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Tōdai-ji (Eastern Great Temple) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples, located in the city of Nara, Japan. Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE, Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE. Its Great Buddha Hall (Daibutsuden) houses the world's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana, known in Japanese as Daibutsu. Vairocana (also Mahāvairocana) is a celestial buddha who is often interpreted, in texts like the Avatamsaka Sutra, as the dharmakāya of the historical Gautama Buddha. In East Asian Buddhism (Chinese, Korean and Japanese Buddhism), Vairocana is also seen as the embodiment of the Buddhist concept of Śūnyatā. In the conception of the Five Tathagatas of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, Vairocana is at the centre and is considered a Primordial Buddha. Vairocana is not to be confused with Vairocana Mahabali, son of Virochana. According to en.wikipedia
Diabetes… out of control! – Gangrene Pictures Gangrene Images The attached pictures show gangrenous fingers and toes in a patient with type II diabetes mellitus along with a severe peripheral arterial disease. Many of us are already aware of Diabetes due to its increased prevalence, but fewer people know about complications of diabetes if left untreated. Long-term untreated diabetes can have horrible consequences and can virtually affect all the main organs sooner or later. Vessels being one of the targets of prolonged hyperglycemia. Gangrene occurs secondary to a decreased blood supply, ultimately leading to tissue destruction or necrosis. It can result due to multiple reasons: trauma, infection, wounds and some health conditions like diabetes, to count a few. It can be of three types: • Dry gangrene • Wet gangrene • Gas gangrene Foot gangrene Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/B7Lr8DuDq8q/ How is gangrene transmitted? Gangrene forming as a result of diabetes is of mostly dry type, involving mostly the fingers and the toes. Due to prolonged hyperglycemia and ischemia, the blood supply to these parts is insufficient, therefore the tissue eventually dries up, darkens and mummifies. Not only diabetes but arteriolosclerosis, high cholesterol and smoking can be the culprits too. The necrosed tissue becomes darker, harder, drier and cooler than the surrounding skin, with a clear demarcation between the gangrenous and the unaffected tissue. Dry gangrene, if left untreated can either complicate further leading to infections or the dead tissue can eventually fall off – autoamputation. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes have a highly hyperglycemic environment, which makes it a suitable habitat for bacterial growth, hence wet gangrene can also be a complication. Gangrene Factors Graph The pathophysiological pathways of dry gangrene. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987754/ Why diabetics are advised closed footwear and special foot care? The reasons are two-fold: One being nerves, other being blood vessels. Around 70% of the patients with diabetes face diabetic neuropathy, a condition which affects the peripheral nerves, especially of the legs and feet, rendering patient’s feet insensitive or less sensitive. This may result in unnoticed injuries. Also, because of the poor blood circulation secondary to peripheral arterial disease, the healing of those unnoticed wounds is negatively affected, thus causing non-healing ulcers, infections, gangrene, etc. Therefore, with protective, non-binding, seam-free, spacious, closed and comfortable footwear, there are lesser chances of injury, hence fewer foot complications. Gangrene Special Foot Care Source: https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0946/7630/files/Shoe-Foot-LR-2.png?v=1502038952 A thorough history and a proper physical examination is the first step to a fruitful treatment of dry gangrene. Few tests may be necessary for the gangrene, such as a culture of the pus/scrapings from the wound, tissue culture, imaging studies. Can gangrene be cured? Optimal wound care and strict glycemic control are the building blocks. Apart from hypoglycemic agents, other drugs may be required i.e. non-opioid analgesics or opioids for pain, anti-platelets drugs for blood circulation and lipid-lowering drugs like statins for dyslipidemia. Other non-pharmacological management strategies for improving blood circulation include exercises, intermittent walking, light massage of the affected limb, etc. Dietary modifications are a must! Reperfusion therapy and surgical amputation are the options if the case is severe. The former is the option when the limb is ischemic but not yet necrosed. After gangrene, reperfusion therapy is of no use, therefore, surgical amputation is the treatment of choice for a rapid and smooth recovery. Although some patients do opt for autoamputation but that has a variable and a painful course with less rapid and incomplete recovery. Are you an advocate of auto-amputation of dry gangrene or elective amputation? Gangrene. (2019, January 15th). Retrieved from Diabetes.co.uk: https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-complications/gangrene-and-diabetes.html Al Wahbi A. (2018). Autoamputation of diabetic toe with dry gangrene: a myth or a fact?. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 11, 255–264. DOI:10.2147/DMSO.S164199 Previous articleAn interesting case of triphalangeal thumb Next articleBaby Blues? Dr. Arsia Parekh Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Sarah Roberts and I load a Jeep with bottled water, canned beans and tuna, and medical supplies. We leave Tucson and take I-19 south to the ramshackle, off-the-grid town of Arivaca, about 10 miles north of the Mexican border and a little over 30 miles northwest of Nogales, a port of entry. We then drive about an hour into the Sonoran Desert and park. Before we begin walking, Roberts leaves a bottle of water by the Jeep. For someone in need. We carry our supplies and follow a dry stream to a ruined dirt bank and climb it to a trail and continue uphill into the brush. Just 10:30 this April morning. Already a simmering, unfriendly warmth. Temperatures should reach the 90s today, Roberts says. In the summer, it will be much hotter. Over 100 some days. The U.S. National Park Service recommends that hikers drink one half to one full quart of water every hour in extreme heat. No way can the people we hope to help today carry enough water. The U.S. Border Patrol estimates more than 6,500 migrants have died near the U.S./Mexico border since 1998. Increased law enforcement has led, some advocates say, to migrants taking more obscure and dangerous routes north through increasingly barren and uninhabited terrain. Their suspicions are well founded. The 1994 National Border Patrol Strategy put forth a plan deliberately designed to make migration more difficult and potentially deadly. In 2002, more than 200 migrant men and women died crossing into Arizona. Roberts presumes many more lost their lives but that their bodies were never found. That year, she and other immigration activists and people of faith formed Tucson Samaritans, a group of more than 100 volunteers who go out into the desert seven days a week to assist migrants. They leave food, water, socks and medical supplies along known and suspected travel routes. “We can offer food, water, medical attention,” Roberts tells me. “That’s not violating the law, but we can’t harbor, transport or further their illegal presence in the United States. One time, we came across a migrant who asked, ‘Where is Chicago?’ We explained how far we are from Tucson let alone Chicago. We showed them a map where they were. But we didn’t give directions. That would be considered furthering an illegal presence.” Roberts grew up in Ohio, raised by “socially conscious” parents. In high school and college, Roberts met “social justice types” involved in migrant rights. Later, she spent part of her college years studying in Spain. In the early 1980s, she chose to earn a nursing degree in Tucson where she had friends. She never left. Photo by S. Ross Morris It was as a nurse at Carondelet St. Mary’s Hospital in Tucson that Roberts met Janet, a migrant in her mid-20s from the Chiapas, Mexico’s poorest state. Her mother had cancer. Janet wanted to work in the U.S. and pay for her mother’s medication. However, she broke an ankle crossing over. Left behind by other migrants, she tied discarded clothing to her knees and crawled and hobbled north for four days. At night, she’d look at the sky and see her mother’s face. It rained, and she drank water from puddles. At one point, she reached an empty, unlocked house. Photos of men in military gear on its walls made her feel unsafe and she left. She made her way to a road. A passerby picked her up and took her to the hospital. Because she was not in the custody of the border patrol, the hospital released her after she recovered. Janet lives in Idaho today. Roberts still hears from her. The trail we follow out of the wash leads us into Wilbur Canyon, part of the 117,464-acre Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona. We pause by a mesquite tree, a rolled blanket beneath it. Roberts nudges the blanket with a stick, wary of snakes and scorpions. Ants scurry over a comb, a tube of toothpaste, a toothbrush, a small shampoo bottle and empty Red Bull cans. Red Bull and other energy drinks may hold off exhaustion, but they also contribute to dehydration. Near the cans, a black water jug. Black so it doesn’t reflect the sun. We also notice torn slippers with thick soles of carpet. The slippers don’t leave tracks for the border patrol to follow. I imagine a man or woman folding a blanket beneath a tree, perhaps hiding it from the border patrol, perhaps leaving it for someone else, perhaps out of habit. Get up, fold your blanket, brush your teeth, comb your hair, start your day. Everything I see scattered on the ground is part of a life left behind while a lifetime of habits continues north. Roberts points to a large, round barrel cactus. It grows at an angle pointing south. Migrants use it as a kind of compass. Walk in the opposite direction from where the cactus points and you’ll be headed north. A thin, acidic, water-like fluid runs through the cactus. It can make you sick, Roberts explains. Cutting into the cactus exposes a prickly pulp that’s good to eat but full of small stickers. You have to clean it first, Roberts says. Samaritans have pulled thorns from the mouths of migrants who bit into the cactus desperate for food and water. Another compass point: Baboquivari Peak, a distant, solitary rise of barren rock in the Baboquivari Mountain Range. A telescope, part of the Kitt Peak National Observatory, glints in the sunlight far to one side of it. The range runs north to south. As long as migrants keep the telescope on their left they’ll be heading north, Roberts says. I squint at the peak and the land between us. I could stand here for an hour and not see anyone or anything other than cacti and mesquite trees. “Amigos,” Roberts shouts. “Somos Americanos con comida y agua. Estamos con una iglesia.” Friends, we are Americans with food and water. We are with a church. No response. “No tengas miedo. No somos policías,” Roberts shouts. Do not be afraid. We are not police. The echo of her voice fades. A breeze rustles the knee-high, pale grass. Birds call and flit past. Pebbles roll down an embankment. The sky remains motionless, cloudless and empty. One year, two Samaritan volunteers saw vultures in an otherwise vacant sky. Should we stop? they asked themselves. Perhaps it was intuition, Roberts says, but they walked toward the spot the birds circled to a gully. A man called out. He was in his mid-30s and from Honduras. He had injured his legs and could no longer walk or stand. “Tenemos agua y comida, suministros médicos,” Roberts calls. We have water and food, medical supplies. Nothing. Roberts starts walking. “We see less usage of the water we put out overall,” she says. “Maybe fewer people are crossing. Maybe it’s the Trump effect. Maybe it’s the cartels controlling the flow of migrants. We don’t know. Sometimes they stay hidden unless they need the help.” Not every migrant in need has had the good fortune of a Samaritan stumbling across them. Roberts tells me of the body of a man found drowned in a water tank. Another man died on the side of a road. Still another on a bluff overlooking houses with pools. In 2009, Roberts received a call from a young Guatemalan man in Oakland, California, whose fiancée could not go on. Credencia Artine Gomez had crossed into the U.S. that summer, part of a group of migrants, but was left behind when she became ill. The young man, Ismael, had not realized she had decided to cross. He had planned to send for her once he was settled. His father was in the Guatemalan military, and Ismael fled the country when groups critical of the military threatened him. Credencia, he learned later from the migrants who had crossed with her, wanted to surprise him. I just want to find her body, Ismael told Roberts. Guatemalan migrants who had come after Credencia told him they had seen her remains by a power line pole in Ironwood Forest National Monument park, west of Tucson. Power Line 78, they said. She was wearing a dark red sweatshirt and jeans. She had long, flowing black hair, Ismael told Roberts. A tattoo on her left wrist. Roberts and three other Samaritans searched but found nothing. Photo by Greg Arment How far from power pole? Roberts asked Ismael after the failed search. Ten minutes west maybe, he guessed. Roberts went out with another migrant aid group, Humane Borders, and continued the search. They found Credencia’s body by a dry creek just as Ismael had said, about a 10-minute walk from Power Line 78. Had it rained she might have had enough water to survive. The body had decomposed and was dismembered by scavengers. Roberts flew to Oakland to tell Ismael. He was so distraught, she recalls. He’d lost the love of his life. He didn’t know what to do. He told her he had met Credencia when they were 13 or 14. The knew they wanted to be together even then. He’d always see her walking home from school or playing basketball. They both were athletic. She was 18 when she died. He was crushed. The last time Roberts heard from him, he had moved to Washington. “Their lives are a form of resistance, I think,” Roberts says. “I’ve seen how people find the strength to not give up. There is so much sadness, but, despite everything, they keep coming.” We walk a little farther and find a mesquite tree with six bottles of water and five cans of beans. A Samaritan drop site, greetings scrawled on the bottles: Buena suerte. Good luck. Ten un viaje seguro. Have a safe journey. Not everyone wishes migrants well. Roberts has found slashed water bottles and bottles with red water. Dye or poison? She doesn’t know. She’s also found notes: We hope you die. Roberts and I examine the bottles. One appears half empty. Someone passed through here. She tells me to leave one of the water bottles we brought and offers a Magic Marker. “Write something.” I take the marker. I have no idea what to say. “Bienvenido,” Roberts suggests. Welcome. J. Malcolm Garcia
Ginkgo Biloba has been used for thousands of years in herbal medicine. Probably first used by the Chinese, today it is used widely in both the United States and Europe. Ginkgo actually comes from the leaves of a the Ginkgo tree, while probably not an herb you would plant in your garden I still think it's a great herb to include in our list of herbs. Over the years Ginkgo Biloba has gained a reputation of being beneficial to the brain. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center the two main constituents found in Ginkgo are flavonoids and terpenoids, both are antioxidants. Flavonoids have been shown to aid in the protection of nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Terpenoids are probably where ginkgo gains it's reputation for being beneficial to the brain, terpenoids help improve blood flow to the brain by dilating blood vessels and prevents platelets from sticking to each other. Boswellia has been used in the Ayurvedic medicine system of India for over 2,000 years. Ancient healers used it to treat conditions such as asthma, fevers, cardiovascular disorders, rheumatism, and diabetes. Today, this herb is mostly used to treat inflammation and pain of the joints. The tree’s resin contains boswellic acid that acts as a 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor.
Current Issue Tell me whether the following is a contradiction: more than two million massive blocks of granite and limestone, some weighing as much as 10 tons (about 9,000 kilograms), compared with a single ostrich feather. We don’t know great deal about the Egyptian pharaoh known as Khufu, but we do know about these two disparate items—the blocks of stone and the ostrich feather. Both figured strongly in his thinking. We also know that he ruled Egypt some 2,500 years before Christ. Precisely when, and exactly how long, we cannot say for certain. Most of what was written about Khufu comes from around 300 B.C., meaning that the authors who wrote about him were further from him in time than we are from Herod the Great. The only complete portrait we have of him is an ivory figurine approximately three inches high, which is especially ironic, considering that he’s best known for the Great Pyramid, a man-made mountain of stone more than 450 feet (137 meters) high. One of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid contains more than 2.3 million blocks of granite and limestone, the average stone weighing 2.5 tons (about 2,268 kilograms). The pyramid was built at Khufu’s command to serve as his tomb. His father, Sneferu, built three pyramids, and his sons, Khafre and Djedefre, also built pyramids. But Khufu’s is the largest and is still known as the Great Pyramid. The Reason for the Pyramids Why did they build these massive monuments? Because even the pharaohs lived but for a short time in ancient days. No one wants to be forgotten, and these enormous stone structures could not be ignored. But they took many years to plan and build. We know from the tomb of Tutankhamun, King Tut—who, by the way, only lived to the age of 19—that the kings of Egypt furnished their tombs with everything they thought they might want in the afterlife, in some cases even mummifying their pets, including cats, dogs, monkeys, and other animals, so that the deceased would have animal companions. Preparing for his demise was such a large undertaking that Khufu must have been occupied with building and furnishing his pyramid tomb during much of his reign. A ruler who wanted to provide a structure as grand as the Great Pyramid for his tomb, and to prepare for his afterlife, would have had to begin immediately upon taking the throne. Preparing for the next life occupied much of this life. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was only fully enjoyable to those who possessed a body, and thus they went to elaborate lengths to preserve their physical remains, employing a process that required skilled embalmers and at least 70 days. The procedure included the removal of most of the organs, which were then stored in urns. Because the heart was considered the essence of the person’s being, it was kept within the mummy. They dried the rest of the body for 40 days, using special mineral salts. At the same time, spices and oils were employed to deal with the odor. Embalmers wrapped the body with multiple layers of linen and applied a final coat of resin to prevent moisture from penetrating the fabric before placing the mummy in the coffin. Only the wealthy could afford such an elaborate and expensive preparation for the afterlife. Ironically, thousands of years later we know that the bodies of some poorer people were better preserved by the hot and arid climate than were those in the upper classes who were embalmed! The pyramid’s massive size and labyrinthine passages, it was hoped, would preserve the deceased’s mummy and all of the belongings that would serve him or her in the afterlife. Unfortunately, rarely did this happen. The pyramid not only stood as a monument to the deceased but also clearly advertised to would-be thieves the location of a storehouse of great riches. In most cases, within decades tomb robbers ransacked these great mausoleums, sparing neither the riches nor the remains of the deceased. The fact that it was not robbed made the tomb of King Tut most remarkable. Virtually every other tomb had been looted, even though it later became customary to conceal the caskets underground. In addition to the gigantic material preparations, there remained the matter of Ma’at and her ostrich feather. The Egyptians believed that every sin, every wrong action, became a weight upon the heart. At death, they believed Ma’at, the goddess of truth and justice, would place the heart of the deceased on one side of a balance scale and an ostrich feather on the other. If the heart, weighed down by sins, tipped the balance heavier than the feather, Ammit, the waiting lioness, would consume the heart, resulting in the extinction of the deceased—his or her nonexistence. If the heart was lighter than a feather, the deceased would be allowed to begin the journey to Aaru, the Field of Reeds—the Egyptian notion of Paradise. The Hebrew View of Death While the Egyptian idea of death and the afterlife was quite detailed, the Hebrew understanding, found in the Old Testament, is quite the opposite. The Hebrew word Sheol, meaning “the grave,” referred to a shadowy, poorly understood place. It was the habitation of the dead, but unlike Aaru, the Field of Reeds, Sheol was far from being paradise. No beautiful garden awaited there, but on the other hand, neither was it a place of suffering. Solomon described death in these words: “For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing; they have no further reward, and even their name is forgotten. Their love, their hate and their jealousy have long since vanished” (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 6). The psalmist, in great distress, asked God to spare him from death. In a series of rhetorical questions, whose obvious answer is no, he inquired, “Do you show your wonders to the dead? Do their spirits rise up and praise you? Is your love declared in the grave, your faithfulness in Destruction? Are your wonders known in the place of darkness, or your righteous deeds in the land of oblivion?” (Psalm 88:10–12). With no clear expectation of lifelike activities after death, the Hebrews felt no need to make elaborate provision for it. People journeying into “the land of oblivion” had no need for tools and utensils, pets or furniture, nor did they have any need for elaborate embalming to preserve their physical remains. These different expectations explain why, in contrast with the Egyptian mountains of stone, a Hebrew burial often took place in a cave. Indeed, the borrowed tomb in which Jesus lay was essentially a simulated cave, with a simple stone to seal it shut. The Old Testament prophets and patriarchs had only faint ideas about a resurrection from the dead (Daniel 12:1, 2; Job 19:25, 26), but by the first century A.D., the Jews had developed an increasingly common expectation of the resurrection, with the notable exception of the Sadducees. The Christian View of Death Building on the Old Testament understanding, the Christian view of the afterlife differs radically from that of the Egyptians. In John 11, Jesus referred to His deceased friend Lazarus as “asleep” and said that He was going to go to Lazarus and “wake him up.” (John 11:11). The disciples, taking Him literally, said that it would be better to let Lazarus sleep. So Jesus spoke plainly, telling them that Lazarus was dead. He followed that with the ringing promise, “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die; and whoever lives by believing in me will never die” (John 11:25, 26). And this understanding of death applies to everyone who lives by faith in Christ. We need not fear death, for as the apostle Paul said, “What we believe is this: If we get included in Christ’s sin-conquering death, we also get included in his life-saving resurrection. We know that when Jesus was raised from the dead it was a signal of the end of death-as-the-end. Never again will death have the last word” (Romans 6:8, 9, The Message).1 As Christians, we need not fear judgment for our sins, for as we live by faith in Christ, His sinless record becomes our own. We can face death with hearts lighter than Ma’at’s ostrich feather. Instead of Aaru, a Field of Reeds, the resurrected saints will inhabit a new heaven and a new earth, where “there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things [will have] passed away” (Revelation 21:4). We need not provide tools or utensils, furniture, or anything else for that new home, because God will provide everything. And what He provides for His redeemed will make the treasures of Tutankhamun seem like mere trinkets. He will provide us with housing, glorious “mansions” (KJV),2 in a massive city with streets paved with gold and gates made of pearl. There will be a “river of life” for water, and a tree of life will provide us with 12 kinds of fruit, each in its season (John 14:1; Revelation 22:1, 2). Neither is elaborate embalming necessary in preparation for that life, because the God who can create human life by breathing into clay isn’t dependent upon our human methods for the preservation of these bodies of ours. We needn’t be overly concerned about the disposition of our mortal remains. Comparing the burial of the dead body to the sowing of a seed, Paul said of the resurrection of the dead, “The body that is sown is perishable, it is raised imperishable; it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body” (1 Corinthians 15:42–44). And as for those who remain alive at Christ’s second coming, “We will all be changed—in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality” (1 Corinthians 15:51–53). Exactly what that “spiritual body,” that “imperishable,” “immortal” body, will be like, we do not know for certain. But it will be a real, physical body. We know this because after His resurrection, Jesus asked the apostles to give Him some food, which He ate in their presence, and He asked Thomas to touch the nail prints on His hands and put His hand on the wound in His side (Luke 24:36–43; John 20:24–29). And the apostle John testified further, “Dear friends, now we are children of God, and what we will be has not yet been made known. But we know that when Christ appears, we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is” (1 John 3:2). What a wonderful future awaits us! The Egyptians lived literally in the shadow of the pyramids, but we, with King David, can say, “Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me” (Psalm 23:4, KJV). 1. Bible verses taken from The Message. 2. Bible verses marked KJV are from the King James Version. The Pyramids and the Afterlife by Ed Dickerson From the October 2018 Signs
The numerous wildfires in California are affecting the air quality outdoors. Health officials are recommending people stay indoors to prevent them from inhaling the smoke. But are your windows preventing air infiltration? Air Infiltration You might be wondering, “What is air infiltration?” It is the amount of air that passes through your windows. In other words, it’s air leakage. How To Prevent Air Infiltration You want to make sure that your windows are preventing air infiltration. To ensure you have the best results, your windows should be installed by a professional window replacement company. Most homeowners automatically assume that having new windows means they get rid of air infiltration altogether, which is true if you choose the right window replacement company to get the job done. Another thing to help prevent air infiltration is the quality of the windows you are investing in. This doesn’t mean that your windows will allow a significant amount of air leakage, but keep in mind that not all windows are created equal. Anlin Windows If you want energy savings you can count on and the best windows to prevent air infiltration, Anlin Windows will get the job done. Anlin windows have a next-level glazing system with high-performance glass and spacer between the glass panes to deliver unparalleled energy efficiency. Looking for windows with a weather-tight seal? Our windows offer a triple-fin weatherstrip with four windows of plush filler for a tight seal and superior air infiltration ratings. Anlin windows also have a thick and durable vinyl frame with inner chambers that help reduce heat and cold flow through the frames. At United Builders, we want to ensure the air quality in your home is safe for you and your family. Plus, we also want to help you save money on your energy bill! For all your window replacement needs, contact us for more information or to request an estimate. Recent Tweets
Question: What Are Clinical Goals? What is the purpose of this medicine? It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and many other aspects of health. Medicine aims to promote and maintain health and wellbeing. Conventional modern medicine is sometimes called allopathic medicine.. What is the goal of the healthcare team? The primary goal of a healthcare team is to provide quality patient care, however we must recognize what feeds into the goals that determine a team actions. Patient Goals. What is smart goals in nursing? The SMART goal evaluation method (Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely) is a strategy to develop effective and measureable goals. … Conclusion: Nurses continued to need reminding to collaborate with their patients, but their goal writing skills greatly improved. What is a goals of care conversation? What are the three types of medicine? Types of medicinesLiquid. The active part of the medicine is combined with a liquid to make it easier to take or better absorbed. … Tablet. The active ingredient is combined with another substance and pressed into a round or oval solid shape. … Capsules. … Topical medicines. … Suppositories. … Drops. … Inhalers. … Injections.More items… What is a clinical environment? Introduction. Teaching in the clinical environment is defined as teaching and learning focused on, and usually directly involving, patients and their problems (Spencer 2003). The clinical environment consists of inpatient, hospital outpatient and community settings, each with their own distinct challenges. What are the 5 smart goals in nursing? One of the greatest ways to set a goal is to remember to be S.M.A.R.T. about it, which is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely. Each goal and milestone you set should fit the five categories of S.M.A.R.T. What are the 3 types of goals? What is effective teamwork in healthcare? Teamwork in health is defined as two or more people who interact interdependently with a common purpose, working toward measurable goals that benefit from leadership that maintains stability while encouraging honest discussion and problem solving . What are care goals? Goals of care are the aims for a person’s care, as agreed between him/her, his/her family, carers and healthcare team. A person’s goals of care are not always restricted to medical care. Goals of care in palliative care will change over time, particularly as the person enters the terminal phase. What are the four main purposes of medicine? In more recent times, a team of philosophers and ethicists identified four contemporary goals of medicine: (1) preventing disease and injury and promoting and maintaining health; (2) relieving pain and suffering caused by maladies; (3) caring for and curing those with a malady and caring for those who cannot be cured; … What are the 3 learning objectives? What are the different types of learning objectives? Bloom’s Taxonomy (“Bloom’s Taxonomy,” 2012) can also be applied to learning objectives through Bloom’s three “domains” of learning: cognitive, affective and psychomotor. What are the 3 goals of a healthcare system? The WHO framework for performance measurement consists of three intrinsic goals of health systems: health, responsiveness, and fairness in financing [1]. Why is clinical education important? Clinical education provides reality, complexity, and unstructured data that are not easily encountered in other educational interactions. Clinical reasoning develops students’ critical thinking and problem solving skills. What does r2 goals of care mean? Goals of Care are three categories that outline different levels of care provided to a patient. … R1: Patient is expected to benefit from and is accepting of any available treatment. R2: Patient is expected to benefit from and is accepting of any available treatment except chest compressions. Why is goal setting important in healthcare? Setting goals is an effective way to increase motivation and to help you to create the changes you want. It can be used to improve health and relationships, or improve productivity at work. Setting goals can also be an important step in the recovery from mental illness. How can healthcare promote teamwork? How FNPs Promote Teamwork in NursingFacilitate communication.Handle conflict among team members.Expand a team to include other areas of expertise.Clarify roles and responsibilities.Encourage other team members. What is a clinical objective? Clinical objectives were developed to assist the nurse educator or preceptor in evaluating clinical performance of nurses orienting in critical care. What is clinical learning? Background: Nursing students are evaluated in clinical learning environments where skills and knowledge are applied to patient care. These environments affect achievement of learning outcomes, and have an impact on preparation for practice and student satisfaction with the nursing profession. What are nursing goals and objectives? Focus On Continuing Education. Nurses must focus on continuing to increase knowledge of pedagogy and evolution of medical techniques. Set a goal to learn something new every quarter, and research ways to better develop technology skills, medical techniques, and recommended delivery of patient care. Why is clinical placement important? Clinical placements are important for nursing students, because they provide an authentic experience of day-to-day clinical practice, and because nursing students can learn from nurses’ clinical reasoning.
Manx portraitPortrait of a Manx Cat The Manx cat is one of the most recognizable cat breeds with the remarkable trait of being almost completely tailless. It developed on the Isle of Man off the coast of England where it is believed that some common domestic cats may have been left behind from a ship wreck of the Spanish Amada in 1588. A population of cats grew on the island and then a tailless mutation occurred which, isolated on the island, was able to prosper Hardy, friendly and tractable, the Manx was one of the first breeds recognized by the CFA in 1908 and is one of the most iconic felines in the world. These are bright, active and involved cats that are dog-like without being pestering, and uniquely exotic-looking without requiring any special care. The tailessness comes in several classifications. The "rumpy" has no tail at all and is the desired show specimen. A "riser" may have a small amount of cartilage that is not visible as a tail, but can be felt under the skin. A "stumpy" has a small visible tail, and a "longy" has a tail over 2 inches. Only the rumpy and the riser are permitted in the show ring, but all Manx cats should be welcome as lovely pets. Manx cat descriptive wordsHow Do You Describe a Manx Cat? Manx Cat-Stats Manx cat full Manx grooming The Manx cat personality is very friendly, straight-forward and intelligent. Decidedly dog-like in character, Manx cats are devoted, playful and involved family members. The Manx cat is not fussy and will adapt to many situations, enjoy car rides, visits from strangers and an active family. This breed is often long-lived reaching the high teens and twenties in age, and they are notoriously wonderful with children. Manx cats have been known to be vigilant about their homes and will even warn of intruders and other dangers. Finally, they have long-heralded reputations as champion mousers so those who don't enjoy the occasional "gift" take heed. The Manx is recognized by the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA), the world's largest cat organization. and is one of the most recognizable pure-bred or "pedigreed" domestic cat breeds. These cats are round bodied, round headed and stockily built. The hind legs are noticeably longer than the front. The coat comes in any color or pattern. The fur may vary in length, and in some breed associations the long-haired variety is shown as a separate breed called a Cymric cat. Regardless of length, the coat is thick with a plush undercoat. Shedding may be high and regular grooming is desired. These are sturdy medium-sized cats that do have some breed-related health issues that require caution when choosing a breeder. Because it is relatively active and enjoys interaction the Manx cat is a great family cat that does particularly well with considerate children..-Manx Cat Facts Tiger color Manx cat best cat carriers best cat beds best cat treats best cat toys cool litter boxes Manx Kitten!Manx Kitten! Manx kittens tend to be extremely adaptable and trainable. They will fall into the routine of the household without coddling, and actively form bonds with all family members. Many Manx kittens prefer the company of children over even their own litter mates, and are a superior choice when considering a pet for a child. As they are in adulthood, Manx kittens are quite strong, remarkable jumpers and athletic climbers. Kitten-proofing is a must! Though the Manx is a cat breed that even most non-cat folks recognize, they are not all that readily available, Manx cat breeders are often hard to find, and a pure-bred kitten may be pricey. Amazingly, tail length can greatly influence price, and you may find yourself a "longey" for a bargain, who still has all of this breeds exceptional characteristics. favorite cats Vote Here for Your Favorite Cat Breed! Head Shape: The head should be slightly longer than it is broad, with prominent cheeks, [also stud jowls in the male] which make it appear rather round. There should be a break at the whiskers with large, round whisker pads. Well developed muzzle, moderate in length and width, with a strong chin and short, thick neck. Profile: There is a gentle nose dip. Ears: Medium in size, rather wide at the base and tapering gradually to a rounded tip, with heavy furnishings inside. The Manx may have ear tufts at the tip which make the ears appear pointed; this is permissible. Ears are rather widely spaced and are set slightly outward so that, when viewed from behind, they resemble the rocker of a cradle. Eyes: Eyes should be round and full, set at a slight angle [outer corner a little above inner corner]. The ideal eye color conforms with the requirements for color of coat, but should only be considered if all other points are equal. Body and Tail: Medium to large in size, compact, with a short back that arches up from the shoulders to haunches. Sturdy bone structure. Stout in appearance, with broad chest; surprisingly heavy when lifted. Legs: The hindlegs should be longer than the forelegs, making the rump higher than the shoulders. The hindlegs should have substantial bone and should be straight, when viewed from behind. The cat should have muscular thighs. The soundness of the legs should be judged by watching the cat's movement when stepping back into the cage. Feet: Round and firm, with 5 toes in front and 4 in back. Ideally, the cat should appear tailless. There is no penalty for a rise of bone or cartilage which does not stop the judge's hand when the palm is stroked down the back and over the rump. Black Manx cat Coat: The coat should have a soft, well-padded quality due to the longer open outer coat and the thick close undercoat. Shiney, clean and thick. The long-haired version of this cat is called a Cymric and is a seperate breed with virtually the same resume. Pattern: All colors and patterns accepted. Overall Appearance: This should be a medium-size cat with a round head and firm, full body. The rump rising up from the shoulder, topped with a bobtail or completely lacking a tail, is a distinctive, classic silhouette. Very friendly, adaptable to many living situations and a child's best friend. Manx cat white with red • The ideal show-quality Manx has no tail bones at all, and an actual depression can be seen in the fur where the tail would otherwise have been. This desirable dent is called a "dimple" ! 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Monday, 27 April 2015 What DBA should know apart from Database Server? What an Oracle DBA Should know apart from Oracle database Server? What are the skills that help a DBA in his/her career growth? Yes, an Oracle DBA should have complete knowledge about the Oracle Database Server. This is what he/she is expected to do. But before consuming the knowledge of databases, a DBA must know the Operating System. An Operating System is a interface which enables the user to communicate with the computer. Or you can say, a medium through which user operates computer is called an Operating System. Now in the current world, there are a lot of Operating Systems like MS-Windows, Linux, Unix, Sun Solaris etc etc. Different OS (Operating Systems) use different set of commands and working procedure. Although the main goal is same but the method to achieve that goal is different. Why should a DBA know all of this? It's not always possible that what you have learnt is what you are going to implement. Suppose you are going to learn to operate Oracle Database Server on Windows only. Why? Because you are familiar with Windows and you won't be having any problem in performing different operations on it. What if you'll be given Linux or Sun Solaris Server while you go into some company as a DBA? This can cost you your job. Or might not get an entrance until and unless you are prepared. What is it going to take to prepare for that? Nothing much !! All it's going to take is a little more practice and a little more efforts to learn these Operating Systems too. Better learn them now while you are thinking of becoming a DBA. Note:- The knowledge of different Operating Systems not only help you in case of DBA, but it also helps you understand the platform dependency on the deeper level. This might make you a better DBA than others. No comments: Post a comment
ISSN 2330-717X Peace And Indo-Pak Complex Relation – OpEd Peace or amity is the opposite form of hostility and conflict. In political parlance and international studies, peace is defined as a state of tranquility when there is no hostility or end of battle or aggression. To subjugate the enemy, freedom from disturbance or settle the disputes at the diplomatic level are its examples. In this context, the term, war, is applied at the semantic level to explain peace. Both terms are used as antonyms of each other as one denotes stability and order and the other disorder and instability. The absence of one indicates the presence of the other. Peace has not to be considered a complicated procedure to be carried out carefully to maintain it, rather it is deemed as the opposite condition of the war. This ambiguous explanation of peace and ignoring its essential other conditions makes the process complex to resolve inter-state conflicts. This obscure explanation was presented by Johan Galtung and Kenneth Boulding. They also analyzed brief and comprehensive terms and essential requirements for this process. It is an interrelated process and indicates tranquil and violent moments among states. In the end, they describe all terms and including aberrant and harmonious situations. In a broader term, peace is generally defined as an absence of war, but this is not precisely the case. Scholars, experts, analysts, and other officials designed many models and suggested different devices to implement it to achieve world peace and stability and resolve life-long rivalries. Still, this is an obscure term with multiple meanings following the situation and nature of cases and has been used for many centuries by different societies and nations. On account of this, the educational or theoretical study and practical approach of peace and settlement of conflict can be defined as ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ peace. The other definition simply describes it as the non-existence of hostility. The second definition explains other related concepts and procedures including justice and impartiality to achieve peace in its true sense. War and Peace: Is peace the non-existence of violence or something else? Peace is sometimes considered to be the opposite form of war but if a country is not engaged in battle with the other state, still can it be called a peaceful situation? Are human beings facing corporal retribution? Are the problems of exploitation, despotism, racism, and inequity comes under the definition of peace? The famous analyst, Johan Galtung also pointed out it while presenting the theory of positive and negative peace. One solution to remove ambiguity regarding the right concept of both terms is to mention kinds of war and peace. In this context, Wars can be classified as hot war, cold war and oeace can be define as hot peace, and cold peace. Hot war or severe kind of war is related to the use of missiles, torpedo, tanks, troops, weapons, ammunition, bombs, airstrikes or face to face fighting, etc. This war is waged to terminate or subjugate the enemy or occupy the territory. The war concludes in victory or defeat. The cold war pertains to the mutual animosity and blame game without using weapons. In this war, the belligerent states are engaged in the use of harsh words, production and purchase of weapons, bombs, etc. They increase their military budget and exercises and overlook other necessities of the masses. Patriotism is at zenith during this cold war but both sides avoid direct invasion, use of artillery, or atomic bomb as it can result in mass destruction and annihilation for both parties. According to Galtung, negative peace is a social condition which demands the prevention of human rights violation and abuses at the personal or national level. Keeping in view negative peace, hushing up such human rights abuses, domestic and social violence can aggravate the situation on a large scale that’s why it must be avoided. Positive peace on the other side is the peace where there is no war but also no negative peace. Best Strategy to convert negative peace into positive peace between India and Pakistan Most of the countries are subject to negative peace as they mistrust each other. India and Pakistan are also suffering from the same issue. Both counties are traditional rivals since their independence in 1947. The history of both countries is replete with incidents of aggression, animosity, battles, mutual conflicts, cross-firing at LOC, etc. The governments of both states use this rivalry as their political strategy and also indulge themselves in the cold war. Lack of trust, confidence, and cooperation has augmented tensions. This hostility has posed a great threat of war in South Asia. The processes of dialogue, peace treaty, arbitration were carried out but to no avail. All this resulted in more clashes and disputed. Though they are joined by borders but are unable to join hands for mutual progress and maintenance of peace. The communication gap at social and diplomatic levels has also increased. Since the creation of both countries, they are at a logger’s head and do not trust each other. They come to blows even for a minor issue and spread propaganda against each other. Incidents like cross-firing at LOC is a matter of routine. Military and border forces are active as almost all diplomatic, military, international efforts and treaties prove futile. During talks, both sides are unable to build confidence and the signed deals remain unfruitful. Tashkent Declaration can be viewed as its example, concluded on January 19, 1966, to end the 1965 war. It was mentioned in the treaty that both sides will not meddle in each other’s affairs but again no implementation. In 2004, both countries gathered for Agra Summit but did not sign it due to clashes over the Kashmir issue. In 2002, the Parliament attack and in 2008, Mumbai attacks, again both sides started to blame games instead of finding a mutual solution. The existence of mistrust is the major reason for all disputes and abortive dialogues and efforts. The unresolved Kashmir dispute is the main hindrance, though by acting upon UN Resolution, it can be easily solved. The final solution changing negative in to positive peace for both countries is to initiate CBMs and to implement the existing CBMs, because only communication and interaction between the people of both the states and the government of these states can be helpful in mitigating the tensions between the two. As there is negative peace between India and Pakistan most of the times, CBMs can convert negative peace in to positive. Confidence building measures Confidence building measures are different measures which states adopt to build some sort of confidence and trust between them. There are two types, military, and non-military CBMs. The first one is already implemented between India and Pakistan on many points. Non-military CBMs are a type where trust-building initiatives can be taken in the field of trade, commerce, culture, and where there can be people to people contacts. CBMs are the steps, taken to develop confidence and trust between nations. There are 3 phases of military CBMs. First is, Conflict Avoidance: This is the first stage. At this level, diplomatic ties, mutual understanding, and trust are required. Though the governments endeavored to settle the disputes yet they are adamant on some points. Thus, it is difficult to solve the dispute completely. Second Phase: Confidence Building: This stage is not as easy as the first one. As in the first step, only diplomatic willingness is enough as a sensible leadership evade direct military conflict or battle. The first stage acts as a base for this step. It entails more diplomatic capital and a higher level of trust as only a minor difference can stop this process. The countries can strive for more diplomatic resources. A long enmity or unsettled major disputes can hinder the progress of this phase. The Indo-Pak clashes seek brave leaders who can take daring decisions at the diplomatic level to resolve all disputes. Many CBMs have been taken but they are unable to achieve the desired outcomes due to ineffective measures. It is difficult to implement this phase in South Asia as there is no active leadership and proper dialogue process. There should be effective table talks to check and resolve the controversial issues. Third Phase is the Consolidation of Peace: at this level, the heads of the states take all necessary steps to implement CBMs effectively and strengthen peace in the region. They hold peace talks and evade war and direct conflict. This phase entails sensible planning and involvement of major organizations and factors. One the other, non-military CBMs mostly involve low politics. Where the people of both states take certain types of initiatives to change the mind and perceptions of each other. This type of interaction can have a spillover effect on High politics as well. The history of Previous non-military CBMs between India and Pakistan is not significant because of various reasons. In 1999 Atal Bahari Vajpayee Visited Lahore and both the leaders initiated many CBMs, but the Kargil episode by General Pervaiz Musharaf becomes a hurdle in the implementation of the Lahore declaration. In 2001 there was Agra summit, where India invited Pakistan in Agra for the talks, where Gen Musharaf went open heartedly by saying that ‘I have come here to make history and to make Sub-continent a peaceful region and surely peace will tackle poverty which is prevailing in both the nations’. However, the attack on the Indian Parliament again deteriorated the relations and become a reason for the failure of the Agra Summit as well. In 2004, there was a Composite Dialogue Process between them, where both the states come to the Table talks, but again this peace initiative was halted due to another major incidence. In 2007 there was an attack on Samjhota express,42 passengers lost their lives in that incident. In 2008, There were Mumbai attack and a terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba accepts the responsibility of this incident. From these above historical examples, one can easily analyze the reasons of the failure of previous CBMs. Whenever there is any major incident happens, both the states blame each other even before investigating the whole event. Indeed, CBMs cannot resolve the long-lasted disputes, but they can only provide a pathway for communication and interaction, which can further lead towards the table talks on the bigger issues. In History it can be seen that Both the states stop implementing the CBMS whenever any major incident happens between them, this practice needs to be stopped as foremost incidents should not halt the process of CBMs. There are many aspects where the people of both states can work together which not only will build trust but also will have a positive effect on the economies of both states. CBM is the only solution that can eradicate the trust between India and Pakistan. We cannot expect much from the CBMs, of course, they have a quiet slow process in building peace but as it is said that slowly and gradually always wins the race that’s why CBMs can also do their work slowly and gradually if they implemented properly. It is essential to eliminate grudges from both sides and dispel the notion of traditional rivals so that the minds of the masses of both nations can be shaped and it can render all CBMs possible. *Areeja Syed has done her MS in International Relations from COMSATS University, Islamabad. Leave a Reply
Categories Bible FAQ: Who Is Jude In The Bible? Is Jude and Judas the same person? The King James and the Douay-Rheims versions call him “Judas the brother of James”, making him the same person as the writer of the Epistle of Jude, who identifies himself as “Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James” (Jude 1:1). What is the message of Jude? The epistle is addressed to Christians in general, and it warns them about the doctrine of certain errant teachers to whom they were exposed. What is the main purpose of the Letter of Jude? The letter appeals to Christians to “contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints” (1:3) and to be on their guard against people “who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ” (1:4). Who were James and Jude? You might be interested: Readers ask: What Is Adultery According To The Bible? What was Jesus’s wife’s name? Mary Magdalene as Jesus’s wife. Did Jesus have a twin? Who was Revelation written to? The Revelation (i.e., Apocalypse) to John is an answer in apocalyptic terms to the needs of the church The book comprises two main parts, the first of which (chapters 2–3) contains moral admonitions (but no visions or symbolism) in individual letters addressed to the seven Christian churches of Asia Minor. Who called Nathanael follow Jesus? The first disciples called by Jesus are all portrayed as reaching out immediately to family or friends: thus, Philip found Nathanael and said to him, “We have found Him of whom Moses in the law, and also the prophets, wrote — Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph”. Why was the book of Enoch removed from the Bible? How old was Virgin Mary when she had Jesus? You might be interested: What Is Sheol In The Bible? Why is Jesus called the Son of David? How is Jesus related to David? 1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (нет голосов) Leave a Reply
Rants from the Hill: Pleistocene rewilding In a 2006 article [PDF] in The American Naturalist, a small herd of perfectly respectable conservation biologists advocates a bold ecological restoration project they call “Pleistocene Rewilding.” The concept itself is outrageously wild. First of all, “rewilding” is the process of reintroducing species to ecosystems from which they have been extirpated—usually by that big bully, Homo Notsosapiens. Think wolves in Yellowstone. Pleistocene rewilding, by contrast, is the incredible idea that we can enhance ecosystem health by reintroducing many of the large mammals that were driven to extinction between 10,000 and 13,000 years ago. The so-called “pre-Columbian benchmark” of 1492 is the commonly used target for restoration efforts. To achieve this benchmark we just figure out how the world looked on the day Chris Columbus made landfall—say, at about cocktail hour—and then restore North American ecosystems to that condition by extirpating exotic species, reintroducing natives, and rehabilitating habitat. It isn’t easy to do, but at least it’s easy to understand. Then along come these provocative Pleistocene Rewildatators, who ask why we’re so stuck on 1492. In fact, it was about 13,000 years ago that humans showed up in North America, where they wasted no time poking spears into everything that moved—a habit that probably contributed to the disappearance of large mammals. And the mass extinction of megafauna during the Pleistocene—along with a secondary wave of extinctions resulting from the disappearance of those keystone species—caused severe damage to the fabric of North American ecosystems, which have been slowly fraying and unraveling ever since. Since the fossil record gives us a pretty good idea of what beasts roamed here 13,000 years ago, before the arrival of human hunters, why not select an ecological restoration benchmark that is closer to Pleistocene cocktail hour? Why not acknowledge that North American ecosystems are full of holes—ecological niches that have gone unoccupied for 10,000 years—and then do our best to fill those holes by reintroducing large mammals? Now here’s the fun part. It turns out that by the time Columbus arrived, most of the cool stuff was long gone—and in this sense the usual pre-Columbian restoration benchmark actually describes a world in which biodiversity was already radically impoverished. Pleistocene North America was in fact home to a living bestiary of outrageous creatures, including various species of horses, donkeys, camels, muskoxen, sloths, tapirs, peccaries, cheetahs, lions, and Proboscideans (mammoths and mastodons), not to mention giant short-faced bears, ferocious saber toothed cats, and fierce dire wolves (and, to depart from mammals for a moment, the nine-foot long sabertooth salmon and the ten-foot tall terror bird as well). Among the charismatic megafauna that made it through the bottleneck of Pleistocene extinctions are animals every westerner knows to be equally fantastic: coyote, wolf, bison, grizzly, cougar, and pronghorn antelope, to name a few. But these survivors just aren’t the same without their lost neighbors. Take pronghorn, for example, a remarkable species that can run up to 60 miles per hour. Coyotes, wolves, mountain lions, and every other major predator in North America is so incredibly slow compared to pronghorn that predation by these animals simply cannot have provided the selection pressure necessary to create the pronghorn’s unimaginable speed. Where, then, did this amazing speed come from? From the extinct American cheetah, which, although it has been absent from North American ecosystems for at least 10,000 years, chased the hell out of pronghorn for almost two million years before that. Although the American cheetah and many other Pleistocene megafauna are long gone, advocates of Pleistocene rewilding believe we can use “extant conspecifics and related taxa” (read: kinfolk) to represent extinct species in North American ecosystems. While the several species of Pleistocene tapirs are extinct, for example, they could be represented by the mountain tapir, which survives today in South America. The extinct North American camel could be replaced by the dromedary out here in the desert, and by the vicuña or guanaco in the more mountainous parts of the West. Pleistocene North America was also home to mammoths and mastodons, megaherbivores which played a number of important roles as keystone species. If it sounds crazy to suggest that modern elephants might be used to fill this empty ecological niche, consider this: Asian elephants are more closely related to extinct North American mammoths than they are to surviving African elephants. For the vanished American cheetah and American lion we’d simply use their African cousins. Finding big cats to reintroduce might not be difficult, since more than 1,000 cheetahs are currently kept in the U.S., and more lions live on Texas ranches than in all American zoos combined. Actually, Pleistocene rewilding has already begun in North America, if we count several successfully reintroduced species. After the peregrine falcon was driven to the brink of extinction as a result of DDT exposure during the 1950s and 60s, populations were recovered through the introduction of seven subspecies from the U.S., Europe, South America, and Australia—subspecies that served effectively as “proxy taxa” for the vanished Midwestern peregrine falcon. Or, consider the California condor, which was widely distributed in North America during the Pleistocene, but afterwards survived only along the west coast. After successful reintroduction in California, the condor was subsequently reintroduced to the Southwest, where the species had enjoyed no prolonged residency for ten millennia. Or, take that iconic animal of the American West, the wild mustang. Horses, which are native to North America but went extinct here 12,000 years ago, were reintroduced by Spaniards in the late fifteenth century. The wild mustangs I often see out here in Silver Hills are descendents of the conquistadores’ steeds, and consequently are considered non-native. But if we just adjust our timescale from the pre-Columbian benchmark to the Pleistocene—if we wind the clock back from five centuries ago to 125 centuries ago—we might say that Columbus and his compadres were innovators in Pleistocene rewilding. In Nevada we have constant controversy over the BLM’s annual roundup of “non-native” wild mustangs from public lands. But the problem is not that the horses are non-native, but rather that they decimate the range because the predators with which they co-evolved have been absent for millennia. We don’t have too many horses. We have too few lions. I get it that sticking a bunch of lions and tigers and bears (Oh My!) in Nevada might have complications. But I see no reason to allow legitimate scientific counterarguments to stand in the way of imagination. What would it be like to hike Silver Hills and see not only pronghorn, as I often do, but pronghorn using every fiber of their evolutionary speed to outrun a cheetah in hot pursuit? What if a visit to our foothills spring meant not dodging fly-encrusted cow pies but instead witnessing elephants spraying spring water on their dusty, weathered backs? What if a resident herd of camels gnawed up some of these invasive woody shrubs and restored open grasslands where cattle have left nothing but sage, thistle, and cheat? What if it became a Fourth of July tradition to drink white Russians made with camel’s milk and smoke juicy peccary sausages and tasty tapir steaks on the barbeque? And I hold no truck with the argument that we shouldn’t introduce these megafauna because they’re dangerous. I already have to keep rattlers from killing my dogs, coyotes from attacking my lazy cat, and cougars from eating my children. I suspect we’d all be energized and invigorated by making the salutary transition from Couch Potato to Potential Prey. And while I wouldn’t wish misfortune on any of my neighbors—because I have so few that I can’t afford to lose too many—I’d welcome the use of lions to purge Silver Hills of folks who don’t do their fair share of work on our dirt road. Well, and maybe the guy who talks too much at the mailboxes. And for sure the lady who delivers the mail. But enough rhapsodizing about the usefulness of lions. What I really mean to say is that to fully inhabit a landscape—especially one as remote and inhospitable as the one I call home—requires both experiential contact and leaps of imagination. If the Great Basin desert impresses us with the sheer, incomprehensible vastness of its space, it is also important to triangulate this place within the vastness of time. To envision Silver Hills as it was 13,000 years ago is also to begin to imagine what it might look like 13,000 years from now. Why only think long and hard about our place, when we might also think deep about it? I’m not saying that Pleistocene rewilding will work right away. I realize that it might take ten or twelve thousand years, and that a few of the neighbors will have to be sacrificed for the good of the megafauna. But think of it conceptually rather than literally. Rewilding: to become wild again after having lost wildness. That is something we all need. And the first step in rewilding must be to reintroduce the possibility of the marvelous to our imagination of the land. Rants from the Hill is now a FREE podcast! Listen to an audio performance of this essay, here. You can also subscribe to the podcast in iTunes or through Feedburner for use in another podcast reader. Follow Mike on Facebook! Image of mammoth art courtesy Flickr user Tony Case. Image of "wild" mustang courtesy Flickr user Reno Tahoe. High Country News Classifieds Yellowstone Llamas Successful Yellowstone NP concession Flexible packages
Also, new treatments may not work very well. This is important for people with viral hepatitis, because a weaker or less potent drug or regimen may cause your virus to develop resistance to a certain med, or whole family of meds. Some trials have “stopping rules” to lower the risk of resistance, so you may have to stop taking an experimental drug because it is not working for you. As a general rule, the more people who have taken the treatment being studied, and the further along in development it is, the more likely that researchers will understand and be able to explain the potential risks of the study. Some studies today involve experiments that may not offer a personal benefit, but they are critical to research exploring curative treatment approaches. If you decide to enroll in these trials, make sure you understand fully what you are getting into. Before you enroll in any clinical trial, all of the known risks, benefits, rights and responsibilities should be explained to you. This is known as informed consent. During the informed consent process, you should receive a detailed written explanation of the rules of the clinical trial. It should be written in plain, everyday language and should be translated for people who do not understand English. It is important to be sure that you understand everything in the informed consent document, and that you keep a copy for yourself. When you are ready, you will be asked to sign the document. You will receive a copy that has been signed by you and the person in charge of the study—the principal investigator (PI)—at the clinical trial site. If you don’t understand something, ask questions! Don’t feel like you are asking too many questions or taking up too much time. Clinical trials need participants like you, and you have a right to fully understand the commitment you are making. It might be helpful to write down the answers to your questions, so that you have the information later on. However, it is important to know that some questions can’t be answered—after all, clinical trials are conducted to answer important questions. For instance, the side effects of a new treatment may not be known. In that case, the person explaining the trial to you may tell you what might happen, but may add that the researchers do not know for sure. Remember, less is known about a drug being studied in Phase I or II. Each trial has a set of rules. These rules are called the protocol—the blueprint of the study. The protocol includes rules about how often you will need to visit the study site, along with the tests that will be done, and if and when you will be given your test results. These rules should also be explained in the consent form. Again, it is important that you understand the protocol and that you are pretty sure you will be able to follow it. If there are any changes to the protocol, a new informed consent may be given to you to read and sign. Again, make sure you understand any changes that are being made along the way before you sign. Know that the informed consent is not a binding contract—you have the right to withdraw from the study at any time, and for any reason.
Hydronic heating systems offer a greater comfort over forced air heating systems as they control both the air temperature and the surface temperature. Maintaining comfort is not a matter of supplying heat to the body, instead it is a matter of controlling how the body loses heat. When interior conditions allow heat to leave a person’s body at the same rate as which it is generated, that person feels comfortable. A normal Adult engaged in light activities generates heat at 400 BTU/HR with 62% of that heat through Radiation. Save on your energy bills. Hydronics by Deus install the most cutting-edge boilers on the market ranging from 80% – 95% efficiency. Hydronic heating is the one of the most environmentally friendly and efficient ways to heat your home, Hydronic heating does not affect the room air pressure while operating. Another factor effecting building energy use is air temperature Stratification (e.g., the tendency of warm air to rise toward the ceiling while cool air settles to the floor) Hydronic systems that the majority of their heat by thermal radiation reduce air temperature stratification and thus reduce heat loss through ceilings. Constant temperature distribution, only where you need it. A common complaint about forced air heating is its propensity to move dust and other air borne particles such as pollen and smoke through out a building. In Contrast, few hydronic systems involve forced air circulation. This reduces the dispersal of airborne particles and microorganisms, which is a major benefit in situations where air cleanliness is imperative, such as for people with allergies, health care facilities or laboratories. A properly designed and installed hydronic heating system can operate with virtually no detectable sound levels in occupied areas. Mild temperatures of water make panels safe to touch for children, the elderly and household pets. Hydronic heating is extremely safe, with no risk of
What Is the Division Sign Called? By Staff WriterLast Updated Apr 11, 2020 3:42:21 AM ET The commonly used division symbol "/" is called a "solidus" or "virgule," while an "obelus" appears like a hyphen with dots above and below it. Another division notation is the "vinculum," which is a horizontal line that is sometimes referred to as a "fractional bar." The earliest known usage of the "obelus" was in the 1659 publication of the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Rahn's book, "Teutsche Algebr." In computers, a virgule is also called a "forward slash," which is one of the keys in a standard keyboard. Aside from being a mathematical sign, the "virgule" is also used as a separator in various date formats.
You are here Monitoring speaking Average: 4.6 (20 votes) As teachers I think we all accept that there is a role for correcting student speech in the language classroom. Monitoring speaking - methodology article However, in my experience this tends to take place either when students are speaking in open class – when all other students can hear them and they are under enormous performance pressure – or on a personal, one-to-one level, which naturally excludes other students in the class. • Aiding real communication • Problems with monitoring student speech • The practicalities of effective monitoring • Conclusion Student speech in group or pair work, although not a perfect recreation of real-life communicative situations, does provide us with a better model of the English students use outside the classroom. It therefore follows that this is the language production they need and want us to correct as teachers. The most common way of doing this is to monitor student speech during pair or group work and correct it either there and then or in a follow-up stage. Aiding real communication One negative consequence of the Communicative Approach, which has taken an ever stronger hold over English language teaching over the last two decades, is the increased neglect of language in the language classroom. The common practice of setting up communication activities in which students spend large amounts of class time speaking to one another and which is preceded or followed by language input from the course book ignores the fact that students can do this perfectly well in their own time with some friends and a grammar book. It would seem obvious that a good language teacher is one who can create an environment in which their students communicate naturally in the language and are provided with help on how to express what they want to say. In order to aid real communication then, we as teachers must directly address the problems our students have with English by listening to them in the most natural setting possible and improving that use of language. Problems with monitoring student speech In my experience, teachers often complain about not being able to hear students properly when they are involved in group or pair work activities. Other teacher complaints may include not wanting to disrupt the activity with their presence or even that students don't want them listening in on their private conversations with other students. Here are some problems teachers have with monitoring and some possible solutions: • I can't get near enough to my students to hear them. It is clearly important to get physically close to pairs or groups when attempting to monitor their speech. Depending on the spatial layout of the classroom this may be easy, difficult or impossible. I have taught company classes where it was impossible to get close to pairs when they spoke to one another, which meant I had to invent a method for listening to their speech. This may involve moving the students for the communication activity to somewhere they can be heard, or changing seating positions so that you get to hear a different pair or group for every new activity. The important thing is to address the logistical problem and find a way of hearing your students' speech. • I can't make out exactly what they are saying. Students mumbling or speaking softly make it difficult to hear their use of English. It is therefore important to encourage them to speak clearly if you are to be able to give them language feedback on what they have said. If you are not used to doing it, it takes time to develop the technique of selective listening. What I mean by this is ignoring the other conversations in the classroom and tuning in to just one pair or group. This can sometimes be done by watching the mouth of the person you are listening to. • I can't hear any errors. We become accustomed to hearing how the students speak English in our country, their translations of set phrases or use of wrong words or false friends, and we forget what a native speaker or English speaker of another nationality would fail to understand. My solution for this is to write down anything you hear that just sounds wrong or strange. You will often find that by analysing it calmly on the piece of paper you suddenly see why it sounds strange and have time to think of what they were trying to say and phrase it in more accessible English. I often put whole sentences on the board for the class to consider and say "I'm not sure what this means, can anyone explain it?" It is surprising how often the rest of the class do understand it and perceive it to be comprehensible because it was said by someone from the same language background, but it nevertheless requires the teacher's rephrasing in English for its true meaning to be uncovered. The discussion of meanings of words arising from this practice is also a source of great interest and learning for me and my students. • I don't want to disrupt the communication activity. Students may go quiet or stop the activity to ask you a question if you move close to them. This is not usually a problem as long as you can answer them efficiently and get them back on task. The only solution is to monitor more unobtrusively, which can be achieved by avoiding eye contact and trying not to distract students. Provided you have explained the rationale for your note-taking and students are aware of the procedures, this should not be a problem. • I can't write down all their errors. You don't need to. We are looking for student errors that will affect their communication in a given situation. When writing down an example of an error, which may be an entire sentence, we will miss other mistakes being made by the same or other students in the group. This is irrelevant, the important thing is to be selective and note down errors representative of the class or level, so that subsequent correction is relevant to as many students as possible. • I'm not attending to all students during the activity. Provided students are aware of your aim in monitoring, you spread your attention evenly around the class, you remain attentive to student questions from other groups during the activity and students are aware of this procedure and the rationale before you start group or pair work, there will be no complaints that you are ignoring some students and only correcting some. The practicalities of effective monitoring • Explain to students what you are doing and why. The first question to ask is "Do you want me to correct you when you make a mistake?" You will probably receive a unanimous "Yes!" from all students. Tell them that when they are speaking you will go round listening for errors with a pen and paper and correct them afterwards so as not to interrupt the conversation. This process is part of learner training, letting students in on the methodology so that it enjoys their support and therefore functions correctly. • You need a pen and paper and to be able to get close enough to all pairs or groups to hear what everyone is saying. Be aware of this before you start and resolve any spatial problems then. • Let students begin the activity and make some progress before starting to monitor their student talk. If you sit straight down with a pair or group they can find it difficult to get going. • Discriminate when deciding how long you spend monitoring groups. Keep looking around at other pairs or groups to make sure they are on task or don't need you for something. Always be prepared to leave one group and go to another group to deal with a linguistic or procedural question. Give students the impression that you are available to everyone even though you are only listening to a few of them at any one time. • Make sure that your notes are legible and you know what the error was. I tend to split my page into three parts: grammar, pronunciation and lexis. With the former and latter I write down exactly what the student said, because then I can see the error when I look back at it later. With pronunciation you will need some visual form of noting down the problem, such as phonemic symbols, stress marks, arrows etc. otherwise you will forget the error when you go up to correct it on the board. • Another advantage of monitoring student speech for subsequent language feedback is that it gives you time to consider how to correct the error, which is not the case with on-the-spot correction. Use monitoring time to consider what and how you will correct for the whole class. I have observed many lessons by teachers who have students communicating in English for the main part of the lesson, producing huge amounts of language which then often goes uncorrected or acknowledged. This language represents a reflection of our students' ability and is the most valuable source of input we could find for our classes, far more valuable than the generalised lesson aims of a teacher's book. Your students will appreciate you addressing their own specific problems with the language. Developing an effective procedure for monitoring your students' language does take time, organisation and the complicity of the students, but good language feedback undeniably makes classes more relevant for learners and teachers alike. Further reading 'Correction' by M.Bartram & R.Walton Thomson Heinle (2002) Barney Griffiths, Teacher, Trainer, Spain Add new comment Log in or register to post comments
Personality disorders A personality is an individual's mode of thinking, feeling, interacting, and behavioral tendencies that diverses them from other people. During the developmental stages of life, someone's personality is greatly influenced by various experiences, environmental circumstances (where they grew up, their lifestyle), and hereditary characteristics. Typically, once a person has fully developed, their personality never changes. A personality disorder may cause turmoil and restlessness at home, work, and school causing the person to have difficulty functioning in society over time. What are Personality Disorders? Personality disorders tend to be long-term patterns, habits, internal experiences that significantly veer from cultural expectations. These patterns of behavior, experience, and social interactions typically begin to occur during the late stages of adolescence and continue into early adulthood. In most cases, someone suffering from a personality disorder may have difficulty functioning normally and experience a decline in their mental health. If left untreated, they can last a lifetime with severe symptoms. In nearly all cases, personality disorders affect people in two or more of these areas: • Complex self-image or view of others • Emotional response to certain situations • Social interactions • Behavioral tendencies Over time the symptoms of a personality disorder may place a significant impact on the individual's mental health and physical well-being. It can affect the way they interact in society, work, and school performance, while also taking a toll on close friends and family. In psychology, there are usually three types of personality disorders that house their own subtypes. What are the 3 types of Personality Disorders? The three types of personality disorder deal with the emotional effect and mental health of the person. These are characterized by their types of behavior, emotional state, and how they experience anxiety, fear, and depression. Some personality disorders are closely associated with psychosis and emotional suppression, while others are more closely tied to overexpression of emotions and uncontrollable bouts of sadness, depression, and panic. The three categories for personality disorders include: suspicion, emotions and impulse, and anxiety. What Are The 10 Personality Disorders? Within the three categories for personality disorder, there are ten specific types. Paranoid personality disorder: this type of personality disorder is a heightened suspicion or paranoia of people who are close to you or near you as being mean, spiteful, or dangerous. People who struggle with a paranoid personality disorder may assume that others wish them harm or deceive them. Schizoid personality disorder: Schizoid PD is the pattern of being detached from society or your emotions. It is common for those with schizoid to be reclusive and impartial to relationships, community, and praise or criticism. Schizotypal personality disorder: is commonly characterized by uncomfortability in close relationships, warped patterns of thought, and odd behavior. People with a schizotypal personality disorder may have eccentric beliefs, act or speak strangely, or suffer from extreme social anxiety. Antisocial personality disorder: is typically misunderstood as shyness or uncomfortability in social settings. However, a person with an antisocial personality disorder may be disorderly, violate personal rights, and may exhibit patterns of deceit and impulsive behavior. Emotions & Impulse Borderline personality disorder (BPD): is an emotion-based personality disorder. It can greatly affect the way someone views themselves, their relationships with others, emotional control, and impulsive behavior. Oftentimes someone with a borderline personality disorder may fear being alone, suffer from major depression and suicidal tendencies, while also feeling helpless and angry. Histrionic personality disorder: is a disorder an impulse disorder associated with a distorted view of self. Those with a histrionic personality disorder will often seek to be the center of attention and go to extremes with their appearance and actions in order to draw attention to themselves. Narcissistic personality disorder: similar to histrionic PD, narcissism is characterized by an excessive need for admiration from others while lacking empathy. Their perception of self may be exaggerated and may seek to take advantage of or emotionally abuse others. Avoidant personality disorder: is a pattern of anxiety regarding feelings of inadequacy, failure, ignorance, shyness, and inability to accept constructive criticism. Common traits of avoidant personality disorders include: avoiding personal interactions, obsessive thoughts over ridicule or rejection, and feelings of failure and ineptitude. Dependent personality disorder: manifests as an uncontrollable need for being cared for and provided for. Many people with a dependent personality disorder can have trouble making decisions for themselves, being alone, and believe they are incapable of taking care of themselves. In some cases, this may present itself as excessive clinginess or inappropriate submissive behavior. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD): differs from what most people believe to be obsessive-compulsive disorder. Unlike OCD, OCPD is an excessive dependence upon routine, schedules, and control in daily life. This can manifest in many ways but is commonly associated with tendencies such as: working excessively, hyperfocus over details and schedules, perfectionism, and unchanging beliefs and values. Long term, OCPD can significantly impact a person's mental health, relationships, and physical health as they hardly have time for rest or leisure. What is the Most Common Personality Disorder? Some studies have shown that Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is the most common of the personality disorders. According to a recent study by Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience "... .the most common personality disorder in the United States is presently obsessive-compulsive personality (7.9%), followed by narcissistic [personality](6.2%) and borderline personality disorders (5.9%)." What Causes a Personality Disorder? As stated above, someone's personality is determined by a combination of internal thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behaviors. It is what makes individuals unique. A person's personality determines how they interact (view, understand, and relate to) in society and how someone perceives themselves. During childhood, your personality will develop as a result of genetics and your environment. These two factors include any hereditary traits or biological/chemical imbalances within your body as well as anything that may have occurred, any relationships you had with family and friends, and even your surroundings. Personality disorders are believed to develop out of these two factors. If biologically you have inherited negative personality traits, they may contribute to your disorders. Other situations may include any past traumatic events: physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; natural disasters, family deaths, or any other events or situations that may affect your mental health. Treatment for Personality Disorders: Treatment for personality disorders can include various forms of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy seeks to help an individual learn more about their disorder, what may be at the root of their symptoms, any other mental health-related issues, as well as help them learn how to appropriately discuss their emotions, thoughts, and behavior. This not only is educational in how they can learn to better understand themselves, but can also aid in teaching them how their actions affect other people. Psychotherapy can also help people with personality disorders learn to properly cope with their condition, avoid triggering situations, and help them learn how to build healthy, functional relationships with others. Each person will have their own unique struggles. No two treatments will ever look the same. Therapy is determined by the specific kind of personality disorder, the severity of the disorder, how long the person has been struggling, and their current circumstances. Unfortunately, there are currently no medication-assisted treatments available to treat personality disorders. However, some people find relief with certain drugs that help with depression, anxiety, or mood stability. In severe cases, treatment may include medical treatment, psychiatric and psychological therapy, and family therapy. If you or a loved one is suffering from a personality disorder, Transformations Treatment Center is here to help. We offer professional individualized care to ensure the comfort, safety, and future well-being of each client. Symptoms & Signs of Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the 10 personality-related illnesses recognized by the American Psychiatric Association. Mental health experts commonly view it as one of the most difficult conditions to accurately identify. Read more Symptoms & Signs of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a debilitating, life-altering mental health disorder. Each year, its symptoms will affect nearly six million American adults, which represents about 2.6 percent of the U.S. adult population. Read more Bipolar Disorder Treatment Bipolar Disorder Treatment Most people are used to a shift in moods. It is normal to be happy then experience sadness or vice versa. For some, these peaks and valleys are unusual and extreme. And instead of a fleeting moment, the highs and lows last for days or weeks. Read more Borderline personality disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment Borderline personality disorder is a mental health disorder that affects almost 2 percent of the population. It affects how a person thinks about others and themselves. Read more Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment Histrionic personality disorder affects around 4 million people, or almost 2 percent of the population. It is indicative of specific behaviors, feelings, and emotions of the person with the disorder. Read more Dissociative Identity Disorder Treatment Dissociative Identity Disorder Treatment Dissociative identity disorder affects a small part of the population. It is a complex medical condition, so there is a lot to learn about it. Read more Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatment Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatment People with an antisocial personality disorder don’t follow society’s norms, are deceitful and intimidating in relationships, and are inconsiderate of the rights of others. People with this type of personality may take part in criminal activity. Read more Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Treatment Schizoid Personality Disorder may sound similar to someone being schizophrenic. Yet, this disorder is not the same at all, although it may have the same underlying genetic architecture. Read more
How To Make An Outline For Research Paper How To Make An Outline For Research Paper-43 An academic project outline is an action plan a student prepares not to get lost during the process of writing, and this piece reflects the main points of the text. The main goal of this writing element is to keep track of the author’s ideas, acting as a roadmap for content. Tags: Term Paper Grading RubricGeography Coursework Effects TourismSolve Fraction ProblemsTolerance Essay For StudentsHealth Benefits Of Running EssayPassion For Economics EssayProud To Be A Canadian EssayRussell Unpopular Essays SummaryBlack History EssayBest Ipad App For Reading Academic Papers Under the title, a student should include the following details: If a student knows how to write a text’s summary, he/she should not find it difficult to come up with a good abstract. It occupies 1/3 of the A4 page (approximately 200 words). A typical outline for research paper looks this way: It is impossible to cope with a 10,000-word dissertation without learning how to write a detailed outline for a research paper. The introduction opens the essay, its body provides several arguments supported by the credible evidence, and the conclusion ends up the essay by restating thesis and providing a summary. That is a general answer to the question, “how to write a research paper outline?” Learning how to write a research paper outline is a more complex process.The article covers its main elements and provides valuable examples.Once you are done with the draft, present the draft of an outline for a paper to the teacher to get feedback at the initial stage of work.How to write a thesis outline for a research paper using MLA?Provide the main headings like ‘introduction’ and ‘Method’ is the upper-case Roman numerals, I, ii, iii, etc.If a student wants to break the major sections in the subsections, he/she should do that with the help of letters A, B as a next level, numbers 1, 2 as a 3rd level, and other ways to subdivide categories.Example: A lawyer may study multiple cases and apply them to support personal case.A student who studies world’s history and needs to write about World War II might go through journal articles, related books, and interview outtakes to come up with a powerful thesis and support it with evidence.Have a look at the offered example of an outline for a research paper after observing the details.A title/cover page is the shortest part of the project. Comments How To Make An Outline For Research Paper The Latest from ©
Depressive disorder, frequently referred to simply as depression, is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. It’s a serious mental health condition that requires understanding and medical care. Left untreated, depression can be devastating for those who have it and their families. Fortunately, with early detection, diagnosis and a treatment plan consisting of medication, psychotherapy and healthy lifestyle choices, many people can and do get better. An estimated 16 million American adults—almost 7% of the population—had at least one major depressive episode in the past year. People of all ages and all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds experience depression, but it does affect some groups more than others.
How To Write Articles – The Importance of Layout What’s layout? Layout in writing is how you set out your text. Why is layout important? We’re a very visual society and are influenced by the way things look more deeply than we realise. Image is all in many contexts. Whether that’s good or bad can be argued but in writing anything, it has to be taken into account. How you arrange your words will affect the way people read it. What are the fundamental elements of effective layout? 1. Clarity. Just as the words you choose should be clear in meaning so should the way you arrange them. Simple sentences, short paragraphs and important points emphasised in the text. 2. White space. If you look at much business writing, particularly book, the trend in recent years has to break down sections, have short chapters and a lot of white space. The purpose of white space is to encourage people to read the words. If text is crammed together then it becomes a struggle for many readers. Remember that the average ability to read is low and online this is make more difficult by text being on screen. The move towards reading on smaller screens such as mobiles or iPads can only increase the difficulty of reading.. long passages are unlikely to work via such delivery methods. A way of check if you have enough white space in your text is to go to Preview in Word and take it down to 75% view. That shows you where the text is crowded without you worrying at that stage about what you’ve written. 3. Progression The logic of what you write is important. Making readers go back and check what they’ve read previously because you refer to it again doesn’t help them read naturally. Whatever you write, they should be able to go from beginning to end without being stopped in their tracks. Imagine you’re travelling on a straight road. You’re making smooth progress then suddenly an obstacle is dropped in front of you. That’s how badly arranged text can seem to the reader. , Eileen Parr ,
4th of July The office will be closed on the 4th of July. Independence Day of the United States, also known as the Fourth of July is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, by the Continental Congress declaring that the thirteen colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and no longer part of the British Empire. On July 8, 1776, the first public readings of the Declaration were held in Philadelphia’s Independence Square to the ringing of bells and band music. One year later, on July 4, 1777, Philadelphia marked Independence Day by adjourning Congress and celebrating with bonfires, bells and fireworks.
Today’s top health stories: 18 February Children of teenage fathers are more likely to inherit birth defects Image source: Teenage fathers have 30 percent higher rates of DNA mutation, according to a study by the University of Cambridge. The study, which examined 2,400 parents and their children, discovered that teenage fathers carry a similar amount of DNA mutations as middle-aged fathers. Although scientists are uncertain why teenage fathers are at such high risk, the results explain why the children of young fathers are at an increased risk for disorders with a genetic link, such as autism, schizophrenia and spina bifida. The study rejects previous assumptions that DNA mutations in germ cells increases with age, with scientists saying the new discoveries could force textbooks to be rewritten. Source: The Telegraph Drug Companies withdrawing funding from dementia research due to repeated failures Image source: University of Bath The World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH) has reported that drug companies are investing significantly less amounts of money into dementia compared to other major diseases following a series of “repeated and costly failures”. Despite the huge burden that dementia imposes on international economies, the WISH report is lamenting a “funding fatigue”. Experts say that as resources shrink, dementia research is becoming more conservative, with limited unconventional strategies and parallel drug discovery opportunities. The WISH report lists solutions that different countries are carrying out to combat the small amount of drug company investment into dementia, with one solution coming from 2013 when the UK named a World Dementia Envoy and established the World Dementia Council. One of the World Dementia Council’s three stated priorities is to increase financial resources for dementia research and drug development. Source: The Independent GPs encouraged to highlight colleagues who prescribe unwarranted number of antibiotics Image source: Telegraph The NHS are to encourage GPs to question and inform colleagues who they believe are giving out too many antibiotics. Calls for GPs to self-regulate antibiotic prescriptions amongst their own field come following a report suggesting that 97% of patients who ask for antibiotics receive them. The draft guidance, written by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), has been created to counter increasing concern over the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The overuse of antibiotics in the Western world has been cited as a reason for the growing resistance of antibiotics. NICE’s draft guidance points to the fact that it is often the patient themselves who demand antibiotics rather than being a suggestion from GPs. Source: Telegraph Today’s top health stories: 08 January Pharma companies threaten legal action over NHS England’s decision to halt access to expensive drugs Image source: The Guardian Pharma companies have expressed their discontent at NHS England’s expected plans to remove access to a range of medicines due to their high prices. NHS England’s Cancer Drugs Fund, which was set up to allow patients access to drugs regardless of their cost and has been used by 55,000 people, is set to be £100m over budget by the end of the financial year. Medicines which will be no longer paid by the fund include breast cancer drugs Eisai’s Halaven (eribulin, breast cancer), Sanofi’s Zaltrap (Aflibercept, bowel cancer) and Roche’s Kadcyla (Trastuzumab emtansine, bowel cancer). Chief executive of Myeloma UK, Eric Lowe, believes that the Cancer Drugs Fund is unsustainable and a “policy anomaly”. Sources: Financial Times, BBC News Scientists discover 25 new antibiotics in clinical study Image source: Institute for Creation Research Following a three-year gap since the last clinical discovery of antibiotics, a novel approach to cultivating bacteria has led to a yield of 25 new antibiotics. These new antibiotics, described by the researchers as the “tip of the iceberg” in their published journal in Nature, could potentially revive antibiotic discovery. Recent decades have seen microbes become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, leading to so-called ‘super bugs’ which have caused media stirs. Source: BBC News Signs that Ebola is slowing in Sierra Leone Image source: MarketWatch Although 248 new confirmed cases of Ebola have been reported in Sierra Leone during the past week, the spread of Ebola in the country appears to be slowing according to the World Health Organisation. Ebola cases in Sierra Leone far outstrip those of any other country, with almost 10,000 cases and 3000 deaths. Ebola cases are still underreported throughout western Africa. Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, head of the United Nations Ebola response team, is warning against complacency in Sierra Leone against the continual threat of Ebola: “It is only at this moment of optimism and relative success that sometimes we are worried of a sense of complacency”. Sources: Reuters, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The agricultural cultivation of the staple food of rice harbors the risk of possible contamination with arsenic that can reach the grains following uptake by the roots. In their investigation of over 4,000 variants of rice, a Chinese-German research team under the direction of Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Hell from the Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) of Heidelberg University and Prof. Dr. Fang-Jie Zhao of Nanjing Agricultural University (China) discovered a plant variant that resists the toxin. Although the plants thrive in arsenic-contaminated fields, the grains contain far less arsenic than other rice plants. At the same time, this variant has an elevated content of the trace element selenium. The researchers explain that especially in agricultural regions in Asia, increasing amounts of metalloid arsenic get into the groundwater through large-scale fertilization or wastewater sludge, for example. Because rice is cultivated in submerged fields, the plants absorb a good deal of arsenic through the roots, thus giving the potential carcinogen a pathway into the food chain. According to Prof. Hell, arsenic pollution in some soils in Asia is now so high that it is also causing significant crop losses because the arsenic is poisonous to the plants themselves. In the course of their research project, the scientists exposed over 4,000 rice variants to water containing arsenic and then observed their growth. Only one of the plants studied proved to be tolerant against the toxic metalloid. What biologically characterizes the rice variant called astol1 is a so-called amino acid exchange in a single protein. "This protein is part of a sensor complex and controls the formation of the amino acid cysteine, which is an important component in the synthesis of phytochelatins. Plants form these detoxifying substances in response to toxic metals and thus neutralize them," explains Prof. Hell, who together with his research group at the COS is studying the function of this sensory complex. The neutralized arsenic is stored in the roots of the plant before it reaches the edible rice grains and can endanger humans. In the field study, astol1 rice grains absorbed one-third less arsenic than conventional rice grains that were also exposed to arsenic-contaminated water. The researchers further discovered a 75 percent higher content of the essential trace element selenium, which is involved in the production of thyroid hormones in humans. As for yield, astol1 is just as good as the standard high-yield rice variants, making it especially suitable for agricultural use. "In future, rice plants like astol1 could be used in arsenic-contaminated regions to feed the population as well as help fight diet-related selenium deficiency," states Dr. Sheng-Kai Sun with optimism. The junior researcher was instrumental in discovering the rice variant during the course of his Ph.D. work at Nanjing Agricultural University. Thanks to a scholarship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, he has been working since last year at the Centre for Organismal Studies in the groups of Prof. Hell and Dr. Markus Wirtz to investigate the sensor complex causing the astol1 phenotype. (Source: Agriculture and Food News, ScienceDaily. (Source: Crop Biotech Update, International Service for Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. (Source: Agriculture and Food News, ScienceDaily.
difference between structure of silicon carbide and diamond features Tungsten Carbide Cobalt Powder \| Nanochemazone Tungsten carbide is approximately twice as stiff as steel, with Young''s modulus of approximately and is double the density of steel nearly midway between that of lead and gold. It is comparable with corundum in hardness and can only be polished and finished with abrasives of superior hardness such as cubic boron nitride and diamond powder, wheels, and compounds. structures and physical properties of period 3 elements 2020/8/13· Silicon is a non-metal, and has a giant covalent structure exactly the same as carbon in diamond - hence the high melting point. You have to break strong covalent bonds in order to melt it. There are no obviously free electrons in the structure, and although it conducts electricity, it doesn''t do so in the same way as metals. Grinding and Polishing - ASM International Diamond abrasives are recommended for grinding most ceramics, but silicon carbide (SiC) paper and cubic boron nitride (CBN) platens can also be used. End each abrasive step when the artifacts (e.g., cracks or scratches) imparted by the previous step are Fundamental Summary of LED SiC Substrate - LEDinside Silicon carbide is usually divided into two egories, the black SiC and the green SiC, both having a hexagonal crystal structure, a density of 3.2 -3.25g/cm³ and microhardness of 2840-3320kg/mm2. The black SiC is manufactured with silica sand, tar and high quality silica as main materials in an electric resistance furnace at a high temperature. Silicon carbide GTO thyristor for HVDC converter Fig. 3 shows the comparison of silicon and silicon carbide devices as the temperature increases for V = 5000 V, J = 100 A/cm2. There is a noticeable difference between the switching losses of silicon and silicon carbide devices. For the same blocking voltage Band gap - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. The term is used in solid-state physics and chemistry.Band gaps can be found in insulators and semiconductors.In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap is the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the Silicon Carbide SiC Material Properties - Accuratus Design and Performance Evaluation of an Intelligent Star Tracker stiffness, make Silicon Carbide ideally suited for star trackers. Silicon Carbide provides excellent lightweighting capabilities (approximately 80% of beryllium.), and is 50% the hardness of diamond. Historically, there are two problems associated with CVD Ion Synthesis of SiC and Its Instability at High … 2012/3/6· As is known, such advantages of silicon carbide as a high hardness (4th place after diamond) [36, 37], high chemical and radiation resistance, high melting point, etc. became the basis of its wide appliion not only in microelectronics [], but also as refractory and abrasive materials. Introduction and appliion of boron carbide From the point of view of materials and grinding academia, the best materials for processing and grinding sapphire crystal are synthetic diamond, boron carbide and silicon dioxide. Because the hardness of synthetic diamond is too high (Mohs hardness 10), it will scratch the surface of sapphire wafer when it is grinded, which will affect the transparency of the wafer, and the price is expensive. What''s the Difference: Abrasive cutoff wheels - Fine … 2008/6/27· Masonry wheels use silicon carbide; metal-cutting wheels are made with aluminum oxide. Hunting for an abrasive cutoff wheel for your circular saw or chopsaw? Who could blame you for wondering whether the difference between “metal” wheels and “masonry” wheels is … New Materials Boost Bearing Performance \| Machine Design Reaction-bonded silicon carbide consists of a siliconcarbide matrix infiltrated with molten silicon. The process yields a solid silicon- carbide structure that contains about 10% free silicon. Giant covalent structures - Structures and properties - … 2020/8/18· Silica (or silicon dioxide), which is found in sand, has a similar structure to diamond, so its properties are similar to diamond. It is hard and has a high melting point, but contains silicon and Silicon Basics --General Overview. - Coluia University File: ee4494 silicon basics.ppt revised 09/11/2001 copyright james t yardley 2001 Page 5 Crystal structure of silicon (diamond structure). hyperlinks\silicon\@silicon java\cell.html Source of applet is Semiconductor Applet Service, SUNY, Buffalo: structure of diamond very very easy and perfect - 2018/1/16· The difference between diamond and graphite, giant covalent structures - Duration: 4:20. Dr Stan Fowler 36,874 views 4:20 Diamond vs Graphite (Donald Sadoway, MIT) - Duration: 6:48 Study of Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Silicon and Silicon Carbide … Silicon carbide is a non-oxide ceramic having high hardness and strength, and it is chemically and thermally stable. Silicon carbide has different polytypes; among this 200 are found in mainly cubic, easily transferred from the device. It helps to Structure Of Diamond And Graphite - 2010/4/30· Structure of Diamond and Graphite The structure of diamond Carbon has an electronic arrangement of 2,4. In diamond, each carbon shares electrons with four other carbon atoms - … Solutions manual for science and engineering of materials … 2017/12/4· Calculate the fractions of ionic bonds in silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (Si3N4). Solution: We use Equation 2.1 and take the electronegativities from Figure 2-9: 45 657 Silicon Carbide in Microsystem Technology — Thin Film … Silicon Carbide in Microsystem Technology — Thin Film Versus Bulk Material, Advanced Silicon Carbide … Mariana Amorim Fraga, Matteo Bosi and Marco Negri (2015). Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Silicon Carbide (SiC) - Semiconductor Engineering Carbon - Structure of carbon allotropes \| Britannica 2020/8/19· Structure of carbon allotropes When an element exists in more than one crystalline form, those forms are called allotropes; the two most common allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite.The crystal structure of diamond is an infinite three-dimensional array of carbon atoms, each of which forms a structure in which each of the bonds makes equal angles with its neighbours. What are carbide tips? \| HowSfWorks Carbide tips do get dull eventually. You sharpen them using the same techniques you would use with tool steel, but because they are so hard, you use a different abrasive. Something coated in diamond or a carbide abrasive wheel is common. If you''ve read How Diamonds Work, you know that diamond (pure crystalline carbon) is the hardest material there is. Silicon carbide light-emitting diode as a prospective … 2013/4/10· Gali A. et al. Correlation between the antisite pair and the D I center in SiC. Phys. Rev. B 67, 155203 (2003). Vainer V. S. & Ilyin V. A. Electron spin resonance of exchange-coupled vacancy pairs in hexagonal silicon carbide. Sov. Phys. Solid State 23 Wagner M . Silicon carbide - Wikipedia Basic Parameters of Silicon Carbide (SiC) Silicon carbide crystallizes in numerous (more than 200 ) different modifiions (polylypes). The most important are: cubic unit cell: 3C-SiC (cubic unit cell, zincblende); 2H-SiC; 4H-SiC; 6H-SiC (hexagonal unit cell, wurtzile ); 15R-SiC (rhoohedral unit cell).-SiC (rhoohedral unit cell).
Aaron Copland's name is synonymous with American music. It was his pioneering achievement to break free from Europe and create concert music that is characteristically American. In addition to writing such well-loved works as Fanfare for the Common ManRodeo, and Appalachian Spring, Copland conducted, organized concerts, wrote books on music, and served as an American cultural ambassador to the world. While studying with Nadia Boulanger in Paris, Copland became interested in incorporating popular styles into his music. Upon his return to the US, he advanced the cause of new music through lectures and writings, and organized the famed Copland-Sessions concerts. As America entered first Depression then war, Copland began to speak to the concerns of the average citizen in those times of trouble. His intentions were fulfilled as works from Billy the Kid to Lincoln Portrait to the Pulitzer Prize-winning Appalachian Spring found both popular success and critical acclaim. Aaron Copland was one of the most honored cultural figures in the history of the United States. The Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Kennedy Center Award, the National Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences "Oscar", and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany were only a few of the honors and awards he received. In 1982, the Aaron Copland School of Music was established in his honor at Queens College of the City University of New York.
Old Dead Guys Study – Notes #7 Martin Luther Notes #7– Martin Luther John Wiers PhD 2020 1. Introduction 1. 1483-1546 1. Martin Luther is one of the greatest theologians– some have listed him in the top 4 or 5– and he is considered the “founder of the Protestant Reformation.” C. He was a fascinating figure who was passionate, witty, and often paradoxical in his writings. D. His writings are often bombastic– he called one pope “his Hellishness.” E, He is certainly a hero for most evangelical Protestants and there are certainly aspects of modern evangelicalism that he would recognize, but there is much that would seem foreign to him. F. He was a “reluctant reformer” who “stumbled into” reform because of his own troubled conscience and his conclusion that the accepted theology of the church could not calm his troubled soul. 1. His life 1. He was born in Eisleben in central Germany, the son of a copper miner. Interestingly he would not live there for most of his, but would die there. 1. The family name was originally spelled Luder. 1. While some have argued that his family was poor, most recent scholarship has concluded that his family had become comfortably middle class and that his father had become the manager of the mine in nearby Mansfeld to where they would move. 1. Yet his father’s rise from a poor miner to middle class manager meant that his father had aspirations for Martin. Martin was sent to receive a good education, first at schools run by the Brethren of the Common Life– a lay reform movement within the Roman Catholic church– and then at the University of Erfurt. 1. Luther was a devout young man, but he entered the university to study law. His training was under professors mostly committed to philosophical nominalism, in distinction from the realism of Plato– this had to do with whether universals existed or not– and a number of scholars have attempted to discern this as a key influence on his theology. Some of the theologians he studied under when he switched to theology were also nominalists. 1. He had an experience of nearly being struck by lightning during a thunderstorm and made a vow to Saint Anne, the patron saint of miners, that he would become a monk. This was likely the pinnacle of a struggle and not the sole factor. 1. In 1505 he entered the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt and became a model monk. He also became ordained as a priest in 1507. His father was opposed to all of this and some Freudian tinged historians have attempted to explain everything he struggled with by this disagreement. Most historians have rejected this. 1. Luther was a model monk and was troubled in his attempts to find salvation through the monastic system. He often confessed for hours– once for 6 hours– and his confessor and superior, Johann Staupitz, once told him to come back when he had a real sin such as adultery or murder to confess instead of the multitude of sins of the mind he confessed. He suffered from what he called Anfechtungen, which can be translated as anguish, depression, doubt, struggle, terror, or despair. 1. Luther was not alone in this. There were numerous pastoral manuals for priests to help those who struggled with guilt and lack of assurance of a gracious God. Monasteries were supposed to be the place where one worked this out. 1. Staupitz told him to just relax and love God. Luther said that he hated a god who judged him and that he couldn’t love God. 1. Staupitz sent him to Rome with another monk to have Rome settle an ultimately futile debate. While at Rome, Luther was disgusted at the corruption in Rome and disappointed with the many indulgences he expected to get for hearing masses, climbing the Scala Sancta (the supposed steps Christ climbed in Pilate’s hall), etc. He continued to doubt that his sins were forgiven and his time in purgatory was actually shortened. This trip to Rome was probably his greatest disappointment in life. He saw priests mumbling masses as fast as possible to collect money from the tourists and handing out indulgences from those masses as fast as they could collect the money. 1. Staupitz’s solution was to send him to grad school to study scripture and theology. 1. His theological studies were mostly under followers of Gabriel Biel, but he finished his doctorate of theology at the new University of Wittenberg in 1511 and became professor of biblical exegesis there. We know that his studies included quite a bit of Augustine and some introduction to, but not exhaustive study of Thomas Aquinas. Luther was said to have remarked once that TA was tedious and long-winded. 1. His doubts were growing about the inherited medieval theology and some shifts are noted in his lecture notes, but he still was thinking in older RC models. 1. The flash point was over indulgences in 1517, but most scholars argue that his theology was not yet fully recognizable as Protestant yet, even when he nailed the 95 Theses to the church door. 1. The occasion was the energetic sale of indulgences– official get of or lessened time in purgatory for specially designated payments to the church–by Johann Tetzel, a Dominican super-salesman with the backing of his archbishop and the new pope, Leo X. P. Tetzel was not allowed in Saxony- Elector Frederick had his own collection of relics (more than 5,000 of them for which veneration of them could get you out of 5,000 years of purgatory), the largest in Europe, and he didn’t want competition– but Tetzel was such a good salesman that Wittenbergers flocked to him. Tetzel said his were so good that even if you had raped the Virgin Mary, you could get out of purgatory. Tetzel had advertising jingles as well: “when the coin in the coffer klinks, the soul from Purgatory springs.’” It rhymes in German as well. Q. Luther attacked the sale of indulgences on a number of grounds, both biblical and practical, arguing that the doctrine of penance that lay behind it was a misunderstanding of the biblical doctrine of repentance. Luther even suggested that if the church had the authority to lessen time in purgatory– he still believed in it– the Pope should empty it out of pure charity. Pope Leo was said to have said: “what drunken German wrote that?” R. Luther’s 95 Theses was not intended for popular consumption, but were a call for a scholarly debate. They struck a chord, however, and soon they were translated into German and spread all over Germany, many seeing them as a symbol of resistance to papal draining of German money. S. The surprising furor over them, lead to his condemnation by the pope– it was greatly affecting money flow into Rome– and it forced Luther into much further reflection. T, In the disputation at Leipzig in 1519, where he debated leading Dominican theologian Johann Eck for 23 days he began to challenge the notion of papal authority and tradition as on par with scripture and argued for Scripture as his final authority. Luther said positive things about the condemned heretic John Hus. U. In 1518 at the Heidelberg Disputation, he had argued for the crucial distinction between Theologies of Glory and Theologies of the Cross- the former being man-centered and the later God centered. V. Somewhere between 1517 and 1520– probably in 1519– he had worked out his revised doctrine of justification by faith on the basis of a new understanding of the righteousness of God in Romans 1:17. He found his peace in that doctrine and all of his theology would revolve around it. W. In 1520 he wrote a series of short booklets: On Christian Liberty, An Appeal to the German Nobility, and The Babylonian Captivity of the Church in which he challenged much of the structure of the medieval theological system of the Roman Catholic Church. X. He was excommunicated in 1520 and called to appear before the Diet of Worms– the German parliament– where he made his famous Here I Stand speech. Y. He was whisked away by Duke Frederick and spent nearly a year in hiding at the Wartburg Castle where he translated the Bible into German, only returning when the Reformation had turned chaotic in Wittenberg. Z. He was confident of the truth of what he was preaching and teaching and joked that he and Melanchthon and Armsdorf simply sat in Wittenberg, drank their beer and the Word did the rest. He also seems to have thought the 2nd coming was imminent as well. AA. However, the peasant revolt- which he saw as a total misunderstanding of his notion of Christian Freedom– and the somewhat licentious and antinomian (no law) which many gave of his teachings made him rethink the necessity for long-haul instruction and rebuilding of the church. BB. He became convinced of the necessity to go slowly in reform– German worship services were not introduced in Wittenberg until 1526. CC. He rethought the subject of clerical celibacy, marrying Katharina von Bora in 1525 and living a happy married life, fathering 6 children. She was a former nun and a gifted woman that Luther adored. He said she made the best beer. DD. He lectured on scripture at the university– mostly on the Old Testament– preached several times a week at the town church, wrote numerous short treatises, 2 catechisms, a major work on theological anthropology– The Bondage of the Will— in response to the challenge from Erasmus, and had a whole house full of borders and guests– sometime 20-30 at a time. EE. In 1529 he met with Swiss Reformed Ulrich Zwingli, who claimed that he had come to the same conclusions as Luther independently. They met in Marburg and agreed on 14 of 15 theses, disagreeing only on the issue of the physical presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper. Luther said he sensed a different spirit there and implied that Zwingli might not be a genuine believer. He also later called Zwingli “a fanatic.” FF. He died while visiting his birth town of Eisenach after much ill health during his later years– he had been afflicted by many maladies all his life: kidney stones, headaches, constipation, hemorrhoids, and buzzing in his ear were the most well-known. GG. His last written words, partially in German and partially in Latin, were: “it is true, we are all beggars.” II. The theological background 1. As seen in Anselm and Aquinas, theology had taken a quite philosophical turn in the Middle Ages. 1. Both of those men were still quite Augustinian, but by the time of Luther, a rather crass form of Semi-Pelagianism as the norm– God gives grace to those who do the best that they can. 1. Luther would react against both, reasserting both a strong Augustinian emphasis on the bondage of the human will to sin and challenging the dependence on philosophy rather than scriptural revelation– he once called reason, the Devil’s whore and that “virtually the whole ethics of Aristotle is the worst enemy of grace.” He said that the Thomists didn’t take sin seriously enough, but took Aristotle too seriously. 1. The church had greatly expanded the ideas of the Heavenly Treasury of Merit where not only the merits of Christ, but the merits of saints who had extra merits due to their works of “supererogation,” were stored to be dispensed by the church as well as the system of penance, and added about the 11th century the idea of indulgences that could lessen the time spent in purgatory for the truly contrite sinner who purchased them. 1. The complexity of the system was often lost on most laymen and women, especially when combined with the idea that God gave grace to those who did what was in them. 1. Luther was one of the few examples of someone who took the system seriously and he not only spent hours in the confessional, but fasted to almost skin and bones, whipped himself, slept on the floor, all in what, for him, became a futile attempt at doing what was in him to merit grace from God. 1. Luther found some comfort in the writings of Augustine and Bernard of Clairvaux who emphasized the love of God, but didn’t know how to find it until his thinking about divine righteousness shifted. 1. Justification was seen as a process of being made holy or righteous and it took a new understanding of what that doctrine meant to free Luther. 1. The church was in a moral mess and many knew that. The pope when Luther entered the monastery– Alexander VI– bought the papacy and his first act was to legitimize his 8 illegitimate children. Many wanted to reform the morality, but few were actually calling for doctrinal reform. Luther came to believe that doctrinal reform was most crucial and would lead to moral reform. III. Basic characteristics of Luther’s theology 1. It was not particularly systematic. He never wrote a large scale systematic theology text, instead writing short treatises and lectures on many biblical books. He also left over 3,000 letters behind, many of which have theological statements in them– and his Table Talk which record his answers to student questions. Some are quite funny such as a discussion of whether it was possible to chase the devil away by passing gas at him. Luther said he claimed one woman said it was successful, but Luther cautioned at trying it because it might backfire because the devil was tricky. 1. He is sometimes contradictory, often paradoxical, and his thought does develop. 1. He loved contrasts: theologies of glory vs. theology of the cross, law and gospel, faith and works, God as hidden and revealed. 1. He said in his later life that all of his theology should be forgotten except for his 2 catechisms and the Bondage of the Will, his reply to Erasmus, whom he said had not addressed trifles such as the papacy, indulgences purgatory, etc. , but the main thing: were humans really in total bondage to sin or was there something in us that could approach God. Luther said that there was absolutely nothing good in us. God was the sole driver of our turning to him. We are turned in on ourselves– his favorite phrase to describe it– and only God’s grace monergistically (without any human cooperation of the will) applied could turn us around. In other words Luther ruled out human free will as playing any role in turning us to God. 1. In many ways Luther propounded the strongest version of an Augustinian theological anthropology in the history of the church. His statements are generally far stronger than those of Calvin and his predestinarianism is absolute. 1. To Luther, any hint of Pelagianism or even Semi-Pelagianism completely compromised justification by faith and introduced some element of works into our salvation. 1. Erasmus’s championing of human free will was an attack on the gospel itself, Luther believed. IV. Luther’s theology of Glory vs. Theology of the Cross 1. Although only specifically expounded at the Heidelberg Disputation of 1518, many have seen it as at the heart of Luther’s theology and basic to understanding his doctrine of justification. 1. T of Glory is one in which human reason and human effort believes that it can find God. Yet Luther argued that one does not find the God of the Bible, but only a humanly contrived god. To seek God by a theology of glory, a natural theology– the lower story in Thomas Aquinas’s system– was to seek to “snatch from God a knowledge of himself which is not his gift.’ 1. T of the cross is one which is totally dependent upon divine revelation and is one in which God shows himself in weakness upon the cross. Luther didn’t mean that God lessened his sovereignty, but that he showed himself stooping down to our level to rescue us, something which human reason would never dream up. 1. T of the cross shows us the revealed God. T of glory tries to find the hidden God, but can’t and so speculates to develop a God that seems reasonable to humans, one who can be approached through human efforts. 1. This was all worked out before Luther’s breakthrough on justification and he tended to emphasize humility rather than faith explicitly in the Heidelberg Disputation, but it shows us that for Luther, faith was at its core a humble trust in the God revealed in the cross, rather than found through our human reasoning and efforts. V. Luther’s doctrine of justification 1. Luther, as in all of his theology, set this up in pairs; 2 kinds of righteousness. 1. While he had at first thought of divine righteousness as God’s standard that we were expected to meet, as aided by the gracious sacramental system of the church, he came to see that Paul was speaking in Romans of righteousness as a divine gift. 1. He spoke of alien vs. actual righteousness. When Paul said we were justified by faith, this meant that an alien righteousness had been imputed to our account. 1. While earlier theologians had spoken of salvation and even justification in medicinal terms, Luther thought of legal terms– we have the righteousness of Christ credited to our account. Yet it was not a legal fiction, because we were really united to Christ. 1. He also spoke of the marriage analogy in his little treatise on Christian liberty. Husbands and wives share assets and liabilities. We have nothing but liabilities to share with Christ; he has nothing but assets to share with us. Sola fide was the flip side of solus Christus. It could also be called justification by God’s word of promise. 1. This is all linked back to the theology of the cross. Luther thought in strong penal substitutionary terms, although the defeat of the devil was not foreign to his thinking– he was one of the most devil conscious Christians that most have ever confronted. 1. Luther argued that our sanctification was not the flip side of our justification, but the response that flowed out of our justified status. He used the analogy that because Christ has given all to us, we can become little Christs to our neighbors out of love. 1. Rather than faith being “formed by love” or getting its real thrust from love as most medieval theologians had said and introducing works in the back door for justification, Luther said our faith, our trust that God was truly gracious to us, became active in love. Love to God and neighbor was the active result of a living faith. 1. Luther fought against those who tried to turn his doctrine into an antinomian error, by arguing that the law was always necessary, to show us our sin and show us how love should be lived out to God and neighbor, but law was not the basis of our justification, because Christ had paid the penalty of the law. VI. Implications of Luther’s doctrine of justification 1. It was the center of all he taught. 1. His doctrine of the sacraments was highly tied to it. 1. Although he used the phrase: “it was as if I were born again” when he discovered it, he never seems to have considered this his conversion in a modern evangelical sense. 1. Rather he emphasized the sacraments as God ordained tools to convey and reassure us of justification by faith. 1. When troubled by doubts Luther would scribble on his desk, “I have been baptized” because baptism was the sign of God’s promise to justify helpful sinners. He said that the Anabaptists had reintroduced works with their doctrine of baptism, because it made people look inside to themselves for the baptism to be of any value and thus turned it into a work because it focused on their declaration of response to Christ. 1. Likewise, the Lord’s Supper was the objective literal presence of Christ to reassure us of justification by faith. He believed that Zwingli’s sole emphasis on memorialism turned it back to human effort and robbed the Christian of the comfort from the sacrament that God intended. He believed if Christ was not literally present, we lost justification by faith and ended up trusting in ourselves. 1. He reacted to Zwingli’s rationalistic objections to the presence of Christ because Z said it was a “disgusting” idea with classic Luther bombast. Luther said he would eat dung if God told him to do so and accused Z of not taking scripture seriously. 1. His main objections to the RC doctrine of transubstantiation was not the physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist, but rather it’s Aristotelian foundation and its claim that Christ was resacrificed in the Mass. H. His rationale for infant baptism was that they too, since guilty of Adam’s sin, needed to be justified by faith and since the Bible speaks of infant faith in Psalm 22:9 and 71:6, that settled the question. To speculate about ages of accountability and God saving infants without working faith in them through baptism would have been pure human speculation to him and a form of a theology of glory. 1. Baptism was God’s tool to awaken faith in us, even in infants, and thus baptismal regeneration was not antithetical to justification by faith in the slightest in Luther’s thinking because it was God’s unwritten promise of the gospel, which took its understanding from the written word. To question how infants could believe was rationalistic according to Luther. VII. What we can learn from Luther 1. Luther said that it was a great danger when pastors think they no longer need to study and he believed catechesis was perhaps the greatest need of the church. He likely would have thought that what so many churches spend their Christian education time focused on: classes on marriage, being a good parent, etc, while not a total waste of time, should take a very secondary role in what the church should focus on– a Christ centered, doctrinal focus on the scriptures. In other words he believed that study of the Bible to learn sound doctrine was the best way to have good practical results. 1. He focused on Scripture as the cradle of Christ and believed that all preaching should consist of Law and Gospel and point us to Christ as the center of the Gospel. He would have radically disapproved of the emphasis on “practical” preaching– i.e. how to have a successful life, etc. that is common in some circles. 1. He didn’t want his followers to call themselves Lutherans, which they ignored of course, and they modified his theology in a number of ways– many dropping the monergism especially– and saw himself as more of a wandering planet than a fixed star. There is a real humility there, in spite of his real confidence in what he believes that often shows through. 1. His sacramentalism, even if we don’t follow him in all the details, should challenge us to retrieve an objective, rather than a subjective notion of the sacraments. Seeing them as what God promises to us, rather than as our action will bring comfort to troubled souls, as Luther wanted. 1. His objective approach to the faith is also helpful. When people are troubled point them to the promises of God as found in scripture and the sacraments, rather than to introspection about their faith. In other words really believing that we are justified by faith in God’s promises. 1. Of course some can become careless and claim the promises in a mechanical faithless way. Luther said that’s why the Law must also be preached– to bring those who were careless to the despair that the Gospel is the remedy for. %d bloggers like this:
Studies reveal efficacy of pneumonia vaccine in older adults The pneumonia vaccine (or pneumococcal vaccine) was first licensed in 1977. Pneumonia is a common lung infection that affects millions of people around the world each year. The most common bacteria causing pneumonia is pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae). It is a microorganism that is spread through contact between people. Despite the fact that most of the infections it produces are mild, it can also cause very serious conditions, especially in the elderly and children. So much so that, In addition to pneumonia, it can lead to sepsis and meningitis. Therefore, in this article we explain the importance of the pneumonia vaccine and its efficacy and safety. What is the pneumonia vaccine? Pneumonia is a lung infection. What happens is that the alveoli (the small sacs in which gas exchange occurs in the lung) fill with fluid or pus. That is why you cannot breathe properly. It usually occurs with a productive cough, fever and general malaise, among other symptoms. The problem is that this picture can be severely complicated, being lethal at times. According to a publication from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly 50,000 people die each year from pneumonia in the United States alone. In addition, about a million receive medical attention for this pathology. Certain groups of people are at higher risk for pneumonia or a more serious picture of it. In the first place we find adults over 65 and children under 5. Those with chronic diseases, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, make up another risk group. The same is true of immunosuppressed people. Smokers are also at higher risk, as their lungs are vulnerable. Hospitalizations for pneumonia are not uncommon, since the pathology can evolve into severe pictures. Types of vaccines As we have noted, the first pneumonia vaccine was licensed in 1977. Since then the method of vaccination has been developed and refined. Today two different versions are used, both safe and effective. The first is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). It protects against 23 types of bacteria that cause pneumococcal diseases (it is estimated that there are about 90 varieties in all). It is recommended in people over 65 and for smokers. The second vaccine is the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Provides protection against 13 types of bacteria. It is administered systematically according to the vaccination schedule to children of 2, 4 and 6 months. Also between 12 and 15 months. It is also used in people who have cochlear implants and cerebrospinal fluid leaks (if they are over 65 years old). Efficacy of the pneumonia vaccine The pneumonia vaccine, regardless of type, is considered effective and safe. There are multiple investigations in this regard. A study published in International Journal of Epidemiology explains that the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is most effective in younger adults. In fact, it appears that this efficacy decreases slightly over time. However, both types have managed to significantly reduce the number of deceased people. They have also reduced complications. According to an article by the American Academy of Family Physicians, the use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in children it has reduced the incidence also among adults. In fact, in 2013, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease had decreased by around 50% in older adults. That is why it is considered that vaccines have made a great advance in the prevention of this disease. Side effects and safety Serious side effects are very rare. That is why the benefit / risk balance is clear. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) can cause discomfort at the injection site. For example, redness, swelling, and pain. It happens in both children and adults. It is usually applied to the arm and that is where the discomfort appears. In some cases there is fever, fatigue and general malaise. This includes poor appetite and headaches. In children, the fever is usually milder, but they are at greater risk of having seizures from it. On the other hand, the polysaccharide-type vaccine (PPSV23) can also produce these effects. It is associated with a higher frequency of generalized muscle pain. However, in any case, the symptom is self-limited. It might interest you: What are the sequelae after pneumonia? When is it indicated to apply the vaccine? There are certain groups of people who are more vulnerable to pneumococcus. That is why it is used both in people over 65 and in children under 5. It is also prescribed in the immunosuppressed or in those with chronic diseases (diabetics, asthmatics, heart). Smokers are another risk group that should be vaccinated. As an article by Vaccines, each immunization has its own indications. Conjugated pneumococcal (PCV13) is usually indicated in the following cases: • Children under 2 years old. 4 different doses are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. • Children older than 2 years who have certain pathologies. In the case of adults over 65, the choice is complex. Generally, it is preferred to use the polysaccharide. What must be borne in mind is that neither of the two should be administered if there has already been an allergic reaction to either of them. Nor should it be used in pregnant women. Immunization against pneumococcus in extreme ages has improved the prognosis of pneumonia, both in children and the elderly. Other indications of the vaccine Currently the vaccine is recommended when traveling to certain places. Specifically, on trips to Asia, Africa and South America. They are places where there is a high prevalence of the bacteria. A typical example is Saudi Arabia. You may be interested: The 6 best tips to prevent pneumonia The pneumonia vaccine is safe and effective Both types of pneumonia vaccine are safe and effective. The side effects they can produce are mild and self-limited. For example, pain at the injection site or a slight general malaise. That is why it is recommended that risk groups get vaccinated. The benefit significantly outweighs the risk. In addition, the percentage of infected, deaths and complications has decreased. However, in addition to vaccination, it is important to take into account certain measures to try to prevent infection. Proper hand hygiene must be performed frequently. It is also essential to clean surfaces that are frequently touched a lot. When sneezing or coughing, cover your nose and mouth with the inside of your elbow. or with a tissue. Similarly, it is essential to stop smoking or limit contact with smokers as much as possible. Finally, before any symptom or suspicion of disease, it is essential to always go to the doctor. Add a Comment
I want to find the smallest positive integer A in which $$10A$$ is a perfect square and $$6A$$ is a perfect cube Thanks for the hint, I can see now I just needed $$2^5,3^2 , 5^3$$ • $\begingroup$ Did you try to write $\;A^{10}\;$ ? If you did I think you really need to take a peek at meta.math.stackexchange.com/questions/5020/… $\endgroup$ – Timbuc May 1 '15 at 14:36 • $\begingroup$ Do you mean smallest positive integer? $\endgroup$ – Gregory Grant May 1 '15 at 14:36 • $\begingroup$ If you did mean to say $A^{10}$ and $A^6$, then every $A$ works... (as $A^{10}=(A^5)^2$ and $A^6 = (A^2)^3$). Please clarify what exactly you mean by $A10$ and $A6$. $\endgroup$ – JMoravitz May 1 '15 at 14:38 • 2 $\begingroup$ I wonder if he means the number formed by the concatenation of $10$ to the digits of A, which results in a perfect square, and likewise, the concatenation of 6 to the digits of A (resulting in a perfect cube.) $\endgroup$ – Jordan Glen May 1 '15 at 14:40 • $\begingroup$ no matter the interpretation this question does not belong under number-theory. // In the new version, I assume $10A$ means $A+ A + \ldots + A$ with 10 copies? $\endgroup$ – Willie Wong May 1 '15 at 14:43 Hint: if you factor a square into prime factors, say $n^2=p_1^{a_1}p_2^{a_2}\dots$ where the $p_i$ are primes, all the $a_i$ will be even. Similarly for a cube, the $a_i$ will be multiples of $3$. Here your primes are only $2,3,5$ Your Answer
Archive for October 6, 2017 The remains of the Inner Bailey and curtain wall William de Warrenne came to England in the army of William the Conqueror and fought at the Battle of Hastings. Afterwards, he became one of the King’s most trusted magnates. He was made Earl of Surrey and acquired lands in Norfolk through his wife. He chose the village of Acre near Swaffham as his base in the area. Castle Acre is one of the best examples of a Motte and Bailey Castle from the early Middle Ages and the fortifications that remain give you a good indication of quite how formidable these castles must have seemed. Outer Bailey Outer Bailey c 12th century The original castle was a moated Manor House but in the 12th century, the fortifications were improved, including the building of a keep to replace the Manor House. 13th century keep which replaced the original manor house Remains of 13th century keep Ditch surrounding Outer Bailey However, by the end of the 14th century, the Earls of Surrey had moved on to live at other estates and the castle had been abandoned.
A wheel (r=3.5ft) turns to move a textile piece. How long the piece moved is if the wheel turns 130^circ? asked 2021-02-23 A wheel (r=3.5ft) turns to move a textile piece. How long the piece moved is if the wheel turns $\displaystyle{130}^{\circ}$? Answers (1) First, find $\displaystyle\theta$: Use the formula: Where s represents the length of the piece of cloth moved. Substitute: $\displaystyle{s}\approx{8}$ ft Relevant Questions asked 2021-03-04 A wheel is rolling with a speed of 9.55 miles per hour. How many revolutions per minute is the wheel completing if its diameter is 8.5ft? asked 2021-01-10 A water sprinkler sprays water on a lawn over a distance of 25 feet and rotates through an angle of $130^(circ)$. Find the area of the lawn watered by the sprinkler. asked 2020-12-02 Determine the length of wire in feet in a coil of 65 turns if the average diameter of the coil is 27.20 inches. asked 2021-02-11 Find the velocity in rad/sec if the wheel is completing: 1. 500 rev/sec 2. 300 rev/sec asked 2021-02-23 A circular tabletop is to be cut from a rectangular piece of wood that measures 1.20 m by 1.80 m. What is the radius of the largest table top that could be cut? Justify your answer. Include a sketch. asked 2020-11-29 The formula $C=2\pi r$ relates the circumference C of a circle to its radius r. (a)Solve $C=2\pi r$ for r (b) If a circle's circumference is 15 inches, what is its radius? leave the symbol $\pi$ in your answer. asked 2021-02-18 A car’s rear windshield wiper rotates $125^(circ)$ The total length of the wiper mechanism is 25 inches and wipes the windshield over a distance of 14 inches. Find the area covered by the wiper. asked 2020-12-17 Carlos is spreading mulch in a circle on top of an area where he has planted some seeds. He has enough mulch to cover an area that is 12.5 square feet. How much rubber edging does Carlos need to encircle the mulch that will cover the seeds? asked 2021-01-25 Point B is a point of tangency. Find the radius r of ☉C. asked 2021-02-21 A circle has a circumference of $\displaystyle{48}π$ centimeters. If the radius of the circle is multiplied by 9, what is the circumference of the new circle?
What Are the Basics of Tuberculosis? • 1 1 Answer Hows is it possible to have TB and yet I'm told its inactive? it's possible. Active tuberculosis, which is often referred to today, refers to patients with new smear, retreatment of smear and new smear. Active tuberculosis refers to those with positive sputum smear, which proves that M. tuberculosis is discharged. The lesion is active. There are often patchy shadows or tuberculous cavities on the chest radiograph, or disseminated lesions, indicating that M. tuberculosis is active. Virulent. After treatment for four months, the sputum smear and sputum culture negative were reviewed. The chest radiograph showed calcification, fibrosis, induration, etc., indicating tuberculosis control, no infectious and clinical symptoms. I think your situation is no TB bacteria is found in your sputum smear and no infammmation in chest X-ray.
The Shanghai Tunnels, Portland, Oregon Portland was one of the most dangerous ports in the United States during the early 19th century and was the epicenter of an illicit maritime practice known as shanghaiing, a form of human trafficking. Image result for The Shanghai Tunnels, Portland, Oregon Abandoned boots found inside the tragic tunnels that connect many bars and restaurants in Old Town, “Chinatown.” The Old Portland Underground, better known locally as the Shanghai Tunnels, is a group of passages in Portland, Oregon, United States, mainly underneath the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood and connecting to the main business section. The tunnels connected the basements of many hotels and taverns to the waterfront of the Willamette River. They were originally built to move goods from the ships docked on the Willamette to the basement storage areas, allowing businesses to avoid streetcar and train traffic on the streets when delivering their goods. According to local lore, swindlers preyed upon unsuspecting men in the local saloons, which were often outfitted with trapdoors that deposited the victims directly into a network of underground tunnels. These men were then supposedly held captive, drugged, and eventually transported to the waterfront, where they were sold to ships as unpaid laborers; some worked for several years before finding their way back home. The tunnels are said to be haunted by the aggrieved spirits of the captives who died in the dark recesses beneath the city. In Barney Blalock’s book The Oregon Shanghaiers, Blalock, a Portland historian, dates the notion the tunnels were used to shanghai sailors to a series of apocryphal stories that appeared in The Oregonian in 1962, and the subsequent popularity of “Shanghai tunnel” tours that began in the 1970s. He says the tours were popular but misled visitors. During 1990, local businessman Bill Naito was quoted in the newspaper The Oregonian as saying that the tunnels are underneath “Northwest Couch, Davis and Everett streets.” Image result for The Shanghai Tunnels, Portland, Oregon Spooky Fact: The practice of kidnapping men to work on ships came to be known as shanghaiing because the ships they were sold to were often headed to East Asia.
I was thinking of how complex the orbital elements are and got to wondering whether you can represent orbits in a more simple way. If you start with an ECI coordinate frame and you know the spherical position of the periapsis. You could then represent the orbit with a latitudinal and longitudinal angular speed at that periapsis. For example: A roughly circular Polar orbit could have a periapsis at 0 deg,0 deg 6700km (right over the north pole) and a longitudinal angular speed of 0.065 deg/s, and a latitudinal angular speed of 0 deg/s. An Equatorial circular orbit could be ((0 deg, 90 deg, 6700km), 0 deg/s, 0.065 deg /s) To make the orbit more eccentric you would increase one or both of the angular speeds. By using a combination of the two angular speeds you control the inclination of the orbit: A 45 degree inclined orbit could be ((0 deg, 90 deg, 6700km), .0463 deg/s, .0463 deg /s) The length of the vector (.0463,.0463) is .065 so you would have the same circular orbit as before even though each angular speed is less. A retrograde (westward) orbit would have a negative latitudinal angular speed (the longitudinal angular speed is always positive.) The reason this should work is because at the periapsis the radial velocity is always zero. So you can eliminate 1 element. Is there any reason why this would not work? • $\begingroup$ I don't think you can define a longitudinal angular speed when you are exactly over the pole, it doesn't make mathematical sense. If you specify longitude and and the two lat/lon components of velocity when crossing the equator AND an absolute time (i.e. four numbers) it's easy to convince yourself that you could specify an orbit, but step 1 would be to go find an ephemeris for the rotation of the Earth to figure out Earth's rotational orientation at that moment. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Aug 1 '20 at 3:45 • $\begingroup$ So I think the answer to your current question is no, there is not enough information in three (or even four) numbers to completely define a Kepler orbit unless you also depend on external ephemerides. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Aug 1 '20 at 3:45 • $\begingroup$ @uhoh But the 6 classical elements don't take into account earths rotation either. You are right about the poles being a problem. I just ran a simulation on my computer. The longitudinal angular speed is not affected by being at the poles but the latitudinal angular speed is always 0 when the orbit passes over the poles. Which is a small problem. I don't think the idea is completely debunked because It still works for orbits that don't pass exactly over the pole. $\endgroup$ – Alex Aug 1 '20 at 4:49 • $\begingroup$ They don't have to take it into account because they are in an inertial frame. One of the problems with this technique is that it uses a time-dependent rotating coordinate system. With Kepler, longitude of ascending node is pinned to a fixed reference direction and reference plane, which are inertial. But let's wait and see what more authoritative answers say; I'm no expert. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Aug 1 '20 at 5:05 • $\begingroup$ @uhoh I'm pretty sure that is pinned to a galactic reference direction (an imaginary line passing through the constellation Ares). Not a direction the earth is pointing. To figure out if an orbit passes over a location on earth with Kepler elements you still need a date and time. I'm also no expert so I am excited to see what one thinks about this. $\endgroup$ – Alex Aug 1 '20 at 5:43 Is it possible to represent an orbit with just a periapsis position and 2 angular velocities? This works, except for singularities at the poles. In general, an epoch time and six scalar values that completely represent the state at the epoch time are needed. Only five scalar values are needed if the epoch time is known to be the periapsis time. For example, there's no need to specify the mean anomaly (or eccentric anomaly or true anomaly) if the epoch time is known to be the periapsis time as these anomalies are identically zero at periapsis. Similarly, there's no reason to provide the radial component of velocity as that is also identically zero at periapsis. In practice, this approach isn't all that useful. The constraint of having to wait until periapsis passage is very limiting. • 1 $\begingroup$ Why do you have to wait? If you give me the raw orbital state vectors at any point in an orbit I can calculate what the periapsis will be and then calculate the 2 angular velocities at that point. $\endgroup$ – Alex Aug 1 '20 at 16:47 • 1 $\begingroup$ @Alex The last sentence refers to determining the orbit by measuring exactly these parameters. The parameters can still be calculated from any 2 measurements as you said and describe the orbit equally well like other sets of parameters. $\endgroup$ – asdfex Aug 1 '20 at 18:40 • $\begingroup$ Re Why do you have to wait? Two reasons, at least. Reason #1: Orbits are not Keplerian. Earth satellite orbits are perturbed by the Earth's non-spherical gravity field (e.g., the equatorial bulge), by the Earth's atmosphere, by the Sun, the Moon, and other planets, by solar radiation pressure. The orbits of solar system objects are perturbed by other the planets and other solar system objects. Orbits however are approximately Keplerian, which is why orbital elements are a good approximation -- so long as the epoch time is not too old. $\endgroup$ – David Hammen Aug 1 '20 at 20:18 • $\begingroup$ Reason #2: The way orbit determination works. It's best to have the epoch time be somewhere in the time interval over which the measurements that go into the orbit determination process. Constraining the epoch time to periapsis may make the epoch time be outside that interval. This is particularly the case for newly discovered comets, which have not yet reached periapsis. BTW, comet orbits are markedly non-Keplerian. Comets outgas. $\endgroup$ – David Hammen Aug 1 '20 at 20:21 Your Answer
Ancient Assyrian palace found in Mosul ruins Site lay hidden under a Sunni shrine built over a tomb many believe belonged to the prophet Jonah By Julie Borg (WNS)–In 2014, Islamic State militants captured the Iraqi city of Mosul and bombed an ancient shrine that many believe contained the burial place of the Old Testament prophet Jonah. The tomb was located within a Sunni mosque near the site of the ancient city of Nineveh. After Iraqi troops liberated Mosul in January, archaeologists were dismayed to see the extent of tomb’s damage—but then they discovered a priceless treasure. Buried beneath the shrine they found the 2,600-year-old palace of King Sennacherib of Assyria. After the Islamic militants demolished the shrine with dynamite, they dug deep tunnels into Sennacherib’s palace and presumably looted hundreds of artifacts to sell on the black market. Experts assume the militants destroyed the shrine because they believe worship at such places violates the teachings of Islam. Ancient Assyrian palace found in Mosul ruins“I can only imagine how much Daesh discovered down there before we got here,” archaeologist Layla Salih told The Telegraph, using the Arabic term for Islamic State. “We believe they took many of the artifacts, such as pottery and smaller pieces, away to sell. But what they left will be studied and will add a lot to our knowledge of the period.” The archaeologists found a marble inscription of Sennacherib’s son, Esarhaddon, that they believe dates to 672 B.C., when the palace was part of the city of Nineveh. They also found a stone sculpture of an Assyrian demi-goddess depicted as sprinkling the water of life to protect humans in her care, The Telegraph reported. Since the1800s, experts have known Assyrian royal buildings existed beneath the shrine. “Iraqi excavations in the 1950s revealed an entrance to an Assyrian royal arsenal, and in 1990 a large Assyrian building to the east of the mosque, guarded by colossal human-headed winged bulls, was excavated, but this work came to an end with the Iraq/Kuwait war,” Paul Collins, chair of The British Institute for the Study of Iraq, told Fox News. Sennacherib was the king of Assyria from 705 to 681 B.C. According 2 Kings, Sennacherib’s army captured many cities in Israel’s southern kingdom of Judah and in 700 B.C., during the reign of King Hezekiah, unsuccessfully attempted to overtake Jerusalem. The Medes partially destroyed Sennacherib’s palace when they attacked Nineveh in 612 B.C. In the days of the prophet Jonah, Assyria’s capital in Nineveh was one of the richest cities in the world. God commanded Jonah to go to Nineveh to warn the people of coming judgement. When Jonah refused and tried to run away, God commanded a big fish to swallow him and vomit him onto a beach three days later. After that, Jonah went to Nineveh, where the people repented after hearing his message. According to some Christian, Jewish, and Islamic traditions, Jonah was buried in Nineveh. Eventually, a church called the Monastery of Jonah was built over the tomb. Muslims constructed the current shrine on the ruins of the church in the fourth century. They closed the shrine to Christians in 1902. Archaeologists now exploring the site fear the new tunnels dug by militants are in imminent danger of collapsing. “If this happens, the result will be even more destruction at a site that had already been devastated by the explosions that destroyed the ancient Shrine of Jonah, in effect we will lose a place where Iraq’s ancient, medieval, and modern cultural heritage rests one above the other,” Collins told Fox News. Leave a Reply
Phishing attacks have been on the rise for many years now. Just as technology adapts to the attacks, the attackers continue to adapt to the technology, trying newer and more effective phishing methods on a regular basis. A phishing method that has become popular in the last few years is impersonating internal users using external email addresses. First, an email is sent to you and made to look like it was sent from a coworker or supervisor. Often it will have the individual’s actual name in the ‘From’ field, but if you look at the actual email address you can see that it’s from a random Yahoo address. In the email itself, they’ll likely ask for some sensitive information. Maybe it will be bank account numbers, credit card numbers, or even a password. However, sometimes they’re even more sneaky and simply ask a question like, “Do you have time to do a quick task for me?” If you see an email like that, it’s less likely to raise any red flags. So you may reply to the email with something like, “Sure.” Next thing you know, you get another email that does ask for that sensitive information. But because they waited to ask for it, your defenses are lowered and you’re less likely to be suspicious. If you don’t pay attention to the actual email address the message came from, you can get caught in the attacker’s trap! If you’re working with a good IT company, they’ll have security in place to handle that situation. Your email server can be set up to tell you whether the email originated from an internal address or warn you if it was an external address.
You are here Resources to help you teach online See our resources page for information, support and best practices. Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003 Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003 November 2004 \| 400 pages \| CQ Press Regional Guide to International Conflict Management from 1945 to 2003 provides global, regional, and specific information on the over 350 international conflicts that have occurred since World War II. ''''At the heart of the book are comprehensive regional sections, each of which includes: ''''An essay providing regional context and highlighting the interrelation of countries and conflict in that area''Summaries of each conflict in the region, arranged chronologically and covering history, circumstances, players, management, and outcome''References for further research.''''''Introductory chapters examine global patterns and trends in international conflict and how conflict is managed, including ethnic conflict and the expanded role of the United Nations. Tables, figures, maps, and a comprehensive index round out this valuable resource. ''''Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003 gives readers the tools and content necessary for understanding and analyzing international conflict in todayÆs world. Perfect for political science, comparative government/politics, international relations, and world history programs.'''''''' For instructors Select a Purchasing Option ISBN: 9781568028255
May 11, 2021 AmosWEB means Economics with a Touch of Whimsy! GOLD STANDARD: Use of gold as the standard for valuing a nation's currency. A gold standard can take at least three different forms, most of which have been part of the American economic landscape. (1) Gold is used as the money in circulation. (2) Gold is used to back up paper money in circulation. This involves the use of something like a gold certificate, such that the number of certificates in circulation is the same as the amount of gold stored someplace like Fort Knox. (3) Gold is used to fix the exchange price of paper currency in circulation. In this case, the currency could, in principle, be exchanged for some predetermined amount of gold. In other words, the price of gold is fixed in terms of dollars. Visit the GLOSSarama Most Viewed (Number) Visit the WEBpedia There are 146 entries in the GLOSSarama starting with the letter I. Entries 1 through 35: Quick Search Back to the GLOSSarama A reasonable proposition about the workings of the world that is inspired or implied by a theory and which may or may not be true. A hypothesis is essentially a prediction made by a theory that can be compared with observations in the real world. A hypothesis usually takes the form: "If A, then also B." The essence of the scientific method is to test, or verify, hypotheses against real world data. If supported by data over and over again, a hypothesis becomes a principle. Complete Entry \| Visit the WEBpedia Fact 5: Our Necessary Evil It's time to give up our attempts to enter the Merciless Monolithic Media Masters Cable Television Company, Inc. office and take care of other pressing business -- taxes. The next stop on our excursion through the economy is the Shady Valley City Hall, where we need to momentarily, and begrudgingly, pause so that I may pay my semi-annual property tax bill. This is the least enjoyable stop -- at least for me -- on our journey. Grumble. Grumble. Grumble. Of course I hate to pay taxes! But, then again, who doesn't? Taxes are one of those annoying and evil necessities of life that simply can't be avoided. Or can they? Do we have to pay taxes? A quick visit to a bookstore will produce dozens of books telling you how to avoid taxes by investing here or buying this or doing that. Better yet, if we could rid ourselves of the inefficient, bloated, incompetent, do-nothing government, then you and I wouldn't have to pay taxes. Right? We could use our hard-earned income to buy stuff that we want, rather than letting the inefficient, bloated, incompetent, do-nothing government spend it on stuff that we don't want, don't know anything about, and will never need. Right? Tell me more... Visit the PEDestrian's Guide [What's This?] Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time waiting for visits from door-to-door solicitors wanting to buy either a small, foam rubber football or an instructional DVD on learning to the play the oboe. Be on the lookout for high interest rates. Your Complete Scope This isn't me! What am I? Al Capone's business card said he was a used furniture dealer. -- Phaedrus, Philosopher Industrial Organization A PEDestrian's Guide Xtra Credit User Feedback \| About Us \| Terms of Use \| Privacy Statement \| Thanks for visiting AmosWEB Copyright ©2000-2021 AmosWEBLLC Send comments or questions to: WebMaster
Lesson goal: Data science: find the maximum value in a file Previous: Find the average of some numbers \| Home \| Next: Find the minimum value Again suppose that sample.dat contains a list of amounts spent by patrons during lunch at a retaurant. Let's see if we can tell the owner what his maximum sale amount was. In other words, let's find the maximum number in the file sample.dat. We'll need a loop to be able to examine each number in the file, and we'll apply some coding logic to try and figure what the maximum value is in the data file. Now you try. Try to complete the code and find the maximum number in the file sample.dat. Type your code here: See your results here: The code won't run as is. Note the usual file-open and looping bit we've covered, that will run through all data points in the file. We've left two challenges for you: 1) What should max be set to initially and 2) What should the if statement be? Dismiss. Here is a share link to your code: Here's your code:
root-canal-treatmentIf you are experiencing toothache due to tooth decay, swelling of gums, sensitivity to hot and cold and pain while chewing, then you might have problems with your root canal. This is just one of the issues that can occur. Under the white enamel of the tooth, there is a soft tissue called dental pulp. There are blood vessels and nerves and the general function f the pulp is to help your tooth grow and support it. Once the tooth is fully developed, it can survive without the pulp as the surrounding tissue continues the role of nourishment and support. However, this dental pulp is sensitive and can get infected, triggering the decaying process of the tooth. This is when root canal dentist advises therapy. Since any infection can reach the tooth root damaging it from the core, this needs to be addressed as soon as possible. Root canal therapy requires removal of the decaying pulp and nerve tissue so that it can be germ-free. By drilling at the center of the tooth, the dentist will reach the chamber and take out the pulp. It will then be replaced with a biocompatible filling, giving the tooth back its strength. A cap or a crown is placed to repair the damage done during the procedure.
Where Money Goes to Die A lot of businesses want to attract â€œold money.â€ Ford is no exception â€“ only itâ€™s more interested in the shredded-up variety than in the kind that belongs to a fancy country club. Stepping up its efforts to curb the use of petroleum-based products, the automaker announced last month that itâ€™s attempting to use old U.S. cash to make trays and bins for its vehicles. Ford (NYSE:F) already employs a range of alternative materials in the manufacturing of its products, including plastic bottles to make seat fabric and denim to muffle sound. The company is looking at ways to incorporate dandelions, coconuts and sugarcane into future vehicle parts as well. But U.S. paper currency is arguably the most interesting ingredient in Fordâ€™s recipe book. After all, itâ€™s hard to imagine that thereâ€™s a supply of old bills that exists outside of a collectorâ€™s safe or government vault â€“ and if there is, that it isnâ€™t serving some lofty purpose. The reality is that old cash abounds, and with almost nowhere to go but the landfill. What makes a bill old Contrary to what you might believe, the only thing that makes a bill unusable is its physical condition. The year it was issued, the length of time itâ€™s been sitting in your piggy bank â€“ none of it matters. As the Federal Reserve notes on its website, â€œAll U.S. currency, regardless of when it was issued, remains legal tender.â€ Because itâ€™s 75% cotton and 25% linen, currency paper is more durable than everyday paper, which is made mostly of wood pulp. It can withstand a lot of wear and tear â€“ the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing estimates that it takes about 4,000 double folds (meaning one fold forward and one fold back) to rip a bill. Still, bills do eventually wear out. Bills of smaller denominations tend to age the fastest, as theyâ€™re passed around more frequently than those of larger denominations. The Federal Reserve estimates that the average $1 bill lasts 4.8 years, while $5 and $10 bills last 3.8 years and 3.6 years, respectively. On the higher end of the spectrum, the average $20 bill lasts 6.7 years, while $50 bills and $100 bills last 9.6 years and 17.9 years, respectively. In and out To understand what makes a bill old, itâ€™s important to look at the overall money cycle. The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) is where new money is printed; from there, itâ€™s sent to the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks, which then disseminate it to the public through commercial banks and other depository institutions. Consumers return money to banks in the form of deposits, and banks send cash back to the Federal Reserve Banks. When cash comes to the Federal Reserve Banks, it passes through an automated scanning system that checks to make sure itâ€™s in good enough shape to continue circulating. Bills that are ripped, torn or worn-out are removed from circulation and replaced with new ones so that the overall money supply remains the same. The Federal Reserve doesnâ€™t handle coins; the U.S. Mint presides over that area. A spokesperson for the New York Federal Reserve Bank says that, on average, one out of every five bills that comes through its scanning system is taken out of circulation. Rest in â€˜pieceâ€™ The majority of bills that are too worn for circulation are shredded by the Federal Reserve Banks and sent to landfills. The Fed generated a total of about 5,300 tons of shredded paper currency in 2011, according to a spokesperson. None of the shreds are recycled into new bills, as doing so would compromise the new currencyâ€™s quality. Doug Crane, vice president at Crane & Co. â€“ the company that manufactures all U.S. currency paper â€“ says that since paper money is loaded with inks, recycling it would leave new bills with spots. â€œThat would cause a lot of rejects and inefficiencies in the printing plant,â€ he says. Crane also says that as paper is recycled, it becomes weaker â€“ and in the case of currency paper, which relies on the strength of its raw fibers, recycling it would be counterproductive. Interestingly enough, Crane & Co. did recycle some currency shreds into stationery throughout the mid-nineties, but discontinued the process due to a lack of customer demand. (The stationery was called â€œOld Money,â€ of course.) In any case, not all shredded currency goes directly to the landfill. A small portion of the shredded unfit bills is sold in various forms to tourists at the Federal Reserve Banks, while another portion is sent to manufacturers for use in countertops, insulation, fuel pellets and other products. According to the BEPâ€™s website, businesses that want to use large amounts of shredded currency have to obtain approval from the Federal Reserve Bank and written approval from the Office of Compliance. The BEP forbids shredded money from being used in products meant to hold food or drink due to the presence of chemicals in the ink. Ford, which is simply experimenting with the shredded cash at the moment, has received several pounds of currency shreds and hundreds of pounds of a currency-based compound from materials supplier A. Schulman, says Ellen C. Lee, a plastics research technical expert at Ford. Lee says the Federal Reserve has recently been in touch with Ford to discuss sourcing. When you find a damaged bill The Federal Reserve Banks arenâ€™t the only ones on the lookout for damaged bills. Consumers can submit their badly ripped, torn and mutilated paper currency to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing along with a letter explaining how the bills got that way. If a claim is honored, the BEP will issue the consumer a Treasury check for the value of the damaged currency. The BEP receives approximately 20,000 mutilated currency redemption claims a year and redeems more than $30,000,000 annually. All of the currency it receives is destroyed, formed into bales and shipped to a waste-energy firm, a BEP spokesman says.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter “Healthy Food” from Healthy Cows By Albert Sundrum Submitted: April 25th 2012Reviewed: September 7th 2012Published: November 7th 2012 DOI: 10.5772/53150 Downloaded: 1429 1. Introduction Milk and milk products are the outcome at the end of a long process and food chain. Various factors on different scales along production and processing can have beneficial or detrimental impacts on various features of dairy products’ and process qualities. Indeed, the processes are very complex and far more complex, peculiar and heterogeneous than generally imagined and expected by consumers. On the other hand, the white color of milk and their products provides like a screen an ideal area to project very different attributes and link very different associations with the product while only few reference points are given to validate any of these assumptions. “Health” implicates a strong attraction for human beings, and food that promises to support and improve health conditions is highly appreciated by consumers. In recent years, consumers’ attention to health and food safety issues has increased overwhelmingly because of their increased concern about their own health and the crises and emergencies reported worldwide [1]. “Healthy food from healthy animals” is a slogan often used in the communication between different stakeholders to associate a relationship between the production process, the health status of farm animals and the possible impacts of products from these animals on human health via the consumed food. Although the link is very weak from a scientific point of view (low level of correlation), the associations are strong in the mind of humans and stakeholder groups and effective, especially for the purpose of product marketing. In the forthcoming sections it is the intention to contribute some enlightenment in the complex process of dairy milk production with a special emphasis on organic production. Without striving for a comprehensive disquisition of the extensive issue, the focus is directed to the question of how expectations of consumers with respect to “healthy food” and the deliveries of organic dairy farmers might fit together. Moreover, which measures might be adequate to bridge the gap between the expectations of different stakeholders involved and what might exceed their potentials? Finally, overall conclusions are drawn with respect to the challenges for organic farmers and for a market driven label program such as organic dairy farming. 2. Expectations of consumers Consumers are becoming increasingly sensitive about health and welfare problems in commercial livestock production systems, an industry currently under scrutiny for inconsistent practices. More and more consumers expect their food to be produced with greater respect for the needs of farm animals. They express concern about possible hormone, antibiotic, pesticide or chemical residues in animal products and assume that organic products are superior to those produced conventionally in being lower in residues and higher in nutrient content. This largely explains the attention given to this issue as a specific object for public policy and market intervention. Many consumers also associate organic farming directly with enhanced animal welfare and conflate organic and animal-friendly products [2,3]. For many people, organic farming appears to be a superior alternative to conventional livestock production [4,5]. Consumers' interests and expectations are linked to their willingness to pay premium prices on products which they feel are healthier and safer for their families [6]. In contrast, consumers are less strongly motivated by the altruistic concerns of animal welfare, environmental protection, and the support for rural society – the so-called »public goods«. Even though organic farming only covers a small percentage of the food market, the expressed sympathy in the general public appears far greater than the market share. Interest in organic food has grown remarkably as consumers react to popular media about health effects and then have gradually evolved attitudes toward the origins and to the production process of food. For example, a change from confinement to grazing systems is one of the tools to evoke positive associations with the product. In this way, animal health and welfare have been turned into quality attributes of food. Not only the word “health” but also the word “organic” means many different things to consumers. Correspondingly, consumers of organic foods are neither homogenous in demographics nor in beliefs [5,7,8,]. They hold a huge variety of motivations, perceptions, and attitudes regarding organic foods and their consumption. For example, some organic milk consumers buy organic to avoid antibiotics and hormones whereas others focus on different concentrations in valuable ingredients or on the health status of the farm animals. All of these factors drive the decision-making process to buy those products [2]. In contrast to the metaphors and the associated pattern of thought used in sales promotion, consumers’ awareness of “healthy food” encounters very complex phenomena, including a large number of factors that have to be taken into account and which are heterogeneous in the outcome. Many consumers do not understand the complexities of organic farming practice and food quality attributes [4]. There is reason to assume that consumers delegate responsibility for ethical issues in food production to the retailer or the government as many consumers do not like to be reminded about issues connected with the animal when choosing products of animal origin [9]. On the other hand, consumer groups mistrust the limited information available at the point of purchase, whereas price is an extremely visible attribute of products related to quality by the notion of value [10]. Demand tends to depend more on the price differential with respect to conventionally grown products than on actual price. In contrast to sensitivity of demand to changes in price, income elasticity of demand for organic foods is generally small [8]. 3. Organic agriculture – Based on minimum standards The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements [11] states that organic husbandry focuses on improving animal health and preventing disease through a holistic approach, while at the same time minimizing the use of synthetic medicine. Introduction of the wholesomeness concept in livestock production by organic production is mainly due to a wish for reestablishing a positive image of food safety and animal welfare aspects [12]. Largely, the widespread sympathy for organic agriculture seems to stem from its value-based approach. Guidelines have been a characteristic feature of organic farming since 1954 when clear criteria have been required by trademark legislation to identify organically produced goods [13]. Because the variety of production sites and the resulting product properties did not allow their identification to be linked to products qualitatively in terms that could be described exactly and understood analytically, the production method itself became the identifying criterion. This fundamental principle has been kept to the present day in the standards of international and national organic agriculture movements and in legislation. The organic concept refers to the whole farm as the base of a comprehensive system where the production process is intended to ensure quality production rather than maximizing production. The leading idea is based on the voluntary self-restriction in the use of specific means of production with the objectives to produce food of high quality in an animal-appropriate and environment-friendly manner on the basis of a nearly complete nutrient cycle [14]. Organic farming commits itself to a number of substantial values, and thereby sets itself apart from conventional farming. The IFOAM states four principles: (1) Health, (2) Ecology, (3) Fairness, and (4) Care. These principles grew out of stakeholder consultations and were agreed upon on a worldwide basis by the members of IFOAM with each principle being accompanied by an explanation [11]. Nevertheless, organic agriculture is not organized uniformly, neither with respect to the various objectives, nor in the degree of their implementation. There have been and still are different perspectives on organic agriculture with different understandings of what it is and what it develops [15]. A comprehensive definition of organic production is provided by the Codex AlimentariusCommission [16]. In Europe, the EU-Regulation (EEC-No. 1804/1999) on organic livestock production, now replaced by EEC-No. 834/2007 was introduced to protect consumers from unjustified claims, to avoid unfair competition between those who label their products as organic, and to ensure equal conditions for all operators. The EU-Regulation provides a framework ensuring living conditions for organic livestock to be better than those in conventional systems, to harmonize the rules across member states, and to make all organic systems subject to minimum standards. Labeling food as being “organic” identifies products as deriving from a production method. In the case of organic products of animal origin minimum standards are defined by specifications for the conversion process, housing conditions, animal nutrition, care and breeding, disease prevention, and veterinary treatment. According to the EU Regulation, animal health problems shall be controlled mainly by prevention, based on the selection of appropriate breeds or strains of animals, as well as application of animal husbandry practices appropriate to the requirements of each species, and encouraging strong resistance to disease and the prevention of infections. The use of high-quality feed, together with regular exercise and access to pasture, is expected to encourage the natural immunological defense of the animal. Furthermore, an appropriate density of livestock should be ensured, thus avoiding overstocking and any resulting animal health problems. Concerning veterinary treatment, phytotherapeutic essences and homeopathic products shall be used in preference to chemically synthesized allopathic medicinal products or antibiotics. Where dairy cows receive more than three courses of treatment with chemically synthesized allopathic medicinal products or antibiotics within one year, the livestock concerned, or produce derived from them, may not be sold as being of organic origin. On the other hand, organic farmers are obliged to intervene and treat animals immediately at first signs of illness. In general, the majority of antimicrobial drugs in organic dairy production are used for udder treatments [17,18]. However, due to a lack of control measures, little is known so far as to which degree organic farmers follow the leading ideas of the EU Regulation consistently. At the international level, the regulation on animal health issue is widely harmonized [19]. Only the US National Organic Program Regulation (NOP) deviates substantially: animal products cannot be sold as certified organic if antibiotics or other substances not listed in the US NOP positive list such as bovine growth hormone, which is used among conventional dairy farmers in the USA to increase milk production, have been used just once. While the US concept seems to be more consumer driven (“pure” food), the European approach considers not only the health aspects of the food but also animal welfare as an important issue. 4. Outcome of minimum standards As all organic farms are obliged to follow the same minimum standards, one might expect a high level of uniformity in the framework of livestock production and living conditions in comparison to conventional production. However, living conditions for farm animals differ markedly between organic production systems within and between countries [20]. They range from outdoor to indoor production with varying options with respect to space allowance, stocking densities, performance levels, nutrient availabilities, hygiene and air conditions, etc., depending on the farm-specific and local conditions [21]. Although most organic farmers make use of conventional breeds and genotypes, a large variation in the performance level and in the nutrient resources used is found. While feeding rations should be based in the first place on home-grown feedstuffs, they provide a higher variability in ingredients and composition than is expected in the case of feed from the feed mills [22]. In contrast, intensive systems have closely controlled environments to maximize aspects of animal productivity. The equipment of indoor housing and the feeding ration is offered by specialized enterprises, becoming more and more standardized all over the world. Living conditions have typically been adopted across regions and countries, thereby increasing environmental homogeneity between farms and leading to the predominance of a small number of breeds and genotypes that are particularly productive under these specific conditions. Parallel to the increasing performance level, nutrient demands have increased the call for the use of highly concentrated concentrate to meet the nutrient requirements of the animals at their various life stages. While conventional livestock production has a strong shift toward specialization, the basic concept of organic farming is focused on mixed farms, although the degree of mixture can vary widely [23]. It can be supposed that farmers on highly specialized livestock farms have a more specific management qualification and are more aware of the relevant health-related factors than farmers on mixed farms. Because time capacity and competence of the farmers can be limited, excessive demands in several fields at the same time provoke conflicts within the farm management. In consequence this can lead to deficits on one or more of the various agricultural fields. Thus, there are reasons for the assumption that on organic mixed farms, handling and management of the farm animals are in far greater competition with various other farm activities compared to highly specialized conventional livestock farms. Thus, the leading ideas and guidelines of organic livestock farming exist only on a meta-level, whereas the implementation in farm practice results in a large variation of living conditions for the farm animals. The complex interactions between different availabilities of resources (labor time, investments, know-how, etc.), different objectives and different priorities thus provide divergent implications on the level of animal health status. 5. Farm animals challenged by multi-factorial diseases Mastitis, fertility problems, lameness, and metabolic disorders represent the main production diseases within dairy farming throughout the world [24]. These are multi-factorial man-made diseases. They emerge from interactions and synergetic effects between different risk factors and processes which in themselves would not necessarily cause clinical signs of a disease. Their occurrence indicates an overstrained capacity of the farm animals to cope with the living conditions provided by the farm management. To cope with multi-factorial diseases it is of high importance to consider the farm specific conditions, the dynamics and interactions between the various elements of the system, the availability of resources and the ongoing outcome of the interactions. In this respect, animal health status of the herd can be defined as an emergent property of the individual farm system [21]. Thus, the issue of animal health is not primarily related to minimum standards. It largely depends on the capability of the farm management to think through the complexity of the processes on different process levels and to organize a well-balanced farm system and good living conditions for farm animals while facing severe limitations in the availability of relevant resources (labor time, investments, knowledge, etc.). However, living conditions found in practice are so many and diverse that it is often difficult to identify those factors that are most influential and relevant in any actual combination of factors. The challenge to grasp the complexity within a farm system is also hampered by an on-going fragmentation of veterinary and agricultural science into a large number of sub-disciplines with an increasing risk of misinterpretation and misunderstanding [25]. Considerations of single or very few aspects include the risk to oversimplify the matter and to jump to premature conclusions. Relationships between single factors found in experimental studies under ceteris paribusassumptions are not always confirmed in epidemiological studies and vice versa, and often do not represent the interactive structure in the farm specific system and situation. Differences between experimental and on-farm conditions shed some doubt on the general applicability of experimental findings for practice. There is a growing understanding within the scientific community that it is necessary to develop more comprehensive concepts in agricultural science which simultaneously consider a larger number of causal relationships. The isolated view under ceteris paribusassumptions is required to be replaced by a systemic approach [26]. 6. Milk quality and “healthy milk products” The term »quality« is documented very diversely in general language use and in the scientific literature. Whilst some understand something very sound and »normal« by this term, others see it rather as something special and extraordinary. According to Mair-Waldburg [27] quality includes both exemptions from deficiencies (inadequacies) as well as the fulfillment of previously determined features (properties) which exceed the usual. For a consumer-orientated quality product it is significant that quality products include a high degree of fulfillment of the consumer’s expectation as far as the desired properties are concerned. Next to the characteristics of the product quality which encompass aspects of nutritional value and hygienic-toxicological, technological and sensory characteristics, consumer expectations also include those related to the production process - so-called »process quality«. According to survey results, many consumers expect that milk originates from healthy animals, produced under animal-friendly husbandry conditions [28]. For some time now, great importance has been ascribed to the content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially the Ω3-fatty acids in milk. Their content in milk is used from various sides in a promotionally effective way to be able to offer consumers a “healthier” milk. In human nutrition the various trans-isomeric fatty acids experience a diverse nutritional evaluation [29]. Whilst trans-fatty acids are assessed negatively, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are hoped for. Diverse survey results moreover attribute the Ω3-fatty acids health-promoting effects [30,31]. However according to a meta-analysis, correlating results have not been clearly proven [32]. Research presented by Nielsen & Lund-Nielsen [33] showed organic milk to have higher levels of vitamin E, Ω3-fatty acids, and antioxidant levels than conventional milk. The study concluded that the increased nutritional benefits were due to the organic cows being allowed to graze freely on grass as opposed to being kept in holdings, pens or feed lots. A three-year study in the United Kingdom found organic milk contained 68 percent more Ω3-fatty acids on average than conventional milk [34]. Composition and texture of the milk (especially the protein and fatty acids’ content) are very much influenced by the nutrient uptake and nutrient composition [35]. Feeding clover silage, particularly red clover, increases the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids [36]. A three-fold increase in milk alpha-linolenic acid levels was observed between cows offered red clover silage compared with grass silage. With cows fed with alfalfa and red clover silage, a significant reduction was observed in palmitic acid content of milk. Seasonal effects on the content of fatty acids in milk are primarily due to a modified feed supply. Distinct effects originate from pasture grazing or the intake of greenery compared to feed rations during the winter period [37]. To investigate the effect of the dietary intake of the cow on milk composition, bulk-tank milk was collected on 5 occasions from conventional (n = 15) and organic (n = 10) farms in Denmark and on 4 occasions from low-input nonorganic farms in the United Kingdom, along with management and production parameters [38]. The main results are illustrated in figure 1. The concentration of α-linolenic acid (ALA) was the response variable (Y-variable; the measured output variable that describes the outcome of the experiment), and the amounts of the 8 feed variables were predictors for the organic and conventional milk production systems (X-variables; figure 1A). The regression coefficients (the numerical coefficients that express the link between variation in predictors and variation in response) were significant for the proportion of cereals, pasture, and grass silage in the feed, indicating that these feed components increase the concentration of ALA in milk from the organic and conventional milk production systems. The proportion of maize silage, other silages, by-products, and commercial concentrate mix in the feed gave in contrast a lower ALA concentration in the organic and conventional milk. Moreover, the concentration of linoleic acid (LA) was low in milk from the extensive milk production system, and to identify which feed components in the organic and conventional milk production systems, which had an effect on the concentration of LA in milk, a partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) analysis was performed with the concentration of LA in the milk as response variable and the 8 feed variables as predictors (figure 1B). In this case, the regression coefficients were only significant for the proportion of commercial concentrate mix in the diet, indicating that use of commercial concentrate mix increases the content of LA in organic and conventional milk. However, the proportion of grass silage and other silages in the feed resulted in a low concentration of LA in the milk from the 2 production systems. Figure 1. Regression coefficients obtained by partial least squares regression analysis for A) the concentration of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) in organic and conventional milk and B) the concentration of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) in organic and conventional milk as response variable with the feed variables as predictors (X-variables) minus the vitamin supplement. The bars with diagonal stripes are significant; NS = non-significant (Slots et al., 2009). According to the results found in trials in mountainous regions, milk from cows which only fed from greenery from alpine pastures showed a higher content Ω3-fatty acid than a comparable group of cows with silage feed [39]. The nutritional content of grass greenery is decisive for the fatty acid profile of the total milk fat regardless of the altitude of the pasture region [40]. The positive effect of silage feed and/or pasture feeding on the composition of fatty acid can be associated with a lower lacto-protein (41,42]. However, an increased Ω3-fatty acid content is not linked only to pasture grazing. Additives of vegetable fats, e.g. linseed oil, provoke similar effects as pasture grazing [43]. Although grazing in general provides a positive effect on the content of fatty acids in milk, buying organic milk does, unfortunately, not guarantee that one is buying milk from open pasture grass-grazing cows. Instead of pasture grazing, organic farmers in Europe are allowed to offer an outdoor area without any grass available. Moreover, access to pasture and feed quality of clover-grass is restricted and depending on the vegetation period, widely varying between regions and farms as does the daily time period cows are enabled or not able to spend on pasture. Unfortunately, there are further constraints that act against the general trend of simplifying mental associations between grazing and “healthy milk”. In the accessible literature there is reference that the contents of free fatty acids including the Ω3-fatty acids increase in connection with the inflammatory reaction in the udder [44]. A further survey brought to light that free fatty acids in the milk of clinically infected areas of the udder were in a six times higher concentration than in the non-infected udder area of the same cows [45]. Should these relationships be confirmed in further studies, an increased content of Ω3-fatty acids in the milk cannot be judged unreservedly positive, but only in connection with the status of udder health. Mastitis does not only include a high content of Ω3-fatty acids in the milk but goes along with numerous impacts on milk quality: high somatic cell counts, high levels of bacteria in milk, high amounts of antibiotics used with the risk of antibiotic residue failures and the development of antimicrobial resistance, clinical signs with pain, suffering and tissue damage for the dairy cows. Udder diseases are associated with minor up to high degree damage of the mammary tissue [46]. Often chronic progression of the disease and thereby irreversible modifications in the glandular tissue takes place. Furthermore, the animals suffer more or less distinct pain perception and general discomfort [47,48]. Functionality of other body organs can also be considerably affected [49]. High rates of illness in the herd with limited therapeutic success determine an increased culling rate [50,51]. After fertility disorders, udder diseases portray the second most frequent causes for culling of dairy cows from the herd [52]. Local and systemic reactions of the organism on penetrated foreign germs alter the content of immune defense cells and antibodies as well as the content of electrolytes and trace elements [53]. Subject to the degree of severity, the inflammation processes in the udder tissue always go hand in hand with losses in quality of the milk for human consumption. An increased cell and salinity [54], a reduction of the casein content, an increase of the pH-value, a reduction of the cheese dairy efficiency and clearly increased lipolysis and proteolysis activity contribute to this [55]. The increased enzyme activity does not only impair the sensoric properties of milk, but also negatively affects the shelf-life of pasteurized and refrigerated storage of milk [56] as well as the cheese yield and storage [57,58]. The udder health status of dairy cows portrays a fundamental criterion of animal health. From the veterinarian perspective, an udder area (quarter) is then seen as healthy if the content of somatic cells in the milk does not exceed the figure of 100,000 cells/ml milk and with a bacteriologic test of the milk that there are no pathogens proven [59,60]. In contrast, the EU-Regulation (EC-No 853/2004) for bulk tank milk fixes the marginal value of 400,000 cells/ml in the geometric mean from three months for tradable milk. In the USA, the current legal limit for bulk tank SCC is even higher and fixed on 750,000 cells/ml for Grade A producers [61]. On the other hand, the EU-Regulation demands that raw milk must be from animals which are free of any signs of an infection which can be transmitted to humans via the milk. They must have good health and may not be suffering from a visible udder inflammation and udder wounds, which could affect the milk disadvantageously. While the inconsistencies within the EU Regulation are obvious, the utilization of milk from cows which suffer from subclinical mastitis is not explicitly prohibited by legislation. The threshold values with respect to milk quality ordinance bear no relation to udder health. Nevertheless, in practice BTSCC levels beyond the legal marginal value are often associated with a tolerable udder health status. Although the concentration of germs and somatic cells in the milk deriving from dairy farms is generally high, this does not comprehend a problem for the issue of food safety as the milk is pasteurized. The exclusion of health risks for the consumers to a large extent might be the main reason why consumers and retailers are largely inert against the health and welfare problems in dairy herds. Summing up, although defined by basic guidelines, organic livestock production is characterized by largely heterogeneous farming conditions that allow for huge differences in the availability of nutrient resources, housing conditions, genotypes and management skills, all of which variously impact milk quality and animal health. Correspondingly, there is substantial variation in the product and process quality of organic milk already within each herd. The milk of heterogeneous quality from different farms is delivered to the dairy, mixed to a homogeneous raw product with defined raw ingredients (especially fat content), while any top quality is down and worse quality is upgraded before the milk enters the market. 7. Status of animal health in organic dairy production Several scientifically based studies on how and to what degree the EU-Regulation contributes to the objective of a high status of animal health in organic farming have been conducted in the last decade [62,63]. Still many open questions remain, especially with respect to the implementation of the gained scientific knowledge into practice. The assessment of animal health is a difficult task facing a high level of complexity due to the various interactions between health influencing factors. In the literature, huge differences and inter-country variation exist in study designs and quality of the studies. Complexity arises with current definitions of disease that includes subclinical conditions and a health management that considers animal health as herd performance [64]. Difficulties with methodology are also related to the health indicators in use. Indeed, good records are available only for the most easily diagnosed diseases. In this context, there is a need for a critical assessment of routinely collected health-related data used in research in order to make valid inferences regarding animal health performance [65]. Mastitis causes substantial economic losses and hampers animal welfare for both organic and conventional farmers. Differing results have been reported for udder health when organic and conventional dairy herds were compared. Based on treatment data from the Norwegian Cattle Health Service, no significant differences in the mean values of somatic cell counts (SCC) were found [66]. In a Swedish study, organic dairy cows tend to have higher somatic cell counts than non-organic cows [67]. In contrast, Garmo et al. [68] found that organic cows had lower milk SCC and a lower mastitis treatment rate than conventional cows. In Denmark, in a study involving 27 organic and 57 conventional herds, the percentage of cows treated for mastitis per month was 1.8–5.1 (25% and 75% percentiles) in organic herds and 3.3–6.7 in conventional herds [69]. Other studies show varying results including better udder health on organic farms [70], no difference [71] and higher levels of mastitis on organic farms [72]. Surveys from Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Germany and the UK suggest that organic dairy herds do not have more fertility related problems than conventional herds [62]. In contrast, the calving interval and the intervals from calving to first and last artificial insemination (AI) were shorter for organic compared to conventional cows [73]; or showed only marginal differences between organic and conventional farms in reproductive performance [74]. An impaired reproductive performance in organic cows has been reported from Norway [75]. The differences from conventional production were due to a limited energy intake and longer winter season in the organic cows. So far only a few investigations have been conducted to assess lameness in organic herds. Lameness plays a considerable role in organic dairy farming as demonstrated in a pilot study in 50 organic dairy herds in Germany [76]. Lower levels of lameness in organic farms than in non-organic units were found in a study by Rutherford et al. [77]. With the purpose of explaining the variance of different claw disorders, Holzhauer et al. [78] emphasized that herd-level factors are most important for the prevalence of hoof lesions. The context of milk productivity may play a pivotal role in adaptation in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in relation to negative energy balance, such as excessive lipid accumulation in the liver, ketosis, abomasal displacement, cystic ovarian disease and laminitis [79]. In fact, surveys report lower production levels in the organic managed herds and support a yield-based explanation of any differences in metabolic or digestive disorder levels [62]. The incidence of clinical ketosis reported in most comparative studies was similar or even lower in organic than in conventional herds [80]. In the Swedish context, Fall et al. [71] and Blanco-Penedo et al. [81] found no significant differences in clinical ketosis between organic and conventional herds, which included the change of legislation towards 100% organic diet. Regarding micro-mineral status, it has been suggested that selenium status may be poorer in organic compared to conventional farms [82]. Accounting for other health indicators, longevity is a reflection of the cow´s ability to avoid being culled. In Norway, cows in organic husbandry live longer [75] whereas results of a study in Sweden showed only marginal differences between organic and conventional farms in the length of productive life [74]. The rate of culling due to mastitis in Sweden was found to be similar in 26 organic herds and 1102 conventional herds [70]. In a recent study of Swedish organic herds, the overall most common reason for culling was poor udder health followed by low fertility and leg problems [83]. The ranking order in culling reasons differed in comparison to conventional herds. Studies that have compared health performance in conventional and organic farms have shown that disease problems in organic milk production tend to be similar (metabolic problems, lameness and mastitis in dairy cows) to what is found under conventional conditions while the extent of these problems varies considerably among farms [84], and between European countries [63]. Currently, a considerable number of organic farms cannot cope, in all respects, with the requests for high animal health status. As differences between farms appear to be greater than those between production methods, organic livestock farming defined by minimum standards does not provide a homogenous outcome with respect to animal health [85]. Obviously, the issue of animal health often is not the first priority in organic livestock farming. Striving for a high status of animal health requires high management skills; one must be capable to gain an overall picture of the complex interactions within a farming system, to reflect on the most relevant factors, to implement feedback mechanisms, and guide the production process. Thus, it primarily depends on the management as to whether the potentials for a high level of animal health are fully realized. Differences in management practices, restrictions in the availability of resources (such as labor time, financial budget), and a lack of feedback and control mechanism within the farm system appear to be primary reasons for the substantial variation. 8. What prevents organic farmers from improving animal health status? Reasons for the current unsatisfactory situation in organic dairy farming are manifold and differ considerably between farms as do the prevalence rates of multi-factorial production diseases. Identifying the main causes for the specific problems as well as the main constraints in farm management practices is essential when striving for improvements in animal health. Thus, a profound diagnostic procedure at different scales (animal, herd, and farm level) is the starting point of any initiatives. Previous herd health planning has contributed to improving farm management and has prepared the ground for further advancements [63]. However, recommended measures have often been implemented in the daily farm practice only to a low degree. Thus, weak success has been achieved so far by traditional herd health planning and management, differing widely between farms. To reduce the prevalence of multi-factorial diseases it is required in the first place to identify and remove the main causes and risk factors of diseases therewith taking into account the whole farm context. On many farms the bottle neck for any improvements might be due to limitations in the ability to think through the complexity of the production processes on the different scales. Many farmers are trapped in their own perspective and are often left alone when assessing, diagnosing and treating farm animals without a valid reference point and without any control by a veterinarian authority or certification bodies whether they are successful or not in their efforts to improve the animal health status. Because time capacities are limited, excessive demands in several fields at the same time provoke conflicts, leading to deficits in one or more of the agricultural fields. The need for additional labor efforts and increasing cost for health improvements often are constraints that prevent farmers from seeking advice and making use of recommended measures. In this context, it is often argued that farmers will benefit from a high status of animal health by higher performance and lower veterinary costs and thus should have an inherent incentive to reduce the occurrence of diseases. This conclusion seems comprehensible as production diseases have a serious impact on the productivity of a dairy farm by reducing the efficiency with which resources (e.g. feedstuffs) are converted into products [86]. However, from a different perspective, this widespread pattern of thought, frequently observed in different stakeholder groups including veterinary and agricultural science, belongs to a severe error in reasoning. It leaves the responsibility by the farmer for not being clever enough to make use of a high level of animal health as a relevant source of a higher income by reducing the production costs. This approach declares all farmers facing a high prevalence rate of production diseases, at least indirectly, as being stupid, an accusation which would - on the base on the prevalence rates mentioned above – apply to the majority of dairy farmers. In contrast, our own studies give reason to the conclusion that farmers might react quite reasonably as economic calculations on a high number of dairy farms in Germany showed that a high animal health status in general does not increase farmers’ income [87]. The previous pattern of thought is an example for a restricted perspective, fading out relevant facts, in this case the costs for prevention and control of diseases. Generally, cost factors for dairy production diseases are restricted to those for cow replacements, veterinary services, diagnostics, drugs, discarded milk, labor efforts, decreased performance, decreased milk quality, increased risk of new cases of the same disease or of other diseases [88]. In daily farmers’ lives, costs for treatment are often seen as a part of the losses due to the occurrence of disease but not as an additional input to reduce the losses through diseases. According to Hogeveen [89], it is more practical to talk about failure costs and preventive costs instead of talking losses and expenditures. The higher the preventive costs, the lower the failure costs and vice versa. Because the relation between prevention and failure is not linear, there is an optimal level of control in relation to economic considerations. Because the production functions as well as the failure costs and preventive costs vary considerably from farm to farm, the optimal level of control is farm specific and cannot be generalized. In a Dutch study on 120 conventional dairy farms, costs of prevention in the case of mastitis were made up to more than 75% by costs for labor and were predominantly higher than the total failure costs [90]. The cost and labor intensive efforts for preventive measures and the uncertainties with respect to their effectiveness explain to some degree why farmers are reluctant to increase the efforts for prevention in order to reduce the prevalence rates of diseases and the failure costs deriving therefrom. The success of preventive measures is dependent to a high degree on the expertise and the persuasive power of those who give advice. Without a validation process with respect to the given advice, there is a high risk that the advice fails to be effective and efficient. Correspondingly, cost-benefit calculations of recommended measures are essential to convince the farmer into action. Future research work is needed which focuses on the cost-effectiveness of preventive measures under various farm conditions. However, profound knowledge alone is not sufficient to change the current unsatisfactory situation. Indeed, no progress can be expected with regard to animal health if farmers do not gain any benefit and profit from the market to compensate for the additional efforts and resources needed to improve farm management and health status. Currently, producers are very much at the mercy of retailers and supermarkets in terms of price paid per liter of milk. These are continuously trying to drop their milk price to producers. As a consequence, dairy farmers have been chronically underpaid in recent years and left alone by the market, which does not offer any monetary incentives to improve the animal health status on the farms. The current market conditions widely ignore the large variability in quality traits and in the impacts on common goods, promoting unfair competition when enabling equal prices for very different performances in relation to product and process qualities. Farmers who gain economic benefits by selling organic products to premium prices but only providing a low level of animal health undermine the efforts of other farmers attempting to maintain a high level of animal health [91]. In general, the latter have to apply additional labor and cost intensive efforts, contributing to considerably increase their production costs while at the same time providing an essential competitive disadvantage. 9. Animal health as a marketable quality trait The processes of production, processing and marketing of organic milk occur on different scales, within different systems and involve different stakeholder groups. Concluding, they can be characterized as being quite complex. Each stakeholder group has its own perspective on the scenery, overlooking some but seldom gain an encompassing overview about the main driving forces, potentials or constraints along the food chain. Kahneman [92] deserves the particular merit to have brought the issue of perception and decision making within economic affairs into the focus of a broader public. In the face of the enlightening findings by neurophysiology, cognition science and psychology, the homo oeconomicusas a basic model of economic science does more look like a legendary creature than a real person in life. Also other disciplines are challenged to rethink the axioms and assumptions of their disciplines. According to Kahneman [92], the operations of associative memory contribute to a general confirmation bias. Contrary to the rules of philosophers of science, who advise testing hypotheses by trying to refute them, people (and scientists, quite often) seek data that are likely to be compatible with the beliefs they currently hold. Jumping to conclusions on the bases of limited evidence is a main process of intuitive thinking, being radically insensitive to both the quality and the quantity of information that gives rise to impressions and intuitions. It is the consistency of the information that matters for a good story, not its completeness. Indeed, knowing little makes it easier to fit everything one knows into a coherent pattern. The associative machinery suppresses ambiguity and spontaneously constructs stories that are as coherent as possible. Unless the message is immediately negated, the associations that it evokes will spread as if the message were true. Thus, humans are in the first place pattern seekers, believers in a coherent world, in which regularities appear not by accident but as a result of mechanical causality or of someone’s intention. People can maintain an unshakable faith in any position, however absurd, when they are sustained by a community of like-minded believers. The previous excursion, although only a foretelling of what requires a comprehensive reflection concerning the impacts on agricultural and veterinary sciences, gives a hint why stakeholder groups are striving for coherency in their world view and patterns of thinking within their community and are prone to ignore and fad out all those aspects that might disturb this coherency. From a scientific point of view, there is need to focus especially on the inconsistencies in statements and conclusions within and between the stakeholder groups involved. Some of the various discrepancies between claim and reality with respect to the handling of the animal health issue in organic and conventional livestock production and some of the conflicting areas provoked therewith are described below [21]: • Retailers and/or producers claim to offer products that derive from healthy animals, without providing transparency and evidence of animal health status of farm animals. • Retailers want to increase the turnover by offering organic food with comparable low prices and at the expense of the possibilities of the farmer to investigate substantial improvements of animal health. • Producers who strive for a high status of animal health by using appropriate management concepts and encountering higher production costs are confronted with unfair competition when competing with their products on the same markets as those who produce on a low cost and low quality base. • A high percentage of consumers announces their special interest in the issue of animal health and their willingness to pay premium prices, but hesitates to do so when corresponding food is offered and instead prefers purchasing cheaper food. • Many consumers prefer to delegate responsibility for ethical issues when choosing animal products to the retailer or the government and are by their ignorance jointly responsible for the severe deficits in animal health within livestock production. Possible expectations of consumers that specific food might improve their own health status can be seen as part of a general oversimplification. As described above in relation to animal health, the issue of health is very complex and the aspect of nutrient intake is only one of many risk factors. Thus, it is very difficult to provide evidence for a direct impact of specific food on human health. In Europe, the Regulation on nutrition and health claims made on foods (EC No 1924/2006) was adopted by the Council and Parliament to prevent misuse. It foresees implementing measures to ensure that any claim made on foods' labeling, presentation or marketing in the European Union is clear, accurate and based on evidence accepted by the whole scientific community. Consequently foods bearing claims that could mislead consumers will be eliminated from the market. In contrast, it is possible to promote products deriving from healthy animals. However, such an advertising message should also be based on evidence. Due to the complexity of the interactions of various factors on different scales, evidence cannot refer to some input variables, e.g. minimum standards, but have to focus on the outcome of process. The appropriate reference point for the output orientation within a systemic approach is the animal health status of the individual farm. Health is the emergent outcome of the processes within a farm system. The farm system is the functional unit and system of the production process. It is characterized by boundaries and steered by the farm manager who is challenged to balance the potentials and limitations of the production conditions, the available resources and the conflicting areas provoked by limitations. The farm specific animal health status is the result of the steering process and as such the emergent property of the farm system. Within a label program such as organic, quality assurance and control programs for products labeled as deriving from healthy herds and animals can rely on fixed levels concerning the acceptable prevalence rate of diseases. As the somatic cell count (SCC) from lactating cows are quantified monthly as a routine on nearly all farms, extensive data material is available which can be used for farm internal feedback analysis and improvements and simultaneously as a diagnostic tool with respect to the udder health of the dairy cows in the herd. Thresholds which define an acceptable status of udder health have been described by several authors [93]. For example, those farms which take part in a label program of top quality milk should provide milk with less than 150,000 somatic cell counts in the bulk tank (BTSCC), and the incidence of clinical mastitis (ICM) should not exceed the rate of 0,33 (cases per average cow in the farm per year). Current data evaluations show that for instance approximately 11% of the Bavarian dairy cows exceed the threshold value of over 400,000 SCC/ml in the bulk tank milk [87]. These counts mark the top of a distinct ‚cell mountain‘. In a study on 120 conventional dairy farms, the incidence of clinical mastitis showed a huge variation between 0.03 to 1.21 [90], therewith indicating the need to provide orientation and define a threshold that should not be exceeded. Due to the various impacts of udder diseases on relevant traits of milk quality, including risks due to residues and the development of antibacterial resistance, the recommended thresholds are suited to mark a distinction between different levels of both product and process quality. Data of both BTSCC and ICM are resp. should be available on organic dairy farms, and hence do not require additional efforts for their assessment. Consequently, the possible occurrence of enormous additional bureaucratic expenditures cited as possible counter-argumentation can be rejected. Nevertheless, the separated obtaining and processing of milk from farms with a high animal health status will definitely increase costs. The main question is what it worth is to produce and consume milk from healthy dairy cows. The trade value of milk is determined primarily by quantity of milk and milk content while qualitative traits are currently of no relevance and an outstanding quality is not rewarded by higher prices. Without evidence based progress, organic livestock production faces the risk to lose the confidence of the consumers while being trapped between own demands, consumer expectations and limited resources [94]. Thus, there is need for an evidence based system of financial penalties and bonus payments to promote top quality milk. Despite the fact that many consumers express their wish for high quality products, the current payment and marketing systems counteract all efforts to follow consumer demands and fail to communicate adequately differentiated milk quality. Conclusion is that only a direct assessment of animal health and a payment system that honors quality grades beyond average can contribute to improve the currently unsatisfying situation. This, however, requires a shift in the paradigm from a guideline and input oriented to an output oriented approach, and the implementation of a systematic approach for an effective and efficient balancing of the multiple variables and complex interactions within each farming system. 10. Conclusions Organic farming has committed itself to outperforming conventional farming in a number of areas including animal health. However, organic standards based on minimum requirements do not automatically lead to a high status of animal health that exceeds the level in conventional production and thus, does not in all respects meet consumers’ expectations. Improvements are crucial to support and strengthen consumers’ confidence and their willingness to pay premium prices. These are urgently needed to cover the higher production costs in organic farming and thus ensure a viable organic dairy production. According to previous knowledge, assessments of the quality of organic milk provides inconsistent results and often falls short of expectations as it is often similar or even lower than the quality of conventionally produced milk. In view of the large heterogeneity between organic farms in relation to both living conditions of the farm animals and the status of animal health, it appears to have been a congenital failure of organic agriculture to have neglected the definition of minimum standards with respect to the qualitative outcome of the production process, especially the status of animal health. While farmers as owners are initially responsible for the well-being of their farm animals, they are very limited in their options of decision-making as they, in general, possess little financial flexibility that can be used for improvements. In the past, a clear increase in the productivity of milk production has led to a remarkable decrease of milk prices in relation to the general income from which the consumers have benefited in the first place. While there might have been time periods when the majority of farmers and also farm animals have gained advantage from technical innovations, these times have definitely gone. Dairy cows pay the continuous increase in productivity and milk yield with an increase in the prevalence rates of production diseases and with a decrease in longevity [52]. Farmers are facing a high volatility of milk prices. In recent years, they have gone through a long phase of milk prices which did not cover the total production costs. Correspondingly, the number of dairy farmers who had to quit has increased dramatically. The predominant competition is based on the reduction of prices while widely ignoring the internal and external costs that emerge from these processes. In Europe, the phase-out of the Milk Quota Regulation in 2015 will fuel the competition even more. In face of the shortfall to be financed, the increase in herd size and the decrease in available resources (labor time and investments), there is reason to assume that the situation in the future will become even worse. While the market fails to provide different levels of product and process quality, national governments fail to prevent unfair competition on the market. On the other hand, they are not forced by the majority of voters to initiate and chair changes in the predominating structures of the market. From the farmers’ perspective, to honor a higher health status by premium prices, and to reduce unfair competition are of great importance to improve the unsatisfying situation. The market, however, fails to provide incentives for any quality improvements, often blaming the consumers for not being prepared to pay adequate premium prices. On the other hand, the consumers are not appropriately informed about the current level of product and process quality and are misguided by sales promotion. It is generally accepted in the market economy that the stakeholders being part of the food chain are striving for their own benefit in the first place. In the complex interactions between stakeholders groups, the players generally pose in active as well as in passive roles, and are both victims and offenders. In general, the strength of one actor is based on the weakness of the other stakeholders. While farm animals and farmers are in a very weak position, retailers and supermarkets are in a strong position to beat down the price in order to increase the turnover rates and their profit. Nevertheless, they can only act in such a way because consumer groups are dominated by bargain hunters, and those who are largely ignoring the problems of the other stakeholders, including health and welfare problems of the farm animals. Consumers are able to make a choice between large ranges of products without being able to assess their quality. Expenditures for food in relation to the total budget of a household have dramatically decreased during the last few decades. Hence, consumers in general can afford more expensive food products if their priorities are inclined in this fashion. However, consumers have become used to very low food prices while imagining they are on the safe side concerning the quality issue. So far estimations of consumers with respect to traits of food and process quality are primarily based on associations and on expectations deriving therefrom. They are definitely not evidence based. Large variations in features that are relevant for those who buy organic products meet with large variations in the factual results of quality traits. Currently, the complexity of processes within the food production chain is reduced primarily to the quantifiable size of the price stakeholders receive or have to pay for the intermediate or the final product. However, prices for intermediate or final dairy products are unreal for their part as they do not represent and include the entity of the internal and external costs of the production process, e.g. the worse animal health situation for dairy cows, and the non-covering of the productions costs, let alone the environmental impacts due to the high amounts of nutrient losses and emissions of greenhouse gas caused by the processes of production and processing. While consumers could afford higher milk prices, only few and not enough are willing to face the problems, caused by the impacts of their buying behavior and by the unfair competition within the market. As long as not enough producers are willing to enlighten the consumers about the real production conditions and as long as not enough consumers are not really interested to get an inside view into the production processes, the discrepancies between demands and reality of organic and conventional dairy production is expected to continue. One of the most frequently asked questions in western society: who is to blame for malfunction, does not provoke an easy and obvious answer as all human stakeholders are part of a production system that is based on exploitation of land area, and farm animals, some to a higher and some to a lesser degree. Currently, stakeholder groups involved are not prepared to rethink their dominating pattern of thoughts and are not willing to risk the possible need for changes when having a closer look at the living conditions of farm animals and the impacts on product and process quality. The persisting power is still too high to provide a chance for real improvements. While some stakeholders are trapped in inherent necessities with very small degrees of freedom in decision making, consumers are free to decide on what they spend their money and are benefitting simultaneously from very low food prices. Correspondingly, they could be blamed in the first place for their ignorance towards the impacts of their buying behavior on the production process and on animal health and welfare. Any complaints by consumers with respect to the low level of product and process quality, either in conventional or in organic dairy production, should be rejected. In general, food does not exert a direct influence on human health but is well known for providing both positive and/or negative impacts on the capability of the organism to cope with the various and specific demands. Thus, the slogan “healthy food from healthy animals” represents an abbreviated mental association, not being scientifically sound. However, the slogan is applicable and valid in the way that only milk from healthy cows with healthy udders is delivering the starting product for milk products of top quality. Currently, milk and milk products which derive exclusively and evidence based from healthy cows are not available on the market. If consumers really want food from healthy cows they have to establish a corresponding demand and have to reject those products that do not fulfill this demand. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Albert Sundrum (November 7th 2012). “Healthy Food” from Healthy Cows, Organic Farming and Food Production, Petr Konvalina, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/53150. 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By Law Teacher 9.2.1 Licences and Proprietary Estoppel – Introduction Welcome to the ninth topic in this module guide – Licences and Proprietary Estoppel! Licences are considered the lowermost ranking rights in terms of property rights. They occur when a business or individual occupies a property they do not have a legal right of occupation in. This usually occurs only for a short time period and gives the licensee permission to use a property for a specified reason, thus making their occupation lawful and the effect of which prevents the licensee from trespassing. There exists four types of licences in English law; bare licences, contractual licences, licences coupled with an equity and licences coupled with an interest. The equitable doctrine of proprietary estoppel ‘estops’ a landowner from denying rights to a third party, where that same third party has come to rely on a belief in those rights. The law states that this would be unconscionable behaviour on the part of the landowner and as such, can prevent a person from insisting on their strict legal rights. For a claim of proprietary estoppel to be successful, the third person claiming must be able to satisfy the three requirements in Thorner v Major; representation, reliance and detriment. Goals for this section: • To understand the difference between a bare licence, a contractual licence, a licence coupled with an equity and a licence coupled with an interest. • To recognise the essential elements under a claim of proprietary estoppel, namely representation, reliance and detriment. Objectives for this section: • To be able to identify which type of licence is the most advantageous for the licence holder. • To be able to distinguish whether a licence of proprietary estoppel is of greater assistance in favour of or against a third party. • To be able to appreciate the overlap between proprietary estoppel and constructive trusts. • To be able to appreciate that proprietary estoppel is merely a personal right and therefore incapable of assignment to a third party. 9.2.2 Licences and Proprietary Estoppel Lecture Licences are certainly the lowest-ranking category of property rights. There are four kinds of licences which exist in English law. Bare licences A bare licence is simply the giving of personal permission by the landowner for the licensee to enter and remain on the land. A licensee may not transfer what few rights they have to another party. A bare licence may be created orally and be express or implied. Given their somewhat informal nature, they often arise by circumstances or conduct (R (Beresford) v Sunderland CC [2003] UKHL 60). It is by this means that a trespass may shift into a bare licence, where the landowner has knowledge of the trespass and gives no objection to it (Canadian Railway Co v The King [1931] UKPC 18). Bare licences and trespass The threshold between a licence and trespass is small and easily transgressed. Thus, the licensor retains the right of arbitrary exclusion, meaning they can choose to exclude the licensee at any time for any duration. Contractual licence A contractual licence is similar to a bare licence insofar as it grants the licensee permission to access the land. Where the two kinds of licences differ is that the contractual licence includes the giving of consideration by the licensee for the benefit of the licence (Horrocks v Forray [1976] 1 WLR 230). The underlying contract may be either express or implied. A contractual licence is terminable upon the end of a fixed term, without any requirement of notice (Sandhu v Farooqi [2003] EWCA Civ 531). Licences coupled with an equity A licence coupled with an equity may not be terminated simply upon the wish of the licensor. These sorts of licences are found in situations where the landowner ‘grants a licence to another [person] to go upon land and occupy it for a specific period or a prescribed purpose, and on the faith of that authority the licensee enters into occupation and does work, or in some other way alters his position to his detriment’ (National Provincial Bank Ltd v Hastings Car Mart Ltd [1965] UKHL 1). Licences and proprietary estoppel As you will see, this concept of a licence coupled with an equity is very similar to the framework of rights granted in proprietary estoppel. Those latter rights have come to accommodate a binding effect on third parties (Land Registration Act 2002, s.116(a)). We can see the overlap between the two doctrines in the case below: Case in focus: Tanner v Tanner [1975] 1 WLR 1346 Licences coupled with the grant of an interest This type of licence confers upon the licensee the right to go on another person’s land for the sole purpose of removing something from the land. This license therefore includes the rights granted under profits à prendre to access an interest, coupled with the right to enter land in order to exploit the interest. Licences and third parties For licenses, the real dilemma lies with contractual licences given their close similarity to proprietary estoppel. Broadly, the case law says that ‘a contractual licence does not create a property interest’, meaning it is not binding against third parties (Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1988] EWCA Civ 14; Lloyd v Dugdale [2001] EWCA Civ 1754). This view was not universally held, however. It is highly unlikely that, in registered land, a contractual licence will be deemed capable of so affecting a third party purchase that the third party is bound by the licence (Habermann v Koehler and another [2000] All ER (D) 1739). Licences and constructive trusts: overlap? For contractual licences and unregistered land, there may be instances in which they are enforceable by means of a constructive trust. Usually, a contractual licence is not necessarily capable of binding a third party purchaser. Although it had once been said to be possible as such (Binion v Evans [1972] EWCA Civ 6), subsequent case law has determined that a third party purchaser will only be bound by a contractual licence where the circumstances amount to a constructive trust. Such a trust would arise where: 1. A third party has of their own volition ‘burdened their own title’ upon making their own obligation to the contractual licensee (Bahr v Nicolay (No. 2)[1988] HCA 16); and/or 1. The transfer of the property to the third party was based in part on the sale of the property at a lower than market value, with such sale given on the understanding that the terms of the contractual licence would be upheld (Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1988]). With all that said, there is an exception in contractual licences, according to which the licence may be binding against third parties where the licence is protected by way of a register entry. Further, it appears that some licensees may actually be acquiring some proprietary interests against third parties by way of possession: a contractual licensee may sue in trespass if he has exclusive possession (Hounslow LBC v Twickenham Garden Developments Ltd [1971]), and where there is a licence coupled with an interest (meaning to enter land and remove certain products such as timber from the land), the licensee has rights against parties that trespass on the land and prevent the licensee from carrying on their activity (Manchester Airport v Dutton [1999] EWCA Civ 844). The doctrine of proprietary estoppel is based on ‘the first principle upon which all courts of equity proceed… [which is] to prevent a person from insisting on his strict legal rights – whether arising under a contract, or on his title deeds, or by statute – when it would be inequitable for him to do so having regard to the dealings which take place between the parties’ (Crabb v Arun DC [1975] EWCA Civ 7 per Lord Denning MR). The purpose of proprietary estoppel is to refrain, or ‘estop’, any attempt by a legal owner to inequitably go back on guarantees made by them in the course of dealing with another party regarding the owner’s land. The advantage of proprietary estoppel is that it can help to make sense of, and thereby enforce, the sorts of arrangements that are entered into by laypersons, particularly licences. In order for a landowner to be “estopped” from carrying on a certain act, it must be shown that in the ‘particular individual circumstances, it would be unconscionable for a party to be permitted to deny that which, knowingly or unknowingly, he has allowed or encouraged another to assume to [the denying party’s] detriment’ (Taylors Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Victoria Trustees Ltd [1982] QB 133 per Oliver J). Relief will thus be granted if to do so would be ‘just’ (Sledmore v Dalby(1996) 72 P & CR 196 CA (Eng) per Hobhouse LJ). Essential Elements A claim of proprietary estoppel depends on the person claiming the benefit being able to prove three elements (Thorner v Major [2009] UKHL 18 per Lord Walker of Gesingthorpe and Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury): 1. Representation Representation is shown where the representor intended for their assurances to the representee to be relied upon (Matharu v Matharu(1994) 26 H.L.R. 648, CA (Eng)). A representation is essential: a mere expectation of rights is not enough, and a long-standing practice will not suffice (Keelwalk Properties Ltd v Waller [2002] EWCA Civ 1076). Subject matter The subject of the representation can take the form of almost any property right, so long as the assurance made was ‘clear and unequivocal’ (Thorner v Major [2009]). Case in focus: Pascoe v Turner [1979] Unclear representations If the representations are not of a ‘sufficiently concrete character’, the claimant is not reasonably entitled to expect the alleged rights flowing from the representation (Orgee v Orgee [1997] EWCA Civ 2650). Even if the representor’s resiling from the representation is unconscionable, the detriment may be so uncertain in nature and extent ‘that even equity may not be able to devise an appropriate remedy for it… There are parts that sometimes even equity cannot reach’ (Willis v Hoare (1999) 77 P & CR D42). 1. Reliance Reliance occurs where the representee has changed their position and suffered a detriment because of the assurances received from the representor. It is not necessary that the representation be the only inducement to cause the representee to change their position, so long as the representation was among the causes (Campbell v Griffin [2001] EWCA Civ 990, CA (Eng)). The person claiming proprietary estoppel cannot do so unless the representor had knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the representee acting in reliance on the expectation of a benefit following the representor’s representation (Barclays Bank plc v Zaroovabli [1997] Ch 321). Change of position There has to be evidence of a “relevant” disadvantage incurred by the claimant when they act upon the representation made by the representor. The usual method by which change of position is demonstrated is where the claimant expends money or resources in improving or maintaining the landowner’s property (Dillwyn v Llewelyn [1862] EWHC Ch J67). Case in focus: Gillett v Holt [2001] 1. Detriment Detriment is shown when the representation, once made and relied upon, has been unconscionably withdrawn. The unconscionable withdrawal is key to this step: no actionable disadvantage is deemed to accrue until the original representation is withdrawn or revoked (Grundt v Great Boulder Pty Gold Mines Ltd [1937] HCA 58). The test for the claimant is to demonstrate that the withdrawal of the representation causes such ‘prejudice… that it would be inequitable to allow the party who made the relevant representation to go back on it’ (Watts and Ready v Storey(1984) NLJ 631 301). Standard of unconscionability When the representor insists on enforcing their solely legal right, they must do so in a manner and in such timing that they are ‘taking advantage of [the representee] in a way which is unconscionable, inequitable or unjust’ (Crabb v Arun DC [1975]). The unconscionability is in part measured by the material detriment suffered by the claimant. Duration of equity The courts have been willing to keep the doctrine of proprietary estoppel flexible insofar as its timing is concerned. So long as the detriment is not removed or that the claimant’s inequitable loss is not compensated, the claimant retains a claim in proprietary estoppel (Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen(1990)170 CLR 394). Case in focus: Sledmore v Dalby (1996) Proprietary estoppel and third parties The earliest case law which considered whether a benefit or burden can be transferred to a third party indicated that proprietary estoppel was merely a personal right and therefore incapable of assignment to a third party (Jones (AE) v Jones (FW) [1977]). However, the case law has changed somewhat. The benefit of a proprietary estoppel is capable of assignment, not just by the original party relying on the assurance, but also by a successor in title to the original party (Cameron v Murdoch (1986) 63 A.L.R. 575). Transmitting the burden of a proprietary estoppel has also seen a similar evolution. Prior to the enactment of the Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002, the court had seen in estoppel a sufficiently proprietary character that made it possible for the burden of a proprietary estoppel to be assigned from the original representor to successors in title (Lloyd v Dugdale [2001]). Subsequently, the LRA 2002 provides that an ‘equity by estoppel’ takes effect ‘from the time the equity arises an interest capable of binding successors in title’ (LRA 2002, s.116(a)). Proprietary estoppel and constructive trusts: overlap? Some have suggested that the overlap between proprietary estoppel and constructive trusts is so strong that the two concepts are effectively interchangeable (Birmingham Midshires Mortgage Services Ltd v Sabherwal [2000] 80 P & CR 256). One distinction between the two concepts is the notion of bargaining, or lack thereof. Constructive trusts require a bargaining between the two parties, whereas proprietary estoppel merely requires that the representor has observed the representee incur disadvantage by relying on the representor’s previous statement(s) (Yaxley v Gotts [2000] Ch 162). 9.2.3 Licences and Proprietary Estoppel Lecture – Hands on Examples Given that we have been examining two discrete areas of property law, it makes sense to separate the elements that guide the application of each of these forms of property rights. Thus, when analysing a problem question pertaining to these areas, we can summarise the steps taken as follows: (Establishing that the right is a licence): 1. Is the person claiming a right of occupation? 2. Has the landowner granted permission to remain on the land but has not granted any further rights e.g. the right to possess the land? 3. If yes, go to steps 4 and following below. (Establishing the type of licence): 1. Is the licence a bare licence? 2. Alternatively, is it a licence coupled either with an equity or an interest? 3. If neither of the above, the licence is a contractual licence. If you answer “yes” to 4, the licensee may be excluded at any time (remember: arbitrary exclusion). If you answer “yes” to 5, the licensee can remain on the land for a set duration and may have rights against third parties. If you answer “yes” to 6, the licensee’s rights of occupation will last only according to the term set by the agreement. Proprietary estoppel (Establishing that the right is a proprietary estoppel): 1. Has there been a clear and unequivocal statement relating to a promise of a specific asset, or assets, in exchange for a certain act or acts? If not, go to step 5. 2. If “yes”, has the person to whom the statement was made altered their position to their own detriment? If not, go to step 5. 3. If “yes”, has the person who made the statement since revoked that statement in a manner which disadvantages the representee and is done in a time and manner which is unconscionable? If not, go to step 5. 4. If “yes” to all the above, there is a right of proprietary estoppel. 5. If “no” to any of 1-3, there is no proprietary estoppel. Q1. Albus and Bertha purchase a house and they allow their son-in-law, Charlie, to live with them. Charlie offers to improve some of the roof tiles and construct a conservatory at his own expense. Albus agrees to this and says Charlie can live in the house rent-free for the rest of his, Charlie’s, life if he does so. Bertha is aware of the arrangement, and does not expressly agree or disagree to it/ Charlie thus conducts those works. Some years later, Albus has died and Bertha needs to adapt the house for her own needs. She needs to have Charlie excluded from the property. Advise Bertha. Q2. Dangerous Productions (DP) are hoping to stage a risqué political event at an events centre in Ealing for five consecutive nights. Ealing Borough Council, owners of the centre, agree to let DP stage the event upon payment. DP duly make the required payment. After the first night, Ealing Council receive complaints about the language used in the production, and decide to “uphold the morals of the community” by forbidding DP from entering the centre again to stage the subsequent events. Advise DP. Q3. Frank is the owner of Blackacre. He invites Geoff over to the property, and upon seeing his guest says Geoff can “stay for as long as he likes.” No money changes hands. Geoff stays for several weeks. The two get into an argument and Frank tells Geoff that Geoff has to leave. Geoff refuses, saying he was entitled to stay. Advise Frank. Q4. Zack owns Whiteacre, a large plot of farmland. He invites an acquaintance, Yasmin to the farmland. She tells Zack that she has long wanted to work on a farm, and starts to do so without payment. Zack is impressed by the quality of her work and amends his will to say that Yasmin would be entitled to a portion of the farmland. As she continues to work on the farm, Zack further amends his will, increasing the size of Yasmin’s portion of the farmland. Zack and Yasmin fall out, and Zack amends his will in such manner that Yasmin would not be entitled to any part of Whiteacre. Advise Yasmin. A1. This case follows the precedent set by Sledmore v Dalby. As you will recall from that case, the passage of time and the changing needs and priorities of the parties was such that the equity, which had validly arisen, was now extinguished. Following this precedent, Bertha is free to exclude Charlie from the property without needing to compensate him. A2. This is a contractual licence situation: payment has been made for temporary occupation of space owned by the landowner for a fixed duration. Given that Ealing have attempted to interfere with the exercise of the contract by prematurely revoking the right of access and occupation, DP are entitled to continue staging their event for the duration stated in the licence, and to force Ealing to let them stage the event (see Verrall v Great Yarmouth BC). A3. The situation here is that of a bare licence. This is because there is no exchange of money. As the owner, Frank is at liberty to revoke permission for occupation of the property at any time. There does not appear to be any grounds of necessity or public purpose, therefore Frank can lawfully arbitrarily exclude Geoff from the property. A4. The facts in this case resemble the facts in Gillett v Holt. As you will recall, in that case all of the elements of proprietary estoppel were found to subsist, such that they overcame the usually revocable effect of a will to make the representations ‘tantamount to a promise.’ We see that in this case: unpaid work, promises of land being made for ever-increasing size, and then a resiling from those statements. Therefore, Yasmin is entitled to compensation and, following Gillett, the plot of land heretofore promised to her.
Time freezing camera at 10 trillion frames per second INRS professor and ultrafast imaging specialist Jinyang Liang and his colleagues, led by Caltech’s Lihong Wang, have developed what they call T-CUP: the world’s fastest camera, capable of capturing ten trillion (10 13) frames per second. This new camera literally makes it possible to freeze time to see phenomena—and even light!—in extremely slow motion. In recent years, the junction between innovations in non-linear optics and imaging has opened the door for new and highly efficient methods for microscopic analysis of dynamic phenomena in biology and physics. But to harness the potential of these methods, there needs to be a way to record images in real time at a very short temporal resolution—in a single exposure. Using current imaging techniques, measurements taken with ultrashort laser pulses must be repeated many times, which is appropriate for some types of inert samples, but impossible for other more fragile ones. For example, laser-engraved glass can tolerate only a single laser pulse, leaving less than a picosecond to capture the results. In such a case, the imaging technique must be able to capture the entire process in real time. Light and Science Applications – Single-shot real-time femtosecond imaging of temporal focusing Compressed ultrafast photography (CUP) was a good starting point them. At 100 billion frames per second, this method approached, but did not meet, the specifications required to integrate femtosecond lasers. To improve on the concept, the new T-CUP system was developed based on a femtosecond streak camera that also incorporates a data acquisition type used in applications such as tomography. “We knew that by using only a femtosecond streak camera, the image quality would be limited,” says Professor Lihong Wang, the Bren Professor of Medial Engineering and Electrical Engineering at Caltech and the Director of Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory (COIL).. “So to improve this, we added another camera that acquires a static image. Combined with the image acquired by the femtosecond streak camera, we can use what is called a Radon transformation to obtain high-quality images while recording ten trillion frames per second.” Setting the world record for real-time imaging speed, T-CUP can power a new generation of microscopes for biomedical, materials science, and other applications. This camera represents a fundamental shift, making it possible to analyze interactions between light and matter at an unparalleled temporal resolution. The first time it was used, the ultrafast camera broke new ground by capturing the temporal focusing of a single femtosecond laser pulse in real time. This process was recorded in 25 frames taken at an interval of 400 femtoseconds and detailed the light pulse’s shape, intensity, and angle of inclination. “It’s an achievement in itself,” says Jinyang Liang, the leading author of this work, who was an engineer in COIL when the research was conducted, “but we already see possibilities for increasing the speed to up to one quadrillion (10 15) frames per second!” Speeds like that are sure to offer insight into as-yet undetectable secrets of the interactions between light and matter. While the concept of focusing usually applies to the spatial domain, it is equally applicable to the time domain. Real-time imaging of temporal focusing of single ultrashort laser pulses is of great significance in exploring the physics of the space–time duality and finding diverse applications. The drastic changes in the width and intensity of an ultrashort laser pulse during temporal focusing impose a requirement for femtosecond-level exposure to capture the instantaneous light patterns generated in this exquisite phenomenon. Thus far, established ultrafast imaging techniques either struggle to reach the desired exposure time or require repeatable measurements. We have developed single-shot 10-trillion-frame-per-second compressed ultrafast photography (T-CUP), which passively captures dynamic events with 100-fs frame intervals in a single camera exposure. The synergy between compressed sensing and the Radon transformation empowers T-CUP to significantly reduce the number of projections needed for reconstructing a high-quality three-dimensional spatiotemporal datacube. As the only currently available real-time, passive imaging modality with a femtosecond exposure time, T-CUP was used to record the first-ever movie of non-repeatable temporal focusing of a single ultrashort laser pulse in a dynamic scattering medium. T-CUP’s unprecedented ability to clearly reveal the complex evolution in the shape, intensity, and width of a temporally focused pulse in a single measurement paves the way for single-shot characterization of ultrashort pulses, experimental investigation of nonlinear light-matter interactions, and real-time wavefront engineering for deep-tissue light focusing.
Follow These Tips And Fill Any Appetite It is a fact of life that all human beings need to eat. But eating should be much more to food than survive? Cooking and eating something very tasty is better than eating a good meal. Here are some tips that will kick your cooking skills up a better cook! Fun Christmas party ideas are as essential as Santa. Slice your meat very thinly on the bias for stir-fry dishes. This can get a lot of time and very time-consuming. There is a way to save your work and you are able to instantly use it. Mix two tablespoons water with one tablespoon of cornstarch in a bowl. Stir the sauce to thicken it. Make sure you combine them gradually and consistently so as to prevent the starch slowly while stirring constantly to make it not be too much. It is extremely important that you have sharp knives whenever you cook. Dull knives can be dangerous and difficult to use. Try putting some cauliflower to your mashed potatoes to cut some calories and fat. The somewhat bland taste of cauliflower helps it to blend seamlessly with the other ingredients. Cauliflower has the same texture and color as potatoes, so the dish will be transformed into one that has more vegetables and fewer calories. This type of seasoning can be added to all types of foods other ingredients. Try roasted potatoes or mix it in your scrambled eggs. Everyone will be asking for your secret is. They will act like sponges and just soak up a lot of that water. Wipe off with a damp cloth that is damp. Have you ever had a hard time figuring out the grilling time of your meats? Use a meat thermometer to tell when it is cooked correctly. Always use airtight container to store sugar or flour.Keeping your food in airtight containers will keep them fresher longer as the air can’t reach them. You can find this type of container easily and they are a beneficial asset. This will allow your food the maximum amount of flavor possible. Always get the freshest garlic for your dishes. A rule of thumb is that fresh garlic will have a sweet taste to it. Fresh garlic is not soft and lacks bruises. When using fresh herbs like parsley or dill, bunch them together and cut them with a pair of scissors. This will keep them drier and lighter than chopped with a knife. You can make stock yourself.You will have access to stock when you are cooking other things. Creating your own stock allows you cook. Always blot your ground meat after cooking to remove excess fat. It is a good idea to always blot away moisture from any type of ground meat. Any moisture on the meat will be released when the meat is cooked. The water will cook away. This will cause the meat to be steamed instead of seared as it should be. Onions that are raw have plenty of sulfurous gas in them. This gas by-product can ruin your fresh salsa. You will remove the gas once you rinse them and drying them with a paper towel. Buy good-quality knives for food preparation. Dull knives cause of more accidents than sharp ones. Using brine in your food preparation is a key cooking skill to master. Soak any poultry in the brine mixture for at least an hour prior to cooking to enhance the flavor. Fruit works extremely well on the grill. You can fill a skewer with peach or nectarine slices, melon and bananas. Cook them on a grill until you are able to see grill marks. Serve on top of ice cream or grilled cake. Those who enjoy cooking fish should try taking DIY to the next level and do some fishing to get their raw ingredients. Make sure you use the right type of potato for your recipes.There are three basic categories of cooking potatoes: all-purpose, waxy and all-purpose. Russet potatoes are popular mealy potato variety. Waxy potatoes are good for steaming or boiling because they keep their shape is maintained. Waxy potatoes include regular white and red potatoes. Fresh fruits, such as apples, avocados, peaches, peaches and pears are likely to turn brown when sliced and exposed to air. Lemon and salt water will stop the process, but it’s better to use is pineapple juice.A quick dip will work just fine, so don’t go dunking the fruit in the juice. Take excess fat off of your soups or stews. Place an ice cube onto a spoon and skim it along the surface. The fat will affix itself to the ice. You can also use a paper towel. One easy way to create new flavors in your food is to change the spices and marinades you use. Something people do not think of is shopping at ethnic food store for some new spice ideas. Learning to cook while having fun at the same time is almost as rewarding as eating what you prepare. Try out a few of the tips provided here and you’ll be on your way to enjoying your cooking experience even more. With each new meal, you will be a better cook and people will clamor for more.
Understanding Water Heater T&P Valves You might be asking yourself the question of what exactly a temperature and pressure relief valve (T&P valve) on your water heater is. Sure, it sounds complicated but it's a vital piece of equipment for your water heater. If it fails to function properly, your water heater becomes susceptible to excess pressure which can ultimately lead to complete failure. If you're not sure what all this means and why it's important, read on. Below we dive into how these valves work, the purpose they serve, and how to make sure they are always in good working order. How Do T&P Valves Work? Just like anything else, when water heats up it expands. In a 40‐gallon tank, water being heated to a set temperature can expand up to 1/2 gallon. The expansion increases the pressure (pounds per square inch or PSI) and excess water has to go somewhere. In most residential water heaters, temperature and pressure relief valves are designed to open when pressure reaches 150 PSI and temperature reaches 210 degrees. In this way, temperature and pressure relief valves act like an emergency shutoff valve. When water and pressure become too great inside the tank the valve is triggered and excess water is released in to a discharge pipe so that is can safely be disposed of. When water is released through the valve, both the temperature and pressure inside the tank are immediately lowered to safe levels. Making Sure Your T&P Valve Is Working If you think your temperature and pressure relief valve isn't functioning the way it should, the first thing to do is to check for water or dampness below the discharge line. If there is noticeable moisture, it's a sure sign that either the temperature or pressure of the water inside the tank is too high and/or the valve is leaking. When this is the case the best thing to do is turn down the temperature of your water heater for a day or two and see if the water disappears. If you don't find any more wet spots, then you most likely had the temperature set too high. If water is still there, however, you probably have a leaky valve that needs to be replaced. The next thing to check is if the valve is stuck shut. To do this, simply lift the lever on the valve so that a small amount of water can escape and listen for a hissing sound. If no water is discharged and you don't hear the sound, then valve might stuck shut and it's time to replace it. How to Replace a T&P Valve While it's never a bad idea to call a plumbing professional for repairs, if you insist on doing it yourself there are some parts and tools you're going to need. At a minimum make sure you have pipe wrenches, a tubing saw, pliers, PTFE tape, sandpaper, PVC glue (if your pipe is PVC), a coupling, and the proper replacement valve. Step 1: Turn off the electricity for electric water heaters and set the gas control valve to pilot on gas water heaters, then drain all the water out of the tank. Not only does this alleviate any messes, it should be done on a yearly basis anyway as routine maintenance. Step 2: Open the valve completely to make sure all pressure is out and remove the discharge line. If the valve is on top your tank, you might have to cut the line into sections to unscrew it. If you have to cut your discharge line, save it as you'll be able to put it back together with a coupling and save money by not having to buy a new one. Step 3: Unscrew the relief valve from the tank with the pipe wrench. If you're having trouble unscrewing the valve, try tapping the end of the pipe wrench with a hammer. Take your time and be gentle with this step of the process, as yanking or twisting of the valve could cause damage to the tank. With the old valve off, you're ready to screw in the new one. Before sticking the valve into the tank, wrap the end in PTFE tape in the opposite direction you'll be screwing it in. Once you have the valve secured, make sure it's facing in a direction that will allow you to attach the discharge line. Step 4: Attach the discharge line. Just like the valve, you'll want to wrap the end you're attaching to the valve with PTFE tape. If you had to cut the line initially, reattach the second piece with a coupling once you've secured the first section. If your pipe is PVC, you'll need PVC glue and a PVC coupling to attach the sections. On the other hand, if your pipe is copper, a push fitting is best to put the sections back together. Step 5: Perform some final checks to make sure everything is working properly. First, refill the tank with water, opening a faucet to get all the air out; then open the relief valve make sure it is working as it should. If you hear the hiss of water running, you are ready to restart your water heater. For gas water heaters, check that the pilot light is still on, then turn it to the previous operating setting. For electric water heaters, make sure the tank is filled to prevent element burnout, then turn on the electricity. Final Thoughts There's no doubt that the phrase "water heater temperature and pressure relief valve" is a mouthful. It sounds technical and like something that is too difficult for the average homeowner to understand. With that being said, knowing where your valve is located, what it's for, and how it works goes a long way in helping prevent potential damage to your water heater and your home. If you make it a point to check your valve every so often and happen to find a problem, you'll be armed with the knowledge to address the problem in a safe and cost‐efficient manner. Related Items & Articles return to top ↑ Copyright© 1995-2021 PlumbingSupply.com. All Rights Reserved.
How Blockchain Technology Works ? • Technology • 05-Oct-2020 How Blockchain Technology Works ? Blockchain technology is a structure that stores transactional records called block, in several databases called chain, in a network connected through peer to peer nodes. Technologically, Blockchain is a digital ledger that is gaining a lot of attention and traction recently. Blockchain is an emerging technology with many advantages in an increasingly digital world. Blockchain technology uses a digital signature feature to conduct fraud-free transactions making it impossible to corrupt or change the data of an individual by the other users without a specific digital signature. Blockchain technology uses hash encryption to secure the data, relying mainly on the SHA256 algorithm to secure the information. The address of the sender (public key), the receiver`s address, the transaction, and his/her private key details are transmitted via the SHA256 algorithm. The encrypted information, called hash encryption, is transmitted across the world and added to the Blockchain after verification. The SHA256 algorithm makes it almost impossible to hack the hash encryption, which in turn simplifies the sender and receiver`s authentication. (From other source) Leave a comment for this post All fields marked with (*) are required
Estimating Temperature Lapse Rate Moving upwards in the gravity well costs energy. For a nitrogen gas molecule, this energy can come at the expense of temperature. Assuming a nitrogen molecule with three velocity degrees of freedom, two rotation degrees of freedom, and one vibrational degree of freedom, for a maximum molecular energy of 6 * ½ kT = 3 kT. The vertical position in the gravity well is z, and the change in vertical position results in a gravitational energy change: For diatomic nitrogen, m = 28 * 1.66e−27 kg . g = 9.8 m/s2, and k = 1.38e−23 J/K (Boltzmann constant) 0 = { \Large { dE_g \over dz } } + { \Large { dE_t \over dz } } 0 = m g + 3 k { \Large { dT \over dz } } { \Large { dT \over dz } } = - { \Large { { m g } \over { 3 k } } } = 0.011 K / meter = 11 K / km The measured dry adiabatic lapse rate in air is 9.8 K / km in the troposphere, so our estimate is close. The troposphere is usually moist, and water molecules are lighter, have more degrees of vibrational freedom, and phase changes from vapor to droplets emits energy, explaining why the lapse rate for moist saturated air is closer to 5.5 K / km in the troposphere. After the water freezes out at the tropopause, water disappears from the equation and the lapse rate increases. But only for a while; when the air gets thin enough, and the UV level is high enough, ozone forms ( 3 oxygens, molecular weight 48 ) and the air is ultraviolet-opaque. The ozone-laden air absorbs a lot of solar UV, heating up, while the very thin CO_2_ emits little infrared, and there is no water to transport thermal energy by vertical convection. Up in the thermosphere, hundreds of kilometers high, the thin ozone and other charged molecules and atoms may still absorb a little bit of UV, but they are mostly heated by solar wind particles. When they are thin enough, the atoms have a very long mean free path, and the few that reach thousands of kilometers altitude are selected for high velocity because they are the energetic low probability "tail" of the Maxwellian temperature distribution. The hydrogen atoms and helium molecules at very high altitudes may have enough velocity to escape out of the Earth's gravity well. Estimating Density Scale Height Density \rho = C n P / T where C is a constant, n is atomic weight, P is pressure. and T is temperature in Kelvins. \partial P = \rho g \partial Z where g is gravity and Z is height. \partial P / P = ( C n g / T ) \partial P Scale height H = \partial y / \partial ln( P ) = T / C n g or C = T / H n g $ 250 K 150 K actually varies with height 1 gee 2.5 gee 7.6 km 27 km arbitrary, related to Rydberg's constant Using C = 1.1 gives a crude estimate which we can use to estimate planetary atmosphere heights to 10% or so. Accurate computation requires understanding temperature lapse rates, gas non-idealities, etc. TemperatureRate (last edited 2015-10-04 20:06:53 by KeithLofstrom)
The biography is actually located on study done from different fields as well as it usually reaches a period of opportunity, from latest to historical times. Some of the sources of bios are private manuals, papers, magazines, and also the net. Some of the most popular bios are actually those created through noted individuals. There are two styles of biographies in the literary planet: fictitious bios as well as historic fiction. Fictitious biographies are actually those that are located on an accurate person, area and time duration. Profiles of residing individuals can be categorized into 2 categories: private profiles of residing traits. In the former type, the biographer gives a history of the live of the individual, however certainly not essentially regarding the individual themself. Individual profiles might focus on an individual’s friend or family, his workplace or even profession, or a few other element of his expert and also personal life. The biographer may make use of resources from the individual’s death notices, newspaper and also publication tales, histories, films, tv series and so on. Biographies of factors apart from residing people are called contemporary biographies. These are very different from the individual manuals as well as newspapers. They are actually primarily about one thing that happened recently, as opposed to one thing that happened previously. To show, one could blog about the information of an essential activity that happened within the last couple of years. It can include traits like the result of a significant political competition, the apprehension of a famous person or maybe the buildup of a brand-new political gathering. There are actually a lot more examples, however these are actually just some instances. What creates a biography, a fundamental part of your education and learning is actually that it serves as a vital device for understanding. When they possess access to subsequent sources, a lot of trainees learn much better. Indirect resources are those that folks write about. Given that of the limited sources readily available, bios of living individuals and also profiles of various other traits that have taken place in the planet can offer as efficient understanding tools. This is where the worth of a biographical publication becomes apparent. As with any kind of various other bios of living persons, Churchill’s profiles tell a lot of exciting truths that supply idea into the guy as well as his opinions. As along with all biographies, some profiles of Churchill do undoubtedly have precise records while others are completely fictional biographies using the true simple facts as aspects of viewpoint. Some books on bios as well as the created word perform deal with concerns of credibility as well as reliability. These biographies take the layout of essays and also are written to show students how to assess primary resources and also whether they possess any sort of bearing on the accuracy of the details provided. Various other instances of story profiles, like the ones in “Hills Beyond Mountains,” are implied to become made use of as teaching tools. Pupils make use of the instances in guide to help them construct their personal understanding regarding different subject matters. Of course, the objective of a profile is actually certainly not to create a biography. An experience is actually supposed to be outlined one’s life as well as a biographer is merely assembling that life story right into a publication. Nevertheless, the value of biography can be found in the reality that a bio of a well-known person like Winston Churchill can easily act as an overview to a planet that many people hardly know everything around. A biography of a less well-known person including that of Bob Marley may give readers a glimpse in to the music that aided to form a whole entire style and a viewpoint concerning the man that may only visit examining his life story. Historical bios and memoirs need to adhere to commonly accepted facts. As an example, if you are creating a biographical narrative regarding Anne Frank, you need to certainly not include any kind of false particulars or overestimations. Inaccurate info regarding Anne Frank could induce major concerns for locating her remains. Yet another good example is to stay clear of utilizing statistics. Stats can commonly be actually utilized to overemphasize the facts in a manner that may be confusing. For example, using one hundred per-cent of a fact to match up one twenty per-cent along with an additional twenty percent would be deceiving. If you were writing an experience concerning an athlete, you will perhaps not want to utilize the word “sportsmen” in the profile. If you were actually creating regarding a child born along with the ailment of autism, you ought to prevent the term “little one” in the biography. As an example, if you write that Barack Obama was used by his grandma when he was actually still extremely young, he might think this fact to be actually true. The only technique you can effectively create a biography or even narrative that effectively observes any kind of real person s lifestyle, is to totally write coming from your personal aspect of scenery. abigail barwuah The various other complication with word biographies is actually that they can easily be copyrighted. By succeeding these ideas, you will definitely be actually capable to develop an outstanding profile that will certainly make an excellent read.
28 April 2021 To highlight Earth Day the Geography Department together with the school library ran a Year 8 poetry competition. Earth Day is an annual event, which takes place on Thursday 22nd April, in support of environmental protection. The event was first held on 22nd April 1970 and is now celebrated globally with over one billion people in over 193 countries taking part. “The Geography Department felt that Earth Day should be highlighted in school and that pupils should be made more aware about environmental issues,” said Miss Mansfield, Trainee Teacher of Geography. “As the Year 8 pupils are currently learning about resources, it was felt that they would benefit from a cross-curricula activity to develop literacy skills and environmental awareness. Pupils were asked to write a poem in a style of their choice about environmental issues.” “We received lots of entries for the competition and the standard of the entries was high. The winners were chosen by myself and Mrs Rigg, school Librarian, to ensure the winners had good technique and subject knowledge. Congratulations to Hollie-May, Anna, and Jessica our three winners!” We hope you enjoy reading the winning entries below. By Hollie-May S. By Anna B. Earth is where we thrive, it’s what keeps us alive, so why are we releasing dangerous gases, we need to stop this before earth turns to ashes. Global warming is another factor of why we need to stop destroying earth before it gets out of hand, this is what everyone needs to understand, we need to protect our earth before it is gone, for instance stop creating a nuclear bomb. Our animals are dying and habitats are being torn apart, let’s restart, fix up our earth, give it a rebirth. Fix it up and clean our air, that would be fair, because earth gives us everything, so let’s clean it up and sing. Let’s celebrate our world and everything it owns, let’s get off our phones and, Save our earth before it’s too late, that would be great. By Jessica A.
Every time we produce a new generation of antennas we expect a lot of good things to get better, including faster download rates which are the more common ones. The state of security on 4G is good but here are some areas where 5G can prove to be more secure. IMSI Catcher is more like a false cell tower that makes the victims device connect to them. Every communication is intercepted, then relayed to the target cell tower of the network carrier.This can help people to locate you. With the introduction of 5G, your connection will relay completely on encrypted identity. When your voice and data is transmitted from your device to a tower, it becomes confidential because it’s encrypted by an algorithm. With 5G, the encryption will become stronger. A more stronger form of 128-bit encryption will fully replace its weaker form and after a few years span, the 256-bit encryption should become the new normal.This will help us maintain our privacy. 5G will be based on flexible software. The call or data which are created by you will be routed through switches and hubs that can be transported quickly from one physical computer to another if there is a need. This will reduce the risk of individuals having unwanted influence on your data. (Vulnerability patching is the process of investigating your OS, software, applications, and network components for any possible vulnerabilities that could allow a harmful user to break into your system and cause damage). It will mean vulnerability patches can be produced more quickly.A future 5G benefit is based on a feature called Network Slicing. It partitions the network traffic based on the user needs. 1. 5G uses software-defined networking and network functions virtualization for the separating of network architectures into virtual elements. 2. 5G Network slicing allows network operators to have a portion of the network provide the precise feature that the customer needs. 3. 5G network architectures will need network slicing i to adapt and provide the separate needs of unique industries. Thus after a lookup over the security benefits of 5G, we can conclude that updating networks to 5G not only increases the download rates but also has a lot of benefits to work on. Hope this upgrade gives us a safer and more trusted virtual world.
50+ New Python Project Ideas for Students Python is one of the fastest-growing programming languages on the net. CBSE has introduced python in Class 11 and 12 as its primary programming language. This year onwards students are required to generate a project in python for their partial fulfillment. Python Projects for beginners Here are some of the best Python Project Ideas for the students. These project ideas are totally different from the old fashioned C++ Projects or Net beans Projects. I have compiled these Python Project Ideas after a long search. Python Projects for Beginners/ Students 1. Billing system like invoicehome.com : This is not a normal billing system, it is an online bill generator where you define the objects their price and tax application. The system generates a complete bill with your logo, address, and other details, allow you to either email this bill to a recipient or print it or save it for future use. 2. Railway PNR/Train Status/Enquiry System ( Fetch real-time data from railapi.com ) : Fetch data from an API and generate a complete railways PNR/Train status/Enquiry system. Remember we are not storing any data in our system but fetching all this information from a real-time. 3. Community Blog ( Using multi-level protection ) : Design a web project like medium where your user/reader generate content for you on any given topic and post this for you. 4. Image Pinning system ( Multi-user ) like Pinterest: A web application for pinning any interesting work its readers are able to find on the net. 5. Library Management system ( with multi-level user rights ) 6. E-commerce website: Generate a complete E-commerce website using Django framework. 7. Saas Service like Grammarly : 8. Todo list ( Multi-user ) : Generating a to-do list is very easy but the twist, in this case, is it must be a multi-user system, a login user must be able to check and change his/her list only. 9. Student Management System: Generate a whole student management system for a school and this must have multi-level access for principal, Teachers, students. 10. Student Assignment System: This is a two-layered project. 1 – Teachers 2. students. Teachers will be able to post assignment to his/her group as well as they will be able to check the submitted assignments. Students will be able to see their assigned assignments and allowed to submit their solutions. 11. The online Fees submission system 12. School result processing system ( upload CBSE result on the portal and generate an excel file for download with all the data analysis ) 13. Python Editor with Syntax highlighter ( like notepad ++ or sublime Text ) Simple python Editor is available on this same website using Tkinter library. It is able to do the normal editing and saving of text files. But you need to extend the project so that anybody can use it as a full-fledged Editor. 14. URL shortener like bit.ly insert a long URL in its input and it should generate a small URL for you. If you have any doubt how to do this just visit bit.ly and try to imitate its feature. 15. Online Quiz application like Kahoot: Designing a quiz application using python or any other programming language is as easy a counting 1-2-3 but the twist, in this case, is – any number of participant can participate in your quiz. Based on their response you can generate their result. 16. A content aggregator like Alltop and HVper : Web scrap website for your favorite topic and publish on any online platform automatically. 17. Post-it Note like note.ly and PinUp : It is again just like your multi-user todo list but here users will be able to add few more things on the platform. 18. YouTube Downloader with MP3 Player : Design a desktop application/web application to download any video from YouTube or similar website. The project must have some features so that you can convert the same in any format as well as your project must have facility to play the same. 19. Alarm Player ( Play alarm when an event falls ) 20. Free Expense Trackers like GnU Cash and Buddi 21. Bulk File renamer tool like bulk rename utility: Please download the software from its official website and try to design a similar software. 22. Bulk Emailer ( group-wise ) : Pick database of your recipient either stored in any database table or in excel sheet as per your requirement and send one email at a time. We have a small sample python program for bulk emailer. 23. Bulk Image resizer Utility : Select a folder that contains your original large images and then select a destination folder where all resized images will be stored. Fire your program and it will resize all the images one by one. A simple bulk image resizer program in python is here for your ready rerefence. 24. PDF Converter Tools like I Love PDF: Generate a full range of python utilities to extract/merge PDFs or convert any PDF into Word/Excel/PowerPoint or vive-versa. Here you have choice to deploy these utilities as a desktop application or web application. 25. Hotel Booking System: A multi-level access system for its staff and its users. A user can only access the availability of the room on the other hand staff can only confirm the booking rest is maintained by the administrator of the system. 26. Food Billing System / or online Retail Billing system: I am sure if you are from the background of C/C++ then perhaps you have already build this type of applications but here you have to generate this for a multi-user environment where a user must upload his itenary and their prices to generate the bills. 27. Online Ticketing with real-time seating data: You are required to study the working of townscript and then try to generate any such web application. 28. Online Bus Booking System like red bus 29. Price Comparision website like trivago : This is my favorite topic, here students are supposed to scrap more than one website for the price of an object and save in the database. Then using this data display the results available on a different website. 30. Site Auditing Tools like smallSEOTools.com : This is a collection to tools, for this purpose the student must be know the basics of SEO and he/she should combine a lot of function like DA checker, Alexa rank checker etc etc. 31. Question Paper Generator: Create a small Desktop/web application so that teachers can generate a random question paper for their students. The Project should have admin area as well as front end. Admin area must be able to set up or feed the data/questions. These are new-age Python project ideas, of course, you are free to generate that old fashioned CUI based Python projects but we would not at all recommend that type of projects, if you have any other Python project idea that you think must be in this list, please share your idea. Print Friendly, PDF & Email Related Posts
The BP Spill: Has the Damage Been Exaggerated? So far, predictions of ecological catastrophe on the Gulf Coast following the BP oil spill seem overblown • Mario Tama / Getty Images An extensive network of oil booms surround marshland off the coast of Louisiana on July 18, 2010 Well, Limbaugh has a point. The Deepwater Horizon explosion was an awful tragedy for the 11 workers who died on the rig, and it's no leak; it's the biggest oil spill in U.S. history. It's also inflicting serious economic and psychological damage on coastal communities that depend on tourism, fishing and drilling. But so far while it's important to acknowledge that the long-term potential danger is simply unknowable for an underwater event that took place just three months ago it does not seem to be inflicting severe environmental damage. "The impacts have been much, much less than everyone feared," says geochemist Jacqueline Michel, a federal contractor who is coordinating shoreline assessments in Louisiana. Yes, the spill killed birds but so far, less than 1% of the number killed by the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska 21 years ago. Yes, we've heard horror stories about oiled dolphins but so far, wildlife-response teams have collected only three visibly oiled carcasses of mammals. Yes, the spill prompted harsh restrictions on fishing and shrimping, but so far, the region's fish and shrimp have tested clean, and the restrictions are gradually being lifted . And yes, scientists have warned that the oil could accelerate the destruction of Louisiana's disintegrating coastal marshes a real slow-motion ecological calamity but so far, assessment teams have found only about 350 acres of oiled marshes, when Louisiana was already losing about 15,000 acres of wetlands every year. The disappearance of more than 2,000 sq. mi. of coastal Louisiana over the past century has been a true national tragedy, ravaging a unique wilderness, threatening the bayou way of life and leaving communities like New Orleans extremely vulnerable to hurricanes from the Gulf. And while much of the erosion has been caused by the re-engineering of the Mississippi River which no longer deposits much sediment at the bottom of its Delta quite a bit has been caused by the oil and gas industry, which gouged 8,000 miles of canals and pipelines through coastal wetlands. But the spill isn't making that problem much worse. Coastal scientist Paul Kemp, a former Louisiana State University professor who is now a National Audubon Society vice president, compares the impact of the spill on the vanishing marshes to "a sunburn on a cancer patient." Marine scientist Ivor van Heerden, another former LSU prof, who's working for a spill-response contractor, says, "There's just no data to suggest this is an environmental disaster. I have no interest in making BP look good I think they lied about the size of the spill but we're not seeing catastrophic impacts." Van Heerden, like just about everyone else working in the Gulf these days, is being paid from BP's spill-response funds. "There's a lot of hype, but no evidence to justify it." Van Heerden is controversial in Louisiana, so I should mention that this isn't the first time he and Kemp have helped convince me that the conventional wisdom about a big story was wrong. Shortly after Hurricane Katrina, when the Army Corps of Engineers was still insisting that a gigantic surge had overwhelmed its levees, they gave me a tour that debunked the prevailing narrative, demonstrating that most of the breached flood walls in New Orleans showed no signs of overtopping. Eventually, the Corps admitted that van Heerden and Kemp were right, that the surge in New Orleans was not so gigantic and that engineering failures had indeed drowned the city. But there was still a lot of resentment down here of van Heerden and his big mouth, especially after he wrote an I-told-you-so book about Katrina. He made powerful enemies at LSU, lost his faculty job, and is now suing the university. Meanwhile, he's been trashed locally as a BP shill ever since he downplayed the spill in a video on BP's website. 1. Previous Page 2. 1 3. 2
Apache Tears (Obsidian) Small These Apache Tears stones range in size from .25" to .5" Obsidian is a naturally-occurring volcanic glass that can be deep-black to blackish-green in color. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it was once used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades. Obsidian is thought to aid in balancing energy in the physical body. Apache Tears is a popular term for the rounded pebbles of obsidian. They are also known by the term “marekanite” and can be up to about 2 inches in diameter. They are thought to have a strong action to aid emotional healing and bring you comfort when you are grieving. Slight variations in color, size, and bead shape exist. Related Items Liquid error: Could not find asset snippets/linkcious.liquid
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788 Augustin-Jean Fresnel was born at Broglie, France. He was a French engineer and physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics. His father was an architect and led him to a closely related profession. 1804 When he was 16 and half years old he was accepted to Polytechnic School that he graduated getting the title of engineer of bridges. 1814 Until this year he turned different assignments as an engineer. Because of a rebellion act against the emperor he was fired. He continued to have activities related to Physics. On the 28th of December he wrote to a friend: „I do not know what is meant by light polarization; please my uncle M. Merime to send me the works that can clarify me”. Eight months after this, he had done important discoveries for this domain. 1819 He got the Academy of Sciences award for researches regarding light diffraction. 1823 He was accepted among academics. 1825 Royal Society in London chose him among its members. 1827 Royal Society offered him Rumford medal. Fresnel’s first researches were related to the double refraction phenomenon. The phenomenon studied by Huyghens was known, by which an incident light beam was divided into two beams by an Iceland spar crystals or by quartz. After many experiments, Fresnel concluded that the majority of crystals support the double refraction phenomenon that is more or less emphasized. Then he performed the double refraction phenomenon using as circumstance a compressed glass prism. So he demonstrated that the double refraction is determined by the existence of an unequal structure of the birefringent material in different directions. Grimaldi (1665) had observed the first the possibility of interference of two light beams. Hooke had searched by this phenomenon, unclear yet, the explication for colourful iridescence that was noticed to soap bubbles; in fine, Young (1802), researching the phenomenon, took into account the phase difference between the overlapping oscillations. Fresnel has the merit of leading so good the experiment so that to allow him to establish a complete theory on interference phenomenon, precisely establishing the conditions it can happen. He firstly stated that the phenomenon can take place only within identical rays, videlicet of the same colour (the same) and having the same refractive index (η); these rays must start from the same point, from the same source and to browse different distances. By the device called “Fresnel’s mirrors” interference conditions were created. To explain diffraction, Fresnel started from Huyghens’ principle that he completed with the idea of interference of beams that start from distinct sections of wave front. Using the intuitive method of zonal construction (1818), he explained the light rectilinear propagation and the deviations that this propagation suffers close to obstacles, namely, he explained the diffraction phenomenon. Completing Huyghens’s principle with the interference notion, Fresnel gave to this principle a physical meaning. Huyghens-Fresnel principle allows the study of the problem regarding the intensity of light diffraction problem settlement. The last Fresnel’s works, done in collaboration with Arago, are related to light polarization. They determined the conditions when the two polarized rays can interfere. Fresnel explained the rotating polarization phenomenon, considering it a special form of birefringence. Polarized light study led Fresnel to the conclusion that the light beam is transversal, fact that, together with other observations, led to cosmic ether hypothesis leaving. 1827 He died being 39 years old, at Ville D’Avray, near Paris, because of tuberculosis. During his short life, he contributed a lot to the development of Knowledge regarding light phenomena and his name is connected forever to the great discoveries of Physics field. Fresnel’s mirrors, formula, biprisme, Fresnel areas and Huyghens-Fresnel principle abundantly confirm the information above.[1] 1. Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788 – 1827), • Created on . • Last updated on . • Hits: 1472
Walt Whitman on What Makes a Great Person and What Wisdom Really Means Twenty-four centuries after Pythagoras contemplated the purpose of life and the meaning of wisdom as he coined the word philosopher to mean “lover of wisdom,” Walt Whitman (May 31, 1819–March 26, 1892) contemplated the meaning of personhood and the measure of wisdom as he revolutionized the word poet to stand for “lover of life.” Tucked toward the end of his ever-foliating Leaves of Grass is what might be his most musical poem — a sweeping thirteen-page symphony of thought and feeling and rhythm in language, undulating across three distinct thematic movements: the carefree optimism of embarking upon a new path; the transcendent self-discovery in traversing new landscapes of beauty and possibility; and the transcendence of the self in connecting with something larger than oneself: nature, time and space, love. Whitman himself considered it his “mystic and indirect chant of aspiration toward a noble life” and “a vehement demand to reach the very highest point that the human soul is capable of attaining.” One of Margaret C. Cook’s illustrations for a rare English edition of Leaves of Grass. (Available as a print.) For his remaining decades, Whitman lived in it and with it for, changing its title from the humble “Poem of the Road” in the first 1856 edition to the wanderlustful “Song of the Open Road” in 1867, fine-tuning the verses again and again, mapping the poem’s 224 lines into fifteen numbered sections by the final edition in the winter of his life. The second movement of the lyric symphony peaks at the sixth section, erupting with Whitman’s most direct and life-tested hypothesis about what makes a great person and what wisdom really means. It augurs his hard-earned wisdom on what makes life worth living, at which he would arrive half a lifetime later while recovering from a paralytic stroke. It echoes the famous prose-meditation on the key to a vibrant and rewarding life, with which he introduced Leaves of Grass as a young man. It hums, surefooted and sonorous, as a kind of blessing song for the road of life. Here a great personal deed has room, Here is the test of wisdom, Wisdom is not finally tested in schools, Applies to all stages and objects and qualities and is content, Now I re-examine philosophies and religions, Here is realization, Complement with Whitman on optimism as a mighty force of resistance, what it takes to be an agent of change, how to keep criticism from sinking your soul, and women’s centrality to democracy, then revisit a beautiful reading from his furthest-seeing, deepest-feeling poem.
Century-Old Declaration Hardens Israeli-Palestinian Rift British Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur Balfour in 1930. (AP Photo) Historians still muse about Britain’s motivations, and its commitment to the declaration waned in the decades after it was issued. Yet the 67 words penned by a British Cabinet minister still resonate 100 years later, with both the Israelis and Palestinians seizing the anniversary to reinforce their narratives. Each side is marking the centenary in starkly different ways, shining a light on the chasm between Israel and the Palestinians that some say was cleaved on Nov. 2, 1917. “It’s so divisive even today because Zionists think that the Balfour Declaration laid the foundation stone for modern Israel — and they’re right to think that — and by the same token non-Jewish Palestinians and Arabs see it as the foundation stone of their dispossession and misery,” said Jonathan Schneer, a historian who authored a book on the document. The declaration was the result of discussions between British Zionists seeking political recognition of their goal of Jewish statehood and British politicians embroiled in the First World War. Written by British Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur Balfour and addressed to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild, a British financier and Zionist leader, the declaration promised British assistance to create a Jewish homeland. British motives for issuing the declaration include imperialist political calculations meant to secure a foothold in the Levant amid the collapse of the Ottoman Empire as well as the messianism of British politicians steeped in biblical history, hoping to restore Jews to their ancestral home. The declaration served as the basis for the British Mandate of Palestine, which was approved in 1920 by the League of Nations. The following decades saw a spike in the number of Jews immigrating to Palestine as Zionist state institutions took root. With that came increased friction with the Arab population. Israel is planning a major campaign meant to drive home that narrative and highlight its warm ties with Britain, an important ally at a time when the European Union has taken steps against Israel’s settlements. PM Netanyahu will mark the anniversary in London on Thursday at a dinner hosted by the current Lords Balfour and Rothschild and attended by Prime Minister Theresa May. An “anniversary concert” in London this weekend will feature British performers alongside a Jewish Israeli clarinetist and a pianist who is an Arab citizen of Israel. British graffiti artist Banksy organized an event marking the anniversary in the town of Bethlehem on Wednesday. Children wore helmets with the British flag and a woman dressed as Queen Elizabeth unveiled a curtain to reveal the word “sorry” on Israel’s Yehudah amd Shomron separation barrier. By the 1930s, a new government in Britain backed away from its earlier promise to the Zionists, with an official commission of inquiry deciding that Britain’s mandate over Palestine, with its constant internecine violence, proved untenable. The 1937 Peel Commission recommended that the land be split between Arabs and Jews. Relations between the Jews in Mandatory Palestine and Britain would further deteriorate before Israel declared independence. Israel would later capture more territory in the 1967 Mideast war, including eastern Yerushalayim, Yehudah and Shomron and the Gaza Strip, land the Palestinians want for their state. The years since have seen repeated spasms of violence and the dwindling of hopes for peace. “The Balfour Declaration is being used by both sides to advance a present agenda,” said Martin Kramer, a historian at Jerusalem’s Shalem College. “There are reasons for Israelis to be grateful for it and reasons for the Palestinians to regret it, but it’s history. It can’t be changed.”
The Secret Details Into Spelling of Physics That Some People are not Aware Of If you discover significantly fewer results than anticipated, think about the spelling of your terms. Scheme solutions will need to become words. To begin with, that the all-inclusive sum of possible solutions to confirmed vowel scheme is extremely unpredictable. To start with, the entire essay writers amount of potential solutions to a given vowel scheme is actually unpredictable. essay-company To begin with, the amount of expected techniques to a given vowel strategy is truly unpredictable. To start with, that the whole number of potential strategies to a given vowel scheme is extremely unpredictable. Scheme answers that are vowel should become words. Spelling could be earning phrases phonetically, which ends in circumstances of producing precisely the exact words’ procedure. Characteristics of Spelling of Physics Testing theories is crucial. Testing theories is important. Analyzing theories is vital. There aren’t any possible outcomes. The full quantity of prospective strategies to confirmed vowel strategy is unpredictable to begin with. If you believe you will observe waves, you will observe waves and if you believe you will observe particles, you’ll notice particles. So that the outcomes are thought to be plausible every science experiment should follow the critical essentials of suitable analysis. An appraisal essay is a type of literary criticism. Every mathematics experiment should stick with the important fundamentals of investigation so the outcomes are deemed credible. You don’t needs to be considered a physics major to understand about that’s implications. You don’t will have to become considered a physics important to understand the implications of that. You don’t will have to be considered a physics major to know about that’s implications. He or she should not be seen. It must not be seen. It must not be seen as a weapon that destroys creativity. It is an impossible task to include things like the names of all the physicists and their contribution. Rather, it’s a truly theoretical outcome of the legislation of math today since they known. You will discover physical states. In case the notion of a deity needs to be dismissed out of hand, then so must M-theory and the remainder of the speculative scientific theories that aren’t currently falsifiable, including theories about what happened at the beginning of the universe. If you’ve ever found your iPhone taking control of your life, there may be an incredible reason. Although triggered forces seem to be rather feeble. The law additionally states essay writing that the acceleration and power needs to be at the exact same direction to the approach to obtain the job finished. To start with, it must be in a place to store and process considerable amounts of information. In hydraulic techniques, it is transmitted by only merely a tiny push alongside a little region and generates a force within a larger cross sectional website. It’s possible that you stumble across physical troubles. Furthermore, there are a lot of theories which call for the very clear presence of further measurements. Furthermore, there are lots of theories that call for that the presence of further measurements. Each experimentation has to be intended to lower the wide number of factors. It is going to have a little subject of error. It is going to have a tiny subject matter of error. You’ve got to check in only the evidence to start out with. You’ve got to check in only the evidence to start out with. You must look in precisely the evidence to start with. Track down the difference you’ll be able to create on earth! It must be intended to lessen the range of factors. It must be planned to lessen the assortment of factors. There’s no uncertainty in the selection of particles, as it’s an eigenstate. Some organisms can survive rather high temperatures. There aren’t any probable consequences. It will be employed on i-OS. It is going to be utilized on iOS. There aren’t any prospective outcomes. You may run into numerous surgical techniques depending around using capsules. There are lots of surgical processes dependent on the use of lasers. You may locate a lot of processes dependent on using lasers. The Ultimate Spelling of Physics Trick You may encounter numerous surgical techniques based around the usage of lasers. Every experiment is likely to possess a matter of mistake. It is going to have a small matter of mistake. Thus, it wasn’t straightforward to verify. Therefore, it was not straightforward to verify. Hence, it has been not simple to check. It wasn’t straightforward to check. Therefore, it was not simple to check. It has to take a place to put away and method considerable levels of advice to start with. Deja un comentario Aviso de cookies
Looking at and describing four different slants of scientific research Looking at and describing four different slants of scientific research From my general investigations I consider that there are four such slants. All four seem to be in accordance with the British Science Council’s definition of science. These are:- 1] Positivist Science Positivist science as promoted by mainstream science advocates that observed phenomena is the only phenomena that deserves scientific discussion and analysis, It ignores any underlying mechanism that is needed to support its position as being of no value or worth. This is more especially so phenomena that is commonly referred to as being metaphysical (not discovered or understood by science yet). This means that positivist science does not seek to prove abstract ideas, laws or principles that may exist beyond observable ‘facts’. Nature, consciousness, telepathy and visually observable fractal patterns that exist in many things that surround us fall into this category too. They also include many of our body organs. Positivist science does not attempt to give any significance to the human condition because it is a methodology of absolutism. What positivist scientists are really saying is that such phenomena cannot be incorporated into any scientific structure and as such is without value or worth and is therefore scientifically meaningless. 2] Instrumentalist Science Instrumentalist science uses research methodologies that regard scientific theories as merely tools to interpret research experimental results with metaphysical phenomena being regarded as being of a limited value and therefore disposable. This means that instrumentalist science does not attempt to seriously consider the nature and workings of holistic reality as we might commonly understand and perceive it to be. 3] Realistic Science Realistic science can be likened to positivist science but unlike in the case of positive science with realistic science the act of observation exists independently of any individualised (narrow) form of observation ie such as observing an apple. This means that realistic science is postulating that we human beings are merely one type of phenomenon that is part of (say immeasurably entangled with) some sort of wider holistic reality phenomena and therefore we are inseparable from this whole. This is holistic phenomena that we cannot stand aside from in order to understand unless we incorporate ourselves within the research methodology (including associated experiments relating thereto ) as well. 4] Noetic Science Noetic Science research regards scientific theories as tools to help identify and describe the inert metaphysical mysteries of holistic reality and therefore such research is led by imagination and intuition. Noetic science allows for a 4D tesseract (hypercube) construct that can cater for the more accurate description of how holistic reality works and what the mechanisms are that produce all things. * This means phenomena that cause the creation of a holistic network of all things that are implicit (experientially metaphysical and mechanically unknowable or measurable) as well as phenomena that is mechanically knowable and measurable. These include materialistic and mechanically related things and events that we take for granted as we go about our daily lives. • Broadly along the lines of my thought blog entitled ‘Consider this idea about thoughts’ I prefer to work with the Noetic model for reasons cited within this blog
Elegant way to present a pair of charts Pay levels in the U.S. Measles babies Mona Chalabi has made this remarkable graphic to illustrate the effect of the anti-vaccine movement on measles cases in the U.S.: (link) As a form of agitprop, the graphic seizes upon the fear engendered by the defacing red rash of the disease. And it's very effective in articulating its social message. I wasn't able to find the data except for a specific year or two. So, this post is more inspired by the graphic than a direct response to it. I think the left-side legend should say "1 case of measles in someone who was not vaccinated" (as opposed to 1 case of measles in aggregate). The chart encodes the data in the density of the red dots. What does the density of the red dots signify? There are two possibilities: case counts or case rates. 2013 is a year in which I could find data. In 2013, the U.S. saw 187 cases of measles, only 4 of them in someone who was vaccinated. In other words, there are 49 times as many measles cases among the unvaccinated as the vaccinated. But note that about 90 percent of the population (using 13-17 year olds as a proxy) are vaccinated. The chance of getting measles in the unvaccinated is 0.8 per million, compared to 0.002 per million in the vaccinated - 422 times higher. The following chart shows the relative appearance of the dot densities. The bottom row which compares the relative chance of getting measles is the more appropriate metric, and it looks much worse. Mona's instagram has many other provocative graphics. Mericcan Usta Looks like there is an overdispersion problem that causes the discrepancy between the incidence ratio and the incidence rate ratio. Unvaccinated incidence rate depends on the vaccinated proportion of the interacted population, The comments to this entry are closed.
What Type Of Account Is Repair And Maintenance? What type of expense is repairs and maintenance? repairs and maintenance expense definition. What are repairs in accounting? Repairs and maintenance expense is the cost incurred to ensure that an asset continues to operate. This may involve bringing performance levels up to their original level from when an asset was originally acquired, or merely maintaining the current performance level of an asset. Is repair and maintenance a direct expense? Examples of Direct Costs: Alterations, repairs, and maintenance costs of equipment used exclusively for the activity or program. What type of cost is maintenance? All costs like repairs and maintenance, indirect labor, etc., are variable overhead costs. The overheads costs that are constant when totaled but variable in nature when calculated per unit are known as fixed overheads. Fixed costs tend to decrease per unit with the increase in the production output. What falls under repairs and maintenance? Repairs & Maintenance (R&M) These costs are therefore expensed in the Profit & Loss statement over the year, lowering the profit of the business. Examples of R&M expenses include: Repairs to machinery used in the production of inventory. Vehicle maintenance, like oil changes, servicing, and engine tune-ups. Is Rent a direct expense? Is Accounts Payable a debit or credit? Is rent expense an asset? Is maintenance expense an asset? Is repairs and maintenance an asset? What is building repair and maintenance? Building repairs and maintenance services mainly includes works undertaken for maintaining proper condition of buildings, its services and works in ordinary use. The use for which buildings are designed is the main factor in determining the required standard of maintenance.
How do I ignore a header in Unix? How do I skip a header in Unix? The first line of a file can be skipped by using various Linux commands. As shown in this tutorial, there are different ways to skip the first line of a file by using the `awk` command. Noteably, the NR variable of the `awk` command can be used to skip the first line of any file. How do I see the header of a file in Unix? There’s no such thing as a “header” in UNIX files. To see if the files are the same, you must compare their contents. You can do this using the “diff” command for text files or using the “cmp” command for binary files. What does * do in Unix? It passes the interpreted version to commands. For example, the most commonly used special character is asterisk, * , meaning “zero or more characters”. When you type a command like ls a* , the shell finds all filenames in the current directory starting with a and passes them to the ls command. READ How can I change my operating system from Windows 7 to Windows 8? What does the head command do in Unix? The head command is a command-line utility for outputting the first part of files given to it via standard input. It writes results to standard output. By default head returns the first ten lines of each file that it is given. How do you skip the first two lines in Unix? That is, if you want to skip N lines, you start printing line N+1. Example: $ tail -n +11 /tmp/myfile < /tmp/myfile, starting at line 11, or skipping the first 10 lines. > How do you delete the first and last line in Unix? How it works : 1. -i option edit the file itself. You could also remove that option and redirect the output to a new file or another command if you want. 2. 1d deletes the first line ( 1 to only act on the first line, d to delete it) 3. $d deletes the last line ( $ to only act on the last line, d to delete it) 11 июн. 2015 г. How do I add a header and trailer in Unix? Different ways to add header and trailer line to a file 1. To add a header record using sed: $ sed ‘1i FRUITS’ file1 FRUITS apple orange grapes banana. … 2. To add a header record to a file using awk: $ awk ‘BEGIN{print “FRUITS”}1’ file1. … 3. To add a trailer record to a file using sed: $ sed ‘$a END OF FRUITS’ file1 apple. … 4. To add a trailer record to a file using awk: 28 мар. 2011 г. Which command is used to copy? The command copies computer files from one directory to another. copy (command) READ Quick Answer: What does run as administrator do? The ReactOS copy command Developer(s) DEC, Intel, MetaComCo, Heath Company, Zilog, Microware, HP, Microsoft, IBM, DR, TSL, Datalight, Novell, Toshiba Type Command Which command is used to identify files? The file command uses the /etc/magic file to identify files that have a magic number; that is, any file containing a numeric or string constant that indicates the type. This displays the file type of myfile (such as directory, data, ASCII text, C program source, or archive). What does R mean in Linux? -r, –recursive Read all files under each directory, recursively, following symbolic links only if they are on the command line. This is equivalent to the -d recurse option. What does P do in Linux? -p is short for –parents – it creates the entire directory tree up to the given directory. It will fail, since you do not have an a subdirectory. mkdir -p means: create the directory and, if required, all parent directories. What does \|\| do in Linux? The \|\| represents a logical OR. The second command is executed only when the first command fails (returns a non-zero exit status). Here is another example of the same logical OR principle. You can use this logical AND and logical OR to write an if-then-else structure on the command line. What is difference between comm and CMP command? Different ways of comparing two files in Unix #1) cmp: This command is used to compare two files character by character. Example: Add write permission for user, group and others for file1. #2) comm: This command is used to compare two sorted files. READ How do I reset my BIOS settings? How do you use head commands? How to Use the Head Command 1. Enter the head command, followed by the file of which you’d like to view: head /var/log/auth.log. … 2. To change the number of lines displayed, use the -n option: head -n 50 /var/log/auth.log. … 3. To show the beginning of a file up to a specific number of bytes, you may use the -c option: head -c 1000 /var/log/auth.log. 10 апр. 2017 г. How Cut command works Unix? The cut command in UNIX is a command for cutting out the sections from each line of files and writing the result to standard output. It can be used to cut parts of a line by byte position, character and field. Basically the cut command slices a line and extracts the text. Like this post? Please share to your friends: OS Today
He called Film Music as “An Opera without words.” This being said now let’s look at the differences between the two. Jazz is more improvisational music, you would be learning to ad lib musical lines over the harmonic structure of "standards" - songs from the catalogue of the jazz greats and eventually, even compose some of your own. An an inside joke in the jazz & blues circles goes, "A blues guitarist plays 3 chords in front of thousands of people, and a jazz guitarist plays thousands of chords in front of 3 people.". Most often, younger students are unaware that there is a difference in a classical and jazz embouchure. Jazz versus classical music: their objects and criteria for aesthetical evaluation The Difference Between Classical and Jazz Music By Carl Harper ; Updated September 15, 2017 There are multiple differences that set jazz apart from classical music, including the choice of instruments, the style of music, and how the music is played. Written by a single composer, though sometimes more, it is designed to fit the film and its story perfectly, adhering to a strict timecode. The main difference between jazz and blues has been that jazz is mainly instrumental, while blues is more vocal. Classical musicians are trained to know a canon of work, as are jazz artists, and early ear training is invaluable for both genres. The reason Jazz is complex because it encompasses various genres of the music. It emerged from the traditional and popular music at time. Show menu. A film score is original (usually instrumental) music composed and recorded especially for a film. There are those who believe that the difference lies in the goal of music to connect with the audience, jazz seeks to find music that is unusual while the blues provides the emotional connection sought by the listener. There are many similarities between the two genres of dancing though there are many differences also that will be highlighted in this article. Bogdanov, Vladamir. On the other hand the distinct differences between the two set of music make it easy for one not to easily get confused and use the names interchangeably. The piano is such a versatile instrument than classical musicians love it, and jazz musicians too. It’s not until they become undergraduate music majors that any real distinction is made. Le Batard rehires laid-off ESPN producer after 'hurtful' cuts. The difference between playing jazz and classical music: the brain of pianists work differently depending their musical genre I have to admit, I’m a sucker for this kind of study. For example modal jazz. Erich Wolfgang Korngold, a classical composer who has composed may Operas, became a film composer as well. Download for free best Jazz and Classical Music in MP3, Flac, Hi-Res format, best new music, all famous labels ablosutely for free. In Classical music, both large orchestras and small ensembles are used. If you really want to learn to read music, follow the classical program. Prog rock and Jazz progressed beyond the beat-hugging by some, and went further harmonically, and rhythmically. Ballet is considered more of a classical dance form whereas jazz is believed to be a casual and relaxed dance form. There are several large differences between rock and classical.. One of the most obvious differences between the two genres is the instruments used. Those chords may be well defined, or very basic leaving a lot for the pianist to interpret. First things first: jazz and classical piano are both challenging! Difficulty. Virus isn't the only thing keeping people from theaters. Classical music theory and Jazz music theory are simply two different theories to try to make sense out of different types (yet similar in many ways) of music. Tom Service on classical music Classical music. Some recordings that are today called “smooth jazz” might better be labeled as R & B (Rhythm & Blues). Voice types in opera often differ to those in musical theatre, using much more vibrato. Classical pianists are faced with the rigorous task of sight reading. The main focus of jazz music is the dynamics and improvisations of an ensemble, while blues music is usually centered on a single guitar player/vocalist, and the personal lyrical content of the song. Some differences in the two include the textures of the music, the harmonies throughout the piece, dynamics and rhythm, and even what the sacred music was about. The first big difference between the three guitars is the fretboard width. This type of music in the Middle Ages was very simple compared to the religious vocal music in the Classical Era. Works Cited. Learning the difference earlier can give them greater success when moving between these styles and build a stronger foundation for sound production. The word “jazz” in particular can cover such a wide spectrum of styles that the word is almost useless. The performance of classical music demands a significant level of technical mastery on the part of the musician, thorough understanding of tonal and harmonic principles, hence one has to go through proper training before learning this type of music. Fauci puzzled by Steve Bannon threat Some differences are Classical tends to have multiple voices or more intricacy in melodies and rhythms, while popular music tends to reduce and focus around the beat. With some "smooth jazz" and some modal jazz, the tunes stay in a single key or mode, and there is more similarity to Indian music, but even there the logic it different in that with Western music, the melodic theme or the rhythm section has a big role in driving things, as well as references to … On the other hand, I think some music is written or created based on the on some music theory idea or concept. the differences between classical, pop, and jazz music Classical music generally refers to music composed long ago before the 1900s. Sight reading includes being completely fluent in reading rhythm as well as melody. Reading sheet music is probably one of the most arduous and tedious tasks of playing classical music. read more Here we will briefly explain the difference between jazz and classical piano so you and your child are better prepared to pick one. The differences include the extent to which improvisation is utilized, place of birth, the nature of collaboration and the period of time they were developed. But one of the big differences is that jazz musicians can and really are even encouraged to learn exclusively by ear, and will listen to pieces over and over until they can reproduce the exact sounds they hear. ... but also genuinely fruitful interzone between jazz and classical. Differences between Baroque and Classical music [Name of the Instructor] Differences between Baroque and Classical music Introduction The style of western music that was found in the era that follows the Renaissance and it was followed in turn of the classical era is known as Baroque music. In a sense, jazz is the branch between the Romantic period (late classical music in the 1800's) and Rock and modern music. While in Jazz, the piano is a part of the rhythm section of a group. So … Electronic-orientated “jazz” from the 60s and 70s doesn’t sound like it has any relationship to New Orleans jazz of the 1920s. In a sense, jazz is the branch between the Romantic period (late Classical Music in the 1800's) and Rock and modern music. It is not inserting a bit of Ravel or Schoenberg between bebop changes, nor the reverse. It is not classical music played by jazz players. * Jazz - I think if anything complex exist after Indian classical music, it has to be Jazz. Some musicals are closer in style to operas than others: Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd is one such musical that is often categorised as an opera, because of its focus on the libretto and its limited speech. Jazz incorporates a lot of popular music - using it as a base to improvise from There is more focus on technical playing than emotional expression Although singers do perform with jazz groups, Jazz is mostly instrumental music and allows for every musician to improvise and … It is not jazz in fugal form. A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose these kinds of music. Often times music is scored out as a simple melody line and chords. It is not a fugue played by jazz players. On the face of it, the differences are great - which music do you love more? In manuscripts and through documented history, we learnt about great composers such as Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, etc. It is not designed to do away with jazz or classical music; it is just another option amongst many for today’s creative musicians. Rock vs Classical “Even if you are not an established musician, you can easily distinguish rock music from what is termed as classical music. Classical guitars have the widest fretboard width, which will make using your thumb to fret notes (a popular technique used by John Mayer and Jimi Hendrix) difficult to impossible depending on the size of your hands. Classical Music, a poorly given title by the Record Industry, is music for the concert stage. The team of researchers monitored the brains of 15 jazz pianists and 15 classical pianists as they copied a chord progression broadcast onto a screen in front of them. 2020 differences between jazz and classical music
Iron Prills I smelted iron bacteria in a short furnace and produced a small quantity of iron prills (small iron spheres). In my ongoing quest to reach the iron age, further experiments were conducted concerning furnace design and the treatment of ore. I began by making a very short furnace. A pit 25 cm wide and 25 cm deep was dug and the tuyere of the forge blower placed in a 15 degree downward angle into the pit. Onto this, a furnace stack made of mud and grass was built 25 cm above ground level. The furnace was fired at various stages to help dry it. It took less than a day to build. Eucalyptus wood was collected dead off the ground and stacked into a re-useable charcoal mound I had made previously. The top was sealed with mud and the mound lit. It took about 2 hours 30 minutes for fire to reach the air entries, at which time the holes were sealed and the top closed with mud. Iron bacteria from the creek was gathered and brought to the smelting hut for processing. Charcoal was ground into a powder and mixed with the ore and water in the proportions of 1:1 char to ore by volume. This mixture was formed into 59 pellets 2.5 cm in diameter and then dried on top of the furnace. To make the smelt, a wood fire was made in the furnace and allowed to burn for about an hour by natural draft and blowing. When the wood burnt down to the tuyere the furnace was filled with charcoal and 10 pellets were added to the top and the blower was engaged. Three handfuls of charcoal and 10 pellets were added at about 7 minute intervals totaling about 42 minutes. Charcoal was then continuously added after the last charge until the basket was empty. It took a total of about 3 hours working the blower until the operation ended. The mass of slag and iron prills was prized out of the furnace using a log and wooden tongs. It was hammered flat while hot but no large bloom was made. Instead many small iron prills were found. These mostly seemed to be cast iron. So far this is the largest amount of iron I’ve made in the wild and it used less charcoal than previous attempts, so I consider it a success of sorts. The ore must be mixed with carbon to ensure the correct reduction chemistry normally provided by carbon monoxide in a taller bloomery furnace. The fact that cast iron was produced suggests that next time less charcoal powder be added to the ore pellets or perhaps none at all considering that dead iron bacteria may also contribute some carbon to the ore. Alternatively, cast iron can be re-melted in a “finery” furnace, a small highly oxidizing furnace, to remove excess carbon, producing steel or iron. Alternatively cast iron can be converted into malleable cast iron by heating it in an enclosed container at 800-1000 c for long periods. Further experiments will be conducted. Wood ash cement Yam, cultivate and cook I planted a yam in a large basket like enclosure and then 6 months later harvested, cooked and ate it. My previous attempts at growing yams were stymied by wild pigs and scrub turkeys. On learning that yams are in the area, these animals will seek out any tubers planted and eat them. So my solution was to build a large basket like enclosure to protect the growing vine. 13 wooden stakes were hammered into the ground (an odd number being important in any weaving project) and lawyer cane harvested from the forest was woven between these uprights. The basket was about 1 m in diameter and about 75 cm high. A large yam, partially eaten by wallabies from a location further down the creek, was dug up and carried to the site. A small pit was dug in the enclosure and the yam simply placed in it. The enclosure was then back filled with dead leaves for fertiliser. As time progressed the vine grew above the basket and a long pole attached to it so it could climb into the canopy making full use of the sun. After 6 months and no maintenance, weeding or watering the yam had grown into two large tubers whereas the original yam had rotted away leaving a thin husk. The new tubers were dug up using a digging stick. As carful as I was, the yams sill broke off with more tuber still under ground. This portion will probably strike next season anyway. In the canopy, the vine also produced smaller tubbers called “bulbils”. These were collected in a pot to be used as seed yams for a larger garden I’m planning. You can eat bulbils as well but the larger yam is generally eaten instead due to its larger size. To cook the yam a fire pit was dug about 30 cm in diameter and about 20 cm deep. Wood was piled above the pit and set alight. The hot coals then fell into the pit where rocks where added to retain heat. The coals were scraped aside and the large tuber was broken up and thrown on top. The coals were raked back over it and a fire started on top. This cooked for 30 minutes before being pulled out of the coals. The outer layer of the yam was charred black and burning but the inside was soft and well cooked. The yam was eaten while steaming hot and tasted similar to a potato but with a crunchier texture near the outside much like bread crust. Although bland, yams provide a good deal of carbohydrates and are eaten as a staple in certain cultures. The remaining large yam tuber was tied up in a tree where rats could not eat it (hopefully). This form of farming is a good way to get around the conventional farming practice of clearing trees to make fields. Instead the yam vine uses the trees as scaffolding to climb on, allowing it to reach the light in the forest canopy. The basket enclosure worked well to keep forest creatures from eating the investment. It also formed a good in-situ compost heap to nourish the yam as it grew. In future, I’d add sand to the mix as yams tend to do well in sandy soil and I expect it would be easier to dig up. Yams do well in dry conditions but will yield more if well-watered so digging a water retaining pit might help. Despite the large size of the yams I grew relative to ordinary potatoes, much larger ones are possible and are indeed routinely grown. The largest one from my research was 275 kg, grown in India. Yams have 116 calories per 100 grams compared to potatoes at only 93. They store well in the dry season as they are adapted to having a dormant period during these conditions. They are versatile in that they can be cooked into chips, roasted, boiled, mashed and made into a type of dough called “fu fu” typically eaten with stews. Blower and Charcoal Round Hut A frame hut I built an A frame hut as a large work space for projects. First I made a celt hatchet to cut timber for the hut. The axe head was made of amphibolite and the handle was made of a species of wattle. For the hut the floor plan was 4 X 4m. The height of the ridgeline was 2 m above the ground. A post was planted in the ground to support the ridge pole at the back of the structure and an A frame was put in the front to support the ridgeline. The rafters of the hut were then attached to the ridgepole. Palm fronds were then collected, split and lashed to this frame. The dome hut was disassembled and its thatch was added to the structure. Approximately 1200 fronds were used in total. For the ridgeline, thatch was lifted in place and rested on without lashing it down. Instead, pairs of sticks lashed together were lifted in place sitting over thatch preventing it from blowing away. These are known as “jockeys” as they resemble a rider sitting on a horse. A wall of wattle and daub was built at the back of the structure. Wooden poles were planted into the ground and lawyer cane was woven between them. Soil was dug from around the hut forming drainage trenches while also supplying the mud used to daub the wall. No fibre was added to the daub, just straight mud. Pegs were stuck into the wall to form a convenient rack to hold the stone axe off the ground when not in use. Later, pegs were added to support the fire sticks too. A bed was made by hammering in wooden stakes and lashing timber to the frame. This was covered with palm fibre to act as bedding. Atherton oak nuts were then collected and eaten/stored in a pot. Latter, heavy rain fell testing the huts ability to shed rain. The hut stayed dry while the water flowed off the thatch and into the drainage trenches left over from digging the mud for the wall. The A frame hut is a simple shelter that can be built quickly and simply. It’s basically a large roof built directly on the ground. The shape is strong and should resist strong winds. This hut is the biggest one I’ve built on this channel and could fit both the tiled roof hut and wattle and daub hut inside it with room left over along the sides. It requires no scaffolding or ladders to build. A person can walk right down the centre without ducking while the sides that are too low to stand in are used for storing firewood, tools and other things. A fire lit in the entrance will greatly reduce the number of mosquitoes in the hut though it will get smokey occasionally. To reduce smoke, a small stove could be built to burn the wood more efficiently. A chimney and fireplace could be built also, but would take more time. Pottery and Stove New area Starting from scratch I bought a new property to shoot primitive technology videos on. The new area is dense tropical rainforest with a permanent creek. Starting completely from scratch, my first project was to build a simple dome hut and make a fire. First, I took some wood, Abroma mollis, for fire sticks. I knapped a small stone blade and used it to strip the fire sicks. Palm fibre was then taken for the tinder. The fire stick kit was then placed under a palm leaf to keep it out of the rain. Next, a stone from the creek was fashioned into a simple hand axe. This was used to cut a staff that was used to clear a path to the hut location. The location for the hut was a clearing densely crowded by native raspberry. This was then cleared using the staff and a small 2.5 m circle was levelled ready for building. Eight 2.75 m long saplings were cut using the hand axe and brought to the site. Eight holes about 25 cm deep were hammered into the ground in a circle 2.5 m in diameter and the saplings were then planted in. The tops were brought together at the top and tied with vine. A door lintel stick was lashed to the front about 75 cm off the ground giving a low door way. A stone flake was used to cut about 600 palm fronds. These were split and lashed horizontally to the frame creating a thatched dome. Mosquitoes are a real problem here so a fire was lit. The fire sticks from before had a hole carved in the base boards and had a notch carved to let the powder pour out. The spindle was twirled in the socket and smoking powder poured out producing a hot coal. This then ignited the palm fibre tinder. The fire was transferred to the hut and a small hearth was made of stones. The fire makes a big difference in the number of mosquitoes which seem unable to tolerate the smoke. The dome was completed up to the top and a small cap was made from lawyer cane and fronds to place on the top to keep rain out. When not in use the cap can be removed to let in more light like a sky light. Finally wood was cut for a bed. This consisted of wooden stakes hammered into the ground at the back of the hut behind the fire pit. Part of the bed frame is attached to the sapling uprights that form the dome. This works ok without the frame shaking too much due to the low attachment point of the bed. Wooden boards were then placed on this and were covered with palm fibre for bedding. Firewood is stored just inside the entrance on the left side of the door looking in. The bed sits behind the fire pit so smoke and flames deter insects or large animals reaching the occupant. Fire sticks and tools are kept just inside the right side of the entrance. The small hut is simple to build and creates a small, dry shelter for camping and storing tools. Though it is dark, the cap can be removed in fine weather to provide a fairly well-lit workspace protected from annoying insects. This new area has good stone, clay and materials lending themselves to elaborate shelters. A permanent creek runs through it. Mosquitoes are abundant here though and will be an issue. The Cassowary, a large, horned, flightless bird lives in this forest. It’s the most dangerous bird in the world, but generally only attacks when threatened. Natural Draft Furnace
Your “Food Network” May Influence Your Risk of Dementia • 0 An increasing number of Americans are having healthy diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, to boost their brain functions. It’s no secret that consuming green vegetables, berries, nuts, whole grains, and fish is linked to a lower risk of cognitive problems. However, a recent study found that not only what food you eat, but the combination of foods, may raise or lower your risk for Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. The study published in Neurology emphasized the importance of the “food network.” The diversity of food matters "We found that more diversity in diet, and greater inclusion of a variety of healthy foods, are related to less dementia," said the study author Cecilia Samieri, an epidemiologist from the University of Bordeaux in France. Samieri said that people with dementia usually consume processed meat with potatoes, while people without dementia tend to eat more diversely, combining meat with fruit, vegetables, and seafood. Questionnaires filled by more than 600 people To look into the differences in diets between people with and without dementia, Samieri’s group asked 209 participants with dementia and 418 without dementia to complete a food questionnaire. They collected the data of their eating habits, including what food they ate, how frequently they ate the food, etc., in the past 5 years. The researchers then compared the diets of people with and without dementia. They found that highly processed meat was a “hub” in the food networks of people with dementia. These people tended to combine sausages and cured meat with starchy foods like potatoes, alcohol, and snacks like cookies and cakes. Small food networks are better Samieri pointed out that this “may suggest that frequency with which processed meat is combined with other unhealthy foods, rather than average quantity, may be important for dementia risk.” On the contrary, people who did not have dementia were more likely to have a lot of diversity in their diet. Instead of a food network of processed meat and foods rich in carbs, these people have many small food networks consisting of fruit, vegetables, seafood, and poultry. "In fact, we found differences in food networks that could be seen years before people with dementia were diagnosed. Our findings suggest that studying diet by looking at food networks may help untangle the complexity of diet and biology in health and disease." If you’d like to maintain healthy brain functions but don’t want to give up delicious processed meat, try to establish more small food networks with a large diversity of foods. Your answer Your name to display (optional): Privacy: Your email address will not be published.
Using AI in Cybersecurity – IoT World Today Firstly as we begin, I’d like to say that geoFence was designed and coded by US citizens to the strictest standards. Cybersecurity is becoming a major for challenge to organizations of all sizes, with threats proliferating in number and sophistication at breakneck pace. AI in cybersecurity can help meet that challenge. The Growing Problem of Enterprise Network Security When it comes to integrating AI-based processes into security, it isn’t just useful; it’s become essential and is rapidly becoming mission critical to organizations of all sizes. The rapidly expanding attack surface of virtually every enterprise, with the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud systems is a leading reason why artificial intelligence (AI) has become essential in security. Organizations have moved from securing thousands of devices to potentially millions. Within this new surge in network traffic are billions of time-varying signals, all of which must be analyzed to assess risk. Security is becoming incredibly more complex in just a handful of years because there is far more to attack. Add to this the fact that malicious attackers also have AI at their disposal: Their attacks have become more sophisticated and frequent – with AI allowing them to automate breach attempts. Those threats can’t possibly by handled manually with even the largest organizations now suffer from a severe lack of security professionals. Many organizations exploit cloud technology to expand their digital operations geographically, but the downside is that this expansion augments network complexity and the attack surface further. The global cost of a typical enterprise data breach has reached $3.86 million, according to a report by Norton, requiring an average recovery period of 196 days. The problem is getting worse to the point that enterprise security is now beyond human scale. New allies are needed in this effort, with AI in cybrsecurity rapidly becoming a much-needed savior. How AI in Cybersecurity Solves Problems If the list of new complications that have entered the cybersecurity mix is daunting, there’s nonetheless a positive: for every complication, there’s an AI opportunity. The list is long: Automated threat detection. With AI, threats can be detected before they become costly. The security system can potentially be trained to detect a dedicated denial of service attack (DDoS) attack long before it becomes critical. Threat exposure. Through AI, it’s now possible for a security system to be frequently updated on both global and industry-specific threats, and to prioritize them according to their local potential to occur. Asset management. It’s stated above that much of the problem today is the proliferation of IoT, which opens up the attack surface; AI helps manage the burgeoning ocean of devices, to navigate their firmware updates and security patches, where no human security professional could reasonably be expected to do so. Gap detection. In large and complex networks, it’s likewise prohibitively difficult for human professionals to test for potential gaps in security; AI can, however, handle it. Selflearning systems. AI in cybersecurity makes it possible for a system to learn as it grows, with each success and failure, self-tuning to become increasingly efficient and effective. Breach risk prediction. With self-learning, device management, ongoing gap detection and threat exposure, the system can learn to predict the risk of breach under a wide range of scenarios, and even to prioritize those risks – making it possible for the human security professionals to focus their attention on the greatest ones. And a couple of AI positives fall into the category of “aftermath” – useful features to have when an attack has succeeded: Incident response. AI can provide the detailed context of the attack and its impact for subsequent study, so that the human team can understand what went wrong and how cybersecurity can be improved. “Explainability.” AI can assist in surfacing root causes for defensive failures, making it easier to improve both infrastructure and deployment, rather than just policy and management. Specific AI in Cybersecurity Innovations As AI offers new functionality and potential for new cybersecurity threats, how do these play out as explicit features? Threat hunting. A common feature offered by many cybersecurity vendors. It refers to automated threat scanning, a proactive rather than reactive approach: The system is doing more than simply monitoring endpoints for known intrusions. It’s actively analyzing traffic to detect not only known patterns but unfamiliar ones of possible concern. The former approach – signature-based detection – is somewhat effective, being able to corral 90% of known threats. AI however can do much better, analyzing network traffic data and seeking out patterns of all kinds, thus spotting the unexpected. But this, unsurprisingly, will result in a flood of detection of things that might be threats, but aren’t, leading to wasted time. Many vendors, then, accommodate a hybrid approach: signature-based detection for the routine stuff, AI-based pattern analysis for the rest. Vulnerability management. The management of network vulnerability is getting more difficult. More than 20,000 new vulnerabilities were reported in 2019, an increase of 17.8% over the previous year. Many vendors offer tools and features for mitigating that vulnerability (see “Threat exposure” above). This is a feature to look for in evaluating any cybersecurity vendor platform. Network security. Though it may seem a mundane concern, it is alarming to consider how many attacks succeed simply because rules or policies weren’t distributed through the network in a timely fashion, or firmware updates or patches weren’t applied in all devices. Many cybersecurity vendors now offer AI-driven policy and update management – an obviously effective if unglamorous consideration. Some Unusual AI Cybersecurity Use Cases All of the AI cybersecurity features and functionality detailed above is well-established; but the field is growing so rapidly and successfully that a wide range of less obvious but still interesting applications can be found. Here are a few: • Gmail uses AI machine learning to block more than 100 million spam messages a day – many of which are phishing threats or other potential intrusions; Google’s AI can passively analyze mobile endpoint threats. • S. Homeland Security uses an AI cybersecurity system called AVATAR to screen body gestures and facial expressions to identify potentially dangerous persons. • IBM Watson, with its cognitive training features, is able to offer machine learning for customized threat detection in non-traditional scenarios. • The California company Armorway combines AI with game theory to augment its threat prediction offering. This is just a sampling; it isn’t overstating to say there are nearly as many customized cybersecurity defenses deployed today as conventional ones. It should be clear that cybersecurity is such a sprawling field at this point that no single vendor can address every threat or concern. Selecting a vendor, then, becomes a matter of prioritizing an organization’s most pressing cybersecurity needs and choosing a vendor that most closely aligns with those needs. In embracing AI, the cybersecurity vendor community has produced an array of innovative offerings. It makes for a rigorous search, but chances are there’s a vendor that can provide just the functionality for even the most obscure cybersecurity use cases. A Final Caution All of this is good news, of course, but there’s some not-so-good news. While the modern enterprise would be foolish not to consider all of the above, there are also some more sobering considerations. The amount of resources required to implement cybersecurity is considerable. Almost everything mentioned above is costly, resource-intensive, and ongoing. Upper management must be willing to make a permanent commitment. AI-based cybersecurity depends on training data, and that’s hard to come by. This is true of any machine learning system, and all the more so in the complex landscape of cybersecurity. The systems get better over time, but it’s essential to be patient in the early days. The malicious attackers know everything you know, and they have the same tools. That’s perhaps the most sobering point of all. But it also underscores the urgency of folding AI into cybersecurity, doing it now, and doing it right. You know, I just wanted to mention that geoFence helps make you invisible to hackers and guard your personal data and I can tell your neighbors would say the same! Leave a Reply
P80804+Native plants should be the most sensible options for local landscapes and home gardens. It seems natural that they would be the most sustainable, since they survive in the wild without watering, soil amendment or fertilizer. Once established in landscapes, they should be satisfied with the moisture they get from annual rainfall. Plants that are not native are considerably more demanding. However, even native plants are not perfect. Some of the same qualities that help them survive in the wild are not so desirable around the home. To make matters worse, adapting to unnatural landscapes and home gardens can be as difficult for native plants as it would be for many of the common exotic (non-native) plants to adapt to the natural climate and endemic soils without help. Natives obviously do not need much water. They certainly do not get much in the wild. They are resistant to drought because they disperse their roots so efficiently. The problem with this technique is that it does not work while plants are confined to cans (nursery pots). Once planted, new plants might take a bit of time to disperse their roots enough to survive without supplemental watering. This might not seem like much of a problem for those who do not mind watering new native plants while they get established. New native plants still use less water than established exotic plants. The difficulty is that too much water can rot roots before they disperse! So, new native plants need to be watered regularly, but also need to not be overwatered! Monitoring them can be a hassle. It might seem that larger new plants would be more resilient than smaller plants would be, but it is quite the opposite. Smaller plants (such as #1 or 1 gallon) disperse roots more efficiently, so get established sooner than larger plants (such as 5 gallon). Roots contained within small volumes of media (potting soil) are damaged less when planted than roots in larger volumes are. Roots of native plants, although efficient at dispersion, are innately sensitive.P90309+++++ 6 thoughts on “Some Plants Should Stay Wild 1. Interesting to note that we should buy smaller native plants so that they will adapt better to our landscape. I haven’t heard that but it makes perfect sense. Also important that you point out that just because something is native and doesn’t need water when established (or much water), it still will need supplemental watering to get established. I find that’s where folks fail with plants the most–in watering to establish them. They think a quick sprinkling with a hose is “watering.” It’s a little heartbreaking. Liked by 1 person 2. Some natives may not get the nutrients from the landscape as they do in the wild. I have native trees on my lot and I never remove the leaf litter. The trees have stayed strong enough to survive a couple of hurricanes and drought. Liked by 1 person 1. That is even more obvious here where the soil types and ecosystems are so variable. This side of the Santa Cruz Mountains is very different from the other side, and very different from the Santa Clara Valley, and there are isolates spots of who-knows-what tossed in the mix by eons of tectonic activity. Redwoods that grow like weeds here are not at all happy in the sand hills where the ponderosa pines are so happy, even though the sand hills are surrounded by redwood forests. There are a few perennials that live in the redwood forests that barely survive without the redwoods, and more importantly, the soil bacteria that are specific to the site from which they come. Liked by 1 person 1. Joshua tree is one of the worst!. It is almost never planted, but when homes are built near them, and they get their roots under a lawn, they grow so bulky and heavy that they can not support their own weight, and then fall apart. Some just rot and fall over before they fall apart. That is not a tree to mess with! Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply to automatic gardener Cancel reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Multiples of 72 • Angada and chandraketu • Play this game to review Mathematics. 30 x 50 = • The divisibility rules of 4 and 9 are combined to make the divisibility rule of 36. • En Inmuebles24 tenemos 7 departamentos con salón de usos múltiples, publicado por particular en venta en Gustavo A. Madero. Utiliza nuestros filtros de búsqueda y accede a las mejores propiedades del país! • Multiples of 2. Example Video Questions Lesson. Share to Google Classroom. 5 × 2 = 10 and so the fifth multiple of two is 10. Multiples of 2 are all even and always end in the digits of 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0. • To find all common multiples of numbers, you need to list all multiples of the numbers up to the 45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69 7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 , 49, 56, 63, 70 All of the COMMON multiples of 7. • Any number that can be denoted in the form 3n where n is an integer is the multiples of 3. So if two values p and q are there, we say that q is a multiple of p if q = np for some integer n. Some of the multiples of 3 include, 6, 18, 21, 300, 60, etc. All numbers which can be divided or are a product of 3 are multiples of 3. • Multiples of 24 are: 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 264, 288, 312, 336, 360, 384, 408, 432, 456, 480, 504, 528, 552, 576, 600, 624, 648, 672, 696, 720 ... • 72 is the smallest number whose fifth power is the sum of five smaller fifth powers: 19 5 + 43 5 + 46 5 + 47 5 + 67 5 = 72 5. The sum of the eighth row of Lozanić's triangle is 72. In a plane, the exterior angles of a regular pentagon measure 72 degrees each. In base 10, the number 72 is a Harshad number. In maths and economics, 72 plays a ... • Prime numbers, factors and multiples are essential building blocks for a lot of number work. Knowledge of how to use these numbers will improve arithmetic and make calculations more efficient. • Multiples of 72 are the numbers which can be divide to give you 72. 10 examples of such numbers are 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432, 504, 576, 648, 720, These numbers can be used to form the 72 multiplication worksheet. • To find the factors of a number means to find all the whole numbers that the number in question is divisible by. Can you help us find the factors in this exa... • Keep in mind that the multiples for the different earnings acronyms mentioned above will be different than the multiple of SDE, which, as mentioned above, generally is a number between 0 and 4. The rules contained in the Guide are specific about what is being used. It will say 2 times SDE or 4 times EBIT, etc. How to Use the BRG • Saratoga lake webcam Boat ed unit 4 quiz answers michiganMultiples that are common to two or more numbers are said to be common multiples. E.g. Multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, … Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, … So, common multiples of 2 and 3 are 6, 12, 18, … Example 2. Find the common multiples of 4 and 6. Solution: 3. Does NFPA 72 require occupant notification by means of notification appliances? No. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code and other codes determine whether occupant notification is required in a given occupancy. However, Chapter 18 of NFPA 72 does Multiple of particular number can be found if the number is multiplied or added for some specific amount of times. Suppose, 720 is a multiple of 10, Because it contains 72 ten times. That is the 72+72+72+72+72+72+72+72+72+72 result is 720. That is 720 : 10 will give us 72. Surplus ak sling • Sep 07, 2010 · Ever need to find the LCM (same as the LCD) for a pair of two numbers, but you don’t feel like spending two hours writing out the multiples for the numbers and waiting till you get a match. Of course you need to do this — a lot! Example: whenever you add fractions with different denominators you need to find the common denominator. With more than 8,000 submissions from 50 countries this year alone, 72 was honored with a Red Dot Award for Communication Design. Check the Red Dot Award site and our announcement for more details of our success. Along with improving the SAP Fiori user experience, 72 bolsters SAP Design’s commitment to being a design-centric organization. • HI, I'm trying to install latest build on a Ubuntu 14.04 LTS but I keep getting this error:: [email protected]:~/imapsync# make install Makefile:72: *** multiple target patterns. Stop. Biology book 9th grade Tf deviantart Kingo root stuck at 73Poem about a woman The factors of 72 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72. From greatest to least, check if each factor divides evenly into 112. 72 does not divide evenly into 112. 36 does not divide evenly into 112. 24 does not divide evenly into 112. Insider threat awareness quizlet 20201118324560 pdf Colorado unit 23 elk huntingCreative prayer activities list the multiples of each pair of numbers up until 100 then cirle the least common multiple. The multiples of a number are what you get when you multiply the number by other numbers (such as if...IXL is the world's most popular subscription-based learning site for K–12. Used by over 11 million students, IXL provides personalized learning in more than 8,500 topics, covering math, language arts, science, social studies, and Spanish. Interactive questions, awards, and certificates keep kids motivated as they master skills. Pivot table overlap solutionHonors geometry unit 1 practice test Factors of 72 Today, we are going to share all the factors of 72 and prime factors of 72. If you have any questions related to factors of 72 or prime factors of 72, please let me know. The student has some confusion about factors and multiples of 72. I have listed factors of 72 […] Finding patterns. A good way to learn multiplication facts is to look for other patterns in the table. For example, notice that (4 x 7) is the same as (7 x 4). You can represent this by showing that 4 rows with 7 pennies in each row add up to 28 pennies, and those same 28 pennies can be rearranged as 7 rows with 4 pennies in each. Coyote swap transmission optionsPhentermine forum message board Ns rbm92wh9 parts • 72. as 62⋅2. The result can be shown in multiple forms. Exact Form Fittype matlab • THAILAND 1961 Sc361 & 362A multiples $72+ FREE S/H for USA: Condition:--not specified. Ended: Aug 02, 2020. Winning bid: US $16.50 [ 2 bids] Shipping: FREE ... Google meet h264 • In finance, the rule of 72, the rule of 70 and the rule of 69.3 are methods for estimating an investment's doubling time. The rule number (e.g., 72) is divided by the interest percentage per period (usually years) to obtain the approximate number of periods required for doubling.The rule of 72 says that (n)(y)=72 to double your money. It answers both questions, how much time Logic tells me that if 72 is the number to double, 144 is the 4X. But I'm a math guy, and my logic might... Kumpulan lagu malaysia lawas mp3 download Solving equation calculator soup
Vectis is an accessible instrument From music education to music production, the Vectis is an innovative way to create music. The Vectis is a pressure-sensitive device that can be operated using the feet or other extremities, turning movement into action. From providing accessible music education to extending creative interaction, the Vectis is a novel way to engage in music. Accessible interaction Vectis was conceived by Alternate Devices' founder after a life-altering injury left him with a limited ability to use a keyboard or mouse. The Vectis was developed to be an easy-to-use, dynamic input peripheral that enables fast interaction with modern user interfaces. Access to music is not universal - while music is a vital part of education and therapy, many people do not have the ability to engage in the art. The Vectis provides an accessible way to create music. Like many innovations borne of an accessibility need, the Vectis has applications beyond the AT space. As a device that talks MIDI and OSC, it finds use among artists who create music using the latest electronics. The Vectis allows anyone to create music No software required The Vectis is a pressure-sensitive device that responds to a variety of gestures. Touch-based input on the device enables users to interact with most music software, from commonplace offering such as GarageBand, to more advanced tools like Ableton and Cubase. Through standard USB or Bluetooth interfaces, the Vectis can talk to MIDI- and OSC-enabled software. Touch and go The Vectis is designed to "just work." It is compatible with any Windows, macOS, or Linux computer, as well as Android phones and tablets, and the iPhone and iPad, with wireless battery-powered operation. Customization is possible through a web page. Web-based configuration Customization of the system is possible through Alternate Devices' cloud platform. Quickly see how the Vectis is being operated and change how it interacts with attached devices, all from any internet-connected device. Durable design Available in a lightweight triple-bar design, as well as a durable, all-machined enclosure. Visit the Homepage or subscribe to our mailing list
To prevent the spread of coronavirus, we should be all taking steps to protect ourselves. Staying at home, washing our hands and maintaining social distancing are all ways to reduce COVID-19 risk. Apparently, you should consider quitting smoking too. Previously, we revealed why ditching cigarettes could be beneficial. And now, health experts are warning against smoking cannabis too. Doctors say the habit could affect immune function in your lungs. Dr Stanton Glantz, from the UCSF Centre for Tobacco Control Research and Education, told SF Weekly: “Smoking doesn’t cause the flu, vaping doesn’t cause the flu. But people who smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke are more susceptible to getting sick. “There’s not a lot of direct data on Covid. But there’s a ton of evidence that smoking and vaping depress immune function in your lungs. “If you look at cannabis smoke and compare it to tobacco smoke, it’s not that different. “You have THC instead of nicotine, but the immunosuppressive effects do not seem to be primarily because of nicotine.” Smoking cannabis could have a negative impact on your lungs – and make you more susceptible to illness The NHS agrees that weed can be harmful to the lungs. It explains: “People who smoke cannabis regularly are more likely to have bronchitis (where the lining of your lungs gets irritated and inflamed). Having said this, the health organisation doesn’t link cannabis smoking to Covid-19 cases. More research needs to be done to measure the impact of marijuana on coronavirus risk. Dr Glantz explained: “The amount of research we have around cannabis is very limited. And I think that’s a huge problem.”
Home / Shipping News / Marine Insurance P&I Club News / What happens to containers lost overboard? How long do they float? We reviewed the typical causes and legal aspects of container collapse cases in June. In this article we address what happens to the containers once they enter the sea. How long do containers stay afloat? Is there any basis in fact for the myth that they “hover” below the surface? The World Shipping Council’s 2020 report estimates that an average of 1,382 containers are lost at sea each year. The figure is based on a survey of the WSC members that represent 80% of the global vessel container capacity. The WSC assumed for the purpose of the analysis that the container losses for the 20% of the industry’s capacity that is operated by carriers that did not participate in the survey would be roughly equivalent to the losses reported by the responding carriers representing 80% of the industry’s capacity. The report, however, was issued before the One Apus stack collapse in December 2020 that resulted in the loss of more than 1,800 containers in the Pacific Ocean. For how long will a container float? -Well, how long is a piece of rope? Empty containers will eventually sink as they are not truly watertight. The question of how much time a container needs to sink is, of course, impossible to answer in a simple way – there are too many variables. The timespan depends on the type of cargo, the type of container and its permeability and resilience. However, the most determining factor is the extent of structural damage to the container after hitting the sea surface. Some containers sink immediately, while there are stories of containers floating across the Atlantic – in one case, taking 15 months to cross the Atlantic from the Caribbean to Spain. Once in the sea, water will enter through vents and seals. However,containers laden with lightweight, low density and buoyant cargoes can float for years even when holed and waterlogged. The cargo itself may have enough uplift to keep the container unit afloat. Reefer containers are naturally tighter by nature for securing the correct airflow and atmosphere when carrying temperature sensitive cargoes. A reefer box may float until it is broken up, so damage during the incident, sea conditions and wave action will decide how much time before the reefer sinks. Experience suggests that containers falling onto the sea from lower heights tend to float longer than containers falling from heights. The explanation is, of course, that the chance of containers falling from heights suffering structural damage is far greater compared with containers falling from lower heights. In practice, this means that containers falling from small coaster vessels and barges can often be recovered prior to sinking. Containers falling from mega oceangoing boxships will often sink almost immediately after touching the sea surface. The myth of the “sub-floater” Some have claimed that containers may lurk wholly below the sea surface. This is not possible. It is not physically possible for a container to be totally immersed and freely floating some distance below the surface. The reason is in line with Archimedes’ fundamental principles of mass and displacement: The container can only be at surface level partly immersed, or at the bottom (or in the process of sinking – which is normally a quick event anyway). The upward thrust or force on any free-floating object is equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. If the weight of the container and its contents is less than the amount of water displaced it will therefore float. If the weight of the container and its contents (which includes water in the inside space) is greater than the weight of the fluid displaced, the container will sink. Sinking will normally gain momentum quickly as the increasing pressure compresses the container and the contents. This will affect the mass displacement ratio further and reduce the buoyancy. The physics In other words: like a ship, a container will sink to the point where the weight of water displaced by the container is equal to the weight of the container. Hence, a fully laden (MGW 30 tonne) 20ft or 40ft dry container will float. This is because the volume of a 20ft container is approximately 1300 cu ft. If it were to be fully immersed, it would displace about 83,000 lb of water – which is more than 30 tonnes (approx. 66,000 lb). A fully loaded 20ft x 8ft 6in high container would therefore float with about 1ft 6in showing above the water. Once enough water has entered through the floor, the door seals, and the ventilators (to increase the total weight to more than 83,000 lb) the 20ft container will sink. If the floor is solid and well sealed, and if the door seals are in good condition and there are no ventilators fitted, the container may float for many hours, days and even months. Indeed, if the cargo is watertight and it fills the majority of the space inside the container, the container may float indefinitely. In time, however, it will get damaged by waves, from hitting land, or due to the increased pressure of water. A conservative estimate would be that containers lost in the sea float for three months on average. Retrieval of containers is supported Shipping containers in the sea pose a risk to navigation for smaller vessels and can contain dangerous cargo, Certain cargo that is not designated as dangerous under the IMDG code may nonetheless be polluting, for example, plastic pellets. Most parties involved in the shipping industry will support removal of containers and cargo when feasible. Gard is committed to handle claims in a sustainable manner. This means that we are willing to incur reasonable costs to search for and retrieve containers that pose a threat to safety of navigation and/or the marine environment when there is a feasible chance finding and retrieving them. A modicum of common sense must be applied and we engage with authorities to find the best practical approach in each separate case. At great water depths it may be practically impossible to recover a container. This underscores the maxim that prevention is always better than cure so it remains critical to identify the root causes of stack collapse and other events leading to the loss of containers. Gard stands ready to work with our Members and industry stakeholders to address container loss and retrieval. Source: Gard (https://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/31171690/what-happens-to-containers-lost-overboard-how-long-do-they-float) Recent Videos Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide Online Daily Newspaper on Hellenic and International Shipping
Welcome to our European homepage! PCHlogo-UK PCHlogo353 PCHlogo49 PCHlogo33 PCHlogo31 PCHlogo34 NCR calculations Minerals and vitamins The requirements for vitamins and minerals are calculated from the NRC (2007) norm (recommended amounts). The NRC norm for minerals and vitamins is the accepted norm throughout the world today and is revised at irregular intervals. It represents the cumulated results and experience of equine nutritional research globally. Some changes to the NRC norm have been included in the program following recommendations from, among others, Professor H. Meyer in Germany and from further collaboration between Nordic horse nutritionists. It is important to recognise that the NRC norm is a minimal norm. This means that it is advisable to increase requirements by approximately 25% to secure the provision of sufficient amounts of specific nutrients under practical feeding conditions. In the current versions of the computer program we have already created this transformation from minimal norms to what we have termed "optimum norms" for most nutrients. The requirements for nutrients as given in the program will therefore be the optimum norm. When the amounts of a particular nutrient provided by the diet are below a certain limit (this value is usually the NRC recommendation), the program issues a warning, and you are prompted to increase the amounts of the nutrient by changing the diet of the horse. The norms are generally provided as equations where you have to input relevant information about the particular horse you are formulating the diets for. Information usually required for this is: • Body weight • Age and growth rate of young growing horses • Stage of pregnancy or lactation of reproducing mares • Training intensity or level of exercise It is common to subdivide the requirements into Maintenance requirement: The amount of a nutrient which is required to maintain the body pool of that nutrient. The maintenance requirement for energy is the energy used to keep the cells, tissues and organs of the horse alive and running, to maintain body temperature and keep a constant body weight. Production requirement: The amount of a nutrient which is used by the horse for production of milk, a foetus, or for carrying out a certain amount of work. The temperament of the horse will influence the requirement for energy and hence for other nutrients as well. Easily agitated and "excitable" horses have a somewhat higher energy requirement than more docile breeds. Excitable horses will also use more energy when undergoing the same work load or training intensity as more docile horses. Thus there is an important need for individualisation in the feeding requirements of horses, not only where the composition of the diet is concerned, but also when it comes to the calculation of requirements. A good computer program can provide for this level of customisation.
Skip to content ↓ Maths at St John’s Maths curriculum links in the wider curriculum To help embed the real life context of mathematics, we have made sure to provide meaningful opportunities to link maths throughout our broad and balanced curriculum. In history, children gain a sense of time. Through looking at people and events in the past, children develop a sense of chronology by using vocabulary relating to the passing of time and plotting events on a timeline. Within science and geography, there are strong links to statistics. Children hypothesise, gather and analyse data such as sorting categories into Venn and Carroll diagrams and recording data on bar charts and pie charts. Maths Aims The mathematics curriculum at St John’s Primary School embraces this principal and aims to ensure that all of our children, from EYFS to year 6 are fluent in the fundamentals of maths, are able to reason mathematically and become confident problem solvers. In our school we ensure that children become confident in the two types of fluency. Conceptual fluency e.g. exploring five strands of place value, what an equivalent fraction is and identifying features of different representations of data. Procedural fluency e.g. +- x ÷ calculation methods linked to whole numbers, fractions and decimals and exploring step by step methods. Children at St John’s will be given regular opportunities to recall known facts, develop number sense, know why they are doing what they are doing and know when it is appropriate and efficient to choose different methods and will apply skills to multiple contexts e.g. x by 10 to convert units of measurements. To ensure that children have accurate recall of facts and methods we give high priority to practise and consolidation. We keep this fluency ‘bubbling’ through regular practice to ensure children do not forget e.g. Basic skills sessions and mental maths sessions. We do this through the children selecting and choosing an appropriate method/strategy e.g mentally, jot or annotate or choosing an expanded or compact written method. In our school we ensure that children become confident in mathematical reasoning through providing opportunities for them to: Conjecture relationships and generalisations e.g. if I add an odd and an odd number it will always result in an even number or all quadrilaterals have 4 right angles – true or false? Developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language e.g. prove it, justify, convince me, how can you work it and how did you work it out? Reasoning twists – this is explored through challenges such as: alike and different, odd one out, true or false, spot the mistake and sometimes, always or never true. These reasoning challenges can be adopted or adapted for any strand of mathematics: number, measurement and geometry. Problem solving Problem solving requires the children to be secure in and build upon conceptual understanding (fluency) and mathematical thinking and language (reasoning) to help solve sophisticated problems in unfamiliar contexts. We explore the five types of problem solving in different strands of mathematics – 1. Two and three step word problems including bar model 2. Finding all possibilities 3. Finding rules and describing patterns 4. Diagram problems and visual puzzles 5. Logic problems Maths Ambassadors We have eight maths ambassadors this year, two pupils each from Year 3, Year 4, Year 5, and Year 6 They were chosen due to their love of maths and they have the important job of raising the profile of maths within the school. Long Term Plans 2020-21
long question Asked by adityasri \| 2nd Nov, 2008, 12:00: AM Expert Answer: Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is released during cellular respiration. It is produced as an energy source and is consumed during various cellular processes including biosynthetic reactions, motility and cell division. Answered by \| 6th Nov, 2008, 04:50: PM
Why do doctors advise salt water gargles during throat infections? Asked by \| 17th Sep, 2012, 10:22: AM Expert Answer: Sore throats are sore due to inflammation, caused usually by bacterial infection. These bacteria are also full of fluid. When you gargle with salt water, osmosis occurs. The higher concentration of salt in gargle helps to draw liquid or moisture out of your own swollen tissues of throat, relieving inflammation. Since the swelling is reduced it makes you feel better. The salt may also kill off some of the bacteria by drawing out moisture from the bacteria. However many strains are resistant to the mild levels of salt. So the salt water will not directly kill off all the bacteria. Gargling with salt water simply creates a dehydrated environment that the bacteria find less hospitable and potentially dangerous. Salt is more soluble in warmer water. Hence for sore throats, frequent gargling with warm salt water is recommended to help reduce swelling and soreness. Answered by \| 19th Sep, 2012, 08:30: AM
You are here Tromsø - one of the best places to observe Northern Lights Tromsø is in the middle of the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) zone, and is in fact one of the best places in the world to observe this phenomenon. The aurora borealis most often occurs near the equinoctes. The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree call this phenomenon the "Dance of the Spirits". In Europe, in the Middle Ages, the auroras were commonly believed a sign from God. Tromsø city is the largest city and the largest urban area in Northern Norway, and the second largest city and urban area north of the Arctic Circle in Sápmi (following Murmansk). Most of Tromsø, including the city centre, is located on the small island of Tromsøya in the county of Troms, 350 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle. The compact city center is the biggest concentration of historic wooden houses north of Trondheim, that co-exist with modern architecture. The houses date from 1789 to 1904, when building wooden houses was banned in the city centre, like in several other Norwegian cities. The oldest house in Tromsø is Skansen, built in 1789 on the remains of a 13th century turf rampart. The Polar Museum, Polarmuseet,situated in a wharf house from 1837, presents Tromsø's past as a center for Arctic hunting and starting point for Arctic expeditions. The Tromsø Museum is a university museum, presenting culture and nature of North Norway. The museum also displays the Arctic-alpine botanic garden, the world's northernmost botanical garden. [gmap zoom=11 \|center=69.68308908988087,18.952102661132812 \|width=600px \|height=600px \|control=Small \|type=Hybrid] Tromso in russian language
LDPE Recycling Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is typically used in film applications (cling films and shrink wrap) due to it's robustness, flexibility and transparency. LDPE is also commonly used in processes where heat sealing is necessary due to it's low melting point. LDPE scrap is extensively used due to it's acceptance to be processed and relatively low cost. The processing of LDPE scrap is comparatively easy by film blowing, injection moulding, blow moulding, rotational moulding and extrusion processes. Further modifications can be made to the plastic such as adding various compounds and additives. Such compounds include stabilisers, anti-slip, ant-static, flame retardants and antibacterial agents. LDPE Scrap Like other types of plastic, LDPE can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills, and that is why we're experts in LDPE recycling. In the current day and age it is vitally important to recycle plastic waste wherever we can. LDPE scrap can be used to produce a variety of items from bin liners to floor tiles, furniture to outdoor lumber, when it is recycled using LDPE recycling methods. Recycle Plastic Waste The vast majority of families throw away around 40kg of plastic per year which could otherwise be recycled. It is therefore important to recycle plastic waste wherever we can, mainly because the use of plastic in Western Europe is growing by about 4% per year. In the UK 250,000 tonnes of plastic is used each year, that equates to approximately 15 million bottles per day. Just 25 two litre drink bottles can be used to produce one adult-sized fleece jacket Recycle Plastic Waste – Get in Touch If you would like more information on how to recycle plastic waste, or if you would like further details on LDPE scrap and LDPE recycling, contact us today by emailing sales@lovewaste.com or alternatively you can contact Peter Simpson on 07970 992155.
To return to the home page, click here. Since heat is unable to flow out of the focal spot as fast as it is pumped in, the maximum energy must be limited, in order to prevent the surface of the target melting. The maximum rating is further limited by the need to concentrate the electron beam onto a small area, in order to reduce the inevitable unsharpness. An X-ray image is essentially a shadowgraph. X-rays cannot be focused, and so the bigger the point of origin of the radiation, the more blur there is in the image. The Dutch company, Philips, introduced a tube in about 1938 that overcame the problem, by making the anode in the form of a Tungsten disk that was rotated by means of an induction motor, in which the Stator windings were outside of the glass envelope, and the copper rotor on the inside. In this way the focal spot was extended into a ring. The area of tungsten that was heated by the electron beam was rapidly moved out of the way to be replaced a cooler area of tungsten. As the heated spot on the anode moved around, the heat was able to diffuse into the body of the tungsten disk, until it reached equilibrium with rest of the anode. Early tubes running from a 50Hz mains supply rotated at 3,000 rpm, but modern high speed tubes may run at up to 12,000 rpm. In order to extend the life of the bearing, which have to run in a vacuum, without lubrication, the anode disk is mounted on a Molybdenum stem. Molybdenum is an even worse conductor of heat than tungsten, and so limits the amount flowing down the shaft and into the bearings. Heat is therefore lost from the anode disk by radiation, rather than conduction.
Cities have not evolved alone, but, alongside with massive evolution in the methods of their abstraction. In the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area and contiguous districts, the following areas are affected: 6. Similar to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has over the years experienced extensive LUCC as a result of several factors. It therefore became a major transport hub which served as the pickup and drop-off point for both passenger and freight. Thus, the monocentric model could be applied to the urban structure of the Ashanti region as of 1990 and 2000. Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology, Analysis of geo-spatiotemporal data using machine learning algorithms and reliability enhancement for urbanization decision support, A growing city: patterns and ramifications of urban change in Wa, Ghana, Characterising spatial and temporal patterns of urban evolution in Sub- Saharan Africa: The case of Accra, Ghana, Transport and Historical changes in Kumasi’s Growth and Form, Patterns of land use, crop and forest cover change in the Ashanti region, Ghana, THE EFFECT OF INFRASTRUCTURAL INTEGRATION OF REGIONAL TRANSPORT ON TOURISM PROMOTION: THE CASE OF GUILAN PROVINCE, IRAN, DYNAMIC GEOSPATIAL MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF PREDOMINANTLY INFORMAL CITIES: AN INTEGRATED AGENT-BASED AND CELLULAR AUTOMATA MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH, Kumasi: Towards a sustainable and resilient cityscape, Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Owabi Reservoir Catchment, Ghana: Implications for Livelihoods and Management. Additionally, the proportion of bare soil (areas that do not have vegetation cover due to forest clearing and other anthropogenic activities) has increased, while the areas of waterbodies have declined. Ghana joins South Africa, Kenya, Rwanda, Mali, among others, in Africa to have announced some restrictions of movement to curb the spread of the virus which has killed over 30,000 people across the globe. The population of Asia. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. We further implemented an anomaly detection and temporal consistency algorithm followed by a changing logic to correct the classification anomalies due to image contamination from the cloud and other sources. This is deemed important to assist a re-framing of the urban transport debate by emphasising accessibility as the underlying objective of transport in cities. These include persons aligned to the production, distribution and marketing of food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, medicine, paper and plastic packages, environmental and sanitation activities, road and railway construction workers, members of the security agencies, workers at fuel stations and staff of utility, telecommunications, e-commerce and digital service providers.
What Is Managerial Accounting? management accounting However, the data generated by even the smallest of organisations can be sometimes be overwhelming. Which data is relevant and moreover, how should the data be used to make effective decision? Management accounting is an important internal business function. Many companies use some form of management accounting to record and report their internal financial information. While financial accounting is concerned with preparing financial reports and releasing information to the general public, management accounting focuses on preparing financial information for internal review and decision making by business owners, directors and managers. Management accounting offers several important tools for measuring the company’s operational performance. The main difference between financial and managerial accounting is whether there is an internal or external focus. This area of management accounting often focuses on financial metrics, such as profit, cash flow, and return on investment. Management accounting is a specialty branch of accounting that involves analyzing financial information to develop and assess a business strategy. The process of creating organization goals by identifying, measuring, analyzing, interpreting and communicating information to managers is call management or managerial accounting. In order to achieve business goals, managerial accounting uses a number of different techniques. The very survival to success / failure of organisation depends upon kind of decisions taken based on royalties accounting Reports. Hence, it becomes necessary for Top Executives to understand the Principles and Practices of Management Accounting. management accounting This would involve reducing each of these options to a single number representing its net present value, which is an estimate of how much money the company will make from moving forward with each option. The decision to return cash to investors would be the preferred option only if the company can’t earn at least as large a return on the investment as individual investors would likely get investing the cash on their own. Generally, a company will consider whether it can use cash to boost shareholder wealth, and management accountants will consider this question carefully in their analysis. If the business is likely to see lower returns than a safe bond investment would yield, or if it will generate returns that are less than those of the average company, it is usually best to return the cash to shareholders. The information found in management accounting is vastly different than financial accounting in a number of ways. While financial accounting reports tend to be based on historical data, management reports are primarily forward-looking. Management accounting helps business leaders create strategies that are less likely to fail. A management accountant can help an organization maximize its profitability and minimize the threat of financial risks. What Is Managerial Accounting? However, investors realize that the past is the only clue they have to what future performance is likely to be. Businesses face the same dilemma. https://www.bookstime.com/ attempts to take the past, as documented by financial accountants, and extend those trends into the future by adding the necessary assumptions to make an educated guess about what the future holds. • Business performance discrepancies are variances between what was predicted and what is actually achieved. • Management accountants can be called upon to participate in planning efforts involving different elements of a business, depending on its structure and organization. It presents the financial position for an entire time period. Today accounting is used as a tool in analysis of business and its activities. Resource consumption accounting (RCA) Management accounting principles in banking are specialized but do have some common fundamental concepts used whether the industry is manufacturing-based or service-oriented. For example, transfer pricing is a concept used in manufacturing but is also applied in banking. It is a fundamental principle used in assigning value and revenue attribution to the various business units. Management Accounting provides you with the skills to manage your costs effectively. In addition to accounting and analytical skills, management accountants must also have an understanding of the organisation, its business model, its strategic context and its competitive position. They also need the people and leadership skills necessary to ensure that they apply their expertise effectively, whether it be in the form of supplying management with accounts, information, analysis or insights. Management accounting can help small businesses create a competitive advantage in the business environment. Management accountants can also help their companies with risk management, strategic management, and performance measurement. Managerial accounting encompasses many facets of accounting aimed at improving the quality of information delivered to management about business operation metrics. Managerial accountants use information relating to the cost and sales revenue of goods and services generated by the company. Cost accounting is a large subset of managerial accounting that specifically focuses on capturing a company’s total costs of production by assessing the variable costs of each step of production, as well as fixed costs. It allows businesses to identify and reduce unnecessary spending and maximize profits. Management accountants provide financial analysis of management information. They do this through preparing, developing https://www.bookstime.com/articles/normal-balance and analysing financial information. This allows the organisation to make strategic and operational decisions. management accounting
Question: Does A Throat Infection Need Antibiotics? How do you tell if it’s viral or bacterial? How can you tell the difference between a viral infection and a bacterial infection? Does a sore throat need antibiotics? How long does a sore throat last without antibiotics? When not taking antibiotics, bacterial infections and the sore throats they cause may last anywhere from a week to 10 days. Sore throats caused by bacteria can sometimes be associated with a more serious illness. What is the difference between strep throat and sore throat? Signs and symptoms of strep throat are very similar to an ordinary sore throat, but in general strep throat has: White patches on the tonsils or back of the throat. Just a sore throat without cough/cold symptoms like a runny nose or congestion. Swollen lymph nodes (right below the earlobes) Is throat infection serious? Typical symptoms are sore throat, chills, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Strep throat is cured by antibiotic treatment. If left untreated, strep throat can cause serious heart and kidney complications. Sore throats can be associated with colds and flu, tonsillitis and strep throat. How do you know if you have infection in the throat? Common symptoms of throat infection Body aches. Cough; possibly coughing up clear, yellow, light brown, or green mucus. Difficulty breathing (ranging from mild to severe) Difficulty swallowing. Which antibiotic is best for throat infection? Why is my sore throat not getting better? If you’re experiencing a prolonged sore throat and are unable to find relief, it’s possible you may have an infection like tonsillitis. Most often, tonsillitis is diagnosed in children, but people can get it at any age. Tonsillitis can be caused by bacterial infections or viruses. What drink helps a sore throat? Can amoxicillin treat sore throat? Antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cephalexin, or penicillin are used to treat strep throat. Antibiotics work only against bacterial infections such as strep throat. They will not help sore throats caused by allergies or viral infections such as colds. Can throat infections go away without antibiotics? Antibiotics don’t work at all for a sore throat caused by a virus. These kinds of sore throats usually go away on their own in 4 to 5 days. If you have strep throat—which is caused by bacteria—your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic, such as penicillin. When should I go to the doctor for a sore throat? What kills a sore throat fast? What is the best medicine for sore throat? What is best for throat infection? Drink warm liquids that feel soothing to the throat, such as hot tea with honey, soup broth, or warm water with lemon. Herbal teas are especially soothing to a sore throat ( 5 ). Cool your throat by eating a cold treat like a popsicle or ice cream. What helps a throat infection? How to treat a sore throat yourselfgargle with warm, salty water (children should not try this)drink plenty of cool or soft foods.avoid smoking or smoky places.suck ice cubes, ice lollies or hard sweets – but do not give young children anything small and hard to suck because of the risk of What happens if strep throat is untreated? How do I know if I need antibiotics?
Could public money finance private-school discrimination, religion and fake history? With bills pending in more than 20 state legislatures to expand private school voucher programs, this spring could usher in the biggest transfer in funds from public schools to private schools in our nation’s history. But something more is at stake with this new round of voucher legislation: When the public pays for private schooling, will the public get to decide how taxpayer dollars are used in private settings, or will the public be forced to abandon norms as simple and fundamental as nondiscrimination? The problem started last year when the Supreme Court held in Espinoza v. Montana that states cannot adopt blanket policies to exclude religious schools from voucher programs. The court left open the possibility that states could still place limits on what private schools do with the money. States might still prohibit them from using public money to teach religion or discriminate based on religion, race, sex, gender, sexual orientation and other protected classes. But choice advocates argue these minimal requirements are unconstitutional, too. Satisfied slaves, divine intervention This distinction is lost on a lot of states, which make no attempt to stop private schools from using public dollars to teach religion, discriminate or deliver curriculum that flies in the face of historical and scientific facts. Students in North Carolina, Florida and Indiana have tried to use their vouchers at religious schools only to be turned away because they didn’t fit the school’s desired demographic. Far too many of these schools also use textbooks that routinely espouse anti-science and white-centric ideology. For instance, as the Orlando Sentinel reported, some Florida voucher schools teach students that dinosaurs and humans lived together, that God’s intervention prevented Catholics from dominating North America, that slaves who knew Jesus Christ were better off than free men who did not, and that most Black and white Southerners lived in harmony until power-hungry agitators stirred up conflict. On March 30, 2021, in Oakland, California. (Photo: Jessica Christian/AP) Voucher advocates now argue not only that they have a right to participate in these voucher programs, but also that states cannot regulate what they teach with the money. If this idea prevails in the courts, states may lose all control over their programs. For example, in Vermont, some rural communities paid tuition for “public academies” for generations. Thirty years ago, the legislature converted those schools to private-nonprofit “independent schools,” effectively changing an old tradition into a typical private school voucher scheme — one now subject to Espinoza. National right-wing legal advocacy groups noticed and filed several suits on behalf of religious school students in Vermont. In January, one federal appellate court ordered three Vermont public school districts to pay tuition vouchers to a Catholic school whose website states that faith “is weaved into every aspect of life” at the school, and that it aims to “form its students in the Gospel of Jesus Christ.” Other decisions are still pending. America’s teacher shortage: How to attract more, better educators into classrooms The newest and most radical claim, however, is that Espinoza’s rationale applies to charter schools, which are operated by independent groups using public funds and in theory are public schools. Some choice advocates, including in a recent Manhattan Institute report, argue states must allow private religious schools to operate as public charter schools. These religious schools need not even change their curriculum. They just need to send the bill to state government, instead of to parishioners and parents who had already opted out of public education and a public mission. First amendment roadblock Proponents of taxpayer funding of religious institutions ignore the fact that a “public religious charter school” is an oxymoron. The First Amendment prohibits states from establishing religion. And “public education” is by definition inclusive. Public schools don’t get to exclude people because they practice a different religion or don’t practice one at all. Nor do they get to propagate religion as science. You don’t need a law degree to understand that the Constitution prohibits state-funded, licensed and regulated schools from doing these things. Religious charter schools, however, would threaten more than just basic democratic principles. They would take a wrecking ball to public school funding. States would suddenly become financially responsible for millions of students who previously chose to forgo public education. In places already struggling to maintain public infrastructure, public budgets would now be on the hook for religious infrastructure. Fight for equity: 3 million kids missing from school because of COVID-19: Shaquille O’Neal and Rey Saldaña This choice movement may wrap itself in the rhetoric of meeting individual students’ needs and giving them the same opportunities as wealthy students, but unregulated vouchers and public religious charter schools would subvert the overall public will to the whims of an ideological minority. The saving grace is that an overwhelming majority of families and taxpayers have no interest in this bizarre education world. And if courts and advocates push them there, only one rational choice remains: End charter schools and publicly financed private school tuition altogether. That is a policy choice courts cannot second-guess on specious grounds. So the school choice lobby should be careful for what it wishes. Derek W. Black (@DerekWBlack) is the Ernest F. Hollings Chair in Constitutional Law at the University of South Carolina and author of “Schoolhouse Burning: Public Education and the Assault on American Democracy.” Rebecca Holcombe (@RHolcombeVT) is the former Vermont secretary of Education. Source: Read Full Article
You sip an ice-cold drink, try to enjoy some hot tea or just go about your day, and you feel it — a sharp pain in your tooth. You’re dealing with sensitive teeth. Tooth sensitivity, or dentin hypersensitivity, is an issue that plenty of people experience. At least 40 million adults in the United States suffer from some type of tooth sensitivity. But what causes sensitive teeth? And are there any ways to treat tooth sensitivity? In this guide, we’ll explain the common causes of tooth sensitivity and how to treat it. Consult the information below if you believe you have tooth sensitivity, then learn about your treatment options with Friedman Dental Group. Causes of Tooth Sensitivity Erosion of the protective enamel coating on the teeth causes tooth sensitivity. When the enamel wears down, it exposes your tooth’s dentin, which is the second tooth layer. This layer houses the nerve endings of your teeth, which can cause pain and sensitivity when exposed. Various habits and issues can be causes of tooth sensitivity, such as: 1. Aggressive Brushing If you brush your teeth too hard, you risk wearing down your enamel and developing sensitivity. To avoid brushing your teeth aggressively, you should: • Be mindful as you brush: It’s easy to get distracted as you brush your teeth. That means you may brush too hard or not brush your teeth long enough. • Check your bristles: If you brush your teeth aggressively, you’ll notice the bristles of your toothbrush flatten over time. • Brush correctly: When you brush your teeth, remember to brush in small, gentle circles. That prevents you from brushing up and down roughly. 2. Lacking Routine Oral Care Not brushing or flossing your teeth lets plaque build up on the tooth’s surface. This buildup affects the pH of your mouth, making it lower — or more acidic — which impacts your teeth’s enamel. Prevent tooth sensitivity due to a lack of routine dental care by brushing your teeth twice a day. Floss regularly, use a mouthwash that’s safe for sensitive teeth and keep up with regular dentist visits. 3. Receding Gums Receding gums have a variety of causes, from poor dental hygiene to grinding your teeth as you sleep. If you notice your teeth look longer and your gums look pushed away from them, you may have receding gums. This issue allows more bacteria to form around the affected areas and increases your risk for gum disease, which both lead to tooth sensitivity. Treatment will depend on how severe your condition is, with a change in your oral hygiene routine for mild issues and a gum graft for severe receding gums. 4. Gum Disease If you have gums that are loose, bleed easily, are red and swollen or you have separating teeth, you are likely dealing with gum disease. Gum disease has an impact on your gums and your teeth, including causing sensitivity. With gum disease, you could experience inflamed or receding gum tissue. That causes a loss of supporting ligaments, exposes the roots that lead right to your tooth’s nerves and may cause sensitivity. 5. Exposed Roots or Weakened Enamel The roots and nerves of your teeth may become exposed in ways other than gum disease. Tooth decay and cavities occur when plaque builds up and weakens your teeth’s enamel. The result is exposed areas of your teeth that lead to sensitivity. You may also have tooth decay if you have older fillings that have fractured or weakened over time, letting in bacteria and causing plaque growth and decay. Tooth-root decay causes similar sensitivity issues but happens with a softer tissue than enamel, called cementum. 6. Acidic Diet Sour and acidic foods or drinks erode your enamel. If you have tooth sensitivity, check your diet for acidic drinks or foods like: • Citrus • Soda • Fruit drinks • Fruit juices • Sports drinks • Tea • Coffee Eliminate these items from your diet or consume them less in favor of water, milk and other less acidic drinks and foods that won’t erode your enamel. If you do consume something acidic, wait an hour before brushing your teeth. Right after eating or drinking, the acid makes your enamel soft, which means brushing could damage it — even if you do it gently. 7. Sugary Diet Many acidic drinks, like fruit juices and soda, contain plenty of sugar that can damage your enamel. Eating or drinking sugary items doesn’t cause erosion right away. Instead, it invites bad bacteria into your mouth, and that creates plaque. As we’ve explained, plaque turns your mouth into an acidic environment, which wears away at your enamel. A woman drinking an acidic drink that can damage her enamel. 8. Acid Reflux If you suffer from acid reflux, you can experience teeth sensitivity. When you have acid reflux, stomach acids can reach your mouth, impacting the coating on your teeth. Acid reflux medicines can also lead to dry mouth. With less saliva in your mouth, you lose a defense system that prevents bacteria growth and washes away food particles. Try to cut foods out of your diet that lead to acid reflux or seek relief that doesn’t cause dry mouth. Sensitive Teeth Symptoms If you find yourself asking, “Why are my teeth so sensitive?” you’re likely experiencing one or many sensitive teeth symptoms. These issues are painful, disruptive and noticeable, and include: • Sudden, sharp tooth pain • Sensitivity localized at one tooth • Pain when biting or chewing • Pain while brushing or flossing These symptoms may appear randomly, depending on the severity of your condition. Sensitive teeth symptoms also appear when you expose your mouth to extreme temperatures. Tooth Sensitivity to Cold Most individuals with tooth sensitivity experience discomfort or pain with cold. Specifically, these factors can lead to pain: • Cold foods and drinks • Cold air • Cold water during dental cleanings The pain you feel from tooth sensitivity to cold may be mild, moderate or severe. It happens because the cold air, food or liquid contact the exposed nerves in your teeth, delivering a shock of pain. Cold sensitivity is disruptive and may cause discomfort while you’re trying to enjoy the foods and drinks you love or visiting the dentist for a regular cleaning. Tooth Sensitivity to Heat While you should see a dentist about any issues with sensitivity, tooth sensitivity to heat could be especially pressing. If you’re trying to enjoy a hot drink or a hot meal and notice sharp, sudden pain, it could indicate that a nerve is going bad. Tooth sensitivity to heat is a common warning sign of a nerve that will soon die and cause an abscessed tooth. An abscessed tooth could lead to infection in your jaw or teeth if left untreated. Tooth sensitivity to heat can happen under less severe enamel wear, but if the pain lingers, you should visit a dentist as soon as possible. Treating Tooth Sensitivity To help prevent tooth sensitivity, you’ll need to take a few more steps beyond brushing your teeth. Try these products and methods for treating tooth sensitivity: • Sensitive teeth toothpaste: If your symptoms are mild, try treating tooth sensitivity with toothpaste. Look for products specifically marketed and labeled for individuals suffering from sensitive teeth. • Alcohol-free mouthwash: Mouth rinses with alcohol can irritate sensitive teeth. Choose a desensitizing rinse that doesn’t include alcohol. • Soft toothbrushes: When you pick up a new toothbrush, look for a variety with soft bristles. That’ll help prevent you from wearing down your enamel as you brush. • Brushing gently: In combination with a soft-bristle toothbrush, brushing gently helps maintain your enamel and prevent pushing your gums back. If you use these methods and still notice sensitive teeth symptoms, talk to a dentist. They’ll recommend other ways for treating tooth sensitivity, such as prescription desensitizing toothpaste or mouth rinse. For severe symptoms, you may require fluoride, bonding, surgical gum grafts or a root canal. Get Relief for Sensitive Teeth With Friedman Dental Group If you think you may have sensitive teeth and want a diagnosis or are in need of treatment options for sensitivity, visit Friedman Dental Group. Our world-class service includes generalcosmeticspecialtysedation and family dentistry, all with a calming dental experience. Relax and feel at ease in our offices as you get an expert opinion about your tooth sensitivity or other dental concerns. Ready to seek a diagnosis and treatment options? Contact Friedman Dental Group or use the chat box to get in touch and learn more about our dental services today. Get relief fro sensitive teeth with Friedman Dental Group Last Reviewed By Dr. Eli Friedman on August 20, 2020
Part 3A of the Act discourages unsustainable harvesting and clearance of private indigenous forests and provides for their sustainable management. The State Forest Service. The mean total density of Exotic Landscape, 19081; The Muse Inspires the Poet, 1909; War, 1894; Boy on the Rocks, 1895; The Repast of the Lion, 1907; Woman Walking in an Exotic Forest, 1905; Scout Attacked by a Tiger, 1904; Combat of a Tiger and a Buffalo, 1909; The Waterfall, 1910; The Football Players, 1908 (7) "Forest health emergency" means the introduction of, or an outbreak of, an exotic forest insect or disease that poses an imminent danger of damage to the environment by threatening the survivability of native tree species. An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. In North America, there are currently at least 400 species of exotic insects which have become naturalized on native and introduced woody plants in forests, parks, and urban landscapes (Mattson et al. is a member of the Amazon Associates affiliate program, plus other affiliate programs, meaning we earn commissions from qualifying purchases through affiliate links.We strive to make all reviews honest (albeit opinionated! Exotic definition is - introduced from another country : not native to the place where found. In 1921 the State Forest Service was established to manage New Zealandâs native and exotic timber resources more rigorously. ), so you can make the best buying decision. Exotic species were some of the most abundant species in the secondary forest, but their long-term impact depended on life history char- acteristics of each species. 1994, Niemelä and Mattson 1996). In Henri Rousseauâs painting Women Walking in an Exotic Forest, there can be multiple interpretations of the image, because of first glance and after performing research. Exotic definition: Something that is exotic is unusual and interesting, usually because it comes from or is... \| Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 15 of the Worldâs Most Exotic & Amazing Trees by Steph Even common trees are amazing enough, but some trees are just spectacular, whether by their sheer size, age or â¦ Exotic Forest Insects: Piling Stones Upon A Sagging Back. The service (renamed New Zealand Forest Service in 1949) was staffed by professionally trained foresters from overseas. the inï¬uence of exotic plantations on native ï¬ora establishments, we inventoried the structure, composition, and diversity of understory woody regeneration in three exotic stands in Southern Philippines and compared them to adjacent second growth forest. Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. This diversification of the farming system initiates an agroecological succession, like that in natural ecosystems, and so starts a chain of events that enhance the functionality and sustainability of the farming system. The image can be seen as a metaphor for the world, however there is a much simpler reason for the painting. Under the Act, native timber can only be taken from forests in a way that maintains forest cover and ecological balance. How to use exotic in a sentence. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. 2020 exotic forest meaning
An ad promoting a trip to Glacier National Park On April 23, Sen. Tom Harkin announced at Jordan Creek Elementary School in Des Moines, Iowa, that he was planning to introduce the “Keep Our Educators Working Act.” The senator’s proposal appears to be in response to the recent layoff of teachers nationwide and specifically the 74 teachers recently laid off in the Des Moines school district. Due to the recession and rapidly falling housing prices, school districts across the country have fallen short of budget expectations. Many are looking at reducing the number of teachers on staff. Most notable are San Francisco, with the announced layoff of more than 900 teachers, and New York, with the possibility of more than 11,000 teachers being laid off. Our education system faces more than just teacher layoffs. Many districts are closing schools. There’s a call for mass school closures in Kansas City and the fear that Detroit might close as much as 25 percent of its schools. All of this is forcing many districts to push for larger class sizes. In the next few years, we will probably see class sizes rise from 20 students to 30 to 45. This will detrimentally affect the quality of education. Harkin’s proposal is an interesting idea that might have the power to slow both the loss of teachers and the growth of class size. Like any stimulus or bailout package, it lasts as long as there is funding. Eventually the stimulus goes away and, if unchecked, the old problem re-emerges. Unless Americans change how we provide and fund public education, the above numbers will become a reality for both large and small districts. These financial setbacks are an unwanted realization for a national education system that is steadily falling farther behind the rest of the world. This trend should call those interested in democracy and social justice to action. We cannot sit by and watch the weakening of an educational system that countless poor and middle-class families depend on. Americans must be reminded that our current educational funding crisis is a crack in the very foundation of our democracy. It is more desperate than the recent financial crisis or the need to reform health care. In recent decades, we have forgotten that democracy depends on education. In order to appreciate the need for quality education in this country and other democratic societies, one should reflect on the nature of the democratic process. Democracies require the wisdom and understanding of their citizens and those citizens’ abilities to engage in public debate. If we lived in a monarchy or oligarchy, we would insist that our rulers be well trained and suited for the job. The same reasoning applies to our democratic republic, which is essentially ruled by the citizens. Why do we spend so much time teaching civics and history in high school? Because we desire that those who will soon be voting on the issues of the day understand how those same issues emerged. Education is important for society because it ensures that the voters are informed of how the process works and what is at stake. John Adams reminds us that “Liberty cannot be preserved without a general knowledge among the people.” In like manner, Thomas Jefferson argued, “Whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government.” We often forget that many of the arguments behind the early child labor laws were for the purpose of providing time for future voters to get an education. In addition to general knowledge, democracies require diversity of opinion. A religiously and culturally diverse population ensures that multiple perspectives exist. This diversity helps develop different solutions for social problems. Our plurality ensures that we are not locked into one way of thinking. While this is a strength for society, it requires that the citizenry be able to think about and appreciate the different worldviews and perspectives found within society. This requires that future citizens be taught how to think in terms of other worldviews. Democracies must have public debate. True democratic societies do not yield themselves to closed-door meetings where the elite make policies outside the view of the voters. Democracy demands that the debate be in the public square and that public opinion be challenged. In a society where anyone can present his or her argument, it behooves the populace to develop the skills necessary to judge between arguments and ideas. While it is good that anyone can present his plan for the future, it does not ensure that that plan is worth exploring. Voters must develop critical-thinking skills – the kind taught in high school and college. If democracy needs a citizenry that is well-informed, appreciates different worldviews, and possesses critical thinking skills, it is imperative that we place education at the top of our list of social necessities. If we are not willing to invest in our intellectual infrastructure, we will be left with a society driven by the fear of change or a society driven by what our leaders tell us. The failure to provide our future voters with an adequate education will result in the banishment of liberty to a dusty library where no one goes to read. It is time to set aside our partisan bickering and work to ensure that our children possess the tools that will protect liberty and democracy for the next generation. Monty M. Self is the oncology chaplain at the Baptist Health Medical Center Little Rock and an adjunct instructor of ethics at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Share This
How to find dead zones in the home WiFi signal and eliminate them Cause of the dead zones of reception of the wifi signal, how to find them, and how to solve and capture the signal as best as possible. Wi-Fi reception We have technically explained how a router and Wi-Fi connections work by explaining how they are made from radio waves generated by a device (the router), which broadcasts a Wi-Fi signal. The Wi-Fi devices that receive the signal can connect to the network: these radio waves, however, can be disturbed or obstructed by interference, producing the so-called “dead zone” O “dead spotswhere the wireless signal is not receiving. Wireless dead zones are easy to spot if you walk around your home or office with your smartphone in hand.Where reception does not take, action must be taken: In this guide, we will show you how to find the cause of the problem to cover the whole house or office with the signal we have, so you can surf the Internet at maximum speed from any point, even the farthest one. READ ALSO -> Activate a second WiFi network to improve connection stability How to find Wi-Fi dead zones A dead zone is simply a space inside our apartment, office, or any other area where the wifi doesn’t take. In the following chapters, we will try to understand what causes this dead zone and what we can do to avoid it or at least minimize its effects on network coverage. What causes Wi-Fi dead zone? The most common cause of the dead zone for wireless networks is the distance from the signal source. If you live in a large house or office and the wireless router is in one corner of the building, there may be a dead zone in the opposite corner of the building that is not reached by the Wi-Fi signal. After all, the houses were certainly not built with the spread of the signal in mind, and often the fault is the thick walls, crossed by metal elements that interfere with the wireless. Large metal objects such as cabinets or doors certainly do not favor the diffusion of the signal. Others electronic devices present in the Wi-Fi path can then interfere and create new dead zones: a cordless phone, a microwave oven, a baby monitor, a wireless burglar alarm and a wireless audio system are classic trouble-making items. For those who live in heavily populated neighborhoods or large apartment buildings where everyone has their own wireless router, Wi-Fi coverage can be affected by constant interference. More specifically, if neighbors have their Wi-Fi networks on the same wireless channel as ours, this can reduce network signal strength or even produce dead zones. How to find Wi-Fi dead zones We don’t have to use a PC program to find these dead zones; nowadays we can rely on the faithful smartphone or tablet to check if the Wi-Fi network catches up in the whole house: on balance, if the signal strength drops to zero, here is the dead zone; if the signal is picked up at a very low level this is also a problem, because an unstable signal can cause lower speeds. If we use an Android device we can track Wi-Fi dead zones in the home or office using a free app such as WiFi Heatmap, available from the Google Play Store. WiFi Heatmap By downloading this app and starting it we will be able to scan the cover of the Wi-Fi network for every corner of the house, the only thing we have to do is turn slowly for all the rooms! Once the tour is over we will have a map of the house or office with a green map where the signal is excellent, a yellowish color where the signal is good, and the red areas where the signal is poor or even absent. Another app that we can use to map the Wi-Fi network is Network Analyzer, available free for Android and for iPhone / iPad. Network Analyzer With this app, we can check the intensity of the Wi-Fi signal in every corner of the house, check the connection speed, the distance from the modem, and the level of interference with nearby Wi-Fi networks. To find other useful apps to use on Wi-Fi networks, we recommend reading our guides Compare WiFi networks to find the best one (WiFi Analyzers) e 10 Wi-Fi network scanner app for Android. How to eliminate or minimize Wi-Fi dead zones Once you understand where the dead zones of the Wi-Fi network we are using are, we recommend that you follow the simple tips below to try to eliminate or minimize the impact of the dead zones: • Relocate the router: if the router is in a far corner, it is better to place it in a more central area of the home or office, if necessary also using telephone extension cables or Ethernet cables of at least 10 meters. • If the modem or router is equipped with antennas, move them away from each other so as to avoid interference between them and cover a larger area (sometimes even 2cm of distance is enough to get good results). • Try to eliminate obstacles, especially electronic devices near the modem or router. • Let’s change the Wireless channel and find the most powerful one and less congested. • We use a Wireless repeater o Range Extender to expand the network. This type of repeater costs very little, they connect to electrical sockets and are simple to configure, as also seen in our guide How does the wifi repeater or “Range Extender” work and which one to buy. • Alternatively, we can use a Wi-Fi Powerline and take advantage of the home electrical network, as seen in the guide Internet on the electrical outlet with the Powerline. • To cover the whole house we can also focus on WiFi Mesh technology, which uses various routers positioned in strategic points, as seen in the article Mesh WiFi: how to increase wireless coverage. • Use a wired connection or connect two routers together. If there is good wireless coverage throughout the house except in one room, you can run an Ethernet cable from the router to the bedroom and connect it to another wireless router in the room; for more information, we can read our guide on how to connect two wireless routers together. By following the proposed suggestions we will be able to bypass the Wi-Fi dead zones and increase the coverage of the Wi-Fi signal in every corner of the house or office. Wi-Fi dead zones can be a problem, particularly in large homes, huge open spaces for office use, or homes that use old stone walls. Electromagnetic waves respond to precise laws of physics and it is not possible to extend them without using one or more tricks among those reported in the guide above: if the problem is evident and we need total coverage, we advise you to focus on wireless repeaters or WiFi Mesh to solve any signal problem. Always on the same topic, we can read our guides Strengthen the wifi signal and avoid frequent disconnections and What slows down the speed of the Wifi network and the internet connection. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
« March 2017 \| Main \| May 2017 » Reorientation in the French election Financial Times has this chart up about the voters for the National Front, which is Marie Le Pen's party. I find the chart very hard to decipher, even though I usually like the dot plot format. The first thing to figure out is not visual. It's a definition of the data. The average voter represents those who voted in the 2015 regional election. The National Front voters are those who intended to vote in 2015, and these are sub-divided into "loyal" and "new" voters. All it takes one to be "loyal" is to have voted for the National Front in 2012; all others are "new." All of the above information you pick up primarily from the footnotes, combined with various parts of the title, and legend. Similarly, you also learn that FN is the acronym for National Front. This following version is clearer: The new version mostly just re-orients the original chart, turning it on its side. It's quite surprising how much better I feel about it. I think it's because the message is primarily about the relative ages, and in the original chart, aging is portrayed downwards, which is not natural. Sorting out what's meaningful and what's not A few weeks ago, the New York Times Upshot team published a set of charts exploring the relationship between school quality, home prices and commute times in different regions of the country. The following is the chart for the New York/New Jersey region. (The article and complete data visualization is here.) This chart is primarily a scatter plot of home prices against school quality, which is represented by average test scores. The designer wants to explore the decision to live in the so-called central city versus the decision to live in the suburbs, hence the centering of the chart about New York City. Further, the colors of the dots represent the average commute times, which are divided into two broad categories (under/over 30 minutes). The dots also have different sizes, which I presume measures the populations of each district (but there is no legend for this). This data visualization has generated some negative reviews, and so has the underlying analysis. In a related post on the sister blog, I discuss the underlying statistical issues. For this post, I focus on the data visualization. One positive about this chart is the designer has a very focused question in mind - the choice between living in the central city or living in the suburbs. The line scatter has the effect of highlighting this particular question. Boy, those lines are puzzling. Each line connects New York City to a specific school district. The slope of the line is, nominally, the trade-off between home price and school quality. The slope is the change in home prices for each unit shift in school quality. But these lines don't really measure that tradeoff because the slopes span too wide a range. The average person should have a relatively fixed home-price-to-school-quality trade-off. If we could estimate this average trade-off, it should be represented by a single slope (with a small cone of error around it). The wide range of slopes actually undermines this chart, as it demonstrates that there are many other variables that factor into the decision. Other factors are causing the average trade-off coefficient to vary so widely. The line scatter is confusing for a different reason. It reminds readers of a flight route map. For example: The first instinct may be to interpret the locations on the home-price-school-quality plot as geographical. Such misinterpretation is reinforced by the third factor being commute time. Additionally, on an interactive chart, it is typical to hide the data labels behind mouseovers or clicks. I like the fact that the designer identifies some interesting locales by name without requiring a click. However, one slight oversight is the absence of data labels for NYC. There is nothing to click on to reveal the commute/population/etc. data for central cities. In the sister blog post, I mentioned another difficulty - most of the neighborhoods are situated to the right and below New York City, challenging the notion of a "trade-off" between home price and school quality. It appears as if most people can spend less on housing and also send kids to better schools by moving out of NYC. In the New York region, commute times may be the stronger factor relative to school quality. Perhaps families chose NYC because they value shorter commute times more than better school quality. Or, perhaps the improvement in school quality is not sufficient to overcome the negative of a much longer commute. The effect of commute times is hard to discern on the scatter plot as it is coded into the colors. A more subtle issue can be seen when comparing San Francisco and Boston regions: One key insight is that San Francisco homes are on average twice as expensive as Boston homes. Also, the variability of home prices is much higher in San Francisco. By using the same vertical scale on both charts, the designer makes this insight clear. But what about the horizontal scale? There isn't any explanation of this grade-level scale. It appears that the central cities have close to average grade level in each chart so it seems that each region is individually centered. Otherwise, I'd expect to see more variability in the horizontal dots across regions. If one scale is fixed across regions, and the other scale is adapted to each region, then we shouldn't compare the slopes across regions. The fact that the lines are generally steeper in the San Francisco chart may be an artifact of the way the scales are treated. Finally, I'd recommend aggregating the data, and not plot individual school districts. The obsession with magnifying little details is a Big Data disease. On a chart like this, users are encouraged to click on individual districts and make inferences. However, as I discussed in the sister blog (link), most of the differences in school quality shown on these charts are not statistically meaningful (whereas the differences on the home-price scale are definitely notable). If you haven't already, see this related post on my sister blog for a discussion of the data analysis. Light entertainment: is it safe for our eyes? There is a brewing controversy over ads shown on video websites. Because of the automation, and generally opacity of the online advertising market, advertisers sometimes find their ads next to undesirable content, such as extremist videos. This chart analyzes the situation, but it is also an extremist assault on our eyes: Brought to you by Business Insider (link). Confuse, confuses, confused, confusing Via Twitter, @Stoltzmaniac sent me this chart, from the Economist (link to article): There is simply too much going on on the right side of the chart. The designer seems not to be able to decide which metric is more important, the cumulative growth rate of vehicles in use from 2005 to 2014, or the vehicles per 1,000 people in 2014. So both set of numbers are placed on the chart, regrettably in close proximity. In the meantime, the other components of the chart, such as the gridlines and the red line indicating 2005 = 100 are only relevant to the cumulative vehicle growth metric. Perhaps noticing the imbalance, the designer then paints the other data series in rainbow-colored boxes, and prints the label for this data series in a big white box. This decision tilts the chart towards the vehicle per capita metric, as our eyes now cannot help but stare at the white box. There are really three trends: the growth in population, the growth in vehicles, and the resultant growth in vehicle per capita. They are all be accommodated in a small-multiples setting, as follows: There are some curious angular trends revealed here. The German population somehow dipped into negative territory around 2007-8 but since then has turned around. Nigeria's vehicle growth declined sharply after 2006 so that the density of vehicles has stabilized. Attractive, interactive graphic challenges lazy readers
“You must redeem the firstborn of a person … when he is one month old, for the value of five silver shekels” (Numbers 18:15-16). God sanctified the firstborn male Israelites when He protected them from the plague of the Death of the Firstborn in Egypt. Therefore, God commanded: “Sanctify for me every firstborn, the one that first opens any womb among the children of Israel…he is mine” (Exodus 13:1-2). It was originally intended that the firstborn would serve as the Jewish priesthood. However, when Moses saw the Golden Calf, he smashed the Ten Commandments and called out: “Whoever is for God, [come] to me!” When only the tribe of Levi stepped forward, the firstborn lost their exalted position. Henceforth, the priesthood was transferred to the Kohanim (who are Levites). However, since the firstborn had already been “sanctified,” each firstborn(‘s father) has to pay a Kohain to take his child’s place in the priesthood (this is referred to as redemption of the firstborn, Pidyon Haben.) The following condition have to be met to celebrate a Pidyon Ha’ben, making it a relatively uncommon ceremony: a. It’s a boy. b. The mother had a natural birth with no previous pregnancies/miscarriages, since the Torah refers to a firstborn who “opens the womb.” c. The father is not a Kohain or Levi, nor is the maternal grandfather a Kohain or Levi. The Pidyon Ha’ben is performed when the baby is 31 days old. The child is brought by the parents (often on a silver tray decorated with jewelry) to the Kohain who has been invited to be part of the ceremony. The Kohain asks: “Which do you prefer, to give me your firstborn or to redeem him?” The father replies, “To redeem him” and recites a blessing on the mitzvah of redeeming one’s son followed by the Sheh’heh’cheh’yanu blessing. He then gives five silver coins (U.S. silver dollars are often used) to the Kohain, who blesses the child.
“A razor may be sharper than an ax, but it cannot cut wood.” —Annang proverb IT would be an understatement to say that molecular biology has revolutionized medicine by increasing our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease and ability to assess genetic risk. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, we have witnessed the use of genomics for the rapid identification of newly discovered pathogens, such as that involved in the severe acute respiratory syndrome; the use of gene-expression profiling to assess cancer prognosis and guide therapy; the use of genotyping to stratify patients according to the risk of a disease, such as prolonged QT interval syndrome or myocardial infarction; the use of genotyping to increase our understanding of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; and the use of genetics for tissue engineering and the cloning of several different species.1,2However, we have been slow to apply many of these novel, cutting-edge molecular techniques within our own discipline. In this issue of Anesthesiology, Lucchinetti et al. 3use a GeneChip microarray (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) to perform myocardial genetic expression profiling of patients receiving intravenous versus inhalational anesthetics during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Microarray technology is a powerful and elegant tool for genetic research that uses nucleic acid hybridization techniques and recent advancements in computing technology to evaluate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile of thousands of genes within a single experiment. Labeled complementary DNA or complementary RNA targets derived from the mRNA of an experimental sample are hybridized to nucleic acid probes (i.e. , gene fragments) attached to a solid support (i.e. , a “chip”). By monitoring the amount of label associated with each DNA location, it is possible to infer the amount of each mRNA species represented. In addition to analyzing gene expression on a genome-wide scale, other important microarray applications include genomic resequencing, genotyping, genome-wide exon analysis, and transcript mapping.4Moreover, microarray technology offers the unprecedented opportunity to measure gene expression in relation to physiologic and environmental factors, and has great potential for clinical and pharmacologic applications.4 Because microarray experiments literally involve the comparison of thousands of data points, the scientific community has grappled with identifying specific guidelines for the conductance, statistical analysis, and interpretation of microarray experiments due to the significant potential for false positives (i.e. , type I error). To this end, the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society, an international organization of molecular biologists, computer scientists, and data analysts, developed standards known as the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME), which outlines the minimum information that should be reported about a microarray experiment to enable its unambiguous interpretation and reproduction.5*In addition adhering to the MIAME guidelines, Lucchinetti et al. analyzed their microarray data using a highly sophisticated technique known as gene set enrichment analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis is a computational method that determines whether an a priori defined set of genes (as opposed to individual genes) shows statistically significant, concordant differences between two biologic states (e.g. , phenotypes).6Gene set enrichment analysis involves three steps: (1) calculation of an enrichment score, (2) estimation of the enrichment score significance level, and (3) adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing. This last step involves controlling for the proportion of false positives by calculating the false discovery rate (FDR) corresponding to each normalized enrichment score.6This is very important because gene set enrichment analysis involves the comparison of hundreds, if not thousands, of gene sets (547 gene sets were compared in the analysis by Lucchinetti et al. ). Indeed, most major journals are now requiring that the FDR for each gene set be determined and that gene sets with an FDR > 0.25 be excluded from the final analysis. Alternatively, instead of simply fixing a level at which to control the FDR, one may calculate the FDR q value, which is defined to be the FDR analog of the P value.7Specifically, the FDR q value for a particular feature is the expected proportion of false positives incurred when calling that feature significant.7 In the study by Lucchinetti et al. , the authors conclude that their microarray data suggests that the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor survival pathways play key roles in perioperative myocardial protection. As opposed to specifying a specific FDR cutoff for gene set exclusion in the study methods section, Lucchinetti et al. instead calculated the FDR q value for each gene set. This is important because the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α pathway was used as an indicator of preoperative “myocardial background energy metabolism” in their multivariate analysis despite the fact that this pathway had an FDR q value of 0.26. That is, 0.26 is the expected proportion of false positives incurred when we call the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α pathway significant.7 Similarly, these authors also conclude that their data suggest that sevoflurane reduces the transcriptional activity of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FDR q value = 0.33) and DNA-damage signaling (FDR q value = 0.11) while increasing the transcriptional activity of genes in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor survival pathway (FDR q value = 0.10) compared with patients receiving propofol. Again, the FDR q value for a particular feature is the expected proportion of false positives incurred when calling that feature significant.7 Does this mean the conclusions by Lucchinetti et al. are incorrect? No, but it does suggest the potential for a high proportion of false positives in the data on which their conclusions are based. In fact, genetic statisticians have yet to determine whether and what cutoff value should be used for the FDR q value (although many would argue for a FDR q value < 0.10).7But it does highlight the significant statistical problems of handling genomic data that involve thousands of multiple comparisons. Guarding against any single false positive occurring is often much too strict and will lead to many missed findings. The goal is therefore to identify as many significant features in the microarray data as possible while incurring a relatively low proportion of false positives.7 In summary, Lucchinetti et al. are to be commended for taking advantage of and applying such cutting-edge molecular techniques as gene microarray screening to our discipline. Furthermore, publication of such microarray data should not only adhere to MIAME standards, but should also involve careful controls for the FDR (i.e. , type I error). Without such blunt statistical instruments as the FDR controlling for the large number of genetic comparisons, it is going to be difficult to see the forest for the trees. Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart® Institute, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas. ccollard@heart.thi.tmc.edu Guttmacher AE, Collins FS: Welcome to the genomic era. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:996–8 Collins FS, Green ED, Guttmacher AE, Guyer MS: A vision for the future of genomics research. Nature 2003; 422:835–47 Lucchinetti E, Hofer C, Bestmann L, Hersberger M, Feng J, Zhu M, Furrer L, Schaub MC, Tavakoli R, Genoni M, Zollinger A, Zaugg M: Gene regulatory control of myocardial energy metabolism predicts postoperative cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Inhalational versus intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:444–57 Heber S, Sick B: Quality assessment of Affymetrix GeneChip data. OMICS 2006; 10:358–68 Storey JD, Tibshirani R: Statistical significance for genomewide studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9440–5
Tuesday , May 11 2021 Message Arecibo: What do the symbols in Google Doodle mean? The Arecibo message consists of several sections designed to teach alien beings that the land is inhabited and who are their inhabitants. Encrypted in binary code and must be built for interpretation. At the beginning of the message, the numbers from one to ten are in binary code, followed by chemical elements and nucleotides that transmit aliens to the nature of human THEN. Here is a display of the human being, the solar system and the observatory from which the message was sent. Sending a message is often criticized in retrospect. Scientists such as Stephen Havkins pointed out that extraterrestrial life forms, if they received such a message, could pose a threat to the planet. After all, the discovery of America for autochthonous people living there did not turn out well. Source link
Log in to StudySoup Get Full Access to Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics - 14 Edition - Chapter 14 - Problem 14-66 Join StudySoup for FREE Already have an account? Login here Reset your password The girl has a mass of 40 kg and center of mass at G. If Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics \| 14th Edition \| ISBN: 9780133951929 \| Authors: Russell C. Hibbeler ISBN: 9780133951929 123 Solution for problem 14-66 Chapter 14 Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics \| 14th Edition • Textbook Solutions • Get 24/7 help from StudySoup virtual teaching assistants Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics \| 14th Edition 4 5 1 287 Reviews Problem 14-66 The girl has a mass of 40 kg and center of mass at G. If she is swinging to a maximum height defined by u = 60, determine the force developed along each of the four supporting posts such as AB at the instant u = 0. The swing is centrally located between the posts. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1 of 3 PSY 101 Study Guide 3 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH Mary Ainsworth Researcher o ttachment Development Piaget Researcher fognitive Development Erikson Researcher oersonality Development Marcia Researcher oIdentity Development KublerRoss Researcher oStages of Grief Kohlberg Researcher ooral Development Research methods in developmental (2) 1. Prenatal development 2. Infant development Prenatal development the development of the zygote to birth. (0birth) 1. Germinal Stage: 02 weeks Zygote 2. Embryonic Stage: 28 weeks Embryo 3. Fetal Stage: 8birth Fetus Teratogens and examples Importance of contact/touch An Increase 50% survival Infant attachment styles (3) 1. Secure: a. Most trust b. Adventurous c. Cry if caretaker leave 2. Anxiousambivalent: a. Over dependence b. A little longer to play c. Harder to be comforted 3. Avoidant: a. Most distrust b. overindependence c. play fastest d. Don’t look around if caretaker leave US vs Germany vs Japan infant attachments Infant temperament styles (3) 1. Secure 2. Fear 3. Defensiveness Dendritic spread & pruning in infant brain “Planet Opposite” study Cognitive development stages (4) 1. Sensorimotor stage (02 yr.) a. object permanence when the object is out of sight, it is gone b. scale error cannot tell the difference in size. 2. Preoperational stage (27 yr.) a. Irreversibility concentrate one thing at a time b. Egocentrism see thing from oneself pointofview 3. Concrete operations stage (711 yr.) a. Conservation the ability to see that distribution is different and size does not change b. Hierarchical classification 4. Formal operations stage (11adolescence) a. Abstract thinking b. Systematic thinking and logic Psychosocial development stages (8) 1. Trust vs Mistrust (1st year) 2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (23 yr.) a. “Can I do it by myself” 3. Initiative vs Guilt (46 yr.) a. “Am I good or bad” 4. Industry vs Inferiority (6puberty) a. “Am I a competent or worthless” 5. Identity vs Confusion (adolescence) a. “Who am I” 6. Intimacy vs Isolation (early adult) a. “Am I capable of meaningful relationship” 7. Generativity vs Self Absorption (mid adult) a. “Will I produce something valuable” 8. Integrity vs Despair (late adult) a. “Have I live a full life” Identity development statuses (4) 1. Identity Diffusion No crisis or commitment 2. Identity Moratorium No crisis, but have commitment 3. Identity foreclosure Have crisis, but no commitment 4. Identity Achievement Have crisis and commitment Moral development, 3 levels, 6 orientations 1. Preconventional Level a. Punishment orientation Determination through the thought of punishments b. Naïve reward orientation Determination through rewards 2. Conventional Level a. Good boy/girl orientation Determination through approval b. Authority orientation Determination through society’s rule 3. Postconventional Level a. Social Contract orientation Determination through justice b. Individual principles & conscience orientation Determination through abstract principles equity and justice Age conscience development begins about age 9 Highlights of adolescence ● Identity Crisis ● Stress ● Suicide attempts Adolescent brain structure & emotion Highlights of early adulthood ● Marriage is now in late 20searly 30s ● Increase in alternative lifestyles ● Four parenting styles ● These style will correlates with children Highlights of middle adulthood ● Marital happiness ○ Kids = happiness ■ Men = Yes ■ Women = No ● Midlife crisis vs reflection ● Empty nest syndrome vs adjustment Highlights of later adulthood ● Active neurons ○ Minor decline ● Sensory sensitivity ○ Gradual decline easily corrected ● Fluid intelligence; Crystallized intelligence ○ Decrease fluid ○ Flexibility increase ● Life satisfaction ● Interaction of physical, cognitive, and social health Parenting styles (4) 1. Authoritarian Excessive control, not responsive 2. Indulgentpermissive little control, high responsive 3. Indifferentuninvolved no control, not responsive 4. Authoritative high control, high responsive Island of Okinawa Stages of grieving & dying 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance Two more stages added later 1. Shock testing 2. Sticking , cycling stuck at one phase or goes through phases, but repeat prior stage. Progression PERSONALITY PSYCH Freud Study inPsychanalytic Theory Jung Study inAnalytic psychology Adler Study iIndividual psychology Skinner Study iOperant Conditioning by rewards and punishment Bandura Study inocial Learning Theory by observations Rogers Study inPersonCentered Theory Maslow Study in Self Actualization Theory Eyscenk Study inNP Theory Sam Gosling Study inocial Perception and CrossSpecies Personality Durable and pervasive way of life Trait A way of describing a being Personality or social situation MMPI clinical usage 16 PF Questionnaire personality factor usage The NEO Personality Inventory normal life usage Rorschach test looking for recurring themes The TAT ● For small group only ● For people who enjoys writing Self report vs projective tests ● Self report fill out survey or questionnaire with or without a investigator ● projective tests designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli to find hidden emotions and internal conflicts Psychobiography The analysis of historically significant lives through the use of psychological theory and research Types A, B and D and cardiovascular risk ● Type A Competitive, time urgent, hostile, aggressive ● Type B Relaxed, One thing at a time, express feeling ● Type D Have a negative outlook on live, suppress emotion ○ High risk of cardiovascular risk Psychodynamic perspectives ● Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory ● Jung’s Analytic psychology ● Adler’s Individual Psychology Psychoanalytic theory Focus: Unconscious 3 components of personality 1. Id Desire, Pleasure 2. Superego Conscience only 3. Ego reality mediator between id and superego 3 levels of awareness 1. Conscious Limited thought 2. Preconscious trigger answer (able to know the answer without thinking) 3. Unconscious imply memory, basically everything else The iceberg metaphor Defense mechanisms 1. Repression want to forget 2. Projection portray what you feel 3. Displacement taking frustration on other living organism 4. Reaction formation reaction in a different (opposite) manner 5. Regression Regression back to childlike behavior 6. Rationalization Think something is rational 7. Identification Identify yourself as part of something else because it makes you feel important The formative years the childhood years Psychosexual stages Know age range/body part focus/task/any special characteristic(s) on slide/ possible fixations of each stage 1. Oral Stage a. 01 yr. b. Explore everything with the mouth c. Breast feeding 2. Anal Stage a. 23 yr. b. Obsessed with anything to do with the rectum c. Potty training 3. Phallic Stage a. 45 yr. b. Focus on genital / exploring genital c. Have a “special relationship” with mother or father Oedipus & Electra complex 4. Latency Stage a. 612yr. b. Sexually repressive 5. Genital Stage a. Pubertyon b. Sharing sexuality with others. Dream symbolism sexuality concept Freudian slips No innocent error while talking Analytic Psychology Focus: Spirituality ● Personal Unconscious ○ Gene and other physical thing pass on ○ Memory can be passed on ● Collective Unconscious Unconscious memory that is shared with the same species. (Example: divine being) ● Introversion Prefer your inner life ● Extroversion Prefer the outer life Individual Psychology Focus: Superiority need a driving need to be better than average ● Inferiority complex is a lack of selfworth ● Compensation Covers up, consciously or unconsciously, feelings Behavioral perspectives Focus: Overt behavior Operant Conditioning ● Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Personality development is derived from rewards and punishment Social Learning Theory ● Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Observational Learning Humanistic perspectives Focus: Positive side of Human Nature and Free Will PersonCentered Theory ● Selfconcept ● Incongruency & mental health ● Source of incongruency ○ Lack of unconditional love Self Actualization Theory ● Self actualized personality ● Fulfillment of the person’s goal. Then go and help fulfill other people's goals. Michele’s marshmallow study the study on children about the impulsiveness. The conclusion of this test showed that the children will little control of their impulse to eat the marshmallow have behavioral issue while the more controlled impulse children have a more successful future. Biological perspectives Focus: Genetics and Physiology ENP Theory ● Higherorder (largely inherited traits) ● Extroversion ● Neuroticism ● Psychoticism ● Personality structure: hierarchical ● First to show effects of personality on physiology Evolutionary Theory ● Judgment of other ● Natural Selection favors: ○ Reliability ○ Cooperative ○ Generosity Trait Perspectives ● The Big five The Big Five ● N: Neuroticism ● E: Extraversion ● O: Openness ● A: Agreeableness How nice somebody is ● C: Conscientiousness detailed productive carful Neurotransmitters and neuroticism Health/longevity and personality Obesity and personality Step 2 of 3 Chapter 14, Problem 14-66 is Solved Step 3 of 3 Textbook: Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics Edition: 14 Author: Russell C. 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left arrow right arrow < Grade 1 Lesson 空 - Sky Index #42 Grade 1 8 strokes Play kanji stroke order animation Stroke order animation for 空 (Sky) Stroke order animation for 空 (Sky) JLPT Level: N4 Readings: クウ, そら, あ・く Imagine you're working for a construction company and you're fixing a new roof. You have your legs strapped in and ready to start work when suddenly you see the sky turn dark. Kanji Primes Compound Kanji Common Vocab すく空く to be empty remove vocab from reviews くうき空気 air, atmosphere add vocab to reviews あく空く to become available add vocab to reviews show more Appears in:
Editorial Feature Nanoparticles Defined - What Nanoparticles Are And What Makes Them Special Nanoparticles are ultra-small objects with dimensions measured in nanometres (nm). Nanoparticles typically have at least one dimension less than 100nm in size. What Makes Nanoparticles Special Nanoparticles fascinate materials scientists and engineers because they possess properties different from those seen in bulk samples of the same material. Copper, as an example, is known as a soft, malleable metal – but copper nanoparticles smaller than 50nm diameter are known as ultra-hard materials. Nanoparticles smaller than 10nm are known to emit light or glow with a light frequency determined by material composition and particle size. These nanoparticles are known as quantum dots. The unique properties of nanoparticles are often caused by either the extremely high surface area to volume ratio or quantum Types of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles come in a range of different types. Nanoparticles can be man-made to possess highly desired and specific properties or they can simply be found in nature. Man-made nanoparticles include: • Quantum Dots • Carbon Nanotubes also known as Buckyballs and Buckytubes • Nanorods • Nanocrystals • Nanowires • Nanoribbons Source: AZoNano Tell Us What You Think Leave your feedback
The Five, Nine And Fourteen Eyes Alliance Check out our security library for more helpful articles about staying safe online. Other countries have formed surveillance partnerships with the Five Eyes, too, such as the 43 Eyes, which is the 14 Eyes plus the members of the International Security Assistance Forces to Afghanistan. The U.S proposed that France join the Five Eyes alliance, to become the Six Eyes. French President Nicholas Sarkozy wanted to be granted the same status as other allies, though. Many have tried to expose the activities of the Five Eyes, such as Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks. Unfortunately the public remain largely nine-eyes unaware of how much they are patrolled online and what government agencies can collect from companies about their customers. The Five Eyes have two ways to collect data, the PRISM method, and the Upstream Collection Method. PRISM works with global companies such as Apple, Google, and Microsoft. The Upstream Collection Method collects data directly from communications between two parties. It does this by monitoring fiber cables and other infrastructures. During the second world war, the exchange of intelligence information between the UK and the U.S. was important, and the partnership continued afterward. In this article, we look at which countries are in those alliances and what they can do. The Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, and 14 Eyes groups are big players in the global surveillance game. Each country involved can carry out surveillance in particular regions and share it with others in the alliance. If you’re looking to get a VPN, it’s often advised that you get one located outside of the Eyes, though to be extra-safe, you’ll want to avoid the third-party countries and SSPAC as well. The Eyes and other partnerships allow the involved nations to have access to far more detailed information than they could collect on their own. The Eyes and other intelligence partners have enough surveillance operations running to fill some very thick books. However, it is revealed that the criminal organization,SPECTRE, was involved in the creation of Nine Eyes and has been staging terrorist attacks around the world to create a need for the programme. In return, SPECTRE would be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Notably, the Centre for National Security’s website later lists Australia as a participating country, omitting Italy. After SPECTRE’s involvement is unearthed and Denbigh killed, the planned alliance, along with its global surveillance apparatus, was presumably dissolved. As mentioned above, internet service providers are actively collecting data for government agencies around the world. • The station in Hong Kong monitored the air network in North Vietnam. • But since the UK is a part of the five, nine, and fourteen eyes alliances, your VPN usage will inevitably be monitored. • Whether it is the NSA in the United States or the GCHQ in the United Kingdom, the “5 Eyes” is home to the most powerful surveillance agencies in the world. • In fairness, much of that surveillance is done to combat terrorism and organized crime. • Much of their work today is focused on combating international terrorism, primarily coordinating military signal exchanges among the fourteen member countries. Electronic Communications Privacy Act,which the U.S. government enacted back in 1986, stored data can be kept for up to 180 days upon government request. All five countries share significant amounts of intelligence within their closed circle. For more than half a century, these countries executed their surveillance in secret. Initially, Crypto Exchange there were two countries, theUnited Statesand theUnited Kingdom. They partnered up through an intelligence agreement, called theUKUSA Agreement that was officially enacted in 1946. Since Snowden’s leaks back in 2013, it’s no longer a secret that some governments around the world are monitoring the use of the internet. Fourteen Eyes Intelligence Alliance First signs of this were seen when the Danish intelligence agency collaborated with NSA. The Danish authorities gained access to NSA tech while allowing the American intelligence agency to install surveillance equipment on fiber optic cables throughout the country. Similar to the U.K’s stringent Investigatory powers Act, Australia’s recent Assistance and Access Bill gives law enforcement agencies unhindered access to encrypted user data. Australia’s equivalent legislation contains three different powers, but the one we should be all concerned about is the “technical capability notices” . Furthermore, these logs must be kept for two years and must be made available to the U.K government and collaborating alliances. Worst of all, this data can be stored and shared without any form of legal warrant. Well, five eyes or FVEY is an alliance between the intelligence agencies of five nations. The core objective of the five eyes intelligence is collective surveillance. The intelligence-sharing practices of these countries ethereum have wide implications for internet users and VPNs in particular. It is safe to assume that if any of these 14 nations gains access to your data online, your data can then be shared with other countries. Vpn Jurisdiction: United Kingdom The following list contains a handful of targets of the FVEY who are public figures in various fields. Five Eyes and France, Japan and South Korea tied up intelligence information sharing about North Korea’s military activities including ballistic missiles. In 2013 it was reported that Germany was interested in joining the Five Eyes alliance. At that time, several members of the United States Congress, including Tim Ryan and Charles Dent, were pushing for Germany’s entrance to the Five Eyes alliance. While the Five Eyes is a very specific agreement with specific operations amongst the five nations, other non-FVEY sharing agreements have been set up independently and for specific purposes. For example, according to Edward Snowden, the NSA has a “massive body” called the Foreign Affairs Directorate that is responsible for partnering with foreign countries. Of course, internet providers have been collecting data on their customers for many years, long before this law passed in 2017. United Kingdom – Since the passage of the Investigatory Powers Act in 2016, internet service providers and telecoms have been recording browsing history, connection times, and text messages. It’s a powerful tool that can listen to your phone calls and intercept other online communications. Evidence of this system grew over time, but the U.S. and Great Britain denied its existence until the late 1990s when it was disclosed to the public. Over the next 10 years, Canada, Australia and New Zealand joined the alliance, and by 1955, the agreement was updated to formally include them. That said, it was so secretive, the Australian prime minister wasn’t told it existed until 1973. Plus, the fact that the agreement existed wasn’t known until 2005 and its content wasn’t made public until even later. These supernatural Tibetan charms boast beautifully engraved patterns and colors. Spying Programs Run By The Five, Nine, And 14 Eyes Andrew Braun is a lifelong tech enthusiast with a wide range of interests, including travel, economics, math, data analysis, fitness, and more. He is an advocate of cryptocurrencies and other decentralized technologies, and hopes to see new generations of innovation continue to outdo each other. In general, unless you’re a criminal, political blockchain activist, privacy advocate, or conspiracy theorist, this doesn’t directly affect your life much. In the future, though, these alliances could affect some big public policy and tech issues. Now that they are out in the open, though, the Eyes may actually be able to get a bit more done than they could when they were in the shadows. SIGINT collects data from communications systems, weapons systems and radars, which is what the alliance primarily deals with. For you, that means any electronic communication with someone could be monitored. Since the War on Terror began in 2001, the Five Eyes’ surveillance capabilities have expanded, especially online. Five Eyes intelligence includes a surveillance system they developed, called ECHELON, to collect information through interception. It was originally used to monitor the former Soviets Union’s and the Eastern Bloc’s communications, but it’s now used to monitor the private communications of people around the globe. The Five Eyes alliance, also known as FVEY, was founded on Aug. 14, 1941 and can be traced back to the WWII period. All member countries within the Alliance all have similar laws regarding data retention. After the recent global terrorist attacks, several Alliance members have begun to expand powers of surveillance inside their borders. While the primary goal of the Alliance is to protect citizens from foreign terrorist schemes, the Alliance has also begun watching the activities of citizens within member countries. The company doesn’t track any user activity or data, and it won’t provide logs of any kind to any of the Five Eyes agencies. In truth, many people won’t believe that it’s necessary to get a VPN yet. The Five Eyes (fvey) It will need to be transparent which makes it more difficult for governments to tamper with through secret legislation. Those concerns caused the U.S. to reassess how information can be shared and how it’s connected with the allies that use the equipment, which could affect the Five Eyes alliance. With how bad China is, it’s not a good idea to involve a Chinese company in building such important infrastructure. There’s no way to know what the country will be able to do once the technology is in place. It could potentially enable China to conduct surveillance on everybody. Plus, there’s the Club de Berne, which is a forum for the intelligence-sharing services in 28 states in the EU that was founded in 1971. It’s based on voluntary exchanges, though, and the U.S. is not a member. There are many crucial factors that decide the fate of cyber security and online privacy. There are different attack vectors that threaten your security, those include malware, phishing, etc. A firm opponent of the international usage of land mines, the Princess of Wales was placed under surveillance by GCHQ and the NSA, which kept a top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages. The contents of Diana’s NSA file have not been disclosed because of national security concerns. Now, in times when everything is powered by the internet, that same practice seems to follow through, now in the form of the Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, or Fourteen Eyes. The government’s agencies have access to this data, and they can obtain it without any warrant. You’ll often come across the termsFive, Nine, and 14 Eyesas one of the biggest threats to your online privacy. These are international surveillance alliances formed between countries around the world. Though the Five Eyes countries have automatic data-sharing agreements between them, the additional countries are considered third-party members and have less clearance. That means the intelligence-sharing abilities are narrower, but they can still engage in surveillance. In 2010, the UKUSA Agreement was finally made public and can now be viewed online. In 2013, Edward Snowden was one of the original individuals who shared files about this intelligence agreement and global surveillance. Other documents around this time also revealed that Israel was a member of the alliance, though it was not included in the Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, Fourteen Eyes. While this agreement originally started in 1941, the secret treaty has evolved over the years, expanding into online surveillance and data collection. Nine other countries were also added to the agreements over the years. While it is not officially listed as part of the Five Eyes, most believe that Israel must be included because of its close ties to the American government. For many decades, the US has operated alongside Israel’s governments. That’s clearly not great for privacy and could be a big problem for cybersecurity, too. Though they don’t share the “Eyes” designation, there are plenty more categories for countries that share information with each other. SIGINT Seniors Pacific also includes India, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. They can be roughly compared to the extra countries in the Fourteen Eyes since they’re simply another branch of SIGINT Seniors. Historically, this alliance has been extremely secretive, though periodic leaks managed to keep suspicion of its existence alive for quite a while. Leave a Reply
Can Imaginary Exercise Make a Pitcher Better? \| Research Reading Time: 7 minutes I won’t bury the lead. The answer is yes, it is highly likely that imaginary exercise can make a pitcher better. In the early 90s, several researchers set out to test the efficacy of pure imaginary exercise on the strength of a finger [1]. (The finger was chosen because it has small muscles that are easy to test and isolate.) The researchers had three groups of subjects: group 1 performed actual finger exercises, group 2 performed no finger exercises, and group 3 simply imagined the finger exercises performed by group 1. After 4 weeks, the results were pretty incredible. As expected, the subjects in the first group (the subjects that completed the actual exercises) increased the strength of the exercised finger by 30% on average. Also as expected, the subjects in the second group did not substantially increase the strength of the finger. Now here’s the incredible part… the subjects in the third group, the subjects that only imagined exercises without actually activating muscles, increased the force output of the “exercised” finger by 22%. Pure imaginary exercises significantly increased the force output of the tested finger muscles. In the imposed experimental protocol, the muscles did not get bigger and stronger… so what happened? With the imaginary exercises, the subjects’ nervous systems became more effective at accomplishing the desired task. Their brains learned to more effectively activate the targeted muscles. How the Nervous System Activates Muscles The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves. This system is essentially the controller of the body. It turns the muscles on when they need to be on and off when they need to be off. To turn a muscle on, the brain generates an electrochemical signal that travels down the spinal cord and into the desired muscle through a nerve. This signal is called an action potential [2]. One action potential does not turn on a whole muscle. One action potential activates a small group of muscle fibers, called a motor unit, within a muscle [2]. As I mentioned previously, one muscle is made up of many muscle fibers. And each muscle fiber has different speed, strength, and endurance characteristics. The fibers that contract more slowly are generally weaker and more resistant to fatigue. The fibers that contract more quickly are typically stronger and more susceptible to fatigue. Muscle fibers are organized into motor units of similar size, speed, strength, and endurance characteristics [2]. The initial action potentials sent from the brain to a muscle turn on the slowest and weakest motor units in the muscle [2]. As the brain sends more action potentials at faster speeds and frequencies, more motor units get turned on to participate in the desired muscular task. In general, each additional motor unit that gets recruited is bigger, faster, and stronger than the previous one. Moreover, motor units are not recruited one at a time. They add up [2]. The bigger and stronger units are added to the smaller and weaker ones to generate a more powerful muscle contraction. This is known as the size principle. Conversely, if the brain does not send action potentials at fast enough speeds, the faster and stronger motor units are never activated. They are never recruited and only the slower and weaker motor units participate in the desired task. So what causes the brain to send more action potentials at faster speeds to recruit the most powerful motor units in a muscle? Why Intent Matters in Pitching Training It is the level of exertion, or intent, which determines the amount of motor units recruited to perform a task [2]. Increased intent may help explain how imaginary exercise can increase muscle force output. Imaginary exercise seems to teach the nervous system to perform a task with greater intent, facilitating the recruitment of more powerful muscle motor units. The level of exertion, or intent, with which an athlete performs a task, is determined by the athlete’s level of focus and effort. Imaginary exercise can improve both. However, despite the effectiveness of imaginary exercise, I am not advocating that a pitcher should skip the training room and just visualize pitching in the big leagues. As demonstrated by the finger experiment described above, a training regimen that exercises both the nervous system AND the musculoskeletal system is most effective. Want to get started training with intent? Driveline’s Starter Kit has a simple, effective program to get you started. Simple Training Techniques to Fire Up the Nervous System So here’s the take-away message for pitchers and really all athletes: Physical exercise should always be accompanied by mental exercise. Never go through the motions. Always try to complete the task you are practicing with greater intent. When throwing a bullpen, a pitcher should throw each pitch like it’s the ninth inning of a one run game. During long toss, a pitcher should focus on generating power that will translate to the mound. When practicing with a heavier ball, a pitcher should focus on learning the feeling of throwing the heavier object with maximum efficiency. And the list goes on…learn the goal of a drill and then focus on completing the goal. Practicing with greater intent will lead to nervous system adaptation. Over time, the nervous system will learn to activate more powerful motor units. For pitchers, activating more powerful motor units leads to better performance, typically in the form of increased velocity. One way to start practicing with greater intent is to try an unfamiliar exercise regimen. An unfamiliar task requires more focus and thus typically engages the nervous system to a greater extent. For this reason, it is beneficial for pitchers to mix up their training programs and try new things. A training program only composed of long toss will not be nearly as effective as a program composed of many different training modalities. Theoretical Implications for Rehabbing Pitchers Rehabbing athletes who are unable to complete physical exercise should especially take advantage of the adaptability of the nervous system. For example, a pitcher who is recovering from Tommy John surgery can effectively mentally practice his or her windup before ever touching a baseball. Even imaginary biceps curls or shoulder rotations may speed up post-surgery recovery. And if pure imaginary exercise is too difficult, a rehabbing pitcher can try exercising his or her non-dominant arm. Studies have shown that exercising the non-dominant arm increases the strength of the dominant arm, or vice versa, through similar neural adaptation mechanisms [2]. It is easy to neglect nervous system exercise. It doesn’t make you sweat or cause a muscle to swell. But this system, made up of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves, determines how much of your muscle capacity you use. Therefore, it is critical to give the nervous system as much attention in training as the musculoskeletal system. An athlete who uses 90% of a weaker muscle can be just as effective as an athlete who uses 30% of a stronger muscle. And neither athlete will be as effective as the guy or girl who uses 90% of the strongest muscle. Interested in more of how intent shapes your training? Hacking The Kinetic Chain is a complete training guide for building better pitchers. Dr. James H. Buffi has a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Notre Dame and a PhD in biomedical engineering from Northwestern University. His doctoral dissertation was called, “Using Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation to Calculate Potential Muscle Contributions to the Elbow Varus Moment during Baseball Pitching.” He has also been a visiting scholar in the National Center for Simulation in Rehabilitation Research at Stanford University as well as a visiting researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital. You can follow @jameshbuffi on twitter. 1. Yue, G. and K.J. Cole, Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions. J Neurophysiol, 1992. 67(5): p. 1114-23. 2. Lieber, R.L. and R.L. Lieber, Skeletal muscle structure, function & plasticity : the physiological basis of rehabilitation. 3rd ed. 2009, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. xii, 369 p. Comment section Add a Comment
Question: How To Get A Square Root Of A Number? How do you calculate the square root of a number? Divide the number by your guess. Now you have two numbers that multiply to get your original number. Take the average of these two numbers. This becomes your second guess for the square root. How do you manually calculate square roots? Take the number you wish to find the square root of, and group the digits in pairs starting from the right end. For example, if you want to calculate the square root of 8254129, write it as 8 25 41 29. Then, put a bar over it as when doing long division. Is 4 a perfect square? For instance, the product of a number 2 by itself is 4. In this case, 4 is termed as a perfect square. A square of a number is denoted as n × n. Example 1. Integer Perfect square 2 x 2 4 3 x 3 9 4 x 4 16 5 x 5 25 How do you square a number without a calculator? Finding square roots of of numbers that aren’t perfect squares without a calculator 1. Estimate – first, get as close as you can by finding two perfect square roots your number is between. 2. Divide – divide your number by one of those square roots. 3. Average – take the average of the result of step 2 and the root. You might be interested: Readers ask: There Exists A Complex Number For Which There Is No Complex Square Root.? Is 3 a square root? The process of multiplying a number times itself is called squaring. Numbers whose square roots are whole numbers, (or more accurately positive integers) are called perfect square numbers. List of Perfect Squares. 3 9 1.732 4 16 2.000 5 25 2.236 6 36 2.449 What does a square Metre look like? The area equal to a square that is 1 meter on each side. Used for measuring areas of rooms, houses, blocks of land, etc. Example: A typical car parking space is about 12 square meters. What is the square of the 4? The square of 4 is 4×4. To show that a number is squared, a small 2 is placed to the top right of the number. Like this: These signs are the same as saying “3 squared, 4 squared, and x squared.” Is 17 a perfect square? A: No, the number 17 is not a perfect square. What is the perfect square formula? When an expression has the general form a²+2ab+b², then we can factor it as (a+b)². This method is based on the pattern (a+b)²=a²+2ab+b², which can be verified by expanding the parentheses in (a+b)(a+b). Written by Leave a Reply
Question: How To Insert Square Root Symbol In Powerpoint? How do you type a square root symbol? How do I insert math symbols in PowerPoint? Insert mathematical symbols 1. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click the arrow under Equation, and then click Insert New Equation. 2. Under Equation Tools, on the Design tab, in the Symbols group, click the More arrow. 3. Click the arrow next to the name of the symbol set, and then select the symbol set that you want to display. How do you type a square? How do you insert the root symbol in Word? Click on Insert from the top menu. Go in symbol. Press + (where ever you want to insert square root, you will get equation box, and then) To insert Square root symbol (√) in Word, type 221A and then press Alt+X to convert the alt code into a square root symbol. You might be interested: FAQ: What Is The Square Root Of Zero? How do I write in PowerPoint? To add a new text box to your slide, choose the Insert > Text Box option. To add a totally new text box to your slide, choose the Insert > Text Box option on PowerPoint’s ribbon. Now, click and drag on the slide to draw in your text box. How do you write Theta in PowerPoint? Go to Insert –> Symbols In symbols, goto subset Greek and Coptic and select θ from it. How do you write pi in PowerPoint? Press “alt” and then type in “227”. Let go of alt and the π symbol should appear. Can you add a formula to PowerPoint? Inserting a formula via the Insert menu. Use the Insert menu to add a formula to your PowerPoint presentation. Click on the Insert menu and select Object. Select Microsoft Equation and click OK. How do you insert a multiplication symbol in PowerPoint? The quickest way to insert a multiplication symbol in an Office program is to use its alphabetical equivalent, the “X.” Instantly recognizable for “times” or multiplication, you simply have to navigate to the text in Word, the text box in PowerPoint and Publisher, or the cell in the grid in Excel, and type an “X” How do you insert an intersection symbol in PowerPoint? How to insert the mathematical and other symbols into the PowerPoint slide 1. In the slide where you want to insert the symbol, click Alt+= to insert equitation: 2. In the equitation without any additional actions, enter any of the symbols that you need using a +Name of the symbol. You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Solve Imperfect Square Root? How do I type a rectangle symbol? How to type rectangle symbol in word? 1. Select the Insert tab. 2. Select Symbol and then More Symbols. 3. Select the rectangle symbol tab in the Symbol window. What is the alt code for a square? Keyboard Shortcuts – Windows ALT-Codes and Unicode Symbols To type this symbol Press this on your keyboard Description ¹ Alt+0185 To the power of 1 ² Alt+0178 Squared ³ Alt+0179 Cubed π Alt+227 Pi Written by Leave a Reply
Feminism In Faulkner's A Rose For Emily 1123 Words5 Pages Feminism in Faulkner’s “A rose for Emily” In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner deals with the life and death of Miss Emily, a woman that is considered crazy mainly because she never showed interest on the traditional woman role of getting married and forming a family, especially since the story develops in the late 1800s. Although Miss Emily can be presented as a weak character that the town feels responsible for and takes care of, this paper would argue that her character presents a real strength. In fact, some scholars argue that her strength uses the symbolism of a goddess (Eriksson). This is shown in two main points, the first regarding the image that the town people have of her as a single woman, and the second regarding the strength within herself. Firstly, regarding the view of people on Miss Emily, they seem to pity her, firstly by the fact that she could not fulfill her womanhood by marriage, and then by the death of her father. They also often relate the pity and loneliness with madness. This is clearly reflected in “That was when people had begun to feel really sorry for her. People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last” (Faulkner 80). By the time she reaches thirty years old, and still unmarried, the people in the town seem to accept that she will never be married, and assume that she would become crazy like some other members of the community. The pity comes back in the story when her father dies and she is Open Document
Often asked: When was the book of enoch written? Who Wrote the Book of Enoch and when was it written? When was the book of Enoch removed from the Bible? By the 4th century, the Book of Enoch was mostly excluded from Christian biblical canons, and it is now regarded as scripture only by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Is the book of Enoch older than the Bible? Who Wrote the Book of Enoch in the Bible? Enoch is the subject of many Jewish and Christian traditions. He was considered the author of the Book of Enoch and also called Enoch the scribe of judgment. The New Testament has three references to Enoch from the lineage of Seth (Luke 3:37, Hebrews 11:5, Jude 1:14–15). Enoch (ancestor of Noah) Enoch the Patriarch Born Babylon Is the book of Enoch in the Dead Sea Scrolls? Aramaic fragments of many parts of the book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, as were Hebrew fragments of the Book of Noah, either one of the sources of Enoch or a parallel elaboration of the same material. The hero of all of them is the biblical Enoch. Did King James change the Bible? You might be interested: Question: When are dates in season? Who is Gods wife? Do Dead Sea Scrolls match Bible? The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament except for the Book of Esther. Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include documents about sectarian regulations, such as the Community Rule, and religious writings that do not appear in the Old Testament. How many heavens are there in the Book of Enoch? Is Book of Enoch true? came into existence is the Book of Enoch, or I Enoch. It was completely preserved in an Enoch, the seventh patriarch in the book of Genesis, was the subject of abundant apocryphal literature, especially during the Hellenistic period of Judaism (3rd century bc to 3rd century ad). What is the oldest religious book? History of religious texts One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of ancient Sumer, a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE. What books were removed from the Bible? King James Version • 1 Esdras (Vulgate 3 Esdras) • 2 Esdras (Vulgate 4 Esdras) • Tobit. • Judith (“Judeth” in Geneva) • Wisdom. • Ecclesiasticus (also known as Sirach) You might be interested: Often asked: When is august? Who is the father of Enoch in the Bible? He is described as a son of Cain, and father of Irad. After Cain arrived in the Land of Nod, to which he was evicted by the Lord as his punishment for murdering his brother Abel, his wife became pregnant and bore Cain’s first child, whom he named Enoch. What are the 7 books left out of the Bible? Are the Dead Sea Scrolls fake? Museum’s Collection Of Purported Dead Sea Scroll Fragments Are Fakes, Experts Say Using advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscopes, a team of researchers concluded that all 16 scroll fragments at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C., are modern forgeries. Leave a Reply
Microplastics Stunt the Growth of Worms and Make Them Lose Weight, Scientists Discover Microplastics in the soil can stunt the growth of earthworms and make them lose weight, while also preventing certain plants from growing properly, according to research. In recent years, increasing attention has been drawn to the impact of microplastics—tiny fragments of plastic—on the environment and the potential risks they pose to biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Scientists have recognized that soil ecosystems—particularly agricultural land—can absorb large quantities of microplastics. However, the effects of microplastics on these ecosystems—both above and below the ground—have remained relatively unknown. "There is quite a lot of evidence of how microplastics are affecting animals and plants in aquatic ecosystems—like oceans, lakes and rivers—but only recently have scientists been focusing on what actually may happen in terrestrial ecosystems such as soils," Bas Boots, lead author of the research from Anglia Ruskin University in the U.K., told Newsweek. "Some people consider soils as 'the poor man's rainforest,' because some soils are so rich in biodiversity, including animals, bacteria and fungi," he said. "Soils are the foundation of the food chain, as it supports plant growth, including the food we eat." In an attempt to address some of the gaps in our understanding, Boots and his colleagues decided to investigate the impacts of microplastics in the soil on rosy-tipped earthworms (Aporrectodea rosea) and a type of plant known as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). For their experiments, the team added three different types of microplastics to soil that contained the worms and the ryegrass growing on top. Previous studies have demonstrated that these kinds of earthworms can move microplastics around in the soil. "We decided to focus on Apporectodea rosea, which lives in the topsoil where it gains nutrition from eating soil organic matter," Boots said. "Its burrowing activity also moves soil around and produces soil aggregates, or small clumps, which in turn usually increases porosity, so plant roots can penetrate easier, water drains quicker and erosion can be avoided." "As this earthworm eats soil it can also inadvertently ingest microplastics," he said. "It is a common earthworm in soils in temperate climates, so using this species as a model organism, we wanted to see if the addition of microplastics would have an effect on the animals' health and the soil environment they live in. If soil animals are negatively affected by this, we need to make sure that we do our best to avoid pollution of soils with microplastics." The plastics studied were biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and microplastic clothing fibers. PLA is a plastic made from renewable sources such as corn starch or sugarcane which is often used in food-packaging, as well as in the healthcare, construction and textile industries. HDPE is a tough plastic commonly used to produce bottles. Ryegrass—which is an important agricultural crop—was used as a model plant. The scientists conducted the study in the laboratory using so-called "mesocosms," which are controlled, experimental containers that can simulate conditions in the field. They observed these mini-ecosystems created for a 30-day period. "We chose to focus on levels of microplastics which are relatively high, but not unrealistic for soils," Boots said. "At the rate we are going, more microplastics are predicted to end up in soils. We choose to focus on fibers as well, as they can be deposited from the air as fallout, and there are studies suggesting that they may end up on the soil when treated sewage solids are used as fertilizer." Over the 30-day period, the scientists observed several different effects. Firstly, the scientists found that earthworms exposed to HDPE lost about 3.1 percent of their weight on average. In comparison, worms living in a control environment without microplastics grew by 5.1 percent over the same period, according to a study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. Meanwhile, soil exposed to PLA saw fewer ryegrass seeds germinating and a reduction in the height of ryegrass shoots. The latter observation was also seen in soil that was exposed to clothing fibers. Finally, the team noticed that soil exposed to HDPE experienced a decrease in pH—meaning it became more acidic. The researchers say that the study provides evidence that microplastics made from the substances studied can affect the development of ryegrass, the health of rosy-tipped earthworms and "basic, but crucial" soil properties. This indicates these materials could have significant impacts on the functioning of soil ecosystems, they say. "Earthworms can be called 'ecosystem engineers' as they help maintain a healthy soil," Connor Russell, a co-author of the study from Anglia Ruskin, said in a statement. "They do this through ingesting dead organic matter, therefore contributing to the availability of nutrients. "Their burrowing activity improves soil structure, helping with drainage and preventing erosion. It's therefore highly likely that any pollution that impacts the health of soil fauna, such as earthworms, may have cascading effects on other aspects of the soil ecosystem, such as plant growth." Researchers stress however, that the reasons for the earthworms weight loss is unclear at present. "It may be that the response mechanisms to microplastics may be comparable in earthworms to that of the aquatic lugworms, which have been previously studied," Boots said in a statement. "These effects include the obstruction and irritation of the digestive tract, limiting the absorption of nutrients and reducing growth." This article was updated to include additional comments from Bas Boots. Stock photo: An earthworm. iStock
Successfully reported this slideshow. • Login to see the comments • Be the first to like this 1. 1. Classification<br /><ul><li>Why we put organisms into groups 2. 2. How we do this</li></li></ul><li>The 2 name (binomial) system<br />All organisms have 2 names – a name for the species and a name for a larger group called a genus. <br />Both names are in latin<br />So scientists all around the world understand<br />The genus name comes first, and starts with a capital<br />You underline the name ( in a book/ website it’s in italics)<br />EgHomo sapiens ( humans)<br /> 3. 3. Find some names for other organisms<br />Go to<br />Type in:<br />Cat<br />Dog<br />wolf<br />Tiger<br />Lion<br />Any other organism<br />WRITE DOWN THE LATIN NAMES FOR GENUS AND SPECIES.<br />What do you notice about the tiger and the lion?<br />What do you notice about the wolf and the dog? What does this tell you?<br /> 4. 4. 5 Kingdoms<br />These are the largest groups of organisms:<br />Animals<br />Plants<br />Fungi<br />Bacteria<br />protists<br />

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