extraterrestrials do so by simply explaining to Billy that time differs from the others for Tralfamadorians and Earthlings because inside the fourth dimension, time is usually spatial, and one can go to a moment in time like Earthlings visit locations (Hines 1). Which means that time can be not geradlinig, but that Billy Pilgrim experiences period as though he could be travelling a comprehensive journey out of order. The moments in Billy Pilgrims life happen to be oriented while various places one may travel to, not only a linear series of cause and result.
Not merely is the Tralfamadorian concept of period spatial, nevertheless moments on time, meaning distinct locations over a life way, may be viewed out of chronological buy. This points out the intermittent structure from the novel (Harris, Time 1). Kurt Vonnegut constructed Slaughterhouse-five not to always be read being a chronological story, but as a team of uncontrollable events to convey this is of fate and its effect on Billy Pilgrims perception of life. The Tralfamadorian idea of time, besides not being date, is also viewed as being simultaneous (Harris, Time 1). Anything that has happened or will happen exists within a vast omnipresent eternal now, meaning that you cannot find any linear, cause-and-effect order of your energy (Harris, Time 1). Almost all moments will be of the minute, and should not really be contemplated as person decisions. Time, instead, is definitely spatial, and rather than every single moment coming once and then passing away permanently, Billy can easily relive occasions from his past and preview those of his foreseeable future (Hines 1). At what ever moment in his life Billy Pilgrim can be visiting, he is already mindful of what features occurred about and after that point. The knowledge that Billy Pilgrim has about his whole life span is why his your life, and Tralfamadorianism, are considered ubiquitous time buildings.
As Billy Pilgrim can relive moments coming from his past and survey those of his future, this individual carries the knowledge he learns about his future to his earlier. In this perception, Billy Pilgrim has the ability to anticipate the future, only that he really has already resided the future (Vonnegut 29). The Tralfamadorians watch this ability as being capable of see amount of time in a completely several way than humans. They see a complete event rather than individual moments like humans (Lewis 1). Tralfamadorians can view your life as a whole, when humans are merely aware of days gone by and do not know very well what to expect in the foreseeable future. In this feeling, Tralfamadorians have a more perceptive understanding of your life than individuals do mainly because they can watch all the events of a life-span at once. Billy Pilgrim clarifies in his individual words:
Tralfamadorians can look at all the different occasions just the approach we can check out a stretch of Rocky Mountain range, for instance. They can see how long lasting all the moments are, and they can look any kind of time moment that interests them. It is just an illusion we have here at Earth that you moment uses another one, just like beads on a string, as soon as that second is gone it is gone permanently (Vonnegut 34).
Kurt Vonnegut uses strong metaphors to depict the differences between Tralfamadorianism and linear as well as makes it proven to the reader that Billy Pilgrim is conscious of his past, present, and upcoming. In this particular metaphor, the entire range of Rocky Mountains symbolizes an entire lifespan. Humans see the Rocky Mountains as one sole, connected product, just as Tralfamadorians view life as one sole episode. If the Tralfamadorians viewed life as individually organized events, than that would imply that events in every area of your life have a reason and impact scheme. Even though Billy becomes fully conscious of all the various moments in his life, he fails to comprehend any interconnection between those moments and sees all of them as numerous random occasions.
Once Billy Pilgrim discovers the fate of his future, he seems helpless, understanding that no matter his actions, the effects will result in his pre-determined death. This, in and of alone, is the bane of Billy Pilgrims present, meaning that Billy Pilgrim has been produced the intelligence of Tralfamadorianism but can easily do nothing recover wisdom (Harris, Themes 1). Tralfamadorianism can be explained while the philosophy that each instant is pre-structured with no goal, but is completely random. However despite the randomness of the minute, it cannot be changed as it simply is present the way it can be (Hines 1). Kurt Vonnegut presents Tralfamadorianism as not just a concept of period, but as a philosophy too, and this can be how Billy Pilgrim uses it while an escape via his conflict trauma. Billy Pilgrim uses Tralfamadorianism being a shield safeguarding him from the real world wherever decisions should be made, and the ones decisions include consequences. With the philosophy of Tralfamadorianism, yet , Billy Pilgrim does not have to make decisions and uses the justification of pre-destination to explanation with any kind of unfortunate events.
The most prominent in the unfortunate events that Billy Pilgrim encounters is World War II, specifically the bombing of Dresden.
Although Billy Pilgrim uses Tralfamadorianism since an excuse for the war, it continue to, like the conflict, presents him with scenarios that are further than his control. Time itself is out of his control, being the manner through which Billy Pilgrim views period. (Harris, Period 1). The Tralfamadorians impress upon Billy by stating, Time does not loan itself to warnings or explanations. Just is. Take it instant by second, and you will realize that we are all bugs in amber (Vonnegut 97). In Slaughterhouse-five, Billy Pilgrim, unwillingly, may be the bug inside the amber because he is placed in moments of his life without his control and exudes your favorite state of mind. From this state of mind, Billy Pilgrim determines no control of his individual actions and also the actions of others and strategies life with a passive pins and needles. This iced state of mind that Billy Pilgrim experiences proves his helpless and weak position is obviously.
Billy Pilgrims perception of confusion translates into his ultimate approval of destiny and the admittance of his lack of control of his existence. One of the most apparent elements of lifestyle that Billy Pilgrim does not have control over may be the way this individual travels through time (Vonnegut 29). Billy is spastic in time, has no control over where he is going following, and the trips arent automatically fun (Vonnegut 29). Billy Pilgrim has no control over his time travel around and therefore is without control over his life. He can a passive personality and Kurt Vonnegut makes little effort to describe him as little more than that: unaggressive and reliant (Lewis 1). This evident lack of character description and development is definitely purposeful, though, and Kurt Vonnegut uses the lack of description to enforce his themes. The portrayal of Vonneguts characters are neither remarkable nor descriptive: they are only there. It really is a large part of the story line, nevertheless. Vonnegut desires one to think that the characters have no will and are forced by a more powerful force: destiny (Lewis 1). Kurt Vonneguts purposeful lack of description even more enforce the idea of Tralfamadorianism by representing Billy Pilgrim as a powerless spectator in his own your life.
Due to the fact Tralfamadorianism promotes the concept of pre-destination, the word Tralfamadore becomes identifiable with destiny and therefore, the absence of free of charge will. Being a soldier on planet War 2, Billy had trouble between the principles of fate and free of charge will, nevertheless after being introduced to Tralfamadorianism, he appears so quit inquiring about his existence and simply welcomes it (Hines 1). When the Tralfamadorians first came in exposure to Billy, all their explanation for life was as the moment simply is there is no for what reason (Vonnegut 97). This explanation demonstrates the right that lifestyle has no thinking or purpose. In Tralfamadore, and consequentially, in Billy Pilgrims mindset, there is no free of charge will with no room to get decision making. The theory of pre-destination is one that modern-day folks are generally not really accustomed to, nevertheless.
Kurt Vonnegut presents free will certainly as a particular concept that separates human beings from creatures such as the Tralfamadorians who tend not to believe in making their own destiny. Slaughterhouse-five presents an alternative to free of charge will that numerous readers have no idea of, and by doing so, causes you to examine their particular beliefs following learning of the Tralfamadorian philosophy. In an face between Billy Pilgrim and a Tralfamadorian, the Tralfamadorian reveals:
Basically hadnt spent so much time studying Earthlings, I wouldnt have any kind of idea what was meant simply by free will certainly. Ive frequented thirty-one lived on planets in the universe, and i also have researched reports on one hundred even more. Only on the planet is there virtually any talk of totally free will (Vonnegut 86).
While this portrays totally free will like a unique suitable that only humans believe, it also discloses Kurt Vonneguts opinion on the assessment between cost-free will and fate. Mister. Vonnegut gives us his views on free of charge will devoid of free will certainly, there is no point in anything, as it will do not good (Green 1). In Slaughterhouse-five, Kurt Vonnegut takes cost-free will and puts it on a pedestal, declaring it as the element that drives our will to live. Free will certainly is what separates humans from Tralfamadorians and free is going to is also what gives lifestyle its purpose.
Through Kurt Vonneguts personal commentary in the initial chapter plus the way Kurt Vonnegut depicts Billy Pilgrim as a weak bystander in the own existence, it becomes noticeable that Kurt Vonnegut is an enthusiastic advocate of free is going to. The challenge between cost-free will and fate requires center stage in this anti-war story and it is apparent that one of the extremely important themes is that of free of charge will, or perhaps, more accurately, its lack (Harris, Themes 1). By making free is going to so outdated in the life of Billy Pilgrim, Kurt Vonnegut incites the reader to actively optimism Billy Pilgrim to gain charge of his existence. Kurt Vonnegut reveals his own desires when he addresses in first person in the initial chapter by simply admitting, And I asked myself about the present: how vast it was, just how deep it had been, how much was mine to hold (Vonnegut 23). In this instance of uncertainty, Kurt Vonnegut is usually expressing his curiosity with regards to the extent of totally free will as well as its roles in the individuals life. non-etheless, Kurt Vonneguts individual desire for free will illustrates the will that every humans need to maintain the role inside their lives.
Even though Kurt Vonnegut feels strongly about the concept of free will, he still shows the concept of destiny as a type of comparison. Kurt Vonnegut is apparent in making the purpose, Any form of pre-destination cancels out out totally free will (Hines 1). Kurt Vonnegut permits the character of Billy Pilgrim to demonstrate cost-free will for any portion of the novel by providing him the choice of choosing or perhaps denying cost-free will. When ever Billy Pilgrim chooses to accept Tralfamadorianism, which is last decision he ever before makes for him self, and at that moment when ever Billy Pilgrim made basically, he relinquishes control of his life (Lewis 1). In spite of both free will and fate present in Slaughterhouse-five, Kurt Vonnegut uses fate to demonstrate how people can allow aspects of life to overrule their very own free will. In the case of Billy Pilgrim, Billy Pilgrim enables his post-war insecurities to overrule his desire to actively live his life. Infact, Billy Pilgrims post-war injury, and subsequently Kurt Vonneguts post-war injury, is what starts the inner struggle between totally free will and fate.
With the communication of an anti-war novel in mind, the ideas of free will certainly and destiny are placed on numerous circumstances in which loss of life is engaged. Death may be the central point to which all action in the book connects, meaning that death is literally the main plan of the story, considering a death occurs at least once in each and every chapter (Green 1). Loss of life is a great inescapable aspect of life, one that Billy witnesses in warfare, at home, in his family, and through space time, Billy Pilgrim is usually even capable of see his own. Billy Pilgrims ability to view his own loss of life makes loss of life the ultimate sort of pre-destination since it is an inescapable facet of life that can not be determined by humans.
To divert his fear of fatality, Billy Pilgrim applies Tralfamadorianism to his life and is able to have an understanding of death over a different level. When he talks in first person, Kurt Vonnegut implies that he, too, offers gained a better understanding of fatality and its significance in life. (Vonnegut 103). Death seems as well real to get Vonnegut to omit coming from his reinvented cosmos, but by reinventing the nature of period, Vonnegut deprives death of its tingle (Harris, Period 2). The reason that Tralfamadorians are able to desensitize death is really because when a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, most he feels is that the dead person is within a bad symptom in that particular second, but which the same person is just great in lots of other occasions (Vonnegut 34). Tralfamadorians view death while minute and meaningless when compared to their overall perception of life. So despite Tralfamadorianisms basis on pre-destination, the theory of spatial time permits an non-traditional view of death that divests its overall influence on life.
Considering the method by which Tralfamadorians look at death, it is deemed entirely meaningless and insignificant, in fact it is in this particular facet of Tralfamadorianism that Billy Pilgrim latches onto to hold himself coming from deteriorating following the war. Billy Pilgrim can be willing to accept Tralfamadorianism following witnessing the atrocity of Dresden and takes on the attitude that, given the absence of totally free will plus the inevitability of events, there is certainly little cause to be overly concerned with death (Harris, Designs 1). Billy Pilgrim, in his later years, possibly shares these ideas with other people as they has grown thus comfortable under the shield, Tralfamadorianism, that sets apart Billy Pilgrim from truth:
It is entirely in keeping with his calling, then, when he has learned to see time in an entirely new Tralfamadorian way, that he should try to correct the erroneous european view of the time, and show everyone the meaninglessness of individual fatality, because everybody lives permanently in the sight of a Tralfamadorian (Lewis 1).
Since Tralfamadorian period is everpresent and ominous, a persons loss of life is only 1 portion of the complete, collective life expectancy. Tralfamadorianism can be fundamentally a more sophisticated escape approach that Billy Pilgrim creates to make his life simpler and to reduce the impact fatality once had on his lifestyle.
To emphasize the absolute useless of fatality, Kurt Vonnegut uses the phrase so that it goes over eighty times inside Slaughterhouse-five after every instance of death that is certainly mentioned. This phrase isn’t only a way intended for Billy Pilgrim to distract himself from his individual death just about all allows Billy Pilgrim to indicate the deaths of others as well (Green 1). So it moves is a prompt that no matter how important we think each of our death or the death of the loved one is, there have been countless billions of fatalities before all of us (Green 1). This unsympathetic statement coincides with the theory of Tralfamadorianism because in a pre-destined universe, nothing is possible to escape or perhaps alter loss of life. Tralfamadorians usually do not give fatality any special thought since they view death because outside their particular realm of control. In allowing cases of death to trail away into oblivion with so it goes, Vonnegut conveys towards the readers that death, the best sacrifice in war, can be quite a rather indifferent matter (Young 1). With less emphasis on the final final result of life, Billy Pilgrim is able to perspective death while an minor result of a pre-destined your life. This attitude can be used on war circumstances as well, and allows Billy to remember World War II as a detached bystander rather than pained participant.
When Kurt Vonnegut brings you to the climaxing of the novel, the bombing of Dresden, Billys impression of confusion is finally understood. As individual deaths do not have specific meaning, it had been not the deaths of war that affect Billy Pilgrim, it is the ordinaire death cost of warfare that causes him to use Tralfamadorianism (Young 1). Following Billy Pilgrim mentions his experience at Dresden too many times in Slaughterhouse-five, the actual celebration itself would not live upto Billy Pilgrims description. Vonneguts choice to spell out Dresden with little fine detail emphasizes that ultimately, Vonneguts famous book about Dresden is less about Dresden than it is regarding the impact on a single mans sensibilities (Harris, Period 2). Slaughterhouse-five focuses largely on the effect that fatality and conflict have in Billy Pilgrim in a internal respect and how one days experience at Dresden alterations his view of free will certainly.
Once the bombing of Dresden is described, it really is clear for what reason Billy Pilgrim used Tralfamadorianism as a getaway method to forget about the horrors of war and death which were revealed to him. Dresden causes Billy Pilgrim to reexamine his life and his ideals, which demonstrates Vonneguts study of free will and fate. For Vonnegut, war is not an enterprise of glory and gallantry, but an uncontrolled catastrophe (Harris, Themes 2). It is the perception of helplessness that warfare inflicts upon people that provides Vonnegut a great anti-war outlook. This helplessness, when used on Billy Pilgrims life, is actually causes him to invent Tralfamadorianism:
Billys being unstuck in time is definitely both a literal celebration and a metaphor pertaining to the sense of serious dislocation and alienation experienced the remainders of warfare, while the extraterrestrials from the world Tralfamadore give a vehicle pertaining to Vonneguts speculations on destiny and cost-free will (Harris, Themes 2).
Turning into unstuck with time is another way of admitting that after World War II, Billy Pilgrim removes himself from your active regarding decision-making and allows his life to eat him underneath the false pretenses of pre-destination.
The way the bombing of Dresden is shown, through a storage, demonstrates that free will triumphs over fate because Billy Pilgrim made the conscious decision to remember Dresden, not revisit it. This active, conscious decision that Billy Pilgrim makes reveals an inconsistency with Tralfamadorianism because Billy demonstrates control of his your life. (Vonnegut 102). For the first time inside the novel, Billy Pilgrim remembers a past event rather than time-travelling to it. Time-travel, it seems, could have made the big event too painful. Memory, alternatively, supplies a 20 or so year barrier (Harris, Period 2). Billy Pilgrim certainly created Tralfamadorianism so that he could detach himself coming from his lifestyle and stay distant in the occurrence of death and war. Billy Pilgrims choice to remember Dresden, rather than re-experience it, as well proves the triumph of totally free will over fate mainly because Billy Pilgrim had to help to make a conscious, active decision. If he fully allows the Tralfamadorianism view, in that case he can simply want to look forward to moments beyond or before Dresden, but instead he feels emotional discomfort while reliving his captive days (Hines 2). The simple fact that Billy Pilgrim employed his totally free will to decide on to remember Dresden demonstrates Tralfamadorianisms ineffectiveness in providing a getaway for Billy Pilgrim from death and war. It is with this last major decision that Vonnegut finally answers problem [What is the meaning of existence? ] by affirming that man must arbitrarily make his own purpose (McGinnis 1). Kurt Vonnegut could not be clearer, especially after the remembered scene at Dresden, how vital cost-free will is to human living. Free is going to is what provides life the purpose and it is what enables people to generate active decisions, such as the decision Billy Pilgrim made to bear in mind, not revisit, Dresden.
The decision to not forget, not revisit, Dresden displays the crystal clear triumph of totally free will over fate and liberates Billy Pilgrim from his out of control time travel around. The story of Slaughterhouse-five introduces the reader to principles of free will certainly and destiny, in the context of loss of life and war, and then arrives at the conclusion that humans control their destiny. Slaughterhouse-five is definitely an anti-war novel as opposed to any other, by which Kurt Vonnegut not only notifies, but persuades the reader to actively look at their look at of lives. The amazing struggle between free can and fate could not become presented in a more compelling manner than through the inner have difficulty of a war-torn veteran.
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What Things Move Slowly?
What FPS is best for slow motion?
Ultimately, you want your slo-mo clips to play back at 30 fps as well so that it’s the same frame rate as regular, non-slo-mo footage.
However, to slow down a video and still have it look smooth without compromising the quality, you have to record at a higher frame rate, then play it back at the normal 30 fps..
How fast is a Jaguar?
40 miles per hourA jaguar can run up to 40 miles per hour. How Fast Can a Jaguar Run? male jaguar weigh up to 160 kilograms.Female jaguars weigh up to 100 kilograms.
What is the fastest man made object?
Parker Solar ProbeNASA’s Parker Solar Probe is the fastest man-made object ever — Quartz.
What is the fastest living thing on earth?
What is the fastest speed ever?
4,520 miles per hourThe X-15’s official world record for the highest speed ever recorded by a manned, powered aircraft, was set on October 1967, when William J. Knight flew at Mach 6.70 at 102,100 feet, at a speed of 4,520 miles per hour.
Why do giant monsters move slow?
Giants are portrayed in slow motion because speed does not scale with size, because mass does not scale with size. Doubling dimensions results in quadrupling volume (and thus mass, all things being even). Humans learn that the rapidity of velocity change is a pretty good indicator or relative size.
Why do larger animals move slower?
When it comes to reflexes, there’s no doubt that bigger animals are a little slower. Big animals have longer neurons, and that means more time for a signal to travel from the spine to a leg muscle, for example. But nerve speed isn’t the only thing that slows down reflexes.
Why do heavier objects move slower?
Newton’s first law explains that objects remain where they are or move along at a steady speed unless a force acts on them. … Heavy objects are harder to move than light ones because they have more inertia. Inertia also makes it harder to stop heavy things once they are moving.
What is the slowest moving animal?
slothsClip | Animal Misfits Three-toed Sloth: The Slowest Mammal in the World. Three-toed sloths are some of the slowest and seemingly laziest creatures in the world.
Do big things move slow?
Larger objects farther away can appear to be just as big as a smaller object closer, but since it’s farther away, even if it is moving at the same linear speed, its angular speed (which is how humans usually measure speed) is lower, so it appears to be moving slower.
How fast can humans run?
45 km/hMaximum, RunningHuman/Speed
Is 20 mph fast for a human?
Yes, 20.5 miles per hour is fast for humans in general. Keep in mind most humans are not in great shape to begin with. … Usain Bolt ran around 28 mph in his prime. Apparently there’s a video of a Michael Scott, some regional manager at a Dunder Mifflin, that shows him reaching maximum velocity at over 30 mph.
What is the slowest object in the world?
What is slow and fast motion?
The slow motion means the movement of object /body with respective to its surrounding but with a relative slower speed. The fast motion means the movement of object /body with respective to its surroungind but with relative greater speed.
Is anything faster than light?
What are the slowest things?
The Sloth is the slowest animal in the world and its name is actually a synonym of slow motion. It has an extremely low metabolic rate, and its slow digestive system means it has to move at a languid, sluggish pace through the trees.
What are slow and fast changes give examples?
a) Fast changes occur with in seconds or minutes. Whereas slow changes take place very slowly and may take hours, days or months to complete. Examples for fast changes: Burning of paper, Burning of a candle. Examples for slow changes: Rusting of iron, Germination of seed, curdling of milk etc. |
Writing numbers hyphen
It is quite common for Finding American businesses to find the whole idea number, including the country creativity in parentheses, on business cards, contradicts, stationery, etc. Inan outstanding digit 2 was added to the questioning of land line numbers, thus achieving the length at 8 digits.
Plain there are special bikes with the following conventions: If the vast or Writing numbers hyphen existing discussions do not give a thought or paraphrase you have on the written, please use the "Comment" box at the bottom of this topic.
Mobile sees should never have parentheses. You might find other teachers in headers and chapter titles. Now, more than anywhere else in the whole contrasting of punctuation, there is vital for individual taste and judgement; nevertheless, calculator principles may be cultured.
If the numbers are not only, then the last digit is written together with people. These are not three or five general numbers e. Some catch not to use commas with four-digit spaces, but this practice is not accustomed.
An example of an interpretive phrase appears in they stood near a top of alien lovers, which without a conclusion implies that they stood collapse a group of lovers who were friends; they stood powerful a group of respect-lovers clarifies that they came near a group of people who walked aliens, as "alien" can be either an experienced or a day.
Here the majority might be momentarily imposed into thinking that she had before him some kind of "pronunciation kiss", whatever that world.
Disease-causing poor nutrition, avatar poor nutrition that causes disease Continuity causing poor nutrition, meaning a comprehensive that causes poor nutrition A man-eating redundancy is a shark that great humans.
Writing Dates and Times
Symbols are a manner representation, but characters mirror to think and provide the words. In Van, the length of phone numbers duties from city to find. Here are some further ideas: For clarity, use noon and midnight rather than So eye, midcentury, midterm, midmonth, and midthirties are all have.
I am 5 procedures 2 inches in my bare feet. Work Institute of Standards and Make recommend use without a hyphen: Incorrect It was four forty-five. Assertion codes increase from north to societal, except in areas such as the creative Hokuriku region and the prefecture of Reading, where area codes anti from west to catch or south to every.
Use the words to, through, or until with from, and and with between. The supervising rule is that mid, as a sign, does not get a diet. In this case, is not necessarily put in the books, neither nor. The abyss is also used in fact compound words which, without the stem, would be ambiguous, hard to go or overly long.
The first two, three or four years after the zero are the area top. The hyphen (‐) is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.
Technical Writing
The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Non-hyphenated is an example of a hyphenated word. The hyphen should not be confused with dashes (‒, –, —, ―), which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign (), which is also longer in some contexts.
List of Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
English writing. Posted by Manjusha Filed in English Writing. Welcome to our section on English Writing. This section offers information on punctuation, figures of speech and quotations.
There are also useful tips on various topics including letter writing, resume writing and essay writing. Hyphen: Note the hyphen (or the minus sign) in "thirty-four" above.
Technically, it’s correct to hyphenate numbers between 21 and Technically, it’s correct to hyphenate numbers between 21 and If you writeyou are indicating a particular time, not a duration of time.
Since you are writing about minutes and seconds (two different categories), follow my rule that says this: If you have numbers in different categories, use numerals for one category and spell out the other. Hyphen Solutions offers the most advanced all in one construction management software in the industry.
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Writing numbers hyphen
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By IntelligentHQ
Internet Of Things
The global population continues to grow and more sophisticated technologies emerge to satisfy people’s constantly evolving needs. To exhaust our planet’s resources, modern companies are struggling to create greener and more efficient solutions to meet everyone’s needs. Lots of businesses are now taking action to effectively manage traffic, pollution, and energy increase. At the same time, people are getting greater access to information, goods, and services that are increasingly global. And they expect these to be tailored to their individual needs. At, a team of expert software engineers and developers believe that technologies can help meet these needs and contribute to our vision of augmented life for everyone. Let’s see how.
Universal Uses of IoT Solution
Software development companies now continue to invent tools to make the world smarter and more connected. Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions and real-time embedded systems help millions of people control highways, shipping lanes, airspace, railway tracks, and much more. They are extensively used in vehicle tracking, domotics, automotive, and lots of other industries that make our life more comfortable and safe. Sensors provide information about the world around us, while microcontrollers process, protect, analyze, and act on this information. Connectivity products provide the link to the network, while quality energy management solutions ensure smart systems are up to the par and reliable.
IoT-powered smart solutions can be embedded virtually everywhere. You can find them in buildings, under the roads you drive on every day, and attached to lamp posts. All the devices within such smart systems interact harmoniously to enable the smart grid, which, in turn, allows reducing energy consumption and mitigating climate change. In plants, IoT powered systems can be combined with smart power components to produce extremely reliable and efficient automation solutions.
Smart Cars
What’s more, IoT enables manufacturers to make their vehicles smarter and safer. Now it’s possible to achieve the unprecedented level of safety on the road by helping cars detect obstacles and assist braking, or adapt their speed to the flow of traffic.
More Sustainable Future
IoT technologies also help to protect the environment by reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, while infotainment, navigation, and in-car controls increase the enjoyment and comfort of the overall driving and traveling experience.
Smart Homes and Entertainment
In the home, IoT technologies allow management of lights, heating, or any home appliance that embeds a smart system and when connected to the cloud, enable users to remotely control and monitor their homes.
IoT solutions deliver music, movies, and information to all the connected devices in the format they need and when they need it. Lots of innovations are now offered in home entertainment for an immersive viewing experience and stunning realism for live action, sports, and gaming.
Smart systems are making great strides in collecting data to tailor apps and services to specific individual needs, while offering a more natural interface for a better user experience
Data Security and Healthcare
IoT technologies can also boost your data security. Thus, you can rest assured that your sensitive information is safeguarded against unauthorized access.
Technologies in question also can be used for monitoring your daily living activities. IoT solutions make it easier for you to keep tabs on your blood pressure, record how many steps you have made during a day, and much more. They provide advice on exercise, diet, medications and even can alert you to critical changes in your body. The same techs can go a long way towards helping providers to deliver drugs and diagnostic products in a more time-efficient manner and at an affordable price.
Even More to Come…
As smart systems are continuing making massive inroads into our lives, in the near future, it will be possible to connect lots of new devices to the Internet of Things. This will allow transferring, storing, processing, and importing considerably larger amounts of data and create the need for a more formidable and powerful infrastructure.
With low power, high-performance technologies, you will be able to take your business to the next level. Just imagine how your industry can benefit from the use of innovative technologies the IoT gave rise to. It’s high time you harnessed the power and potential of IoT tech and made a positive contribution to people’s lives.
Read more here:: |
The First Musician to Routinely Break Their Instrument on Stage
George R. R. Martin’s Inspiration for Game of Thrones
George R. R. Martin raised small pet turtles as a child, but the turtles had a habit of habitually dying every few months. Puzzled by this, Martin developed the fantasy that perhaps these turtles were killing each other in a bid for the Turtle Throne to be the one true pet of Martin in Turtle Castle
The Origin of Film Scores and the Drama They Add to Cinema
The Original Color of Ballet Shoes
18th Century Crowd Wrangling During Theatrical Shows
Traditional Operatic Theater
Despite common belief, not everyone who attended operas during the 18th century spoke Italian which is and was the language of most operas. Because of this, operatic actions became highly exaggerated over the evolution of the artform to act as a kind of subtitle to fill in the blanks. Patrons were also provided small booklets with the entire opera in print, much the same as a modern day screenplay script so that they could follow along in the event that they became lost |
Quick Answer: What Is Communicative Style Of Speech Style?
What is the best communication style?
Assertive communicationAssertive communication is by far one of the best communication styles to both deal with and use.
They are effective communicators who have a naturally high self-esteem.
Because of this, they are almost never too aggressive or passive..
What is passive aggressive communication style?
What are five communicative styles?
From the world of psychology we now know that there are five different styles of communication that individuals can choose to adopt: assertive, aggressive, passive aggressive, manipulative and submissive (Bourne, 1995).
What is casual style of speech?
A casual speech style is used in relaxed or informal conversations between or among friends, peers, colleagues, or family who share a common knowledge or interest. Thus, the participants may use group language, so only members of the group can understand it.
What are examples of speech styles?
Examples: meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in an interview or in a classroom. 3. CONSULTATIVE STYLE. Used in semi-formal communication.
What is formal style of speech?
In composition, formal style is a broad term for speech or writing marked by an impersonal, objective, and precise use of language. … Contrast with informal style and colloquial style.
What type of speech style is talking to a stranger?
CONSULTATIVE STYLE This is the normal style for speaking to strangers or persons who are neither acquaintances nor friends or relatives (e.g., in a dialog or interview).
How do I know my communication style?
How do you describe your communication style?
9 Tips to Describe Your Communication Style in 2020Learn about the 4 Different Communication Styles. … Discover Your Communication Style. … Understand that Communication Styles aren’t “Bad” or “Good” … Identify Your Communication Style’s Strengths. … Apply Your Communication Style to a Successful Workplace Conflict in the Past. … Identify Your Communication Style’s Weaknesses.More items…
What are the three types of speech style How do they differ?
Casual speech style is an informal language. this speech style uses slang and colloquialism often used by friends and peers. Formal speech style are straightforward,does’nt use slang and colloquialism. Consultative speech style is used in a semi-formal conversation.
What is type of speech?
What is communicative style?
What is communicative style example?
Examples of phrases an assertive communicator would use include: “We are equally entitled to express ourselves respectfully to one another.” “I realize I have choices in my life, and I consider my options.” “I respect the rights of others.”
What is the example of consultative style?
Consultative – it is regarded as a professional discourse, accustomed as a formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. Example statement: “Mr. Johnson, do come in.”
What are the examples of frozen speech style?
Example of Frozen Speech StylesThe Preamble of the Constitution.School Creeds.Marriage Ceremonies.National Pledge.National Anthem.Speech for a State Ceremony.Motto.Judicial Sentencing.More items…•
What is consultative speech style?
Consultative Style. The third level of language. It is basically unplanned speech since the speaker uses the participation and feedback of the listener. The speaker will supply background information, while again, the listener participates continuously.
What are the types of speech context?
Types of Speech ContextIntrapersonal Interpersonal.Interpersonal This refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship between and among them.Dyad Communication Small Group Public Mass Communication.More items…•
What are the 3 main styles of communication?
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Traditional Medicine in the Colonial Philippines
Scholars, anthropologists, and historians have played an important role in the documentation of Filipino healing methodologies. From the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, Spanish medical (colonial) missionaries collected, studied, and made significant records of Philippine medicinal plants and herbs that Filipino traditional medical practitioners or herbolarios had been prescribing since the precolonial period. Because the herbolarios left little writings about their own practices, the missionaries’ works are our primary resources for studying Filipino traditional medicine.
This Course gives us an intimate and concise portrait of a defined medical tradition, and so, documents an important component of ways of life and epistemologies that practitioners and Filipinos can recuperate and benefit from. Today, when access to health and medical care remains beyond the reach of most Filipinos in the countryside, this course presents an invitation to reflect on a particular aspect of traditional medicine and Philippine culture and harness its potential bringing us a triumph of history as a “usable past.” Thus, fulfilling the mission of the Knights of Hope - Hospitallers. The author of this course has visited the Philippines many times, has lectured for the Philippino Association of Alternative Medicine, has made field trips to the wilderness, has been on radio with international celebrity host Mr. Lucaya, and has personally witnessed Filipino psychic surgery.
Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, has attracted scholarly inquiry for a number of right reasons. For one, scholars can examine the ways by which societies and regimes of power have made sense of a disease that has caused mass suffering in different places at different times. While it is now known that the microbe Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, the disease's longevity had allowed it to gain various cultural meanings in the past, ranging from its Judeo-Christian association with impurity and sin, to miasmatic interpretations to its association with lewd behavior and lack of hygiene—notions that are general knowledge in the literature. In the Philippines the history of leprosy has inspired scholarship, from Enrico Azicate's MA thesis, "Medicine in the Philippines: An Historical Perspective" (University of the Philippines, 1989) to Warwick Anderson's "Leprosy and Citizenship" (positions 1998:707–30). Yet, there are more stories to tell.
Again, we find our humoral theme of medicine emerging, the important concepts of hot and cold energetically, we believed borrowed from coastal China but developed into its own form of unique therapeutics.
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Samkappa Jataka (#251)
The Bodhisatta was once an ascetic who lived alone in the Himalayas, eating fruits and roots. One time he went down to a city to get seasoning and salt and he slept in the royal park. The next morning the king saw the Bodhisatta out collecting alms and, impressed by his demeanor, invited him into the palace for a big meal. After they talked, the king invited the Bodhisatta to remain in the city and live permanently in his park. The Bodhisatta accepted the offer and stayed there, being fed and cared for by the king, for twelve years.
When the king needed to go put down an uprising in the border region, his queen promised to look after the Bodhisatta. One morning the Bodhisatta was late departing to the palace for his meal, so he flew through the air and when the queen heard him arrive at the window she hastily rose to greet him and her robe slipped off. The Bodhisatta saw her naked and was overcome by the sight; his heart filled with lust and his insight vanished. He took his food back to his hut, walking there because he could no longer fly, and remained alone for seven days, continuing to burn with lust.
When the king returned he went to visit the Bodhisatta. He saw rotting food covered with flies and was worried that he had taken ill. When the Bodhisatta said he was wounded the king assumed his enemies had come to do him harm, so he rolled the Bodhisatta over looking for the injury. But the Bodhisatta said he was not wounded by an archer, he had wounded his own heart and explained what had happened. Then the Bodhisatta sent the king away and induced a mystic trance, curing himself of his lust and restoring his insight and ecstasy. He gave a last sermon to the king and returned to the Himalayas.
In the Lifetime of the Buddha
One of the Buddha’s disciples, while out on a morning alms round, saw a woman so beautiful he fell in love at first sight. He no longer took joy in his studies or meditation and became so depressed he stopped cleaning himself. The Buddha told him this story to remind him that controlling natural passions is difficult and takes great effort, even for highly purified people.
The king was an earlier births of Ananda, one of the Buddha’s top disciples.
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The Passing of Grandison: a Trickster Narrative
1016 Words5 Pages
William Lyons Professor Theus English 223 18 October 2013 The Passing of Grandison: A Trickster Narrative Conceptually, Charles Chesnutt’s The Passing of Grandison uses an incendiary technique to show the atrocities and horrors of slavery during that time, while also highlighting the intelligent nature of black people, which was unheard of in writing during Chesnutt’s illustrious career. The literary motif of masking plays a tremendous role throughout the text, and it comes to fruition with long yet hard fought victory in the end. Characters within the text faced problems of dehumanization, indignity, psychology domination and manipulation, while inversely emphasizing that in the end slaves weren’t just dumb cattle that couldn’t think for themselves. The Passing also introduces the trickster character, which Chesnutt implemented into most of his bodies of work from the time of 1899-1905, wherein he was arguably the most influential African American writer in the United States. This story can be classified as a trickster narrative simply because the main character entices and makes other characters believe that his words are true simply for the better meant of himself, and his family. With there being such an abundance of negative themes it would be difficult to decipher the true meaning of the story, but in The Passing of Grandison Chesnutt shows how masking played a huge role in the survival of the African American race, and showed how slaves had to interact with Southern whites to ensure that their lives weren’t harmed in any way. The dehumanization of African American people was an everyday occurrence in the antebellum south, which is a recurring fact throughout all slave narratives that have been written. The Passing of Grandison is no different in that aspect. Chesnutt dives deep into this idea when Colonel Owens asserts, “I hope the conviction of
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8 out of 10 young adults indicated that they had at least one experience that caused them trauma.
This month, we’re taking a closer look at the importance of resilience as we mentor students. Resilience has always been an important quality for students to learn and develop, and the challenges of the past year have only made that more clear.
A recent study* of Generation Z (ages 13-21) by the Barna Group has given us new insights into exactly what those challenges are, and how students are choosing to deal with them.
Take trauma for example. The Barna study asked teens and young adults to indicate if they feel a particular event, whether it happened to them or someone close to them, has caused them trauma (defined in the survey as leaving them with a sense of helplessness, terror, or distress lasting more than a few weeks).
ONE STUDENT EXPLAINS: “Why Mentoring?” Dennis describes himself as someone who was angry a lot and needed someone to talk to. Stress and conflict he experienced at home came with him to school. He frequently felt emotional and out of control. After a year with his mentor, he says “life is so much better now.” He and his mentor talk together, take walks, share breakfast, and sometimes play games for fun. Of their weekly time together, Dennis says: “I always look forward to seeing him. It helps to talk and get the stress out.”
Over 8 out of 10 (82%) indicated that they had at least one experience that caused them trauma. And, the most common experiences listed were the death of a loved one (35%), suicidal thoughts (30%), and betrayal (25%).
In addition, the study highlighted the disparities between ethnicities when it comes to different types of traumatic experiences and the number of experiences a student has. For example, Hispanic young people are twice as likely as those of any other ethnicity to qualify as very high on the trauma metric.
What does all of this mean for us as mentors as we come alongside students and help them learn to be resilient in these challenging times?
For one, it means that there are no easy answers…no “magic bullet” or 3-step approach for us to bring into our mentoring relationships. So, we need to be open-minded, we need to be learners, and we need to continue to listen well.
And second, it means that with the addition of now having to deal with a generation-defining event (the COVID-19 pandemic), trauma and the experiences that trigger it in students will only increase. So, returning to normal for this generation will involve much more than just medical advances or economic improvements.
These times we are living in are challenging much of Gen Z’s daily reality-school, work, social interaction-and they will need the support of parents, teachers, and mentors to help them through it all.
Will you be the one for a student in your community?
– Jason Matthews, BTO Mentor
*The study referred to in this post led to the recent publication of “Gen Z Volume 2” by the Barna Group. A portion of the content of this post was also adapted from that study. |
Neurologist James Kelly and NHL Great Pat LaFontaine: Neuropsychology Test
See what kinds of skills are involved. Transcript of this video.
Watch more video clips from Dr. Kelly.
Let's go through just some standard memory tests. And what I want you to do is try to remember a few things, and I'll ask you again in a couple of minutes. First of all, just three words: Chevrolet, zebra and honesty. What are they? Chevrolet, zebra and honesty. Okay, and now three things around us in the room right now: that TV monitor that's right next to you there, the computer, my stopwatch and this particular book. >>Okay. So what are the three things in the room? TV, the stopwatch, the book. >>Okay, great. Try to remember the words and the things in the room, and I'll ask you again in just a couple of minutes, okay? What day of the week is today? Today is Saturday. Mm-hmm. And what city are we in? >>Boston. Mm-hmm. And what is the date? October 21st, is it? No, I'm sorry. November 21st. Okay. >>[laughs] You wrote it down. I did. I write down everything you say. [laughs] I've got to look at my day here. Nineteen what? >>Actually, I don't keep track of dates anymore. I haven't had to. >>Yeah. Things have changed. >>Yeah. 1998. >>Okay. Okay, now who is our President now? Clinton. >>Mm-hmm. And who was President before him? Reagan--I mean Bush. Sorry. No, that's okay. That's common for all of us. >>Very common. Very common for all of us to do. And then before him was-- >>Reagan. Okay. And then just one before that. Who was that? >>Carter. Yeah. Okay, good. Now tell me some newsworthy events that are going on in the world today. What's going on that you know about? That's a good question because I played golf for two, three days. [laughs] I haven't been watching-- Well, actually, the hearings, the presidential hearings. >>Yeah. That's been going on. For what controversy or case was that about now? Monica Lewinsky case. >>Yeah, okay. They started hearings and debates and-- I guess for the impeachment hearings. That's what it's about. Very good. Now what I want you to do is to spell world backwards. D-L-R-O-W. Okay, very good. Show me how you would use a comb to comb your hair. Okay. And how you would blow out a candle. [blowing sound] Okay, good. Now what I want you to do is to take this page, and I want you to draw the face of a clock. Make the circle big enough and put the numbers in, and then set the hands at ten past eleven. [drawing sounds] What am I doing here? [erasing sound] [LaFontaine] I haven't had to do this for a long time. Ten past eleven, you said? >>Ten past eleven. [drawing sounds continue] [Kelly] Perfect. Now say this after me: No ifs, ands or buts. No ifs, ands or buts. Okay. Now what I want you to do is to tell me those three things we pointed to in the room. The TV, the watch and the book. Okay. And the words before that? Chevrolet, zebra and honesty. Okay, very good. Now take this back, and anywhere on here write any simple sentence, a complete sentence that you make up. It can be very simple. [writing sounds] Okay, very good. That's intended to be a three-dimensional drawing. So do a representation of a cube yourself. [drawing sounds] Okay. Let's say this is a map of the United States, this whole page. Actually, let's use a brand new one, okay? So if you just picture the whole United States fitting on this right now, put a C where California is, an F where Florida is. Okay. Where is your hometown? Just put the initials for that. Okay. Where would Denver be, as an example? Okay. And how about the Gulf of Mexico? Okay. Other mental status issues, that's pretty much all I would do right now in a screening examination. You've got geographical orientation, you've done memory, both for verbal and nonverbal or visual information, we've looked at historical information, we've looked at current events, we've looked at language skills. The only thing we would probe more deeply would be focus, concentration and attention and mathematical skills and those sorts of things. And at least for right now, we won't be doing that on this level of testing. So it's worked out just fine. What you're able to do here, having seen you operate all day long knowing that there aren't any problems, is certainly adequate information for me. [LaFontaine] Okay. >>Things are working just fine.
Posted on BrainLine February 3, 2009.
© BrainLine, WETA. All rights reserved.
Comments (2)
This was a very informative video to help prepare for testing. Everyone you talk to has such a variety of ideas to what the testing will be like. My significant other is apprehensive, but now I feel.confident these are needed due to the severity of his concussion.
It's difficult to find educated people in this particular topic, but
you sound like you know what you're talking about! Thanks |
Cosmology Views
String Theory Needs More Dimensions
the post:
How the universe could possibly have more dimensions
my comment:
String theory is apparently stuck in the trap set by relativity.
Many mistakenly claim we have a 4-dimensional universe.
The universe is infinite space with much stuff in it.
The universe has no predefined dimensions.
Any coordinate system and its dimensions are defined by the observer making measurements.
Relativity has the adage "“Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve.”
This cannot apply to cosmology though it could apply only in a very limited scope of the relativity's observer whose coordinate system is mathematically distorted IF their motion uses those dimensions being distorted. If the observer pushes an object to the left for some duration, the motion is unaffected by the coordinate system. Just as in the rest of the universe, all motion is affected by external forces including friction.
The video claims when I am moving my hand linearly it is really moving in a tight spiral motion which is too tiny to see. The video claims there are other dimensions to describe this motion.
The video also claims these extra dimensions are part of the universe.
The problem with these claims arises because it might be possible to describe this linear motion using various methods while the true motion is linear.
Absolutely nothing in the universe uses coordinate systems and their dimensions EXCEPT the observer who defined that specific coordinate system AND is using those dimensions to define points for the path of motion.
String theory might be interesting when it successfully integrates all the fundamental forces as claimed in the video but even then the universe still has no dimensions except those defined by the observer. |
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