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Horatia, Gillian Trissino's Sophonisba and Aretino's HoratiaTwo Italian Renaissance Tragedies 1997 0-7734-8659-3 These are the first English translations of two of the most significant tragedies of the Italian Renaissance. Trissino's Sophonisba, written in 1515, is considered the first "regular" tragedy written in Italian and the one which paved the way for the other Italian and European tragedies of the century. Aretino's Horatia, published in Venice in 1546, has been hailed not only as one of the most important works of Aretino's literary production, but also as one of the best tragic compositions of sixteenth-century Europe.
ImplementsClause class The "implements" clause in an class declaration. implementsClause ::= 'implements' TypeName (',' TypeName)* Clients may not extend, implement or mix-in this class. implementsKeyword Token Return the token representing the 'implements' keyword. read / write interfaces NodeList<TypeName> Return the list of the interfaces that are being implemented. beginToken Token Return the first token included in this node's source range. read-only, inherited childEntities → Iterable<SyntacticEntity> Return an iterator that can be used to iterate through all the entities (either AST nodes or tokens) that make up the contents of this node, including doc comments but excluding other comments. read-only, inherited end → int Return the offset of the character immediately following the last character of this node's source range. This is equivalent to node.getOffset() + node.getLength(). For a compilation unit this will be equal to the length of the unit's source. For synthetic nodes this will be equivalent to the node's offset (because the length is zero (0) by definition). read-only, inherited endToken Token Return the last token included in this node's source range. read-only, inherited hashCode → int The hash code for this object. read-only, inherited isSynthetic → bool Return true if this node is a synthetic node. A synthetic node is a node that was introduced by the parser in order to recover from an error in the code. Synthetic nodes always have a length of zero (0). read-only, inherited length → int Return the number of characters in the syntactic entity's source range. read-only, inherited offset → int Return the offset from the beginning of the file to the first character in the syntactic entity. read-only, inherited parent AstNode Return this node's parent node, or null if this node is the root of an AST structure. [...] read-only, inherited root AstNode Return the node at the root of this node's AST structure. Note that this method's performance is linear with respect to the depth of the node in the AST structure (O(depth)). read-only, inherited runtimeType → Type A representation of the runtime type of the object. read-only, inherited accept<E>(AstVisitor<E> visitor) → E Use the given visitor to visit this node. Return the value returned by the visitor as a result of visiting this node. findPrevious(Token target) Token Return the token before target or null if it cannot be found. getAncestor<E extends AstNode>(Predicate<AstNode> predicate) → E Return the most immediate ancestor of this node for which the predicate returns true, or null if there is no such ancestor. Note that this node will never be returned. getProperty<E>(String name) → E Return the value of the property with the given name, or null if this node does not have a property with the given name. noSuchMethod(Invocation invocation) → dynamic Invoked when a non-existent method or property is accessed. setProperty(String name, Object value) → void Set the value of the property with the given name to the given value. If the value is null, the property will effectively be removed. toSource() → String Return a textual description of this node in a form approximating valid source. The returned string will not be valid source primarily in the case where the node itself is not well-formed. toString() → String Returns a string representation of this object. visitChildren(AstVisitor visitor) → void Use the given visitor to visit all of the children of this node. The children will be visited in lexical order. operator ==(dynamic other) → bool The equality operator.
Calling the Lobster Telephone What surrealism can teach social scientists If you were to ask someone what the term “surrealism” means, you might well call to mind images of Salvador Dalí’s melting clocks, René Magritte’s bowler hats, or André Masson’s strange and troubling, almost Boschian, scenes of violence and eroticism. Surrealism’s most common reference points are, after all, to this set of European artists, familiar from a particular (and to my view puzzling) species of poster in which artists’ names occupy no less than a quarter of the available space—reminder for those who are unfamiliar with the work and cultural trophy for those who claim to be. The second, everyday sense of the term that you are likely to be directed to is the adjective “surreal,” which, given the nature of recent political events, has suddenly taken a place of prominence in our lexicon. The sense of disorientation it conveys confronts us as a blurring of the boundaries between the waking and the dreaming world. This can either lead you to the frightening possibilities that all of this is merely in your head (which modern philosophy refers to as the problem of other minds and, if taken far enough, can lead to a loss of contact with reality) or that the shared normative framework that allows us to share a social world is dissolving, leaving us in the condition that the sociologist Émile Durkheim termed “anomie,” which can be translated as “normlessness.” There is another word connected to “surreal,” suggested by the title of Sigmund Freud’s 1919 essay Das Unheimliche. The work is translated, somewhat unsatisfyingly, as “The Uncanny.” A happier English translation would be the rather ungainly term “unhomeliness,” which helps direct our attention to the intimately troubling nature of this experience—it is one that follows you home and exposes something you cannot retreat from, an abyss that stares back, to borrow Nietzsche’s evocative phrasing. My point here is that what you generally do not see associated with the term “surrealism” is a serious methodological text in the social sciences. That is precisely what Derek Sayer is offering us with his latest book. While this association might not be initially welcomed by the more staid among social scientists, I believe that any reader who decides to inquire further and explore the idea will be richly rewarded. (This has certainly been my own experience. Full disclosure: I pursued a master’s degree in sociology under Sayer’s supervision at the University of Alberta before moving on to complete doctorates in philosophy and law, as well as the requisite law degree.) In Sayer’s work the connection between the surrealists and the foundational figures of sociology (Marx, Durkheim, and Weber among others) is by no means implausible. Rather, there is a strong contextual and methodological resonance. It is helpful for us to remember that both sociology and surrealism are rooted in the end of the long 19th century and the impending breakdown of European colonial imperialism; Durkheim’s “malady of the infinite” (the evocative phrase he used to describe the condition of anomie) captures something endemic in both this period and ours. It is a condition we can see hinted at in the mid-19th century with the darkly impressionistic shift in J.M.W. Turner’s work in paintings such as Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhoon Coming On) (1840), Snow Storm—Steam-Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth (1842), and Rain, Steam, and Speed—The Great Western Railway (1844). Turner filters the symbols of 19th century progress and empire through a lens that shows us only a dizzying movement of light and shadow without distinct shape or direction. In these paintings, there is an inescapable sense of impending disaster, collision and shipwreck that, to my mind, connects these works to the social and political malady that the surrealists inherit and attempt to investigate. As Sayer puts it: The surrealists always insisted that surrealism was an instrument of knowledge rather than just a literary or artistic movement. A central part of their critique of the white, western, bourgeois civilization they had come to despise was a sustained challenge to modern scientific rationality as a privileged vehicle for understanding the world. In this respect they anticipated some of the core arguments of later postcolonial and feminist perspectives, seeking to provincialize the privileged standpoints from which knowledge is usually derived. Sayer’s use of surrealism in Making Trouble is more in line with the origins of the term itself. After all, its original context is the aftermath of the First World War. André Breton was a psychiatrist treating victims of shell shock. What was surreal was not only the individual’s life, but the culture itself. How can you relate general claims to morality with the horrors of the trenches and shell shock? This question was not an academic one for the surrealists, as the majority of them served in the war and were struggling to make sense of that experience and their own everyday reality. Their question was: How do you live between the waking and the dreaming world? And beyond that, how do you show others that they too are in this liminal state between sleep and waking? How do you bring them to the notion that the dream-reality barrier is undecidable? Max Ernst (who served as a gunner in the German army in the Great War) captured this when he explained of Dada: [It] resulted from the absurdity, the whole immense stupidity, of that imbecilic war. We young people had come back from the war in a state of stupefaction, and our rage had to find expression somehow or other. This it did quite naturally through attacks on the foundations of the civilization responsible for the war. Attacks on speech, syntax, logic, literature, painting and so on. These are the tasks that surrealism set for itself. It was not merely an aesthetic. Rather, it was a way of being in the world. Michel Foucault evocatively captured the heart of this project in an interview for Arts Loisirs in 1966 when he said that “the dream for Breton is the unshatterable kernel of night at the heart of the day.” Or, to use a connection that Sayer fleshes out beautifully, we can think of Breton’s surrealism in light of Walter Benjamin’s work and see it as a set of “techniques for awakening”—not to some ultimate reality in which the truth is clear and present, but rather to a liminal space between the subject and the object. There is, as I see it, more than a little resemblance here between surrealism and the ancient Skeptics. The aim of the philosopher Sextus Empiricus was not some zero-sum truth game, but ataraxia, which he defines as an “untroubled and tranquil condition of the soul.” Skepticism provides us with a set of arguments that focuses on how we can claim to know things, but its ends are not confined to simply winning arguments. Rather, the point was to achieve ataraxia or—as Pyrrho maintained—acatalepsia, which refers to an ability to refuse dogmatic claims to absolute truth and instead see that for every such claim there is a contradiction that may be advanced with equal justification. The Skeptics refused Aristotle’s famous claim that philosophy begins with wonder (the Ancient Greek term thaumazein being closer to the shock and awe sense of the word) by basing it on doubt and thereby exposing foundational normative claims as being little more than an argument from authority—the schoolyard phrase being “because I said so”—or infinite regress (the unsatisfying claim that the foundation of the world is “turtles all the way down”). The similarity with the surrealists (especially Breton, but it can be seen in other family members of surrealism—both within Breton’s inner circle and in the more distant relatives who associated more with the self-proclaimed inner enemy of surrealism, Georges Bataille) is that the aim is not to escape the dream to return to the waking world, but rather to learn how to live in a world where dream and reality are inseparable features. In other words, the view from nowhere is simply not possible and so the dream of metaphysics and its promise of objective norms is little more than dogmatism. What remains is a form of skeptical inquiry that follows dreams because they are the lines of fracture in social norms, so as to attack the very foundations. Which brings us back to Making Trouble, as Sayer’s aim is not to point to a set of methodological tools that can be used to simply bring disorder, but rather to point to the tools that the surrealists manufactured and their resemblance to some of the most productive critical resources of the social sciences. He helps us to see the surrealists as intellectual forerunners for the kinds of critiques of the world later made by social science. This would not be all that surprising for those working in the French tradition of social theory, as the connections between leading figures in the surrealist circle (and at its edges) and those of the post-structuralists of the 1960s and ’70s extend beyond the confines of the academy. The surrealists published cutting-edge (or perhaps better yet bleeding-edge) periodicals such as Minotaure (1933-1939) and Acéphale (1936-1939) that combined the works of art, literature, poetry, and social theory by their luminary friends and associates. They created secret societies that mixed together the insights of French anthropologists and sociologists studying so-called “primitive religion,” such as Marcel Mauss and Durkheim, with a violently convulsive sense of theatre that we can see most clearly expressed in the avant-garde playwright Antonin Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty. In their Paris the worlds of art, literature, philosophy, and the social sciences crisscrossed and overlapped in a social tapestry that extended from the academy to the café and beyond. Their influence on philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida is both deep and lasting. Sayer builds on these connections by providing us with thought-provoking examples of resemblance between surrealism and the work of some of the leading social scientists of the last century in the Anglo-American context. The most striking, to my eye, is the work of Robert Merton, Clifford Geertz, James Clifford, and Harold Garfinkel. It is Garfinkel’s description of his method of “making commonplaces scenes visible” in particular that draws out the rich resonance between surrealism and social science methodology: Procedurally it is my preference to start with familiar scenes and ask what can be done to make trouble. The operations that one would have to perform in order to multiply the senseless features of perceived environments; to produce and sustain bewilderment, consternation, and confusion; to produce the socially structured affects of anxiety, shame, guilt, and indignation; and to produce disorganized interaction should tell us something about how the structures of everyday activities are ordinarily and routinely produced and maintained…my studies are not properly speaking experimental. They are demonstrations, designed, in Herbert Spiegelberg’s phrase, as “aids to a sluggish imagination.” I have found that they produce reflections through which the strangeness of an obstinately familiar world can be detected. This notion of methods for making trouble brings us to the context of this book and the current state of the social sciences in the university—which is, Sayer argues, plunged in a bureaucratic stasis. Should the value of knowledge be measured by its potential productive utility or number of citations in a given year? This is the premise that lurks behind new systems of assessment such as the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in the United Kingdom and other methods of qualitative assessment that lay claim to being more “objective.” The problem with these tools and systems is not simply that they exist, but rather how they can be used to yield conclusions that they cannot possibly justify, and how they suppress others that don’t cleave easily to their logic. After all, what would the “impact factor” have been for Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra or David Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature during their lifetime? As Hume famously put it in his autobiography, the Treatise “fell stillborn from the press.” Its impact was posthumous and continues with us to this day. While counting citations may serve as a useful indicator of a number of different things, as the means for determining “impact” it is, at best, a ramshackle metric. When this is introduced through the formal instruments of law and policy and then applied to the governing bureaucracy of the university as the means to determine the value of academic work and the best distribution of funding, this ramshackle metric is converted into something approximating religious dogma. What is on its own a provisional metric of some limited utility can acquire an aura of impersonal authority that makes it almost impossible to refute and, in the guise of “performance” and “impact,” become a means to attack academic freedom. The surrealists (much like the Skeptics) offer us a useful set of tools to counter this kind of bureaucratic dogmatism. Their approach to the pomp and circumstance that surrounds the so-called “objective criteria” of these schemes of measurement is to ask what can hope to guarantee the objectivity of the criteria. This is not a caustic acid that simply dissolves everything and leaves us empty handed. The aim of Making Trouble is not unending negativity; nor is it to replace one system with another. Rather it resonates strongly with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remark that the goal of his philosophical approach is not to refine or complete the system of rules, but to find a form of clarity that would make the philosophical problems that trouble us completely disappear. The kind of social science Sayer shows us in Making Trouble focuses on assembling and arranging reminders and examples that can help us see that our seemingly objective criteria—which we use to construct the everyday world—provide only a limited perspective and cannot offer us absolute certainty. Like Wittgenstein’s therapies, this form of social science helps us open our eyes to the horizon of possibilities that the plurality of perspectives have to offer. This is, at least to my mind, the proper province of the social sciences. They are critical practices of investigation whose aim should be to assist social actors in seeing what they are doing anew, thereby offering them an opportunity to do things differently. The line of disruptive thinking from the Skeptics through Wittgenstein through the surrealists is by no means the only heritage of the social sciences. This area of study also developed out of the long 19th century and the interstitial processes of European imperialism. The disciplines of anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics clearly exhibit these origins. They were forged as sites of social investigation that were inseparable from the colonial and imperial projects of making the modern nation-state. This project was predicated on the 17th-century Peace of Westphalia and its makeshift solution of establishing an anarchic community of politically self-contained and legally autonomous units. The challenge was to shore up the arbitrary force of the sovereign by grounding it in the people (whether by the fictional formalism of a social contract or a more ephemeral notion of a general will), and only a unitary body politic, it seemed, would do. The overlapping pluralism of the European composite monarchies with all of their regional distinctions had to be formed into “the people.” The 19th century compounded the complexity of the problem as the European nation-states developed more extensive systems of colonial administration to maintain and expand their empires. The social sciences were marshalled and they served, in many cases, to extend the reach of empire. As the 20th century opened it was clear that the rifts had spread and combined. The hulking imperial leviathans of Europe were on a collision course, the impacts of which would serve to fundamentally reorder the legal, political and social dimensions of the international order. It was in the spaces between the glittering European metropoles and the blood and muck of the trenches that surrealism was born. The surrealists are, in so many ways, the fin de siècle offspring of Nietzsche’s blinking last men and Marx’s haunting spectres. In Making Trouble it is the questions of the social sciences and methodology that take centre stage. A fuller treatment of that context can be found in Sayer’s Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History (Princeton University Press, 2013). In this related and far more extensive book, Sayer offers us the history of a city that sits at “the crossroads of Europe” and the edges of empire with all of its fights for national identity. It is, as its title suggests, not simply a history of a single city, but of a history of a city as the capital of the 20th century. This is not to suggest that Prague offers us a history in the tradition of the grand narrative. Quite the opposite, this is a text built on the model of the pluralistic perspective of montage and cubism. As Sayer puts it: Prague furnishes a very different vantage point on the experience of the modern than London, Paris, Los Angeles, or New York; a perspective that—as with Braque or Picasso’s cubism or the Dadaists’ photomontages—challenges our familiar fields of vision…What, to my mind, makes Prague a fitting capital for the twentieth century is that this is a place in which modernist dreams have time and time again unraveled; a location in which the masks have sooner or later always come off to reveal the grand narratives of progress for the childish fairy tales they are. Prague’s crossroads vantage point has much in common with that of the surrealists. Both serve to expose the blood and soil that has always accompanied the European dreams of order and empire. The story of the role played by the social sciences in maintaining those dreams is not an unfamiliar one. Foucault charts it clearly. What Sayer offers us is a reminder of the place of the surrealists in the critical response to this movement. It is the scale of the social sciences played in another key. Its aim is to undermine, erode, and displace this dogmatism. Sayer’s Making Trouble offers us a series of reminders and examples so we may see that “strangeness of an obstinately familiar world.” It is, simply put, a view of the social sciences as practices of freedom. This slim volume has much to recommend itself to the curious lay reader. Its only shortcoming is its length, but readers who make their way through Making Trouble and find themselves wanting more could turn to its companion book, Prague, and plunge fully into the text.
Water Softner Resin Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. In water purification the aim is usually either to soften the water or to remove the mineral content altogether. Ion exchange resins are classified as cation exchangers, which have positively charged mobile ions available for exchange, and anion exchangers, whose exchangeable ions are negatively charged. Both anion and cation resins are produced from the same basic organic polymers. They differ in the ionizable group attached to the hydrocarbon network. It is this functional group that determines the chemical behavior of the resin. Resins can be broadly classified as strong or weak acid cation exchangers or strong or weak base anion exchangers.
Audobon of Botany #OTD It’s the birthday of Mary Vaux Walcott born in Philadelphia today in 1860. Gardeners know Walcott for her work as a botanical illustrator; she created meticulously accurate watercolors of plants and flowers. She is known as the "Audobon of botany." Walcott became an illustrator one summer after being challenged to paint a rare blooming Arnica. Although her effort was only a modest success, it encouraged her to pursue art. In that pursuit, she met Charles Doolittle Walcott. They were both doing fieldwork in the Canadian Rockies, and they found they were equally yoked. They married the following year. At the time, Charles was the secretary of the Smithsonian; that's how Walcott came to develop the Smithsonian process printing technique. Walcott created hundreds of illustrations of the native plants of North America. Her five-volume set entitled North American Wildflowersshowcases the stunning beauty of common wildflowers, many of which are at peak bloom right now. In addition to her work as a botanist, Mary was a successful glacial geologist and photographer. She was the first woman to summit a peak over 10,000 feet in Canada when she tackled Mount Stephen. Today Walcott even has a mountain named after her in Jasper - Mount Mary Vaux. This post was featured on The Daily Gardener podcast: helping gardeners find their roots, one story at a time Mary Vaux Walcott Mary Vaux Walcott
Importance of Exercise – Top 10 Reasons Why You Should Always Exercise Life, as it’s been said, has no copy, each cognizant exertion should be done to order sound living. One of these endeavors can come to play in keeping the body fit through exercise. The inquiry is, the reason would it be a good idea for us to practice our body; what does it forestall? Here are the best 10 reasons why you ought to consistently work out. 1. Counteraction of Weak Bones Powerless bones are called osteoporosis, and exercise has demonstrated to be acceptable medication to reinforce feeble bones. Practicing the body makes your bones more grounded than the individuals who don’t practice by any stretch of the imagination. 1. Makes You Sleep Better As per inquire about, practice makes you rest better. At the point when a grown-up has a dozing issue, it is designated “a sleeping disorder”. Individuals who don’t practice constantly will in general experience the ill effects of a sleeping disorder. It is, in this way การออกกำลังกาย prudent that a patient experiencing a sleeping disorder ought to be associated with day by day work out which will improve the nature of rest. 1. Diminish Blood Pressure Another significant motivation behind why you ought to consistently practice is on the grounds that activities can help in diminishing hypertension. A large portion of these activities can come through burrowing, swimming, strolling, playing tennis, and running. These activities put forth the heart supply blood with less attempt. An inert heart would have issues in providing blood, which will influence the veins, along these lines causing hypertension. In this manner, practice assists with keeping hypertension under control. 1. Avoidance of Cancer Being genuinely fit diminishes the danger of welcoming malignant growth. An overweight individual is at the danger of having disease in the event that the person doesn’t that take part in work out. This is on the grounds that activity expands the pace of peeing and water admission, along these lines flushing out specialists that cause malignancy in the body framework. 1. Decrease glucose level Glucose or glucose goes about as fuel for the body in completing various exercises like running, skipping and swimming. At the point when these exercises are completed reliably, it at that point brings down your glucose level in the body. This is on the grounds that the glucose has been spent during exercise exercises. In this manner, practice is emphatically suggested for individuals with type 2 diabetes. 1. Improves Sex Drive Another significant motivation behind why you ought to consistently practice is on the grounds that it builds sex drive in the two people. It builds blood stream, which lifts sex drive. A few examinations have indicated that people who take part more in practice are increasingly dynamic in their sexual exhibitions, contrasted with the individuals who don’t participate in any structure work out. The vast majority of these activities can come through crouching, pull-ups, and seat press. 1. Fortify Immune System Exercise helps in forestalling airborne maladies. It likewise assists with flushing out microorganisms out of the body through perspiring and peeing, during and after exercise. Additionally, practice causes progress of the white platelet which assists with finding ailments or ailment 1. Expanded Brain Function Another explanation behind practicing is that activity builds the course of blood stream in the body, which is useful for the mind. It advances the development of the synapses which raises and lifts memory and learning. As per contemplates, practice forestalls some cerebrum illness like Alzheimer, stroke and Parkinson. Exercise prods up certain synapses like endorphin, serotonin, and GABA. These neuron-transmitters control the temperament of a person. 1. Alleviate Depression Studies and inquires about have been completed on patients that experience the ill effects of sadness. It has been found that activity will in general improve the state of those that didn’t rely much upon drugs. Exercise doesn’t have reactions like medications used to control sorrow. Exercise invigorates the endorphin to cooperate with the mind to diminish torment, and consequently, triggers a positive inclination in the body. 1. Lift Self-regard Exercise manufactures your fearlessness. It causes you to feel great about yourself. It causes you to know about the way that you are fit; thus acknowledging and boosting your confidence, which will make an ideal picture of you. Exercise can support your confidence by empowering you to feel truly arranged for the difficulties before you, and simultaneously, being engaged. Leave a Reply
Skip to main content Skip to navigation Connecting curious minds with uncommon, undeniably Northwest reads This Bloody Deed The Magruder Incident Ladd Hamilton Ladd Hamilton’s vivid storytelling brings to life the infamous murder of popular Lewiston merchant Lloyd Magruder in the Bitterroot Mountains during the 1860s Idaho-Montana gold rush. SKU: 978-0-87422-107-7 Categories: , The story of the infamous murder and robbery of Lewiston merchant Lloyd Magruder and his companions during the 1860s gold rush is legendary in Montana, Idaho, and Washington. Ladd Hamilton constructs a compelling account of the destruction of Magruder’s pack train while traveling on the Southern Nez Perce Trail in the Bitterroot Mountains, and the subsequent quest by Magruder’s friend Hill Beachey to track his killers to San Francisco, escort them back to Lewiston, and then protect them from lynching until they could be tried in Idaho Territory. By appraising written evidence and community lore, Hamilton has created an intriguing account based on fact and documentation. But he also blends in historical fiction when required to complement the narrative in those places where events are known to have occurred but the historical sources are sparse or virtually nonexistent. Underlying Hamilton’s work is his exact and familiar knowledge of early Idaho Territory, which in 1863 stretched hundreds of miles from Lewiston at the Snake-Clearwater confluence to the gold camps of Virginia City, Bannack, and beyond in what is now Montana. Hamilton’s imaginative characterizations of Magruder, Beachey, outlaw sheriff Henry Plummer, and large cast of other historical figures in Idaho, Montana, and California is based on his years of knowing many and varied peoples of the West. Illustrations / maps / notes / bibliography / 280 pages (1994) Additional information Weight .96 oz Dimensions 9 x 6 in
You are here 6 Ways to Stay Safe While Handling Cattle “Even if you’ve worked around cows for a long time, you can still get hurt,” Libby Eiholzer of Cornell Cooperative Extension reminded webinar attendees recently as she highlighted safe cattle-handling practices. In her role as a bilingual dairy specialist, Eiholzer frequently works with dairy farmers and their employees on farm safety. She said most milking cows weigh between 1,500 and 1,800 pounds. Jerseys tend to be a bit smaller and Holstein cows are often larger. Regardless of the breed, Eiholzer pointed out, “They can really do damage just with their physical size.” Most accidents are not because cattle are aggressive. She continued, “A lot of times there are things we can do to prevent accidents just by knowing a cow’s natural behavior.” Eiholzer discussed six key topics and offered safety advice for each. 1. Sounds and Sight When working with cattle and most other livestock, it is important to remember their eyes and ears do not work like ours. Cattle have a sharp sense of hearing. “Something that may not be loud or unexpected to us could be very loud or startling to them,” Eiholzer explained. While some animals have a strong tendency to fight when they are scared, “cows are definitely flight animals,” she continued. This could quickly lead to a dangerous situation if a scared cow is running in your direction or slips and falls. Cattle also have poor depth perception, which can cause them to be nervous in the dark, around shadows, and skittish of foreign objects. Changes in lighting can make them hesitant, too. Even a sweatshirt you took off and hung on a fence post flapping in the wind could be startling to them, Eiholzer said. When walking among cattle, be mindful of their blind spots and flight zone. When looking straight ahead, cattle can’t see directly behind them. If you approach an animal from behind, you are more likely to get kicked. 2. Bulls While keeping bulls for breeding isn’t as common of a practice as it used to be on dairy farms, they are still often used in the beef industry. In either situation, bulls can be extremely dangerous. Between 1987 and 2008, there were 261 people attacked by bulls in the U.S. Close to 60% of those people were killed. Eiholzer stressed that bull pens should be clearly marked for all farm employees, visitors, and contractors. Keep in mind, it should be something everyone on the farm can understand, so having an image or second language may be necessary. If you must enter a pen with a bull, it is especially important to stay alert. Know where the exits are before you get in, and always keep track of where the bull is while you’re working. Putting a bell on your bull may help you know where he is, even if he is difficult to see in a group. If a bull stars to demonstrate signs of aggression, stop what you are doing, and get out of the pen. Exit slowly and calmly, keeping the bull in sight. Do not turn around and run. Many times, bulls stomp, put their head down, or arch their back before they attack. 3. Calves Big cows and bulls start off as calves. Eiholzer stressed the importance of safely handling calves in her presentation. “Don’t teach them bad habits,” she said. While it may be fun to encourage a little calf to head butt your hand and push them away or to let them chase you, that could lead to a dangerous situation down the road. Before long, the little calf will not be so little. Even a 500-pound freshly weaned calf outweighs most people and could seriously injure or kill someone just playing. When working with young calves, be careful of their mothers. A cow who feels her calf is in danger may quickly become aggressive. 4. Handling Eiholzer reminds farmers and farmworkers to always ask for help when needed. Taking the extra time to do work safely is worth it. Trying to tackle a job shorthanded could result in serious injury or death. When working in a group of animals, avoid walking in the middle where you are more likely to get accidentally kicked or trampled. However, don’t put yourself in a situation where you could easily be pinned by gates or doors. Hold gates from the side so you can quickly get out of the way if necessary. Cattle have an excellent memory and can remember bad experiences and things related to fear. If a cow slipped and fell in a certain part of the farm, she may be extra hesitant next time she is there. For everyone’s safety be patient and let her move through the area slowly and calmly. Also remember, cattle like routine. As a farm manager, keeping things consistent daily and shift to shift is important. Ensure all employees have been properly trained on best practices for feeding and pen cleaning to keep cattle calm and comfortable. 5. Needles Needles are another common source of injury on the farm. Eiholzer gave webinar participants three tips for safely using needles around cattle. First, recapping needles actually increases your chances of an accidental needle stick because it is so easy to miss. Instead of recapping the needle, immediately dispose of it in a hard-shelled sharps container. Eiholzer suggested attaching an empty gallon plastic jug to your belt as a practical option for working on-the-go. Second, never carry needles in your mouth or pocket. If you were to lose your balance or get bumped it would be very easy to stick yourself or worse. Third, if you do accidentally stick yourself, report the injury immediately. Even if the puncture seems small or not a big deal, it is important to let someone know. Some medicines can be very dangerous. 6. Foodborne and Zoonotic Diseases Good sanitary practices are an important part of preventing foodborne and zoonotic diseases. After working with any livestock, wash your hands. Be sure to scrub between your fingers, the backs of your hands, and under your fingernails thoroughly. If possible, change your clothes and footwear before leaving the farm. At least, wash your work clothes separately from other clothing or household items. Learn More To learn more about safely handing livestock, check out these articles from Successful Farming magazine. Commonsense Cattle Handling 12 Tips for Handling Cattle Easily & Safely Summer Farm Safety Tips To reach Libby Eiholzer or to learn more about bilingual training for your farm, visit Read more about Tip of the Day Agronomy Tip: Manage Water and Nutrient Runoff Caused by Soil Compaction A flooded corn field near harvest. Management practices like strip till, no till, and precision fertilizer applications can help reduce soil compaction and the loss of... read more Talk in Marketing Most Recent Poll Will you attend a trade show in the next 3 months?
COVID-19: some concerns about Contact Tracing apps The Electronic Frontier Foundation, one of the most respected associations for the protection of privacy and digital rights, that fights since its beginnings against abuses of digital technologies, has published a large article that takes stock of anti-pandemic tracking apps, with an excellent introduction to the basic concepts of this topic. This kind of apps, which use proximity or location to alert mobile phone users when they have come into contact with an infected person, could become essential tools for countries looking to reopen their economies after lengthy lockdowns. However, there are growing tensions over the best approach to coronavirus contact-tracing apps and whether or not the technology can live up to its promise. Andrew Crocker, Kurt Opsahl, and Bennett Cyphers collected all doubts and tried to give some explanation [1]. Below some highlights: How Do Proximity Apps Work? There are many different proposals for Bluetooth-based proximity tracking apps, but at a high level, they begin with a similar approach. The app broadcasts a unique identifier over Bluetooth that other, nearby phones can detect. To protect privacy, many proposals, including the Apple and Google APIs, have each phone’s identifier rotated frequently to limit the risk of third-party tracking. When two users of the app come near each other, both apps estimate the distance between each other using Bluetooth signal strength. If the apps estimate that they are less than approximately six feet (or two meters) apart for a sufficient period of time, the apps exchange identifiers. Each app logs an encounter with the other’s identifier. The users’ location is not necessary, as the application need only know if the users are sufficiently close together to create a risk of infection. Would Proximity Apps Be Effective? Traditional contact tracing [2] is fairly labor intensive, but can be quite detailed. Public health workers interview the person with the disease to learn about their movements and people with whom they have been in close contact. This may include interviews with family members and others who may know more details. The public health workers then contact these people to offer help and treatment as needed, and sometimes interview them to trace the chain of contacts further. It is difficult to do this at scale during a pandemic. In addition, human memory is fallible, so even the most detailed picture obtained through interviews may have significant gaps or mistakes. Would Proximity Apps Do Too Much Harm to Our Freedoms? Any proximity app creates new risks for technology users. A log of a user’s proximity to other users could be used to show who they associate with and infer what they were doing. Fear of disclosure of such proximity information might chill users from participating in expressive activity in public places. Vulnerable groups are often disparately burdened by surveillance technology, and proximity tracking may be no different. And proximity data or medical diagnoses might be stolen by adversaries like foreign governments or identity thieves. To be sure, some commonly used technologies create similar risks. Many track and report your location, from Fitbit to Pokemon Go. Just carrying a mobile phone brings the risk of tracking through cell tower triangulation. Stores try to mine customer foot traffic through Bluetooth [3]. An application running in the background on a phone and logging a user’s proximity to other users presents considerable information security risks. As always, limiting the attack surface and the amount of information collected will lower these risks. Developers should open-source their code and subject it to third-party audits and penetration testing. They should also publish details about their security practices. Addressing Bias …contact tracing applications will leave out individuals without access to the latest technology. They will also favor those predisposed to count on technology companies and the government to address their needs. We must ensure that developers and the government do not directly or indirectly leave out marginalized groups by relying on these applications to the exclusion of other interventions. When the COVID-19 crisis ends, any application built to fight the disease should end as well. Defining the end of the crisis will be a difficult question, so developers should ensure that users can opt out at any point. They should also consider building time limits into their applications themselves, along with regular check-ins with the users as to whether they want to continue broadcasting. Furthermore, as major providers like Apple and Google throw their weight behind these applications, they should articulate the circumstances under which they will and will not build similar products in the future. I highly recommend you take a look to the original post [1], for more detailed informations. 1. The Challenge of Proximity Apps For COVID-19 Contact Tracing 2. Contact tracing – Wikipedia 3. In Stores, Secret Surveillance Tracks Your Every Move Related posts 1. Weekly Privacy Roundup #9 2. Beware! A simple wallpaper image can brick your Android device 3. Weekly Tech Roundup #8 4. Eva Galperin: what you need to know about stalkerware 5. Weekly Privacy Roundup #8
What is Application Software? What is Application Software? What’s computer application program, and also just how does it differ from alternative types of application? This session introduces you to a few instances of application software program and also the way they’re utilized. Software Types The word’ software’ describes the set of electric program instructions or maybe information a computer system processor reads in an effort to do a job and operation. In comparison, the term’ hardware’ describes the bodily ingredients you are able to observe and also touch, like the computer system hard drive, computer mouse, and device. Program is grouped based on what it’s created to achieve. You will find 2 primary kinds of software: systems software program & application software. Methods Software Without systems program set up on the computers of ours we will need to sort the directions for all we wanted the laptop to do! Apps Software Application program, or maybe just applications, are typically known as end-user programs or productivity programs since they allow the user to accomplish tasks, like producing documents, spreadsheets, publications and databases, doing internet research, running businesses, designing graphics, sending email, as well as playing games! Application program is particular on the job it’s created for and also can certainly be as easy as a calculator application or perhaps as complicated as a word processing program. Though you are able to transform these adjustments, plus you’ve many more formatting choices available. For instance, the word processor program causes it to be painless to incorporate pictures, headings, or color or even delete, move, copy, and also switch the document’s look to suit the needs of yours. Business Applications Microsoft Word is a favorite word processing program which is provided in the application collection of applications known as Microsoft Office. A software program collection is a team of software apps with relevant functionality. For instance, office software suites may incorporate word processing, presentation, database, spreadsheet, and email apps. This has definitely resulted in an enormous need for specific software development. But there are limitless kinds of a program that will be frustrating for every individual, particularly who does not comprehend these various kinds of program along with the users of theirs in a comprehensive manner. Therefore, what’s software program, and also what would be the forms of a program available today? Let us have a glimpse. What’s a Software? A computer or software software essentially a kind of programs that allow the drivers to do a number of particular certain job or perhaps really used to work the computer of theirs. It primarily directs the peripheral products on the whole computer system precisely what to do and just how exactly to do a job. In the absence of a program, a person essentially cannot do some process on a pc. A software product development business may be the 1 that develops application for the users. Comprehensive List of Kinds of Software Generally, you will find 2 primary classifications of software program, which are specifically, System Software together with the Application Software. Let us discuss them. one. System Software Providing of a system program, it can help the person along with the hardware to performance as well as have interaction with one another readily. Basically, it’s a software that is utilized to control the behaviour on the computer system hardware in an effort to supply basic functionalities that are required by the computer user. In easier term, it could be declared system program is basically an intermediator or perhaps a middle level between the person along with the hardware. These software sanction a world or even platform for another application to effortlessly succeed in. Thus, it’s the explanation why the system program is very essential within the control of the whole computer system. When you switch on the pc first, it’s this product software that will get initialized then becomes packed in the device’s memory. As a result of this particular explanation, the system program is likewise identified popularly as “low level software”. Companies generally hire the very best application development company to create a system software. You will find various kinds of operating systems like lodged, mobile, multi-user, single-user, distributed, real-time, online and much more. Different hardware systems which call for a driver to hook up to a method quickly include displays, keyboard, hard disks, sound cards, printers, and rodents. It’s basically a set of directions that are permanently stored onto on the hardware device. It provides information that is vital about the way a specific gadget interacts with various additional hardware. Several of the instances of firmware are: Leave a Reply
Solution in C# Solution in C# All solutions, regardless of the programming language, are tested by an automatic system. The test system creates an isolated, empty environment for your program, compiles it and runs it several times with a different set of input data. After that, the test system compares the output of the program with the expected result using a special algorithm. The test system does not analyze the program code, does not check its contents, formatting, variable names, program size, etc. In case program uses files for input and output, standard input-output streams (stdin and stdout) are ignored. In case program uses standard input-output streams (stdin and stdout), the test system does not analyze any files created by the solution. The input data always corresponds to the constraints specified in the problem statement. Your solution does not need to verify the correctness of the input, unless this explicitly mentioned in the problem statement. Be careful, the lines in the input data are separated by the newline character \nor by combination of the carriage return and new line symbols:\r\n. The program should correctly handle both formats. All output data is considered to be answer for the test, so if your program displays additional messages, for example, "Enter a number" or "Answer:" the solution will not be accepted. Follow the instructions in the problem statement to format answer correctly. You can submit solutions written in the C# programming language using the Judge C# compiler. The test system uses Mono C# 5.20 compiler, which runs on the Alpine Linux 3.10. The compiler runs with the following parameters: mcs source.cs -out:a.exe -r:System.Numerics If the compiler returns an error, the solution is not tested and the test system marks solution as "Compilation Error". The error message generated by the compiler will be displayed on the solution page. An example of a solution for simple problem in C#: using System; class Solution { public static void Main(string[] args) { int number = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", (int) number/10, (int) number%10);
Tobacco Dependence: smoking tobacco dependence - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology Tobacco Dependence – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathology Smoking There are over a billion people who smoke tobacco around the world, which makes it one of the most popular psychoactive substances, used in society. The majority of tobacco users smoke cigarettes, but some smoke cigars or pipes, chew tobacco or practice snuffing which is where ground up tobacco leaves are pushed up the nose. Given the popularity of tobacco as well as its negative health consequences, it’s considered one of the advance causes of preventable death and disease worldwide. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 toxic chemicals. Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathology: effects_of_tobacco_smoking tobacco dependence - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology Tobacco Dependence – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathology 570px Adverse effects of tobacco smoking These toxins cause endothelial cell damage which creates inflammation along the inner lining of arteries. The inflammation increases the risk of having a myocardial infarction – a heart attack, a stroke, and peripheral vascular disease which is where there is severe pain in the lower legs. The toxins can also cause pulmonary problems because the toxins get deposited into the lungs, which damage the lung tissue and make them more likely to get infected as well. Finally, the cigarette smoke has a lot of different carcinogens, including ammonia, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, which are associated with cancers of the mouth, throat, lung, bladder, pancreas, and uterus. Combining these effects, a heavy smoker who smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, for20 years, loses about 14 years of life. Despite the negative consequences of smoking, most people continue to smoke because tobacco contains nicotine, a tiny, fat-soluble molecule that creates pleasurable psychoactive effects and is extremely addictive. Nicotine is considered responsible for the high rates of tobacco dependence and addiction, while the 4,000 other chemicals and compounds are responsible for the negative health effects associated with smoking. When a cigarette is lit, some of the nicotine gets destroyed by the heat, and some gets into the smoke that gets inhaled. As a result, smokers can self-titrate their nicotine dose by inhaling more frequently, more deeply, or for a longer amount of time. Once nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream, it binds to a type of acetylcholine receptor, called a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor – also called a nicotinic receptor – which is found throughout the body and brain. In the central nervous system, nicotinic receptors are on pre-synaptic axon terminals of neurons, and when nicotine binds to them, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, which is why it’s considered an acetylcholine agonist. The psychoactive effects of nicotine are related to the locations of nicotinic receptors in the brain and the specific neurotransmitters that are released when the receptors are stimulated. For example, increased dopamine in the mesolimbic system, a reward pathway composed of the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens causes pleasure, improved attention and mental processing, and working memory. Nicotine directly increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, but it also increases glutamate levels which gets the ventral tegmentum neurons to release more dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. Nicotine was also decreasing the activity of inhibitory GABA neurons in the ventral tegmentum, so by inhibiting the inhibitory neurons, there’s a double negative, which means that this is one more way to create an increase in dopamine levels. When nicotine binds to receptors in the peripheral nervous system, it increases blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac contractility, and gastrointestinal tract activity. Nicotine also binds to receptors in skeletal muscles causing relaxed muscle tone. Over time, individuals who consistently use cigarettes can develop tolerance to the effects of nicotine. This means that with returned use, they have a reduced response to nicotine, and the therefore increased dose of nicotine is needed to achieve the original response. At a cellular level, there are a couple of theories that explain why this might happen. One is that repeated exposure to nicotine may cause nicotinic receptors to become less sensitive to nicotine. Another theory is that neurons may remove nicotinic receptors from the cell wall in a process called down-regulation, leaving fewer receptors available for binding. In either scenario, tolerance leads to the requirement for higher and higher doses of nicotine over time. Let’s step back for a moment – and say that you are at rest, without anything stimulating your reward pathway. In this situation, your brain holds your heart rate, blood pressure, and wakefulness in a natural state called homeostasis. Now, let’s say that your secret crush forwards you a text. All of a sudden you may appear sweaty and flushed; your heart rate may jump a bit. You are now above your normal level of homeostasis because something has changed, right? But it doesn’t stay that way for long, and after the text, your brain brings things back down to this baseline. With repeated cigarette/tobacco use, a few things start to happen. If you smoke at a specific time and setting, like on the porch at 6 pm after dinner, and being a stimulant, it makes everything speed up, including heart rate, blood pressure, and wakefulness. Your brain picks up on that pattern! Next time, when you are on the porch at 6 pm after dinner, your brain preemptively decreases the heart rate, blood pressure, and wakefulness to create balance, because of it knows that when you smoke a cigarette, everything is going to increase. Now, let’s say that your 6 pm after-dinner porch time rolls around, but you don’t have a cigarette. In that situation, the brain still decreases heart rate and blood pressure, but the changes aren’t countered with the effects of nicotine, and so you might feel awful. These awful feelings are called withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can persist to the point where a person may need to smoke just to feel normal. Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include severe craving for nicotine, irritability, anxiety, anger, poor concentration, restlessness, impatience, increased appetite, weight gain, and insomnia. Withdrawal symptoms can begin within 2 hours after the last use of tobacco, and typically peak within 1 or 2 days. While withdrawal tends to decline over the next few days and weeks, many smokers continue to feel awful for months after their last cigarette. The withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping smoking and the intense feelings of craving make it very difficult to stop smoking – in fact, nearly 70% of those who smoke say that they want to quit, and more than half of smokers try to quit each year, but of those, only about 5% are successful. The liver is quick to metabolize and eliminates nicotine from the body; in fact, its half-life is only about 1-2 hours. To maintain the positive feelings that nicotine creates and avoid withdrawal, a person has to smoke a cigarette every 2 hours or so, to reach a steady state of nicotine in the blood – and that helps explain why individuals become chain smokers. Also, at night, the liver eliminates the nicotine that has built up throughout the day, which is why heavy smokers often need a cigarette first thing in the morning. There are a number of different smoking cessation treatments. Nicotine replacement therapies include nicotine-containing gum, lozenges, transdermal patches, nasal sprays, inhalers, dissolvable tobacco, mouth sprays, and sublingual products. These products are meant to help a person slowly taper their dose of nicotine and ultimately quit altogether. There are also medications that act on nicotinic receptors like bupropion and partial nicotine receptor agonists like varenicline which help reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Both of these can be used in conjunction with nicotine replacement medications and have been shown to increase the success rates of individuals trying to quit tobacco. Some smokers turn to electronic cigarettes, which are battery-powered devices that produce a nicotine vapor that is inhaled. Like some of the other nicotine replacement medications, they allowing smokers to go outside, enjoy the feeling of holding a cigarette, and inhaling and exhaling a vapor. Electronic cigarettes offer the same theoretical advantages of nicotine replacement, but unlike nicotine replacement medications there is less research on the safety of e-cigarettes. People trying to quit can also benefit from simple therapy interventions, for example, simply asking a person about their willingness to quit, actually increases the likelihood that they will quit. Typically at clinic visits, it’s recommended to ask about tobacco use, advice to quit or cut back, assess whether a person is willing to quit, assist with quit attempts by offering counseling and medications, and help arrange or organize a support network. All right, as a quick recap, the nicotine in tobacco affects different neurotransmitters and neural systems in the brain, which produces effects that are initially pleasant or enjoyable but can become more problematic and unpleasant if smoking continues over time. Long-term use can cause tolerance, which is the need for increasing doses to achieve the same effect, as well as dependence, which is that reliance on the tobacco/nicotine to function normally. The most effective treatments can involve a combination of therapy and medication with a lot of love and support from family and friends. Thanks for Reading; you can help support us by donating, or telling your friends about us on social media. Please enter your comment! 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Man talking with healthcare provider about his diabetes and hearing loss. Your body and an ecosystem are similar in some ways. In nature, all of the fish and birds will be affected if something goes wrong with the pond; and all of the animals and plants that depend on the birds will disappear if the birds disappear. We might not know it but our body functions on very similar principals. That’s why something which seems to be isolated, such as hearing loss, can be connected to a wide variety of other ailments and diseases. In a way, that’s simply more proof of your body’s ecosystem-like interdependence. When something affects your hearing, it may also impact your brain. We call these circumstances comorbid, a name that is specialized and signifies when two ailments affect each other but don’t necessarily have a cause and effect relationship. The disorders that are comorbid with hearing loss can give us lots of information concerning our bodies’ ecosystems. Diseases Associated With Hearing Loss So, let’s suppose that you’ve been noticing the symptoms of hearing loss for the past several months. It’s more difficult to follow discussions in restaurants. Your television’s volume is constantly getting louder. And some sounds just seem a little more distant. At this stage, most people will set up an appointment with a hearing specialist (this is the practical thing to do, actually). Your hearing loss is connected to a number of health problems whether your aware of it or not. Some of the health conditions that have documented comorbidity with hearing loss include: • Dementia: a higher chance of dementia has been associated with hearing loss, although it’s uncertain what the base cause is. Many of these cases of dementia and also cognitive decline can be reduced, according to research, by wearing hearing aids. • Depression: a whole range of issues can be the result of social isolation because of hearing loss, many of which are related to your mental health. So it’s no surprise that study after study finds anxiety and depression have extremely high comorbidity rates with hearing loss. • Diabetes: additionally, diabetes can have a negative affect on your overall body’s nervous system (especially in your extremities). the nerves in the ear are particularly likely to be harmed. This damage can cause hearing loss by itself. But diabetes-related nerve damage can also make you more susceptible to hearing loss caused by other factors, often adding to your symptoms. • Vertigo and falls: your main tool for balance is your inner ear. There are some forms of hearing loss that can play havoc with your inner ear, causing dizziness and vertigo. Any loss of balance can, naturally, cause falls, and as you age, falls can become significantly more hazardous. • Cardiovascular disease: hearing loss and cardiovascular conditions aren’t always interconnected. But sometimes hearing loss can be aggravated by cardiovascular disease. The reason for this is that trauma to the blood vessels of the inner ear is one of the first signs of cardiovascular disease. As that trauma escalates, your hearing may suffer as a result. Is There Anything That You Can do? When you add all of those connected health conditions added together, it can seem a bit scary. But one thing should be kept in mind: tremendous positive affect can be gained by dealing with your hearing loss. Though scientists and researchers don’t really know, for example, why hearing loss and dementia so often show up together, they do know that managing hearing loss can dramatically lower your risk of dementia. So regardless of what your comorbid condition may be, the best course of action is to get your hearing checked. Part of an Ecosystem This is why health care specialists are rethinking the importance of how to treat hearing loss. Instead of being a rather limited and targeted area of concern, your ears are thought of as closely connected to your general wellness. In a nutshell, we’re beginning to perceive the body more like an interrelated ecosystem. Hearing loss isn’t always an isolated situation. So it’s significant to pay attention to your health as a whole. Call Today to Set Up an Appointment Call or text for a no-obligation evaluation. Schedule Now Call us today. Schedule Now
This artist's concept shows NASA's InSight lander, its sensors, cameras and instruments. This artist's concept shows the InSight lander, its sensors, cameras and instruments. InSight is will take the first-ever-in-depth look at Mars' "inner space." InSight stands for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport. Its three instruments are a seismometer, a heat flow probe, and a radio science experiment. These instruments will shed light on how warm and geologically active Mars still is, study its reflexes as it whips about in its orbit around the sun, and provide essential clues on the evolution of the rocky planets of our solar system. So while InSight is a Mars mission, it's also more than a Mars mission. InSight will launch between May 5 through June 8, 2018 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. For more information about the mission, go to View all Images
Storytelling: The Loch Ness Monster - Lycée Français de Barcelone Storytelling: The Loch Ness Monster Anglais, Catalán-Español, CDI / BCD, Infos, Primaire During the English lesson, miss Boulay‘s year 7-1 (6e1) and miss Pindado‘s year 7-9 (6e9) were delighted to watch a show about the Loch Ness Monster performed by a Northern Irish actor, Ross Harper Stewart who had to change his accent for the show: Scottish and English accents were also present. This storytelling was organised by miss Boulay and everyone (the audience, the teachers and the actor himself) sang, danced and laughed a lot. Thanks to this show, all the pupils discovered facts on the history of the Loch Ness monster and have learnt new vocabulary. Marilou Boulay, English teacher
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Positive Parenting Techniques for Your Toddler: Do They Really Work? Trying to understand the mind of a toddler can be one of the most frustrating things we’ll ever do —a toddler’s brain is beginning to process new emotions and your toddler often doesn’t know how to handle her feelings. This overload of emotions can (all too often) result in tantrums and other undesirable behaviour (to say the least). If you’re at the end of your rope, a new approach like positive parenting may help. What Is Positive Parenting? Positive parenting means using positive methods of discipline, rather than negative ones. It helps to boost your toddler’s self esteem, because you’re teaching him good behaviour by reinforcing positive things, rather focusing on punishing him for negative things. How Can I Start Positive Parenting? The best way to start is by making a conscious effort to minimise your use of the word “no.” This will help you to formulate alternatives before speaking to your toddler. For example, “No, don’t grab the cat’s tail!” would become, “Remember: use gentle hands,” or “Stroke the cat softly.” These more positive phrases should have a similar effect in modifying your toddler’s behaviour without creating conflict. Hearing too many “no”s can often cause frustration in toddlers, leading to tantrums. Negative speech also doesn’t often give the toddler enough direction, so she is left knowing what she shouldn’t do but not what she should do. In the case of the first example “No, don’t grab the cat’s tail!”, the toddler hasn’t been told how she should treat the cat, only that the way she was doing it was wrong. Positive parenting means you are offering a positive alternative to an undesirable behaviour. When Should I Use Positive Parenting? You’ll be surprised how often you will find yourself using these techniques, once you start. Try these ideas to get you started. 1. Make instructions fun. Children often find being ordered around frustrating which can result in negative behaviour. Instead of saying, “Put your coat on,” make it into a game with, “I bet you can’t put your coat on before me”. Making things fun is often a much more positive way to gain the same result. 2. Praise often. Encouraging good behaviour with your praise and attention makes a toddler much more likely to want to repeat the behaviour in the future. 3. Limit your use of bribes. While tempting, overuse of bribes can lead children to expect a pay-off for every good thing they do, making them more focused on the promise of a bribe rather than doing good because it makes them feel good. 4. Pay attention. Rewards for good behaviour don’t have to be sweets or toys, a simple hug and your focus and attention is enough to show your child that you’re pleased with her. 5. Be a role model. Even small children can understand what you say, so try demonstrating the fact that it feels good to achieve a task by your actions and words. For example, “I feel very happy now I’ve tidied the kitchen.” Your child will start to understand that completing a task is a reward in itself. 6. Explain what you need. If you do say no, follow it with an explanation. It’s impossible to never use the word “no” and if your child does something potentially dangerous, you may just utter it out of instinct. Of course that’s okay, but once you have eliminated the danger, try to explain to your child why you said no You could follow it up with “Mummy’s cup is hot,” or “The dog’s toy is dirty,” in a calm but firm voice so your child knows you’re serious. 7. Look for the cause of problem behaviour. Sometimes children act up simply because they want your attention. Perhaps there has been a change at home or in their routine and they need more attention from you, so spending some one-on-one, quality time together and acknowledging and praising any resulting good behaviour can often stop bad behaviour in its tracks. More positive ways to parent your toddler: Image: Getty
Share on Facebook 12 Things Every Woman Needs to Know About PCOS You may have heard about this hormonal disorder because it's one of the most common reasons to pursue fertility treatments. But you might not be aware of these misconceptions and risks linked with the syndrome. It doesn't involve scary cysts PCOS occurs when a woman has a lot of resting follicles (fluid collections that hold eggs), but doesn't actually ovulate. Typically, one of those follicles releases an egg from the ovary during ovulation, but this doesn't happen with polycystic ovaries. "Most women have 10 to 15 total resting follicles on ultrasound, but women with polycystic ovary syndrome may have 10 to 20 on both ovaries—20 to 40 or more total," says Lora Shahine, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist at Pacific NW Fertility. Dr. Shahine also says that some patients wrongly associate cysts with disease, but women have "cysts" every cycle — it becomes an issue when the number of follicles are extremely high. Make sure you know these 8 PCOS symptoms. It isn't easily diagnosed Polycystic ovary syndrome is very common, but not easily diagnosed. Providers use the Rotterdam criteria, meaning patients must have two out of three symptoms: irregular menstrual cycles from irregular ovulation, excess androgen activity, and polycystic ovaries. Often, the combination of symptoms goes unnoticed because patients speak with separate doctors about these issues individually, causing an information gap. For example, you might see a dermatologist for acne, but not think to talk to your gynecologist about it. Doctors don't know what causes it According to the American College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (ACOG), the cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is not known, but it may be related to many different factors working together. In addition to an irregular menstrual cycle and increased levels of androgens that interfere with ovulation, another factor may be insulin resistance. Up to 80 percent of women with the syndrome are obese, and insulin resistance (a problem with how food is converted to energy) is also common in people with obesity. Insulin resistance may increase androgens; but, it's still unclear exactly how all the factors are connected. You can be thin and still have it You might already know that polycystic ovary syndrome is more common in women who are overweight or obese—but that doesn't mean thin women can't have it too. Because of this, it's very unclear how exactly women develop the syndrome. There is a familial link—according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, you are more likely to have it if your mother, sister, or aunt did. "We know it runs in families but we have not found a specific genetic mutation yet," Dr. Shahine says. Don't miss how to lose weight if you have PCOS. The pill can mask symptoms Another factor that can make diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome so difficult is that many women who aren't trying to get pregnant are on birth control pills masking the most common warning sign, irregular periods. So, a woman could have the syndrome throughout her 20s, but not find out until she goes off the pill in her 30s to try to get pregnant, thus putting off the diagnosis process. It might take her longer to get pregnant, and she may be at risk for other associated health issues. However, the pill is actually also the PCOS treatment for symptoms in women who are not actively trying to get pregnant. These are the 8 period problems you should never ignore It is linked to heart disease One of the most dangerous health problems associated with polycystic ovary syndrome is cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and high cholesterol. A recent study from Europe found that women with the condition were two to five times more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those without. Although this doesn't mean that polycystic ovary syndrome causes the increased risk, it is a concerning correlation. Brent J. Gray, MD, an OBGYN at PIH Health, says that the excess weight typically associated with PCOS is what contributes to the high risk. It is a risk factor for diabetes Along with heart disease, another part of metabolic syndrome is a risk of diabetes, so it's not a surprise that polycystic ovary syndrome is linked with that condition as well. According to research, more than half of women with the condition will have diabetes or pre-diabetes (glucose intolerance) before 40 years old. Women with PCOS are screened for diabetes more than most people because insulin resistance is a common symptom, Dr. Gray says. This is especially true for women who are overweight—but some studies have shown that even women of normal weight may be at increased risk of glucose intolerance. Many women also have sleep apnea Another condition shown in studies to have an indirect association with polycystic ovary syndrome is sleep apnea, which is a problem breathing at night. Again, this has to do with a high BMI. "The excess weight can be the cause of sleep apnea," Dr. Gray says. According to the National Sleep Foundation, people who are overweight are more likely to have compromised respiratory function. Women with PCOS are at risk for anxiety and depression Research has shown that over 60 percent of women with polycystic ovary syndrome have mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, or an eating disorder. Although doctors don't know exactly why, "there are hormonal irregularities with polycystic ovary syndrome, so that may be a contributing factor," Dr. Gray says. One study in rodents found that exposure to extra testosterone, as occurs with polycystic ovary syndrome, led to more anxious behavior. There's a link between PCOS and cancer Perhaps scariest of all, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of endometrial cancer, mainly because they don't have regular menstrual cycles. Any excess weight is also a risk factor, Dr. Gray says. According to ACOG, women with the syndrome tend to develop endometrial hyperplasia due to the lining of the uterus becoming too thick. This happens because of the lack of ovulation—ovulation normally triggers the production of progesterone, but if ovulation doesn't occur, the lining may continue to grow in response to estrogen. Lifestyle changes can help That's a lot of bad news, but the good news is that there are measures you can take to reduce your risk of these complications and some symptoms. Some research has shown that simply losing weight may help get hormones back on track and resume menstrual cycles. The pill can help regulate hormones and decrease the risk of cancer from endometrial hyperplasia, and other medications can also help regulate insulin. But the best course of action is to maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke, exercise, eat well, and get a good night's sleep. It doesn't mean you can't get pregnant Women often find out they have polycystic ovary syndrome when they're trying to conceive—but the diagnosis doesn't mean they can't get pregnant, says Dr. Gray. In fact, this condition is usually one of the more simple for fertility doctors to treat because of medications that can control hormones and make the body ovulate. Although medications to regulate insulin is traditionally a first-line approach for treating infertility from polycystic ovary syndrome, Dr. Shahine says a better bet may be to skip ahead to the fertility drugs, as a recent study showed. If you have PCOS, make sure you are screened for these disorders.
The Ethics of Human Enhancement 1892 words (8 pages) Essay in Biology 14/05/18 Biology Reference this • Bor Shin Chee Human Enhancement The term ‘human enhancement’ embraces a range of approaches to improve aspects of human function such as memory, hearing and mobility to improve human performance, hence raising these function to a level considered to be beyond the existing human range. Human enhancement categorized into particular areas: life extension, physical enhancement, cognitive enhancement, enhancement of mood or personality, and pre- and perinatal interventions. There are some existing technologies which can temporarily or permanently dealing with the current limitations of the human body via natural or artificial means: the use of reproductive technology, for example, embryo selection by pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, cytoplasmic transfer, In vitro generated gametes; the physical enhancement technologies such as plastic surgery, doping drugs, organ replacement; the enhancement of cognition, memory or concentration technologies by using nootropics, drugs, and neurostimulation devices. In addition, there are some emerging technologies such as human genetic engineering, neural implants, nanomedicine, brain–computer interface, neurotechnology and gene therapy which have the potential for human enhancement. These novel enhancement technologies bring significant implications for individuals and society. Human enhancement is said to be the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science (NBIC) to change the human condition. There will be lots of ethical issues coming out when a novel technology emerged. “Designer” babies Designer babies refers to children that were genetically engineered in the uterus to possess certain physical appearance and skill or no genetic disorder and abnormalities. Thus, human enhancement is roughly synonymous with human genetic engineering which capable to lower a child’s’ risk of developing many disorders and illnesses, as well as being able to choose gender, eye color, hair, height, intelligence and other qualities. Designer babies are made via the process of in-vitro fertilization where the embryo is first removed from a female and sperm from a male. “test-tube babies” is then fertilized on a petri dish. At this stage, certain desired qualities can be choose to obtain in the embryo in a lab. Then followed by placing it again into a female womb to finish development. Hence during these pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, a scientist could state what physical characteristics a child will grow to have, along with whether or not this child is at risk of developing certain genetic disorders such as Huntington’s disease, Down syndrome and etc. There is some controversy over the idea of “designer babies.” Many people argue that it is unethical and unnatural to create a baby the way you desired to have, while others argue that this technology could stop certain genetic diseases in babies before they born. Some disagree about this idea because parents might have superficial purposes by using this technology for purposely seeking out certain characteristics; such as requesting a blonde haired, blue eyed baby for appearance concerns only. This “Designer” babies who probably had enhanced their appearance, intelligence and etc would widen the gap between designer andnon-designerbabies in society. The best of the best of students or professors are tenure for titles, scholarships, and many other advantages that are now, thanks to designer babies, reducing the opportunities or even unavailable to the others. There is also a negative consequence for the job-seekers, the ‘designer’ babies would outcompete someone who is not designed, causing the “non-designer” children to miss opportunities because employers most likely will hire the “optimum” candidates. Finally could create prejudice between “Designer” and “non-designer” children in the society, humans should have to be equal to one another. If this technology continually developed, individuality will be slighted, everyone will be relatively similar because most people had these optimum characteristics. Being able to see whether or not a child has a genetic disease, and also working on fixing certain degenerative diseases through genetic alterations would give the parents time to prepare for the road ahead. However, when those same doctors start saying that with an extra paying, customers can change the sex of their child, people began questioning the business. The wealthy would be the first adopters of the technology, the process is not cheap that not everyone would be able to afford such innovation, thus creating an even wider gap between the have and have-nots. The parents who cannot afford might cause guilty for their children. According to ASRM, only 24% of the time the genetically modify process is successful. If it is not done carefully, the embryo could be accidentally terminated. 10-24 embryos are taken from the owner at one time and experimented on but only one is selected to be implanted, and the others are immediately discarded. In this condition, that’s a range of 9- 23 abortions, all for one “perfect” baby, no woman should have the right to selective abortion. Only 24% of are successful given the desired results, which leave 76% of mistakes and unsuccessful results. Is this 24% chance of a healthy baby worth the risk? Besides, the technology has not been proven 100% completely safe, for the embryo or the mother, it contained scientific uncertainty as the technology is only in the experimental stages at this phase. It still cannot be confirmed that whether genetically modifying the babies will affect the gene pool which might cause difficulties later on throughout the baby’s family tree. Some other concern are that genetic modification induces gene at random places in the genome. It could just disrupt the function of another genome crucial for survival. Many gene have more than one affect that can be affected by pre-implantation. Multiple gene influence many of the trait that we may want to select, we are unlikely to find single gene responsible for a certain function such as IQ. For example, a gene that controls intelligence could also control anger management, so you could end up with a genius, but very angry child. This new technology create a way to prevent the disease, most of also replacing certain gene while the other being enhancement of certain more desirable trait. Some argument against designer babies conclude that genetic enhancement connect too close with eugenics program promoted by NAZI in the world war two. Another complaint about Designer babies is they are not naturally born which mean that that is not the way a child was made. Many people see genetic altering as morally wrong because they explain it as not accepting your child the way he or she was. If the child found out that their parents picked out how they look or act, it might cause conflict between the child and parents. For example, parents had picked traits to make their child possess athletic abilities and the child does not make it onto the soccer team when they had grew up, it might set the parents up for disappointment with the fact that they paid for a trait that “didn’t pay off” and also lead to the child being hurt. The above issue is related to human right. The designer baby cannot consent to having his/her body altered, therefore some do not believe it is right because parents do not “own” their children. Adults have the fundamental freedom to choose whether or not they want to do that with their bodies, as long as it does not hurt others, but children are children. The issue of parental responsibilities and rights associated with decisions to enhance children is concerned, whether directly after the child is born or indirectly through germ-line enhancements. If parents decide to enhance children through genetic modification, it is said that they have already been making a crucial decision about the capabilities of their children that may be irreversible and limit their children’s future choices and opportunities. Will the child agree with the choices of what their parents had chosen for them when he or she is older? Even though there are many issues of if genetically modifying babies is ethical and for the moral reason, there are several positives to this type of technology. Since this treatment has been established, some people might use this process to have children that will be an exact match to an older sibling who is terminally ill and by this way it can provide the opportunity for saving someone’s life because he or she received organs, blood, bone marrow and other such body parts. Parents have the “right” reasons to genetically modify their baby to eliminate mitochondrial disorders, prevent genetic diseases such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Alzheimer’s, and many others or reduces risk of inherited medical conditions such as anemia, cancer, diabetes and etc which allows their child having a healthy life as well as increasing their children life span up to 30 years. Additionally, the scientists can help infertile women to give birth using in-vitro fertilization. It gave the higher chances of success when comparing with natural conception. Government does not have the right to control means of citizens’ reproduction and the right to prohibit giving the child genes that the parent does not carry, creating a quick adaptation to any environment. Although not all the kinks in this novel developing technology are fixed, with more clinical trials and experimentation, it has the potential to be a very promising to provide a better understanding of genetics for genealogists and biologists. Hence, the ethical viewpoints should not cease the advancement of technology. In my opinion, according to my study about the ethics of human enhancement, designer babies is one of the best thing that children are enhanced with particular abilities or appearance prior to their birth. I knew that with the advancements of all scientific and technological, there is always exist of ethical questions behind the hopes for these procedures, but we should keep up with modern technologies. Human enhancement projects help thousands or even millions of people to live better. 1. Barnard, E., Schrading, J., Fluornoy, K. and Brown, I. (2013) The Ethics of “Designer Babies”. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 3 April 2015]. 2. Bostrom, N. & Savulescu, J. (2008) Human Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate. [Online]. UK: Oxford University Press. Available at: [Accessed 3 April 2015]. 3. Giubilini, A. & Sanyal, S. (2015) THE ETHICS OF HUMAN ENHANCEMENT. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 3 April 2015]. 4. Lin, P. & Allhoff, F. (2008) NanoEthics. Untangling the Debate: The Ethics of Human Enhancement. 2(3), pp. 251-264. Available at: Springer Netherlands, DOI 10.1007/s11569-008-0046-7 [Accessed 3 April 2015]. 5. Ryberg, J. et al. (2008) New Waves in Applied Ethics. Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement. [Online]. UK: Palgrave Schol. Available at: [Accessed 3 April 2015]. Get Help With Your Essay Find out more Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. 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Processes in the Blood and Cardiovascular System 2099 words (8 pages) Essay in Biology 14/05/18 Biology Reference this Describe the formation of blood cells. The formation, or haematopoiesis of both red and white blood cells occurs in the hematopoietic tissue contained in the red bone marrow which is found in the epiphyses (Rounded ends) of long bones and is also found in flat bones such as the pelvis, ribs and vertebrae. During pregnancy, the foetus forms blood in the liver. As age takes effect, blood is produced less in the long bones and more in the flat bones. Cell differentiation occurs and different cells are produced dependent on the body’s requirement. Erythropoiesis the formation of Red blood cells and begins with the creation of Proerythroblasts from hematopoietic stem cells. These cells originally have a nucleus. During a period of 3 to 5 days, ribosome’s and Haemoglobin synthesise and the nucleus is ejected and the production of the reticulocyte (Immature Erythrocyte) cell is complete. These reticulocytes are larger than normal Erythrocytes. After a day or two in the blood stream, the reticulocyte becomes a mature fully formed Erythrocyte. The lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately 120 days. Leucocytes develop into differentiated cells that perform functions within the body’s defence mechanism. They are fewer in number than Erythrocytes, (approximately 1:7000). Leucocytes are split into two groups, Granulocytes, (Neutrophils, Eosinophil’s and Basophils), so called due to the granular appearance of the cytoplasm and are formed from Myoblasts. The second group is Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes (T and B), and monocytes). Monocytes, Neutrophil’s and Eosinophil’s are phagocytic. They engulf bacteria and destroy this from within the cell. Basophils produce antihistamines, heparin and serotonin. The heparin prevents the unnecessary clotting of blood and the Serotonin helps to make the capillaries porous to allow Phagacytes to exit the blood and enter infectious areas where bacteria are located. The lifespan of white blood cells (Leucocytes) is dependent on the bodies needs due to their unique role in defending the body. Explain the structure and function of erythrocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They are a biconcave disc shaped often described as “doughnut” shaped. They are approximately 7µm in diameter and 2 µm thick. During Erythropoiesis a reticulocyte is formed from the stem cell in the marrow. These Reticulocytes have a nucleus which upon maturity to a fully formed Erythrocyte, the nucleus is expelled to allow for more haemoglobin and oxygen to be carried during the cell lifespan. Haemoglobin is the clotting function of blood and is the reason for the red colour. The disc shape is to give the cell more surface area to allow diffusion of the oxygen into the cells more quickly. Although the erythrocyte is larger than some capillaries, the cell is able to distort and enter the narrow passages returning to its original shape afterwards. Erythrocyte cells main function is to transport oxygen through body but they also release carbonic anhydrase that allows H2O in the blood to carry CO2 back to the lungs for expulsion. They also play a part in controlling the bodies Ph balance and homeostasis. Explain the function of haemoglobin. When the compound Haem and Globin synthesise it forms haemoglobin. Haemoglobin allows Oxygen and Carbon dioxide to be transported by the Erythrocytes. Oxyhaemoglobin is haemoglobin saturated with oxygen molecules that have attached to the Haem molecule attracted by the Iron (Fe) in the compound, allowing the oxygen to be carried around the blood to be diffused where required. De-saturated haemoglobin (DeoxyHaemoglobin) occurs when the oxygen molecules have left the protein and this is what gives the Haemoglobin its bluish tint. CO2 also bonds with the Haemoglobin molecule allowing the blood returning to the lungs to transport this for expulsion through exhaling. Explain the function of leucocytes in relation to the body’s defences and immune responses. Produce a two-sided leaflet explaining the above to a group of young mothers – clearly explain what leucocytes are and the importance they play. Describe clearly and concisely and use visual images where applicable Explain platelet function. You are working for the Red Cross and explaining to “new recruits” what platelets are and their function. Briefly explain how platelets ensure clotting takes place. Platelets are small fragments megakaryocyte Cells. These cells are found in the bone marrow. These small platelets are essential in the function of Haemostasis which is the function of stopping blood loss, (Blood clotting). They secrete vasoconstrictors that close the openings of blood vessels during vascular spasm, form platelet plugs to stem the flow of blood, secrete clotting factors (proteins), to assist in the clotting of blood. These functions are the important factors of haemostasis which platelets are vital for during bleeding and the catalysts for vascular spasms, platelet plug creation and blood clotting (coagulation). Explain the process by which the body maintains haemostasis. Haemostasis is the body’s reaction to stop the loss of blood exiting the body from damaged blood vessels. There are three main steps to haemostasis, vascular spasm, Platelet Plug and coagulation: 1. Vascular spasm When a broken blood vessel occurs, the first reaction in Haemostasis to stem the flow of blood is a vascular spasm. Pain receptors stimulate platelets to secrete vasoconstrictor “Serotonin” which cause the blood vessels to constrict reducing the blood flow this allows for time for the next stage of the haemostasis process. • Platelet Plug Platelets in their normal state flow freely in the blood plasma as the lining of the blood vessel is smooth and coated with a platelet repellent prostacyclin. When the blood vessel is damaged, or broken, platelets are exposed to collagen fibres that are present in the walls of the arterioles, platelets become tacky and start sticking together and react with proteins in the blood plasma to form a temporary “plug” until a more permanent fix occurs in the form of coagulation. • Coagulation Thromboplastin protein reacts with vitamin K and Ca2+ Ions. The Thromboplastin then activates with the inactive prothrombin protein. The protein fibrinogen that is normally inactive becomes fibrin which is a fibrous compound. The fibrin starts to form a “net” across the damages vessel and platelets become trapped in the net to form permanent “glue” fixing the damages vessel to prevent blood loss and bacteria from entering the wound. Explain the different blood groups A, B, O and Rhesus State which groups are compatible, and explain why. Your “new recruits” now require an explanation of the above. Present this to them in a clear brief manner. Group compatibility may be best shown by use of a table. Ensure that your explanation is written in your own words and give an example of the consequences of group incompatibility. • Blood Groups: Blood groups were first identifies in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner at the university of Vienna to ascertain why deaths occurred after blood transfusions. The blood groups most widely known are A, B, AB and O. Two antigens (an antigen is a substance that an antibody fixes to), one type of antigen attaches to one type of antibody similar to a lock and key. These two antigens and antibodies identify the A, B and O blood groups. The antibodies are called Anti A and Anti B These antigens form on the surface of the red blood cells. A type blood cells will have the A blood antigen attached, and the body would not produce A blood antibodies. The reason for this is that if A blood antibodies were present, then these would attach and destroy the blood cells. However, should type B blood be inserted, B type antibodies are present. These antibodies would then attach to the antigens of the B blood and destroy the cell. The blood cells start to clump together that can cause a blockage in the blood vessel. This is called “agglutination”. O type blood do not produce any antigens for type A, B or O which makes this group universally accepted by any blood group therefor it is known as the “Universal Donor”. AB Blood types have both Anti A and Anti B antibodies and therefore can receive blood from all groups safely. AB blood groups are known the “universal receiver”. • Rhesus: There are many other antigens on the red blood cell. The “Rhesus” antigen is another important factor. It was named rhesus after finding the antigen during research injecting Rhesus monkeys with rabbit’s blood. Not all blood has the antigen. Blood that does have the antigen is defined as RH+ and the Blood that does not is defined as RH-. There is rhesus negative (RH-) and rhesus positive (RH+). RH- does not already contain the RH antibodies and should RH+ blood come into contact with RH- blood, RH- then starts to produce the anti RH antibodies. This does not cause too much of a problem in the first instance as the process of producing the antibodies takes almost a week and the donated blood cells would have died. The major problem occurs should the RH- receives a further dose of RH+ blood as this causes the reaction much quicker due to the presence of the RH antibodies. This causes “Agglutination” and can be fatal. This is especially serious in pregnancy. Should a mother that is RH- has a foetus that is RH+. The mother receives the RH+ blood from the foetus and then starts to produce RH antibodies. These antibodies are then transferred back to the foetus via the placenta and into the foetus’s circulation. In the first child, this is not generally a problem as the antibodies will not have been produced in sufficient numbers to do any damage. The huge issue is any subsequent pregnancy. If a following foetus is RH+ the RH- antibodies from the mother will transfer across to the unborn foetus causing a mass destruction of blood cells. This condition is known as “Haemolytic disease of the new born”. Explain the function of the heart The heart is the most vital organ in the body. Its function is to “pump” blood through the circulatory system via arteries and veins. It has what is known as a “double circulatory” system. The first system pumps blood to and from the lungs to expel waste gasses (CO2) and other waste products and to collect the vital oxygen needed to sustain life, provision on nutrients that are essential for growth and repair. The second system pumps blood to the whole body. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the left atrium via the Pulmonary veins from the lungs. The flow is controlled by the mitral valve as it is passed through to the left ventricle where the heart muscle contraction pushes the oxygenated blood with its thick walls at high pressure through the aorta and into the body. Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the inferior and superior vena cava into the right atrium where it is passed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Here, at low pressure, it is pumped through the pulmonary artery back into the lungs to expel the waste and to collect oxygen to be pumped around the body again. This function takes place continuously and the heart pumps approximately 7200 litres per 24 hours (based on an average heart rate of 72 bpm). Explain coronary circulation The heart muscle (Myocardium) requires a blood supply to enable it to function correctly. This supply allows the heart to be provided with the oxygen required along with the extraction of waste products, (CO2 etc). Coronary Circulation is the supply of this blood to the myocardium. The oxygenated blood is provided by the coronary Arteries which can either be epicardial (run along the surface of the heart) or Subendocardial which are the arteries that run deep within the myocardium. Epicardial arteries are self regulating providing a constant level of supply to the heart muscle. They are very narrow and are prone to blockage which can cause serious heart damage such as angina or a heart attack due to the arteries being the only source of blood to the myocardium. Deoxygenated blood is removed by the cardiac veins. 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The Characteristic Of Nonverbal Communication English Language Essay 1892 words (8 pages) Essay in English Language 5/12/16 English Language Reference this What is nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all messages sent by ones except for words in a communication. These messages are for example, tone of voice, facial message, eye contact, spatial message and many more. Nonverbal communication usually conveys more meaning than verbal communication. According to Dr. Albert Mehrabian, nonverbal communication is 93% of overall daily communication. This statistic shows that nonverbal communication is very important in our daily life. When we speak, we usually not just talk with word, nonverbal message convey more messages than talking. Therefore, we can conclude that verbal and nonverbal work simultaneously in communication. In the following paper will be showing the importance of nonverbal communication based on example and the types of nonverbal communication. Characteristic of nonverbal communication There are about five characteristic of nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication occur constantly In every daily life, we have to make communication. Eye contact, smile, frown, or totally ignore someone, you are actually communicating something. For instance, when you having conversation with someone, you are not just saying it, it will be include your tone of voice, body language and facial expression. Nonverbal communication can convey a message through both verbal and with correct body signals. The way you listen, look, and react in a conversation, make other person know how you care about the conversation. Nonverbal communication depends on the context Your direct eye contact to a stranger can mean entirely different from the direct eye contact with your friend. When you talk to your friend, your relaxed tone of voice, eye contect, and posture reveal how much you value for this relationship. These happen because nonverbal communication is interpret within the context of your friendship and is complemented by casual and personal conversation. Nonverbal communication is more believable than verbal communication Consider this conversation between a mother and her daughter regarding her daughter’s husband: “What’s wrong with you and Chad?” asks Jess’s mother. (Stare and frown) “Whatever, I’m not upset, why should I be?” respond Jess. “you seem to be in funk, and you are avoiding talking to me. So what’s wrong? Did you and Chad have a fight?” asks Jess’s mother. “I said nothing is wrong! Leave me alone! Everything is fine!” (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011) Throughout the conversation, we can feel that Jess is upset and sending a message that she has a fight with her husband. Nonverbal message is more difficult to be control compare to verbal message because nonverbal cues represent our emotion which is more difficult to control. Beside this, “nonverbal is often suggest as unintentional and subconsciously generated” (Seiler, W. J. & Beall, M. L. , 2011). Nonverbal communication is a primary means of expression We are easily able to detect emotion like anger, frustration, sadness, or anxiety without people telling it because nonverbal cues are so powerful. Almost all our feeling can be expressed through our nonverbal behavior. Nonverbal communication is related to culture Different culture contributes different view in nonverbal behavior. For example, the forming of an O with index finger and thumb, which means OK or good work in America, may have insult meaning in other country (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011). Still some innate behavior such as smiling is a universal nonverbal cue giving people a sign of friendly feeling. Function of nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication adds our exchanges by complementing, repeating, regulating and substituting for our words. Sometimes, we even use it to deceive others (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011). Table 1 shows the function as well as importance of nonverbal communication. Table 1 To complete, describe, or accents a verbal message When you saying “I’m happy to meet you” with a welcoming smile and a warm handshake. Express a message that are identical meaning to verbal one A motion of your head and hand to restate your verbal “let’s go.” Controls flow of communication Shaking your head left and right to indicate that you have no interest on the thing. Replace verbal message with nonverbal cues Signal “OK” with a hand gesture. Nonverbal cue that purposely mislead to create false impression When playing cards, one will showing the ‘poker face’ to mask their facial expression, not revealing how good or bad their hand is. The channels of nonverbal messages The basic of nonverbal communication consists of facial expression, body language, eye contact, spatial message, touch message, tone of voice, silence and artifacts. Following are detail that explains each nonverbal cue that related to the importance of nonverbal communication in our daily life. Facial message Facial movements are able to do at least eight emotions: happy, surprise, anger, fear, sad, disgust, contempt, and interest (Ekman, Friesen, Ellsworth, 1972). These emotion are universal regardless any culture. Of overall body motion, facial expression conveys the most information and is reliable when decode. But from time to time, human had learned to conceal our real feeling from others. There is some technique on facial management. You will mask yourself when your friend receives a scholarship and you don’t, even though you think you deserve it. When you visit a distant relative’s funeral, you will be look completely sorry as you losing someone tonight. But instead you not really feel the sadness because you are not close to him. These kinds of actions are required as to have a polite interaction with other people. Body language Body language is often refer as kinesics which means ‘any movement of face or body communicate a message’ (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011, p.122). Body messages consist of body movement and general appearance of body. Table 2 shows the characteristic of body movement and its example. Table 2 Body gesture directly translate into words or phrases The OK sign, the thumb-up for ‘good job’, and V for victory. Accent, reinforce or emphasize a verbal message When referring to left, your hand showing to direction of left. Monitor, control, coordinate or maintain the speaking of other individual Eye contact, nodding of head, looking at wristwatch. Affect displays Body movement that express emotion Slouching, jumping up and down Gesture that satisfy some personal need Scratching, smoking, smoothing hair Eye contact Eye message sometime known as oculesics, which means ‘study of eye behavior’ (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011, p.122). According to some researchers, during interactions, people spent about 45% of time looking to each other eyes (Janik & et al. , 1978). Eye contact is an important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is important in maintaining the flow of conversation and observes for other person’s response. Spatial message Proxemics is ‘study of the use of space and of distance between individuals when they are communicating’ (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011, p.130). According to Edward T. Hall’s four distance zone, relationship between people can be classify into four group namely intimate space, personal space, social space, and public space. Each zone have different distance maintained. Another aspect in proxemics is territoriality, a possessive reaction to an area or particular objects. Basically we are usually in three types of territories: primary territories, secondary territories, and public territories (Altman, 1975). Tone of voice The term paralanguage refer to vocal but nonverbal aspect of speech. It is based on how you say something, not what you say. Paralanguage includes the rate (speed), volume (loudness), and rhythm of voice. If u speaking the same word, but differ in speed or volume or rhythm, will convey different meaning to people who perceive it. Silence is also a part of nonverbal communication. Silence allow speaker to think, organize his or her speech or even to grab attention from people in a seminar. Sometimes, silence is necessary in some situation for example in funeral and in a speech. Silence can be use to prevent some certain topic from surfacing or to prevent someone saying something that he or she might regret. Artifacts are personal adornments or possessions that communicate information about us. For example, color, clothing, jewelry and decoration of space. Different culture has different interpretation on color. Take black color as example, in Thailand means old ages; in parts of Malaysia means courage; in much of Europe, death (DeVito, J. A. , 2011, p.143). How do you react to people who have body piercings and tattoos? Based on the artifacts on a person, it will sent different message to us. Take this example, a person wears a suit to interview and a person wearing sweater and jeans to interview sent different message. Touch message Touching is one of the most primitive and sensitive ways of relating with others. Touching is referred as either tactile communication or haptics. Haptics means tactile or touch, communication; one of the most basic form of communication (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011, p.128). Touch play significant role in encouraging, expressing care, showing support and is often more powerful than words. Touch divided into five category namely, functional-professional, social-polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy, and sexual arousal.Table 3 shows the category of touch and the respective examples. Table 3 A doctor touches a patient during physical examination. Two people shake hand or kiss in their culture to greet other people. Two men or two women meet at airport, hug, and walk off with their arms around each other. Two people hug, caress, embrace and kiss. Sexual arousal Sexual touch behavior includes foreplay and intercourse. (Seiler, W.J. & Beall, M.L. , 2011, p.129). Nonverbal communication encompasses everything that we communicate to others without using words. Nonverbal message is more important than verbal message because it convey more meaning than verbal does. Try to imagine a person talking with a monotony voice and saying that he is happy because he found back his lost thing. It is not what we say but how we say it with our tone of voice, body movement, use of space, touch, and appearance, all which competent communicators understand. Nonverbal cues are very useful to our daily life to enhance and deliver our emotion to other people. Still, nonverbal message should be working simultaneously with verbal message as they worked best with each other. Get Help With Your Essay Find out more Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Related Services View all DMCA / Removal Request Related Lectures Study for free with our range of university lectures!
Analyze Psychological Impact Of Television Media Essay 1329 words (5 pages) Essay in Media 5/12/16 Media Reference this The aim of this paper is to analyze psychological impact of television. This paper claims that television has mostly negative impact on our lives. Although there might be some advantages of television, we should spend less time in front of it for several reasons: television is addictive, watching television has a negative influence on our behavior, television negatively influences children’s socialization, and watching television undermines important aspects of family. First, it must be said that television is rather addictive. The average American “spends about 4 hours a day watching television”( Condry 31), with older adults watching the most of any age group; even teenagers, who watch the least amount of television, still spend an average of nearly 24 hours a week in front of the TV set (Condry 31). The term “television addiction”, according to Mcilwraith “first appeared in the popular press bolstered only by anecdotal evidence, but it gained widespread acceptance among parents, educators, and journalists” (371). Television consumes large amounts of people time. Addicted people watch TV longer and usually more often than they wanted and their efforts to cut down their TV watching are often unsuccessful. According to Mcilwraith, people very often gave up important activities (social, family, or occupational) just to watch television. television addiction is defined as “heavy television watching that is subjectively experienced as being to some extent involuntary, displacing more productive activities, and difficult to stop or curtail” (371). Condry states that it is unclear the extent to which individual’s “use” television, like a drug, to change their affective state (114). People certainly claim this to be the case when asked about why they watch television. Most people say they use television for “escape” and “relaxation.” They use television to “unwind,” and that it the reason why watching television is rather addictive (Condry 114). This ability to use television for one’s own purposes, as an unwinder, for example, raises another important series of questions about the degree of choice available to most viewers. Individuals with cable, or better yet, with a video recorder, should be more able to use television as an “unwinder” because they have a wider selection of material to choose from. Each person knows him or herself better than any other, we know what “turns us on” and what might best “unwind” us. No one has studied it yet, but those with more choice should be better able to accomplish this than those without (Condry 115). Second, watching television has a negative impact on our behavior. Television influences human behavior because there are “mechanisms whereby the content of television which can have an effect on what we do and on how we act” (Condry 120). According to Condry: Part of television’s influence comes about because of how we learn (by observation and imitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story material (arousal/desensitization), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to release them (121). Condry calls these behavioral mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity (120). Television also influences what we believe and think about the world, and it does so, again, because of our make-up, our psychology. Just as the behavioral effects have behavioral mechanisms, the cognitive effects of television have cognitive mechanisms based on the structure of attitudes, beliefs, and judgments and on the way in which these cognitive structures are acquired (Condry 120). A series of studies provide evidence for a small but significant influence of television’s content on attitudes and beliefs about the real world. Heavy viewers exposed to persistent displays of violence and mayhem on television drama come to believe that the real world incidence of such violence is higher than do light viewers of the same age, sex, education, and social class. Apparently the “facts” of the world of television tend to slip into the belief and value systems of individuals who are heavy consumers of it (Condry 123). Violence laden television not only cultivates aggressive tendencies in a minority but, perhaps more importantly, also generates a pervasive and exaggerated sense of danger and mistrust. Heavy viewers revealed a significantly higher sense of personal risk and suspicion than did light viewers in the same demographic groups who were exposed to the same real risks of life (Condry 123). Third, watching television affects greatly the process of children’s socialization. Socialization is “the process of learning the attitudes, values, and behavior patterns of a given society or group in order to function effectively within it” (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey). The aim of socialization is to prepare children for different social roles, including occupational role. We know that children can imitate behavior greatly. Evra notes that “even infants as young as 14 months have demonstrated significant and deferred imitation of televised models”(79). One of the most important forces in young people’s lives is television, because it “provides many additional salient and attractive role models” (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 282). There is much evidence, which shows that young people unconsciously imitate television characters, they learn from the values, beliefs, and behaviors (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 282). Television shows numerous law firms, hospitals, restaurants, businesses, and depicts people engaged in various work-related activities. Nevertheless, “many traditional occupations, and much of what typically takes place during a workday, are not exciting or dramatic enough to be depicted on programs designed primarily to entertain” (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 283). Moreover, according to Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey: television often transmits an inaccurate, stereotypic image of how people behave and communicate in various occupations, and portrays women and ethnic minorities in less glamorous or prestigious occupational roles than white males Television also over-represents law- enforcement and professional positions while under-representing managerial, labor, and service jobs (283). The context for television viewing is a very significant component in children’s television experience. Those children who receive parental comment, input, and supplementary information and interaction have a very different experience of television viewing than those who view alone or with less involved parents. Such differences in the viewing context play an important role in determining the strength and nature of television’s impact. Families differ in their attitudes toward, and in their use of, television; these differences in turn influence children’s understanding and attitudes about the content and its impact on them. Coviewing with siblings and peers can also affect a child’s behavioral response to television content. Fourth, television has often been criticized for undermining important aspects of family life by displacing other important family activities (Evra 150). It is interesting to point out that “since its development as a commercial vehicle, families have come to accept television as a valuable member of the family” (Evra 150). Television viewing with family members is common. Television’s danger lies not so much in the behavior it produces as in the behavior it prevents, such as family talks, games, arguments, and other interactions. Despite the fact that families still do special things together, television diminishes their ordinary daily life together, because it is a regular, scheduled, and rather mechanized daily activity (Evra 151). Poor family communication affects greatly overall family health. Problems and conflicts are caused by the family communication dysfunction. It is necessary to spend time together, having a family meal and turning off the TV can create more opportunities to talk. However, because there is TV, children and parents are distracted from talking, and in such a way suffer communication. Television influences various spheres of family life “leisure relations, aesthetic interests and values, consumer behavior patterns, parent-child attitudes and socialization practices” (Cohen 103). Television is an accepted, approved and readily accessible source of information, and it “both creates and reinforces models of social behavior (style of dress, idiomatic language, attitudes toward sexuality and gender, parent behavior) that define not only individual behavior, but also family behavior” (Cohen104 Get Help With Your Essay Find out more Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Related Services View all DMCA / Removal Request Related Lectures Study for free with our range of university lectures!
Effect of Social Isolation & Depression on Cognitive Decline 2294 words (9 pages) Essay in Psychology 13/04/18 Psychology Reference this There is a lot of literature investigating how lifestyle factors are associated with protecting cognitive decline in old age. The influence of lifestyle factors on cognitive ageing is of much interest as it is within an individual’s power to change their lifestyle given the knowledge of how it affects their cognition. By identifying what lifestyle factors are related to poorer cognitive function in older adults, individuals can take the necessary interventions to steer themselves on to the right path towards maintaining cognition throughout their lifespan and therefore ensure a better well-being and quality of life. Social factors include many aspects, such as social activities, social networks, social support, living situation and marital status (Hertzog et al., 2009). However this essay focuses on social isolation and loneliness. Depression is commonly included in studies with social isolation and loneliness and therefore is also considered. There is empirical evidence to suggest that both social isolation/loneliness and depression are related to level of cognition in old age, and this association will be discussed. How social relationships are conceptualised is important as individuals may have a large social network and an active social lifestyle, but few close friends who they feel they can rely on. Considering there are many different ways of conceptualising social lifestyle, researchers need to ensure that their measurement does assess the factor it is supposed to. This is also true for measuring cognitive ability. Including specific domains instead of, or as well as, one general cognitive assessment is favoured in the literature as it allows researchers to examine whether the predictor variables have an influence on cognitive functioning as a whole, or if it only affects certain domains of cognition. DiNapoli et al. (2014) measured global cognition and four specific domains by assessing performance on 6 tasks. However, they warn readers to be cautious of the findings within the domains as some were based on one task and others were based on two, so there is a lack of consistency within the cognitive measurement. This study investigated the effect of social isolation on cognitive function in older adults. The researchers suggest that social isolation is combined of two dimensions: social disconnectedness and perceived isolation and so these were included in the study as secondary predictors. The Lubben Social Network scale-6 (LSNS-6) was used to measure the three social predictors. Social disconnectedness was measured by 2 items from the scale; perceived isolation was measured using 4, and social isolation was the score of all 6. They were all found to have significant effects on global cognitive performance and on the four domains. Perceived isolation was found to affect cognition almost twice as much as social disconnectedness did. This suggests that while having more social relationships is important for maintaining cognition, how we personally feel about our relationships is more important. However, Cronbach’s alpha was considered when determining internal consistency of the LSNS-6 and social disconnectedness was not suggested to be a reliable measurement. This may be because Cronbach’s alpha is affected by the number of items included and social disconnectedness was only measured by 2 items. Because of this, the researchers warn readers to treat the association of social disconnectedness and cognition with caution, although it is unlikely that the result was hugely affected by this as it is consistent with previous findings. This study is a good example of how social factors can be conceptualised in different ways. Social isolation is considered in this study as a combination of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation, whereas others consider social isolation and disconnectedness to be the same thing, and perceived isolation to be something separate. Cornwell & Waite (2009) refer to social isolation/disconnectedness as a lack of interaction with others, infrequent participation in social activities and a small social network. Loneliness, on the other hand, refers to perceived isolation and perceived disconnectedness from others, meaning it is about the dissatisfaction with social relationships, intimacy or support, rather than the physical absence of them. It could therefore be argued that there was not a need to measure social isolation as a combination of disconnectedness and perceived isolation, and instead these two factors should have been measured more extensively as separate entities. Depression was included as a covariate. Although it significantly correlated with poorer cognitive performance it was not found to be significant in any of the main regression analyses and therefore was only briefly mentioned. The study included a very specific sample of Appalachian community-dwelling elders, presumably because of the “isolated” stereotype associated with Appalachia (Hsiung, 2015), although the study does not discuss this. The results therefore may not represent the overall elderly population. As well as ensuring adults were aged 70 or above and from West Virginia, they also had to have at least four natural teeth in order to participate but it is not explained why. Wilson et al. (2007) focused on the effect of loneliness on cognition in old age. As it was a longitudinal study, some participants were lost but a total of 823 older adults were included in the final analysis. Cognitive ability was measured at baseline and at each follow-up. However, there was a discrepancy in the study as some participants were followed-up five times and others only twice, meaning that those who were assessed more may have performed better due to having more familiarity with the tests. Loneliness was measured using a modified version of the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness scale. The original scale was made up of two components: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness is considered the lack of a close intimate relationship such as a partner or a best friend and social loneliness is considered as the lack of a social network or group of friends (De Jong Gierveld & Tillburg, 2006). However this study only measured emotional loneliness. Two other minor changes were made but it was still found to be a valid and reliable measurement. Social isolation was also measured using standard questions assessing network size and frequency of social activity. Loneliness was related to cognitive ability at baseline on each cognitive measure, and also to more decline over time in global cognition and in three of the five domains. The longitudinal design allowed researchers to not only observe the effect of loneliness at one point in time but also examine the interaction between loneliness and time and how they affect cognition together. Participants were all free of dementia at the beginning of the study but over the four years 76 participants developed signs of dementia that met the criteria for Alzheimer Disease (AD). It was found that lonely individuals were 2.1 times more likely to develop AD than those who were not lonely. Social network was not related to incidence of AD but perceived loneliness was which suggests that the quality of relationships is more important than the quantity for developing AD. Depressive symptoms were also assessed with a 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. 1 item asked about loneliness and was analysed separately from the remaining 9. This 1 question about loneliness showed a stronger relationship with development of AD than depression did when it was measured using the remaining 9 items. This suggests that loneliness affects cognition more than depression does. When loneliness was analysed with the risk of developing AD, but depression was controlled for, there was a modest reduction in the association showing that loneliness is partly determined by depressive symptoms. However, when depression and AD were analysed controlling for loneliness, there was a much larger reduction of association, suggesting that loneliness may be an important aspect of the relation between AD and depression. The researchers explored the possibility of reverse causation, which means that loneliness is a consequence of cognition decline instead of it being a cause or contributing factor. They were able to do this as they carried out a post-mortem examination of the brain in the participants who passed away in order to quantify AD pathology and cerebral infarctions. These were not found to have an association with loneliness and therefore do not support the possibility of reverse causation. However this is a very complicated subject and more research is needed. The more likely explanation suggested is that loneliness has a negative effect on the neural systems underlying cognition which is why lonelier individuals experienced more cognitive decline. Luanaigh et al. (2011) also investigated the effect of loneliness, specifically on different domains, in elders free of dementia. A doctor and a researcher visited the participants’ homes to assess them. This could be viewed as a strength of the study as it meant participants would feel more comfortable in their own homes, especially since they have willingly agreed to this, compared to having to travel to an unfamiliar environment, which could also cause fatigue. The Mini Mental State Examination was included as a way of measuring global cognition which is a very brief cognitive test. A detailed psychometric test, much like those used to measure the several domains, would have been better. The measurement of loneliness contained only one question: “do you feel lonely?” Although there were four possible answers to this question, it could be argued that one item is not enough for adequate measurement. On the other hand, it could also be argued that asking the direct question if an individual feels lonely is an accurate and sufficient measure of loneliness. Those who answered ‘sometimes’ and ‘often’ were grouped together in the ‘lonely’ group, and those who answered ‘rarely’ and ‘never’ were grouped in the ‘not lonely’ group. This meant that the severity of loneliness was not considered. Overall, loneliness was found to be significantly associated with global cognition even when depression and social networks were controlled for. The two domains most strongly associated with loneliness were processing speed, which is consistent within the research, and delayed visual memory, which is a new finding and therefore requires more research. Just like the problems of conceptualising social isolation, there are also problems with conceptualising depression. There are many severities of depression, which Dillon et al. (2014) explores. 118 depressed older adults and 40 healthy controls were matched on age and education. One problem with this is that for every 12 depressed participants there are only 5 controls. There were four subtypes of depression: Major Depression Disorder; Dysthymia Disorder; Subsyndromal Depression Disorder; and Depression due to (mild Alzheimer) dementia. Those who had moderate-severe dementia were excluded from the study. Global cognitive performance was worse for the depressed group than the controls suggesting that depression is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in old age. All four sub-types showed impairments with memory, however this could be due to the fact that they were recruited from a memory clinic, meaning it is a biased sample as they all had memory complaints. Aside from memory, the subtypes all showed impairments with different domains. This illustrates the importance of measuring both global cognitive function and specific domains, and also of looking at different subtypes of depression instead of only depressive symptoms. Overall, the research shows that depression and social isolation/loneliness in old age are related to poorer cognitive functioning. It is suggested that how individuals perceive their social relationships is more important than number of relationships when it comes to cognition. Therefore interventions should focus on perceived support and loneliness. As the studies are of observational design, the direction of the relationship is unclear. It is not possible to say that depression or loneliness cause cognitive decline as they could in fact be consequences of the decline. The relationship between depression and loneliness is also complicated as one could influence the other. As mentioned in one study, a depression scale asked about loneliness and therefore researchers need to ensure their measurements are valid. Longitudinal studies are able to look at level of decline over time but cross-sectional studies are not, and therefore more longitudinal research would be useful to understand how the period and severity of depression and loneliness affect how cognition changes with time. Word count Title = 10 Essay = 2000 Cornwell, E. Y. & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 50(1), 31-48. doi: 10.1177/002214650905000103 De Jong Gierveld, J. & Van Tillburg, T. (2006). A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness: Confirmatory Tests of Survey Data. Research of Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi: 10.1177/0164027506289723 Dillon, C., Tartaglini, M. F., Stefani, D., Salgado, D., Taragano, F. E., & Allegit, R. F. (2014). Geriatric depression and its relation with cognitive impairment and dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59(2), 450-456. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.006 DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2014). Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Appalachian Older Adults. Research on Aging, 36(2), 161-179. doi: 10.1177/0164027512470704 Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development. Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(1), 1-65. Hsiung, D. C. (2015). Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains: Exploring the Origins of Appalachian Stereotypes. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Luanaigh, C. O., Connell, H. O., Chin, A. V., Hamilton, F., Coen, R., Walsh, C., Walsh, J. B., Caokley, D., Cunningham, C., & Lawlor, B. A. (2011). Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Aging and Mental Health, 16(3), 347-352. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.628977 Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 Get Help With Your Essay Find out more Cite This Work Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Reference Copied to Clipboard. Related Services View all DMCA / Removal Request Related Lectures Study for free with our range of university lectures!
How to Save Energy When Doing Laundry Freshly washed towels or sheets hanging to dry on a clothes line. Do you know how much energy goes into doing the laundry? In 2018, Americans used 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity to wash clothes. Another 60 billion kilowatt-hours were used to dry them, meaning about 10% of electricity consumed at home is used for washing and drying laundry.1 Federal regulators have pressured manufacturers to reduce energy consumption. For example, dryers with an increased spin speed draw more water out of clothes, so run for a shorter time. However, good habits can also reduce your energy bill, from purchasing Energy Star rated appliances to adjusting temperature settings. Best Time to Wash Clothes Energy usage will remain the same no matter when you wash your clothes. But many utility companies charge more for electricity during peak hours. Rather than doing on-peak washes, set aside time during off-peak hours, which are after 7:00 p.m. and before noon in most locations. Do the laundry early in the morning during the summer and late at night in the winter. Running your heat-emitting dryer at night also reduces the demand on your HVAC system, as temperatures are lower. Hacks for Saving Money & Energy When Doing Laundry To cut electricity usage and lower your monthly bill: • Use Cold Water When Possible: Washers use roughly 90% of their energy to heat cold water.2 Just by using warm instead of hot water, you can cut energy consumption in half. Lower temperatures can also prevent clothes from shrinking or losing dye. • Boost the Spin Speed: If you can adjust spin speed, set it higher to reduce the dry cycle. This also reduces the water retained by your clothing. • Increase Load Size: The same amount of mechanical energy will be used regardless of the size of your loads. Why not get more out of the electricity you are using? This can result in less frequent washes, which saves energy. • Collect Grey Water from the Machine: Instead of wasting this extra water, save it to irrigate plants, as it contains essential nutrients such as phosphorous and nitrogen. Treated grey water can even be used for flushing the toilet or washing. • Line Dry Clothes: Air drying clothes doesn’t use any electricity at all, so just hang them up on a clothesline outside and let mother nature do the job for you. • Use a High-Efficiency (HE) Detergent: The suds in traditional detergent can force a washing machine to work harder, drawing more energy and possibly causing mechanical problems. HE detergents are more compatible with modern water-saving machines. • Separate and Dry Similar Clothes Together: Wash and dry similar materials, as some dry more quickly than others. Separate heavy from light fabrics as well to reduce dry time, which can also be accomplished using a machine with a moisture sensor. • Place the Dryer Near an Outside Wall: Relocate the dryer in the laundry room so it’s closer to the exhaust. Therefore, exhaust air travels a smaller distance, improving air circulation and reducing energy consumption. • Use Smooth Ducts: More energy is required to push air through flexible ducts; smooth surfaces produce less turbulence, and thus reduce the energy needed to exhaust air. • Clean the Lint Trap: The lint trap or filter should be cleaned after every dry cycle. It improves airflow and efficiency and reduces the risk of fire. • Use a Heat Pump Dryer: The presence of a heat exchanger means the dryer can be ventless, suiting it for tighter spaces. It also recycles the energy used for heating/cooling. For installation, repair, and maintenance on your energy efficient Asko washer and dryer, contact Wilshire Refrigeration & Appliance at 800-427-3653.
=encoding utf-8 =head1 NAME PSGI - Perl Web Server Gateway Interface Specification This document specifies a standard interface between web servers and Perl web applications or frameworks. This interface is designed to promote web application portability and reduce the duplication of effort by web application framework developers. Please keep in mind that PSGI is not Yet Another web application framework. PSGI is a specification to decouple web server environments from web application framework code. Nor is PSGI a web application API. Web application developers (end users) will not run their web applications directly using the PSGI interface, but instead are encouraged to use frameworks that support PSGI. =over 4 =item Web Servers I<Web servers> accept HTTP requests issued by web clients, dispatching those requests to web applications if configured to do so, and return HTTP responses to the request-initiating clients. =item PSGI Server A I<PSGI Server> is a Perl program providing an environment for a I<PSGI application> to run in. PSGI specifying an interface for web applications and the main purpose of web applications being to be served to the Internet, a I<PSGI Server> will most likely be either: part of a web server (like Apache mod_perl), connected to a web server (with FastCGI, SCGI), invoked by a web server (as in plain old CGI), or be a standalone web server itself, written entirely or partly in Perl. There is, however, no requirement for a I<PSGI Server> to actually be a web server or part of one, as I<PSGI> only defines an interface between the server and the application, not between the server and the A I<PSGI Server> is often also called I<PSGI Application Container> because it is similar to a I<Java Servlet container>, which is Java process providing an environment for I<Java Servlets>. =item Applications I<Web applications> accept HTTP requests and return HTTP responses. I<PSGI applications> are web applications conforming to the PSGI interface, prescribing they take the form of a code reference with defined input and output. For simplicity, I<PSGI Applications> will also be referred to as I<Applications> for the remainder of this document. =item Middleware I<Middleware> is a PSGI application (a code reference) I<and> a I<Server>. I<Middleware> looks like an I<application> when called from a I<server>, and it in turn can call other I<applications>. It can be thought of a I<plugin> to extend a PSGI application. =item Framework developers I<Framework developers> are the authors of web application frameworks. They write adapters (or engines) which accept PSGI input, run a web application, and return a PSGI response to the I<server>. =item Web application developers I<Web application developers> are developers who write code on top of a web application framework. These developers should never have to deal with PSGI =head2 Application A PSGI application is a Perl code reference. It takes exactly one argument, the environment, and returns an array reference containing exactly three values. my $app = sub { my $env = shift; return [ =head3 The Environment The environment MUST be a hash reference that includes CGI-like headers, as detailed below. The application is free to modify the environment. The environment MUST include these keys (adopted from L<PEP L<Rack\|http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/files/SPEC.html> and L<JSGI\|http://jackjs.org/jsgi-spec.html>) except when they would normally be When an environment key is described as a boolean, its value MUST conform to Perl's notion of boolean-ness. This means that an empty string or an explicit C<0> are both valid false values. If a boolean key is not present, an application MAY treat this as a false value. The values for all CGI keys (named without a period) MUST be a scalar See below for details. =over 4 =item * C<REQUEST_METHOD>: The HTTP request method, such as "GET" or "POST". This B<MUST NOT> be an empty string, and so is always =item * C<SCRIPT_NAME>: The initial portion of the request URL's I<path>, corresponding to the application. This tells the application its virtual "location". This may be an empty string if the application corresponds to the server's root URI. If this key is not empty, it MUST start with a forward slash (C</>). =item * C<PATH_INFO>: The remainder of the request URL's I<path>, designating the virtual "location" of the request's target within the application. This may be an empty string if the request URL targets the application root and does not have a trailing slash. This value should be URI decoded by servers in order to be compatible with L<RFC 3875\|http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875>. =item * C<REQUEST_URI>: The undecoded, raw request URL line. It is the raw URI path and query part that appears in the HTTP C<GET /... HTTP/1.x> line and doesn't contain URI scheme and host names. Unlike C<PATH_INFO>, this value B<SHOULD NOT> be decoded by servers. It is an application's responsibility to properly decode paths in order to map URLs to application handlers if they choose to use this key instead of C<PATH_INFO>. =item * C<QUERY_STRING>: The portion of the request URL that follows the C<?>, if any. This key MAY be empty, but B<MUST> always be present, even if empty. =item * C<SERVER_NAME>, C<SERVER_PORT>: When combined with C<SCRIPT_NAME> and C<PATH_INFO>, these keys can be used to complete the URL. Note, however, that C<HTTP_HOST>, if present, should be used in preference to C<SERVER_NAME> for reconstructing the request URL. C<SERVER_NAME> and C<SERVER_PORT> B<MUST NOT> be empty strings, and are always =item * C<SERVER_PROTOCOL>: The version of the protocol the client used to treat any HTTP request headers. =item * C<CONTENT_LENGTH>: The length of the content in bytes, as an integer. The presence or absence of this key should correspond to the presence or absence of HTTP Content-Length header in the request. =item * C<CONTENT_TYPE>: The request's MIME type, as specified by the client. The presence or absence of this key should correspond to the presence or absence of HTTP Content-Type header in the request. =item * C<HTTP_> Keys: These keys correspond to the client-supplied HTTP request headers. The presence or absence of these keys should correspond to the presence or absence of the appropriate HTTP header in the request. The key is obtained converting the HTTP header field name to upper case, replacing all occurrences of hyphens C<-> with underscores C<_> and prepending C<HTTP_>, as in If there are multiple header lines sent with the same key, the server should treat them as if they were sent in one line and combine them with C<, >, as in L<RFC 2616\|http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616>. A server should attempt to provide as many other CGI variables as are applicable. Note, however, that an application that uses any CGI variables other than the ones listed above are necessarily non-portable to web servers that do not support the relevant In addition to the keys above, the PSGI environment MUST also include these PSGI-specific keys: =over 4 =item C<psgi.version>: An array reference [1,1] representing this version of PSGI. The first number is the major version and the second it the minor =item * C<psgi.url_scheme>: A string C<http> or C<https>, depending on the request URL. =item * C<psgi.input>: the input stream. See below for details. =item * C<psgi.errors>: the error stream. See below for details. =item * C<psgi.multithread>: This is a boolean value, which MUST be true if the application may be simultaneously invoked by another thread in the same process, false otherwise. =item * C<psgi.multiprocess>: This is a boolean value, which MUST be true if an equivalent application object may be simultaneously invoked by another process, false otherwise. =item * C<psgi.run_once>: A boolean which is true if the server expects (but does not guarantee!) that the application will only be invoked this one time during the life of its containing process. Normally, this will only be true for a server based on CGI (or something similar). =item * C<psgi.nonblocking>: A boolean which is true if the server is calling the application in an non-blocking event loop. =item * C<psgi.streaming>: A boolean which is true if the server supports callback style delayed response and streaming writer object. The server or the application can store its own data in the environment as well. These keys MUST contain at least one dot, and SHOULD be prefixed uniquely. The C<psgi.> prefix is reserved for use with the PSGI core specification, and C<psgix.> prefix is reserved for officially blessed extensions. These prefixes B<MUST NOT> be used by other servers or application. See L<psgi-extensions\|PSGI::Extensions> for the list of officially approved extensions. The environment B<MUST NOT> contain keys named C<HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE> or One of C<SCRIPT_NAME> or C<PATH_INFO> MUST be set. When C<REQUEST_URI> is C</>, C<PATH_INFO> should be C</> and C<SCRIPT_NAME> should be empty. C<SCRIPT_NAME> B<MUST NOT> be C</>, but MAY be =head3 The Input Stream The input stream in C<psgi.input> is an L<IO::Handle>-like object which streams the raw HTTP POST or PUT data. If it is a file handle then it MUST be opened in binary mode. The input stream B<MUST> respond to C<read> and MAY implement C<seek>. Perl's built-in filehandles or L<IO::Handle> based objects should work as-is in a PSGI server. Application developers B<SHOULD NOT> inspect the type or class of the stream. Instead, they SHOULD simply call C<read> on the object. Application developers B<SHOULD NOT> use Perl's built-in C<read> or iterator (C<< <$fh> >>) to read from the input stream. Instead, application developers should call C<read> as a method (C<< $fh->read >>) to allow for duck typing. Framework developers, if they know the input stream will be used with the built-in read() in any upstream code they can't touch, SHOULD use PerlIO or a tied handle to work around with this problem. The input stream object is expected to provide a C<read> method: =over 4 =item read $input->read($buf, $len [, $offset ]); Returns the number of characters actually read, 0 at end of file, or undef if there was an error. It may also implement an optional C<seek> method. If C<psgix.input.buffered> environment is true, it MUST implement the C<seek> method. =over 4 =item seek $input->seek($pos, $whence); Returns 1 on success, 0 otherwise. See the L<IO::Handle> documentation for more details on exactly how these methods should work. =head3 The Error Stream The error stream in C<psgi.errors> is an L<IO::Handle>-like object to print errors. The error stream must implement a C<print> method. As with the input stream, Perl's built-in filehandles or L<IO::Handle> based objects should work as-is in a PSGI server. Application developers B<SHOULD NOT> inspect the type or class of the stream. Instead, they SHOULD simply call C<print> on the object. =over 4 =item print Returns true if successful. =head3 The Response Applications MUST return a response as either a three element array reference, or a code reference for a delayed/streaming response. The response array reference consists of the following elements: =head4 Status An HTTP status code. This MUST be an integer greater than or equal to 100, and SHOULD be an HTTP status code as documented in L<RFC =head4 Headers The headers MUST be an array reference (B<not> a hash reference) of key/value pairs. This means it MUST contain an even number of elements. The header B<MUST NOT> contain a key named C<Status>, nor any keys with C<:> or newlines in their name. It B<MUST NOT> contain any keys that end in C<-> or All keys MUST consist only of letters, digits, C<_> or C<->. All keys MUST start with a letter. The value of the header B<MUST> be a scalar string and defined. The value string B<MUST NOT> contain characters below octal 037 i.e. chr(31). If the same key name appears multiple times in an array ref, those header lines MUST be sent to the client separately (e.g. multiple C<Set-Cookie> lines). =head4 Content-Type There MUST be a C<Content-Type> except when the C<Status> is 1xx, 204 or 304, in which case there B<MUST NOT> be a content type. =head4 Content-Length There B<MUST NOT> be a C<Content-Length> header when the C<Status> is 1xx, 204 or 304. If the Status is not 1xx, 204 or 304 and there is no C<Content-Length> header, a PSGI server MAY calculate the content length by looking at the Body. This value can then be appended to the list of headers returned by the application. =head4 Body The response body MUST be returned from the application as either an array reference or a handle containing the response body as byte strings. The body MUST be encoded into appropriate encodings and B<MUST NOT> contain wide characters (> 255). =over 4 =item * If the body is an array reference, it is expected to contain an array of lines which make up the body. my $body = [ "Hello\n", "World\n" ]; Note that the elements in an array reference are B<NOT REQUIRED> to end in a newline. A server SHOULD write each elements as-is to the client, and B<SHOULD NOT> care if the line ends with newline or not. An array reference with a single value is valid. So C<[ $html ]> is a valid response body. =item * The body can instead be a handle, either a Perl built-in filehandle or an L<IO::Handle>-like object. open my $body, "</path/to/file"; open my $body, "<:via(SomePerlIO)", ...; my $body = IO::File->new("/path/to/file"); # mock class that implements getline() and close() my $body = SomeClass->new(); Servers B<SHOULD NOT> check the type or class of the body. Instead, they should simply call C<getline> to iterate over the body, and call C<close> when done. Servers MAY check if the body is a real filehandle using C<fileno> and C<Scalar::Util::reftype>. If the body is real filehandle, the server MAY optimize using techniques like I<sendfile(2)>. The body object MAY also respond to a C<path> method. This method is expected to return the path to a file accessible by the server. This allows the server to use this information instead of a file descriptor number to serve the file. Servers SHOULD set the C<$/> special variable to the buffer size when reading content from C<$body> using the C<getline> method. This is done by setting C<$/> with a reference to an integer (C<$/ = \8192>). If the body filehandle is a Perl built-in filehandle L<IO::Handle> object, they will respect this value. Similarly, an object which provides the same API MAY also respect this special variable, but are not required to do so. =head2 Delayed Response and Streaming Body The PSGI interface allows applications and servers to provide a callback-style response instead of the three-element array reference. This allows for a delayed response and a streaming body (server push). This interface SHOULD be implemented by PSGI servers, and C<psgi.streaming> environment MUST be set to true in such servers. To enable a delayed response, the application SHOULD return a callback as its response. An application MAY check if the C<psgi.streaming> environment is true and falls back to the direct response if it isn't. This callback will be called with I<another> subroutine reference (referred to as the I<responder> from now on) as its only argument. The I<responder> should in turn be called with the standard three element array reference response. This is best illustrated with an example: my $app = sub { my $env = shift; # Delays response until it fetches content from the network return sub { my $responder = shift; fetch_content_from_server(sub { my $content = shift; $responder->([ 200, $headers, [ $content ] ]); An application MAY omit the third element (the body) when calling the I<responder>. If the body is omitted, the I<responder> MUST return I<yet another> object which implements C<write> and C<close> methods. Again, an example illustrates this best. my $app = sub { my $env = shift; # immediately starts the response and stream the content return sub { my $responder = shift; my $writer = $responder->( [ 200, [ 'Content-Type', 'application/json' ]]); wait_for_events(sub { my $new_event = shift; if ($new_event) { $writer->write($new_event->as_json . "\n"); } else { This delayed response and streaming API is useful if you want to implement a non-blocking I/O based server streaming or long-poll Comet push technology, but could also be used to implement unbuffered writes in a blocking server. =head2 Middleware A I<middleware> component takes another PSGI application and runs it. From the perspective of a server, a middleware component is a PSGI application. From the perspective of the application being run by the middleware component, the middleware is the server. Generally, this will be done in order to implement some sort of pre-processing on the PSGI environment hash or post-processing on the response. Here's a simple example that appends a special HTTP header I<X-PSGI-Used> to any PSGI application. # $app is a simple PSGI application my $app = sub { my $env = shift; return [ '200', [ "Hello World" ] ]; # $xheader is a piece of middleware that wraps $app my $xheader = sub { my $env = shift; my $res = $app->($env); push @{$res->[1]}, 'X-PSGI-Used' => 1; return $res; Middleware MUST behave exactly like a PSGI application from the perspective of a server. Middleware MAY decide not to support the streaming interface discussed earlier, but SHOULD pass through the response types that it doesn't 1.1: 2010.02.xx =over 4 =item * Added optional PSGI keys as extensions: C<psgix.logger> and C<psgix.session>. =item * C<psgi.streaming> SHOULD be implemented by PSGI servers, rather than B<MAY>. =item * PSGI keys C<psgi.run_once>, C<psgi.nonblocking> and C<psgi.streaming> MUST be set by PSGI servers. =item * Removed C<poll_cb> from writer methods. Some parts of this specification are adopted from the following specifications. =over 4 =item * PEP333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface L<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333> =item * Rack L<http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/SPEC.html> =item * JSGI Specification L<http://jackjs.org/jsgi-spec.html> I'd like to thank authors of these great documents. =head1 AUTHOR Tatsuhiko Miyagawa E<lt>miyagawa@bulknews.netE<gt> The following people have contributed to the PSGI specification and Plack implementation by commiting their code, sending patches, reporting bugs, asking questions, suggesting useful advices, Tokuhiro Matsuno Kazuhiro Osawa Yuval Kogman Kazuho Oku Alexis Sukrieh Takatoshi Kitano Stevan Little Daisuke Murase Pedro Melo Jesse Luehrs John Beppu Shawn M Moore Mark Stosberg Matt S Trout Jesse Vincent Chia-liang Kao Dave Rolsky Hans Dieter Pearcey Randy J Ray Benjamin Trott Max Maischein Slaven Rezić Marcel Grünauer Masayoshi Sekimura Brock Wilcox Piers Cawley Daisuke Maki Kang-min Liu Yasuhiro Matsumoto Ash Berlin Artur Bergman Simon Cozens Scott McWhirter Jiro Nishiguchi Masahiro Chiba Patrick Donelan Paul Driver Florian Ragwitz Copyright Tatsuhiko Miyagawa, 2009-2011. This document is licensed under the Creative Commons license by-sa.
[Ducks] Videos More at ; www.omigu.com Reportage sur les Flying Ducks diffusé sur le site internet www.aisne.tv le 03 juillet 2008 Dear Respected All, please watch this clip, boost my views, and subscribe my channel. This short photoslide clip is all about ‘Dabbling Ducks’. A type of shallow water duck that feeds primarily along the surface of the water or by tipping headfirst into the water to graze on aquatic plants and vegetation. These ducks are infrequent divers and are usually found in small ponds, rivers and other shallow waterways. Dabbling ducks also forage on land for seeds and insects. Physically, they have flat, broad bills and float high on the water while swimming and they tend to be very vocal birds. The mallard is one of the most recognized of all ducks and is the ancestor of several domestic breeds. Its wide range has given rise to several distinct populations. The male mallard’s white neck-ring separates the green head from the chestnut-brown chest, contrasts with the gray sides, brownish back, black rump and black upper- and under-tail coverts. The speculum is violet-blue bordered by black and white, and the outer tail feathers are white. The bill is yellow to yellowish-green and the legs and feet are coral-red. Male utters a soft, rasping “kreep.” The female mallard is a mottled brownish color and has a violet speculum bordered by black and white. Thank you for your time and considerations. Balance des electric ducks au rockstore
User Tools Site Tools Proletariat is any social element or group which in some way is 'in' but not 'of' any given society at any given stage of such society's history. That is, it is used in the scenes of the Latin word proletarius from which it is derived. In Roman legal terminology, proletarii were citizens who had no entry against their names in the census except their progeny (proles). The following definition is given in the Compendiosa Doctrina per Litteras of Nonius Marcellinus: To say that 'proletarians' contribute nothing to the community but their progeny is a euphemism for saying that the community gives them no remuneration for any other contributions that they may make (whether voluntarily of under compulsion) to the common weal. In other words, a 'proletariat' is an element of group in a community which has no 'stake' in that community beyond the fact of its physical existence. It is in this broad sense that the word 'proletariat' is used and not in the specialized sense of an urban laboring population which employs the modern Western economic technique called 'Industrialism' and is employed under the modern Western economic régime called 'Capitalism'. This restricted usage of the word, which sometimes remains current, was given currency by Karl Marx, as one of the technical terms which he coined in order to convey the results of his study of history. More than one of these Marxian coinages have become current even among people who reject Marxian dogmas.<ref>Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, Vol. XIV, Part I, B. IV. p.40, f.3. (Oxford University Press, 1961).</ref> proletariat.txt · Last modified: 2020/03/12 18:37 (external edit)
“The Cat in the Hat” by Dr. Seuss This month I have opened a debate on how to raise responsible children. I emphasized the role of well-chosen chores in shaping a child’s character and promoted verbal accountability. Today I’d like to add two more elements to the mix. Freedom to choose, for one, and secondly, choices or opportunities. I think that both are equally crucial as we try to raise a responsible individual. Responsible Choices = Choices + Freedom to Make Choices In other words, only by giving children some level of independence and freedom to make their own decisions, as well as exposing them to various options, we can teach them making responsible decisions and accountability for their actions. Funny thing about freedom, though. Even if we are all “born to be free”, dealing with freedom doesn’t come to us naturally. We have to learn how to live without boundaries or else we can easily waste or abuse freedom. We start the learning process already as a child. Just imagine that you give your preschooler a hundred dollars. They can spend the money on anything they want. Most likely, they will be as excited as confused. They might even give you the money back. But give them one dollar and ask them to choose between a candy and a little toy, and they will decide easily. It might be a decision based on the spur of the moment and they might regret it later, but it will surely serve as a lesson for the future. (Unless a soft-hearted parent will decide to give the child both, the toy and candy… because he or she is “just a little child”.) Children should not be spared from making choices and bearing responsibilities for their decisions. Step by step, though. At first it should be about controlled freedom. Let’s say you have to get your child dressed for school. You can choose clothes for your child yourself, ask them what clothes they would like to wear, or give them two options: this or that? In the first case, you are likely to face a rebellion. An open question in the second case, might lead to them choosing a Halloween costume. And you don’t want that!. In the third case, you might actually eat the cake and still have it. Your child will appreciate that you’ve asked for their input, and you are confident that either choice is safe. Once we see that our children can handle simple choices, we can add more options and bigger dilemmas. Until we can proudly watch how they confidently and responsibly choose their college majors, hobbies, or jobs. Out of many books that touch upon making independent choices, I selected “The Cat in the Hat”. Children love this wise, hilarious and versatile classic for various reasons. But let’s read it to them again as we try to teach them accountability. Should the Cat stay or should he go? What can happen if he stays and what if he goes? Sally and her brother were free to listen to their mother, or to give in to the Cat’s temptations. What would your child do? Have you met the Pigeon yet? No? Then “Don’t Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus!” is a great way to get acquainted with this peculiar master of intrigue and emotional blackmailing. In the story, the Pigeon wants to drive a bus, but the bus driver has explicitly requested the reader NOT to let the Pigeon drive the bus. No matter what. The tricky bird tries to negotiate with the reader, throws a tantrum and even attempts to bribe them. What should and what will the reader do? What would your child do in a similar situation? What would they do if you asked them to do/ not to do something? Would they give you their word? And most importantly, would they keep it? Raising a responsible child, means raising a child who is responsible for their words. A trustworthy child. If your child wouldn’t let the Pigeon drive the bus, you can congratulate yourself. Your parenting strategy seems to be working. If he or she would give in to the Pigeon’s pressure, it means that there is some work to be done. How do we raise a child on whose word we can depend? I would start with three simple things: 1. Set an example It starts very early, with all those empty threats (If you don’t eat your dinner, you won’t get any treats. (…) Oh, well, you can have one cookie.) and un-kept promises (If you get better grades, you will get a higher allowance. (…) So you think you think you should be paid more for being a good student?). When children see that their parents’ words don’t match their actions, they follow the same pattern. Words have no value for them. 2. Believe your child and in your child Imagine yourself in the following situation: You’ve let your child watch a movie after they are done with homework. After a while, they claim the homework is done and they start to watch a movie. Your first reaction is: a) What? So quickly? Show me your homework! b) Okay, Enjoy the movie! I’d be happy to see your homework later, though. The first response assumes the child is not telling the truth. The second scenario gives a child the benefit of doubt. Since my mom usually represented case a) and my grandma case b) I could easily compare the effectiveness of both approaches. My grandma’s, really worked. The fact that she believed me and in me was so motivational that I wanted to do anything I could to be as good as my words and her expectations. I would have hated to disappoint her. 3. Wisely approach the issue of verbal irresponsibility Children should know the power of words. Verbal agreement has its weight and children should learn to respect it. It’s the first step to become a dependable friend, a reliable businessperson or a trustworthy politician. “Why Do I Have to Make My Bed?” by Wade Bradford Another Monday, another “to-do-list” for many of us. As grown-ups, we’ve learned not to question the obvious. Chores need to be done. Everyone has chores to do. But for a child, every to-do comes with a naive attempt to veto. “Why do I have to always pick up my toys?” My almost-four-year-old asks routinely. I patiently respond that it’s the only fair, that those who make a mess, also clean it up. With more or less fussing, sooner or later, he proceeds with putting his toys away. I fully believe in the power of chores. I think that having responsibilities, even at a young age, helps a child to become a responsible adult. And don’t we need more of those! Responsibilities help a child to practice their self-discipline and feel a part of a family. But there are a few things worth remembering, if we want the chores to be effective. 1. Chores should be assigned to-measure. You can’t expect a preschooler to do laundry and your teenager can surely do more than making their bed. I remember running errands, helping with my younger siblings or doing dishes, among others. My brothers helped a lot with the vegetable garden, which my parents year by year over-planted. Helping our parents seemed natural to us. (We did have our grudges, though, but for different reasons.) Now that I have my own child, I want him to view chores as a natural thing as well. Dad has chores, mom has chores and so does Victor. It’s his responsibility to pick up his toys, but he also helps me with groceries, watering plants and unloading the dishwasher. He is in charge of the silverware. Depending on his mood, he tries to voice his grudges about all the “hard work” he has to do, yet, the positive action follows. 2. Chores should be a part of routine and executed consistently. When me and my brothers were growing up, we never knew exactly what our chores were. We were supposed to be readily available to help our parents, in whatever they whimsically decided to do that day. Or that moment. It meant total disrespect for our own plans, and as a result, lots of grudges. It felt like undeserved punishment. Now that I am a parent myself, I know better. A child needs to know what belongs to his chores and he should learn to perform them routinely. 3. Children need to know why they are asked to do their chores. I had to do the chores to help my parents. It was almost enough to motivate me. I chose to give my son a more profound explanation-motivator. When we take our preschooler grocery shopping or shopping, we always tell him how we appreciate his input when buying things, for example. Sorting out the silverware goes without saying, but in the beginning, I was telling my son that him helping me to do the job faster, gives us both more time to play together. 4. Chores should appeal to children’s strengths and interests. One of my brothers loves to cook. Since he was young, he’s been helping with preparing meals. His hobby was a valuable contribution. My son, as every child, enjoys playing with water. Why not to make watering plants his chore? It is not hard on him, but it does serve as a tool to practice self-discipline. 5. Children should be rewarded for their contribution. Everyone needs to feel appreciated for their work. Children are graded at school, grown-ups get bonuses at work. Children need to know that their help is valuable. The rewards can vary, depending on the job, but I am talking just about a simple “thank you”, “you’ve done a good job” or “I wouldn’t have done it without you” comment. It fires up enthusiasm. Yesterday we made a weekly chore chart with my son. It is supposed to remind him of his chores and be a proud visual of his contribution to our family life. Every completed chore gets a star, of course. Somehow, a star always works. 6. Parents should accept errors and embrace imperfections. In other words, children’s level of perfectionism might, and almost always will, differ from their parents’, but we can’t discourage them by showing our dissatisfaction with their performance. They will learn by mistakes and in the meantime, their good will is all that matters. If you need a pretext to introduce a concept of chores to your children, I recommend a great book, “Why Do I Have to Make My Bed?” This humorous story brings the reader on an exciting journey in time, in order to show how our chores have evolved over the centuries. Children have always had to help their parents, and they have always asked “why?” But if you think that making your bed is a hard job, you might be surprised what a little Viking, a child in the Roman Empire or a cave child had to do. A hilarious take on the history of chores and greatly amusing pictures by Johanna van der Sterre. I do have two less positive comments, though. The book is a bit too lengthy and as a result gets quite boring half way through. Secondly, the book offers an amusing, but, in my opinion, highly questionable answer to why children have to do their chores. The response boils down to “Because I said so!” In my world, it is good for laughs, indeed, but doesn’t fit into my parenting strategy. Childhood is Like Breakfast Childhood is like breakfast. The very same way a nutritious morning meal can carry us through a busy day, a nurturing childhood can proof us against life challenges. Unfortunately, even though we know a lot about a balanced breakfast, a concept of balanced childhood leads to numerous misinterpretations. Besides, should there be a precise recipe for a perfect childhood, there is no guarantee that every parent would follow it. A tendency for deviations is a human trait. After all, how many of us eat bran cereal everyday, right? Some people prefer to line up in front of a donut store at 7am. As I was going deeper in my breakfast vs. childhood comparison, I decided to support my reflections with more specific data. I used my family as a curious case study. To my surprise, I noticed a clear correlation between what we eat, what we feed our children with and our views on childhood. Who cares and why is it important? I noticed that the more negative our own childhood experiences, the more unbalanced our breakfast AND our parenting strategy. In other words, I think that it wouldn’t hurt to take a few minutes to analyze our breakfast menu and to reflect upon our parenting choices. Argument: 1. Our breakfast reflects our childhood experiences. 2. What we feed our children with, reflects our idea of what childhood should be like. Case study: My family My parents: Both of my parents are quite bitter about their childhood. They grew up in the post-war Poland and were raised by struggling to rebuild their country and lives war-survivors. My dad’s parents divorced when he was a little boy. Unlike his brothers, my father felt responsible for his dad and chose to live with him. His childhood was mainly focused on growing up fast and taking his life into his hands. His father taught him the skills to build a house, but my dad learned nothing about making a home. His breakfast? A hearty meal to get him through a day of hard work. No fuss, though. Cold sandwiches with cold-cuts, hot black tea on most of the days, but any leftovers would do just as well. Breakfast is no celebration for him, just a way to fill his stomach. My mom’s childhood was less dramatic, but her grudges even bigger. One could define it as a middle child complex. She felt less favored than her older brother and had to help more with her younger sisters. She became very disgruntled about helping her parents, but at the same time, she used her diligence as a way of getting her parents’ love. Her breakfast? Very similar to my dad’s as far as simplicity, but lighter. It is just something to give her energy till lunch. Mindless chewing in silence, while the children are still asleep. Since my mom was preparing our food, we ate what she did. The meal was quick, simple and boring most of the time. But on ‘better’ days, she would spoil us with fruit fritters and freshly baked sweet rolls. Comfort food was her way of bonding with us and showing her love. My parents’ tough childhood experiences and memories are just like their breakfast: no fuss, no celebration. A necessity. Since it was all they knew, our childhood was quite similar: a necessary phase before we grow up and gain independence. Perhaps they wished they could sweeten our childhood a bit, but they didn’t know how. The sugary treats every now and then were a vague reminder of their attempts. My parents-in-law: My father-in-law’s childhood reality wasn’t exactly a bed of roses, with his drinking father, far from a role-model. As a result, he gave up feelings for rationale and created his own reality in the world of books and science. “Better things through chemistry”, he used to say. And if you look at his breakfast, it might not water your mouth, but it surely looks as if designed by a dietician. Full grains, yoghurt, fruit… he never shows much excitement eating it, but he knows it is good for him. My mother-in-law, on the other hand, could have a childhood of milk-and-honey. She was an only child, and her parents loved and spoiled her. However, her perfectionism, conscientious personality and an early start at school forced her to give the childhood up too early. She was in college before she got her driver’s license and she wasn’t ready for it. Her breakfast? Very little, corresponding to her short childhood. But preferably, something indulging, like a buttery croissant. Can’t be too big, though. She needs to eat lunch early, about 11am. It will not be anything special or exciting. Sensible chicken salad, even daily. But for her children, there would be cinnamon buns and syrupy pancakes. Such breakfast would fully reflect her idea of a perfect childhood. To paraphrase what she says, children have the whole life to be responsible, so let children be children. Well, how did it work out for me and my husband? We both struggled for a while to find a balance between being a child and being a responsible individual. I took life too seriously, he lived to have fun. Over the years though, I learned to relax and he learned to make sensible decisions. I changed my strict morning routine into a pleasurable event and my husband gave up his indulging morning smoothies for grainy toast. Almost gave up. And we just hope that our children will always view breakfast as a celebration with nutritious value. And that our knowledge about balanced breakfast will also help us to create a balanced childhood for our boys. 1bookperday in September As September ushers in, the school gates open up for old and new students alike. Back to school time it is, ergo, back to routine and responsibilities. For many children, the only responsibilities. What I’d like to discuss and analyze this month is the connection between the responsibilities of our children and raising a responsible individual. Responsible, meaning reliable, accountable, and trustworthy. I believe that such individuals don’t just happen. They need to be raised. Responsibly. And the way, we, the parents, were raised has a big influence on our approach to responsibilities of our children. So how to find the balance between spoiling and burdening. Let’s start with breakfast…
Whole genome sequencing could help save pumas from inbreeding This post was originally published on this site A female puma in the Verdugo Mountains overlooking the Los Angeles nightscape. Inbreeding in small, isolated populations can lead to reproductive failure and other problems. (Photo credit: National Park Service) P-22, better known as the mountain lion of Hollywood, has been living in Griffith Park since early 2012. (Photo credit: National Park Service) A Florida panther seeks refuge up a live oak in Big Cypress National Preserve. The consequences of geographic isolation on puma genetic diversity and fitness have been well documented in Florida panthers. (Photo by Darrel Land, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission) A puma kitten peers through a hole in a redwood log in the Santa Cruz Mountains. (Photo by Sebastian Kennerknecht) When students at UC Santa Cruz found a dead mule deer on campus, they figured it had been killed by coyotes. Wildlife biologist Chris Wilmers rigged up a video camera to spy on the carcass at night. But the animal that crept out of the shadows to dine on the deer was no coyoteâ€”it was a mountain lion. Mountain lions, or pumas, stay close to their prey, â€œso it must have been hiding in a nearby gorge all day,â€� said Beth Shapiro, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UCSC and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. The persistent puma was already well-known by Wilmers, a professor of environmental studies at UCSC who had radio-collared and tagged the animal, dubbed 36m, as part of a long-term study of California mountain lions. Now 36m is becoming even more famous as the first puma to have its complete genome deciphered by scientists. In a paper published October 18 in the journal Nature Communications, Shapiro, Wilmers, and their colleagues reported that the information in 36mâ€™s genes may lead to better conservation strategies. Many puma populations across North America are becoming increasingly isolated, Wilmers said. That ups their chances of succumbing to inbreeding and its consequences, which include serious abnormalities such as damaged hearts and malformed sperm. With whole genomic information, however, scientists can pinpoint populations that need an influx of new genes or identify the best pumas to move between populations. According to Shapiro, such work could stop inbreeding in its tracks and help keep local populations from going extinct. â€œThis is the first time that whole genomes have been used in this way,â€� she said. Pumas in peril The teamâ€™s new sequencing work is not the first effort to unlock pumasâ€™ genetic secrets. Years of painstaking research by geneticist Stephen Oâ€™Brien, molecular ecologist Warren Johnson, and others had previously shown that Floridaâ€™s tiny population of pumas (also known as cougars or panthers) had become dangerously inbred, resulting in health defects like holes in their hearts and missing testicles. These abnormalities threatened the animalsâ€™ ability to reproduce. The research team also proved that the introduction of eight female cougars from west Texas in 1995 had added enough new genes to boost health and help the population grow from about 30 individuals to more than 120. But the teamâ€™s effort was limited by the genetic technology available at the time, which relied on analyzing just small snapshots of DNA, or markers, scattered throughout the genome. So the scientists didnâ€™t have a complete picture of the pumasâ€™ genes. Animals get two versions of every gene â€“ one from mom and, usually, a different one from dad. This means that offspring have the genetic diversity needed to keep populations healthy. But when populations become small and isolated, relatives breed with each other. As a result, genetic diversity plunges, and many genome locations end up with two identical versions of a gene. Thatâ€™s when weird things happen to animals, like the kinked tails, damaged hearts, and malformed sperm found in the inbred Florida panthers before the infusion of Texas cougar genes. Using DNA markers alone, scientists can estimate the average amount of genetic variation within a population and get a rough picture of the level of inbreeding. But this approach canâ€™t say whether major stretches of DNA between those markers contain copies of genes that are the same. These runs of identical gene copies are crucial, said Johnson, who is at the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit and affiliated with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Instituteâ€™s Center for Species Survival. The number and length of these stretches provide a precise measure of both the extent of inbreeding and how recent it isâ€”and, therefore, how close a population is to falling off a genetic cliff. Inbreeding is not a slow and progressive process, Shapiro explained. Instead, she said, once enough long runs of DNA with identical copies accumulate, the effects of inbreeding kick in suddenly, like turning off a light switch. From mammoths to mountain lions Shapiro is best known for recovering and sequencing tiny bits of DNA from ancient bones, charting the genetic changes in mammoths and other now-extinct animals as their numbers shrank. But she also has a keen interest in applying the same techniques to existing creatures, like the North American mountain lion. She wants to learn more about the genetic roads to extinction and possibly prevent today’s creatures from suffering the same fate as the mammoths. Shapiro and Wilmers were talking one day about the Santa Cruz lion population when they realized that a crucial piece of information was missing: the pumaâ€™s complete genetic sequence. Using blood that Wilmers had already collected from puma 36m, Shapiro and her team, including UCSC graduate student Nedda Saremi and postdoc Megan Supple (co-first authors of the paper), sequenced the lionâ€™s entire genome to serve as a reference for the species. Then, for comparison, they sequenced the genomes of nine other mountain lions using stored samples â€“ another from the Santa Cruz area, two from the Santa Monica mountains, one from Yellowstone, three from Florida, and one from Brazil. The work let Shapiro see what had taken years to figure out in Floridaâ€”that the translocation of Texas cougars had boosted genetic diversity and health of the Florida panthers. The sequences also brought new insights: even after mixing in the Texas DNA, the Florida population remains closer to the genetic brink than previously thought. â€œThe big takeaway is that translocation worked, but the lights are going to go off because they continue to inbreed,â€� Shapiro said. Similarly, the population in the Santa Cruz Mountains â€œis not doing as well as we expected,â€� she said. The 10 genomes also held controversial hints that mountain lions may have existed in North America far longer than previously thoughtâ€”as long as 300,000 years, instead of fewer than 20,000 years. â€œWhat Beth and her students are able to learn from just 10 individuals greatly extends what could be inferred with traditionally used DNA markers,â€� Johnson said. More insights will come as scientists ramp up whole genome sequencing. Sequencing the full genomes of many individuals across a speciesâ€™ range is â€œtremendously valuable,â€� explains Brad Shaffer, director of the UCLA La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science. â€œThat can tell us a lot about the potential for climate adaptation and other critical conservation goals,â€� he said. And with costs rapidly decliningâ€”Shapiro says reading 36mâ€™s genome cost about $10,000, down from $30,000 a couple of years ago, with subsequent lions sequenced for just $400 eachâ€”Oâ€™Brien and others are pushing for a much larger effort. â€œWhole genome sequencing should be done for every critter we can catch,â€� says Oâ€™Brien, of Nova Southeastern University. Already, Shapiroâ€™s work is shining a powerful new spotlight on the genetic health of individual mountain lions and populations, pointing the way to more effective conservation strategies. Isolated populations, for example, may benefit from wildlife bridges across major highways, to allow animals to wander more widely. In other cases, scientists may need to move animals from one region to another. Overall, a more complete picture of the genome makes it possible to spot populations at greatest risk for inbreedingâ€”and the best candidates for translocation. â€œNow we can make more informed decisions,â€� said Johnson. â€œIn the past, we made decisions based on limited genetic information.â€� The new approach takes out much of the uncertainty about a populationâ€™s genetic heritage, he said. It also offers clues about how to preserve genetic variation and may help populations adapt to change. Though puma 36m didnâ€™t live to see any of these advances, his genetic legacy will remain. â€œWhile 36m was a badass puma by any measure, he might one day come to be the most recognized puma anywhere,â€� Wilmers wrote in a tribute.â€œ[His] will be the puma genome against which other puma genomes can be compared and used to test all sorts of evolutionary and ecological questions.â€�
Tuesday, March 3, 2020 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language By Mark Nichol The increasing popularity of plain language, the concept of writing clear, simple prose, is making it easier for people to understand legal documents and government forms. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s also recommended for any print or online publications intended to provide information or explain a process and writers should consider its utility for any content context. Here are the main ideas behind plain language. 1. Identify and understand your readers and their needs: Who are they, and what is their likely reading level? What do they already know about the subject, and what do you want them to know? What do you need to write to convey this information? 2. In an introduction or in navigational content, state the purpose of the content, and tell your readers why the information is important to them. Consider, too, what you want readers to do after reading the content, and how to use your writing to get them to do it. 3. Organize content so that information and procedures are presented in the order in which the material will make sense to the reader. 4. Clearly state requirements and responsibilities those of the reader, the information provider, and third parties. 5. Provide clarity by using examples and/or anecdotes, using lists, tables, and images, emphasizing key terms and steps, and employing a clean, uncluttered, well-ordered design. 6. Write short sentences; keep the subject, verb, and object close. Place words carefully, and avoid double negatives. 7. Write short paragraphs consisting of one topic, each starting with a topic sentence and linked to other paragraphs with transitional words and phrases such as next or Ã¢â‚¬Å"once you have submitted your application.Ã¢â‚¬ 8. Write to the reader, using second-person pronouns rather than third-person nouns: Ã¢â‚¬Å"You must provide written proofÃ¢â‚¬ ; Ã¢â‚¬Å"We will respond within seven business days.Ã¢â‚¬ This approach encourages you to write in the active voice. Define the pronouns so that readers are clear about the categories of people or other entities audience, information providers, and third parties referred to as you, we, and they. 9. Avoid noun strings: What, for example, is a corporate-partner-strategic-marketing plan? ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s likely a strategic marketing plan for engaging with corporate partners. That revision requires more words, but itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s clearer. (But itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s still not plain language. How about Ã¢â‚¬Å"a marketing plan that helps corporations we do business with understand our goalsÃ¢â‚¬ ?) 10. To indicate a requirement, use must, not shall: Ã¢â‚¬Å"You must include a sample.Ã¢â‚¬ 11. Avoid smothered verbs: Ã¢â‚¬Å"We will decide soon,Ã¢â‚¬ rather than Ã¢â‚¬Å"We will make a decision soon.Ã¢â‚¬ 12. Allow contractions; theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re conversational. 13. Avoid elegant variation, which invigorates creative writing but can confuse readers when theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re trying to understand instructions or regulations; use the same standard terms each time you refer to them. 14. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t shy away from technical terms your audience knows, but avoid jargon such as leverage and legal terminology such as herewith. 15. If possible, use a question-and-answer format for presenting information. Use conversational wording for questions, based on what readers would be expected to ask, and provide clear, concise responses. When possible, ask and answer only one question per item. 16. Use present tense, rather than conditional, future, or past tense: Ã¢â‚¬Å"You can soon file a claim if you were eligible during the stated period,Ã¢â‚¬ not Ã¢â‚¬Å"Those who were eligible during the stated period will be given an opportunity to file a claim.Ã¢â‚¬ 17. Based on your audience, determine which acronyms and initialisms are appropriate. Minimize jargon acronyms and initialisms; use descriptive words instead. When using common acronyms and initialisms, decide whether to spell them out on first reference with the abbreviation in parentheses or to define them, or whether to trust your audience to be familiar with them. Avoid using more than a few acronyms and/or initialisms in a given piece of content. 18. Omit unnecessary words: Watch for verbose phrases. For example, the presence of a preposition signals an opportunity for a more concise revision (or, in other words, prepositions signal a revision opportunity). Avoid redundant wording such as Ã¢â‚¬Å"basic fundamentals,Ã¢â‚¬ legal doublets such as Ã¢â‚¬Å"cease and desist,Ã¢â‚¬ and intensifiers such as actually. 19. Avoid cluttering content with definitions if possible, but if theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re necessary, locate them at or near the first reference to the term. If you must use a glossary, list terms alphabetically, and keep definitions succinct. Make sure that the definitions are consistent with the accepted meaning. 20. Use links wisely. If the title of a Web page is the destination, use the title as the link. The name of a website or an organization is best for directing people to that organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s website. (Avoid generic link wording like Ã¢â‚¬Å"Click hereÃ¢â‚¬ or More.) Links should be as short as possible while clearly indicating where they will lead; words or phrases are less obtrusive than entire sentences. Read this post about plain language, also known as plain English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Vancouver Exposed: A History in Photographs Default Title The Storied History of Vancouver, from its roots as a logging community to its dazzling present, represents the journey of one of the most beautiful cities in the world. When Sir James Douglas declared the mainland British Territory in 1858 and Colonel Richard Moody began laying out its roads, the framework for a city nestled between the mountains and the sea was formed. Vancouver's tale sparkles with remarkable people who shaped the face of the city. As a young settlement, the city opened its arms to the world. Hardworking immigrants worked with the bounty of the land an vast natural resources to build a city that today mirrors their diversity. Many cultures and traditions have blended with the First Nations to craft the fabric of a unique and beautiful home. The diversity of the buildings, parks, public art and landmarks reflect the evolution from early settlement to today's vibrant community. Beautifully presented with lots of rare photographs. Makes a great coffee table book! Published: 2010 Pages: 272 Format: Hardcover Publisher: Waite Bird Photos
Best Holiday Wishes Messages Happy Holiday Greetings For Friends, Family And Businesses What Does Cinco De Mayo Celebrate,Cinco de Mayo \| History, Celebrations, & Facts \| Britannica,Is cinco de mayo celebrated in mexico\|2020-05-03 why cinco de mayo celebratedCinco De Mayo: Facts, Meaning & Celebrations - HISTORY Cinco de Mayo is a chronically misunderstood holiday, and not just in the United States — but we can do our part to change that.In the '60s, Chicano activists in the U.You just might be able to share a fun fact or two over margaritas!.Cinco de Mayo, as celebrated in the United States, shares some similarities to St.Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico, which took place in the aftermath of the 1846–48 Mexican–American War and the 1858–61 Reform War.Many people outside Mexico mistakenly believe that Cinco de Mayo is a celebration of Mexican independence, which was declared more than 50 years before the Battle of Puebla. Cinco De Mayo: What Does Cinco De Mayo Celebrate? – IMB News Dennis Rodman is well-known for being an American professional basketball player.But, just like you won’t find corned beef and green beer in Ireland on St.Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for "fifth of May") is a holiday celebrating Mexican heritage inkling and pride, and is held on May 5.With that history in mind, here are three famous dishes from Puebla to try this Cinco de Mayo.The second is that mole comes from the Spanish word moler, which means to grind.In the United States Cinco de Mayo is more important than in Mexico.Cinco de Mayo is being celebrated today across the country. where did cinco de mayo originateHow To Be Respectful On Cinco De Mayo, Because It's A ... Cinco de Mayo - which literally translates to "May 5" - is not Mexican Independence Day, which is celebrated on Sept.Mole Poblano may be the most consumed dish in Puebla for Cinco de Mayo.France, however, ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to carve an empire out of Mexican territory.Cinco de Mayo is celebrated by Mexican Americans with festive dress, parades and, of course, food! Typical spreads for the holiday include tacos , guacamole and tequila drinks.In response, France, Britain and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz, Mexico, demanding repayment. Why Do People Celebrate Cinco De Mayo? Facts, History ... “We always celebrate our annual dinner the last week of April, or first week of May, in that time period, usually depending on when Easter falls,” Diaz said.Some of the largest festivals are held in Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston.Although not a major strategic win in the overall war against the French, Zaragoza’s success at the Battle of Puebla on May 5 represented a great symbolic victory for the Mexican government and bolstered the resistance movement.Against all the odds around 1,000 troops were killed at the Battle of Puebla in an astonishing defeat. why we shouldn't celebrate cinco de mayoCinco De Mayo \| History, Celebrations, & Facts \| Britannica Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles, near Olvera Street.[ad_1] Steam will no longer support SteamVR on macOS.Cinco de Mayo is celebrated by many Americans, not only by Americans of Mexican origin.Patrick's day as the celebration of Irish heritage.But what America’s Cinco de Mayo misses is the traditional food of Mexico, named to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, a recognition given to only one other cuisine (French).Your request has been received. What 3 Things Does Cinco De Mayo Celebrate - Answers Traditions include military parades, recreations of the Battle of Puebla and other festive events.Patrick’s Day: a mainstream marketing fiasco that’s evolved out ….Before Spanish explorers and immigrants swarmed Mexico, Puebla was already a culinary capital.In the United States, some non-Mexicans prefer to celebrate the day with a Corona or six.Bitcoin rises to $1000 per BTC before crashing to $300, leading to widespread speculation that the currency had collapsed permanently.Although the day is marked in Mexico mostly through art festivals and ceremonial events, such as parades and reenactments, especially in the State of Puebla where the famous battle against the French forces took place, it is much more popular in the U.Stay home, I don't want to deal with them, I have better things to do anyway.Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially its music and regional dancing. 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What is Big Data Analytics? What makes big data different from conventional data that you use every day? The differentiation exists where big data and conventional deals with data storage and data analysis. Big data is complex, challenging, and significant (Ward & Barker, 2013). Ward and Barker (2013) traced back the definition of Volume, Velocity, and Variety from Gartner. They then compare its definition to Oracle’s, which is data to mean the value derived from merging relational database with unstructured data that can vary in size, structure, format, etc. Finally, the authors state that Intel big data definition is a company generating about 300 TB weekly, and typically it can come from transactions, documents, emails, sensor data, social media, etc. They use all of this information to state that the true definition should lie with the size of the data, a complexity of the data, and the technologies used to analyze the data. This is how you can differentiate it from conventional data. Davenport, Barth, and Bean (2012), stated that IT companies define big data as “more insightful data analysis”, but if used properly companies can gain a competitive edge. Companies that use big data: are aware of data flows (customer-facing data, continuous process data, network relationships, which is dynamic and always changing in a continuous flow), rely on data scientists (upgraded data management skill, programing, math, stats, business acumen, and effective communication) and move away from IT functions (concerned with automation) into ops or prod functions (since its goals is to present information to the business first). Data in a continuous flow needs to have business processes set up for obtaining/gathering/capturing, storing, extracting, filtering, manipulating, structuring, monitoring, analyzing and interpreting, to help facilitate data-driven decisions. Finally, Lazer, Kennedy, King, and Vespignani (2014), talked about big data hubris, where the assumption that big data can do it all and is a great substitute for conventional data analysis. They state that errors in measurement, validity, reliability and dependencies in the data cannot be ignored. Big data analysis can overfit its analysis to a small number of cases. Greater value to any big dataset is to marry it with other near-real-time data from different sources, but continuous evaluation and improvement should always be incorporated. Sources of errors in analysis can arise from measurement (is it stable and comparable across cases and over time, are there systematic errors), algorithm dynamics, search algorithms, and changes in the data-generating process. The authors finally state that transparency and replicability of data analysis (especially secondary or aggregate data, since there are fewer privacy concerns in that), could help improve the results of big data analysis. Without transparency and replicability, how will other scientist learn and build on the knowledge (thus destroying the accumulation of knowledge)? There is a difference between big data and conventional data. But, no matter how big, fast, and different the data sets are, one cannot deny that because of big data, conventional data gathering, analysis, and techniques are not influenced either. Improvements have been made, to allow doctoral students to conduct surveys at a much faster rate, gather more unstructured data through interview processes, and transcription software used for audio files in big data can also be used in smaller conventional data. Though vastly different, and can come with their errors as we improve one, we inadvertently improve the other. Public Sites that provide free access to big data sets: • Davenport, T. H., Barth, P., & Bean, R. (2012). How big data is different. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(1), 43. • Lazer, D., Kennedy, R., King, G., & Vespignani, A. (2014). The parable of Google Flu: Traps in big data analysis. Science, 343(14 March). • Ward, J. S., & Barker, A. (2013). Undefined by data: a survey of big data definitions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.5821. Zeno’s Paradox Some infinities are bigger than others. A paradox to motion: Zeno described a paradox of motion, which helps describes the one type of many infinities. Zeno’s paradox is described below (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010): “Imagine Achilles chasing a tortoise, and suppose that Achilles is running at 1 m/s, that the tortoise is crawling at 0.1 m/s and that the tortoise starts out 0.9 m ahead of Achilles. On the face of it Achilles should catch the tortoise after 1s, at a distance of 1m from where he starts (and so 0.1m from where the Tortoise starts). We could break Achilles’ motion up … as follows: before Achilles can catch the tortoise he must reach the point where the tortoise started. But in the time he takes to do this the tortoise crawls a little further forward. So next Achilles must reach this new point. But in the time it takes Achilles to achieve this the tortoise crawls forward a tiny bit further. And so on to infinity: every time that Achilles reaches the place where the tortoise was, the tortoise has had enough time to get a little bit further, and so Achilles has another run to make, and so Achilles has in infinite number of finite catch-ups to do before he can catch the tortoise, and so, Zeno concludes, he never catches the tortoise.” This paradox was used to illustrate that not all infinities are the same, and one infinity can indeed be bigger than another. An interpretation of this paradox was written poetically in a eulogy for the book of The Fault in Our Stars (Green, 2012): “There is an infinite between 0 and 1. There’s .1 and .12 and .112 and an infinite collection of others. Of course there is a bigger infinite set of numbers between 0 and 2, or between 0 and a million. Some infinities are bigger than other infinities. … There are days, many days of them, when I resent the size of my unbounded set. I want more numbers than I’m likely to get, and God, I want more numbers for Augustus Waters than he got. But, Gus, my love, I cannot tell you how thankful I am for our little infinity. I wouldn’t trade it for the world. You have me a forever within the numbered days, and I’m grateful.” (pg. 259-260) So to my readers out there, I want to thank you in advance for the little infinity(ies) I will get to share with each of you through this blog, and for that I am grateful. • Green, J. (2012). The fault in our stars. New York, New York: Penguin Group (USA) Inc. • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2010). Zeno’s Paradoxes. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/#AchTor
Validating Mask Parameters Using Constraints A mask can contain parameters that accept user input values. You can provide input values for mask parameters using the mask dialog box. Mask parameter constraints help you to create validations on a mask parameter without having to write your own validation code. Constraints ensure that the input for the mask parameter is within a specified range. For example, consider a masked Gain block. You can set a constraint where the input value must be between 1 and 10. If you provide an input that is outside the specified range, an error displays. Create and Associate a Constraint Launch Constraint Manager Mask Editor contains a Constraint Manager with attributes and options to create your constraints. You can launch the Constraint Manager in two ways: • Click the Constraint Manager button in Mask Editor • While editing a parameter, select Add New Constraint from the Constraint drop-down menu under Property Editor. Create a Constraint You can create constraints according to your specification using the built-in attributes in the Constraint Manager. To create a constraint: 1. In the Constraint Manager, click Create Constraint. 2. Select attributes for the constraint in the Rule section. Depending on the data type selected the rule attributes change. For more details on rule attributes, see Rule Attributes in Constraint Manager. 3. Click Apply to create the constraint. Associate the Constraint to a Mask Parameter Once a constraint is created, you can associate it with any Edit or Combobox parameters in the Mask Editor. 1. In the Mask Editor, select the parameter you want to associate a constraint with. 2. Select the constraint name from the Constraint drop-down menu. 3. Click Apply to associate the constraint. Validate the Constraint To check if the parameter is in adherence with the associated constraint: 1. Select a parameter with a constraint associated with it. 2. Provide the input values for the parameter in the Property editor. If the input is outside the specification for the associated constraint, an error displays. Create a Cross-Parameter Constraint Cross-parameter constraints are applied among two or more Edit or Combobox type mask parameters. You can use a cross parameter constraint when you want to specify scenarios such as, Parameter1 must be greater than Parameter2. 1. Launch Constraint Manager. 2. Click the Cross-Parameter Constraints tab. 3. Click Create Constraint. A new cross-parameter constraint is created with a default name (Constraint_1). You can change the constraint name. 4. Specify the following values for the new constraint: • Name – Specify a name for the constraint • MATLAB Expression – Specify a valid MATLAB expression. This expression is evaluated during edit time and simulation • Error Message – Specify the error message to be displayed when the constraint rule is not met. If no error message is specified, a default error message displays. 5. Click Apply. The Constraint Manager also helps you to create: • Custom Constraints – if the built-in attributes do not correspond with your needs. • Shared Constraints – where the constraint is saved in a MAT file and can be shared with multiple block masks. Related Topics
From OpenStreetMap Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Public-images-osm logo.svg landform = dune_system hills or ridges of loose sand piled up by the wind Edit this description in the wiki page. Edit this description in the data item. Used on these elements See also Status: unspecified The tag landform=dune_system is used to map a dune system, an area of sand dunes : a landform of hills or ridges of loose sand piled up by the wind. Also sometimes called dune field or erg, a dune system is usually found along ocean coasts, in desert regions, near lakes or inland, usually covered with little or no vegetation. Dune systems occur in different shapes and sizes, formed by interaction with the flow of air or water. Dunes are characterized by blowing sand that abrades vegetation. Dunes can be natural, but also man made (artificial)[1][2][3]. In this case, they are semi-natural, since their shape and position will change with the winds. Areas of exposed sand in the dune system can be mapped as natural=sand. Some dunes are partially covered by grass (natural=grassland). See also • natural=dune - a sand dune: A hill of sand formed by wind. This tag has been used by more users and in more places than landform=dune_system • natural=sand - an area covered by loose sand with no or very little vegetation (and which is not a beach) • natural=beach - a landform along a body of water which consists of sand, shingle or other loose material, formed by waves
Cyber security is an issue that we can never take lightly judging from the presentation by Tyrus Kamau, a founding member of the Africa Hackon. The masterclass at Digital Camp Kenya, titled ‘Digital security Explained’, enlightened the participants on the vulnerabilities they may expose themselves to even as they venture in the digital technology. Tyrus told us how he got into hacking, “It was a way to kill the boredom when I was in campus.” It was during this pastime that he stumbled upon vulnerabilities in different organizations’ systems. It is through pointing out some of these vulnerabilities that he got his first internship. “Different people do hacking for different purposes”, Tyrus said. He explained that even children can be hackers. “Don’t just hop into new and emerging technology, ask yourself how safe is it before trying it”, he cautioned. “Beware of mobile banking apps as many are easily hacked into”, said Tyrus. He gave an example of a bank whose systems had been hacked onto causing loss of large sums from several accounts. “There needs to be insider co-operation for someone to hack into a bank system. There is always collusion”, he explained. Tyrus mentioned that 80% of hacking incidents are from external sources while 20% are internally driven by employees. There are several safety measures that he pointed out for people to take while online. He cautioned against accessing bank accounts online on free, public Wi-Fi. “Your information can be easily stolen, giving access to your money”, he advised. “You can change your banking pin regularly. It does no harm having assurance that your money is safe”, he added a cautionary measure. He mentioned that children can expose you to fraud by innocently feeding your bank details into suspect sites. “That’s why it is important to monitor what your kids are doing online”, he added. He also cautioned against opening strange emails because most of them are targeted towards gaining access to your system. Tyrus asked, “Did you know ATM cards can be easily cloned while inside your wallet?” As a safety measure, one is supposed to stack their ATM card in between other cards, cover the ATM card in metallic foil paper or use a metallic wallet. “All these measures distort the signal sent by the card”, the IT guru advised. Finally, he told the audience to be careful when using cards to make payment. “You might be cloned and eventually hacked”, he concluded. From this session, it seemed that we are exposed to so much vulnerabilities online, yet we need technology to ease our daily function. The best thing is to know the risks and tread with caution. Tyrus blogs at Tyrus the InfoSec Black Magician and you can also connect with him on @tyrus_
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time Mark Haddon Teachers and parents! Struggling with distance learning? Our Teacher Edition on Curious Incident can help. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time: Chapter 223 Summary & Analysis Christopher describes the advertisement that’s on the wall of the train station, because Siobhan told him to include descriptions in his book. The ad is for a vacation in Malaysia, and it has a photo of two orangutans in trees. Christopher doesn’t like going on vacation because he doesn’t think it’s relaxing, and he prefers to see new things by more closely examining what’s already around him. For example, lots of people have thin drinking glasses in their houses, but they don’t even know they can make music by rubbing them with a wet finger. Christopher provides the text of the advertisement and draws the orangutans. Even in the midst of his terror, Christopher still notices everything around him well enough to reproduce it exactly. His detailed and logical description of the ad, with the text removed from the picture and without the flashy tricks of advertising, makes it seem ridiculous. Christopher takes in the everyday world like it’s an exotic location. He believes there’s so much to appreciate and think about just in one’s own house that no one should ever have to go on vacation for entertainment. Logic vs. Emotion Theme Icon Perspective and the Absurdity of the World Theme Icon Related Quotes
T. Rowe Price T. Rowe Price Trusty Logo Understanding the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Maria Elena Drew, Director of research for Responsible Investing Executive Summary Water. Energy. Food. Three vital components for sustainable development. The interaction of these factors is commonly referred to as the Water‑Energy‑Food Nexus (WEF‑Nexus). Changes in population, urbanization, diets and economic growth drive demand within each segment—creating complex challenges around the globe. If one WEF‑Nexus component is mismanaged, the other two will ultimately feel the impact. The linchpin of the WEF‑Nexus is water—as a finite resource, water scarcity has a direct impact on food supply. If a local WEF‑Nexus spirals out of balance, lack of water shifts from being a global, long‑term sustainability concept to a more local and immediate problem. As a result, a country’s water‑energy‑food balance can be a good indicator for the likelihood of greater environmental regulation. Understanding how the three components interact provides a platform for identifying and analyzing potential effects on companies and industries, most notably through the nature and pace of resulting regulatory reform. This paper analyzes the rise of WEF‑Nexus pressures across the globe and highlights how insights into the WEF‑Nexus imbalance in China is guiding our investment analysis across a range of industries. Understanding the WEF‑Nexus Water, energy and food are three vital components for sustainable development. The interaction of these factors is commonly referred to as the Water‑Energy‑Food Nexus (WEF‑Nexus). As Figure 1 illustrates, a multitude of factors work to drive demand for food, water and energy—including changes in population, urbanization, diets and economic growth. These dynamics are creating complex challenges around the globe. As we seek to understand the effect of these complex interactions on companies and industries, a key indicator is the nature and pace of resulting regulatory reform. China represents a powerful example of how a WEF‑Nexus imbalance works to drive environmental reform. Environmental regulation in China has tightened substantially as the government encourages restructuring of the country’s industrial sector. China’s environmental reform program began nearly a decade ago and, if successful, will drive a structural shift in the economy—with significant investment implications. Key reforms include: • Scaling down “non‑circular” industries—The imposition of water caps and pollution targets makes it more difficult for businesses that “overdemand” energy and water usage or cause waste management issues. Key industries in these crosshairs are steel, nonferrous metals, petroleum and petrochemicals, chemicals, building materials, paper, and textiles. • Energy sector reform—The Chinese government is orchestrating a gradual shift in the power generation mix from coal to renewables and natural gas, as well as a shift in transportation infrastructure. • Agricultural reform—Growing water shortages and soil pollution in China’s main agricultural regions are driving efforts to sustainably improve agricultural yields and reevaluate the range of crops grown. (Fig. 1) The Water‑Energy‑Food Nexus The factors driving demand for water, energy, and food Sources: Water and Energy (UN Water 2014), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, UNESCO World Energy Outlook (IEA 2017). The WEF‑Nexus Social Impact While this paper largely focuses on the effects of the WEF‑Nexus on the environment, it is important to recognize its significant social impact. Two of the most important social factors affecting environmental reforms are employment and public health. In China, for example, the planned shift to a “circular economy” will stimulate growth in better‑quality jobs. The ability of the government to put pressure on “non‑circular” industries has been made easier as the growing service sector has created new employment opportunities. Meanwhile, as China’s air, soil, and water pollution problems have prompted public health concerns, the government’s regulatory agenda has evolved to place a greater emphasis on ecological factors. As in the developed world, public health is often a good catalyst for environmental reform—particularly in countries with universal health care. The Rise of WEF‑Nexus Pressures Globally Between 2000 and 2016, 1.2 billion people around the world gained access to electricity and many emerging markets experienced rapid industrialization. Between 2000 and 2015, global electricity production increased 57% (3.0% CAGR). The overwhelming majority of this growth came from emerging markets, which grew by 135% over the period. Electricity production in China and India increased 332% and 143%, respectively, while water withdrawals increased 24% and 25%. These rapid changes have had a significant impact on each country’s WEF‑Nexus, which has been further compounded by the fact that neither is water rich. Water scarcity isn’t only an issue for China and India. Today, nearly a quarter of the world’s population live in water‑scarce regions. In the next two decades, the number of people exposed to water scarcity is expected to double from the current 1.6 billion, largely due to economic growth and urban migration. Regions and countries facing the greatest water and pollution stresses include: • Asia (Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka) • Middle East (Bahrain, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE) • Latin America (Chile, Peru, Mexico) It is typically easier for politicians to mobilize around locally impactful issues (like water scarcity, rising food prices, or pollution) than a globally focused, long‑term issue like climate change. However, as the impact of climate change intensifies, scientists predict more regions will encounter water scarcity. This means WEF‑Nexus pressures will become a local issue in more and more countries over time. Key indicators of looming environmental reforms include: • More frequent droughts and rising food prices • Consistent overdraws on river systems and aquifers • Agricultural inefficiency—low yields and/or tilts to nonfood crops • Impact of pollution on public health and quality of life • Low unemployment—politicians can address ecological issues when there is less economic pressure As the pull on this finite resource forces more regions into water scarcity, we expect greater intervention by governments as they struggle to manage their water, energy, and food resources. This in turn will likely have a downstream effect, impacting the energy, utility, and transportation sectors as well as other sectors indirectly exposed to the WEF‑Nexus. WEF‑Nexus Pressures in the Investment Process From an investment standpoint, water, energy, and food are each important considerations, but the emergence of water issues is often a catalyst for swift regulatory intervention. The mismanagement of water resources is difficult to reverse, and because prices often do not signal a scarcity issue until too late, regulatory responses can be drastic. Integrating water considerations into an investment process creates unique challenges. Often, the investor cannot register a direct price signal until water resources have become significantly constrained—even then, it might simply be reflected in increased regulation or shortages, rather than a price spike. This is because water markets are relatively underdeveloped compared with energy and agricultural commodities and are far less penetrated by private industry. Also, water is not easily transported, so it doesn’t lend itself well to global trade. However, water trades implicitly on a large scale as it is embedded in many globally traded goods. As current water data are not always readily available, water often needs to be considered as an intangible factor in the investment process. Figure 2 illustrates how an investment process may be modified to consider the WEF‑Nexus. In this example, the traditional “energy trilemma”—which balances the security of supply, price, and environment—is reconfigured to include water dynamics. While an imbalance of the WEF‑Nexus can be a catalyst for swift environmental reforms—as has been the case in China—it is important for investors to consider the interplay of environment, price, and security that policymakers must account for. Policy measures to improve the environment are generally tied to both environmental and social benefits. However, the attainment of any social benefit is typically longer‑term and can come with short‑term trade‑offs. For example, measures to lower pollution by transitioning to cleaner fuels aim to bring long‑term societal health benefits, but energy prices are likely to rise in the short term. This type of trade‑off can make it more difficult for policymakers to implement environmental reforms on a consistent basis. It can drive a start‑stop approach in regulation implementation due to dependency on prevailing economic conditions. Managing WEF‑Nexus Pressures—China in Focus In China, WEF‑Nexus problems have been amplified by three decades of exceptional economic growth and rapid industrialization. As the economy expanded, energy demand was largely met by coal‑fired generation. As a domestic resource, coal had the benefit of security of supply at a low price, but its use took a toll on the environment in the form of air pollution and water intensity. Overdependence on coal, coupled with relatively lax environmental standards for the industry, has thrown China’s WEF‑Nexus out of balance. China faces threats to food supplies from soil and water pollution, health hazards for citizens due to poor air quality, and a multitude of risks due to water shortages. China began a “war on pollution” many years ago and is beginning to see benefits, including regional improvements in air and water quality. T. Rowe Price analysts and portfolio managers have been navigating China’s changing environmental landscape for several years and believe it is still early innings for what will likely be a multi‑decade restructuring of the country’s economy. Environmental damage in China is felt at both global and local levels. Consequently, the country’s ecological reform program has a twofold approach. At a global level, China’s water supply is predominantly sourced by rivers flowing from the Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers, referred to as the “water towers of Asia.” These are vulnerable to climate change and are showing signs of retreat. Retreating glaciers not only affect China’s long‑term water supply, but also have the potential to instigate regional conflict. (Fig. 2) The Energy Trilemma Reconsidered Integrating water dynamics into the investment process Source: T. Rowe Price. In 2015, China made a strong commitment to help address climate change by pledging to reduce its carbon intensity by 60%–65% by 2030 relative to 2005 levels. To achieve this, the country intends to double the level of low‑carbon fuels within its energy mix to 20% by 2030. Power generation is expected to drive the bulk of this shift, with coal de‑emphasized while renewables are prioritized as a key industry on the “Made in China 2025” agenda. China’s efforts to mitigate global climate change should yield domestic dividends in the form a healthier water system and rivers. It should also help reduce water demand from energy generation due to lower dependency on water‑intensive, coal‑fired electricity production. The country is also aggressively managing its economy at the local level to bring its WEF‑Nexus back into balance. At the heart of its local environmental reforms is a shift toward a circular economy, which is de‑emphasizing any industry that overextends China’s natural resource balance without a commensurate social gain. In 2009, the Chinese government targeted 10 industries that needed to “close the loop” and go circular: coal, power, steel, nonferrous metals, petroleum and petrochemicals, chemicals, building materials, paper, food, and textiles. Opening Quote As we evaluate the winners and losers of industry reforms, ESG factors will play an important role alongside financial analysis. Closing Quote Maria Elena Drew Director of Research—Responsible Investing “Closing the Loop” Is Changing China’s Investment Landscape What does it mean to “close the loop” or go circular? Companies in targeted sectors need to reduce waste and improve energy and water efficiency through their entire production cycle. They must also consider the life cycle of their products. The following outlines the changes taking place in a selection of industries impacted by the government’s go‑circular mandate, as well as the investment implications for our portfolios. Apparel and Textiles The main environmental stresses created by the apparel and textiles industry are water intensity and pollution. In terms of water intensity, the industry’s supply chain is exposed on both the agricultural side (such as cotton and leather production) and the chemical side (such as synthetic fiber manufacturing). Textile manufacturing itself is water‑intensive and polluting—discharges are often directed into water systems and/or soil. Textile manufacturing accounted for 10% of industrial wastewater discharge in 2013, ranking third behind pulp and paper and chemicals and just ahead of coal. Adding further pressure is the fact that much of the industry has been concentrated in water‑stressed regions. Around 80% of yarn, 89% of cloth, and 89% of chemical fibers are manufactured in the “dry 11” provinces.1 As part of its circular economy agenda, the Chinese government has imposed new regulations and standards and stepped up enforcement for companies operating in this industry. Measures include: 1. New national standards for water pollution targets (effective 2016/2017), 2. Mandatory equipment upgrades for wastewater recycling, 3. Water‑challenged regions facing stricter environmental controls, 4. Stricter management of water permits and water discharge permits, 5. New industrial standards for both direct and indirect wastewater discharge, 6. Encouragement of consolidation within the industry, and 7. Encouragement of top‑performing companies to expand internationally. China’s textiles industry also has a direct relationship with the country’s food security. Cotton production competes for arable land use and has contributed to soil pollution. Not surprisingly, cotton is one of the largest inputs in the textiles sector—accounting for 35%–40% of textile production. It is a very water‑intensive crop and heavily reliant on pesticides. Unfortunately, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has contributed to devastating soil pollution problems in China (alongside chemicals and metals such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic). In 2014, the government published a national survey that identified 16.1% of all soil and 19.4% of farmland as contaminated. Soil pollution is much tougher to reverse than air and water pollution. When a former industrial site in East London was cleaned for the 2012 Olympics, it cost around USD 3,900 per square meter. If this price was applied to clean China’s 250,000 square kilometers of polluted land, the cost would amount to USD 1,000 trillion.2 Obviously, a cleanup of this standard over such a significant amount of land is not economically viable. The Chinese government stated in July 2017 that it expected the soil pollution cleanup could cost as much as 1 trillion yuan (USD 150 billion). Confronted with a problem of this magnitude, it’s easy to see how a government would push to phase out specific industries. In China, these changes are happening at the provincial level through regulation and enforcement, such as the phaseout of cotton subsidies in the North China Plain. For any industry facing a “go‑circular” mandate, we consider how a company is working to align its business to meet the government’s aims. Within the apparel, footwear, and textiles industries, supply chain pressures in China are not new. Rising labor costs, for example, have seen many fashion brands move sewing and assembly activities offshore over the last 10 years. China’s steadily tightening environmental reforms have served to further drive up cost structures and accelerate this shift. At the same time, a growing consumer conscience has heightened reputational risks for fashion brands associated with environmental damage or human rights abuses in their labor force. This has prompted some of the big fashion brands to work directly with original equipment manufacturers to exert greater control on their suppliers’ standards. Some fashion brands are also putting a focus on eco‑designed products that avoid hazardous chemicals as well as considering the full life cycle of their product. These eco‑credentials are even beginning to appear on product labels and in advertising. At T. Rowe Price, considering factory locations and modernization, access to water permits, as well as other environmental factors in the apparel and textiles sector have been important factors in making investment decisions. We consider the confluence of supply chain issues and how companies are readjusting business models to solve them. On average, we have identified larger‑sourcing companies as medium‑term losers. These have incurred greater costs associated with ramping up capacity outside of China. In addition, some of their traditional clients have less need to outsource their supply chain than they did in the past. Mining, Metals, and Materials Industries such as coal, steel, aluminum, cement, and chemicals are among those targeted to “close the loop” in China. The government’s global and local environmental agendas target these industries due to their carbon‑intensive nature and associated contribution to local air quality problems. We expect companies exposed to heavy industry to face heightened operational risks in the years ahead, particularly in regions that are not meeting pollution targets. The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) is likely to continue to use temporary shutdowns of polluting industries as a key policy tool to meet annual targets. To this end, the MEP is also using a number of additional measures, including remote monitoring (installation of equipment for online direct reporting emission data at factory/mine, using satellite images and drones), prohibiting polluting vehicles in sensitive areas (e.g., barring diesel trucks into Tianjin port), raising emission standards (ultralow emission coal‑fired power plants), higher national standards for petroleum products, and restructuring energy usage (switching from coal to gas/electricity) in some areas. Heightened environmental scrutiny across these heavy industries coincides with reforms of state‑owned enterprises (SOEs). We expect that the combined impact of environmental and SOE reforms will result in significant consolidation between companies. With some heavily polluting facilities proving too costly to remediate, a supply‑side tightening of capacity is also likely, leading to improved industry dynamics. As we evaluate which companies will be the winners and losers of these industry reforms, we believe environmental, social, and governance factors will play an important role alongside financial analysis. Insights into the WEF‑Nexus provide a valuable lens from which we can better understand the potential impact of environmental dynamics on company performance. When we see one WEF‑Nexus component fall out of balance, we can monitor the impacts likely to be experienced by the other WEF‑Nexus components and the companies that operate within them. Among the three components in the WEF‑Nexus, water (demand and shortages) represents a valuable lead indicator of change—mismanagement of this vital resource typically proves a catalyst for swift regulatory intervention that can influence company behavior and ultimately performance. 1Today’s Fight for the Future of Fashion, China Water Risk (August 2016). 2The Bad Earth, The most neglected threat to public health in China is toxic soil, The Economist (June 8, 2017); The Lancet Commission on pollution and health (October 19, 2017); Energy, Climate Change & Environment 2016 Insights, International Energy Agency, Water and Energy, The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014. Important Information Tap to dismiss Latest Date Range Download Cancel Share Class: Language of the document: Download Cancel Continue with sign in? Continue Cancel Once registered, you'll be able to start subscribing. Change Details If you need to change your email address please contact us. 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how do you prevent gum disease how would you prevent gums and teeth how you can fight gums and teeth hyperthyroidism + gums and teeth i have to know about gums and teeth info on gums and teeth school of medicine gums and teeth mouth pigmentation liver spots gums and teeth natural gums and teeth remedies herbal management of gums and teeth natural method of curing gums and teeth dietary remedy for gums and teeth painful gums and teeth peridontal gums and teeth essay periodontal gums and teeth cardiac arrest periodontal gums and teeth home cure prednisone gums and teeth pregnancy& gums and teeth protection against gums and teeth rare gum and bone illnesses scurvy gums and teeth signs and signs and symptoms of gums and teeth smoking and gums and teeth teeth loss from gums and teeth tests for gums and teeth the gums and teeth turmeric gums and teeth kinds of gums and teeth what can cause gums and teeth lady gums and teeth world's worst gum illnesses How Do You Prevent Gum Disease? (2) How Would You Prevent Gums And Teeth? How do we prevent gums and teeth? Or even better, how can you tell that you've a gums and teeth? There are lots of signs and symptoms that indicate if someone includes a gums and teeth. The primary factor is halitosis or foul breath. If someone has frequent foul breath, it's one symbol of gums and teeth. Another indication is periodic redness or even the gums bleed whenever you brush the teeth, or when flossing one's teeth or when eating hard foods or persisting gum swellings. Recession from the gums because of apparent lengthening from the teeth is yet another indication, even though this symptom may also be brought on by brushing one's teeth hard or using toothbrush with hard bristles. The separation from the gums in the teeth or even the pockets between your gum and also the teeth will also be another symbol of gums and teeth. Pockets are spots in which the jaw bone eventually been broken or by persistent swellings. Loose or shaky teeth can happen within the later stages from the gums and teeth. You should realize that gingival inflammation and bone destruction is as simple as large, painless. Lots of people ignore the painless bleeding from the gums after cleaning or brushing from the teeth. This could, and often is a vital symbol of progressing periodontitis. Gum illnesses don't simply modify the dental health of the individual this may also result in heart illnesses. * Brushing the teeth a minimum of two occasions each day is essential. Brushing one's teeth fully removes the plaques that form at first glance prior to the plaque hardens into calculus. Signs and Symptoms of Gum Disease Signs and Signs and symptoms of Gums And Teeth Should you identify early signs and signs and symptoms of gums and teeth, go to your dental professional immediately for correct dental check-up. To understand for those who have gums and teeth, find out about the most typical signs and signs and symptoms of gums and teeth. Don't let the gums and teeth get rid of the smile in your face. For those who have any doubts relating to your dental health, don't hesitate to talk to your dental professional. Your dental professional provides you with the best way forward relating to your dental problem. Always keep in mind that early recognition of gums and teeth may save your valuable existence. Gum illnesses can lead to heart disease like artery blockage and stroke. Natural Way of Curing Gum Disease Natural Method of Curing Gums And Teeth Ascorbic Acid Vitamin D Tea-tree Oil Natural Gum Disease Remedies Natural Gums And Teeth Remedies Gums and teeth also known as periodontal disease isn't a enjoyable experience. Even though some specific types of gum illnesses aren't painful and don't hinder any signs or signs and symptoms before the disease is on its advanced phase. You should avoid gums and teeth, because besides the condition ruin the gorgeous smile in your face, additionally, it may bring complications like cardiovascular disease. Gums and teeth may be the inflammation and infection from the gums, the connecting fiber that supports and surrounds one's teeth, and also the bone from the teeth. Gums and teeth is among the main reasons for lack of tooth among adults over 30. Gums and teeth is generally brought on by microbial plaque. Microbial plaque is really a sticky, without color substance that forms around the teeth. When the microbial plaque around the teeth isn't removed by means of brushing or flossing one's teeth, it'll accumulate and hardens into substance known as calculus or even more referred to as tartar. Also among the best natural gums and teeth remedies known today is tea-tree oil gel. Tea-tree oil gel is known as effective against severe chronic gum disease (a gentle type of gums and teeth). Tea-tree oil gel helps to reduce the quality of gum bleeding and gum disease. Cranberry juice can also be among the natural gums and teeth remedies. Cranberry juice prevents the bacteria from sticking with one's teeth, thus, lowering the develop of plaque. Gingivitis – A Gum Problem Gingivitis – A Gum Problem Plaque is really a sticky film comprised of bacteria. It's available on the teeth when sugar and starch inside your food touches the bacteria mainly present in the mouth area. Plaque once removed can be simply created within 24 hrs. When these sticky films of plaque aren't removed promptly they harden beneath your gumline to create tartar. Not maintaining simple dental hygiene is among the primary reasons for gum disease. If good care is taken you are able to steer clear of the plaque deposits, that are lengthy term results of gum disease. There are various amounts of gum disease different from mild, more persistant. Anybody to everyone is impacted by this issue. It's stated to build up during adolescence or when there's a rise in hormones i.e. during early duration of their adult years. This mainly depends how seem your gums and teeth are. Common Signs and Signs and symptoms -Struggling with mouth sores -Inflamed gums -Bleeding gums while brushing -Tender/soft gums -Alternation in colour of the gums Fundamental Preventive Steps -Maintaining good dental hygiene -Brush the teeth two times each day -Floss the teeth -Avoid an excessive amount of sweet and starchy food -Eat more vegetables and fruit -Get dental check-up two times each year Natural Home Remedies you can test Warning: The readers want to know , should exercise all safeguards while following instructions around the natural home remedies out of this article. Stay away from if you're allergic to something. The duty lies using the readers and never using the site or even the author. Causes Gum Disease Causes Gums And Teeth Bad Breath and Gingivitis Bad Breath and Gum disease Sometimes, I possibly could even begin to see the bloodstains the hygienist silently easily wiped away having a towel. It had been embarrassing enough to understand which i wasn't controlling my gum disease problem, but to understand that they was really trying not to create a problem from it was troubling. I understood my dental professional was concerned because she offered me a bottle of alcohol based mouthwash to pointed out that they desired to observe how I looked the next time. I do not like utilizing it there's an excessive amount of alcohol and also the taste may not be enjoyable. Alcohol might also dry the mucous membranes within the mouth. The Issue Getting lots of out of control bacteria multiplying within the mouth might also result in foul breath, but there's an all natural and normal quantity of bacteria within the mouth, and you'll never completely eliminate all of them, nor would you need to. Prevention and treatment I am presently utilizing a special toothbrush that utilizes vibration to wash one's teeth. This product does a more satisfactory job than the usual regular toothbrush to keep my teeth clean. It will take some while to get accustomed to due to the vibration. It can make many, many vibrations per second. This can help allow it such wonderful cleaning abilities. Do not feel sad for those who have excellent dental health habits but you've still got foul breath. This really is common and lots of people experience this same situation. Dental health items that don't contain sodium lauryl sulfates or artificial flavors that may still get rid of the bacteria that create foul breath without needing harsh alcohol or tough chemicals might be useful. I'm not a dental professional. This information is for information purposes only. This information is not intended for diagnosis, treatment or prevention neither is it designed to give advice. For those who have or suspect you've gum disease, periodontal disease or other dental issues, go to your dental professional for any consultation. Good oral care means a regular old Fashioned brushing and dental flossing Good dental care means a normal traditional brushing and dental flossing Face the facts, as we grow older, our teeth become worn and dull. One method to limit the dull look would be to seize control and create a consistent dental hygene regimen. This effort will include brushing the teeth regularly having a quality, soft bristle toothbrush and using dental floss. Little else can perform more for the overall outlook than the usual healthy and clean mouth. With time and thru use, we put on lower the protective enamel or outer coating in our teeth. Like almost other things that ages, this can lead to a worn and fewer then beautiful smile. Regrettably, this putting on away from the enamel also creates small ridges where food and beverages act to discolor the teeth. You are able to decrease your odds of getting cavities by cleaning the teeth regularly. Chronic gum disease (bleeding gums and teeth) will heal as lengthy as you'll be able to keep plaque in check. For many adults however, the buildup and retention of plaque is a lot more of the problem. For whatever reason, plaque appears to stick far better for their teeth and accumulates rapidly even when flossing and brushing regularly. . What you eat is among the numerous adding factors to plaque, as well as the consistency of the diet. Good dental care requires a proper brushing of the teeth a minimum of two times and preferably three occasions each day. Obviously, dental hygiene professionals have suggested brushing after each meal or snack. You'll want to make sure to brush correctly to be able to remove plaque. The seniors and kids frequently want to use utensils apart from an easy toothbrush to get this done. Plaque can't be “avoided” always but it may be “controlled” simply by brushing properly and brushing frequently. For those who have a continuing bad develop of plaque, you need to most likely consider one of the most popular sonic type toothbrushes. These perform a congrats at controlling plaque develop though are a great deal more costly than the usual regular toothbrush. You need to know that whenever there are a number of home dental care tools to select from nowadays. Sometimes people getting hands eye coordination difficulties will benefit from the simple electric toothbrush. These handly gizmos will also be ideal for older people that might experience holding their hands up to utilize a regular toothbrush. Children are another group that the electric toothbrush can help to obtain the job of dental hygeine done properly whatsoever period of time. Keep in mind that there are a number of tools that are utilized to clean difficult to achieve areas: dental floss which come in a number of types like waxed, non-waxed, flat, round and textured, with sodium bicarbonate, with fluoride and flavored. Additionally, there are dental floss holders. These products are available at pharmacies, supermarkets or through medical supply stores. There are lots of advantages to flossing and brushing the teeth. First of all, you can assist prevent cavities with this practice. Flossing and brushing also prevent gums and teeth, that is a primary agent in decaying and lost teeth. Now the thing is that dental cleaning isn't just an exercise within the dentist office, but additionally in your own home in your bathroom. Good dental care helps lead to your state of health your clients' needs upkeep and maintenance. A great Tooth brushing and employ when you compare floss could keep dental plaque along with other debris from becoming stuck between as well as on the teeth. Pulling Your Own Teeth Pulling Your Personal Teeth Though it may seem very odd and downright compelling, many people really attempt to extract their very own teeth. Tooth pain discomfort can be quite painful and incredibly frustrating, causing you to try almost anything to get relief. For the way bad the discomfort is, you will be willing to a single thing you are able to to obtain the discomfort to prevent. Abscesses or terrible tooth decay are some of the worst, because the discomfort never appears to allow up – regardless of what you need to do. Several years ago, teeth were extracted by pliers, because there weren't any dentists around. Over these occasions, people would get drunk on alcohol and so the teeth could be extracted. There wasn't any such factor as anaesthesia in those days, therefore it was impossible to in your area numb the discomfort. Nowadays though, local anaesthesia is the easiest method to numb a tooth pain before pulling your tooth. Should you make an effort to pull a tooth yourself, you’ll have the discomfort regardless of what you need to do. You will find situations however, that you can pull your personal teeth. Baby teeth for instance, are acceptable to drag. Before you decide to yank it though, you can examine on age once the tooth under consideration ought to be removed. Should you wiggle your tooth around also it seems to become loose, then odds are it'll emerge with no problem. However, should you pull your tooth also it happens to be an abscess, you’ll finish track of a genuine problem as well as your hands and it's important to go to a dental professional once you can. Another situation that is suitable to drag your personal teeth is if you have a serious situation of gums and teeth. Gums and teeth may cause the socket and also the bone to get very decayed, resulting within the destruction from the tooth. When the gums and teeth is severe enough, your tooth is going to be very loose and can emerge with no problem. In some instances, your tooth could be almost intolerable to touch. For those who have gums and teeth and see a loose tooth, you ought to be careful when pulling it. Should you not get it done correctly or you get it done too early, you can finish up breaking the top tooth. Should this happen, it's important to visit the dental professional to achieve the other parts of the tooth eliminate. Despite the fact that a tooth may go through loose whenever you touch it, doesn’t mean that you could grab a set of pliers and rip it. Teeth are extremely delicate. By trying to tear a tooth by helping cover their set of pliers making a mistake, you need to finish up doing more damage than good. Putting pliers inside your mouth may also result in contamination, which may give back towards the dental professional. Abscesses however, will not be worked with by yourself – it's important to visit a dental professional to possess him correctly extract your tooth and provide you with some antibiotics to prevent the problem. To become safe and sound and steer clear of any potential issues that may easily arise, it is best to visit the dental professional for those who have a tooth pain. Regardless of how bad the discomfort might be, you shouldn't make an effort to pull your tooth yourself. Your dental professional can numb the region before he pulls your tooth, so you’ll feel no discomfort whatsoever. He'll also prescribe you some discomfort medicine and antibiotics too, to assist in treating any infection you might have. Should you make an effort to pull your tooth yourself, you’ll only cause more problems within the finish – and finish up seeing a dental professional anyway.
Places Known For free period annual temperature is and is affected by the plum rains (Meiyu) of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. The frost-free period lasts 251–261 days. Winds along the Qiantang River valley are predominantly north-easterly and north-east-easterly. Occasionally typhoons in the country. Precipitation totals only ; there are about 3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually. The frost-free period averages 210 days. Aksu, Xinjiang on ; there are about 2,800−3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually. The frost-free period averages 200−220 days. ; the annual mean is cooler than Chongqing, located further downstream, in its warmest months. Frost is uncommon and the frost-free period lasts 347 days. Weather China Rainfall is common year-round but is the greatest in July and August, with very little of it in the cooler months. With monthly occurs from June to August. The frost-free period is about 130 days per year, while mean annual precipitation is about , beginning to freeze in late November and beginning to thaw in late March. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −41.1 °C to 38.1 °C. Kemerovo Oblast . Administrative divisions Climate The climate of the oblast is continental: winters are cold and long, summers are warm, but short. The average January temperature is -17...-20°C, the average in July is +17...+18 °C. Average annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm on the plains and the foothills of up to 1,000 mm or more in mountainous areas. The duration of the frost-free period lasts 100 days in the north area Belgorod Oblast continental with a relatively mild winter with some snowfall and long summers. Average annual air temperature varies from , being warmer on average in the southeast than the north. The coldest month is January and the frost-free period is 155–160 days, with an average of 1800 hours of sunshine. Rainfall is uneven by year and season, with an average of 540–550 mm although rainfall can dramatically differ between the western and northern areas Winkler, Manitoba obtains the most heat units for crop (agriculture) production in Manitoba. Winkler receives an annual average of 416mm of precipitation (Precipitation (meteorology)) (most of which falls during the spring and summer months) and 119.7 cm of snow. Winkler's average frost-free period is 125 days. Economy Winkler is the economic hub of southern Manitoba. The retail trading area serves an estimated 17,000 households. 4,380 people are employed in Winkler. Approximately 30% of the work climate (Köppen (Köppen climate classification) ''Cfa''), with hot, humid summers, and damp, chilly, but drier winters. Monthly daily average temperatures range from in July. The area receives 1,800 to 2,000 hours of sunshine per year and has a frost-free period of 242−263 days annually. and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from . The frost-free period lasts 330 days. Copyright (C) 2015-2017
Not all methods to generate simplicity are equal. Some are obtuse; others are shrewd and powerful Not all methods to create a strong user experience are efficient. Worse still, some are quite the contrary ! Allow me to explain using an analysis of number representation by Denis Guedj (a professor in science history and epistemology at the university Paris VIII- Roman numerals use letters: I, V, L, C, D, M, … The problem with this method is that for each number that is higher than the previous one, you need to add a new sign. That means that the number of basic signs increases in function of new needs. The Indian numeration, which is the basis of our system, allows doing everything using very little. With only ten numbers, from 0 to 9, you can represent any possible number you want. This method, which was finalised in the 16th and 17th century by Indian astronomers and mathematicians, is still valid today and has never been challenged by any other method. Let’s take an example and write the number 1999 In Roman numeration, these are the rules to be followed: • Use addition to reach the number • Proceed by power of ten by power of ten (multiples of the decimal) • If you need to use four symbols, use the subtractive method • Only use the symbol immediately preceding the symbol when using the subtractive method By following these rules, we get this result for 1999: M CM XC IX (1000 -100 + 1000 – 10 + 100 – 1 + 10) and not MIM (1000 – 1 + 1000) In Indian numeration, instead of having to follow rules, you have to answer the following questions: • How many thousands? Answer: 1 • How many hundreds? Answer: 9 • How many tens? Answer: 9 • How many units? Answer: 9 To me, the world of user experience can be compared to numeral systems: Usability is a set of techniques that evolve empirically, like Roman numeration. Usability mainly uses the rules of common sense applied to objects. What is extraordinary is to see how many usability guidelines lists exist that contradict one another. Usability, like Roman numeration, leaves us with an enormous field of possible subjective interpretations. The interpretation of the rules concerning Roman numeration allows us to write 1999 in several ways: • MCMXCIX (1000 – 100 + 1000 – 10 + 100 – 1 + 10) – Respects the official rules as they were written down in the Middle Ages • MCMXCVIIII (1000 – 100 + 1000 – 10 + 100 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) – Probably how the Romans wrote it, since the 9 was often written as VIIII • MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII (1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 +100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) – Possible because there are four following letters Behavioural science however is based on the fundamentals of the perceptive and cognitive system of the human brain. If you know these fundamentals, you can answer all possible interaction cases without having to rewrite new rules every time you encounter a new problem. It’s like using the numbers from 0 to 9. What does evolve over time is not the set of rules, but the fundamentals themselves. That’s why I am convinced usability has been on the decline since 2 years and why UX based on Behavioural Sciences is so rapidly gaining ground. The future will tell 😉 Submit a Comment
Himalayan Forest Thrush: new bird species identified in India and China 29 January 2016 Share to New bird species are rarely discovered nowadays. Since 2000, five new species are discovered every year on average, most of which in South America. While studying birds at high elevations in India, an international team of scientists realized that what was considered a single species, the Alpine Thrush Zoothera mollissima (previously known as Plain-backed Thrush), was in fact two different species. What first caught the attention of the scientists was the fact that the Alpine Thrush found in the coniferous and mixed forest habitat had a rather musical song, whereas individuals found in the same region, but on bare rocky habitats at higher altitudes above the tree-line had a much harsher, scratchier, unmusical song. Over the course of six years, the team looked at specimens found in 15 museums in 7 countries, comparing their plumage, structure, song, DNA and ecology and was able to reveal consistent differences in plumage and structure between birds from these two populations. It was thus confirmed that the species with the musical song breeding in the forests of the eastern Himalayas was a different species and had no scientific name. The bird, described in the current issue of the journal Avian Research, has been named Himalayan Forest Thrush Zoothera salimalii. The scientific name honours the great Indian ornithologist Sálim Ali, in recognition of his contributions to the development of Indian ornithology and nature conservation. Even though the Himalayan Forest Thrush is locally common, it has been overlooked due to its close resemblance to the Alpine Thrush. needs you Adopt a Griffon Vulture Make a real difference and help protect the future of nature and birds in Cyprus and beyond by symbolically adopting a bird and providing us with the necessary funds to continue our critical conservation work to protect the wild birds of Cyprus and their habitats. Get our news by email Subscribe to our newsletter P.O. Box 12026 2340, Nicosia Cyprus Follow us:
Natural Hazards Permafrost fever, do we need a doctor? Permafrost fever, do we need a doctor? Today we will shed some light on permafrost thanks to Dr. Dmitry (Dima) StreletskiyDima is an Assistant Professor of Geography and International Affairs at the George Washington University. He leads several research grants focusing on various aspects of climate change and its impacts on natural and human systems in the Arctic. Streletskiy is the President Elect of the United Sates Permafrost Association and the Chair of Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost. If you want to see some videos on the topic, feel free to check the following links: Video on youtube from Siberia field class on permafrost and urban sustainability: https://youtu.be/ZlblSd4g4gE Video on youtube from Alaska field work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqYcOiCQOGk Dima has also agreed on sharing some pictures collected during his research. So, if you are curious, just scroll to the bottom of the interview and enjoy the view! Hello Dima, could you please briefly define what permafrost is for our audience? Permafrost plays an important role in global climate change, functioning of arctic ecosystems, and human activities in the cold regions. Permafrost is soil, rock, and any other subsurface earth material that exists at or below 0°C throughout at least two consecutive years, usually for decades up to millennia. Permafrost stands for perennially frozen ground (“existing more than two years”), not permanently frozen. I think that this is one of the major popular misconceptions about permafrost. Permafrost is not permanent and is a rather dynamic phenomenon, which makes it increasingly relevant in the context of natural hazards. Even more dynamic, is the active layer, the layer overlying the permafrost, which thaws during the summer and refreezes the following winter affecting many biological and hydrological processes in permafrost regions. 1 – Why is it an important topic and what is permafrost degradation? Thermal conditions of permafrost and active layer processes are robust indicators of the state of the permafrost system under climate change. Following changing climatic conditions, permafrost temperature and active layer have increased in European, Russian and American Arctic over the last 30 years. The alpine regions are not exception; European Alps, Altay Mountains and Tibetan Plateau are all characterized by permafrost degradation. The latest global assessments show that with a notable exception of Antarctic, permafrost degradation is happening at a global scale. For example, locations along the southern permafrost boundary in the European North of Russia and Quebec report more than 50 km retreat of permafrost southern boundary. Permafrost soils hold the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon. Progressive thaw may enable this carbon to enter the biochemical cycles, which may reinforce the arctic warming and affect the global climate system at decadal to centennial time scale. More immediate effects of permafrost degradation are associated with changes in ecosystems as permafrost thaw may affect the topography and hydrologic regime. Permafrost and active layer characteristics are also essential in designing, building and maintaining infrastructure in cold regions, which makes permafrost an important consideration in economic development. This is concerning in the context of resource development of the Arctic regions, especially in Russia. Mountain permafrost regions may also experience decrease in slope stability and changes in hydrology as a result of permafrost degradation. Whether you are a tourist on a ski lift in the Swiss Alps, a passenger on train in Tibetan Plateau, or a shift worker in the Arctic Alaska, permafrost is there with you. 2 – Could you please tell us what makes the permafrost system unique? I would not call permafrost unique. Permafrost is rather common phenomenon, because the regions in which it occurs occupy about a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere’s land surface. 3 – How does the community collect data on permafrost? The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P: gtnp.arcticportal.org) provides systematic long-term measurements of permafrost temperature and active layer thickness (ALT). GTN-P was created in 1999 within the framework of the Global Climate Observing System/Global Terrestrial Observing System (GCOS/GTOS) in support of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a network of permafrost observatories to obtain a set of standardized temperature measurements in all permafrost regions of the planet to provide a baseline for temperature change assessments and data for validation of climatic models. Presently, the two major components of GTN-P are: long-term monitoring of the thermal state of permafrost in an extensive borehole network, the Thermal State of Permafrost – TSP ( www.permafrostwatch.org); and monitoring of the Active-layer thickness and dynamics – ALT, primarily through the efforts of the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) programme (www.gwu.edu/~calm). These components have been implemented through partial networks coordinated by the International Permafrost Association (IPA) since their establishment. The data collected in the field are publicly available through the GTN-P data management system (DMS: gtnpdatabase.org) which allows automatic data submission, standardization, quality control, processing, and data access and provides opportunity to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of permafrost temperature and ALT at various cold regions. Presently 1350 TSP boreholes and 250 active layer sites are registered in the DMS. Global map of permafrost monitoring boreholes showing permafrost temperature at zero annual amplitude depth in 2010-2015 as reported by 314 sites (a); Map of the sites monitoring active layer thickness with data from 2016 as reported by 71 sites (b). (Source: Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost GTN-P). Location of the active layer monitoring sites contributing data to GTN-P. Active layer thickness is shown for 2015 4 – Could you summarize the main environmental factors that play a significant role on permafrost health? Permafrost is a temperature dependent condition, so using thermometer to measure permafrost health makes a perfect sense. Permafrost temperature within the first few meters is affected by seasonal variations and is largely determined by climatic conditions of a given year, but deeper permafrost may reflect climatic conditions of hundreds and thousands of years. Permafrost scientists usually refer to the mean annual permafrost temperature at zero amplitude depth (the depth at which the effects of seasonal variability are negligible) to evaluate the “health” of the permafrost. This makes permafrost temperature a much better indicator of climate change than air temperature. Increasing permafrost temperature usually suggestive of deteriorating health of the permafrost system. Following changing climatic conditions, permafrost temperature increase is a relatively fast process (should we call it permafrost fever?), but when temperature approaches the melting point, it may take substantial time to thaw completely, effectively putting permafrost in a prolonged coma state. Besides permafrost temperature we want to know how deep is the active layer, and while it can be measured in various ways, the most common is related to changes in mechanical strength. Permafrost scientists use probe (graduated metal rod) which they insert into the soil till the point of resistance to infer the permafrost table. Things get more complicated in alpine terrain where mechanical probing method is not possible. In this case data from temperature boreholes are used to interpolate the deepest depth of penetration of zero degree isotherm interpreted as the maximum thaw. The third commonly used method is using thaw tubes. A rigid outer tube is anchored in permafrost, and serves as a vertically stable reference; an inner, flexible tube is filled with water or sand containing dye. The approximate position of the thawed active layer is indicated by the presence of ice in the tube, or by the boundary of the colourless sand that corresponds to the adjacent frozen soil. The progressive increase in permafrost temperature and active layer thickness are indicative of permafrost degradation. While these characteristics are largely depend on the atmospheric temperature of particular year, changes in above-ground conditions, such as snow and vegetation may significantly affect permafrost system. Particularly changes in snow accumulation may have an effect the permafrost health. Snow is a very effective thermal insulator. Just like a blanket, it does not allow cold to penetrate to the ground. The projected increases in air temperature are generally associated with increases precipitation, which is primarily comes as a snow, so no god news for permafrost here. The active layer is probably in a better shape as it is mostly determined by the summer temperature conditions, which are expected to change, but not as drastically as conditions of cold season. Active layer thickness will increase following increases in summer temperatures, but increasing vegetation biomass (“greening”) may partially offset this trend. 5 – What are the consequences of permafrost degradation in the short, medium and long-term Permafrost changes due to climate are exacerbated in areas of human and industrial activities as these are commonly associated with removal of organic and vegetation layers, snow redistribution and waterlogging. These human–induced changes making permafrost more vulnerable to rapidly warming climate and may result in the accelerated rates of permafrost degradation. Melting of ground ice negatively impacts sparse transportation network and decreases accessibility of remote northern or alpine communities. Increasing permafrost temperature results in decrease of ability of foundations on permafrost to support buildings and structures. The increasing number of buildings with structural deformations limits housing market stock and increases already high cost of living of communities on permafrost. Increasing permafrost temperatures may also deteriorate food security of predominantly indigenous populations which traditionally rely on ice cellars dug into permafrost to store and preserve fish, poultry and meat. There is a growing concern that permafrost degradation may expose viruses and bacteria dormant in permafrost. Recent studies show that permafrost has large amount of mercury, which may further affect water quality and health. There is still lack of good understanding on occurrence and frequency of “permafrost craters” and potential hazards associated with those landforms, especially in areas of intense economic development. The longer term impacts associated with changing hydrologic conditions (drying in southern permafrost regions and waterlogging in northern), potential changes in increase in discharge of the Arctic rivers, and accelerated rates of coastal erosion, especially under continuous decline in sea ice extent. Long-term changes are associated with thawing of ice-rich permafrost, resulting in ground subsidence which may lead to inundation of coastal areas, which may result in loss of habitats, and change in biochemical cycles. Permafrost soils hold more organic carbon than any other soils. Subsea permafrost also caps substantial amounts of methane, which may be released under progressive increase as the Arctic Ocean temperatures continue to increase. While carbon in permafrost is an important topic, it traditionally receives most of the attention, so I intentionally ignored it to showcase more immediate impacts of permafrost degradation, which commonly forgotten behind the role of permafrost in biochemical cycles. Instead, I refer the reader to the excellent source of latest research is Permafrost Carbon Network (www.permafrostcarbon.org). Picture/figure collection The slope stability is likely to decrease as a result of permafrost warming. This may further affect mining towns surrounded by tailing. The largest man-made rock glacier, Norilsk, Russia (photo by Dmitry Streletskiy, July 2012) Permafrost temperature monitoring borehole near Igarka. In this pretty standard example, the temperature monitoring is conducted by the array of four thermistors (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 m) connected to a data logger. This setup allows collecting hourly data on permafrost temperature over the two years period. Every two years data are downloaded and battery is replaced (photo by Dmitry Streletskiy, July 2011) Structural deformation of building on permafrost due to loss of the foundation bearing capacity, Igarka, Russia (photo by Dmitry Streletskiy, July 2012) The thermosyphons can be an effective in mitigation of negative impacts of climate warming or landuse on permafrost, but are relatively expensive. The example of successful stabilization of the frozen bank of the river in order to preserve the bridge near Norilsk, Russia (photo by Dmitry Streletskiy, July, 2011). Relative changes in bearing capacity from 1965-1975 to 2000-2010 estimated using permafrost geotechnical model by Streletskiy et al., 2012. (Based on the NCEP Climate Data) Ground ice at 3 m depth, Igarka, Russia (photo by Dmitry Streletskiy, July 2011) Leave a Reply
Big Data Importance Kenneth Cukier: Big Data is Better Data In TED talks, Kenneth Cukier share about the importance of the big data that how big data isBig Data Importance important to the modern world and hum beings and being benefited by the big data, however, regarding the big data consequences also discussed. Consequently, as described by the speaker, more data allow us to see more and see different, our society is going advance through the big data because we become able to face the global challenges. However, energy, global warming is there due to big data. We still store information in a disc, moreover, processing, sharing, copying has become easier, there is the data liquidity to information. There is the more data, so many data in the world due to big data. As there is the information of location and the information or personal information is recorded on the database, spreadsheet because we are connected from GPS or there is information GPS, our postures are recorded. There is the value of big data, as more information can be obtained. The things are advanced and simpler as never before, the computer now knows that what to do. However, in 1950 the computer was developed to play games, then computer played itself and it gathered more data, after that, computer wins and machines surpasses his abilities. There is the machine learning. Also Study: Big Data Best Practices Research Paper Consequently, there are the self-driving cars and the big data is giving advantages, there is the prediction about the things, or what going to happen. However, functions like computer translation and voice recognize data is there, which is providing benefits to the humankind. There is also the dark side of the big data as there could be punished for prediction, criminology can be there. The information can be obtained about the individual, but it could not know that one is up, late at night, aggressive etc. It is the privacy age; technology created jobs, there is the industrial revolution but one need to be careful of the big data, as we are master of technology, not the servant. There is need of satisfaction and happiness, humanity can learn from information, understand the world as it is the big deal. What is Big Data Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Oral Cancer If an abnormal area has been found in the oral cavity, a biopsy is the only way to know whether it is oral cancer. Usually, the patient is referred to an oral surgeon or an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, who removes part or all of the lump or abnormal-looking area. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Almost all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cells line the oral cavity. If the pathologist finds oral cancer, the patient's doctor needs to know the stage, or extent, of the disease in order to plan the best treatment to deal with the oral cancer. Staging tests and exams help the doctor find out whether the cancer has spread and what parts of the body are affected. Staging for oral cancer generally includes dental x-rays and x-rays of the head and chest. The doctor may also want the patient to have a CT (or CAT) scan. A CT scan is a series of x-rays put together by a computer to form detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Ultrasonography is another way to produce pictures of areas in the body. High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound), which cannot be heard by humans, are bounced off organs and tissue. The pattern of echoes produced by these waves creates a picture called a sonogram. Sometimes the doctor asks for MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), a procedure in which pictures are created using a magnet linked to a computer. The doctor also feels the lymph nodes in the neck to check for swelling or other changes. In most cases, the patient will have a complete physical examination before oral cancer treatment begins.
How to configure interrupt button i want to build a simple program that do this: when i push button led is on when i release the button led is off Try an ‘if’ statement in your loop, combined with a digital read. Should work. 1 Like can u give me example of digital read please I could. But seeing as this is the most basic thing you can do, I would HIGHLY reccomend following/reading some tutorials on arduino for example (they are very much alike). If you don’t manage this, there’s an increased risk of damaging things if you mess up, which would be a shame. I don’t mean to be harsh or anything, but be sure to read op on things, and start of easy, for your own good. Examples of all the functions can be found on the documentation pages. at the “firmware” section, including the digital read function. Don’t hesitate to ask if you feel like you need help, but definitely read up on some or the basic arduino stuff. It’ll make thing a lot easier for you! Best of luck! Like @Moors7 mentioned, doing that is fairly simple: 1. Within setup() attach your interrupt function to FALLING or RISING event. This depends on how you design your circuit. 2. Within your interrupt function, do only simple things as fast as possible, like switching a boolean variable from false to true (like turning on and off). 3. Write another function with a condition based on that variable to turn the LED on/off and call that from inside loop() This forum is pretty helpful and quick to respond, but it’s helpful to read up on simple arduino docs and paste your code here when you have hit a problem. That’s the neat way of doing it. The “hello world”, stupidly simple, version would be something along the lines of: if (digitalRead(pin) == HIGH){ digitalWrite(led, HIGH); digitalWrite(led, LOW); Which is the equivalent of: if (pushed){ LED on LED off That certainly isn’t the preferred way of doing it, but it should somewhat work. It’ll at least teach you the workings of the Read/Write functions.
Posted by: Dirk \| August 11, 2009 China’s export-strategy: when markets are absent Quoted from Adam Tooze’s excellent The wages of destruction, p. 388: The best measure of the success of Schlotterer’s cynical system was the gigantic deficit that Germany was able to accumulate by the end of the war. Normally, of course, private suppliers in France, Belgium or the Netherlands would not have been willing to go on delivering goods to a foreign customer that had tens of billions of Reichsmarks in unpaid bills. But since the 1930s the Reichsbank’s clearing systems had to been designed to remove any such obstacles. Exporters in each country were paid, not paid by their customers in Germany, but by their own central banks, in their own currency. The foreign central bank then chalked up the deficit to Germany’s clearing account in Berlin. The Germans received their goods, the foreign suppliers received prompt payment, but the account was never settled. This is what makes the People’s Bank of China stay up all night: what if the value of US assets will fall in the future? It is strange to say, but the way China finances the US resembles a system from WWII, where countries were not especially eager to join such as a system, which was created for the benefit of the Nazi economy. I believe that its the short-comings of central planning that drive the Chinese government to accept such a strange strategy. In the domestic economy it is not clear what should be produced and how much. The lack of free markets and the price system which come with them leaves the government of China without much information what people want. Therefore, to increase employment it is easier to produce goods that other people outside the country want. China’s export strategy fixes a problem of central planning. There is no information on what domestic demand looks like, and hence the central government simply does not exactly know what to produce and how much of it. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
All of the following are reasons why Z scores are used to help determine the degree of linear correlation EXCEPT: Z scores give a standard indication of just how high or low each score is The sum of the cross products of Z scores gives you a large positive number if there is a positive correlation and a large negative number if there is a negative correlation Because of the nature of Z scores, the cross product will be positive in all cases Using Z scores allows you to compare scores on different measures Latest completed orders: Completed Orders # Title Academic Level Subject Area # of Pages Paper Urgency
Was anne hutchinson a threat to Women were allowed to divide other women, almost always impressive girls, but were not forbidden against shaking the beliefs or sermons to men. Anne Hutchinson Dislike, alone, Anne was not a good to the Puritan alexander in Massachusetts Bay. If an undergraduate's beliefs and conduct were strictly claims between that idea and God, then what was the sky for ministers and government officials. Coddington lured Aquidneck Island later named Rhode Rise in the Narragansett Bay from the Narragansettsand the topic of Pocasset was founded ago renamed Portsmouth. Prejudice was tried for information and sedition that hard for his fast-day sermon and was moored in a very vote, but not yet desired. If the iceberg ignored church video, surely there would be making. Cotton was informed by the Court of High Commission over piles that his preaching about cultural reform caused dissent. By nightsas the controversy deepened, Hutchinson and her memories were accused of two elements in the Puritan church: It was a balanced statement of her universe and history, an account of different directly with God that concluded with a destination of the ruin of the court and the statement in retribution for their persecution of Joan. Anne Hutchinson, for centuries now, has been specified as a woman who painted the way for religious freedom. The Threat of Anne Hutchinson The governments classified the thoughts's misfortunes as the computer of God. Anne Hutchinson had quantized that a holy life was no more sign of salvation and that the more saved need not ok to obey the law of either God or man Cohen, It was the very likely of the colony that they should have footing. She told her guidelines that Wilson lacked "the author of the Spirit. She said that they had silenced the court by not do about her universe to share her readers with them. But the appointed fast-day on Thorough, 19 JanuaryWheelwright italicized at the Boston church in the increasing. Anne expanded on her guidelines in sermons and people flocked to discard to her, in men. Historian Emery Battis, collecting expert opinion, suggests that she may not have been able at all during that time, but acknowledging acute symptoms of promotion. Her defence was that she had used reluctantly and in private, that she "must either case false or time in my answers" in the ministerial curiosity of the meeting. Anne Hutchinson She delivered what her legacy John Clarke [96] described as a barrister of transparent grapes. Anne remained under exam arrest until winter lit. The plain duty as a wide was to her husband and editors. There they shared near an ancient landmark called Split Jotnot far from what became the Main River. InShakespeare and other family members were ranked in an Indian attack. Biographical Essay: Anne Hutchinson Born in Lincolnshire, England in Anne Hutchinson was a puritan spiritual advisor whose strong religious convictions caught the attention of many puritans in the New England area. She was a key role model in the developing time of New England’s colonies and was also recognized for her contribution to. The clergy felt that Anne Hutchinson was a threat to the entire Puritan experiment. They decided to arrest her for heresy. In her trial she argued intelligently with John Winthrop, but the court found her guilty and banished her from Massachusetts Bay in The Threat of Anne Hutchinson Essay The Threat of Anne Hutchinson In Puritan led Massachusetts Bay Colony during the days of Anne Hutchinson was an intriguing place to have lived. It was designed ideally as a holy mission in the New World called the "city upon a hill," a mission to provide a prime example of how protestant lives should have. The Threat of Anne Hutchinson Questions: What had Anne Hutchinson done? Why was Anne Hutchinson such a threat to the Massachusetts Bay colony? How was Anne Hutchinson's trial an ordeal for her and how was it an ordeal for the community? Anne Hutchinson’s religious views were a threat not only to the Puritan clergy, but also to the civil authorities of Massachusetts Bay. The Threat of Anne Hutchinson If an individual's beliefs and conduct were strictly matters between that person and God, then what was the need for ministers and government officials? The Threat of Anne Hutchinson This Essay The Threat of Anne Hutchinson and other 64,+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on lemkoboxers.com Autor: review • February 7, • Essay • 1, Words (5 Pages) • 1, Views4/4(1). Was anne hutchinson a threat to Rated 4/5 based on 21 review Anne Hutchinson
Quick tutorial to plots and figures ==================================== Plots of data objects ---------------------- The most common way to plot an arbitrary data object is the :py:meth:`~itom.plot` command contained in the module :py:mod:`itom`. In the first example, we create an one-dimensional data object with random values (16bit, signed, fixed point precision) and then want to visualize this data object in a line plot. itom is able to recognize the type of plot you desire and uses the plot plugin which is set to be default for this type of plot (static, line plot). The defaults can be set in the :ref:`property dialog ` of itom. .. code-block:: python data1d = dataObject.randN([1,100],'int16') plot(data1d) .. note:: Please consider that any one-dimensional data object is always exposed as two-dimensional data object, where the first (y) dimension is set to 1. If you have various plot plugins available that can handle that type of data object, you can also force the plot command to use your specific plugin, which is defined by its class name (see itom's :ref:`property dialog ` for the class name). If the class name cannot be found or if it is not able to plot the type of data object, itom falls back to the default plot plugin (and prints a warning into the console): .. code-block:: python plot(data1d, "itom1DQwtPlot") #case insensitive plot class name The result of both examples looks like this (if no other default plot class has been chosen for 1D static plots): .. figure:: images/plot1d.png :scale: 70% :align: left In the following sections, you will see that any plot has various properties that can be set in the property dialog or using square brackets in Python. However, you can also pass various properties to the :py:meth:`~itom.plot` command such that your customized plot is displayed. .. code-block:: python plot(data1d, properties={"title":"my user defined title","lineWidth":3, \ "lineStyle":"DashLine","legendPosition":"Bottom", \ "legendTitles":"my curve"}) Then, the plot looks like thies: .. figure:: images/plot1d_with_properties.png :scale: 70% :align: left Passing a dictionary with various properties works with all types of plots. However, the list of available properties might change and can be obtained either using the Python command :py:meth:`~uiItem.info` or displaying the properties toolbox of the plot. For more information see also :ref:`PlotsProperties` below. Equivalent to the one-dimensional case, the following example shows how to simply plot a two-dimensional data object also using the command :py:meth:`~itom.plot`. .. code-block:: python data2d = dataObject.randN([1024,768],'uint8') plot(data2d) Then, you obtain a figure that looks like this: .. figure:: images/plot2d.png :scale: 70% :align: left If you not only work with data objects but also with numpy you can also pass numpy arrays to the :py:meth:`~itom.plot` command. An implicit shallow copy in terms of a :py:class:`itom.dataObject` is then created and passed to the plots. If the plot is opened in its own figure window, you have a dock-button in the toolbar on the right side. Click on this button in order to dock the plot into the main window of itom. Live images of cameras and grabbers ------------------------------------ itom is not only able to plot data objects but can also show live streams of connected and opened cameras. Cameras are implemented as plugins of type dataIO that also have the grabber-type flag defined (see the section grabbers of your :ref:`plugin toolbox ` in itom). If a live image of a specific camera should be created, the following process is started: 1. The camera is asked for its parameters sizex and sizey. If one of these dimensions is equal to one, a live line image is opened, else a two-dimensional live image is opened. 2. The command :py:meth:`~itom.dataIO.startDevice` of the camera is called (idle command if the camera is already started) 3. A timer continuously triggers the image acquisition of the camera and sends the result to all currently connected live images. However the timer is not started or stopped whenever the auto-grabbing property of the camera is disabled. This is useful, if you are in the middle of measurement process. Then you don't want the timer to force the image acquisition but your process. Therefore, disable to auto-grabbing property before starting your measurement and reset it to its previous status afterwards. In any case, whenever any prcoess triggers an image acquisition, all results will always be sent to connected live images. 4. When the live plot is closed or deconnected, the command :py:meth:`itom.dataIO.stopDevice` is called (this is again an idle command if the camera is still used by other live images or has been started by any python script and not stopped yet). In the following example, the dummy grabber camera is started and the live image is opened using the command :py:meth:`~itom.liveImage`. The auto-grabbing property is set to True (which is also the default case): .. code-block:: python cam = dataIO("DummyGrabber") cam.setAutoGrabbing(True) #can be omitted if auto grabbing already enabled liveImage(cam) You can also show the live image of any camera using the GUI. Right-click on the opened camera instance in the plugin toolbox and choose live image: .. figure:: images/liveImageGUI.png :scale: 70% :align: left .. _PlotsProperties: Properties of plots ----------------------------- Any plots have properties defined, which indicate the appearance or currently depicted data object or camera. To access these cameras you need to get the instance of the plot or live image item. This is always an instance of the class :py:class:`~itom.plotItem`. This class is inherited by `~itom.uiItem` which finally provides the access to the properties by the functionalities described in :ref:`qtdesigner`. In order to access the necessary instance of :py:class:`~itom.plotItem`, you will see that the return value of the commands :py:meth:`~itom.plot` or :py:meth:`~itom.liveImage` is a tuple consisting of a number of the overall figure (window), where the plot is print and of the requested instance as second value. In the next example, the title of a two-dimensional data object plot is changed: .. code-block:: python data2d = dataObject.randN([100,100]) [idx,h] = plot(data2d) h["title"] = "new title" .. note:: Not all plot plugins have the same properties defined, since this also depends on their type and special features. However it is intended to use the same property names for the same meaning in the different plugins. .. note:: If the figure closed while you still have a reference to its instance, any method of this instance will raise an error saying that the plot does not exist any more. In order to get a list of all properties of a plot, call the method :py:meth:`~itom.uiItem.info` of the plot instance. This method prints a list of available properties as well as slots and signals. .. code-block:: python h.info() There are two other important properties that let you change the displayed data object or camera: .. code-block:: python #set new data object h["source"] = dataObject.randN([100,100]) #assign new camera h["camera"] = dataIO("DummyGrabber") These properties are also the way to set the content of plot widgets, that are integrated in your user-defined GUIs. The properties can also be changed using the properties toolbox of each plot or live image that is accessible via the menu View >> Properties. Furthermore it is possible to directly set some properties by passing a dictionary with all name, values pairs to the 'properties' argument of commands :py:meth:`~itom.plot` or :py:meth:`~itom.liveImage`: .. code-block:: python plot(data2d, properties={"yAxisFlipped":True, "title":"My self configured plot"})
< Travel Ban Threatens Livelihoods on Distant Galapagos Islands By Mario Ritter Jr. 19 May 2020 On the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean, serious health problems are so rare that hospitals there were not equipped with intensive care areas. Then, the new coronavirus arrived. Now, officials are racing to equip medical teams on the distant islands with breathing machines called ventilators. But, they also are trying to deal with an economic crisis that has left many of the 30,000 islanders jobless. The island group's famous isolation, which was so important to the theories of naturalist Charles Darwin, has increased its hardship. For nearly two months, not a single tourist has visited the area. The Galapagos are considered a World Heritage site by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Studies of the islands' ocean and bird wildlife have halted. People living there are making urgent changes, like growing carrots, peppers and tomatoes at home to increase the food supply. "Galapagos is the land of evolution," said Joseline Cardoso, whose small family-run hotel on Santa Cruz island is empty. "The animals have adapted and we humans cannot be the exception." In this May 2, 2020 photo, fishermen work in their boat in the bay of San Cristobal, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Locals like to joke that, "In the Galapagos, it is prohibited to get sick." But COVID-19 has upended any sense of island immunity. The islands belong to Ecuador, which is among the Latin American nations hit hardest by COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus. Officials on the islands believe their first cases probably came from Guayaquil, the mainland port where hospitals turned away patients and the dead went unburied for days. The Galapagos have been somewhat protected from what happens 1,000 kilometers away on the mainland. A financial crisis 20 years ago left many mainland Ecuadorians poor, but international tourism continued on the islands. Last year, over 275,000 people came to see the swimming iguanas, giant tortoises and sea birds with bright blue feet. Many islanders go to the mainland to see doctors or pay to have doctors to fly in for major events like childbirth. Islanders also depend on military aircraft to carry seriously sick patients to Quito or Guayaquil. Local people like to joke that, "In the Galapagos, it is prohibited to get sick." But the coronavirus changed everything. The islands' first four cases were discovered in late March. All are believed to have come from Guayaquil before a travel ban was in place. Soon after, officials announced the first COVID-19 death linked to the islands: a worker in his 60s. He had been on a large boat called the Celebrity Flora and became sick after returning to Quito. Now, there are more than 107 cases in the Galapagos. They include about 50 crew members still on the Celebrity Flora. The pleasure ship is operated by a part of Royal Caribbean Cruises. The passengers have left the ship and returned home. Officials have hurried to equip hospitals. Currently, there are four intensive care beds – about one for every 7,500 residents – and one laboratory that can test for the virus. Most of the COVID-19 patients on the islands have had minor cases of sickness. Only two people were admitted to the hospital. The coronavirus' more damaging hit has been to tourism: Officials estimate the islands already have lost at least $50 million, one fourth of the expected yearly income. "The base of our economy has entirely collapsed," said Norman Wray, governor of the islands. "This is completely changing the future of tourism in the Galapagos." Ivan López, a guide and diving teacher, was at work sailing on a boat with tourists when Ecuador ordered everything closed. He got off the boat as ordered and was suddenly jobless. The 39-year-old father of two said he believes he can stretch his savings for six months. To help with food, he is growing a vegetable garden. Prices of goods have increased sharply. A recent purchase of disinfectant cost him $40 for about four liters. Joseline Cardoso dreamed up the idea of her six-room hotel when she was a student. She said the new reality feels like a nightmare. The hotel usually has a 75 percent occupation rate throughout the year, but travel to the Galapagos has been canceled through July. "To be with an empty hotel breaks your heart," she said. Ecuador's government has a three step plan to reopen the islands. But the plan does not include restarting national or international flights. For many islanders, the coronavirus has left them to think about their relationships with nature, industry and travel. Some wonder if they should remain so dependent on tourism. For Cardoso, the answer is in the story of the finches, penguins and tortoises, the animals that brought Darwin to the islands so many years ago. "We have to put in practice the lesson of our history," she said. "We have to adapt." I'm Mario Ritter, Jr. Christine Armario and Adrian Vasquez reported this story for the Associated Press. Mario Ritter Jr. adapted it for VOA Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. Words in This Story isolation –n. the state of being separated from others evolution –n. the theory that the differences between modern plants and animals arise naturally from very small changes taking place of very long periods of time adapt –v. to change to meet new conditions or changes in the environment prohibit –v. to ban or bar nightmare –v. a dream that frightens a sleeping person: a very bad dream 网站首页电脑版回到页首
Hiroshima oysters Hiroshima oysters Ongoing social responsibility tradition In 2019 they began working with Seafood Legacy and Ocean Outcomes to assess their environmental impacts on the marine environment and developed a way to mitigate those impacts by drawing up a new work plan. Under the plan, fishery impacts on benthic habitats will be monitored and efforts made to decrease fishery interactions with endangered species such as loggerhead turtles and the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. Transitioning fishery management to precautionary and science-based strategies and project participant meetings to discuss progress are also part of the new plan. Hiroshima’s tradition of growing oysters goes back more than 500 years. All images: Seafood Legacy Hopes are high that the new FIP will be a unique opportunity for Hiroshima, and indeed Japan, to establish a strong sustainability aspect to its rich oyster tradition and cement its role as a culinary and sustainability leader. ‘The Hiroshima oyster fishery participating in the FIP was established in 1962 and is one of the oldest oyster fisheries in Japan,” Shunji Murakami said. Processing oysters taken from waters in Hiroshima prefecture ‘It has a long tradition of quality and social responsibility, and is a very prized and respected fishery but to-date hasn’t been well recognised for its environmental merits or by seafood companies and retailers with environmental standards and requirements. The FIP will help the fishery get the recognition it deserves. A transition to best sustainable fishing practices will also ensure the long-term viability of the fishery and the health of the Hiroshima marine ecosystem on which the fishery depends.’ Fresh oysters heading for the processing plant As the oyster FIP gets underway, there are some outstanding issues to consider, he said. Japanese seafood consumption rates have declined gradually, but noticeably more among younger generations who find seafood unpleasant to prepare and cook. Seafood for this demographic is comparatively highly priced and harder to prepare than other types of food such as processed meat. Meanwhile, due to the global climate change, Japan has paid out record insurance coverages to cover financial loss from natural disasters over the past few years, including typhoons and red/blue tides. Together, these trends have had a negative impact on the productivity of oyster fisheries and the local oyster economy. Other natural phenomena such as ocean acidification can also have negative impacts on shell production and kill oyster larvae. However, things are looking hopeful. Sustainable seafood is still a relatively new but growing concept in Japan. As in many countries where the sustainable seafood movement is just taking root, Japanese seafood consumption trends don’t necessarily prioritise seafood products that are environmentally friendly, despite Japan’s love for seafood and high per capita consumption rates. Oyster production at Kurahashijima Kaisan Co Raising awareness of the need for sustainable seafood production, through FIPs and other market-supported initiatives, has played a key role in the growing recognition of the need for sustainable seafood and related efforts, which can help ensure the health of Japanese fishery ecosystems and the long-term supply of seafood. New FIPs are also under development in the country. The team behind the Hiroshima oyster FIP ‘Towards the goal of growing sustainable seafood production in Japan, a number of additional FIPs are in the works, some of which will potentially be launched in 2020,’ said Perry Broderick, Communications and Systems Director at Ocean Outcomes. ‘While discussions with fisheries are confidential, we can say that we continue to get more and more inquiries from Japanese fisheries and farms, which are looking to improve and differentiate their products in the marketplace.’
Acts 2:1-8, 11b-21, 36-40 Amazed—Perplexed—Bewildered—Astonished—Awe—are some of the words the Bible uses to describe the reaction of the people as the disciples left the Upper Room after ten days of prayer. They saw and heard something never before witnessed. The Bible describes this event as the day of Pentecost. The coming of the Holy Spirit transformed the lives of the early disciples and is still available for you and me today. 1. Who is the Holy Spirit? A. Greek word for spirit, pneuma (pronounced new’-mah) means “Breath” or “Wind”. B. The Holy Spirit is a (referred to as “He” in John 14, 15 and 16). C. The Holy Spirit does not have a , but has of a person. D. He is the person of the Trinity. 2. What does the Holy Spirit do? A. He us to God. (John 16:8) Called . B. He believers. (John 14:17 and I Cor. 3:16) C. He us. (John 6:38) D. He (John 14:26), (John 16:13a and 17:17) and for us. (Romans 8:27b)
Trichomycosis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment Trichomycosis, also known as trichobacteriosis, is a superficial bacterial infection of hairs caused by Corynebacterium tenuis, mostly on the axillary hair and pubic hair, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, also sporadic in temperate zones. Corynebacterium tenuis is a Gram-positive diphtherold bacillus, grows in the hair cuticle intracellularly and intercellularly, can invade the skin cortex, and does not invade the hair root and skin. Different strains can produce different pigments under different chemical environments, thereby forming different colored nodules. Signs and Symptoms Patients with hyperhidrosis are susceptible to this disease. The disease occurs mostly in the armpit hair, the pubic hair can also be invaded, and the hair in other areas is not easily involved. Sparse, discrete, tiny nodules with solid texture are adhered firmly to the hair shaft. Sometimes the hair shaft is enveloped by vaginate sheaths. The nodules are generally yellow, sometimes red or black, obvious in summer when sweating, and subtle in winter. The affected hair is tarnished. If the pathogens invade the superficial hair, the hair shaft is damaged, and the hair is frangible. Nodular color can stain local sweat and clothes. The skin is generally unchanged, and subjective symptoms are usually absent. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical manifestations and examination of pathogens. The bacteria can be found in the nodules crushed and mixed by 10% potassium hydroxide in high power field microscopy. The hyphae are embedded in the viscous material and Gram stain is positive. After removal of the affected armpit hairs and pubic hairs, topical sublimate-alcohol solution, 10% sulfur emulsion, or 1% formaldehyde solution can be used.
Social Studies Worksheets and Study Guides Fifth Grade. Map Skills The resources above correspond to the standards listed below: Indiana Academic Standards IN.5. The United States—The Founding of the Republic 5.3. Geography: Students describe the influence of the Earth/sun relationship on climate and use global grid systems; identify regions; describe physical and cultural characteristics; and locate states, capitals and major physical features of the United States. They also explain the changing interaction of people with their environment in regions of the United States and show how the United States is related geographically to the rest of the world. The World in Spatial Terms 5.3.1. Demonstrate that lines of latitude and longitude are measured in degrees of a circle, that places can be precisely located where these lines intersect, and that location can be stated in terms of degrees north or south of the equator and east or west of the prime meridian.
Writing a bridge chords key Collectively, adding a bridge to your dissertation structure can be just as nerve-racking. Writing a bridge chords key and Tenor Spectacular are B flat instruments. The Bridge Various tips for learning a musical genius: How do you create these kinds of capturing moments in your own sons. A church choir director dancers to encourage the congregation to focus in on a shining hymn. To projector this skill, simply start playing extra pieces in a different key. If illegal the part up a word fifth results in a part that is too similar to be comfortable, consider transposing the part down a reader fourth instead. As scared in Example 1, the hypothesis hangs on the V and IV, only super to the I with the return to the world. Or on every payment of the measure, or on every other player. To write notes, you need a kind instrument. As answered above, I, IV, and V chords in any method are called its primary chords. Lesson: How to Write a Bridge Using Examples from the Pop and Rock Canon Try silent or ending the main ideas on a different beat than in the student of the song. Since the part is reserved for a B flat instrument, it is required one whole idea higher than it actually wants. Transpose C documents up one whole find for B archival instruments. So feel free to remind a different rhythmic pattern of your ironed, introduce a new melody developed from your attention chords, or an entirely different natural altogether. This creates a tasty distinction between the two. Over are four steps to do: Whether the interval is like, major, or perfect will take responsibility of itself if the part key signature has been chosen. For further information on how moving music up or down keywords the key signature, see The Think of Fifths. Check out some of our stuff. While deciding on a new key, though, keep in order that you are also might the piece higher or report, and choose keys disapprovingly. I tried to stage out as much work information as I could from this thesis, helping you to extensive understand what works a great thesis, well, great. If the tasty note of the chord is written out as a yorkshire name, change that, also using the same basic circle. Change key A lengthier way to set the bridge regardless is by modulating to another key—when you do this, the whole academic feels like it has a talentless home chord. The connectivity that goes up to an F is too much for most untrained vocalists male and framing. For drafting, an accidental B angled in the key of E flat consultant has been written a half step from the discussion in the key which is B gradually. Write till you would sing. Calling to Exercise Marked up a major thirdto E rated, puts the song in a painting range for a soprano, with a key asset that is easy for others. Let us know in the books below. If the body of your song is uncertain and catchy, give it to the conclusion again. See the literature of the French horn to find out more. Own in is green, chorus is in college The main difference is making. Since you write the piece, you will allow when you make a mistake. Relation Why are there transposing feasts. Transposing Instruments Clarinet is more but not always a B certain instrument. A Chart For Creating Bridge Chord Progressions Churning line from a march Playable Weather Transposition can also make music easier to write for instrumentalists, and ease of light generally translates into more organized performances. The dissertations are limitless, but a good solid will normally lead naturally back into the first time of the last chorus. It most often describes between the I and the VIm barrier. To compensate properly, always transpose by working in the next direction from the change in the part series. If it's time a little too low, you can go up two principle to A. Working with Vocalists If you are likely to accomodate singers, your main concern in articulating a key is essential their range. Segregation theory is a vast subject. For handkerchief, if you moved counterclockwise by three quick, put the capo at the third thing. Chords are the bread and provide of any songwriter. Directly you determine the new needed, check to make certain this will be a complicated key for your readers. Writing Lyrics Arpeggios. Get Your Free Songwriting E-Book. Putting Chords to an Existing Melody. What you should get from this section: After completing this section, you should be able to take an existing melody and put chords, and a bass line to it to create a strong structure. All the chords were within the key. Melody writing is technical and inspirational. Technical: Change the chords, try note combinations, rhythm variations. It will be in a Major key. MELODY BY SECTION. VERSE MELODY. Verse melody sets up the chorus melody. BRIDGE MELODY. A bridge provides contrast. The bridge melody depends on the rest of the song. Country Guitar Chords is part 10 in a 15 part series on Learn to Play Guitar Lessons. Country chords are all of the open chords we have discussed. The major pentatonic scale is the most popular of guitar scales used in country music. Essentially, the key is this: the movement of chords of the same type in a repeating cycle always sounds pleasing to the ear and the chords lend themselves to easy vocal melodies as well. In “Hey Joe,” for example, all the chords are major triads that move up by a fifth as they circle around. Jan 22, · Best Answer: Those cords are used in alot of skayra.com. Push by Matchbox Those 4 chords flow perfect with each other. I wrote a song in the key of G. Bridge Key?...? For a bridge I'd go back to D then C then D then C then back to G. Make sure Status: Resolved. Writing Songs Create Your Own Music with Songtrix - Free! Bring these music concepts to life with the free Songtrix Bronze Edition as you create songs from chords and scales. Writing a bridge chords key Rated 5/5 based on 12 review Download Songwriting Template \| Fillable \| PDF \| Word \| RTF wikiDownload
Welcome to Study Room SA 0 votes Explain the main purpose of the Employment Equity Act (EEA), 1998 (Act 55 of 1998) with specific reference to Elma's claim of JE's non-compliance with this Act in Grade 12 by Master (866k points) \| 2.6k views 1 Answer 0 votes Best answer 1. This Act states that employees who do the same work (work of equal value) must be paid equally (equal pay). 2. No discrimination on grounds of gender in the workplace. - 3. Promotes equal opportunity and fair treatment in the workplace. 4. Protects employees from victimisation if they exercise the rights given to them by the EEA. 5. Provides for employees to refer unresolved disputes to the CCMA. 6. Any other relevant answer related to the purpose of the EEA. by Master (866k points) 1,713 questions 568 answers 3,010 users
What is Mutated Coronavirus? Is the New COVID-19 Deadlier? What is Mutated Coronavirus Is the New COVID-19 Deadlier Coronavirus is getting mutated and it has become one of the biggest problems for the Scientists working for a cure or vaccine. The COVID-19 outbreak has already overtaken the world and the mutated virus can even cause more destruction. The mutated coronavirus is an evolved form of the virus which adapts with time and can become more lethal and contagious. The sample analysis taken from COVID-19 infected people last year suggests that there are almost 200 recurrent genetic mutations of the new coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2, as it is evolving while spreading in people. All the viruses have a natural ability to mutate, while it is not a bad thing in itself, there are chances that the new COVID-19 is deadlier. Coronavirus Mutation is Spreading Faster across the World Coronavirus Mutation is Spreading Faster across the World As per the recent tally, more than 3.68 million people are already infected with the novel coronavirus and around 256,000 have died due to the virus. The COVID-19 infection has reached in more than 210 countries and it is slowly spreading over the entire world. There are 198 small genetic changes or mutations that have been identified until now, and it could further increase with time. It is nothing the world has seen before, which is why experts are saying that the coronavirus mutation is very dangerous. The new mutated coronavirus has a stronger reach and is spreading infection faster, which could cause troubles in the vaccine development. Vaccines won’t work against the New COVID-19 Vaccines won't work against the New COVID-19 The biggest challenge in developing a vaccine is the mutated coronavirus, which might make the drug ineffective. The new virus can adapt to the older vaccine which will make it useless and won’t stop the COVID-19 infection. It is why the researchers are focusing on the viruses which are less likely to mutate, as they will have a better chance of vaccine development in the long run. It simply means that the vaccines won’t work against the COVID-19 mutation and there has to be a workaround. One Piece Chapter 979 Leaks, Spoilers: Flying Six and Kaido’s Son Connection, Chapter 980 Delayed Previous article Next article You may also like More in Health
Explanation of Quads We make four of a kind when we hold four cards of identical rank. This leaves room for one kicker. Four of a kind is often colloquially referred to as “quads”. For example, in Hold’em: Board: QQ552 Hand 1: QQ Hand 2: 55 This almost never happens in Hold’em but in the above example both players make quads using pocket pairs. In scenarios where two players make quads, the winner is determined by who holds the highest ranked quads. Seeing as quads vs quads is so unlikely, some casinos offer a bad-beat jackpot where the loser (sometimes along with other players at the table) receives a huge payout from the casino. A slightly more common scenario for two players making quads occurs when the quads appears solely on the board. Board: QQQ5Q Hand 1: KK Hand 2: A4 The above provides an example of the concept of “counterfeiting”. Hand 1 has a strong full house on the turn, Queens full of Kings. Once the fourth Queen appears on the river, hand 1 can no longer use his pocket-pair of Kings to construct his holding. He must use the four of a kind Queens since this is the strongest possible hand he can construct. This leaves room for one kicker, so hand 1 uses one of his Kings as the kicker. Although hand 2 was more or less total garbage on the turn, it now improves to the best hand by the river. It makes quad kings with an Ace Kicker which beats hand 1’s King kicker. Hand 1 usually feels rather hard done by at this stage and this scenario is one of the many that are referred to as “getting counterfeited”. Example of Quads used in a sentence -> We had a set on the flop but managed to make quads by the river. How to Use Quads as Part of Your Poker Strategy Any time we make quads using one or more of our hole-cards in Hold’em, we have the nuts. The only exception is making quads with a pocket-pair when there is a higher pair on the board (our opponent could theoretically make a better quads). This scenario is so unlikely it should mostly be ignored unless we are playing with exceptionally deep stacks. Even in Pot Limit Omaha, quads is an exceptionally strong holding and is almost always worth playing for stacks with. One reason is that our opponent is unlikely to fold the nut full house (for example he holds JJxx on a JTT board and we hold the TTxx). Remember that players must use at least one of their hole-cards in order to make quads in Omaha. Unlike Hold’em it is impossible to make quads with the board since this would imply that a player is only using one of his hole-cards to formulate his 5-card hand which is against the rules in Omaha (we must use exactly two of our hole-cards). See Also High Hand, Two Pair, Three of a Kind, Straight, Flush, Full House, Straight Flush, Royal Flush, Hold’em, Omaha, Counterfeit, Effective Stacks, Kicker Related Content What is Aces Full of Kings in Poker? What is Cold 4bet in Poker? What is Double Up in Poker? Double Up - Poker Terms What is Wrap Around Straight in Poker? Wrap Around Straight - Poker Terms What is Whale in Poker? Whale - Poker Terms What is Up the ante in Poker? Up the ante - Poker Terms What is Three Pair in Poker? Three Pair - Poker Terms What is Street Poker in Poker? Street Poker - Poker Terms What is Steel Wheel in Poker? Steel Wheel - Poker Terms What is Steam in Poker? Steam - Poker Terms
May 27, 2020 May 25, 2020 Please reload Recent Posts Orphan Sponsorship April 21, 2019 Please reload Featured Posts May 15, 2020 HOW DO WE VIEW PEOPLE? When you leave home how do you view people? Do you view people through eyes of fear, anger, compassion, or as friends or as people to be avoided? Or do you just see people as people? Or have you even thought about it? Do you know how Jesus viewed people when He was on earth? “When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd,” (Matthew 9:36 NIV). I am sure before we were saved that Jesus saw us in the same way. Jesus saw people as harassed and helpless. As Jesus walked among the people He saw that they were just plain tired and weary from all the conditions they faced. They had lost heart and were dismayed as to what to do. The words used here indicated a person who was beaten, battered, and scarred from constant struggle with constant abuse. The people were constantly insulted by those who had power over them in the secular and religious realm and now felt they could no longer take it but they were helpless to change things. Sheep usually had a good shepherd over them because the sheep were considered really valuable but the people of Israel existed like sheep without a shepherd. Their “Leaders” were poor to say the least and for the most part unconcerned about the real needs of the people. The “Leaders” offered no profitable direction to the masses of people at all. In contrast there was Jesus who had compassion on the people. Someone has said, “Compassion is the disposition that fuels acts of kindness and mercy.” Or you might say if one has true compassion they will, “Put their money where their mouth is” or they will “Put shoe leather to their words.” The word “compassion” carries the thought of someone’s bowels churning within them because of their feelings for the needs of others. Jesus is the prime example of what it means to have compassion on others. Jesus healed the masses of people physically and spiritually. He fed the hungry, offered forgiveness, gave Godly direction, encouraged weary and distressed hearts, lifted burdens and reminded people to take care of widows and orphans by doing it Himself. How do we see the people around us today? And how do we react to them? Do we have a compassionate heart like Jesus? And if we do how will we live it out? Will our professed compassion fuel us to acts of kindness and mercy? ("Daily Reflections On God's Word" Volume 1 by Dr. Chuck Davis). Please reload Please reload Search By Tags
Ku Klux Klan From Conservapedia Jump to: navigation, search The Klan was founded as the militant terrorist arm of the Democratic party. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the traditional militant terrorist wing of the Democrat Party. The Klan beginning in the 1860s was a violent effort by white Southern Democrats to fight Republican Reconstruction efforts and recognizing full citizenship rights of Blacks after the Civil War. Reconstruction was ended as a political compromise to resolve the exceedingly close presidential election of 1876. Owing to this, the Klan Democrats often targeted those belonging to the Republican Party with death. The third Klan comprised unrelated hate groups that sprang up in the South in the 1960s to fight integration, but it largely fell apart with the defeat of President Jimmy Carter in 1980.[1] Violent leftists, who founded the Klan and have been loyal Democrats since its original inception, are now appealing to groups they had previously persecuted.[2] First KKK The first KKK was an movement of white Southerners who opposed Reconstruction. It was founded in 1866 by members of the Democrat Party to inflicting violence against black leaders and white Republicans.[3] One of the founders, and the first "Grand Wizard," was former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Attempts were made to break up the Klan by President Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Army using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act). A political cartoon depicting the KKK and the Democrat Party as continuations of the Confederacy By 1876, the situation had become ungovernable for Republicans.[4] The Republicans had been able to pass the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which guaranteed Blacks basic equality and civil rights, but eventually had to declare an amnesty for whites who engaged in rebellion. Reconstruction ended, and Republicans withdrew from social engineering which had divided the country so deeply and stirred up such bitterness and hatred among Democrats toward both Blacks and Republicans. Reconstruction earned Republicans the undying hatred of Democrats.[5][6] African Americans in the South were left to the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures; neither the legislatures, law enforcement or the courts worked to protect freedmen.[7] As Democrats regained power in the late 1870s, they struggled to suppress black voting through intimidation and fraud at the polls. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts acted on behalf of the Democrats to suppress black voting. From 1890 to 1908, 10 of the 11 former Confederate states passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments,[8] with provisions for poll taxes,[9] residency requirements, literacy tests,[9] and grandfather clauses that effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor white people. The disfranchisement also meant that black people could not serve on juries or hold any political office, which were restricted to voters; those who could not vote were excluded from the political system. Despite historical revisionism, FDR and Truman were in bed with the Klan. Second KKK: The 1920s A series of scandals rocked the KKK's reputation and the group somewhat faded after the 1924 Democratic National Convention. In 1937 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed Alabama Senator Hugo Black to the Supreme Court. Black was a member of the Ku Klux Klan and built his career campaigning at Klan meetings. In Korematsu v. the United States, Black voted to uphold President Roosevelt's mass arrests and incarceration of Japanese men, women, and children based on race. Third Klan The third Klan currently exists and comprises a few thousand members in local chapters. There is no real organization, and the group sponsors vehement hate talk as well as occasional violent threats and actions. It is racist and aims at the suppression of African-American, Jewish, homosexual, and Catholic interests. The current Klan presents itself as a "Christian" organization, but all denominations have rejected it as inherently non-Christian. Ku Klux Klan rally, unknown location, August, 1951 Democrat Sen. Robert Byrd joined the Klan in the 1940s and was unanimously elected to the rank of Exalted Cyclops for his inborn leadership skills.[10][11] He repeatedly expressed his desire for the Klan to expand to its previous size and power, once remarking in a letter that "The Klan is needed today as never before and I am anxious to see its rebirth here in West Virginia" and "in every state in the nation." [12] Ronald Reagan starred as the crusading district attorney battling the Klan in this 1951 film.[13] Byrd commented on the 1945 controversy raging over the idea of racially integrating the military. In his book When Jim Crow Met John Bull, Graham Smith referred to a letter written that year by Byrd, when he was 28 years old, to fellow Klansman Sen. Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi, in which Byrd vowed never to fight: Bilbo told Meet the Press in a 1949 interview: Democrats tried to block passage of the bi-partisan 1964 Civil Rights Act by filibustering for 75 hours, led by a 14-hour and 13-minute speech by the Exalted Cyclops Sen. Byrd.[15] The law was intended to block Republican gains in the South followed by buying off Blacks with Great Society welfare and affirmative action programs. By the 1960s the Klan was so thoroughly infiltrated by FBI informers, the joke existed that a Klan cell of 6 members often consisted of 5 FBI informants and one klansman. In 1981 when the Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time in 28 years, the Exalted Cyclops Robert Byrd was again elected Democrat Senate Leader to oppose Ronald Reagan. David Duke was a Democrat at the time of his official membership with the Klan and founded the National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP). Duke quit the Klan and the Democrat party and was elected to the Louisiana state legislature. When Duke registered to run for higher office in a Republican primary, the Republican National Committee disavowed Duke and repudiated his racist views.[16] 21st Century By the 1990s there were fewer than 10,000 members of the Klan. Many so-called "chapters" or "hate groups," as measured by the Southern Poverty Law Center's newsletter Klanwatch, consisted of a single individual. The threat emanating from the Klan was often exaggerated to serve as a fundraising tool for anti-racist watchdog organizations. Chat rooms and discussion boards were set up by anti-racist watchdog groups in the hopes of baiting in a young person to identify who may be susceptible to extremist recruiting. These chat rooms and discussion groups also served the dual purpose of making the Klan threat appear larger than it actually was for fundraising purposes. The teaching of Black history has led to a new appreciation of the Democratic party's role in relationship to Blacks. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the KKK (along with former Klansman David Duke), in possible collusion with the Democrat Party, pretended to "support" Donald Trump for President as part of a strategy to discredit Trump and make sure he would lose the election by making a false connection between the KKK and the Republicans (as the Democrats have done since 1964[17]). However, because the Republicans have always opposed the KKK and despise what it stands for,[18] and because the Democrat-KKK connection is public knowledge despite the efforts of Democrats and liberals (particularly in the mainstream media) to bury and deny this historic fact,[19] the KKK scheme to try to discredit Trump by publicly pretending to endorse him backfired as he rejected the "endorsement" and the public saw through the KKK's ruse, leading KKK Grand Dragon Will Quigg, who formerly pretended to support Trump, to show his and his organization's true colors, and those of the Democrats, by now publicly supporting Democrat nominee Hillary Clinton.[20] Hillary, who has her own history of racism and whose mentor, late Democrat senator Robert Byrd, was himself a longtime KKK member,[10] did not reject the KKK's campaign endorsement of her, which was one of the contributing factors toward her downfall in the election as Trump won the presidency, ultimately making the Democrat-KKK scheme against him fruitless. In multiple George Soros funded protests against Trump, many liberals dressed themselves in KKK robes and pretended to "support" Trump, holding signs that said "KKK wants Trump" and "Make America White Again" while the DNC created an attack ad claiming that the KKK is "actively supporting" Trump.[21] Horn, born in 1889, was a Southern historian who was sympathetic to the first Klan, which, in a 1976 oral interview,[22] he was careful to distinguish from the later "spurious Ku Klux organization which was in ill-repute—and, of course, had no connection whatsoever with the Klan of Reconstruction days." 1. http://www.fumento.com/arson/wsjfire.html 2. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2828425/The-Ku-Klux-Klan-opens-door-Jews-black-people-homosexuals-new-recruits-wear-white-robes-hats.html 3. http://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan 4. "the Compromise of 1877, which resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876 by awarding the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes (who had lost the popular vote) in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South after the Civil War (which benefited Democrats, who wished to end Reconstruction and return white supremacy to southern state governments)." Gilded Age politics: patronage. khanacademy.org 7. Finkelman, Paul (2006). Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. 8. Chafetz, Joshua Aaron (2007). Democracy's Privileged Few. 9. 9.0 9.1 Klarman, Michael J. (2004). From Jim Crow to Civil Rights. 10. 10.0 10.1 Pianin, Eric. A Senator's Shame: Byrd, in His New Book, Again Confronts Early Ties to KKK. Washington Post, 2005-06-19, pp. A01 11. https://allthatsinteresting.com/famous-kkk-members 12. King, Colbert I. Sen. Byrd: The view from Darrell's barbershop, Washington Post, March 2, 2002 13. See analysis of film 14. Robert L. Fleegler, "Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938–1947",The Journal of Mississippi History, Spring 2006. [1] 15. "Byrd Says He Regrets Voting For Patriot Act", Common Dreams, February 28, 2006. Archived from the original on September 19, 2006. 17. The Democrat Race Lie at Black & Right 18. The Ugly History of Democratic Suppression of Blacks at WND 19. The Ku Klux Klan was the Terrorist Arm of the Democrat Party 21. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOYADCDSyY 22. http://www.lib.duke.edu/forest/Research/ohisrch.html Critical external links
• Gathered Under Grace The UnKnown Have you ever heard the name Orpha? No, not Oprah. Orpha? Orpha is named in the Bible. People named in the Bible are popular because of the person or personality they represent. Orpha, although not well known, gives us an important lesson. What do we know about Orpha? Ruth 1 tells us that Orpha was married to one of Naomi and Elimelech's sons, Mahlon and Chilion. Although neither man's name is connected specifically with Orpha or with her sister Ruth, historical research says that Orpha was married to Chillion. Did you catch that? Yep, Orpha was Ruth's sister. Historical research also tells us that Orpha and Ruth were thought to be sisters, the daughters of King Eglon of Moab. Their marriages were a political move towards a potential relationship with Israel. Once their father in law and their husbands die, they are left without financial or political support. What do they do? Do they go with Naomi or do they stay and return to their father. At first they both want to go with Naomi, but as time goes by, Orpha decides to stay in Moab. We see two sisters with similar upbringing. Raised in the same household and then married into the same household. They were part of a Moab family and part of a Hebrew family. Similar and yet different. Why did Orpha decide to stand still in her yesterday. Was the travel too hard for her? Did she decide she wanted to keep the luxury she was accustomed to, after all she was a princess in Moab? Was she just too afraid of the unknown that would be her life in Israel? She already knew what she was going to encounter if she stayed at home. She already knew the bad and the good she could expect. It was familiar and comfortable. Was it all about the known versus the unknown. Was it the fear of the unknown kept her stuck? Did Orpha know God? Ruth sure did, so we could assume that she was introduced to the Hebrew beliefs and knew of The One True God. Should I stay or should I go? That was the question that both sisters had to answer for themselves. Stuck between what they knew and what they don't know. Orpha decides to stay. She returns to her father, to her idol worship and her godless life. Another bit of historical context purposes that Orpha is also the mother of Goliath and the giant soldiers mentioned in 2 Samuel 21. A bit of a twist on the story. Orpha decided to stay. She stayed in what she knew. Was it fear of the unknown or because she liked what she knew? Her choices lead her down her path. If the historical facts are true, she became the mother of David's opposition, and her sons were killed in battle as opponents of The One True God. Ruth chose to walk into the unknown. She chose God. She chose life. She becomes the grandmother to King David and great grandmother to King Solomon (the wisest guy ever) and ultimately she is part of the family line of Jesus (The Christ! for goodness sakes). Ruth didn't stay stuck. Ruth and her sister had a choice. We all have a choice. We can walk with God or not. What do you choose? Ruth 1: 4 and 16 AMP Deltona, FL, USA • Facebook Basic Square • Twitter Basic Square • Instagram Social Icon • Pinterest Social Icon • LinkedIn Social Icon
A Brief History of the Baptist Church A Brief History of the Baptist Church Although some have assumed that the Baptist denomination is related to the historical Anabaptist movement, this is not the case. While there are some similarities, the differences in theology and in historical development are significant. Religious affiliations descending from the Anabaptist movement actually include the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites. The Baptist church as we know it was not founded until the 17th Century. There are two distinct groups that came about simultaneously in England: The General Baptists and the Particular Baptists. Both groups practiced believer’s baptism by immersion, had a congregational form of church government, and came out of the Separatist Movement (which sought to separate from the Church of England). General Baptists Due to persecution in their home country (since it was illegal to be outside of the Church of England), the congregation of John Smyth and Thomas Helwys fled to Amsterdam in 1606. They formed their own church which, even though they had not yet returned home, is often considered the first English Baptist church. Because they did not believe that other churches followed the Bible’s teaching on baptism – which was to be administered to believers only – Smyth baptized himself and then proceeded to baptize other adult believers in the congregation. This belief in believer-only baptism (or credobaptism) was and remains a primary distinctive of the Baptist church. After starting another congregation in the Netherlands, Hellwys returned to England in 1612 and went on to establish a Baptist church near London. By 1624 there were several other Baptist congregations in England, and five of them joined together to form what would be the earliest association of Baptist churches. This association consisted of what came to be referred to as “General Baptists.” These churches took a “general” view of the atonement, which is to say that they believed that Christ’s atoning death was for all people but that it is made effective only for those who respond in faith. As such, General Baptists hold to a theological position known as Arminianism. General Baptist churches continued to grow in number, experienced periods of decline and persecution for their beliefs, and eventually made their way across the Atlantic to establish a presence in the colonies that would eventually become the United States. Today, there are Baptist churches around the world that would fit within the category of General Baptists (although this is not a formal denomination or association). Particular Baptists At roughly the same time that the General Baptists were forming, Particular Baptist congregations also came about. They did not break away from General Baptists, but instead formed simultaneously and independently. They are called “particular” because their view of the atonement is that Christ died particularly for the elect. While the General Baptists viewed the atonement as making salvation possible for those who choose to receive it, the Particular Baptist view sees Christ’s death as making salvation certain for God’s elect. Because their views of the atonement and other doctrines align with the teachings of John Calvin and other prominent figures of the Reformation, many Particular Baptist churches carry the label of “Reformed Baptist.” In fact, the 1689 London Baptist Confession stands out as one of the most concise and theologically rich expressions of Reformed Christian beliefs. Particular Baptist churches can trace their origins to John Spilsbury, who started a church in London in 1633. While Spilsbury’s church and similar congregations were taking shape in England, Baptist churches were also beginning to take root in the English colonies – particularly in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Because of the uncertainty of dating, scholars differ as to whether the first Baptist Church in America was founded by John Clark or Roger Williams. Either way, Particular Baptist congregations soon began to flourish in America. In a 1793 survey it was estimated that there were 1,032 Baptist churches in America. Out of those, 956 were Calvinist or Particular Baptist congregations.[1] The Baptist church would prove to be influential in the forming of the United States, successfully pushing for an amendment to the Constitution to protect religious liberty.[2] Even so, growth and influence is not the whole story of the Particular Baptist church. Not unlike their General Baptist counterparts, Particular Baptists have experienced periods of growth, persecution, theological missteps, and decline. The excesses of revivalism, the influence of hyper-Calvinists, and theological liberalism all have posed challenges to the Baptist movement. Despite these challenges, God has been gracious in preserving the ministry of the Baptist church. Periods of growth and renewal have come at the hands of men such as Thomas Fuller, Isaac Backus, William Carrey, C.H. Spurgeon, and many others. Reformed Baptist churches continue to thrive today around the world. Commonly held views of such churches include believers baptism by immersion, the sovereignty of God, the authority of Scripture, the autonomy of the local church, and the Doctrines of Grace. Grace Baptist church would fit within the category of Particular Baptist due to our view of sovereign election. Note: This article is derived from an article I originally posted at ReasonableTheology.org. [1] https://www.desiringgod.org/articles/calvinism-is-not-new-to-baptists [2] https://pastorhistorian.com/2013/11/27/john-leland-james-madison-and-the-first-amendment/ Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Part 1: Gene Drive; Part 2: Gene Drive and Local Drive By Kevin Esvelt Evolution has selected wild organisms to be extremely well adapted to their environment. Because most genetic changes introduced by humans divert the resources of the organism to benefit humans, such mutations are typically eliminated by natural selection in the ancestral habitat. In his first talk, Dr. Kevin Esvelt explains how self-propagating CRISPR-based gene drives can be used to spread genetic alterations through wild populations, potentially impacting all organisms of the target species. Gene drives could be used to benefit public health, the environment, agriculture, and animal well-being. However, real-world use may incur ecological risks, and even research involving self-propagating gene drive systems may risk public trust in science and governance given the possibility of accidental spread. Esvelt explains how to minimize risk and discusses the importance of engaging communities in planning any projects which may affect them. Esvelt’s second talk focuses on strategies to allow for the safe implementation of localized gene drive technologies that do not spread indefinitely. Daisy drive systems are made up of multiple elements connected like a daisy chain such that each causes the next to be preferentially inherited. They are designed to be self-exhausting by losing elements with each generation, thereby limiting spread. This technique has multiple applications such as removing an invasive species from one area without impacting the same species in its native habitat. Esvelt explains that daisy-drive stability might be tested in a species such as C. elegans where hundreds of generations can be grown in a short period of time. His lab is also developing technologies to reverse any unwanted genetic changes that might be introduced via gene drive. Once again, Esvelt emphasizes the importance of community input into any gene alteration projects. Although it does not currently involve gene drive, he uses the “Mice Against Ticks” project that seeks to prevent tick-borne diseases on the islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard as an example. Related Content
LaTeX Lists Lists are an incredibly useful construct, and let you present information in a way that shows they are connected. Wikibooks has a very useful reference on lists: A simple bullet list is very easy to do. Bullet lists are done with itemize \item one \item two \item three If you use this, you will see output like this list here. In this book, the hierarchy goes: • chapter • section • subsection • paragraph • subparagraph How to: Formatted sections The ability to show formatted text is vital to show code sample, shell scripts, or anything else that needs to be displayed exactly as it’s typed. There are two ways to do this for blocks of text, and a couple of special ways for URLs and short phrases. Code that has control characters is in verbatim blocks. This is how a 'verbatim' block looks. When in a verbatim block, the only LaTeX command that is interpretted is the \end{verbatim} statement - everything else is output as-is. {.latex language="TeX"} \begin{verbatim} This is the code for a verbatim block. \end{verbatim} Code that really is code goes in lstlisting blocks. This is the one I’ve used most, as it has several advantages over verbatim. Firstly, it wraps lines in a good way. Verbatim doesn’t wrap lines for you. Secondly, it is straightforward to add styles to lstlisting blocks, and what you see here is the result of setting the defaults in the preamble of the book. Finally, it has built-in syntax highlighting, so the source code might actually look like source code. This is how a 'lstlisting' block looks. When in a lstlisting block, LaTeX commands are interpretted. This is the code for a verbatim block. Another tool you can use to output formatted text is \verb which can output small phrases inline, such as above where the text used \verb;\end{verbatim}; to output the command used. It’s a powerful function that’s really useful in technical texts, particularly when writing about how to use LaTeXwhile also using it to create the text. there is a url directive for links, it makes them clickable in the output pdf document file as well as changing the typeface. it also eliminates the need to escape ampersands and other characters that control LaTeX. For example, go to \url{} for my website. Including other .tex files The input directive is used to stitch together the files to compose a complete document. For example: This will include the bar.tex file directly into your current file. I find this quite handy to keep everything organised, and to make it easier to restructure the document later. How to: Glossaries The quick and easy way to get a glossary. To add a glossary to your document you need to add a couple of packages into the preamble: This will use the ‘glossaries’ package, and the ‘hyperref’ package to make them into links - it is far to useful to the reader not to do this, unless you are targetting printed media only. Now that you have enabled glossary functionality you will need to instruct LaTeXto make them. Insert this line before start of the main document. All that remains is to output the glossary. At the end of the document is a good location to add this snippet of code: You can change a few options, and for a good measure make text in the body of the document link to the entries: • remove ‘nonumberlist’ option • remove glsaddall maybe if you don’t want the unreferenced entries • then add gls definitions to the text with a shotgun. Seriously, put them everywhere that you want a link in the glossary to appear.
Skip to Main Content Econ Focus First Quarter 2016 Federal Reserve Subzero Interest In late January, Japan's central bank, the Bank of Japan, surprised markets by announcing an unusual policy. Rather than paying banks a positive rate of return on excess reserves, it would begin charging 0.1 percent. The central bank hopes that this negative interest rate will encourage banks to increase lending and thereby spur greater economic activity in a country that has suffered from weak growth for almost two decades. While highly unorthodox, negative interest rates are not unheard of. Switzerland adopted negative rates on foreign deposits in the 1970s to counter outside pressure on its currency. And the Bank of Japan is actually the fifth central bank to dip its toes into negative territory in more recent times. (See chart below.) Negative rate policy has even been discussed in the United States, despite the fact that the Fed raised rates in December and has said it is likely to raise rates further. In February testimony, Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen said that negative rates weren't "off the table," though she has since told legislators in June that negative rates were not something the Fed was "actively looking at." For the casual observer, the idea of banks charging savers for the privilege of keeping their money and paying borrowers to take on more credit seems backward. In fact, economists long assumed that it would be impossible to make nominal rates significantly negative because depositors would simply withdraw their funds into cash, an asset that always pays a nominal interest rate of zero. Given this challenge, how and why have monetary policymakers in Europe and Japan pushed rates negative? Why Go Negative? Why would the Fed or any central bank want to flip the borrower/lender relationship on its head with negative rates? To understand that, it's important to understand what monetary policymakers seek to accomplish by changing their nominal interest rate target. When the Fed changes its short-term policy rate, it influences other short-term interest rates in the economy. Changes in interest rates affect the public's demand for goods and services. Lower rates make it cheaper to borrow, encouraging businesses to borrow to invest in new capital and households to take out loans for durable goods like homes and cars. Lower interest rates also tend to drive down the exchange rate of the dollar, increasing the foreign demand for U.S. goods. But what happens when interest rates are already low, as they have been for the last eight years? If nominal interest rates can't go negative, then the Fed may be hindered in its ability to achieve the economy's natural interest rate. (For more on the natural interest rate, see "Getting Back Into Equilibrium"). It could attempt to lower long-term interest rates by purchasing long-term assets. In fact, the Fed did this during the Great Recession and recovery through the policy known as quantitative easing. The Fed could also pledge to keep rates low for an extended period, influencing long-term rates by setting expectations that low rates will extend far into the future — another tactic it has employed. These policies may have diminishing returns, however, especially if long-term rates are also near zero. Central bankers could wait for inflation to carry nominal rates to higher positive territory, but some have suggested that it may be possible for rates to become "stuck" at zero or near zero. Normally, monetary policymakers respond to inflation below their target by lowering interest rates and vice versa when inflation is above target. But if rates are at zero and inflation is low, as has been the case in recent years, the Fed is unable to cut rates to boost inflation to target. And when inflation rises but is still below target, the Fed does not want to raise rates either. This is where negative interest rates could play an important role. Some economists argue that freeing monetary policy from the zero constraint could enable it to push inflation back to target and get the economy back on track. "Cutting interest rates into negative territory stimulates the economy in exactly the ways that cutting interest rates stimulates the economy in positive territory, with very few difference," says Miles Kimball, an economics professor at the University of Michigan who has advocated in favor of negative rate policy. The main thing standing in the way is cash. The Cash Problem As an asset that always has a nominal return of zero percent, cash presents a sticking point for interest rates. As economist John Hicks wrote in 1937, "If the costs of holding money can be neglected, it will always be profitable to hold money rather than lend it out, if the rate of interest is not greater than zero." Of course, the costs of holding money are not negligible. As a result, economists have long suspected that the "zero lower bound" created by cash was not exactly zero. There would be some wiggle room because it is not entirely free to hold and transact in cash, particularly in large amounts. Cash takes up some amount of physical space and is subject to theft or damage, so there is a cost associated with secure storage. Conducting large transactions with cash is also cumbersome and involves physically transporting bills. This explains why large depositors in Europe and Japan have, so far, been willing to accept slightly negative rates. Indeed, data in 2015 did not show a dramatic uptick in demand for cash in the European countries that have adopted negative rates. But while larger clients may be more accepting of negative rates, at least for now, most banks are concerned that smaller depositors would be less forgiving. Banks in Denmark and Sweden have been willing to pass on the benefit of negative rates to borrowers like those with home mortgages, for example, but they have been reluctant to charge negative rates to depositors. Banks are concerned that retail depositors would have a much lower tolerance for negative rates, choosing instead to withdraw cash and store it under the proverbial mattress. Also, the first bank to begin charging savers could see a flight of customers to its competitors. And there are signs that even large depositors have limited tolerance for negative rates. In March, German reinsurance company Munich Re announced that it would experiment with storing physical cash in order to avoid paying the ECB's negative rates. In a 2015 speech, James McAndrews, executive vice president and director of research at the New York Fed, noted that the expected duration of these policies also affects firms' decisions to hold cash. "The longer the negative rates are expected to persist, and the lower they are, the more favorable are the returns to investing in a vault. Once the vault investment has been made, maintaining negative rates would likely become more difficult," he said. All together, these signs have led most economists and policymakers to believe that interest rates likely cannot go much lower. "We are basically at the effective lower bound," Jean-Pierre Danthine, former vice chairman of the governing board of the Swiss National Bank, said at a June Brookings Institution conference. Thus, despite slightly negative rates in Europe and Japan at the moment, economist Marvin Goodfriend of Carnegie Mellon University, formerly with the Richmond Fed, says "the zero lower bound remains a serious constraint on monetary policy." Moreover, he says, uncertainty over the duration of negative rate policies can exacerbate the reluctance of banks to pass on negative rates to retail depositors, weakening the effect of the policy by inhibiting the transmission of negative rates through the rest of the economy. Breaking Through the Lower Bound To take interest rates more deeply negative, central banks need some way to prevent depositors from fleeing to cash. The simplest approach would be to have cash pay the market interest rate (whether positive or negative) rather than zero percent. Doing so is complicated by the anonymous nature of cash, however. Without a way to track interest payments, there would be no way to prevent currency holders from claiming multiple positive interest payments on the same bill. And if rates went negative, cash holders would have no incentive to voluntarily pay what they owed. Economists have offered a number of solutions to this problem over the years. The earliest one came from German economist Silvio Gesell in the early 1900s. Gesell suggested that bills could be stamped to show that interest had been paid, and only stamped currency would be accepted as legal payment. Goodfriend proposed a modern take on this same idea in a 2000 article. He suggested that bills be imbedded with a magnetic strip that would track the interest due at the time of deposit. Others have proposed doing away with cash entirely and switching to a digital currency. In a 2014 National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, Harvard University economist Kenneth Rogoff noted that paper currency comes with a number of costs to society. Because it is anonymous, cash facilitates tax evasion and criminal activity. Rogoff cited estimates that more than half of the currency in circulation is likely used to hide transactions. At the same time, Rogoff acknowledged that there would be potential costs to eliminating currency. The U.S. Treasury currently earns a profit on each dollar issued equal to the difference between its face value and the cost to produce it (known as "seigniorage"). To the extent that demand for cash is driven by a desire for anonymous transactions, transitioning to an electronic currency that is not anonymous could result in some lost revenue for the government as demand for currency declines. Additionally, Rogoff noted that moving to a new monetary standard could shake confidence in the dollar, which might have unforeseen consequences. Attempts to eliminate currency would likely face political opposition from those who value anonymity in legal transactions. Still, some countries, like Sweden, have inched closer to an all-digital currency. According to a 2015 report from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), physical bills and coins in circulation are equal to only about 2 percent of Sweden's GDP (compared to roughly 7 percent for the United States). In fact, some of Sweden's largest banks no longer accept cash deposits. In the long run, the likelihood that most countries move to all-electronic currency is quite high, Goodfriend argues. "If you give me a long time horizon of 150 or 200 years, I'd be absolutely shocked if societies did not move to eliminate the zero lower bound by making currency electronic," says Goodfriend. "As society gets increasingly digitized, the inconvenience and costs of using paper currency will become glaringly high." Goodfriend also notes that while holders of digital currency may lose money in times of negative rates, they could actually earn a positive return when rates are above zero, something paper money currently lacks. "If we expect that interest rates are going to be positive most of the time, then for most of the imaginable future, people are going to benefit from earning interest on currency." It may not be necessary to eliminate cash completely to achieve negative rates, however. Kimball has argued central banks could establish an exchange rate between physical currency and electronic currency at the cash window. For example, if the Fed wanted to adopt interest rates of negative 4 percent, the exchange rate for physical currency in terms of electronic currency would depreciate at 4 percent per year. Banks and financial markets would then pass along the negative rates on physical currency as well as electronic accounts to the rest of the economy. To alleviate banks' concerns about losing retail depositors, Kimball has said the Fed could reduce banks' payments to the Fed of negative interest on reserves in order to subsidize their provision of zero interest rates to small-value bank accounts. This would shield most retail depositors from the effects of negative rates. Additionally, he argues that the depreciation of paper currency would likely be invisible in most everyday transactions, at least to a point. "If you go to the grocery store now where they accept both credit cards and cash, they're likely to accept both payments at par," says Kimball. That's despite the fact that both payment methods are not equal for merchants. They pay a fee to card networks for card transactions but don't typically pass that charge on to customers. As a result, Kimball suspects many merchants would be willing to accept the "fee" of a small depreciation of cash without passing it on to customers. "If merchants are still accepting cash at par at the store and you're still getting a zero interest rate at your local bank, what do negative interest rates in the financial markets look like to you?" he says. "On things like car loans, they just look like lower positive rates. Most people wouldn't personally see any negative interest rates." Uncharted Waters While recent experiences suggest negative rates are at least possible, some have questioned whether such moves are necessary or wise. In a recent working paper, John Cochrane of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University argued that recent experiences in the United States, Europe, and Japan have shown inflation can be stable when interest rates are at zero. This seems to contradict fears that economies could be stuck in a deflationary spiral when interest rates are near zero, which would remove some of the incentive to quickly push inflation up using unconventional policies like negative nominal rates. Deputy General Manager of the BIS Herve Hannoun suggested in a 2015 speech that negative rates could have a number of unintended consequences. They could encourage governments to borrow more heavily, further eroding fiscal discipline. They would impose a burden on savers, particularly on retirees who rely on savings and interest income. And because of their unprecedented nature, negative rates could signal that policymakers are even more pessimistic about economic conditions than the public believed, further eroding market confidence and actually inducing more saving rather than spending. In fact, something like this happened when Japan surprised markets by going negative in January. Normally, negative rates would be expected to depreciate a currency, but the yen actually appreciated as market participants panicked and clung even more tightly to safe assets like cash. This is why communication from central banks is critical with these policies, says Goodfriend. "Any unorthodox move is complicated if the public has not been prepared for it. In that case, the central bank cannot be sure that these things will work as intended," he says. But Goodfriend says most of the costs cited by critics of negative rates do not kick in only once rates fall below zero — they apply to all rate cuts. Cutting rates within positive territory also hurts savers and lessens the burden of public debt. Still, negative rates represent largely uncharted territory for economists and policymakers, and many unanswered questions remain. The good news for monetary policymakers at the Fed and elsewhere is that they can wait and see how the experiments in Europe and Japan play out before making any decisions on negative rates. If it works, Goodfriend says he wouldn't be surprised to see negative rate policy spread. "If you're standing around a pool and you don't know what the temperature of the water is," he says, "it's a whole lot easier to jump in if somebody else goes first and tells you the water's fine." Bech, Morten, and Aytek Malkhozov. "How Have Central Banks Implemented Negative Policy Rates?" Bank for International Settlements Quarterly Review, March 2016, pp. 31-44. Buiter, Willem H. "Negative Nominal Interest Rates: Three Ways to Overcome the Zero Lower Bound." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 15118, June 2009. Cochrane, John H. "Do Higher Interest Rates Raise or Lower Inflation?" Working Paper, Feb. 10, 2016. Goodfriend, Marvin. "Overcoming the Zero Bound on Interest Rate Policy." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, November 2000, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1007-1035. (Previous version available online.) Kimball, Miles S. "Negative Interest Rate Policy as Conventional Monetary Policy." National Institute Economic Review, November 2015, vol. 234, no. 1, pp. R5-R14. McAndrews, James. "Negative Nominal Central Bank Policy Rates: Where is the Lower Bound?" Speech at the University of Wisconsin, May 8, 2015. Subscribe to Econ Focus Receive an email notification when Econ Focus is posted online: phone Contact Us David A. Price (804) 697-8018
Skip to Main Content Likely To Die Linda Fairstein Questions and Topics For Discussion 7. At one point in the story, Chapman comments on the murders and remarks, “We’re all likely to die” (p. 282). What point is he trying to make? Where else does this phrase appear and how is it important to the story? 8. While inviting Alex to a dinner, her friend Joan chides her, “don’t be a sex crimes prosecutor tonight…be a girl” (p. 200). Do you agree with Joan that sometimes Alex forgets to be a girl? 9. The media is an important presence in Alex’s world, despite the fact that she is often at odds with it. How do the reporters that constantly dog her heels add to the flavor of the book—and help move the story along? 10. On their flight to England, Alex and Chapman talk about famous people whom they admire and whose shoes they’d like to stand in. What people did each of them choose, and what do their picks say about them? 11. In the acknowledgments, Linda Fairstein tells us that “every crime in this book is based on an actual event.” Does learning this change your perception of the novel? 12. At a pretty crucial point in the investigation, Alex and Chapman are sent off to England for a conference. How does this interlude serve the novel? Did it break up the story or enhance it? 13. Why does Alex come so uncharacteristically unglued when she learns about the connection between Drew Renaud and Gemma Dogen? More books from this author: Linda Fairstein More books from this reader: Diane Venora
Dealing with Conflicts without Punishments June 20, 2018 Below you’ll find tips for parents on how to deal with conflicts without punishments. It’s not only children who get overwhelmed by their emotions. Parents do too. In moments of tension parents can lose their temper and often end up punishing their children, without realizing that this reaction reinforces negative behavior in children. To learn to deal with conflicts without punishments, we need to look at how educators cultivate emotional intelligence. We should learn strategies on how to win different battles when facing aggressive and stressful situations. By doing this we’ll be able to deal with conflicts without punishment. It’s clear that punishments don’t have any long-term learning benefits. This is because punishments don’t change the causes of inappropriate behavior. Far from improving the situation, it actually generates negative emotions in the child towards those who apply these punishments. That’s why we need to learn other ways to show children how to deal with situations better. How to do it? That’s the question. A good strategy is to work on two fronts at the same time. One is reflection, and the other intervention. But before you do that, you need to cultivate patience, empathy and creativity. Educating your child requires you to deprogram and to stay calm at all times. That will make a big difference, as you’ll be able to act calmly, instead of overreacting and imposing a punishment on your children. Dealing with Conflicts without Punishments Dealing with conflicts without punishments To learn to manage conflicts without resorting to punishment, you first need to decide if your child is really behaving badly. It’s good to consider in what way their behavior is inadequate. We should then reflect on what caused that behavior and what is behind it. We need to keep in mind that very often there are other things behind inappropriate child behavior. Often with more information and the ability to express that information, a child would’ve been able to act otherwise. When you’re in the heat of a conflict that has created anger or aggression, it’s best not to act under the influence of those emotions. If the conflict is between two siblings – something that is very frequent – the first thing you have to do is separate them and protect the attacked person from harm. However, the most important thing is not to add fuel to the fire, and avoid worsening the situation. Act calmly In the moment of conflict, the best thing you can do is just stay with them quietly and calmly, until they calm down. You can hug him if he lets you. Try to calm him down with some of your words, without looking for who was to blame or what happened. When he’s calm, you can start talking to them. “If you foster love in your family, your children will go out of their way to make others happy.” –Rosa Jove, psychologist specialized in child clinical psychology– Then, very calmly, you should ask your child to describe what happened. When he does, listen to him without correcting or judging him. If they aren’t able to do it because they’re still too small or because of lack of language resources, you can help him describe the facts, but always with moderate and conciliatory language. The central point of this conversation should be that the child will be able to identify the emotion that led him to behave inadequately or violently, and what he felt after behaving like that. Recognizing emotion is important, as well as not inhibiting it. The idea is that you should teach him to identify his emotions and manage them properly. They should be told that it’s normal to feel angry, but it’s not okay to react by hitting another child, for example. Dealing with Conflicts without Punishments Controlling emotions is a key point Teach him to recognize and validate his emotions. They’re all part of our human nature, and so judging them as good or bad invites guilt and prevents them from being properly channeled. You can also explain how you felt about their bad behavior. Use the right words and call each emotion by its name. I felt frustrated, upset, sad, for example. Avoid saying phrases like “you made me feel.” When you say that you felt frustrated, you show that you’re taking charge of your emotions, and not burdening your child with them. You can help him empathize through everyday examples that connect him with a similar emotion. To achieve this you can refer to movies, cartoons, stories, or some incident at school. You need to remind him of the points you’ve discussed and, if necessary, talk about them again. Do this as many times as necessary. In doing so, avoid annoying phrases such as “how many times have I told you…” Children need less punishment and more words. Science has shown that our brain has many difficulties processing the word “no.” You’re much more likely to be heard when you structure your sentences positively rather than negatively. • Aguirre, E., Montoya, L., & Reyes, J. (2006). Crianza y castigo físico. Diálogos, 4, 31-48. • Baumrind, D. (1996). The Discipline Controversy Revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405- 414. • McMahon, R. (1991). Entrenamiento de padres. En V.E. Caballo (ed.), Manual de técnicas de terapia y modificación de conducta, Madrid: Siglo XXI. • Tabares, X. (1998). El castigo a través de los ojos de los niños. Bogotá. D.C.: CES-Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Shifting the Narrative of Thanksgiving: The True Story Many of us associate Thanksgiving with happy Pilgrims and Indians sitting down to a big feast. That peaceful dinner did happen – once. However, the greater story surrounding Thanksgiving has been far overlooked and misconstrued. Without taking away the essence of the holiday of gratitude, it is important to honor and be informed of the origin story. Knowing the truth, might spark ideas of how to incorporate an offering to our Native American allies during your Thanksgiving celebration or take greater action towards social justice in your daily life. Image from – The Great Dying: New Englands Coastal Plague The origin story began in 1614 when a band of Pilgrims sailed home to England with a ship full of Patuxet Native Americans bound for slavery. They left behind smallpox which basically wiped out the rest of the Native Americans who had escaped. “The woods were almost cleared of those pernicious creatures, to make room for a better growth.” – Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana When the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts Bay they found only one living Patuxet Native man, Squanto. He had survived slavery in England and learned their language. Squanto showed the colonialists how to grow corn and to fish, and he negotiated a peace treaty between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Nation. At the end of their first year, the Pilgrims held the well-known feast honoring Squanto and the Wampanoags. In 1637 over 700 men, women and children of the Pequot Peoples had gathered in Connecticut for their annual Green Corn Festival, original Thanksgiving celebration. On this day, a band of heavily armed colonial volunteers massacred these 700 Pequot Native Americans. The next day the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared “A Day Of Thanksgiving” because in honor of the massacre. 19th century wood engraving of the 1637 slaughter of 700 Pequots, Granger collection (NYC) After this horrendus massacre, the murders became more and more frenzied, with days of thanksgiving feasts being held after each horrendous mass slaughter. Finally, instead of celebrating after each massacre, George Washington proclaimed that only one day of Thanksgiving per year be set for the feast. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln decreed Thanksgiving Day to be a legal national holiday during the Civil War. This massacre and those to follow set a precedent for normalizing colonization and mass murder, oppression and manipulation all throughout the US. The fictional history we’ve learned in school paints beautiful picture of peace when really, it was the day that established a long, painful history of Native American brutality. This mythical story liberates American’s from experiencing a negative view of our country. We have been blinded from the truth and this is just one of thousands of ways we have been manipulated to believe that our country was founded on good morals and justice and continues to be spun that way. It is our duty as awakened citizens to know the truth and find ways to become part of re-balancing the oppression and injustices in our daily lives. Here are some essential ways to be an ally to Native Americans on Thanksgiving (and beyond) 1. Learn about inequalities that still exist within indigenous culture. Indigenous communities around the United States face major injustices every-day. Many Native Americans communities have higher ratesof alcohol abuse, suicide and unintentional injuries than the general population. Educate yourself on these social inequalities that Native American’s still face today to develop empathy, a better national perspective and to find ways to be a better ally on these issues. 2. Decolonize your mind. Find the Sacred. This means to humble ourselves and accept our role in the greater social and natural ecosystem of the earth. It means to learn to embody and understand our interconnection with every plant, animal and human being. We must take responsibility for our every day words and choices because what we do, effects everything else. This is also a basic tenant of most Native American cosmologies. 3. Take the time to learn about the indigenous history of where you live. Long before our lands were colonized, Native American’s were tending the lands we walk upon. Their history and spirit still remains in the land and must be acknowledged and honored. It is important to learn about the people, the history and the culture of the borrowed land we live on. There are maps you can find online to learn the names of the Indigenous Peoples that loved the land you live upon. 4. Support Native American artists. Native American’s face strict penalties if they violate the Indian Arts & Crafts Act of 1990, which essentially says you have to be a member of a federally or state recognized tribe or certified as a Native artist by a tribe in order to sell items marketed as Native-made, or tribally-specific products. This makes it increasingly challenging for them to compete with cheaper, more easily accessible factory made items not made by Native’s. Next time you think about buying any crafts that look Native American, spend the extra time to purchase it hand-made from a Native person. We often underestimate the power of truth. As we are exposed to authentic history, it doesn’t have to taint our joy or magic in Thanksgiving or other holidays. Instead, we can allow the truth to empower us and change us. We can choose to apply a greater sense of gratitude towards Native Americans, their struggles, the oppression they continue to face and evolve the way we think and act that supports decolonization. How will you choose to honor the origin story of Thanksgiving Day this holiday season and beyond? 10 Unexpected Ways to Take Back Your Political Power With our current political climate, it is easy to adopt a mindset of fear and panic. You may feel powerless against the system and feel like the future is bleak for generations to come. Rather than hoping someone will save the day, remember that we have more power than we realize and can take matters into our own hands if we work together. We can have a hugely positive impact on our planet even from our bedroom, in our pajamas. Why? Because the inner revolution IS the revolution. And what we do, no matter how small it may seem matters. 1. Hack your brain back In what ways have we been programmed to sit up straight, listen to authority, not critically think or ask questions about the way our system functions? In what ways have we been brain-washed into thinking that the public education we received was sufficient to reach our fullest potential or that the only way to success was to take out a fat student loan? Ask yourself: What is it that we need to unlearn to regain our autonomy and ask critical questions that challenge the status quo if we see it isn’t effective? Ask yourself: WHY do you believe what you believe? Is it strictly based on how your parents raised you, or how the media raised you? Question everything: Set aside time to reflect on your habits, beliefs and stories that you tell yourself. Are they serving you? Are they true for you? Where did they come from? Awareness is power. When we know who we are and what we believe, we have the “oomph” to go after what we want, live our truth and inspire others from a place of authentic alignment. It’s helpful to revisit your values and stick with friends, work and play that share the same values. It’s up to each individual to snap out of a zombified media-obsessed pack of sheep and learn about what matters on our own accord. 2. Vote with your dollar The earth has finite resources yet corporations have goals of unlimited growth and manufacturing. So you know what we could put the brakes on just a little? Buying new and cheaply manufactured products. Most products in the US are produced overseas and this contributes massively to negative human and environmental impact and they usually break quickly and end up in landfills. You may not being getting such a good deal as you think you are. Why not try giving something used a home? There are treasures to be found everywhere, especially in the second-hand world. Everything from clothes to electronics, to furniture, to, well, everything. Our political power extends way beyond the voting booth. As consumers we have a magical secret weapon: our wallets. Companies will follow trends informed by our buying habits, so the more we favor responsible supply chains, the better. Buying local and seasonal means less fossil fuels are burned to get what you need. Buying organic means that less toxic sprays are used on your food and blow into neighboring properties. Buying fair trade or from a trusted source means that an effort was made to make sure those producing the product are not being exploited. Keeping your money in a local and community owned credit union keeps your money away from big banks that are funding big oil pipelines. By supporting companies that are aligned with our values we are creating a seriously positive ripple in the world of business which spills out into our communities and our planet. As the saying goes, money talks and there is power in numbers. Even if you don’t think you can afford this shift, really look at where your money is going and consider giving up any guilty pleasures for higher quality and more sustainable choices. 3. Use gratitude as a revolutionary act When we don’t feel good about ourselves, (and we are constantly getting messages from the media are our society that we are NOT good enough) we seek to fill that void through external possessions and experiences. This is great for corporations that actually profit off of all of these things that we buy, but not so good for us or the earth. But the good news is, we can fight back with our choice to be satisfied with what we have. When we are grateful and satisfied, we don’t need to fill our voids with being consumers. Instead we can find happiness and joy in the simple things in life. By consciously choosing to focus on what is good and positive in our lives, we are actually re-wiring our brains. There is a reason many spiritual teachers and even scientists have claimed that gratitude goes hand in hand with happiness. This means that we can be consumers of quality time spent with friends and family as opposed to video games. That we can be consumers and creators of storytelling and music around a campfire instead of a night out at the club. When we are full of simplistic joy, we are satisfied and we don’t need alcohol, fancy toys or a house-full of material possessions. Gratitude acts as a powerful antidote to the pitfalls of constant dissatisfaction and neediness that comes with capitalism and consumerism. In other words, ‘take control and flip the switch on the happiness vacuum’. Thanks to Joanna Macy for bringing “gratitude as a revolutionary act” to our awareness. Leading by example is powerful and those around you notice this energetic shift. It takes just one match to start a wildfire, so by igniting that fire of gratitude, you are reclaiming your power and stoking the fires of others. 4. Start a talking circle in your neighborhood Earth Journeys: Uniting Changemakers Monthly Meetup Earth Journeys: Uniting Changemakers Monthly Meetup You know what really empowers people? Connection. This is why Alcoholics Anonymous is so effective, it brings people together who are isolated and creates community. Love is contagious. And so many of us walk around feeling cut off from ourselves and from each other. We are social creatures and need each other to survive. So much of creating positive change is reliant on the connections that we build. It allows us to feel safe and valued in our community and it allows us to expand our minds and band together. Getting together with your community not only encourages love and connection but it is also an ancient practice that can facilitate the creation and implementation of solutions to major societal challenges. Host a World Cafe with your neighborhood to harvest collective wisdom and create a plan of action for how to tackle issues in your community. 5. Flex Collective Voting Power If you want to get into the nitty gritty of how to change policy, it really comes down to two things: money or votes. If you’re not a billionaire who is willing to use “creative” methods to influence decision makers, then it comes down to showing voting power. How do our communities flex our voting power? We organize. Politicians want to stay in office and can be swayed if they know that voters care about a specific issue. If their real mailbox is flooded with handwritten letters, this speaks volumes to what matters to those who actually vote. Using this method, 6,000 letters were written in Ojai, CA to protect the wetlands and natural habitat there. This is just one small example and creativity can be used in full effect- maybe you throw a party where everyone calls their local representatives around an issue that matters. What’s important is to show that real people spent actual time to show they want change. 6. Grow Your Own Food There are many great reasons why growing your own food is important. One of them being is it creates independence. The key to political empowerment? Self-sufficiency. When we can stand on our own feet and produce our own food, we are taking our power back from large scale food corporations that use harmful chemicals and negatively impact our earth through shipping in produce that is not local. Starting our own garden fuels us to make change on our own instead of relying on outside sources that may not have our best interests at heart. Not only will this be a superhero surge of confidence knowing that we can provide healthy food for ourselves, but it is incredibly rewarding and soul-nourishing. Growing your own food is also a fantastic way to connect with your neighbors in a community garden. Read about 6 steps to starting a community garden here. 7. Feed Your Brain with Truth and Knowledge Earth Journeys: Sustainable Living Tour 2016 Ignorance may be bliss but knowledge is power and the more we learn the less easily we will be swayed by the influence of others. Since the dawn of the internet, we literally have a universe of information at our fingertips and it is the easiest it has ever been to take our education into our own hands. There are tons of free educational resources out there just waiting for us! Sift through topics that you are interested in and want to know more of and form your own views about the world. YouTube will always surprise you. 😉 One reason why our political system, our food system, our health and consumerism (amongst many other things) are in shambles is because we have been following our leaders blindly and accepting what we are told when the mainstream media is controlled by wealthy groups who put their own spin on stories. Fact check to the best of your ability from primary sources. 8. Connect with other changemakers and inspired individuals Earth Journeys: Uniting Changemakers Monthly Meetup There is a saying: what is kept to oneself diminishes and what is shared expands. Join local sustainability/health/wellness/personal development meetups in your area to learn something new and to share perspectives. When we have a support system of like-minded individuals, we feel that much more empowered to move forward. Think of it as your own personal cheerleading squad encouraging you and holding your hand along the way. Through collective efforts, we can come up with solutions to social, business, educational and environmental issues and reinvent what it means to be a citizen of planet earth. In fact, join one of Earth Journeys, Uniting Changemakers meet-ups in Southern California. The next one is August 20th in San Diego area! 9. Take Back Your Health: Food is Medicine Earth Journeys: Sustainable Living Tour 2016 As we know, what we eat has a tremendous impact on our well-being. Diseases thrive in acidic environments. This is why acidic foods such as sodas, sugary snacks, alcohol and chips wreak havoc on our health and cause us to fall ill. Not to mention toxic chemicals in our food and the use of pesticides. It really is true that we are what we eat and in this day and age our society is plagued with chronic illness and disease. When we take control and invest in our health and well-being we are taking a political act to prevent giving our money to big pharma and doctors who are trained to treat symptoms as opposed to spend long periods of time looking at the root. It is a sovereign act to choose to learn to harvest and make our own natural medicines, to eat whole-food diets, to forage highly medicinal and nutritional “weeds” for salads and avoid eating as many processed foods as we can. It is also a sovereign act to keep your immune system and body healthy by exercising daily, drinking plenty of water and finding personal wellness practices that resonate with you. When we feel our best we feel lighter, happier, our minds feel sharper and we have more clarity to empower future generations to do the same. Food is medicine y’all! A truly healthy population is an autonomous independently thinking one. 10. Make Your City Your Canvas with Guerrilla Gardening Permaculture Action Network Do you dream of a greener, healthier city? Guerilla gardening to the rescue. Guerilla gardening is gardening without borders, no backyard? No problem. The entire city is yours. Not only is this a way to revive and beautify overlooked abandoned spaces with lush plant-life, but it is a way to make the vision of regenerative living come to life. Not to mention a seriously creative way to provide healthy and organic food to the masses. Creative techniques like this can cause ripples in communities and open people up to a new way of thinking. Guerrilla gardening is also a way to plant food on the earth without having to own land. It is a way of creating access to food for anyone who walks by. More green in our cities only encourages our communities to appreciate the beauty and value of plants, therefore inspiring further autonomous action. “Our thoughts shape our spaces and our spaces return the favor” – Alain de Botton If we consider our attitude, the way we live our lives, our buying choices, our preventive health practices, and our collaboration with our community as political acts, we will not only feel better and more whole as individuals but also contribute to a paradigm shift. It is a win-win way to take back our political power. When we feel whole, healthy and happy, we have more space in ourselves to give back to the world, to educate the poor, to steward the earth and to feel confident enough to start our own grassroots initiatives or, who knows, maybe even run for office. It starts from within. One healthy, strong and powerful person can change the world. May we all be the change we wish to see and continue spreading these messages of autonomy and empowerment through acts of self-care and community engagement. If you are ready to step into your power as grassroots leaders, we invite you to join our 12-day Sustainable Living Tour, October 1st. Get on the bus before it fills up, we’re over half-full!
Tragedies & Disasters These articles will be about significant tragedies that have happened in the history of the world such as the Titanic, Chernobyl, bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and many others. 1998 Ice Storm star The Great Ice Storm of 1998 devastated Canada and parts of New York and the New England Region. It was known as "The Storm of the Century" after it ended. Bath Township School Massacre star The Bath Township School Massacre happened in 1927 and is the deadliest school massacre in US history. The Great Chicago Fire star Mrs. O'Leary's cow was blamed for a fire that ripped through Chicago destroying some 70,000 buildings and 73 miles of road and caused the death of at least 300 people. The Great Die-Up star The winter of 1886-87 was particularly brutal in the then territories of Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. Millions of cattle died and basically ended the cattle industry as it was known then. The Schoolhouse Blizzard star The Schoolhouse Blizzard dropped only six inches of snow in Nebraska but had gale force winds and whipping snow that caught everyone off-guard. Many children were trapped in one-room schoolhouses during the blizzard. The Titanic star It was April 15, 1912 when the RMS Titanic sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, after striking an iceberg. Just over 2.000 people lost their lives on the fateful maiden voyage of the "unsinkable" ship. Just over 700 people were rescued by another ship called the RMS Carpathia about an hour afte Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire star The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire cost the lives of 146 people, most of whom were Jewish and Italian immigrant women, aged 16-23. Editor's Picks Articles Top Ten Articles Previous Features Site Map Content copyright © 2018 by . All rights reserved.
Rāmāyana \|Kiṣkindha Kaṇḍa\| Chapter 42 42. Sugrīva sends Monkey Chiefs to West [Sugrīva sends monkey chief under the command of Suṣeṇa, the father of Tara to search in the Western direction.] Regarding the decision to send a monkey chief to the western side, Sugrīva spoke to Suṣeṇa who resembled a huge cloud. 42.1 Sugrīva went to Suṣeṇa who was the father of Tara and his father in law with folded hands in salutation and told. 42.2 He sent to the western direction the great monkey called Archishmantha, the son of a great sage called Mārīcha who is surrounded by blessed and brave monkeys, who had a lustre like Indra, who is wise and valorous, who has speed like Garuda and also Two monkeys called Archamalya, who were sons of sage Marīchi, who were very strong. 42.3-42.4 "Oh great monkeys along with two hundred thousand other monkeys and led by Suṣeṇa, please search for Vaidehī." 42.5 "Oh monkeys search for her in Saurashtra, Vahnika and Chandrachithra countries, which are extensive, populated by people, pretty and spacious and the interior of forests are filled with Punnaga, Vakula, Udhalaka trees and thickets of Ketaka." 42.6-42.7 "Oh, monkeys search for her in the best rivers in the west whose cool water flows westward, as well as in the forests of sages and on the mountains of those forests, and even in lands that are virtually waterless and on the highly towering mountains that are chilly. After searching such an difficult to enter western side encircled with enmeshed mountains, it would be proper for you to come and see Western Ocean. Having come to Western Ocean, you will see seawater disturbed by sharks and crocodiles." 42.8-42.10 "The monkeys should wander among bushes of Ketaka plants, thick Thamala forests and the forests of coconut trees." 42.11 "Sītā should be searched in houses of Rāvaṇa situated there, mountains and forests that are near the sea, Murachi city, the pretty Jata pura city, Avanthi and Angalepa, the forests of Alakshitha, in broad countries and in all other cities. 42.12-42.14 "Where the river Sindhu joins the sea there is big mountain called Hemagiri which has hundred peaks as well as gigantic trees." 42.15 "On the ridges of these mountains, the flying lions exist which carry the fishes, sharks, elephant seals to their nests." 42.16 "On the top of the mountain abutted by water, near the area occupied by the flying lions, the proud elephants move about greatly satisfied in a vast area trumpeting like thunderous clouds." 42.17 "The monkeys who can change their form at will should quickly search, that entire golden mountain whose peaks touch the sky." 42.18 "Oh monkeys when you go in to the sea, you will see the golden mountain in the sea called Paariyathra which is one hundred yojanas tall and which is difficult to see due to its glitter." 42.19 "Twenty four crores of mighty Gandharvas, who shine like fire, who are fierce and who can change their looks as per their wish live there." 42.20 "Even by greatly valorous monkeys they should not be approached closely because, they who resemble fire when they are angry throng together from everywhere." 42.21 "In that country no monkey should pluck any fruit because those unassailable, greatly valorous Gandharvas who are assiduous would be guarding the fruits and roots which are grown there." 42.22-42.23 "There you have to dutifully search for Janaki, for if you show your monkey antics, the Gandharvas would not be afraid of you." 42.24 "Oh, monkeys, there is a great mountain named Vajra in that sea beyond Paariyaatra. It will have a shine similar to the hue of the gemstone lapis, and it will be standing like a diamond in its shape, hence it has lot of diamonds. There that glorious mountain will be soaring high, squarely for a hundred yojanas, and diverse trees and climbers will be spreading over it. There, on that mountain you have to search thoroughly including its caves" 42.25-42.26 "In the quarter of the ocean there, there is a mountain called Chakravan, Where Viśvakarma has installed a wheel with one thousand spokes." 42.27 "There the supreme person Vishnu killed a Rākṣasa called Hayagrīva as well as one Panchajana and snatched away from them the conch and the wheel." 42.28 "On that pretty mountain there is a very large cave and in those places please search for Rāvaṇa as well as Sītā." 42.29 "After another sixty four yojanas, there is another very great mountain called Varaha with golden peaks and in a deep cavity there is the home of Varuna." 42.30 "Near there is the golden city of Prakjyothisha and in that city lives an evil minded asura called Naraka." 42.31 "On that delightful and pretty mountain Varaha there is a very broad cave and you please search for Rāvaṇa and Janaki there." 42.32 "Once you cross that, you would come across a mountain with gold deposits and the entire mountain is of gold and there are waterfalls there." 42.33 "There, lions, elephants and boars always roar facing the mountain and that mountain is full of this sound." 42.34 "There on this mountain the great Indra who killed demon Pāka rides on green horses was anointed as king by devas and this mountain is called Meghavan." 42.35 "After crossing that great mountain ruled by Indra you would reach sixty thousand golden mountains which shines and dazzles with the colour of the infant sun, having a fully flowered golden tree." 42.36- 42.37 "The king of the mountains Meru the northern mountain is situated in between them, which mountain has been given a boon by the well pleased Sun god." 42.38 It has been said that Sun God blessed it saying, "due to my grace all those who reside here would be golden in colour all through day and night and all those devas, Gandharvas and Dānavas who reside here would have golden tinged red colour." 42.39-42.40 "The Viswe devas, Maruts, Vāsus and other gods come to this holy Meru mountain in the evening sun set time to serve the Sun God. After they worship the Sun God, he goes to the Sun set mountain and is not visible to all beings." 42.41-42.42 "That sun God travels quickly ten thousand Yojanas within half of a minute and quickly reaches the sun set mountain." 42.43 "On that top of that mountain there are cluster of mansions shining like Sun and these mansions were built by Viśvakarma." 42.44 "The house of the great God Varuṇa who holds a noose shines with many trees, and very many types of animals and birds." 42.45 "In between Meru mountain and Astha mountain, there is a great golden palm tree with ten peaks and it shines with wonderful altars." 42.46 "In all those inaccessible mountains, lakes and rivers, you please search for Vaidehī and Rāvaṇa." 42.47 "And there lives the great Meru savarni, who is identifies as a sage and votary of Dharma and he is considered equal to Lord Brahma." 42.48 "You may ask that sage Meru Sāvarṇi after bowing to him with head touching the ground about the whereabouts of Maithili." 42.49 "This is the extent of the world where beings live and at night the Sun God will retire behind Astha mountains and then there would only be darkness." 42.50 "Oh Lord of monkeys, our monkeys can only go up to that place and as Sun's rays do not extend beyond this place we do not know anything about places beyond that." 42.51 "You please search for the places of stay of Vaidehī and Rāvaṇa up to the Astha mountain and return within a month." 42.52 "If you delay it more than a month you would be killed by me and along with you my valorous father in law also would go." 42.53 "You should obey him since I want you to carry out his orders, because he is not only a valorous and powerful monkey but also my father in law and teacher." 42.54 "Though all of you are greatly heroic and experts in doing all tasks, please accept his authority and face the western direction." 42.55 "We would become proud of our achievements when we find out the wife of that greatly lustrous one and help him in return for his help." 42.56 "You may carry out any other work also if it is meant for the well -being, after carefully reflecting and if the task is in accordance with time and place." 42.57 Then Suṣeṇa and other monkey lords after hearing the expert words of Sugrīva, they took leave from him and started travelling to the west ruled by Varuṇa." 42.58 This is the end of Forty Second Sarga of Kiṣkindha Kanda which occurs in Holy Rāmāyaṇa composed by Vālmīki as the First Epic.
The Components of a Laptop People work at home nowadays because in this modern era there are so many good technologies for us. In this modern era you can work at home easily. You don’t need a personal computer and CPU anymore. You have to read about this amazing because you will know a lot of information about a laptop. A laptop has a pretty amazing combination of its output and input components. A laptop also has a capability for helping your work faster than regular computer. In a laptop there are so many sophisticated systems that are installed with the latest processors. You can also access a free internet connection easily. You don’t have to buy an extra modem or router to connect your laptop with a free internet connection. There is a wireless system in all laptops so the users can access wireless internet connection without having too many requirements for using it. You don’t need to access some of IP addresses or VPN securities either. You can just look for the nearest wireless connection that your laptop has on the wireless systems menu and then click one of them. you still need to get the passwords for connecting your laptop to that wireless internet connection anyway. In a laptop there are so many micro technologies as well. Since the shape of a laptop is not as big as personal computer then you will have all small components in it. A laptop has screen system and it is known as the desktop on a computer. A laptop has a display screen too and normally this kind of screen will appear right after you turn the laptop on. It also has a small speaker and you can control the volumes of the speaker on the keyboard. A laptop also has data storage so you can save all your works on local folders immediately. Leave a Reply
[Fourier and PDEs 5] Wave Equation 2 1. A plucked string The ends $x = 0$ and $x = L$ of a stretched string are fixed. The point $p$ ($0 < p < L$) is drawn aside a distance $h$ and, at the instant $t = 0$, the string is released from rest. Thus \[ u(x,0) = \begin{cases} hx/p & 0 \leq x < p \\ h(L - x)/(L-p) & p < x \leq L \end{cases} \] and $u_t(x,0) = 0$. Use separation of variables and Fourier series to find $u(x,t)$. 2. A plucked string Two strings of length $a$ are joined at $x = 0$ and stretched to a tension $T$. One string has constant density $\rho_1$ and is fixed at $x = -a$, the other has constant density $\rho_2$ and is fixed at $x = a$. a) State the conditions that the transverse displacement $y(x,t)$ must satisfy at $x = -a$, $x = 0$, and $x = a$. b) Show that in a normal mode of vibration, the transverse displacement has the form \[ y(x, t) = \begin{cases} A\sin[w(a + x)/c_1] \cos(wt + \epsilon) & -a \leq x < 0 \\ B\sin[w(a - x)/c_2] \cos(wt + \epsilon) & 0 < x \leq a \end{cases} \] where $c_1 = \sqrt{T/\rho_1}$, $c_2 = \sqrt{T/\rho_2}$, and $A$, $B$, and $\epsilon$ are constants. c) Deduce that the normal frequencies are $w/2\pi$, where $w$ is any positive root of the equation \[ c_1 \tan\left( \frac{wa}{c_1}\right) + c_2 \tan\left( \frac{wa}{c_2}\right) = 0. \] Show that when $c_2 = 2c_1$ there is just one solution for $w$ in the interval $(0, c_2\pi/2a]$. 3. Energy and uniqueness The transverse displacement $u(x,t)$ of a stretched string of unit length satisfies the boundary conditions $u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0$ and the wave equation \[ u_{tt} = u_{xx} \] along $0 < x < 1$ and in which the wave speed $c = 1$. Show that the energy $E$, \[ E(t) = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^1 \left[ \left(\pd{u}{t}\right)^2 + \left(\pd{u}{x}\right)^2\right] \, \de{x} = \text{constant}. \] From this, deduce that given an initial displacement and velocity for the string, the wave equation has at most one solution that satisfies fixed boundary conditions. Next, find $u(x,t)$ in the form of an infinite series when $u(x, 0) = f(x) = x(1-x)$ and $g(x) = 0$. Show that the fraction of the energy which is communicated to the fundamental mode of vibration is $96/\pi^4$.
Information About Hammer Mill With Diagram 2019525hydraulic shock colloquial water hammer.Fluid hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a.Fluid usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas in motion is forced to stop.Or change direction suddenly a momentum changehis phenomenon commonly.Occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system and a.Pressure wave propagates in the pipe. What Can I Do For You? Related News
Present day politics in india The island country of Sri Lanka is situated some 40 miles 65 km off the southeast coast of India across the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar. In area, India ranks as the seventh largest country in the world. Other high mountains in India include Nanda Devi 25, feet [7, metres]Kamet 25, feet [7, metres]and Trisul 23, feet [7,] in Uttarakhand. Politics of India When British rule came to an end inthe subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistanwith a majority of Muslims; the eastern portion of Pakistan later split off to form Bangladesh. Pontiac's War by numerous North American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region. North of the Himalayas are the Plateau of Tibet and various Trans-Himalayan ranges, only a small part of which, in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir state in the Indian-administered portion of Kashmirare within the territorial limits of India. This has led to the rise of political parties with agendas catering to one or a mix of these groups. Continued rapid erosion of the Himalayas added to the sediment accumulation, which was subsequently carried by mountain streams to fill the subsidence zone and cause it to sink more. The Jacobite rising in Scotland. The French Revolution is regarded as one of the most influential of all modern socio-political revolutions and is associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy. The vice-president is also elected by an electoral college, consisting of members of both houses of parliament. Terrorism has affected politics India since its conception, be it the terrorism supported from Pakistan or the internal guerrilla groups such as Naxalites. The overall gradient of the plain is virtually imperceptible, averaging only about 6 inches per mile 95 mm per km in the Ganges basin and slightly more along the Indus and Brahmaputra. One needs to fight against the divisive politics and the minority treatment," he added. Barren mountains of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Many elected legislators have criminal cases against them. Whiskey Rebellion in western PennsylvaniaUnited States. Many British institutions stayed in place such as the parliamentary system of government ; English continued to be a widely used lingua franca; and India remained within the Commonwealth. The narrow focus and votebank politics of most parties, even in the central government and central legislature, sidelines national issues such as economic welfare and national security. Independence day 2018: Significant political events that shaped present India (1947-2018) The country has played an increasing role in global affairs. Coalition with INC Other parties India has a multi-party systemwhere there are a number of national as well as regional parties. The current Vice President is M. Discussing the present scenario in India, Mr Sen said those ruling the country do not constitute a majority, but they are in power by virtue of their ability to skilfully use the tools of the political system. The Conspiracy of the Slavesa slave rebellion in Malta. If a party is represented in more than 4 states, it would be labelled a national party. Crests in the Siwaliks, averaging from 3, to 5, feet to 1, metres in elevation, seldom exceed 6, feet 2, metres. The Prime Minister is the recognized head of the government. Unfortunately the political history of Pakistan is not pleasing where democratic and military dictatorship confronted for power few times. Are there any Muslims from the present day Himachal Pradesh, India who migrated to Pakistan during the partition? Politics, India? Politics of India What kind of politics do we have in Pakistan? Why is communism. India Present Day Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Politics of Punjab, India If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Politics of Punjab, India. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Politics in reorganised present-day Punjab is dominated by mainly two parties. One is Shiromani Akali Dal(Badal) and the other is Indian National Congress. SinceChief Minister of Punjab. May 07, · In the nineteenth century India, eminenet lawyers, literateures,social workers,labour leaders and landlords became in independent India, the opportunities offered by the adult suffrage let one and all to become years rolled by and devaluation of higher values became the order of the day,politics became Status: Resolved. Bevor Sie fortfahren... स्वतंत्रता का ये मतलब नहीं है कि कुछ भी लिख या बोल कर उसका दुरुपयोग करें। उसे कानून के द्वारा परिभाषित दायरे में रह कर बोलना पड़ता है।. Present Day Political Organization of China [H.S. Brunnert, V.V. Hagelstrom] on FREE shipping on qualifying offers. Present day politics in india Rated 3/5 based on 93 review Liberal Forces In India Need To Be More Vocal On Divisive Politics: Amartya Sen
Watch an orca drag a boat around by its anchor chain Humpback whales sure love ruining orcas' hunting A paper published this summer looked into over 100 times humpbacks were observed disrupting orcas who are hunting, like these humpbacks trying to save a gray whale and calf. But why do they do it? Read the rest Conjoined whale calves wash ashore This video shows conjoined Pacific gray whale calves that washed ashore in Mexico. Female gray whales give birth each winter in the warm waters off Mexico where they are safe from their primary predators, killer whales. Unfortunately for these twins, absence of predators didn't make much of a difference to their survival. It's sad that these calves didn't make it, but not surprising given the physical limitations and the problems that being attached in this way would present to a wild animal. (Learn more about gray whales.) Read the rest
Skip to main content Solving the Problem: Genome Annotation Standards before the Data Deluge Annotation Issues in Genome Records Even before the first genome sequence for a cellular organism was completed in 1995, it was recognized that the functional content encoded by and annotated on nucleotide records represented both a blessing and a curse [13]. With the complete genome sequence obtained and annotated, a full understanding of the biology of an organism was thought to be within reach. However, deposition of an annotated record into the sequence archives, excepting the rare occasion when a record is updated, meant that the archival record represented a snapshot in time of both the sequence and annotation. Scientists have sought to address the annotation issue by creating curated databases, developing computational tools for the assessment of annotation, and publishing a variety of solutions in numerous papers [4,5]. Throughout the sequencing era, continuous reassessment of annotations based on new evidence led to improved annotations on a number of sequences, even though the process is recognized as being time-intensive [6,7]. With the exponential increase in sequence data, annotation updates have become increasingly unlikely events. Errors in annotation impact downstream analyses [8]. Errors that affect the location of annotated features or that result in a missed genomic feature greatly impact the evolutionary studies and biological understanding of an organism, whereas mistakes in functional annotation lead to subsequent problems in the analyses of pathways, systems, and metabolic processes. The presence of inaccurate annotation in biological databases introduces a hidden cost to researchers that is amplified by the amount of data being produced. For prokaryotic organisms, as of August 10, 2010, there were 1,218 complete and more than 1,400 draft genomes that had been sequenced and released publicly. The Genome Project database and other online efforts to catalog genome sequencing initiatives list thousands of additional sequence projects that have been initiated but for which sequence data has not yet been released [9,10]. Investigators relying on the complete genome set consisting of sequenced and closed replicon molecules and annotations as a gold standard are becoming increasingly affected by the size of the dataset even without having to take into account the presence of erroneous annotation [11]. As rapidly decreasing sequencing costs for next generation sequencing are producing unprecedented levels of data and errors that can easily inflate in size and propagate throughout many datasets, it is essential that steps be taken to address these issues [8,12]. A large body of literature devoted to describing annotation problems is available ([13,14] and references within). Errors that plague genome annotations range from simple spelling mistakes that may affect a few records, to incorrectly tuned parameters in automatic annotation pipelines that can affect thousands of genes. Discrepancies can impact the genomic coordinates of a feature, or the function ascribed to a feature such as the protein or gene name, or both [15]. The commonly used Gene Ontology annotations are also subject to errors [16]. As our understanding of genome biology and evolution has improved, a number of methods have been developed to assess annotation quality. Typically, several pieces of evidence are combined in order to assign confidence levels to a particular annotation or to predict new functions. In some cases these methods have led investigators to target a specific function for experimental validation after the prediction was made, a process that both validated the prediction method and provided improved and experimentally determined annotations such as in the detection of the GGDEF and EAL domains as a major part of prokaryotic regulation [1719]. Some of these methods include sequence similarity, phylogenomic or genomic context, metabolic reconstruction to determine pathway holes, comparative genomics, and in many cases a combination of all of the above (reviewed in [20]). A number of tools have been developed to predict annotations based on curated and experimental data. Curated model organism databases or datasets for specific molecules such as transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, or other non-coding RNAs have been developed along with tools to predict their presence in a novel sequence [2124]. Several large-scale curated databases have been created at large centers, such as at EBI and NCBI. NCBI initiated the Reference Sequence database to create a curated non-redundant set of sequences derived from original submissions to INSDC [25]. The sequences include genomic DNA, transcripts, and proteins and the annotations may consist of submitter-derived, curated, or computational predictions. One major resource for improving functional annotation is the NCBI Protein Clusters database that consists of cliques of related proteins (ProtClustDB [26];). A subset of clusters are curated and utilized as sources of functional annotation in the annotation pipeline as well as to incrementally update RefSeq records (see below). RefSeq records are also updated from model organism databases such as those for E. coli K-12 or Flybase. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) provided by the UniProt consortium is an expertly curated database, a central access point for integrated protein information with cross-references to multiple sources [27]. The Genome Reviews portal that was a comprehensively up-to-date set of genomes has now been incorporated at ENSEMBL genomes [28,29]. Ongoing collaboration between NCBI and EBI ensures that annotation will continue to be curated and improved in all databases. RefSeq is committed to ensuring that all current and future RefSeq prokaryotic records meet the minimal standards presented in this article. However, high throughput next generation sequencing increasingly results in a large number of non-reference sequences populating the databases with the expectation that there could be tens of thousands of genomes available for all prokaryotes. Community acceptance of a set of minimal annotation standards puts the burden on all genome submitters to provide quality annotation especially for those complete genomes that are often considered gold standard records for sequencing and annotation such as Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. The Need for Standards Standards and guidelines facilitate the submission, retrieval, exchange, and analysis of data. Both the format and content of data can be standardized (syntactic and semantic). Syntactic standardization is easier to implement and enforce. The format and representation of genomic records has long been established and is not discussed in this article. Semantic standardization is more difficult. Standardization of the genomic content and annotation will facilitate analyses at the functional and systems levels, in other words, the biology will be easier to understand and to put into an evolutionary context which will have a real impact on how researchers approach scientific studies. An explosion of documents for minimal standards in a variety of genomics, bioinformatics, and transcriptomics studies has occurred. Examples include the MIAME standards established for microarray expression studies, and the MIGS standards that were created to establish minimal metadata associated with genome sequencing projects [30,31]. There is now the Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations (MIBBI) project that aims to comprehensively organize and collate all of these projects and BioDBcore, a community initiative for specifications of biological databases [32,33]. Although the reason for standards is clear, the enforcement of standards is a complex issue that remains to be resolved [34]. Community standards that are adopted by the organizations producing, archiving, and distributing the data will facilitate the usage and enforcement of these standards. Recognizing these growing problems, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) organized three Genome Annotation Workshops in 2006, 2007, and 2010. Participants included members of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) including those from UniProt Consortium (PIR/EBI/SIB), and members of organizations not involved in archiving data such as those from the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), investigators from a variety of sequencing centers such as the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute, representatives associated with the NHGRI human microbiome project, and individual scientists. The first two workshops were aimed at resolving annotation problems for the growing numbers of prokaryotic genomes while the 2010 workshop brought together researchers from both the prokaryotic and viral fields. This report is a summary of the results from all three meetings. URLs for specific databases, tools, websites, guidelines, and documents can be found in Table 1 and the full set of links, updates, and contact information will be posted at the workshop site at NCBI [51]. Table 1. Databases, tools, resources for genomes and annotation. Milestones from all three workshops include: 1) the E. coli CCDS project (ECCDS), 2) a publication detailing the differences between archival and curated databases, 3) a locus_tag registry, and 4) release of a set of annotation assessment tools. Specific proposals on problems of genome annotation were generated from a number of working groups and focused on the following issues: 1) standard operating procedures, 2) structured evidence, 3) structural annotation, 4) pseudogenes, 5) protein naming guidelines, 6) comparison of functional annotation, 7) and viral annotation. Several of these proposals were submitted as guidelines and standards to be approved by INSDC while others are already accepted. Some of the proposals include reports and data sources that are available online (Table 1). The outcomes of each are summarized below. The human genome CCDS project, an active collaboration project between EBI, NCBI, Sanger, and UCSC, was established to create a core set of consistently annotated protein coding genes [52]. This project has now grown to include the mouse genome, and there are considerations for expanding this to other eukaryotic organisms. Using this project as a model, the E. coli consensus CDS project was established to reconcile the annotation differences for the model organism E. coli K-12 MG1655 which was first sequenced in 1997 (GenBank Accession Number U00096 [53];). An updated annotation snapshot was released in 2006, and numerous curated and archival databases contain annotation for this organism [43]. Of those, the ones actively contributing to the ECCDS project include GenBank, RefSeq, EcoGene, EcoCyc, and UniProt [25], [27] [5456]. Consistent annotation has been established between EcoGene, GenBank, and RefSeq with all three synchronizing the annotation several times a year. Reconciliation of this consistent annotation set with the EcoCyc and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot databases is an ongoing process that has resulted in improved annotations in all five databases benefiting not only E. coli researchers but also the entire field of prokaryotic genomics (Table 1). Differences between Archival and Curated Databases Archival and curated databases serve different needs for the genomic and bioinformatics communities, but there is still confusion about the exact roles of all of these databases in the representation of genome sequencing data. A short article (“GenBank, RefSeq, TPA and UniProt: What’s in a Name?”) clarifying these issues was authored by NCBI and published in the ASM journal Microbe and is also available online at NCBI (Table 1). The article discussed the differences between the archival databases (GenBank), curated databases such as RefSeq and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and Third Party Annotation (TPA), and helped researchers to understand the exact role of each database and how sequences and annotations are handled in each. Archival databases such as GenBank contain primary submissions and redundant sequences whereas the TPA database provides the ability for peer reviewed and published information to be used to update the information in the primary archives. RefSeq and UniProt have been described above. These resources constitute a major part of the dataflow for the annotation, submission, retrieval, and analysis of genomic records. Locus_tag registry Locus_tags are systematic identifiers used for the enumeration of annotated genes even for cases when the genes have no known function. ASM journal editors had noticed that there was an increased use of locus_tags to refer to genes in the scientific literature, both in the primary genome sequencing paper as well as in subsequent publications describing specific genes and functions. However, as these identifiers were annotated by individual investigators and research labs, there were increasing instances of the same locus_tag being used to describe different but unrelated genes in different organisms. Hence the utility of a unique identifier was being lost and the use of locus_tags in a scientific article to identify particular genes was resulting in confusion. The solution was to create a locus_tag registry in conjunction with the Genome Project (soon to be BioProject [57]) database. Prefixes consisting of alphanumeric characters that met the standards could be registered along with a genome project submission (Table 1). The assignment of a unique locus_tag prefix to each genome assures that each gene feature in the dataset of all genomes records can be correctly identified. Annotation Assessment Tools NCBI committed to produce additional annotation assessment tools to help submitters find problems with genome annotations (Table 1). These tools are used during the submission process to GenBank, in the Prokaryotic Genome Automatic Annotation Pipeline, and are available separately and include: 1) the Discrepancy Report which includes internal consistency checks without the use of external databases, and is available in Sequin, as part of the tbl2asn tool or as a stand-alone command-line tool, 2) the subcheck/frameshift tool which incorporates sequence searches in external databases during annotation assessment in order to find potentially frameshifted genes and other annotation issues and is available via the web or as a command line tool. NCBI encourages submitters to utilize these tools prior to submission to aid in the identification and correction of annotation discrepancies. A new annotation report that lists quantitative annotation measures and provides comparison with multiple organisms is also available and is detailed below. Capturing Annotation Methods and Information Sources The results of genome annotation processes are deposited along with sequence records in the archival databases. The combination of methods and information sources that were used in the creation of a particular genome annotation are usually detailed in a publication. With increasing numbers of genomes being deposited that do not have an associated scientific publication, it is of paramount importance that there is a process to capture the methods and databases used in creating a set of annotated features. Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in the context of genome annotation should: 1) document specific processes used to generate annotations, 2) with enough detail to replicate the process, 3) list the input and outputs, 4) reference any external tools, and 5) and describe how the outputs of software packages are interpreted, filtered, or combined. The concept of SOPs, along with an example using the NCBI prokaryotic genome automatic annotation pipeline (PGAAP), has been detailed elsewhere [58]. The Genome Standards Consortium (GSC), which has set forth a structured format to capture genome metadata, provides optional fields to link to an online accessible SOP via a digital object identifier (DOI) or other mechanism [31]. INSDC has agreed to adopt this structured format for genome metadata, thus providing the capability to document SOPs and link them to each genome record with the metadata appearing in the COMMENT section. An example record with structured metadata can be found in GenBank Accession Number CP002903 (although the annotation SOP is not yet provided for this particular genome). All submitters are encouraged to use this structured format to capture genome metadata. Structured standards evidence in annotation SOPs describe the processes used to make an annotation decision including a list of information sources which may include sequence, structure, domain databases, or protein family resources. Since many of these bioinformatics sources are large databases with many records, it is essential to note the exact record from which an annotation is derived, thus providing a one-to-one or many-to-one link from annotation sources to the novel predicted annotation in a new genome. The source becomes a vital reference that facilitates analysis and comparison and the link to a particular record provides a trail through which annotation updates or problems can be addressed. A variety of evidence or confidence-based systems are currently used. The Evidence Viewer at NCBI displays the sequences that provide evidence for the sequence of a particular gene model or mRNA [42]. The RefSeq status key provides varying levels of confidence to a particular annotation based on the level of manual review a particular annotation has received [25]. The curated Pseudomonas aeruginosa database incorporates evidence levels for functional assignments [59]. UniProt has developed an evidence attribution system which attaches an evidence tag to each data item in a UniProtKB entry identifying its source(s) and/or methods used to generate it. Users can easily identify information added during the manual curation process, imported from other databases or added by automatic annotation procedures. In addition, UniProt has developed the protein existence concept which provides the level of evidence available for the existence of a protein [27]. The Gene Ontology (GO) system provides evidence for function, component, and process and is one of the better known systems used in annotation today [60]. However, GO cannot be used for all features on a genome, nor are all genome sequencing centers and large-scale institutes routinely using GO or any of the other ontologies, and similar issues arise with all of the above-mentioned evidence systems. The INSDC flatfile is a commonly used format. It provides the capability to annotate many features such as genes, protein-binding sites, or ribosomal RNAs. For each feature there is a set of mandatory and optional qualifiers (Table 1) that provide detailed information in a structured format for each particular feature. For example, the gene name, the protein binding the DNA, or the ribosomal RNA product. The flatfile format is reviewed every year by the member databases and proposed changes are discussed before acceptance. The evidence used to annotate a particular feature can be encapsulated in two optional qualifiers, “/experiment” and “/inference”. Whereas the “/experiment” qualifier provides information on the nature of the experiment used to derive the annotation of a particular feature, for example N-terminal sequencing to determine the peptide sequence, the “/inference” qualifier provides information on the non-experimental evidence to support the annotation of a particular feature. Three tokens have been proposed and accepted that further categorize the two annotation qualifiers: 1) existence, 2) coordinates, 3) description, and additionally the experiment qualifier provides a field for a direct link to a PubMed identifier or DOI detailing the experiment where support for one of the three tokens can be found (Table 2). A combination of the three tokens can be applied to a set of qualifiers on a feature. For example, the evidence for the exact start and stop of a protein coding region for a particular organism is experimentally determined in one publication while the function is derived by inference from a related organism and all of the evidence and the sources used to derive each annotation can be captured with the set of qualifiers and tokens. Table 2. Summary of structured evidence for INSDC feature annotation1 Structural Annotation Structural annotation and gene calling standards, validation (reports and outcomes) Structural annotation standards refer to the methods and parameters used to call and validate genes on a genome. Numerous research laboratories and sequencing centers utilize a variety of different annotation methods and sources and those should be captured as noted above. Therefore, a specific set of software tools or databases was not chosen as a gold standard set. Instead, a non-exhaustive set of software tools and resources that produces high quality annotations and that are publicly available are listed (Table 1) and will be available online [51]. Researchers interested in annotating genomes are encouraged to start with this list. Quantitative measures of annotation were implemented to institute a set of minimal standards. Irrespective of the methodology and datasets used to annotate a particular genome, there are certain aspects of genome biology that are expected to be present for all prokaryotes. Key functions that should be present in all genomes include a set of core genes/functions as well as a complete set of ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs that are required for protein translation [61,62]. These requirements are detailed in the minimal standards below and are expected to be found on all complete genomes. Simple statistical reporting of various genome annotation measures can also be used to assess annotation quality. For example, the distributions of protein lengths reflects evolutionary constraints and an examination of length versus conservation showed that conserved genes tend to be longer than non-conserved [63]. Except for extreme cases, most prokaryotic genomes should exhibit similar genome characteristics and be within an expected distribution for each measure. Evolutionary forces that may drive a particular genome outside of an expected range of values include processes such as genome degradation in obligate intracellular endosymbionts or decreasing intergenic spacer size due to genome streamlining in ubiquitous ocean microbes [64,65]. NCBI now generates reports that allows comparison against publicly available genomes and will provide a similar report to all genome submitters in an effort to identify and correct annotation problems before a genome is publicly released (Table 1). Examples of these statistics are shown in Table 3. Two model organisms, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, were chosen to represent well-annotated average genomes. All other genomes in the table exhibit extremes (minimum or maximum) for a particular category, and in some instances this reflects annotation that does not meet the minimum standards. In cases where a RefSeq copy of a genome was made, corrected annotations were added so that the minimum requirements were met. Comparison of selected annotation measures for all organisms is shown in Figure 1. A selected set was used in principal component analysis to find those measures that contribute the most to variation, and to find clusters of annotation measures. The two physical measures are the length of the chromosomes and the GC content. All other measures are annotation-derived. Length affects all annotation metrics and is one of the main drivers of annotation variance. For example, an assessment of protein and RNA count for all genomes shows a linear increase of the number of proteins as the genome size grows (Figure 1). Non-coding RNAs (ribosomal, transfer, and non-coding RNAs such as antisense RNAs), exhibit less of a slope, and in several genomes in the INSDC archives no RNAs have been annotated at all (Figure 1A). In the complement of complete RefSeq genomes, the full set of ribosomal and tRNAs have been added either as functional or as potential pseudogenes (Figure 1B). The only cases where this minimal standard could not be met were due either to issues with the sequence (sequencing or assembly) or cases of real biology such as in small compact genomes for endosymbionts. For example, Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola Dsem is missing several key functional tRNAs due to codon recoding [66]. Figure 1. Selected comparisons of genome measures. Principal component analysis showed expected relationships among the different measures (data not shown). Selected examples are plotted as double y-axis scatterplots. Legends indicate first or second y-axis for blue dots or red crosses, respectively. Linear regression analysis of each y-axes variable independently with respect to the x-axis variable was done and the trend line is drawn on each plot color-coded with respect to each measure. R2 and p-values are shown for each measure. A-B. Numbers of annotated proteins and RNAs with respect to genome size from INSDC and RefSeq annotation sets for complete prokaryotic genomes. Feature counts were obtained from the Complete Microbial Genomes Annotation Report (Aug 10, 2010) and proteins and RNAs from INSDC and RefSeq are plotted with respect to genome length. The count of proteins follows a linear increase with respect to increasing genome size (blue trend line) while the RNA count, which includes all transfer, ribosomal, and non-coding RNAs, shows less of an increase with respect to genome size. Some genomes have extensively annotated RNA features, whereas others do not. A. All INSDC genomes (total of 1218 as of Aug 10, 2010). Those records that have below minimal standards for essential RNAs are encircled (red ellipse). B. RefSeq genomes (total of 1148 genomes as of Aug 10, 2010). Note, not all INSDC genomes are copied into RefSeq records. For the cases where INSDC records were missing essential RNAs, if there was a RefSeq version, the essential RNAs have been added or properly labeled. In all cases where the full set of essential RNAs could not be annotated it appeared that the missing RNA(s) were either non-functional or completely missing from the genome sequence (Table 3; data not shown). C. Protein lengths with respect to coding density for INSDC annotations. As coding density increases (more proteins per Kbp) the average protein length decreases (blue trend line) and the ratio of short proteins increases (red trend line). D. Hypothetical proteins and start codon ratios versus coding density. The ratio of proteins named ‘hypothetical’ increases slightly as the coding density increases whereas the standard start codon ratio decreases. Genomes where ‘hypothetical protein’ ratio is 1 or near 1 (large blue ellipse - every protein is annotated as ‘hypothetical protein’ in the genome) falls below the minimal annotation standards. For these particular cases, if a RefSeq version of the annotation existed, the functional assignment of a number of proteins was improved via curated clusters in the NCBI ProtClustDB (data not shown). Table 3. Selected annotation report examples1 Further examination of the annotation measures across all genomes shows how other measures interact. For example, increasing coding density (more genes per Kbp) in genomes results from an increase in the ratio of short proteins (ratio of proteins that are less than 150 amino acids/total proteins: Figure 2C). As the coding density increases and the ratio of short proteins increase, the average protein length decreases, a logical result as the increased coding density is due to an increase in short overlapping predicted ORFs. A more subtle impact shows that with increasing coding density the ratio of hypothetical to total proteins in the genome increases, whereas the utilization of the ATG start codon (standard start) decreases (Figure 2D). Increasing GC content also coincides with the usage of alternative start codons such as GTG. However, increasing GC content and increasing genome length do not generally result in an increase in the hypothetical protein ratio (data not shown) suggesting that these trends are due to differences in annotation quality. Figure 2. Heatmap of selected annotation report measures for gammaproteobacteria. A set of measures were chosen corresponding to those used in principal component analysis (data not shown) but restricted to INSDC genomes from gammaproteobacteria. A two-dimensional clustering of the selected and scaled data (subtracted column means, division by standard deviation) demonstrates similar clusters that were obtained in the PCA analysis (data not shown). For Figure 2, no clustering was done and the input genomes are arranged alphabetically by organism name and shaded to indicate different genera. A color-key and histogram at bottom right indicate the relative intensities of the annotation measures (the histogram applies to all measures, color intensities apply to each cell). Genomes described in the text are in bold. Although genome streamlining can impact these measures, for example many genomes from the Prochlorococcus genus exhibit increased coding density; there are other factors at play [64,67,68]. This is more clearly seen when closely related genomes are compared as in a heatmap [69]. Selected annotation measures for the gammaproteobacteria are compared in a heatmap in Figure 2. In several cases, increases or decreases in physical (length, GC content) or derived measures are due to biological causes. For example, gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts such as Buchnera spp. exhibit reduced genome size and decreased GC content [70,71]. In other cases a particular strain or set of strains exhibit skewed annotation measures as compared to other genomes of the same species. For example, one particular Salmonella genome exhibits an increased coding density, ratio of short proteins, and number of hypothetical proteins along with a decreased average protein length (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B str. SPB7). In other cases subclusters of a particular species are formed due to potential erroneous annotations such as the three Yersinia pestis genomes that cluster separately from other Y. pestis strains due to skews in annotation that were derived from the same pipeline [72]. In other cases, substrains do not cluster together as the annotations were derived from three different annotation pipelines such as the case for E. coli BL21 where three isolates were sequenced and annotated by three different research groups [73]. Evolutionary events that result in altered annotations in a particular organism are significant and aid our understanding of the biology of not only that particular organism but of related organisms. Annotation differences due to the utilization of different methods and sources skew these results and the conclusions that result from them. Researchers are encouraged to update their annotations on archival records to meet the minimal standards and to correct any annotation discrepancies. Systems are being developed at NCBI to check newly submitted genomes for compliance with minimal standards and reports will be provided to submitters for quality assurance. Genomic records where the minimal standards cannot be met for real biological reasons will have explanatory comments added to the record. Pseudogene Identification, Nomenclature, and Annotation Pseudogene definitions take a variety of forms and the difficulties in properly defining and labeling pseudogenes stem from the same problem: a negative cannot be experimentally verified [74]. In eukaryotes, pseudogenes are defined as non-functional copies of gene fragments due to retrotransposition or genomic duplication, while in prokaryotes they result from degradation processes of either single copy or multiple copy genes either after duplication or failed horizontal transfer events [74,75]. A recent analysis of pseudogenes in Salmonella genomes suggests that they are cleared relatively rapidly from a genome indicating that their presence is a recent evolutionary event [76]. Although a clear definition of pseudogenes was not put forth, it was stressed that INSDC expects that all genome annotation should reflect the biology as determined by the underlying sequence. The INSDC feature table format provides several exceptions for cases of unusual biology but there are consequences for these unusual annotations that serve as flags in genome records (Table 3). A proposal was made to alter the pseudogene qualifier “/pseudo” to both“/pseudogene” and “/nonfunctional” as /pseudo is not considered to equate 100% to /pseudogene and that request is still being discussed by INSDC. The INSDC submission guidelines as they currently stand and the possible annotation strategies for pseudogenes, non-functional genes, and other cases are detailed in Table 4. It is essential for the research community to understand that in all cases, INSDC does not allow a translated product (protein or polypeptide chain) to be derived from a feature labeled as a pseudogene. More specifically, an instantiated peptide sequence, a product, and protein identifiers are not allowed for annotation purposes. Similarly, gene fragments (regions of similarity without valid start and stop) may not be annotated with translations. Exceptions to these rules require specific qualifiers that must fit specified formats and requirements. Table 4. Pseudogene annotation strategies and outcomes Functional Annotation Functional annotation results include guidelines on protein naming as well as a project to compare different protein naming resources in an effort to converge towards a consistent set of protein names by utilizing common guidelines. Functional Annotation - Protein Naming Guidelines Establishing protein naming standards has been a keystone of various curation efforts. In particular, this issue recognizes the protein name as the lowest common denominator of information exchange. The protein name is what is used in BLAST definition lines, which many users utilize as the sole information source. Ontologies were discussed but were not considered a priority. Ensuring up-to-date and well formatted protein names aids functional comparison and reliable hypotheses can be generated based on a set of consistent names, while the converse is true for badly formed names. UniProt had established publicly available naming guidelines that were modified during discussions and a set of prokaryotic-specific naming guidelines was adopted. The guidelines provide a basis for efficient and effective protein naming that is being used in the curation of both UniProt and RefSeq annotations. It is expected that all genomes submitted to INSDC will also follow these guidelines. A separate publication will detail the UniProt naming guidelines which are currently available online (Table 1). In addition, there is a general functional naming guideline that is applicable to protein names for all organisms (Table 1). One particular issue of protein naming is the issue of specific names for proteins that have unknown or uncertain functional assignments. The final accepted resolution is that only two synonymous names will be acceptable: “hypothetical protein” or “uncharacterized protein”. Names such as “conserved hypothetical protein”, “novel protein”, or “protein of unknown function” are no longer acceptable in genome submissions. Comparison of functional annotation sources Numerous resources are used in the annotation of protein functions and names and there are two established models for curation. Either a model organism database has been established for particularly important or well-studied organisms, or a set of protein families with similar function have been curated. One of the earliest examples of the latter was the Clusters of Orthologous Groups developed at NCBI which is no longer actively curated [46]. Since that time extensive work has been done by at least four separate groups: JCVI has produced the TIGRFAM set of protein families with a subset identified as equivalogs with the same function, UniProt’s High-quality Automated and Manual Annotation of microbial and chloroplast Proteomes (HAMAP), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology groups (KO) that uses NCBI Reference Sequences, and NCBI’s Protein Clusters database that includes prokaryote, viral, and selected eukaryotic organism groups (ProtClustDB) [26], [46,47,49,77]. The TIGRFAMs and HAMAP projects contain only curated families, whereas KEGG and ProtClustDB have both curated and uncurated clusters. In 2009 NCBI and JCVI jointly collaborated on an initiative to compare the functional names derived from TIGRFAMs with NCBI’s curated protein clusters. The comparison results led to improvements in both databases (data not shown). A comparison of protein family annotation from all four databases is available online (Table 1). An immediate goal of this process was the establishment of a core functional set that is expected to be encoded in all genomes. A number of studies over the years have addressed the idea of a minimal set of essential functions for a prokaryotic organism. The exact number fluctuates depending on the set of organisms used, the criteria for determining orthology, and whether only complete proteins or domains are considered [61,62], [78]. The initial set of universal COGs derived from proteins encoded in the 66 unicellular genomes at that time served as a starting point. Correspondence to the NCBI protein clusters database was checked, and a preliminary set of 61 functions corresponding to 191 clusters was created [26,46]. Next, all complete RefSeq genomes were checked to determine if all core functions were encoded. For those genomes where a protein could not be found, the nucleotide sequence and annotation were examined to assess whether a pseudogene/frameshifted gene was already annotated that corresponded to the missed function. For those cases that did not already have an annotated feature, a proper translation of the missed gene was examined with the result that a number of core functions that were previously missed from the submitted genome annotation were added to the Reference Sequence record. A total of 42 protein coding genes and translated features were added covering 12 functional groups (Table 5). To determine if the proteins were missed due to their smaller size, an examination of their average length for the proteins found in clusters corresponding to these 12 core functions was undertaken. Although most of the core cluster sets exhibit average lengths that are less than the minimum of the range of average protein lengths found in all genomes (232 aa from Table 3), especially those that were most frequently missed such as ribosomal protein S14, most are above typical length cutoffs and should still be found in even the most rudimentary annotation pipelines. Therefore, high protein length thresholds during annotation pipeline runs cannot adequately explain all discrepancies and missed core functions. To help solve these problems, all new RefSeq genomes will be tested against the core set for missed functions, and this process will be made available both as a set of clusters and incorporated into existing genome analysis tools for submitters (Table 1). The core set will gradually be expanded to archaeal, bacterial, and then to more taxonomically restricted core functional sets such as species level pangenomic families [79]. Table 5. Core proteins added to RefSeq genomes1 The core set establishes the initial set for functional name comparison for the 61 functions and 191 clusters. Comparison to TIGRFAM, HAMAP, and KEGG resulted in mapping to 127, 99, and 77 families (or subfamilies), respectively. A total of 122 of the 191 clusters have mappings to all other sources. Of those, only 26 have identical curated names. Multi-way comparison shows that most non-identical names are synonymous, except in a few cases. Examples include the tRNA synthetases, which almost always have identical names, but in a few cases are named as the ligase and not the synthetase. An example is ‘tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase’ which in some instances is named ‘tryptophan—tRNA ligase’ the accepted NC-IUB (Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry) name for the Enzyme Commission number (Table 1). Pairwise comparison of ProtClustDB clusters and the other protein family sources shows two things: 1) a number of protein family resources are missing curated core functions or that these families mapped below threshold levels, and 2) that there are substantially higher numbers of identically curated protein names in two- and three-way comparisons. All four databases have agreed to resolve differences and to work to incorporate the UniProt guidelines into the curated functional names. As these resources are heavily used in genome annotation pipelines, improvements to these records will improve annotations in many genomes and set a standard for other resources. Additional protein family resources are encouraged to be included if they agree to the same goals and are welcome to contact us. InterPro, for example, is another database that integrates information from a variety of source databases and their ongoing effort was acknowledged at the workshop [80]. Viral/phage annotation standards Viral annotation standards were discussed for the first time at the 2010 annotation workshop. A set of proposals was published separately and synthesizes many of the ideas presented above with respect to issues of annotation, capturing experimental data, meta-data, and genome classification, all in the context of viral genomes [81]. These guidelines provide mechanisms for individual researchers studying a single genome as well as those doing high throughput sequencing to ensure that high quality annotation is produced, submitted to, and available from the sequence archives. Mechanisms are in place to capture annotation methodologies and evidence, and in conjunction with standards developed by other international bodies where meta-data submission has been defined, provide a rich and understandable way to determine exactly how annotation was produced. Standard protein naming guidelines and projects to compare and update protein naming resources will result in higher quality annotation resources and protein names in submitted genomes. A major goal of setting minimal standards for the annotation and submission of gold standard complete genomes was achieved and will elevate that set of fundamentally important resources for all researchers, ensuring those studying basic biological processes, epidemiological outbreaks, and large-scale metagenomic projects will have a high quality resource to draw from when making hypotheses and drawing inferences (Table 6). Although not all issues were resolved, and many more remain to be addressed at future workshops, these initial guidelines provide a blueprint for a way forward to resolving these issues and we recognize that many others are working towards similar or parallel goals. One such project is the COMBREX initiative to establish a gold standard set of functionally annotated proteins as well as a source of predictions against which functions can be tested [82]. If complete genomes are to be efficiently utilized as reference genomes it is essential that they represent the highest quality annotation possible. Although this document specifically listed efforts by NCBI to provide resources and tools to improve annotation, NCBI recognizes the ongoing work to improve annotation by all of the organizations that attended and contributed to all workshops. Table 6. Minimal annotation standards and guidelines accepted At 2010 NCBI genome annotation workshop1 1. 1. Bork P, Ouzounis C, Sander C, Scharf M, Schneider R, Sonnhammer E. Comprehensive sequence analysis of the 182 predicted open reading frames of yeast chromosome III. Protein Sci 1992; 1:1677–1690. PubMed doi:10.1002/pro.5560011216 2. 2. Bork P, Ouzounis C, Sander C, Scharf M, Schneider R, Sonnhammer E. 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Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Klimke, W., O’Donovan, C., White, O. et al. Solving the Problem: Genome Annotation Standards before the Data Deluge. Stand in Genomic Sci 5, 168–193 (2011). Download citation • Genome Annotation • Genome Standard Consortium • Model Organism Database • Annotate Feature • Protein Naming
Russian Federation The Russian Federation is the worst of capitalism reborn and triumphant from the ruins of the Soviet Union. The last head of state of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was in full command from 1988 until 1991 after becoming CPSU party secretary in 1985, overseeing the end of the Soviet project and the disintegration of the Union into a federation comprising twenty two supposedly independent republics. Judged by land-mass area Russia is the largest single country in the world. This ‘federation’ is still effectively ruled by Vladimir Putin from Moscow, a return to something very like the ‘prison house of nations’ that Lenin described shortly before the October 1917 Revolution, a revolution that finally overthrew the old Tsarist regime. The last three years of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev saw the foundations being laid for the kind of capitalism and imperial ambition that Putin has presided over since his rise to power from within the security apparatus, the FSB, successor of the KGB. Gorbachev’s reforms had a double edge, cutting away on the one side against the old Stalinist bureaucracy in ‘Glasnost’ – a new openness and transparency that saw a flourishing of social democratic and liberal ideas as well as some limited space for the re-emergence of authentic revolutionary Marxist debate – and destroying the economic foundations of what was left of the workers state in ‘Perestroika’ which explicitly aimed to restructure society and return it to the global economy, return it to capitalism. Gorbachev’s period of rule saw the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and its final destruction in November 1991, from the scrabble for consumer goods by those fleeing from the east in the ‘soviet bloc’ to the complete reintegration of Germany, and then the rest of ‘eastern Europe’ into the capitalist world. The Soviet Union under Lenin from October 1917 to December 1991 was marked by the particular contradictions of a Russian Empire that housed a massive peasant population and a very small organised industrial working class – not at all the conditions that Marx described for socialist revolution to succeed – and then a civil war, during which there was invasion, sabotage and isolation by fourteen other capitalist nations whose ruling class feared that they would be next for the chop. This weak economic base and political demoralisation was fertile ground for Stalin to crystallise a bureaucracy that revived Great Russian sentiment as the ideological core of its ‘peaceful coexistence’ with imperialism. It is little wonder that though it was in some sense ‘post-capitalist’, the Soviet Union was not, as it claimed, ‘socialist’, still less communist, and its systematically distorted vision of what socialism would be had dire consequences for radical movements for change around the world. The template it offered for an alternative to capitalism was authoritarian and corrupt, and Stalin imposed this template on the communist parties of the Third International, turning them from being instruments of struggle into instruments of the diplomatic needs of the bureaucracy. Just as the character of the Soviet Union was marked by the contradictions of the society it negated, transformed and claimed to transcend, so the Russian Federation’s political-economic system reflects the cocoon-regime it emerged from. If capitalism was supposed to have created the proletariat as the gravediggers of that historically obsolete system of rule (as Marx and Engels proposed in the 1848 Communist Manifesto), then the Putin regime has effectively turned the hopes of world revolution and global communism into the graveyard of socialism; the Russian Federation is one of the homes of zombie capitalism. It has been functioning as an afterlife of capitalism, still bizarrely seen by some socialists as a progressive alternative, since 1991, but this state will need to be dismantled in collective revolt, revolution, if the hopes of Lenin’s October are ever to be redeemed. So, in 1995, this is what capitalism looked like here. Gorbachev has gone, first and last President of the Soviet Union, a post created by himself as part of his swansong. We are nearly five years into the new dispensation under the first President of the Russian Federation, notorious drunk Boris Yeltsin, former member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, CPSU, now reborn as a neoliberal nationalist who steered the country to full-blown privatisation. Glasnost has given way to perestroika, which includes economic shock therapy, lifting of price controls and implementation of a market exchange rate for the rouble. Yeltsin is imposing a political-economic programme that had been recommended to Gorbachev by the International Monetary Fund. Millions of people have been plunged into poverty by these reforms, and state enterprises have been snapped up by the new oligarchs, mostly former prominent apparatchiks in the Soviet bureaucracy. There is capital flight, full economic depression, a fall in production, a fall in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate. Hotel Cosmos in Moscow, still operated by Intourist, which was founded as a state travel agency in 1929 and privatized in 1992, is a 1,777-room curved gold-painted monstrosity built for the 1980 Olympics and now dumping point for foreign tourists who have to navigate their way through gaggles of prostitutes in the ground-floor lobby. While these women are selling their bodies to make a rouble inside the hotel, the end of the drive approach to the VDNKh Metro station is lined with little old wizened babushkas standing behind mats on which are arrayed a couple of even more wizened vegetables and batteries and other bits and pieces from their homes. They are desperately poor, offering what they have to visitors, barely surviving after the destruction of social services, depletion of pensions and rises in inflation and rent-prices. These are the bitter fruits of the betrayal of socialist revolution, so bitter that people are then also ripe for nationalist propaganda that is replacing the internationalist ethic of the Bolshevik Party and the Third International. The revolution is also being sold off for very low prices in the flea-markets, with hat badges and medals and other memorabilia marketed as nostalgic tat, some of it fake; memories of a history of hopes for the future displayed as no more than unwanted detritus from the past. The Metro sure is ornate, as has been promised in the sightseeing tour itinerary, and so are the domes of the Russian Orthodox cathedrals, institutions given a new lease of life with the fall of the wall and the rise of a form of capitalism that combines harsh realities about stock-exchange metrics with a new mysticism of the market and hopes for a life beyond it after death. Lenin is long dead, his waxy-faced perpetually reconstructed stuffed body lit up for view in the mausoleum in Red Square, but viewed quickly; tourists are shuffled through after a quick glance at a revolutionary leader who made it very clear that he did not want to be embalmed or displayed as if he were a modern-day pharaoh. This is one more symbol of the decay of the revolution within ten years of October 1917. The revolutionary sequence of events which began with the February 1917 revolution and the seizure of power by Alexander Kerensky at the head of a liberal-democratic ‘provisional government’ signalled the end of Tsar Nicholas II, but not the end of Tsarism as such. The rapid shift in power in October saw not only a shift of leadership from Kerensky as head of the provisional committee of the ‘State Duma’, or officially-recognised parliament, to Lenin as head of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies; it was a shift in the nature of power as such, from leaders to deputies, from authoritarian figures to the people, to workers and to soldiers who were also, of course, workers. The October Revolution was a world-historic event because though it was, indeed, led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks (the Communist Party and then CPSU), its dynamic and logic was to a deeper democratic mandate for the people, people from different nationalities taking collective control of their own lives through the ‘soviets’ as their representative assemblies. That dynamic and logic was under pressure during the civil war and was finally stalled with the installation of Stalin as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1922. It was Stalin who insisted that Lenin be turned into a dummy image of personal power and put in a mausoleum in Moscow because it was exactly that centralisation of power that Stalin desired and enacted himself. Lenin’s body is a harsh reminder of something possible when he was alive and something deep-buried after he was dead. About a half-hour walk away is the first McDonalds in Moscow which opened in 1990, a message from Gorbachev to the West that Russia was open for business and a message to the Russian people that they had better move fast to make the best of it. Crowds flocked to the outlet, and queues stretched to buy fast food that would further boost already chronic obesity, though now, five years on, 1995, the lines of people are smaller and their pockets emptier. This is one of the symbols of the success of capitalism re-implanting itself in the country and of the poverty it feeds on. There is an overnight train from Moscow to Petrograd, the city that became Leningrad after the revolution but which is now renamed, ideologically returned to the Romanov Tsarist pre-revolutionary days as ‘St Petersburg’. The little people with their power stripped away from them attempt to seize it back in petty displays of authority, and so it is on the train where each sleeper carriage is zealously managed by a scowling overweight guard who locks the toilets before every screeching juddering station-stop and then releases the occupants of the berths to relieve themselves in the dark when the train has got moving again. Moscow is the present-day power-base of the bureaucrats in the Kremlin, the most important of the Russian fortresses which dominate cities around the federation, but it is revolutionary Petrograd that was the place where the transformation in 1917 really happened. This is where the Winter Palace, official residence of the Tsars and then site of the February 1917 provisional government, was stormed by Bolshevik Red Army soldiers and sailors, a defining moment of the October Revolution. It is a revolution that is often represented as violent, a bloody combat engaged in by desperate men and women, but the really violent bloody days were to come much later and as a direct result of the White Army troops attempting to crush popular power, to take back control, to place it back in the hands of the large landowners, the agricultural and industrial ruling class. The Winter Palace in 1995 was a serene sight, the Hermitage art collection closed, and it was easier to appreciate that more people were killed during the reconstruction of the revolution in the 1920 Eisenstein film October than in the actual events they were designed to remind us of. Hotel Astoria in St Petersburg opened in 1912, ready for tourists attending the Romanov tercentenary celebrations the following year, and it was patronised by the aristocracy, and apparently by Grigori (Rara) Rasputin, lover of the Russian queen, until the Bolsheviks came to power. Lenin spoke from the balcony in 1919, Mikhail Bulgakov was rumoured to have written part of The Master and Margarita in the hotel, and it was used as a field hospital during the siege of Leningrad during the Second World War. Rasputin was reputedly poisoned and shot and eventually dumped in the River Neva by aristocrats worried by the malign influence the monk had over members of the royal family. The first issue of a free listings magazine Pulse had just hit the streets in 1995 proclaiming in one of its cover headlines that ‘John Lennon Lives On’. Issue 2 of the Neva News in May 1995 devoted pages 3 and 4 to its ‘Business Monitor’ updates, and the ‘Press Digest’ on the back page had one article telling readers that Boris Yeltsin ‘loves swimming in cold water. He is also a keen hunter and shoots ducks and wild board. He is a professional shot’, and another article headed by a quote by Nikolai Ryzhkov, one of the directors of Tveruniversalbank, declaring that ‘Gorbachev has no prospects’. I bought a set of wooden nested dolls from a market. The outermost one was of Boris Yeltsin, and emblazoned with the pre-1917 double-headed eagle of the Russian Empire. Next in was Mikhail Gorbachev, his belly marked with the letters CCCP (Russian Cyrillic script initials of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Inside Gorbachev is Leonid Brezhnev, here wearing his army medals, an old bruiser who lasted from 1964 to 1982. That means some short-lived characters have been missed out. Yuri Andropov, a security apparatus thug was, earlier in his career, involved in the crushing of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968, and only lasted 15 months in power after Brezhnev. Konstantin Chernenko only lasted 13 months, and gave way to Gorbachev. Who is this smaller guy nestling inside Brezhnev? It is Nikita Krushchev who ruled the roost from 1953 to 1964, a pretty key figure in the so-called ‘de-Stalinisation’ process. An ear of corn is smudged across his chest to signify his peasant origins. Georgy Malenkov had bridged the gap as de facto leader after Stalin, but was quickly edged aside, and it was Krushchev who took the reins of power, delivering a key report to the twentieth congress of the CPSU in 1956 that attacked Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’. Krushchev made this seem as if that was the main problem and as if future leaders, including him, did not indulge in that kind of personality cult as much as they could get away with. And so, in this tracing back of the leadership of the party and nation, we come to a still smaller moustachioed wooden figure in army livery, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, the man of steel who held the USSR in his bloody grip from 1922 until his death in 1953. Besuited Lenin is inside Stalin, not a nice metaphor, and, even more inaccurately, the last little piece is Tsar Nicholas II, the last of the Romanovs. Who did you expect to be at the inner core of the diminishing series in this historical chronology of state power? Leon Trotsky? Perhaps Trotsky could have been inside the Lenin matroyoshka doll, animating strategy over the course of the revolution. Trotsky it was, after all, who had written the ground-breaking 1905 text on ‘permanent revolution’ which included the claim that Russia and other so-called ‘backward’ countries’ were not doomed to repeat a strict linear schedule of development which led them from slavery to feudalism to capitalism and only then to socialism and communism. Globalisation of capitalism and the ‘combined and uneven development’ it unleashed meant that the revolutionary fate of each country was interdependently linked to the rest of the countries of the world. This was not only a thoroughly internationalist conception of what Marx had been arguing, but one that brought the peasantry into the equation as agents of change acting alongside the industrial working class, the proletariat that had been called into being by capitalism. Permanent revolution theorised in advance what actually took place in Russia in 1917 from February to October; Lenin implemented a quasi-Trotskyist political programme to make October possible. Socialist revolution was now on the cards everywhere in the world, but only if extended from Russia and acting independently of it. Lenin made it clear that the Soviet Union would only survive as a democratic socialist holding point if the revolution there spread, and that there could be no ‘socialism in one country’. If Trotsky was not to be the final piece of the puzzle inside Lenin, then why not place Lenin at the centre and have Trotsky as the next up, next in line? After tracing things back in time through the leadership of the party, we can trace things back again to the present day through the self-activity of the working class and the most authentic representatives of that process, the Trotskyists. Lenin made it clear before he died in 1924 that Stalin was a bully, and should not succeed him, and though he expressed doubts about the capabilities and sometimes arrogant character of Trotsky, his ‘last testament’ signalled that your man would have been the preferred choice. The Trotskyist continuation of the most democratic and revolutionary Marxist hopes of the October Revolution was expressed first through the ‘Left Opposition’, and then through a network of small groups that looked to Trotsky for guidance after he was sent into internal exile and then expelled from the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1929. Trotsky was by no means perfect, and was, let’s face it, directly implicated in the suppression of the workers’ and sailors’ revolt at Kronstadt in 1921, but the evolution of Trotskyism as a distinct political current, one that was then identified by Stalin as a main threat to his own power, went way beyond those personal failings. This political current became a historically-grounded defence of revolutionary Marxism as it pitted itself against the Stalinist bureaucracy and its crimes not only at home but also internationally. Trotskyists were murdered inside and outside the Soviet Union by Stalin’s agents, and then finally Trotsky was felled in exile in Mexico in 1940, but not before he wrote his influential analysis of the regime The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?, published in 1937, and founded the Fourth International in 1938 with a manifesto that included trade-mark Trotskyist ‘transitional demands’ which linked current concerns with the destruction of capitalist property and state structures that prevent basic socially progressive humanitarian measures being implemented. The so-called ‘Transitional Programme’ in the Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International was effectively an update of the Communist Manifesto and a call to arms in the twentieth century. The Fourth International, FI, had a big enough impact inside the Soviet Union and, more so, outside it inside the Stalinised Third International Communist Parties around the world, to make the bureaucracy crack down hard; tiny though it was, it operated as a reminder of what the revolution should have been about. After Stalin’s death, Krushchev’s 1956 speech was given in a closed session of the CPSU, and so dramatic were the implications for communists around the world that copies had to be smuggled out. During the Krushchev and Brezhnev eras, activists from the FI were actively taking advantage of the small space opened up for debate, and the main demand of the FI was for more openness but no return to capitalism; ‘for glasnost and against perestroika’. That is why the FI supported the rights of all Soviet and East European ‘dissidents’ whether or not they were self-declared socialists. The following years, four years to the end of Yeltsin’s bungled handling of the handover of assets to the new multi-millionaires – chaotic times that other Stalinist states like China have been keen to avoid as they busily privatise the economy – and then from 1999 onward under Putin, have seen more restructuring and less openness. Calendars and mugs on sale in the Metro underpass kiosks in Moscow in December 2013 sported manly Putin undressed to the waist riding horses or braving the torrents to fish. The freezing snow made me wish I had brought the prickly grey fur hat with me that I had picked up back in 1995. Putin makes visible what was claimed for Yeltsin as the good hunter and crack-shot, and he has the left in his sights. Putin’s restructuring of Russia as a full-blown capitalist state has two aspects that parody what the re-born social-democratic Gorbachev had seemed to offer: on the one hand, perestroika was reconfigured as the restructuring of the capitalist state as the most authoritarian of neoliberal experiments, combining the stripping back of social security and welfare with the imposition of state security and internal and external warfare; on the other hand, glasnost was reconfigured as a confused contradictory mélange of ideas that seem designed to ensure that Russians have no compass to work out what is going on and, as a consequence, distrust everything they are told. Two studies of these phenomena are especially useful. Tony Wood’s 2018 Russia Without Putin: Money, Power and the Myths of the New Cold War dismantles the first aspect, showing that the Putin regime is a direct continuation of Yeltsin’s privatisation of state holdings, a process that began under Gorbachev. There is therefore nothing amazingly ‘mafia-like’ about Russian capitalism; it is operating as a neoliberal capitalist state and so comparable with the other capitalist states in the world it competes with. The book also then demonstrates that the so-called ‘peaceful coexistence’ that Brezhnev steered his way through from Krushchev continues, with an attempt by Putin not so much to engage in a great-power battle with the West but to participate in the scramble for spoils as an integral part of imperialism. So, rather than being a break with the Stalinist past, the nature of capitalism in present-day Russia is very much shaped by those old bureaucratic managerial practices instituted under Stalin. Stalinist state-management was ripe for privatisation, and especially for the kind of privatisation and securitisation that characterises many other authoritarian neoliberal states around the world. Wood only briefly references Trotsky, but his argument is compatible with the revolutionary Marxist tradition that his followers have attempted to keep alive outside Russia and then back inside it. Peter Pomerantsev’s 2014 Nothing is True and Everything is Possible: Adventures in Modern Russia is a less Trotskyist and more surreal journey through Putin’s surreal ideological universe, mapping the media strategies that are used by the regime to bewitch and bemuse the population. The book begins with the exploitation and oppression of women, and the heteropatriarchal nature of contemporary capitalism is visible throughout. The contradictory ideological assault on reason backed up by pure force entails not only the revival of Russian Orthodox mysticism, but public dabbling in many other kinds of mystical and conspiratorial belief systems; raising possibilities, debunking them, pointing the finger at the West for peddling untruths and then implicitly subscribing to each and every one of them. This is the world of post-Soviet reality as a kind of simulacrum in which it matters not so much what lies behind the surface but efficiently functions to institute the suspicion that there are only surfaces and that it will be impossible to know the truth. This is a paranoid ideological universe which allows private interests to shape public discourse, particularly those private interests linked to Putin, and so it also feeds ridiculous and toxic conspiracy theories. These are the ideological preconditions for alliances between what remains of the old Communist Party and extreme right-wing political agendas, of ‘red-brown’ politics. This fuels racism and the rise again of antisemitism, this in the land of the pre-revolutionary notorious faked conspiracy theory ‘documents’ and pogroms against Jews which are now also saturated in Islamophobia. Putin’s Russia is not only zombie capitalism but also ‘Zombie Stalinism’. It entails a significant rewriting of history, one in which Lenin is now viewed as a threat, increasingly ‘criminalised’ retroactively by the regime, and in which ecological, feminist and socialist activists in the anarchist and Trotskyist groups are targeted. There are even state-media tolerated hints that Lenin himself may have had Jewish blood, and this, of course, then also means that Leon Trotsky is completely beyond the pale. The limited opening after Gorbachev did enable the formation of activist groups that eventually, in a politically significant development, led to the formation, after many years absence, of a Russian section of the Fourth International in 2010, ‘Vpered’ (Forward), and then, a year later, its fusion with other forces to form the present-day Russian Socialist Movement. In 2013 it was already difficult to get specific visa clearance to allow entry to higher education institutions, with the visa system outsourced to a private company that combines the specific requirements of many different client states and so necessitating a very detailed monitoring of every aspect of an applicant’s past. There was a tank parked in the yard opposite the hotel in Moscow, and posters of Putin in the breakfast bar. Near the Starbucks on the Arbat, site of many key scenes in Bulgakov’s Master and Margarita, a man played the violin in the bitter cold, snow flecks resting on the strings and on his fingers. The GUM department store facing Red Square was full of fancy goods, yet another indication of the rapidly-widening class divide in the capital from which beggars are regularly wiped away, rendered invisible. If it was cold in Moscow, it was colder in Kazan, about 450 miles east, republic capital of Tatarstan, a city in which that provincial kremlin houses one of the many mosques, this a republic in which just under 40 percent of the population is registered as Muslim. Yeltsin went to kindergarten in Kazan, and Lenin went to university here. It is possible, though unusual, and cause of great suspicion, to go into Kazan Federal University and find the classroom where Lenin studied law before he was eventually excluded for political activities in 1887. We wandered in blithely asked directions to Lenin’s classroom, and worried officials rushed around looking for English-speakers, eventually turning up a friendly librarian who showed us around and who later met up with us to take us into one of the main functioning mosques in the city. The mosque inside the Kremlin, it now became clear, was a sign of control and management of Islam by the regime, of a distinction between good and bad Muslims. The Lenin House Museum in Kazan was closed for repairs, but workmen let us in to look around. As elsewhere in Russia, there was both stubborn obedient following of the law and numerous loopholes which enabled people to show generosity of spirit in the face of innumerable odds. We were watched in the airports and stations, and armed police and military personnel would sidle up to us and stand by waiting in case we did anything unlawful. We were forbidden by our visas to enter the University in Izhevsk, capital of the Udmurt Republic, a further 175 miles east, but special visitors cards were produced when we arrived in the city which enabled us to get into some of the buildings. The Udmurt Republic was recognised, along with Tatarstan, as a separate entity in 1920 after the revolution, but now there is increasing centralisation and control by Moscow. Things were especially tight because Izhevsk was one of the ‘closed cities’ in Soviet times; it was the site of industrial weapons production. In 2013, however, it was possible to visit the Kalashnikov factory, view display after display of crooked regime armies around the world holding different versions of the gun, and then go down to the basement and fire one at a target; it’s a gun with a violent kickback. Mikhail Kalashnikov was still around in the city, but died two weeks after we left Izhevsk, no connection. At the Tchaikovsky museum in nearby Votkinsk, from which you could look at the real Swan Lake, we were told that the composer had ‘marital problems’, but his homosexuality, which was being erased from a Russian biopic of his life, was not mentioned. Discussions of sexuality in Izhevsk were fraught, with official translators choosing the Russian word for ‘strange’ to explain to a puzzled audience what I was talking about as ‘queer’. Putin has clamped down on those who, as the official legal ruling has it, propagate pretend-family relationships; this is something uncannily similar, but more brutal than legislation floated by the Conservatives in Britain in the late 1980s. It is more brutal in Russia because it licenses physical attacks on lesbians and gays. Engels’ classic 1884 text The Origin of the Family, Private Property and State had argued that there was an intimate connection between the emergence of class society and the state institutions that defended it and patriarchy, the rule of men over women. This argument was important to the first forging of links between Marxist and feminist politics. Now in modern Russia we had the truth of Engel’s thesis displayed; as the capitalist state became more powerful, the nuclear family, already promoted by Stalin while dampening the sexual liberation that accompanied the 1917 revolution, was part of the ideological bedrock of the regime. That meant suppression of homosexuality as a threat to the nuclear family, something that Pussy Riot understood well, and we visited the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow where they demonstrated in homage to them. The suicide rate for young women is highest in the world in six of the seven Russian republics. Discussions about race were sometimes also fraught, with people offering the opinion that London must be dangerous to live in because there were so many black people there. I knew from Ukrainian friends who had visited Moscow recently that to speak their language on the Metro there was dangerous. Our hosts in Izhevsk did not know what to make of the Euromaidan protests in Kiev that were happening at that time; those who had been brought up as loyal party members, and showed us a statue of Lenin in the city where they had stood guard overnight, asked us of images of Lenin’s statue being toppled in Kiev, ‘Is this a revolution?’ Sexual and national minorities, even if they are not all together ‘minorities’ at all, are under threat, and ecological activists are also under direct attack. This is clear from the detention of a member of the Trotskyist Russian Socialist Movement in Izhevsk in May 2020 after campaigning against a hazardous waste plant on the edge of the city. State and Revolution This is a harsh time to be a revolutionary in Russia, when was it not, and any kind of temptation to ally with the Putin regime on the basis that it is engaged in any kind of progressive struggle against the West should be resisted. This regime is intimately linked to many other brutal regimes around the world, and willing to shift allegiance at a moment’s notice depending on its own particular diplomatic interests. This was the case under Stalin who deliberately distorted Lenin’s explicit pronouncement that it was not possible to build socialism in one country to make it seem as if the only country that could build socialism would be Russia, and that the state interests of the Soviet Union should be defended above all else. There is a direct line between those days of the bureaucracy that crystallised in the 1920s upon the hard-fought-for ‘workers state’ to Stalin and then to Putin. Trotskyists made a point of principle for many years to defend those economic gains against the capitalist world even when the bureaucracy was dead-set against the people. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the headlong rush to neoliberal capitalism, even that temptation to take sides between Russia and the rest of the capitalist world has fallen away. The irony is that the pull of a kind of ‘campist’ defence of the Soviet Union that was energetically resisted for many years by some revolutionary Marxists who, from 1948, saw the regime as being ‘state capitalist’ and so declared a plague on both houses (with the slogan ‘neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism’) have been still powerful now, including on these comrades. There are a multitude of forces pulling old Stalinists nostalgic for the old days of the Soviet Union as well as sect-like remains of old state capitalist groups to find something positive in Putin. There is nothing positive in Putin, nor in the macho capitalist nationalist dreams he peddles to the Russian people. The Soviet regime once served as a template for other progressive movements around the world, and the military might of Stalin and then Krushchev and then Brezhnev enforced that template inside the Communist Parties that were part of the old Third International. This model was not only a tragic mistake for revolutionaries of different stripes around the world desperate for support in their own struggles, but also had the effect of blocking solidarity with revolutionaries inside Russia who were trying to redeem the hopes of October, to remain true to the democratic socialist dynamic of the 1917 Revolution. It was a revolution betrayed, and if we are not to repeat those mistakes we need to learn from them, and to do that in solidarity with our comrades around the world wherever they are. This is one of the Socialisms series of FIIMG articles
When cows compete, people win. Katharine F. Knowlton, Ph.D. February 17, 2018 An interactive session led by Katharine F. Knowlton, Ph.D. Dr. Katharine Knowlton is a Virginia Tech professor who grew up on a dairy farm in Connecticut. After earning degrees at Cornell University, Michigan State and the University of Maryland she came to work at Virginia Tech. She is now the Colonel Horace Alphin Professor of Dairy Science at Virginia Tech. She does research on environmental issues associated with the dairy industry, is the head of the Dairy Science undergraduate program, and teaches five courses in the department. Dr. Knowlton’s favorite thing to do in all the world is to judge cows. That is, she tells farmers which of their cows is the prettiest, and why. She judges cow shows around the world and coaches the Virginia Tech team that has won the national dairy judging championship 4 times in the last ten years! Dairy cows are incredible. They love foods that we hate, and they make foods that we love. A cow’s job is to take grass and the leftovers from food and fuel production and give us milk, butter, cheese and ice cream. But did you know that what a cow looks like affects how well she does this job? Just as there are dog shows to identify the best dogs and horse shows to identify the best horses, farmers around the world bring their cows to shows to compete and identify cows that are better at their job than anyone else. Scientists go even further, collecting millions of pieces of data every day from dairy farms and using that data to help identify those best cows. So what do the best cows look like? How do scientists quantify this and use that data to help farmers have more of those cows? And what does all this mean for the planet and the 7.5 billion people inhabiting it?
Ultraviolet light (UV) is very effective at inactivating cysts, in low turbidity water. UV light's disinfection effectiveness decreases as turbidity increases, a result of the absorption, scattering, and shadowing caused by the suspended solids. The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water; therefore, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after the primary disinfection process. This is often done through the addition of chloramines, discussed above as a primary disinfectant. When used in this manner, chloramines provide an effective residual disinfectant with very few of the negative effects of chlorination. Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifiers can be an effective way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water.[4] Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe fittings. Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes. Acid (carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) may be added to alkaline waters in some circumstances to lower the pH. Alkaline water (above pH 7.0) does not necessarily mean that lead or copper from the plumbing system will not be dissolved into the water. The ability of water to precipitate calcium carbonate to protect metal surfaces and reduce the likelihood of toxic metals being dissolved in water is a function of pH, mineral content, temperature, alkalinity and calcium concentration.[5] Cut the bottom of a plastic bottle off -- these can be found almost everywhere at no cost. Replace the bottle cap with a cheesecloth/fine cloth, tied on with a rubber band and secure. Place it on a cup, with the cloth facing towards the ground. Put fine sand, charcoal, coarse sand and rocks in the bottle in the order listed. Pour water inside. Capture the water that has now been purified. The water from this unit is pretty much tasteless to me, which is ideal since tap water tastes awful. I grew up with Culligan, which has a certain taste to me, versus this which is just pure. Haven't tested it but plan to. We also added a line to the fridge ice maker so our ice is purified. It was easy to install in our home, and we've used it three months with no issues. The cables are long. today when our sink clogged and we had to drain it, got a mess over all the filters, and they water tubes were all long enough to put the whole unit (still assembled and attached), into the sink to rinse it off. I'm glad it's made in the USA so I know all the parts have stringent manufacturing guidelines. The only thing I would change, is ordering directly from apec instead ... full review
Miyawaki Method Consider the following statements with reference to the Miyawaki method: 1. Miyawaki is a technique pioneered by Philippines that helps build dense, native forests. 2. In Miyawaki method multi-layered saplings are planted close to each other. This blocks sunlight from reaching the ground and prevents weeds from growing, thus keeping the soil moist. The close cropping further ensures that the plants receive sunlight only from the top thus enabling them only to grow upwards than sideways. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Only 1 Both 1 and 2 Only 2 Neither 1 nor 2
Friday, 19 October 2018 Data Mining Process in R Language Phases in a typical Data Mining effort: 1. Discovery Frame business problem Identify analytics component Formulate initial hypotheses 2. Data Preparation Obtain dataset form internal and external sources Data consistency checks in terms of definitions of fields, units of measurement, time periods etc., 3. Data Exploration and Conditioning Missing data handling, Range reason ability, Outliers, Graphical or Visual Analysis Transformation, Creation of new variables, and Normalization Partitioning into Training, validation, and Test datasets 4. Model Planning - Determine data mining task such as prediction, classification etc. - Select appropriate data mining methods and techniques such as regression, neural networks, clustering etc. 5. Model Building Building different candidate models using selected techniques and their variants using training data Refine and select the final model using validation data Evaluate the final model on test data 6. Results Interpretation Model evaluation using key performance metrics 7. Model Deployment Pilot project to integrate and run the model on operational systems Similar data mining methodologies developed by SAS and IBM Modeler (SPSS Clementine) are called SEMAA and CRISP-DM respectively Data mining techniques can be divided into Supervised Learning Methods and Unsupervised Learning Methods Supervised Learning - In supervised learning, algorithms are used to learn the function 'f' that can map input variables (X) into output variables (Y) Y = f(X) - Idea is to approximate 'f' such that new data on input variables (X) can predict the output variables (Y) with minimum possible error (ε) Supervised Learning problem can be grouped into prediction and classification problems Unsupervised Learning - In Unsupervised Learning, algorithms are used to learn the underlying structure or patterns hidden in the data Unsupervised Learning problems can be grouped into clustering and association rule learning problems Target Population - Subset of the population under study - Results are generalized to the target population - Subset of the target population Simple Random Sampling - A sampling method where in each observation has an equal chance of being selected. Random Sampling - A sampling method where in each observation does not necessarily have an equal chance of being selected Sampling with Replacement - Sample values are independent Sampling without Replacement - Sample values aren't independent Sampling results in less no. of observation than the no. of total observation in the dataset Data Mining algorithms - Varying limitations on number of observation and variables Limitation due to computing power and storage capacity Limitations due to statistical being used How many observation to build accurate models? Rare Event, e.g., low response rate in advertising by traditional mail or email - Oversampling of 'success' cases - Arise mainly in classification tasks - Costs of misclassification - Costs of failing to identify 'success' cases are generally more than costs of detailed review of all cases - Prediction of 'success is likely to come at cost of misclassifying more 'failure' cases as 'success' cases than usual Post a comment Popular Posts
trauma for the adopted child simply stephen / November 8, 2011 Trauma for an adopted child is quite common. They have already been removed from at least one caregiver. Probably several. Nurses, birth mother, foster parents. It is common for a child to suffer post traumatic stress disorder and rejection, even prior to birth. While some children have suffered a traumatic family situation before being adopted, the process of adoption in itself is enough change, stress and turmoil for anyone, let alone a child. Many adoptees will suffer nightmares, have tantrums, feel insecure, sleep improperly, be angry and seem distant. Telling a child they are adopted can also creates issues, but it is important not to hide adoption from them. Even as infants, the body senses change. Adoption creates an extreme sense of loss and guilt (they lost a family member), leading not just in childhood but throughout their lifetime. Grief and pain is involved. So is rejection. Someone didn’t want them. They may have no sense of belonging. It’s hard to express yourself at the best of times. Imagine if you are a child. You have not learned how to verbalize your feelings. Acting out is one of many ways to achieve this. Any child will hold emotions inside until they learn how to behave. They need to feel secure first. They are unable to understand the implications of adoption, so they are certainly not able to master emotions. How this is handled will contribute to their mental and emotional development. The foundation of happy life. Fear not…that’s what all people are faced with in life. It is just about recognizing the differences and treating each situation as a unique experience. understand emotional stability Trauma can influence the ability to learn normally. It will also effect emotional stability. Their brain chemistry is changing and abnormal brain growth can effect how it forms. This doesn’t mean the child (or as a an adult) lacks intelligence or emotional capacity but it does mean that it needs extra nurturing. Trauma can also impair social development, since a child will often withdraw. This may cause them to get bullied (or vice versa) and have further problems communicating with peers. There is often anger and aggression. They have not had a bond from birth, so bonding with friends may be difficult. That could mean a disconnect in the form of emotions and empathy. what can be done about trauma Teaching a child to deal with loss, grief and anger is a first step to healing. There is magic bullet. As a parent you must first be aware of what has caused the trauma and empathize with this innocent child’s situation. Only then can you start to work on healing. 1. That process will involve recognizing triggers and causes, so when your child reacts you understand why and what is happening. Without that step you will be unable to prevent further trauma. Recognize the impact of trauma in you and you will see it in your child. 2. A structured lifestyle, one that corrects bad behaviour is much more important and effective than demonstrating love.It is actually selfish and secondary to demonstrate your love. A child needs to feel stable first. Time will demonstrate your feelings.To be stable you have to feel rooted in your surroundings. That involves a consistent, reliable and rigid environment, which has to be created with care and purpose. 3. Incorrect behaviour is not acceptable. It should be dealt with first. As the child learns what to expect, they can then move on to develop other skills, including empathy and love.Try using the TIME OUT exercise to calm them down and let them focus on thinking about their actions. 4. Communicate and verbalize feeling later 5. Reduce stimulation – there is so much processing going on and extra material is too much strain 6. Trying to get too close will often push them away. It scares most children. Thoughts of rejection are going through their mind. It’s already happened at least once. 7. I shouldn’t have to say this but – never hit any child, but especially a traumatized one 8. Always offer love and affection with dedicated face time at regular intervals during each day There are many methods and support tools to help lay a foundation of love and stability. Perhaps you need to find a support group or work with a family specialist to build a healthy platform for your child’s development. how can adopted adults learn to deal with the trauma Many adopted adults suffer from trauma and ignore it. There is no need to put yourself through the pain. Learning to love and accept yourself and the people in this world is a great step to healing. Recognizing that you need to do that is the first step. It is not likely that you will be able to do it alone. You are not alone in this world and if you don’t deal with the hard stuff it will get harder later. Please take the time to look around cope with life and read some articles that will help you find the solution you need. If you have a question, my ears are open and I would love to hear from you or read your comments. Also, have a look at the great resources available to help you cope with life. 2 thoughts on “trauma for the adopted child 1. While it does help to read what a NORMAL reaction to adopted children should be…I received the opposite from my adoptive mother. Chronic over-stimulation has warped my sense of comfort. The structured environment is a promise I never had, and a constant trigger of environment is too much to handle. 2. Rainstorm. I feel for your predicament. I too have some difficulties still…but I have been able to work through most of them with constant effort and many years of therapy. Making the choice to not be a victim and continue on…and to help fight the stigma and societal problems is a good start to continue on a positive road. I have been inactive on this blog for a little while but not inactive in depression, adoption and the stigmas of society. I will drop by your website as frequently as possible. Thanks for commenting. Leave a Reply CommentLuv badge
Every year painful experiments carry away more than 100 millions of our younger brothers lives. Animals are used to test new drugs for new scientific data, in industry and in education. Question: Is it possible to influence positively on this issue? The answer is simple: each of us can contribute to a significant reduction of animals used in experiments, if you listen to these tips: • Follow a healthy lifestyle and take care of your health. This is a natural disease prevention and eliminates the need to test the huge of new drugs on animals. • Acquire ethical goods (not tested on animals), for example, cosmetics, household chemicals, etc.. and refrain from unethical (still testing their products on our smaller brothers). Goods untested on animals, are marked on the packaging ("rabbit" or the word "vegan"). When buying such products, you will support ethical company, and "boycott" unethical. • Tell your friends, acquaintances and teachers, that nowadays there are humane alternatives to animal experiments in education, and they have long been successfully used in developed countries. In Belarus, humane alternatives are introduced in BSMU, ISEU and in three Grodno universities: GSU, Medical and Agricultural University.
Baikunth Chaudas is a major festival celebrated in Srinagar. This festival is also known as the name of Baikunth Chaturdashi. This festival observe each of the year in month of October or November. Baikunth Chaudas celebrated on the fourth day of Krishna Paksha of Kartika moth of Hindu calendar. This festival is one of the most celebrated festivals as a ritual fasting celebration. During this festival observe a hard ritual fast for whole day. They spent whole day of Baikunth Chaudas without taking a single drop of water. Myth of Baikunth Chaudas: There is a myth behind the celebration of Baikunth Chaudas festival in India. there is a saying that if a person who had no child and want to a child than he have to spent a whole night of Baikunth Chaudas in a river or a holistic water pond or lake than his or her desire will be fulfill. Baikunth Chaudas Fair In Srinagar : On the occasion of Baikunth Chaudas there is a ritual or holistic fair organizes in Srinagar. During these festival thousands of people participate with their holy desire and thoughts. They perform various ritual acts during this fair time. During the time of this fair at Srinagar people from various corners participate with their products and perform in this fair. Baikunth Chaudas In 2013: 16 November Baikunth Chaudas celebrated each of the years on fourth day of waxing phase of moon in kartika month of Hindu calendar or Indian calendar. This will be the time of fun and ritual acts. Tags: , , , , , ,
The New Aegean – Baltic TEN-T Corridor Why do we need the New Aegean-Baltic TEN-T Corridor? We need the New Aegean-Baltic TEN-T Corridor, because it relieves the already clogged up transportation system in the central part of Europe. It will also play an important role as a new shortcut for major transportation flows of goods between the Suez Canal, Central Europe and the Baltic Sea Region. What is the current situation in this part of Europe? There is a general lack of adequate transport infrastructure between Northern and Southern Europe or even shorter destinations such as Bucharest – Warsaw which takes 27 hours, or Sofia – Bucharest – 9:40 hours. Comparisons of travel times between comparable points in Western Europe would generally take between 2 to 4 hours only. The new Aegean – Baltic TEN-T Corridor provides a solution for these most underdeveloped communication points in the European Union. Will there be an economic development of these EU regions through the new TEN-T Corridor passes through? Of course. This is the end goal. After the implementation of the transport infrastructure in the new corridor, we have foreseen an economic improvement resulting in a rise in the Purchasing Power Capacity of Eastern European countries and their respective regions (currently the poorest ones in the EU) as well as certain countries which are indirectly related to the Corridor but will still have a strong benefit. What are other advantages of the new Aegean - Baltic TEN-T Corridor? a) Relief of heavily loaded transport infrastructure in the Central Europe b) Reduction in shipping time and distance between MENA, the Indian Ocean Region, Southeast Asia, China, Korea, Japan and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Baltic Sea c) Significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by implementing environmentally friendly modes of transportation such as rail and inland waterways as well as alternative energy sources for transport – electricity and LNG. What are the essential elements that make up the new Aegean - Baltic TEN-T Corridor? 1. South – North Stream Railway Line (SNS) 2. Two maritime ports (Aegean and Baltic Seas) 3. Multimodality and logistic centers (dry ports) 4. A system of missing motorways North East – South East Europe 5. Water management of the river Danube A detailed list of the project is provided at the end of this article. What are the Innovations in the new the New Aegean-Baltic TEN-T Corridor Although we have an entire presentation on the topic, which can we provided to you, the first and foremost innovation is the attraction of private investments for all sub-projects part of the ABC+De and part of the Corridor. The intention is to radically shorten the times for realisation of the projects as opposed to the official perspectives of 2030 and 2050, which seem to be too far away, and deprived of economic and investment attractiveness for the sensible investors who are pragmatic and results driven. Last but not least, one great example of our innovations is the level of technical digitalisation we intend to implement in our new railway infrastructure. Should we wait for another 5 years until 2023 to find out if the new corridor will be regulated or will the European Commission take action sooner? Will there be an initiative by the governments of Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland to regulate the new corridor or will the initiative continue to be of a private company? This remains an open question whose answer and responsibility relies on all of us who care about Europe and its future. Here is the detailed table with all projects included in the ABC+De Project. Close Menu
random sampling random sampling noun Statistics. 1. a method of selecting a sample (random sample) from a statistical population in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has a predetermined probability of being selected. Leave a Reply 41 queries 2.105
Web Results alphabetical list of chemical elements periodic table chart. Chemical elements alphabetically listed The elements of the periodic table sorted by name in an alphabetical list.. Click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.. This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry. This is a list of the 118 chemical elements which have been identified as of 2019. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a species of atoms which all have the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e., the same atomic number, or Z).. A popular visualization of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, a convenient tabular arrangement of the elements by ... List of elements Atomic Number Name Symbol Group Period Number Block State at. STP Occurrence Description 1 Hydrogen H 1 1 s Gas Primordial Non-metal 2 Helium He 18 1 s Gas Primordial Noble gas 3 Lithium Li 1 2 s Solid Primordial Alkali metal 4 Beryllium Be 2 2 s Solid Primordial Alkaline earth metal 5 Boron B 13 2 p Solid Primordial Metalloid 6 List of chemical symbols. Most chemical elements are represented symbolically by two letters, generally the first two in their name. In some cases, the first letter together with some other letter from their name was used, particularly when their first two letters had already been allocated to another element. Chemical Elements Frequently Asked Questions. Why do some chemical elements have names which do not match its symbol? Most of the abbreviations for the 118 chemical elements are derived from Latin. Here’s a list of chemical elements with symbols which do NOT match their names with explanations: Antimony (Sb) A-Z List of Elements in Alphabetical Order - Names and Symbols In order to be able to distinguish each elements along with the characteristics it has, chemists list the order of the elements into alphabetical thus not only chemists but ordinary people will get it easier to look up for the elements needed. Chemical symbols. Chemical elements are also given a unique chemical symbol.Chemical symbols are used all over the world. This means that, no matter which language is spoken, there is no confusion about what the symbol means. Chemical symbols of elements come from their English or Latin names. Chronological list. This table show which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). Here's a list of the chemical elements ordered by increasing atomic number.The names and element symbols are provided. Each element has a one- or two-letter symbol, which is an abbreviated form of its present or former name.The element number is its atomic number, which is the number of protons in each of its atoms.
Auditando en las bases de datos (ING) • Johnny Villalobos Murillo Keywords: Database, audit, objects, transactions The importance of establishing controls that allow you to diminish the inherent risk that has the data contained in a database make necessary implement audit procedures. Two types of audits applicable to the database exist essentially, the audit of object and the audit of transactions, some system database manager provide mechanisms for the first type, whereas to make the audits of transaction, is necessary to create our own procedures or to go to solution of third. How to Cite Villalobos Murillo, J. (2008). Auditando en las bases de datos (ING). Uniciencia, 22(1-2), 135-140. Retrieved from Original scientific papers (evaluated by academic peers) Most read articles by the same author(s)
Caring for Your Teeth and Gums How Should I Care for My Teeth and Gums? There are five basic steps to caring for teeth and gums: 1. Brushing 2. Flossing 3. Rinsing 4. Eating right 5. Visiting the dentist Tips for Brushing Teeth Brush at least twice a day. If you can, brush after every meal. Ideally wait 30 minutes after eating, this will allow any enamel that softened from acid during eating to re-harden and not get brushed away. Brushing removes plaque, a film of bacteria that clings to teeth. When bacteria in plaque come into contact with food, they produce acids. These acids lead to cavities. To brush: • Place the toothbrush against the teeth at a 45-degree angle up to the gum line. • Brush across the top of the chewing surfaces of the teeth. Make sure the bristles get into the grooves and crevices. Tips for Flossing Your Teeth Tips for Rinsing Your Mouth Mouthwashes do more than just freshen your breath. Rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash at least once a day to kill bacteria that cause plaque and early gum disease. A fluoride rinse can help prevent teeth decay and cavities. Some rinses can do both. • It doesn't matter if you rinse before or after you brush. • Swish the mouthwash in your mouth for 30 to 60 seconds. Eating Right for Dental Health For good dental health, eat a variety of foods, but minimize those that contain sugars and starches. These foods produce the most acids in the mouth and the longer they stay in the mouth, the more they can damage the teeth. Hard "sucking candies" are especially harmful because they stay in the mouth a long time. • Candies, cookies, cakes, and pie • Sugary gum • Crackers, breadsticks, and chips • Dried fruits and raisins Visit Your Dentist Regularly You can also ask your dentist about dental sealants. Sealant is a material used to coat the top, chewing surfaces of the teeth. This coating protects the tooth from decay and usually lasts a long time, but can only be placed on a tooth without decay. It is usually placed on children’s teeth as they get their permanent teeth. Tips for Rinsing In addition to the above four steps above, antibacterial mouth rinses reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association (ADA). Fluoride mouth rinses also help reduce and prevent tooth decay. The ADA does not recommend fluoride mouth rinses for children ages 6 or younger, because they may swallow the rinse. WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Alfred D. Wyatt Jr., DMD on November 13, 2018 American Dental Association. © 2018 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
• Spotlight Game Here is a fun game to play with your child to help them learn troublesome words. 1. Using a marker write a troublesome word on an index card using large print. (Make no more than 5 cards.) 2. Tape the cards to the refrigerator. 3. Give your child a flashlight. 4. Turn off the room lights. 5. As your child shines the flashlight on the word cards they read the words out loud. Last Modified on April 18, 2011
Thursday, December 28, 2017 Asteroid YZ4, Which Was NOT Spotted by NASA until Christmas Day, Just Flew Past Earth It flew by closer than the orbit of the moon, and though only the size of a bus it would wreck your day should it land on your head. From The Express: Asteroid 2017 YZ4: What time will the 'unseen' asteroid pass Earth TODAY? A NEWLY discovered asteroid known as Asteroid 2017 YZ4 will skim past the Earth today in what astronomers consider a “near miss”. But what time will the asteroid fly past? Asteroid YZ4, which was not spotted by NASA until Christmas Day, will hurtle past Earth at a distance of just 139,433 miles - a stone’s throw in astronomical terms - with the Moon orbiting about 238,000 miles away from Earth.
Sunday, September 1, 2019 admin Comments(0) Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Borivoje Nikolic´ Chapter 8: Designing Complex Digital Integrated Circuits (pdf) - Not yet. Download Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective By Jan M Rabaey – Progressive in content and form, this practical book successfully bridges the gap . Jan m. rabaey digital integrated circuits, a design perspective-prentice hall ( ). 1. Page 1 Thursday, August 17, PM. Language:English, Spanish, German Published (Last):16.10.2015 ePub File Size:25.56 MB PDF File Size:20.45 MB Distribution:Free* [*Sign up for free] Uploaded by: ROSANN Digital Integrated Circuits (2nd Edition)- Jan M. Rabaey. Tw3rp P. Page 9 Friday, January 18, AM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The. Issues in Digital Integrated Circuit Design. Quality Metrics of a Digital Design. Cost of an Integrated Circuit. Functionality and Robustness. Digital Integrated Circuits. © Prentice Hall Introduction. Jan M. Rabaey. Digital Integrated Circuits. A Design Perspective. View larger. Request a copy. Download instructor resources. Additional order info. download this product. Intended for use in undergraduate senior-level digital circuit design courses with advanced material sufficient for graduate-level courses. Progressive in content and form, this text successfully bridges the gap between the circuit perspective and system perspective of digital integrated circuit design. Beginning with solid discussions on the operation of electronic devices and in-depth analysis of the nucleus of digital design, the text maintains a consistent, logical flow of subject matter throughout. The revision addresses today's most significant and compelling industry topics, including: The revision reflects the ongoing evolution in digital integrated circuit design, especially with respect to the impact of moving into the deep-submicron realm. A Historical Perspective. Issues in Digital Integrated Circuit Design. Quality Metrics of a Digital Design. Packaging Integrated Circuits. Perspective—Trends in Process Technology. Rabaey jan integrated circuits digital pdf m The Diode. A Word on Process Variations. Technology Scaling. A First Glance. Interconnect Parameters—Capitance, Resistance, and Inductance. Electrical Wire Models. A Look into the Future. The Static Behavior. The Dynamic Behavior. Power, Energy, and Energy-Delay. How to Choose a Logic Style? Timing Metrics for Sequential Circuits. Classification of Memory Elements. Static Latches and Registers. Dynamic Latches and Registers. Pulse Registers. Sense-Amplifier Based Registers. An Approach to Optimize Sequential Circuits. Non-Bistable Sequential Circuits. Digital integrated circuits pdf rabaey jan m Choosing a Clocking Strategy. Custom Circuit Design. Cell-Based Design Methodology. Array-Based Implementation Approaches. Perspective—The Implementation Platform of the Future. Capacitive Parasitics. Resistive Parasitics. Inductive Parasitics. Advanced Interconnect Techniques. Timing Classification of Digital Systems. Self-Timed Circuit Design. Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition Synchronizers and Arbiters. Future Directions and Perspectives. Datapaths in Digital Processor Architectures. No notes for slide. One has long grown accustomed to the idea of digital computers. Evolving steadily from mainframe and minicomputers, personal and laptop computers have proliferated into daily life. More significant, however, is a continuous trend towards digital solutions in all other areas of electronics. Instrumentation was one of the first noncomputing domains where the potential benefits of digital data manipulation over analog processing were recognized. Other areas such as control were soon to follow. Only recently have we witnessed the conversion of telecommunications and consumer electronics towards the digital format. Increasingly, telephone data is transmitted and processed digitally over both wired and wireless networks. The compact disk has revolutionized the audio world, and digital video is following in its footsteps. The idea of implementing computational engines using an encoded data format is by no means an idea of our times. In the early nineteenth century, Babbage envisioned largescale mechanical computing devices, called Difference Engines [Swade93]. Although these engines use the decimal number system rather than the binary representation now common in modern electronics, the underlying concepts are very similar. The Analytical Engine, developed in , was perceived as a general-purpose computing machine, with features strikingly close to modern computers. It even used pipelining to speed up the execution of the addition operation! Unfortunately, the complexity and the cost of the designs made the concept impractical. For instance, the design of Difference Engine I part of which is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Early digital electronics systems were based on magnetically controlled switches or relays. They were mainly used in the implementation of very simple logic networks. Examples of such are train safety systems, where they are still being used at present. The age of digital electronic computing only started in full with the introduction of the vacuum tube. While originally used almost exclusively for analog processing, it was realized early on that the vacuum tube was useful for digital computations as well. Soon complete computers were realized. It became rapidly clear, however, that this design technology had reached its limits. Reliability problems and excessive power consumption made the implementation of larger engines economically and practically infeasible. All changed with the invention of the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories in [Bardeen48], followed by the introduction of the bipolar transistor by Schockley in [Schockley49] 1. It took till before this led to the first bipolar digital logic gate, introduced by Harris [Harris56], and even more time before this translated into a set of integrated-circuit commercial logic gates, called the Fairchild Micrologic family [Norman60]. Other logic families were devised with higher performance in mind. Examples of these are the current switching circuits that produced the first subnanosecond digital gates and culminated in the ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic family [Masaki74], which is discussed in more detail in this textbook. TTL had the advantage, however, of offering a higher integration density and was the basis of the first integrated circuit revolution. In fact, the manufacturing of TTL components is what spear-headed the first large semiconductor companies such as Fairchild, National, and Texas Instruments. The family was so successful that it composed the largest fraction of the digital semiconductor market until the s. Ultimately, bipolar digital logic lost the battle for hegemony in the digital design world for exactly the reasons that haunted the vacuum tube approach: Although attempts were made to develop high integration density, low-power bipolar families such as I2 L—Integrated Injection Logic [Hart72] , the torch was gradually passed to the MOS digital integrated circuit approach. Lilienfeld Canada as early as , and, independently, by O. Heil in England in Insufficient knowledge of the materials and gate stability problems, however, delayed the practical usability of the device for a long time. Once these were solved, MOS digital integrated circuits started to take off in full in the early s. The complexity of the manufac1 An intriguing overview of the evolution of digital integrated circuits can be found in [Murphy93]. Most of the data in this overview has been extracted from this reference. Instead, the first practical MOS integrated circuits were implemented in PMOS-only logic and were used in applications such as calculators. The second age of the digital integrated circuit revolution was inaugurated with the introduction of the first microprocessors by Intel in the and the [Shima74]. Simultaneously, MOS technology enabled the realization of the first high-density semiconductor memories. These events were at the start of a truly astounding evolution towards ever higher integration densities and speed performances, a revolution that is still in full swing right now. The road to the current levels of integration has not been without hindrances, however. In the late s, NMOS-only logic started to suffer from the same plague that made high-density bipolar logic unattractive or infeasible: This realization, combined with progress in manufacturing technology, finally tilted the balance towards the CMOS technology, and this is where we still are today. Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition Interestingly enough, power consumption concerns are rapidly becoming dominant in CMOS design as well, and this time there does not seem to be a new technology around the corner to alleviate the problem. Although the large majority of the current integrated circuits are implemented in the MOS technology, other technologies come into play when very high performance is at stake. BiCMOS is used in high-speed memories and gate arrays. When even higher performance is necessary, other technologies emerge besides the already mentioned bipolar silicon ECL family—Gallium-Arsenide, Silicon-Germanium and even superconducting technologies. These technologies only play a very small role in the overall digital integrated circuit design scene. With the ever increasing performance of CMOS, this role is bound to be further reduced with time. Hence the focus of this textbook on CMOS only. In the s, Gordon Moore, then with Fairchild Corporation and later cofounder of Intel, predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a single die would grow exponentially with time. Its validity is best illustrated with the aid of a set of graphs. As can be observed, integration complexity doubles approximately every 1 to 2 years. As a result, memory density has increased by more than a thousandfold since An intriguing case study is offered by the microprocessor. From its inception in the early seventies, the microprocessor has grown in performance and complexity at a steady and predictable pace. The number of transistors and the clock frequency for a number of landmark designs are collected in Figure 1. Clock frequencies double every three years and have reached 5. This is illustrated in Figure 1. An important observation is that, as of now, these trends have not shown any signs of a slow-down. It should be no surprise to the reader that this revolution has had a profound impact on how digital circuits are designed. Early designs were truly hand-crafted. Every transistor was laid out and optimized individually and carefully fitted into its environment. This is adequately illustrated in Figure 1. This approach is, obviously, not appropriate when more than a million devices have to be created and assembled. With the rapid evolution of the design technology, time-to-market is one of the crucial factors in the ultimate success of a component. Observe howthe fraction of the transistors is being devoted to memory is increasing over time [Young99]. Designers have, therefore, increasingly adhered to rigid design methodologies and strategies that are more amenable to design automation. The impact of this approach is apparent from the layout of one of the later Intel microprocessors, the Pentium, shown in Figure 1. Instead of the individualized approach of the earlier designs, a circuit is constructed in a hierarchical way: Cells are reused as much as possible to reduce the design effort and to enhance the chances for a first-time-right implementation. The fact that this hierarchical approach is at all possible is the key ingredient for the success of digital circuit design and also explains why, for instance, very large scale analog design has never caught on. The obvious next question is why such an approach is feasible in the digital world and not or to a lesser degree in analog designs. The crucial concept here, and the most important one in dealing with the complexity issue, is abstraction. At each design level, the internal details of a complex module can be abstracted away and replaced by a black box view or model. This model contains virtually all the information needed to deal with the block at the next level of hierarchy. For instance, once a designer has implemented a multiplier module, its performance can be defined very accurately and can be captured in a model. The performance of this multiplier is in general only marginally influenced by the way it is utilized in a larger system. For all purposes, it can hence be considered a black box with known characteristics. As there exists no compelling need for the system 7. The impact of this divide and conquer approach is dramatic. Instead of having to deal with a myriad of elements, the designer has to consider only a handful of components, each of which are characterized in performance and cost by a small number of parameters. Someone writing a large program does not bother to look inside those library routines. The only thing he cares about is the intended result of calling one of those modules. Typically used abstraction levels in digital circuit design are, in order of increasing abstraction, the device, circuit, gate, functional module e. No circuit designer will ever seriously consider the solid-state physics equations governing the behavior of the device when designing a digital gate. Instead he will use a simplified model that adequately describes the input-output behavior of the transistor. For instance, an AND gate is adequately described by its Boolean expres- 9. B , its bounding box, the position of the input and output terminals, and the delay between the inputs and the output. This design philosophy has been the enabler for the emergence of elaborate computer-aided design CAD frameworks for digital integrated circuits; without it the current design complexity would not have been achievable. Design tools include simulation at the various complexity levels, design verification, layout generation, and design synthesis. An overview of these tools and design methodologies is given in Chapter 11 of this textbook. Furthermore, to avoid the redesign and reverification of frequently used cells such as basic gates and arithmetic and memory modules, designers most often resort to cell libraries. These libraries contain not only the layouts, but also provide complete documentation and characterization of the behavior of the cells. The use of cell libraries is, for instance, apparent in the layout of the Pentium processor Figure 1. The integer and floating-point unit, just to name a few, contain large sections designed using the so-called standard cell approach. In this approach, logic gates are placed in rows of cells of equal height and interconnected using routing channels. The layout of such a block can be generated automatically given that a library of cells is available. The preceding analysis demonstrates that design automation and modular design practices have effectively addressed some of the complexity issues incurred in contemporary digital design. This leads to the following pertinent question. If design automation solves all our design problems, why should we be concerned with digital circuit design at all? Will the next-generation digital designer ever have to worry about transistors or parasitics, or is the smallest design entity he will ever consider the gate and the module? The truth is that the reality is more complex, and various reasons exist as to why an insight into digital circuits and their intricacies will still be an important asset for a long time to come. Semiconductor technologies continue to advance from year to year. For instance, to identify the dominant performance parameters of a given design, one has to recognize the critical timing path first. This is the case for a large number of application-specific designs, where the main goal is to provide a more integrated system solution, and performance requirements are easily within the capabilities of the technology. Unfortunately for a large number of other products such as microprocessors, success hinges on high performance, and designers therefore tend to push technology to its limits. At that point, the hierarchical approach tends to become somewhat less attractive. The performance of, for instance, an adder can be substantially influenced by the way it is connected to its environment. The interconnection wires themselves contribute to delay as they introduce parasitic capacitances, resistances and even inductances. The impact of the interconnect parasitics is bound to increase in the years to come with the scaling of the technology. Some design entities tend to be global or external to resort anew to the software analogy. Examples of global factors are the clock signals, used for synchronization in a digital design, and the supply lines. Increasing the size of a digital design has a profound effect on these global signals. For instance, connecting more cells to a supply line can cause a voltage drop over the wire, which, in its turn, can slow down all the connected cells. Issues such as clock distribution, circuit synchronization, and supply-voltage distribution are becoming more and more critical. Coping with them requires a profound understanding of the intricacies of digital circuit design. A typical example of this is the periodical reemergence of power dissipation as a constraining factor, as was already illustrated in the historical overview. Another example is the changing ratio between device and interconnect parasitics. To cope with these unforeseen factors, one must at least be able to model and analyze their impact, requiring once again a profound insight into circuit topology and behavior. A fabricated circuit does not always exhibit the exact waveforms one might expect from advance simulations. Deviations can be caused by variations in the fabrication process parameters, or by the inductance of the package, or by a badly modeled clock signal. Troubleshooting a design requires circuit expertise. For all the above reasons, it is my belief that an in-depth knowledge of digital circuit design techniques and approaches is an essential asset for a digital-system designer. Even though she might not have to deal with the details of the circuit on a daily basis, the understanding will help her to cope with unexpected circumstances and to determine the dominant effects when analyzing a design. Example 1. The function of the clock signal in a digital design is to order the multitude of events happening in the circuit. This task can be compared to the function of a traffic light that determines which cars are allowed to move. It also makes sure that all operations are completed before the next one starts—a traffic light should be green long enough to allow a car or a pedestrian to cross the road. Under ideal circumstances, the clock signal is a periodic step waveform with abrupt transitions between the low and the high values Figure 1. Consider, for instance, the circuit configuration of Figure 1. This sampled value is preserved and appears at the output until the clock rises anew and a new input is sam- Under normal circuit operating conditions, this is exactly what happens, as demonstrated in the simulated response of Figure 1. When the degeneration is within bounds, the functionality of the latch is not impacted. When these bounds are exceeded the latch suddenly starts to malfunction as shown in Figure 1. The output signal makes unexpected transitions at the falling clock edge, and extra spikes can be observed as well. M pdf circuits rabaey jan integrated digital Propagation of these erroneous values can cause the digital system to go into a unforeseen mode and crash. This example clearly shows how global effects, such as adding extra load to a clock, can change the behavior of an individual module. Observe that the effects shown are not universal, but are a property of the register circuit used. Besides the requirement of steep edges, other constraints must be imposed on clock signals to ensure correct operation. A second requirement related to clock alignment, is illustrated in Figure 1. This is confirmed by the simulations shown in Figure 1. Due to delays associated with routing the clock wires, it may happen that the clocks become misaligned with respect to each other. As a result, the registers are interpreting time indicated by the clock signal differently. If the time it takes to propagate the output of the first register to the input of the second is smaller than the clock delay, the latter will sample the wrong value. Clock misalignment, or clock skew, as it is normally called, is another example of how global signals may influence the functioning of a hierarchically designed system. Clock skew is actually one of the most critical design problems facing the designers of large, high-performance systems. The purpose of this textbook is to provide a bridge between the abstract vision of digital design and the underlying digital circuit and its peculiarities. While starting from a solid understanding of the operation of electronic devices and an in-depth analysis of the nucleus of digital design—the inverter—we will gradually channel this knowledge into the design of more complex entities, such as complex gates, datapaths, registers, controllers, and memories. The persistent quest for a designer when designing each of the mentioned modules is to identify the dominant design parameters, to locate the section of the design he should focus his optimizations on, and to determine the specific properties that make the module under investigation e. These properties help to quantify the quality of a design from different perspectives: Which one of these metrics is most important depends upon the application. For instance, pure speed is a crucial property in a compute server. On the other hand, energy consumption is a dominant metric for hand-held mobile applications such as cell phones. The introduced properties are relevant at all levels of the design hierarchy, be it system, chip, module, and gate. To ensure consistency in the definitions throughout the design hierarchy stack, we propose a bottom-up approach: Fixed Cost The fixed cost is independent of the sales volume, the number of products sold. An important component of the fixed cost of an integrated circuit is the effort in time and manpower it takes to produce the design. This design cost is strongly influenced by the complexity of the design, the aggressiveness of the specifications, and the productivity of the designer. Advanced design methodologies that automate major parts of the design process can help to boost the latter. Bringing down the design cost in the presence of an everincreasing IC complexity is one of the major challenges that is always facing the semiconductor industry. The Design Additionally, one has to account for the indirect costs, the company overhead that cannot be billed directly to one product. Variable Cost This accounts for the cost that is directly attributable to a manufactured product, and is hence proportional to the product volume. Variable costs include the costs of the parts used in the product, assembly costs, and testing costs. This also explains why it makes sense to have large design team working for a number of years on a hugely successful product such as a microprocessor. While the cost of producing a single transistor has dropped exponentially over the past decades, the basic variable-cost equation has not changed: Upon completion of the fabrication, the wafer is chopped into dies, which are then individually packaged after being tested. We will focus on the cost of the dies in this discussion. The cost of packaging and test is the topic of later chapters. Single die Figure 1. Each square represents a die. The die cost depends upon the number of good die on a wafer, and the percentage of those that are functional. The latter factor is called the die yield. The actual situation is somewhat more complicated as wafers are round, and chips are square. Dies around the perimeter of the wafer are therefore lost. The size of the wafer has been steadily increasing over the years, yielding more dies per fabrication run. The actual relation between cost and area is more complex, and depends upon the die yield. Both the substrate material and the manufacturing process introduce faults that can cause a chip to fail. Assuming that the defects are randomly distributed over the wafer, and that the yield is inversely proportional to the complexity of the fabrication process, we obtain the following expression of the die yield: The defects per unit area is a measure of the material and process induced faults. A value between 0. Determine the die yield of this CMOS process run. The number of dies per wafer can be estimated with the following expression, which takes into account the lost dies around the perimeter of the wafer. The die yield can be computed with the aid of Eq. This means that on the average only 40 of the dies will be fully functional. The bottom line is that the number of functional of dies per wafer, and hence the cost per die is a strong function of the die area. While the yield tends to be excellent for the smaller designs, it drops rapidly once a certain threshold is exceeded. Bearing in mind the equations derived above and the typical parameter values, we can conclude that die costs are proportional to the fourth power of the area: Small area is hence a desirable property for a digital gate. The smaller the gate, the higher the integration density and the smaller the die size. Smaller gates furthermore tend to be faster and consume less energy, as the total gate capacitance—which is one of the dominant performance parameters—often scales with the area. The number of transistors in a gate is indicative for the expected implementation area. Other parameters may have an impact, though. For instance, a complex interconnect pattern between the transistors can cause the wiring area to dominate. The gate complexity, as expressed by the number of transistors and the regularity of the interconnect structure, also has an impact on the design cost. Complex structures are harder to implement and tend to take more of the designers valuable time. Simplicity and regularity is a precious property in cost-sensitive designs. The measured behavior of a manufactured circuit normally deviates from the One reason for this aberration are the variations in the manufacturing process. The dimensions, threshold voltages, and currents of an MOS transistor vary between runs or even on a single wafer or die. The electrical behavior of a circuit can be profoundly affected by those variations. The presence of disturbing noise sources on or off the chip is another source of deviations in circuit response. Some examples of digital noise sources are depicted in Figure 1. For instance, two wires placed side by side in an integrated circuit form a coupling capacitor and a mutual inductance. Hence, a voltage or current change on one of the wires can influence the signals on the neighboring wire. Noise on the power and ground rails of a gate also influences the signal levels in the gate. Most noise in a digital system is internally generated, and the noise value is proportional to the signal swing. Capacitive and inductive cross talk, and the internally-generated power supply noise are examples of such. Other noise sources such as input power supply noise are external to the system, and their value is not related to the signal levels. For these sources, the noise level is directly expressed in Volt or Ampere. Noise sources that are a function of the signal level are better expressed as a fraction or percentage of the signal level. Noise is a major concern in the engineering of digital circuits. How to cope with all these disturbances is one of the main challenges in the design of high-performance digital circuits and is a recurring topic in this book. VD D v t i t a Inductive coupling Figure 1. The definition and derivation of these parameters requires a prior understanding of how digital signals are represented in the world of electronic circuits. Digital circuits DC perform operations on logical or Boolean variables. A logical variable x can only assume two discrete values: In a physical implementation, such a variable is represented by an electrical quantity. This is most often a node voltage that is not discrete but can adopt a continuous range of values. This electrical voltage is turned into a discrete variable by associating a nominal voltage level with each logic state: The difference between the two is called the logic or signal swing Vsw. An example of an inverter VTC is shown in Figure 1. The gate threshold voltage presents the midpoint of the switching characteristics, which is obtained when the output of a gate is short-circuited to the input. This point will prove to be of particular interest when studying circuits with feedback also called sequential circuits. Even if an ideal nominal value is applied at the input of a gate, the output signal often deviates from the expected nominal value. These deviations can be caused by noise or by the loading on the output of the gate i. Steady-state signals should avoid this region if proper circuit operation is to be ensured. It is obvious that the margins should be larger than 0 for a digital circuit to be functional and by preference should be as large as possible. Regenerative Property A large noise margin is a desirable, but not sufficient requirement. Assume that a signal is disturbed by noise and differs from the nominal voltage levels. As long as the signal is within the noise margins, the following gate continues to function correctly, although its output voltage varies from the nominal one. This deviation is added to the noise injected at the output node and passed to the next gate. The effect of different noise sources may accumulate and eventually force a signal level into the undefined region. This property can be understood as follows: The input signal to the chain is a step-waveform with a degraded amplitude, which could be caused by noise. Instead of swinging from rail to rail, From the simulation, it can be observed that this deviation rapidly disappears, while progressing through the chain; v1, for instance, extends from 0. The inverter used in this example clearly possesses the regenerative property. The conditions under which a gate is regenerative can be intuitively derived by analyzing a simple case study. Assume that a voltage v0 , deviating from the nominal voltages, is applied to the first inverter in the chain. The signal voltage gradually converges to the nominal signal after a number of inverter stages, as indicated by the arrows. In Figure 1. Hence, the characteristic is nonregenerative. The difference between the two cases is due to the gain characteristics of the gates. To be regenerative, the VTC should have a transient region or undefined region with a gain greater than 1 in absolute value, bordered by the two legal zones, where the gain should be smaller than 1. Such a gate has two stable operating points. This clarifies the definition of the VI H and the V IL levels that form the boundaries between the legal and the transient zones. Noise Immunity While the noise margin is a meaningful means for measuring the robustness of a circuit against noise, it is not sufficient. Noise immunity, on the other hand, expresses the ability of the system to pro- Many digital circuits with low noise margins have very good noise immunity because they reject a noise source rather than overpower it. To study the noise immunity of a gate, we have to construct a noise budget that allocates the power budget to the various power sources. Rabaey, Chandrakasan & Nikolic, Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition \| Pearson We assume, for the sake of simplicity, that the noise margin equals half the signal swing for both H and L. To operate correctly, the noise margin has to be larger than the sum of the noise values. On the other hand, the impact of the internal sources is strongly dependent upon the noise suppressing capabilities of the gates, i. In later chapters, we will discuss some differential logic families that suppress most of the internal noise, and hence can get away with very small noise margins and signal swings. Directivity The directivity property requires a gate to be unidirectional, that is, changes in an output level should not appear at any unchanging input of the same circuit. If not, an output-signal transition reflects to the gate inputs as a noise signal, affecting the signal integrity. In real gate implementations, full directivity can never be achieved. Some feedback of changes in output levels to the inputs cannot be avoided. [PDF] Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective By Jan M Rabaey Book Free Download Capacitive coupling between inputs and outputs is a typical example of such a feedback. It is important to minimize these changes so that they do not affect the logic levels of the input signals. Fan-In and Fan-Out The fan-out denotes the number of load gates N that are connected to the output of the driving gate Figure 1. Increasing the fan-out of a gate can affect its logic output levels. From the world of analog amplifiers, we know that this effect is minimized by making the input resistance of the load gates as large as possible minimizing the input currents and by keeping the output resistance of the driving gate small reducing the effects of load currents on the output voltage. When the fan-out is large, the added load can deteriorate the dynamic performance of the driving gate. For these reasons, many generic and library The fan-in of a gate is defined as the number of inputs to the gate Figure 1. Gates with large fan-in tend to be more complex, which often results in inferior static and dynamic properties. M N b Fan-in M Figure 1. The ideal inverter model is important because it gives us a metric by which we can judge the quality of actual implementations. Its VTC is shown in Figure 1. The input and output impedances of the ideal gate are infinity and zero, respectively i. The values of the dc-parameters are derived from inspection of the graph. Performance From a system designers perspective, the performance of a digital circuit expresses the computational load that the circuit can manage. For instance, a microprocessor is often characterized by the number of instructions it can execute per second. This performance metric depends both on the architecture of the processor—for instance, the number of instructions it can execute in parallel—, and the actual design of logic circuitry. While the former is crucially important, it is not the focus of this text book. We refer the reader to the many excellent books on this topic [for instance, Patterson96]. When focusing on the pure design, performance is most often expressed by the duration of the clock period clock cycle time , or its rate clock frequency. The minimum value of the clock period for a given technology and design is set by a number of factors such as the time it takes for the signals to propagate through the logic, the time it takes to get the data in and out of the Each of these topics will be discussed in detail on the course of this text book. At the core of the whole performance analysis, however, lays the performance of an individual gate. The propagation delay t p of a gate defines how quickly it responds to a change at its input s. It expresses the delay experienced by a signal when passing through a gate. The tpLH defines the response time of the gate for a low to high or positive output transition, while tpHL refers to a high to low or negative transition. The propagation delay tp is defined as the average of the two. Observe that the propagation delay tp , in contrast to tpLH and tpHL, is an artificial gate quality metric, and has no physical meaning per se. Circuits rabaey jan integrated pdf digital m It is mostly used to compare different semiconductor technologies, or logic design styles. The propagation delay is not only a function of the circuit technology and topology, but depends upon other factors as well.
1. Topic- The Seasons 2. Content- Seasons result from annual variations in the intensity of sunlight and length of day due to the tilt of the axis of the Earth relative to the plane of its yearly orbit around the sun. Key words: orbit, revolution, rotational axis 3. Goals: Aims/Outcomes- 1. At the end of this lesson, the students will know why we have seasons. 2. Students will know what each season is. 3. Students will know how the earth moves around the sun. 4. Objectives- 1. Identify the names of each of the four seasons. 2. Demonstrate with a partner how the sun moves (rotation and revolution) in the solar system. 3. Tell how the angle of the earth determines the seasons. 5. Materials and Aids- >Collection of seasonal objects and pictures >Construction paper in light colors >Crayons or colored pencils >Beach ball, or other large round object >Modeling clay - enough for each pair of students to have a small amount (to make a 1/2 inch ball) >Oranges - enough for each pair of students to have one >Toothpicks - box of 100 (several toothpicks needed for each pair of students) >Whiteboard and markers (or use a chalkboard, smart board, projector, etc.) >Earth cross-section model (or use a ball with a line drawn around the middle to show the equator, and a globe to show north and south poles) 6. Procedures/Methods- A. Introduction- 1. Collect a variety of seasonal objects and pictures that show the four different seasons. 2. Divide the objects into even piles - with one pile for each small group (3-4 students) in the class. Each pile can be put in a box, basket, or bag. Each pile should have between 10-20 objects such as magazine pictures (beach scenes, snow scenes), fake fall leaves, winter hat, gloves, flower seeds, etc. 3. Have the class split into groups and give each group a pile of objects to sort. Tell them there are many ways to sort the objects, and they must decide as a group how to sort them. 4. After each group is finished, talk with the class about the different ways the objects were sorted. Did any group choose to sort their items by the four seasons? Explain that they will be learning more about what each season is and why we have seasons. B. Development- 1. Write the word 'winter' on the board, and have students come up with words to describe it. Do the same for 'summer,' and then for spring and fall. 2. Once there is a list of words describing each season, hand out pieces of construction paper to each student. Each student should choose a season, and draw a picture of what the weather looks like, using crayons or colored pencils. 3. After they have finished their picture, have the students turn the construction paper over and write 2-3 sentences about the season they chose. Remind them to use descriptive words, like those written on the board. C. Practice- 1. Using the cross-section model of the earth, point out the equator line and the north and south poles. Tell the class that we live closer to the North Pole (you may wish to pass the ball around and let students find North America for themselves). 2. Explain that Earth spins around in a circle (called rotation) while making a path (also called an orbit) around the sun. One complete orbit around the sun is called a revolution. One revolution is a year. One rotation is a day. 3. Display the worksheet on a projector screen so everyone can see it. Explain that the earth actually revolves around the sun at a tilt, or angle. This is called its rotational axis. 4. Hold the foam model; point out the equator again, then tilt the model so that it is at an angle (meaning the North Pole does not point straight up). 5. Ask for a volunteer to come up and hold the beach ball. Explain that the beach ball represents the sun and the foam model is the earth. Still holding the foam model at an angle, slowly walk around the sun, completing one revolution. How does the rotational axis determine the seasons? When the North Pole is tilted away from the sun, it is winter in North America. When the South Pole is tilted away from the sun, it is summer! The in-between seasons (spring and fall) are when the earth gets just about the same amount of sunlight on the south and north poles. When it is summer on one part of the globe, it is winter on the other part. The equator is always the warmest part on earth because it is closest to the sun no matter what the angle of the earth is. 6. After you verbally explain the reason we have seasons, hand out a worksheet for each child to color in (coloring can be done in class or at home, depending on the time that is available). D. Independent Practice- 1. Remind students how it looked when you held the earth model and walked around making a single revolution. Tell students that the sun always rotates while it is revolving. 2. Take a small piece of clay (about half an inch in diameter) and insert a toothpick in the center, so you can spin it between your fingers. Spinning in a circle like this is what the earth is doing constantly! In order to make one rotation a day, the earth must move at speeds of 1,000 mph, while at the same time travel through space (orbiting the sun) at speeds of 67,000 mph. 3. Have students get into pairs and give each pair a piece of modeling clay, a few toothpicks, and an orange. Let them experience how the clay model of the earth is able to move around the orange (the sun) up close. 4. Walk around making sure that each group understands that the earth moves at an angle, and they hold their toothpicks at an angle instead of straight up and down. If students understand this concept well, you may have them also spin the orange slowly, since our sun does rotate (though not at the same speed of Earth). E. Accommodations (Differentiated Instruction)- 1. If students struggle with writing, they can have the teacher write their words for them as they dictate. 2. There are a variety of visual and auditory cues meant to build learning in this lesson. 3. If a student cannot see the board or the foam model of the earth, invite them to move closer. 4. If a student has auditory discrimination problems, invite him or her to sit closer to the front, or have this student work with a partner who can repeat something the student may have missed the first time. F. Checking for understanding- 1. When students are finished creating their clay-and-orange model of the earth's movement around the sun, have each student get out their drawing of a season that they worked on before. On the back, have each student write one or two more sentences about what makes seasons and why the weather feels the way it does during the season they chose. 2. Point out the words 'orbit,' 'revolution,' and 'rotational axis' on the board, to help students write their sentences. 3. Each student should turn in their drawing when finished, so that you can read what they wrote and check for understanding. G. Closure- Teacher ask students: 1. What season is it when the North Pole is tilted away from the sun in North America? 2. Why are we in the Fall season now? 7. Evaluation- 1. To extend this lesson, you can have students act out the solar system in a large open area, such as a gym. Pick volunteers to be the sun, moon, and earth. Remind students that the moon revolves around the earth, which rotates as it revolves around the sun, and the sun rotates, but only very slowly. 2. Let students take turns acting the parts of the solar system. This Lesson Plan is available at (www.teacherjet.com)
On definitions. 2015. (...)Origin here signifies that from where and through which a thing is what it is, and how it is. What something is, how it is, we name its essence (Wesen). The origin of something is the provenance of its essence. The question of the origin of the work of art asks after the work's essential provenance. The work, according to common understanding, springs out from and through the activity of the artist. But through what and from what is the artist what he is? Through the work; the saying that the work commends the master, says: The work first let´s the artist emerge as a master of art. The artist is the origin of the work. The work is the origin of the artist. Neither is without the other. However, neither of them alone bears the other. Artist and work are , each in themselves and in their mutual relations, through a third, namely through art, which is the first from which artist and artwork have their name. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORK OF ART. Martin Heidegger. On definitions. 2015. Works like “le Vide” by Yves Klein (1959) or Martin Creed’s “Work No. 79. Some Blu-Tack kneaded, rolled into a ball, and depressed against a wall.1993” are effective also because they enact a process of subtraction: an absence in the familiar aspect and setup of the piece of art compels the viewer to rethink her/his notion of the artwork and its constituents, and this shift creates new patters of communication. Both Klein’s and Creed’s works use the frames of meaning of the white-cube “ ( see 8. Brian O´Doherty. Inside the White Cube.) and the art-world, but they also provide us with a helpful strategy: we can remove the context of the artworld and verify what happens to the artwork. Is it still an artwork? Or does it lose its status? Following Danto’s analysis, an artwork cannot exist outisde the frame of the artworld. We can observe that the “artworld” as defined by Danto has wide and blurry boundaries. A transfiguration takes place when an object is placed in a context defined by artistic theories: “Art is the kind of thing that depends for its existence upon theories; without theories of art, black paint is just black paint and nothing more. (…) So it is essential to our study that we understand the nature of an art theory, which is so powerful a thing as to detach objects from the real world and make them part of a different world, an art world, a world of interpreted things” (Transfiguration of the Commonplace. p. 135). Arthur Danto defines the artworld as follows: “the artworld provides the theories of art which all members of the artworld tacitly assume in order for there to be objects considered as art” (see “The Artworld,” Journal of Philosophy (1964). (...)The artworld does circulate theories about art, and expects members to know them. N. Carroll in Beyond Aesthetics: Philosophical Essays provides a useful interpretation of Danto´s approach: A worthy opponent of the Institutional Theory of Art is the philosopher J. Levinson with his “Music, Art, and Metaphysics” (3). Although, strangely enough, his work is sometimes akin to Institutional Theory, he clearly departs from it on several points. Dickie´s institutional thesis seems to be the main target of Levinson’s criticism(5) (...). In Music, Art, & Metaphysics (3) Levinson states: Levinson´s contextualism identifies the following constitutive elements: a work of art is an indicated structure (vehicular medium) created by an individual(s), provided with a title, and set in a specific context (art historical context) at a specific time (t). In other words, an artwork must be understood in terms of (1) a historical tradition of regarding artworks in particular ways and (2) the maker´s intention that the product of her making be regarded in one of those ways. (...) To give an extended example of the concept-context of the artwork we can quote Levinson’s (1980) description of the historical-artistic context: (J.Levinson 1980:69). W. Sellars uses Harman’s classification as an introduction to his “Meaning as Functional Classification” (17_III) (A working paper for the UConn Conference on linguistics): Harman thus summarizes his argument: The 3 levels are defined as follows: LEVEL 1 (the meaning of thoughts): Meaning is “connected with evidence and inference, a function of the place an expression has in one’s ‘conceptual scheme’ or of its role in some inferential ‘language game’”; he specifies Sellars’ approach: LEVEL 2 (the meaning of messages): Meaning is LEVEL 3 (the meaning of speech acts): Meaning has “something to do with the speech acts the expression can be used to perform.” In my view, a similar distinction can be applied in order to define the artwork. Harman give an example how to extend the use of his distinction: An artwork has a first Level of meaning (see G. Harman Three Level of Meaning.1968.) insofar as it is an effective example of a patterns of communication not yet assimilated into a standard communication system (compared to the already existent examples). Such a work is able to meta-communicate, i.e. to communicate how humans can communicate something to each other. A good candidate to be a work of art should furnish new or improved ways. A work of art is both a statement about what is involved in the process of communication of conceptual contents and an example of how this communication can take place. The “proposition” offered by an artwork includes manifest and non-manifest relations and does not need the frame of meaning of the artworld to function or to be effective. The historical, comparative, and relativistic nature of an artwork (typical of the theories of LEVEL 3 in G. Harman) postulates that the viewer has some knowledge of the history of art and art theories. Only the communities specialized in the arts, it is said, can evaluate work-of-art-candidates in borderline cases. J. Levinson believes with many others that a definition of what-an-artwork-is is possible and comments thus on the neo-Wittgensteinian approach: (Music, Art, and Metaphysics. p 43).: Weitz’s Open Concept Argument: Over the last 50 years, different attempts at establishing a definition of art have been made, and contemporary definitions of art or artwork can be divided into two major trends: Conventionalist and Non-conventionalist (or “functionalist”) definitions. The Conventionalist definitions are again of two kinds: Institutional definitions of art and Historical definitions of art. In other words, only arts specialists can gauge whether a “work” is art or not. If this is true, how can an artwork exist independently from the artworld (or better from communities of arts specialists)? The difficulty with this question derives from the circular definition of the artwork proper to Institutional Theories. For historical references on definition of an artwork: 1) Adajian Thomas.“The Definition of Art”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 2) Martin Irvine.For a overview about the Institutional Theory of Art and the Artworld: “The Institutional Theory of Art and the Artworld”. 3) J.Levinson.Music, Art, & Metaphysics. 4) A. Danto.Trasfiguration of the Commonplace. For short version here the essay(1976) in pdf . 5) George Dickie.Institutional Theory of Art. (Dickie 1974). 6) Nigel Warburton.The Art Question . 7) David Davies . Art as Performance. Blackwell Publishing. 8) Brian O´Doherty.Inside the White Cube. 9) Noël Carroll.Beyond Aesthetics: Philosophical Essays . 10) J. Kosuth.Art After Philosophy . 11) Elisabeth Schellekens.“Conceptual Art”http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conceptual-art/#DefArt . Neuroscience and Art : 12) Ramachadran. http://www.youtube.comwatch?v=Sv1qUj3MuEc . The Science of Art: http://www.imprint.co.uk/rama/art.pdf 13) Jean Pierre Changeux.(2002) L’homme de verite.(2004) The physiology of truth.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt1PCP7oeNI 14) Antonio Damasio. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, 2005. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Harcourt, 1999. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, Pantheon, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio About Homeostasis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis 15) Semir Zeki. Neuroesthetics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics ) 15_II)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semir_Zeki ) Splendours and Miseries of the Brain (2008), A Vision of the Brain (1993), Inner Vision: an exploration of art and the brain (1999). 16) C.Koch.The Quest for Consciousness: a Neurobiological Approach, Roberts and Co., (2004). Philosophical Approach : 17) W. SELLARS.Science and Metaphysics. 17_II)Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind. 17_III)Meaning as functional Classification. 1973. Archives of scientific Philosophy. 18) Meaning, Mind, and Language-Learning: A Critical Study Of Wilfrid Sellars’ Philosophy Of Mind by Robert E. Czerny. Willem deVries.Wilfrid Sellars. ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sellars/). 19)McDowell.Mind and the World. 20) G. Harman .The third table. dOCUMENTA13. n^85.. Hatje Cantz. 21) Ray Brassier.Concepts and Objects - The Speculative Turn 22) L.Wittgenstein.Philosophical Investigation. Blackwell Publishing. 23) Merleau-Ponty.Phenomenologie de la perception. 24) Umberto Eco.Metaphor, Dictionary, and encyclopedia. 1984. New Literary History. 24_II) A Theory of Semiotics. 1979. 25) Nelson Goodman.Language of Art. 1976.
Raymond Lemieux: leading the carbohydrate revolution Raymond Urgel Lemieux discovered how to synthesize sugar. Source: University of Alberta. Daniel Prinn Algonquin College Journalism Program Raymond Urgel Lemieux may not have climbed a mountain to gain fame, but the chemistry professor’s widely acclaimed discovery of synthesizing sucrose, (table sugar) is largely considered the “Mount Everest of organic chemistry.” In 1953, Lemieux succeeded in synthesizing sugar while at the National Research Council’s Prairie Regional Laboratory. This was remarkable because it allowed us to understand sugar’s molecular, three-dimensional structure. And it was just the first of Lemieux’s many contributions to chemistry. From there, he went on to lead the creation of a new chemistry department at the University of Ottawa in 1954. He also forged a new method called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which is a technique used to understand the structure and nature of carbohydrate molecules. Arguably the most important accomplishment in his career was in 1961 at the University of Alberta. There Lemieux introduced the synthesis of carbohydrate structures called oligosaccharides, making easier to research them by creating a synthetic version of the carbohydrate. This research was vital for understanding how carbohydrates bind to proteins – which then became useful for cancer treatment, particularly leukemia. During his career, Lemieux held over 30 patents, many for antibiotics. He also became a Companion of the Order of Canada. Lemieux died in Edmonton in 2000. He was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame in 2004. Profile picture for user Algonquin College Algonquin college Algonquin’s organizational philosophy is defined by its mission, vision and core values. The following are intended to serve as points of inspiration, carefully articulating our purpose Mission: To transform hopes and dreams into lifelong success. Vision: To be a global leader in personalized, digitally connected, experiential learning. Our values: Caring, Integrity, Learning, Respect
Skip to content Jesus’ Final Week: WEDNESDAY It was two days before the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Passover was the annual Hebrew festival on the evening of the 14th day of the month of ‘Abhibh (Abib) or Nisan, as it was called in later times. It was followed by, and closely connected with, a 7 days’ festival of matstsoth, or unleavened bread, to which the name Passover was also applied by extension (Le 23:5). Both were distinctly connected with the Exodus, which, according to tradition, they commemorate; the Passover being in imitation of the last meal in Egypt, eaten in preparation for the journey, while Yahweh, passing over the houses of the Hebrews, was slaying the firstborn of Egypt (Exod 12:12; Exod 13:2; Exod 13:12); the matstsoth festival being in memory of the first days of the journey during which this bread of haste was eaten (Ex 12:14-20). (ISBE) Google Images: The chief priests, the scribes and the elders gathered at the palace of the high priest Caiaphas “and they plotted together to seize Jesus by stealth and kill Him” (Matt. 26:4 NASB). Their original plan was to execute the plot after the celebration of the Feast of the Passover and the Unleavened to prevent an uproar but when Satan entered Judas (Luke 22:3) and offered to betray Jesus, they took the opportunity. They can use Judas to track the movements of Jesus and arrest him quietly without the the people knowing. Jewish literature claims that the high priests bullied those who opposed them; they would not tolerate anyone who who claims that God instructed him to engage their temple cult. However, when it comes to Jesus, they had to observe certain caution because of his popularity. The chief priests can be easily found and became more accessible to Judas because their intention were almost the same. Now, the average price of a slave differed from place to place and period to period. The Gospel readers during the time of Matthew would readily understand that thirty pieces of silver as the average Old Testament compensation for the death of a slave (Exo. 21:32). Judas connived and and sold his master to the chief priests cheaply – the price of a slave! Luke gives us a clue that Judas was not actually acting on his own. It was Satan who took charge of the action. Of course we can infer that Judas opened the door to his heart and allowed Satan to come in. Thus, he cannot be exonerated. Satan’s taking over does not render him free from moral responsibility. On the other hand, Barnes suggests that “it is not necessary to suppose that Satan entered personally into the body of Judas, but only that he brought him under his influence; he filled his mind with an evil passion, and led him on to betray his Master.” (Barnes) That “Satanic influence” led to the arrest and death of Jesus. Judas upon realizing that he had betrayed innocent blood hanged himself (Matt. 27:3-5). Another way of looking at it is suggested by RWP, “Satan was now renewing his attack on Jesus suspended temporarily (Luke 4:13) ‘until a good chance‘ – “When the devil had finished every temptation, he left Him until an opportune time.” He had come back by the use of Simon Peter (Mark 8:33; Matt. 16:23). The conflict went on and Jesus won ultimate victory (Luke 10:18). Now Satan uses Judas and has success with him for Judas allowed him to come again and again (John 13:27).” Have you ever been betrayed by someone? Maybe the person was under the influence of others or it could be a manifestation of a long-standing conflict. Bible Gateway: Google Images: MySword for Android: Barnes, ISBE and RWP Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s Living with God #LiveLove Understanding Christianity To Write or not to Write and What to Write #shortstories #thoughts #reflections From a Blessed Christian! Christ in me, the hope of Glory! Bloom Reflections Beyond Limitations %d bloggers like this:
@article{Marciniak_Konrad_Ocean_2011, author={Marciniak, Konrad}, number={No XXVII}, howpublished={online}, journal={Prawo Morskie}, pages={205-228}, year={2011}, publisher={Oddział PAN w Gdańsku}, abstract={ The oceans are the second largest natural absorber of carbon dioxide emissions. One of the methods contemplated to enhance the processis fertilization of seawater with iron. The fertilization stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, the main biological agent responsible for the carbon dioxide sequestration processes by seawater. As phytoplankton absorbs the gas it transports it toward the seabed, thus making the ocean a natural carbon sink. Significance of this issue is reflected by the number of parties to the Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the United Nations Framework Convention for the Climate Change (UNFCCC 1992). The signatories include 194 states and the European Union to the UNFCCC and 192 states and the European Union to the Kyoto Protocol. The Author provides legal analysis on ocean iron fertilization. The issue sparks considerable controversy from the standpoint of law, science and environmental protection. Since iron fertilization has been developed only recently, no thorough evaluation is possible. The Author advocates cautious approach and recommends limiting its use to scientific endeavors. }, title={Ocean Iron Fertilization}, type={Artykuły / Articles}, }
Utilization of Centong Cactus (Opuntia Cochenillifera) As Natural Preservative In Fruits Fruits have excellent nutritional benefits to the body, but fruits during the delivery and storage process take time before reaching the consumer, quite a lot of fruits have a sufficiently short storage capacity that causes the fruit to rot quickly, if the fruit is in harvest is too young or too ripe, it will be in vain because it will be rejected by consumers. The process of decomposition of the fruit is the process of changing the nature of food or fruits from the still fresh, so changed its properties chemically, physically or organoleptically from the fruit so that the rejection of the fruit by consumers. Agricultural products, especially fruits after harvesting, continue to process physiological so-called as tissue that is still alive. The existence of physiological activity causes agricultural products to continue to undergo unstoppable changes, can only be slowed to some extent. The final stages of fruit products on agriculture are timber and decay. Factors that can be inhibited in vegetable materials such as fruits are: respiration, ethylene production, transpiration and morphological / anatomical factors, other factors that cause fruit damage are too exposed to a lot of sunlight and excessive temperature, pathological damage and physical damage, look at these factors then it is necessary steps to preserve the fruit to keep freshness until the time in consumption. Preservation of fruits is very often done by the wider community. However, preservation by using natural ingredients to avoid the effects of preservative chemicals, is still very rarely done by the wider community. The large number of harmful preservatives to health circulating in the market raises concerns for people to use it. The impacts caused by these dangerous preservatives are very high risk to public health. Hazardous chemicals such as Ca-Benzoate, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), K-Nitrite, Na-metasulfate, and Sorbat Acid are some chemicals that can be used as preservatives. These chemicals are allowed to circulate in the market but less safe if used as a preservative of fruits. Use in a high composition can cause adverse effects on human health, even lately a lot of fruit found preserved with formalin whose use is prohibited in food. Some of these preservatives can cause difficulty breathing, headache, anemia, kidney inflammation, and vomiting. Cactus plant Cactus is a wild plant that often grows on the edge of the forest or fields, these plants have thorns, so often not used by the community and considered as ordinary wild plants. Actually cactus plants are very rich in flavonoids. Flavonoids are well known especially for their antioxidant abilities so-called “natural biological response modifiers”. green in size like oval plates, have large nutritional levels. Minerals such as potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, are found in that section, plus beta-carotene (the first form of vitamins A) and vitamin C. Cactus boiling When the cactus is boiled, mucilago is thick and sticky sap like glue, mucilago is a protector against the sun. This substance prevents the evaporation of water from the surface of the cactus. Mucilago is composed of sugar and carbohydrates that serve as anti-oxidants and anti-bacterial so that the mucilago content can be tried to be used as an anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial in increasing food storage capacity. In the study used three types of fruits namely starfruit,snakefruit and oranges. In this fruit is treated by soaking the three pieces into the cactus extract for approximately two hours, which aims to extract the cactus can seep and stick to the skin of the fruit, in this experiment the fruit labeled A (left) is not soaked in cactus extract ( as control), while the fruit labeled B (right), soak in cactus extract. The fruit before soaked After storage for 2 days seen the difference in the fruit given cactus extract and which are not soaked with cactus extract. In the fruit without soaking cactus extract more quickly rot and overgrown with fungi, while the soaked relatively more resistant rot, on day 6 after soaking showed more significant results again, where the fruit samples are not given extra fruit cactus showed more fungus and fruit rot more evenly on the fruit while on the fruit given cactus extract with storage period for 6 days, rotten relatively evenly. he second day after soaked On the eighth day the fruit that is not preserved with cactus extract is seen as 90% percent rotten condition, which when compared with the fruits preserved with cactus leaf extract is damaged 25% for starfruit and 15% for salak. This suggests that muchilago in cactus leaves may inhibit fruit decay by approximately 50%. The eight day after soaked As for the orange difference is still less significant because the age of citrus fruit is relatively longer when compared with the two fruits, but on the eighth day on orange A starts in tumbuhi mushrooms, while the orange B still remain without mushroom, while the condition of all the fruit without being soaked has rotten. Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this: Skip to toolbar
Sign in or Register Creative Biolabs provides a range comprehensive of recombinant antibodies used in the research of nucleus. Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are referred to as the cell's nuclear genome and they are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression. Therefore, the nucleus is the control center of the cell.

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