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Advanced Graphs scatterplot matrix This section describes how to customize your graphs. It also covers more statistically sophisticated graphs. This is one of the many places that R really shines. Graphical parameters describes how to change a graph's symbols, fonts, colors, and lines. Axes and text describe how to customize a graph's axes, add reference lines, text annotations and a legend. Combining plots describes how to organize multiple plots into a single graph. Advanced Graph Types The lattice package provides a comprehensive system for visualizing multivariate data, including the ability to create plots conditioned on one or more variables. The ggplot2 package offers a elegant systems for generating univariate and multivariate graphs based on a grammar of graphics. Other graph types include probability plots, mosaic plots, and correlograms. Finally methods of interacting with graphs (e.g. linking multiple graphs with color brushing, or interactive rotation in real-time) are provided. For simpler, more fundamental graphs, see the Basic Graphs section. Going Further Try the first chapter of this interactive course on data visualization with ggplot2.
How Many Syllables are in Sovereignty \| Divide Sovereignty into Syllables How many syllables are in sovereignty? 4 syllables Divide sovereignty into syllables: sov-er-eign-ty How to pronounce sovereignty: US English Accent and Pronunciation: British English Accent and Pronunciation: Definition of: Sovereignty (New window will open) Freelance Writing Opportunities Sovereignty Poems: (See poems with this word. New window will open) Synonyms and Words Related to Sovereignty reign (1 Syllables) consumerism (4 syllables), hire-purchase (3 syllables), managership (4 syllables), reign (1 syllables), What do you think of our answer to how many syllables are in sovereignty? Are the syllable count, pronunciation, words that rhyme, and syllable divisions for sovereignty correct? There are numerous syllabic anomalies found within the U.S. English language. Can sovereignty be pronounced differently? Did we divide the syllables correctly? Do regional variations in the pronunciation of sovereignty effect the syllable count? Has language changed? Provide your comments or thoughts on the syllable count for sovereignty below. Comment on the syllables in Sovereignty A comprehensive resource for finding syllables in sovereignty, how many syllables are in sovereignty, words that rhyme with sovereignty, how to divide sovereignty into syllables, how to pronounce sovereignty in US and British English, how to break sovereignty into syllables.
Urushamsa, Uruśaṃsa, Uru-shamsa: 4 definitions The Sanskrit term Uruśaṃsa can be transliterated into English as Urusamsa or Urushamsa, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?). Languages of India and abroad Sanskrit dictionary [«previous next»] — Urushamsa in Sanskrit glossary Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary Uruśaṃsa (उरुशंस).—a. 1) to be praised by many. 2) reigning over a wide region. 3) praising aloud. Uruśaṃsa is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms uru and śaṃsa (शंस). Uruśaṃsa (उरुशंस):—[=uru-śaṃsa] [from uru] mfn. to be praised by many, praised by many, [Ṛg-veda] (said of Varuṇa, Pūṣan, Indra, the Soma, and the Ādityas). [Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch) Uruśaṃsa (उरुशंस):— Uruśaṃsa (उरुशंस):—Adj. — 1) laut preisend. 2) weithin gebietend. context information Discover the meaning of urushamsa or urusamsa in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
SSH Tunnel vs VPN: Which is better? webmaster Apr 28, 2021 - 5 Minutes Read In today’s era, everything you do on the internet can be tracked and recorded for multiple reasons. Many claim that this process of data collection and further distribution is an effective way to curate content and personalize advertisements. However, it is a concern for users who want to keep their activity on the Internet secure from prying eyes. There are several ways to protect your data and make it secure. In this blog we will be discussing and comparing two of the prominent methods for secure net browsing: SSH (Secure Shell) Tunnel & VPN (Virtual Private Network) What is SSH Tunnel? The full form of SSH is a secure shell. A shell is like software that allows you to communicate with your device’s operating system using a command line. It is not necessary to install the shell on your device. Instead, it can be accessed via a shell account. Users can log in through any device and access the internet for emails, stored data files, and much more in a secure manner. Shell accounts use public-key encryption to browse web pages with enhanced security. In addition to making available a secure, remote terminal environment, Shell can be used to tunnel traffic, mount remote file systems, and transfer files. Given its highly secure encryption features, you can also turn your Shell client into a SOCKS(socket secure) proxy. This basically refers to gaining access to sensitive information and data only by authorized personnel. SSH tunneling is an alternative to using a VPN to access restricted websites blocked by region or network and browse the internet while keeping your identity hidden. What is VPN? Commonly referred to as a VPN, a Virtual Private Network is a cost effective and more feasible alternative to physical private networks such as LAN or WAN. It can be difficult for big companies with offices located over several cities or countries to set up a secure physical private network. Therefore, resorting to a private network that’s hosted virtually comes to the rescue. The use of a VPN enables employees of a company to access the web and other private data resources through a remote computer securely. The data accessed from the remote device is encrypted to the company’s network, making it safe from security breaches and unwanted access. General users of the internet can also use a VPN to hide their IP address and other crucial details from the websites they browse. A VPN can help safeguard users from identity theft and invasion of privacy. Additionally, it can allow users to access content that is unavailable to them due to geographical barriers. The primary difference between SSH and VPN is that while the former connects to a specific computer, the latter connects with a private network. A comparison of both these technologies is drawn out below based on some important features. • User-Friendliness SSH is more inclined towards command lines. While this has its obvious advantage of prohibiting non technical people to access information, it can also get a little confusing for everyday users. Compared to SSH, a VPN is more user friendly. Since it is basically a virtual alternative of a local network, employees (specially non-technical) feel more comfortable with it. Additionally, users do not need a command line to communicate with other websites, making it easier for people to use a VPN. • Privacy & Security Both SSH and VPN add an enhanced layer of security for its users. The effectiveness of them depends on the use. If someone is looking to browse the internet securely from public Wi-Fi networks, either of the two technologies will serve the need. However, for a Business setup, a VPN is certainly more secure as it allows you to force all network traffic on the system. Conclusively, both technologies provide secure and reliable solutions to the threat of data breaches and invasion of privacy. A VPN is a more secure alternative for businesses. However, the level of security depends on the service provider. 5 2 votes Article Rating Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments Gets Exclusive Content & Expert Advice Email Address* Connect With Us Featured Posts Would love your thoughts, please comment.x
Your Crying Baby Greetings and salutations from the center of your living world – and, of course I mean your BABY! That Special Kid, or TSK for short.Gene1 I’m Gene, a special advisor for you, and I live in every cell of your body and your baby’s (TSK’s) body! I live in the DNA parts which are the instructions that tell all the rest of your body what to do. I’m a little bossy that way! Today I want to talk to you about one of the most helpless feelings in the world; being a sleep-deprived parent of a crying infant! This is pretty common and can lead to depression for parents or anyone in the household. So, what can be done? A recent article in the journal Pediatrics examined over 700 infants and their parents in Australia. • Half of the group was given instructions on why babies cry and some soothing techniques. • Then families were evaluated at 4 months and 6 months for several things including depression. The interesting thing was that the baby behaviors were the same in both groups (in other words about the same number of babies were still extra fussy in both groups). The results of the study were important: • There was much less depression in the families who had learned more about why babies cry and what to do about it at the 6 month evaluation. • Fewer of those babies had had formula changes (which is a common thing to try, and it usually doesn’t work). • Parents who understood that excessive crying was normal were able to get into more daily routines, which usually helped everyone. • They found that babies who fed every 2 hours for the first few weeks seemed to have fewer daytime crying fits by 4 months of age. Take-home message is that crying up to several hours a day is normal. Most of the time we NEVER know for sure why! We just have to accept that it is normal! Parents who can accept that this is a part of the first 6 months and plan around this will be able to be more in control of their emotions, and the TSK often responds. It’s that mirror neuron thing, where TSK “reflects” your mood back to you! Babies pick up on your mood, so if you can be calm, TSK is more likely to be calm! If you smile, TSK is more likely to smile! Things to do for a crying TSK: 1) Be sure TSK isn’t hungry, has a wet or soiled diaper, isn’t too cold or too hot (babies often are too hot, rather than too cold), and isn’t sick. 2) Swaddling, or wrapping in a light blanket can keep the little arms and legs from wiggling so much. Some think that TSK may get himself over-excited by wiggling so much! Remember that TSK needs to be able to move some when swaddled. Don’t swaddle too tightly. 3) Some babies cry because they are over-tired, and all you can do is to gently lay them in their beds and let them cry. It is important that someone be available if needed. 4) If possible, caregivers need to take turns being available. Each hour or two, one person can be available, while the other does other things, maybe wearing ear buds/media player, or goes to the store. 5) Being consistent in feeding, changing diapers and sleep patterns allows the infant to know what to expect. 6) Smile, laugh and talk to TSK, EVEN IF YOU DON”T FEEL LIKE IT! Laughing, even if not “real”, helps your brain to feel better! (Remember that you need to do this many times, at least 10 times, for it to work!) When to call your doctor: If TSK ever: • has a fever • isn’t eating well • is vomiting or acts like it hurts to vomit • is losing weight Keep your Well Child visits and call your doctor with any questions. Give that kid a hug, and remember that this, too, will pass. Gene Learn more about what Gene has to say about your baby! *Gene blogs and website content is written by Greta McFarland, MD, FAAP Comments are closed.
Earth Day - Pachamama The ancient Peruvian cultures developed a close link with the nature of respect, fear, and adoration. The origin is born concerning the mother earth or Pachamama, men and animals depended exclusively on what the earth produced and provided, this led to the need to express their veneration to the Earth as a source of life. The religion of the Andean world starts from the Andean cosmovision, the Inti, or Sun God, was one of the most important gods, the Apus constituted the spirits that lived in the tutelary mountains and Mother Earth (Pachamama) was the goddess of fertility. It is for this reason that, in the form of thanking the spirits associated with the natural forces, the benefits or benefits granted to them are made these payments or offerings. The offerings that are buried in Mother Earth include coca leaves (for the Andean cosmovision are the mediators between nature and the human) variety of cereal seeds, silver not worked, sullus (fetuses of llamas or sheep), chicha, wine , fat of animals, sweets and huairuros (red and black seeds with symbolic and magical powers). The payment to the land or Pachamama is often practiced in the Peruvian Andes, is done on the first day of August and continues throughout the month because the farmers say that at this time that period the Pachamama is thirsty and hungry, and it is necessary to satisfy, nourish it and offer the best foods to give it strength and energy. Another form of offering is the apachetas or mounds of stone left by walkers near the Apus, in a way of respect for allowing to reach these places. In festivals or social gatherings, it is also common to throw beer or chicha on the land simulating respect and payment for everything it offers for human consumption. The offering ceremony to the Pachamama is of ancestral origin as part of a system of reciprocity that the ancestors had with the spiritual world, whose purpose is to return to Mother Earth what has been given to her. The rituals are destined to the Apus (the masculine aspect of nature) and the Pachamama (feminine aspect of nature), the breaking of this reciprocity would break the harmony and in the natural, social and religious systems. The person in charge of performing the ceremony is the "altomisayoq" who claims to have supernatural powers and communication with the spirit world. It offers the offering called "office", after requesting permission a table tends and among prayers those present make their prayers asking for a lot of faith in personal benefit and aspects that they consider important for a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. That is why the month of August of each year is the month dedicated to Mother Earth or Pachamama a month of recidivism and gratitude. Published date: 19/07/2019 Visit us: Av. Antonio Lorena N° 1190 - Santiago, Cusco - Perú. +51 84 247993 +51 934 148 112 Classic Tours Online reservations: We accept: Our credentials: Cusco Cosmopolitan \| 2021 Developed by kalinka
We had heard that meditation is good for your health not only mentally but also for physical health. How does meditation improve our health? How is meditation good for health? In what facts? These are the main facts I want to share with you in this article. As scientifically proven by over 3,000 studies on the benefits of meditation, there are many emotional, mental and physical advantages for health. Emotional health Meditation can reduce undesirable emotions such as anxiety, stress, fear, worry, depression and loneliness. In one study, about 400 students practicing in-class meditation program reported that they significantly felt reduction in depression, anxiety and stress. There is another conclusion that meditation may be effective to treat depression to a similar degree as antidepressant drug therapy. A study also indicates that the practice of Open Monitoring Meditation such as Vipassana reduces the grey-matter density, which is related with anxiety and stress, of the brain. You can also get emotional benefits such as resistance against pain, optimism, relaxation and positive mood etc. It can also prevent you from emotional eating and smoking. Mental health Meditation can make you to have better cognitive skill, creative thinking, decision making and problem solving. In addition, it can also help in increasing mental strength, focus, memory retention and recall. Physical health Physically, meditation can improve health by promoting immune system, breathing and heart rates. It can also reduce heart and brain problems and blood pressure. Reduction in inflammatory disorders, asthma, premenstrual and menopausal syndrome can also be achieved. Staying in a meditation centre There are many methods of meditation. Among these, Open Monitoring Meditation such as Vipassana becomes the most popular. As Myanmar is being known as a country of Buddhists, at least one Vipassana Meditation Centre can be found in every town over the whole country. Some are small, some are medium and some are great. There are also many types of course for meditation such as short-term (about 3-7 days), medium-term (about 10 days – 1 month) and long-term (more than 1 month). During courses, every meditation centre manages to have meditation schedule, eating schedule and standby doctors or healthcare workers and drugs. These centers are mostly led and founded by respectful Buddhist monks and composed with many experienced instructors, teachers and volunteers. During a stay in a meditation centre, health conditions of meditators will be monitored and given treatment accordingly. You have to follow at least Eight Percepts of Buddhists as the ones who are observing Sabbath and can follow Nine or Ten if you wish. Therefore, you are not allowed to eat solid foods beyond noon. Fruit juices or something similar are arranged for all participants in the evening or night. So, your worries can be leave outside if you are a diabetics or having gastric diseases. Almost all the meditation centres in Myanmar have the same schedules. Every participant has to get up at 3:00 am. Breakfast is at 6:00 am and lunch is at 10:30 am. Time to sleep is 9:00 pm. As emotional, mental and physical benefits can be achieved by meditation, meditation in a centre with experienced teachers is more likely to get those benefits. Meditation Centres in Yangon Here I want to introduce a few interesting meditation centres in Yangon: Chanmyay Yeiktha Meditation Centre It is located in No. 55-A, Kabaraye Pagoda Road, Yangon. Tradition is Vipassana using the Mahasi Sayardaw Method. Dhamma Joti Vipassana Centre It is located in Wingaba Yele Kyaung, Ngar Htat Kyi Pagoda Road, Bahan Township, Yangon. Tradition is Sayargyi U Ba Khin Method. International Theravada Buddhist University It is also a popular meditation centre in Yangon located at Dhammapala Hill, Mayangone Township, Yangon. Panditarama Meditation Centre It is another meditation centre with tradition of Vipassana using Mahasi Sayardaw Method. Teacher is Sayardaw U Pandita and located in No. 80-A, Thanlwin Road, Bahan Township, Yangon. There is a forest branch of this meditation centre specifically for Westerners. Mahasi Sasana Yeiktha Meditation Centre (Buddha Sasana Nuggaha Organisation) Its location is No. 16, Sasana Yeiktha Road, Yangon and tradition is Satipatthana Vipassana Meditation. Hinterlasse einen Kommentar Be the First to Comment! Notify of
duplicate chrome tab One joy of using web-based documents is the ability to have the same document open in multiple places. It is not so uncommon for me to be rocking a Google Doc on my computer browser and also using the app to view the same document. And of course, my collaborators are on their own computer looking at the exact same document in real time. Duplicate Chrome Tab Right-click on a Chrome tab to reveal options for that tab. One option is “Duplicate.” This opens the exact same web page (or Google Doc) that you are looking at in another tab. Duplicate the Chrome tab Same Page, Different Spots Duplicating the Chrome tab allows me to view the same page but in different spots. For example the top of the page and the bottom of the page at the exact same time. If a web page has information towards the top that I need to reference when reading lower, having the duplicated page is very handy. Google Docs When writing papers in Google Docs and have a Works Cited or a Bibliography I need to be able to add citations easily without losing my place in the document. I simply duplicate the Chrome tab that contains the Google Doc. The first instance is then where I’m working on the content. The second instance is the Works Cited page. Students Managing a Guided Document If you are using Google Docs to help guide student instruction you may include important definitions and information at the top of the document. Lower in the document may be tables or other sections where students are actively answering questions that requires they refer to the information at the top of the document. If students duplicate the Chrome tab they are able to keep the focus on the definitions and other information they need in order to complete the assignment. Digiprove sealCopyright secured by Digiprove © 2017 Subscribe to the Alice Keeler Newsletter
3.10-3.11 Molecular Biotech Flashcards Preview COB Genetics > 3.10-3.11 Molecular Biotech > Flashcards Flashcards in 3.10-3.11 Molecular Biotech Deck (11) Loading flashcards... Know the basics of gel electrophoresis DNA has a negative charge so it will migrate toward the + electrode How is LacZ used in cloning Bac colonies that contain LacZ will be blue wen grown in media containing X-gal. When lacZ is interrupted by an inserted DNA fragment the colonies will be white How is LacZ used in cloning LacZ can be used to screen bac containing recombinant plasmids What are the basics of PCR DNA template, DNA pol enzyme, primers, nucleotides, and reaction buffer What are the weaknesses and strengths of PCR Weaknesses: Prior knowledge of at least part of the seq of the target DNA. Capacity of PCR to amplify small amounts of DNA, Taq cant proofread. Strengths: Amplify small amounts of DNA from crime scenes. Identify genetic variation. Isolate DNA from ancient sources. What are the basics of quantitative PCR probes with dif spectral wavelengths can be used to allow the quantitation of multiple targets in a single reaction What is chromosome walking and jumping Walking: sequencing fragments from a point near to a gene of interest. Jumping: large fragment is circularized and the junction is sequenced What is positional cloning isolating genes on the basis of their position on a genetic map How is positional cloning used to clone the CF gene CF was located by positional cloning What is a humanized animal model animal model that carries functional human genes cells tissues and or organs What is the basic concepts of CRISPR and Cas system of gene editing CRISPER spacers recognize and cute exogeneous genetic elements by delivering the Cas9 protein and appropriate guide RNAs into a cell the target organisms genome can be cut at any desired location
Amp-Hours (and more) Eddie sez: As an engineering student we used to work with "massless pulleys" and "frictionless surfaces" so we could do the math without getting bogged down by unknown variables. I always keep that in mind when some well-meaning instructor is trying to impress upon me how much battery life I will have the next time all my electrical power generation quits and I am a long way from home. "How do he know?" we used to ask. "He don't" was the answer. As a pilot we talk about amp-hours with batteries. As a consumer, we talks about Watts and our appliances. But back to being a pilot, larger alternators and generators introduce another topic: the KVA. What? Photo: Amp-meter from the Gilmore Museum, Michigan. Click photo for a larger image Last revision: Photo: G450 Left Main Battery, from Eddie's aircraft. Amp/hours, amp-hours, AH? What does it all mean? The G450 main batteries are "rated at 24 DC, 45 amp/hour." (G450 Aircraft Operating Manual, §2A024039, ¶2.D.) The emergency batteries are "rated at 24V and 9 amperes per hour." (G450 Aircraft Operating Manual, §2A-24-30, ¶2.E.) What does any of this mean to a pilot? The answer is, unfortunately, very little. The amp-hour rating of a battery is a measure of how many amps a battery can supply for a period of time. It is calculated using the formula Amps X Hours. For instance, in the ideal world, this rating would mean that if you have a 45AH 24 Volt battery, you should be able to supply 45 Amps out of it for 1 hour, or 22.5 Amps for 2 hours, or 11.25 Amps for 4 hours, and so on. Unfortunately we don't live in the ideal world, so these values are just rough guesses. Electrical loads are rarely constant and tend to be rated at their initial surge or "spike" value and then decrease quite a bit. Manufacturers can rate their batteries based on short or long times which impacts how the equation really works. Most will rate their batteries down to zero but it will stop powering aircraft systems well before that. You need to know the numbers to pass your exams, but you are well advised not to base your survival on cockpit equations dealing with amp-hours, amps/hours, or AH. What's a watt? A watt is a measure of electrical power. You know, electricty. What's electricity? Electricity is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. If you string a bunch of atoms that like to conduct — conductors — you can have many electrons moving through the conductor. How do I know how many watts my system needs? Watts = Volts x Amps What's a Volt? A volt is a unit of what an electrical engineer will tell you is potential energy. I like to think about it as the speed of the electrons through a wire or other conductor. What's an Amp? An "amp" is short for "ampere" and represents to electromagnetic force of all those electrons. It is also called the "current" of the system. Can you say all that in English? There is something called the "water flow analogy" that tells us to think in terms of water flowing through pipes. Volts are the speed of the water and amps are the diameter of the pipe. You can have a very big pipe (lots of amps) with water barely moving (not a lot of amps) and that will mean low power (low watts). If you up either the amps or the volts, you increase the watts. So what's a kW? One kW is a thousand watts. What's a kVA? A kVA — kilo-volt-ampere — is the "apparent power" of a system. It is found by multiplying the KWs by the system's efficiency (known as its power factor). In a perfect system 1 kVA = 1 kW. The formula is: kVA = kW x (Power Factor) The kVA beer analogy works for American beer but not U.K. Beer. So keep that in mind. Imagine a mug of beer. In the U.S. a bartender will try to dispense the beer from his tap with as little foam as possible. A good bartender (high power factor) gives you a lot of beer and just a little foam. So your kVA is very close to your kW. A novice barrtender (low power factor) gives you too much foam so kVA is much lower than kW. So why is that important? I am not sure that it is. When I was a KC-135A copilot I got this question from a flight examiner who went on and on about it. The flight manual simply said each generator produced 40 kVA but did not go any further. So I researched it and came to the conclusion the flight examiner didn't know what he was talking about. So I called up a few Purdue classmates who gave me the beer analogy. They also told me that we, as consumers of the electricty don't need to know about it at all. They, as engineers, need to know it when designing a system. The wires need to be larger inside the system producing the power becasue there is more of it. Once it gets to us, the wires don't need to be as beefy.
Ce diaporama a bien été signalé. Picture Book of Infectious Poultry Diseases This “Picture book on infectious poultry diseases’’ has been compiled as a training tool for extension personnel involved in avian disease awareness work.This "Picture book on infectious poultry diseases’’ is a collection of pictures of different but clinically similar diseases that could be mistaken on clinical appearance for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. It has been compiled as a tool for extension personnel involved in avian disease awareness work and poultry owners in detecting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza should it occur the currently free southern African region. The book has been used also as a training tool during trainings of animal health and farmers courses in SADC countries. • Identifiez-vous pour voir les commentaires Picture Book of Infectious Poultry Diseases 1. 1. Picture Book of Infectious Poultry Diseases 2. 2. Contents Acknowledgements ii Introduction 1 Anatomy of chicken 2 Viral disease 3-4 1. Avian Influenza 2. Fowl pox 5 3. Infectious Bronchitis 6-7 4. Gumboro 8 5. Marek`s Disease 9-11 6. New castle Disease 12-13 Bacterial Disease 14 1. Fowl Cholera 14 2. Infectious Corzy 15 Parasitic Disease 16 1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria necatrix) 17 1. Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) 17 2. Heterakis 18 3. Ascarades 18 3. 3. Anatomy of Chicken www.freerangeeggs.co.uk www.homepage2.nifiy.com 2 4. 4. Purple discoloration of wattles and combs with swelling caused by abormal accumulation of fluid. 1. Avian Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae) Swollen head, accumulation of liquid in eyelids and comb Pinpoint bleeding under the skin (mostly seen on feet and shanks) Bleeding into the ovaries VIRAL DISEASE 3 5. 5. Bleeding into the gizzard. Bleeding in the muscle and in the fat around the heart Bleeding in the mucosa of trachea 4 6. 6. 2. Fowl Pox (Poxviridae) Dry form: wart –like nodules on the skin (combs, face and wattles) Wet form: Brown nodular le- sions in the mucosa membrane of larynx; when removed, an eroded area is left. Wet form : Cankers are imbedded in the membranes of the mouth, larynx and trachea. 5 7. 7. Respiratory signs: difficulty in breathing (open beak) and swelling of face. Marked drop in egg production and increased number of poor quality eggs-soft shelled with watery content. Mild to moderate irritation of respiratory tract with swelling of trachea. 3. Infectious Bronchitis (Coronavirus) 6 8. 8. Swollen and pale kidneys with distended urinary tubes 7 9. 9. 4. Gumboro (Birnavirus) Bleeding into skeletal muscles, enlarged bursa of Fabricius. Swollen bursa of Fabricius (may be enlarged, of normal size or reduced in size, de- pending on the stage) Bleeding and swollen bursa of Fabricius. Bleeding into skeletal muscle of leg. 8 10. 10. 5. Marek’s Disease (Herpesvirus) Neurological form ( progressive paralysis): Paralysis (loss of muscle func- tion) of wings, characteristic dropping of limb. Twisted neck (torticollis) Lameness. Brachial plexus (nerve) is two or three times the normal thickness, swelling caused by fluid (oedema). 9 11. 11. Visceral form: Enlarged liver with diffuse grayish nodules formed by abnormal growth of tissue. Enlarged spleen with diffuse grayish discolorations Enlarged Normal size 10 12. 12. Cutaneous form: Nodular skin lesions (abnormal growth of skin) Solid nodular lesions formed by abnormal growth of skin arround the feather follicles. 11 13. 13. 6. Newcastle Disease (Paramyxoviridae) Weakness (no lameness and no stiff neck). Pink eye and swollen eyelids with abnormal accumulation of liquid Foamy discharge from respiratory tract Foamy nasal discharge, accumulation of liquid in the lungs. 12 14. 14. Acute form: bleeding into the mucosa of the trachea. Bleeding throughout the intestine. 13 15. 15. Blue coloration of wattles, swollen wattles and face. Yellow-brown pus accumulated in a swollen wattle Pus (whitish to yellow) accumulated in a hock joint. Pinpoint bleeding in the muscles of heart Bacterial Disease 1. Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella) 14 16. 16. 2. Infectious Coryza (Haemophilus) Eyelids stick together by mucous and exudates. Watery swollen eyes and face, purulent nasal exudates. 15 17. 17. Parasitic Disease Eimeria necatrix : Intestine is distended twice its diameter, bloody areas are clearly seen without opening the intestine. Partially clotted blood in the small intestine. Intestine contains mucous, fresh blood and its membrane is widely covered with red tiny spots. 1. Coccidiosis 16 18. 18. Eimeria tenella : Caeca distended with blood Large quantity of blood present in the caecal, the caecal walls are thickened. Tiny red spots scattered on caecal wall and bloody content. 17 19. 19. 2. Heterakis Small white worms found in the tip or blind ends of the caeca (female : 10- 15 mm long ; male 7-13 mm long) 3. Ascarides Ascarid worms (round worms) in the large intestine 18
SQL Servers and Machine Learning: The Perfect Pair Posted by VIOLIN SYSTEMS on Sep 22, 2020 9:46:19 AM Whether consumers realize it or not, machine learning is a significant part of our everyday lives. There are all kinds of current and upcoming applications that utilize the power of machine learning, including: • Self-driving cars. • Personalized news feeds and social media feeds. • Speech recognition technology. • Data security, including antivirus programs and anti-malware programs. • Online search tools. • Spam filters. As technology continues to grow and evolve, machine learning will increasingly become a huge component of our daily lives. It’s even used to predict the making of superior wines! Machine learning can make a huge difference in how your organization does business but only if it’s reliable, fast, cost-efficient, and straightforward. Many organizations are pairing machine learning with structured query language (SQL) servers to make this happen. Here’s why this is such a perfect combination: The Specifics of Machine Learning We hear lots of talk about artificial intelligence and machine learning. Machine learning refers to the construction of algorithms that can learn from data and use this data to make predictions. It’s closely aligned with computational statistics and prediction making as well as mathematical optimization of data. The algorithms created through machine learning build a model through example inputs to make data-driven decisions. Essentially, machine-learning algorithms use the statistics they collect from massive amounts of data. You can find patterns in things like numbers, words, images, or clicks through this data. Machine learning powers things like recommendations to discover your new favorite show on Netflix or Hulu or a new artist on your Spotify account—or who pops up on your Instagram feed. With any of these platforms, their server collects all the data they can, then using machine learning to make data-driven decisions about what you might like to see next. However, machine learning is being used; it requires an incredible amount of data to happen. Machine learning also has applications in the business world, where each institution has petabytes of data regarding transactions, customers, bills, and more. With all this data, the financial industry is a perfect fit for machine learning. Other industries making the most of this invaluable technology? • Healthcare • Retail • Automotive • Government • Transportation • Oil and gas There’s no end in sight for the uses of machine learning. Finding a server and a database to handle it all with speed and reliability is increasingly vital to the success of organizations worldwide. About SQL Servers A SQL server is a relational database management system. Its use is becoming more and more prevalent in corporate and information technology environments thanks to its many services across various applications, from transaction processing to business intelligence and analytics—all critical aspects of machine learning. SQL servers are built using SQL, or structured query language. These servers store and retrieve data needed for other applications, run using the same or a different computer. SQL servers use a robust database with a built-in configuration so that organizations can make the most of their data with effortless aggregation for a complete view of their data and their system. The shift to SQL servers is happening for several reasons. Here are the benefits to using a SQL server: • Scalability, so that no matter the size of your growing database, data is always available • Security, with administrators having the power to give individual users secure, custom access • Reliability, with impressive uptime and unparalleled recovery even in the event of an outage • Data analysis, so you can access and analyze information instantaneously If you need a simple, easy way to manage machine learning, look no further than SQL servers. Machine Learning and Data: How SQL Servers Can Help With previous database systems, machine learning had to take place outside of the database. What did this older machine learning process look like without an SQL server? 1. Data was sent from the application to the database. 2. Data would then have to travel from the database to the analytics server to go through model training and data transformations. 3. Once this has happened, the data would have to be sent to a separate service or embedded logic, where it was scored to make predictions. 4. Finally, this prediction would be sent back to the application. There are many steps to take to use the power of machine learning, with lots of room for latencies, failures, and other issues, which limits the capabilities of what machine learning can do for an organization. SQL server creators like Microsoft implemented machine learning into their database to solve this problem, creating a simplified, one-stop-shop where data can be stored and analyzed for ultra-high performance without all the extra steps. What does this look like? With SQL servers like Microsoft’s MS-SQL, the process of enabling machine learning is a much more straightforward one: With SQL server-based machine learning, data is sent to a SQL server where data transformations, model training, and scoring all happen in the same place to make predictions for use within the organization’s application. Essentially, the most significant benefit of powering machine learning through a SQL server is that data doesn’t have to be moved from place to place. It’s a more streamlined process that gives you faster—and, therefore, more accurate and more useful—data. Using SQL servers, you can leverage robust data analysis and run the algorithms you need for machine learning without having to send data elsewhere for predictions and scores. Without SQL servers, machine learning can quickly turn into an expensive operation, especially when you are consuming and analyzing large volumes of data. What does this mean? SQL servers bring the once unattainable, out-of-budget power of machine learning to organizations that never before had access to these kinds of database tools. And? They’re making it fast, scalable, secure, and reliable. SQL Servers, Machine Learning and All-Flash Arrays If you’re intrigued by the possibility of what machine learning can do for you, and you see the appeal of pairing machine learning with SQL servers, there’s no better way to power your system than through an all-flash array. All-flash arrays are the platforms that power SQL servers. And in our opinion? They enhance everything that makes a SQL server great: • They improve reliability and performance without the latencies of older legacy systems, even when you have a great deal of data. • They simplify data management, make performance tuning a thing of the past, and store everything in a single volume for a lightweight, easy-to-maintain infrastructure. • They support all kinds of other incredible features, like server and desktop virtualization, unstructured data storage, etc. • They allow you to test data for machine learning while systems are up and running without impacting performance. For peak performance of machine learning and SQL servers, you need the capabilities of an all-flash array. At VIOLIN Systems, we’re well versed in powering SQL servers for machine learning and AI to maximize your processes and give you smart solutions to run your organization. We’re standing by, ready to show you what all-flash arrays, SQL servers, and machine learning can do. Contact us today to learn more!
標題: 跨境大氣治理成敗因素之探析 The Success or Failure of Cross-border Environmental Governance: The Case Studies of Atmosphere-related Issue 作者: 郭映庭 Ying-Ting Kuo 關鍵字: 公地悲劇;相對獲益;國際合作;大氣治理;跨界環境議題;Tragedy of Commons;Relative Gains;International Cooperation;Atmosphere-related Governance;Cross-border Environmental Issues Project: 全球政治評論, Issue 63, Page(s) 97-119 Since jurisdiction of sovereign states and the governance of specific issue are circumscribed by spatiotemporal factors, certain transboundary environmental issues are necessary to be governed by international cooperation. Intriguingly, cross-border environmental issues are only partly can be actively engaged and coordinated by sovereign states, and get positive outcome or under control to some extent. By contrast, the other part of them did not. Why was this the case? This paper aims to explain under what conditions in which international cooperation on atmosphere-related governance is prone to the lack of ＂substantive performance＂, or only keeps up appearances without actual implementations. Based on the qualitative comparative analysis with small-N cases studies, this paper reveals that if there is a transboundary atmosphere-related issue inherently with the tragedy of the commons in a strong degree, it will be more difficult to govern effectively. Further, the research finding suggests that cross-border environmental governance on atmosphere-related issue should not establish its future on international cooperation. Although international cooperation, as neo-liberal institutionalist said, is a means for solving problems, it undoubtedly is, as argued by neo-realists, the last thing that sovereign states are interested in while receiving less than what they expect to get, in terms of relative gains. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11455/98725 Appears in Collections:全球政治評論第63期 Files in This Item: File Description SizeFormat 98538-7.pdf827.97 kBAdobe PDFView/Open Show full item record Google ScholarTM
Avoiding the Aches and Pains of Pregnancy Avoiding the Aches and Pains of Pregnancy Pregnancy brings it’s own aches and pains Every woman anticipates the pain of labor and delivery when she is pregnant. However, there are lesser known aches and pains that come about as the body undergoes many changes during pregnancy. Some of these aches are muscular, some are skeletal, and some originate within the body’s other systems as the woman’s body creates life. Changes in the vascular system During pregnancy, in order to help the growth of the baby, a woman’s body creates half again as much blood. This increased blood flow accounts for the “glow” some women have; it also accounts for some aches, pains, and problems: The larger amount of blood can cause veins to become larger than normal. Compressing the vein in the central part of the body causes the flow of blood to slow. This slow flow of a larger volume of blood can cause varicose veins in the legs. Lying on the back compresses this abdominal vein and also reduces the flow of blood to the brain and heart, which can cause fainting, dizziness, and nausea. To reduce problems caused by this increased blood volume women should avoid tight clothing and lying on their back. Pregnant women should elevate their hips and rotate slightly to the side—use a pillow or two to help get this position. Also, elevate their feet and legs as frequently as possible to avoid swelling. Changes in the digestive system Morning sickness is caused by hormones and is usually limited to the first few weeks of pregnancy. It can, however, continue throughout the whole pregnancy. Hormones and a growing fetus contribute to heartburn. The hormones can cause the muscles of the esophagus to become relaxed, allowing stomach acid to cause the acidic feeling. The growing baby also pushes the stomach and esophagus, making the mother have indigestion and to feel bloated. To reduce problems of morning sickness and heartburn women should avoid eating spicy, greasy, or fried foods, eat smaller more frequent meals, and stay hydrated by drinking healthy fluids like water between meals. Women should also avoid lying down after eating. Changes in the muscular and skeletal systems As the pregnancy progresses, a woman’s body can retain fluid, in addition to the already increased amount of blood. This fluid retention can lead to swelling in the hands and feet, called edema. One of the problems with swelling in the hands is the fluid pressing on the neurovascular structures in the wrist. Women can experience swelling, numbness, pain, burning, and weakness in the wrists, called carpal tunnel syndrome. Some of the more common complaints of the muscles and bones are back and neck pain and pelvic pain. All of these body aches are caused by hormones and by the growing baby. Hormones created during pregnancy will cause the joints in the pelvis to relax, to make it easier to deliver the baby, and that relaxation can cause women to feel the pain of the baby “sitting” on the pelvis. The loosened pelvis joints and the growing belly can cause changes in posture which leads to neck and back pain. To reduce problems of carpal tunnel syndrome, pelvis, and spinal pain women should be aware of the changes in their body. Rest the body when it starts to feel achy. Exercises can help strengthen and stabilize these areas of the body, especially exercises focused on strengthening the core. Women can ask their doctor for splints to stabilize the wrists and for a pelvic joint belt if the pain becomes too severe. Changes in the abdominal area There are few areas of the body that have more stress or pressure during the pregnancy than the abdomen. Two common problems that occur during pregnancy are abdominal separation and urinary incontinence. Both of these conditions can continue after the birth. The abdominal separation (known as diastasis recti) is a vertical separation of the muscles at the front of the abdomen. Urinary incontinence is caused by pressure on the bladder from the baby as well as the relaxed state of the pelvic area. To reduce problems of the abdominal area women should increase the pelvic strengthening exercises and the exercises to improve core body strength. Physical therapy can also improve these conditions. Check with the doctor Any person beginning an exercise regimen should check with their doctor, this is more so for pregnant women. Ask the doctor if physical therapy is an appropriate treatment. If any of these complaints become severe or make the mother worry, go see the doctor. In general, the more healthy the heart and muscles, the less likely these pains will occur during pregnancy. Regular walking can improve heart health, strengthen muscles, and is said to make labor easier, too. Dynamic ultrasonography examination demonstrating the full thickness tear and already occurring muscle atrophy due to misdiagnosis and not referring the patient to proper diagnostic workup Demonstration of how very small muscle defect is made and revealed to be a complete tear with muscle contraction under diagnostic sonography (not possible with MRI) Complete tear of rectus femoris with large hematoma (blood) Separation of muscle ends due to tear elicited on dynamic sonography examination Buy now 3D Gait Payment Success Request TelehealthRequest Telehealth Request in office visit Book now You can call or Send message
When Is the Best Time to Start Your Garden? People often assume that early spring is the best time to start a garden. However, we use this information to procrastinate and often forget all about our gardening plans once April or May comes. On the other hand, planting seeds starts much sooner, so it’s never too soon or too late to start a garden if you arm yourself with knowledge and the right tools for the job! Planning is essential! The decision to start a garden is made in a split second, but it will take some time to actually plan the garden. There are various factors you have to account for, such as the location of the garden. If you have a large backyard or you own a piece of land, dedicate one lot just for the garden. The location you pick should receive plenty of sunlight and inside the scope of the garden hose. Furthermore, you need to decide which plants you will grow: flowers, herbs, vegetables, etc. Finally, a draft of the general layout is needed, so you know which plants go where. A fellow green thumb or landscape designer can help you on this matter. Keep in mind that a vegetable garden is planted differently from other types of gardens. Find a reliable supplier Garden supplier Image by Rebecca Matthews from Pixabay Many plant species are propagated by chance or through careful genetic experiments. For instance, one granny from Australia famously propagated an apple cultivar back in Australia’s 19th century through a chance seedling she dumped near a creek. However, your garden isn’t going to be an open-air laboratory, so find a reliable supplier of seeds. You can find great seeds at the local garden center, where they also sell seedlings you can replant in your new garden. Buying seeds is ideal for novices as their packaging indicated the best time of the year for planting and harvesting as well. As it was placed there by agricultural experts, stick to this information, so they are never wrong. Mind you, the right planting for each plant is different. Protecting the garden against extreme weather conditions Most crops are called spring crops, as this is the time they sprout. There are also cold season crops that require a bit more care. However, most crops don’t bear extreme weather conditions, such as freezing cold or drought. You need to learn more about the extreme weather conditions that hit your local areas and prepare the garden for them. This involves covering the plants overnight to protect them from frost. Some gardens will also require overhead protection against heavy rain or a heater that you can “borrow” from the aquarium inside. Finding the right tools for the job Garden tools Image by Jill Wellington from Pixabay Unless you want to pull out weeds by hand, then you need a good weeder. The same goes for most garden chores, as there is a variety of gardening tools that ease the upkeep. For example, a modern wall mounted hose reel helps you protect the rubber garden hose against UV rays when it comes to watering. This might seem like a detail, but such hose reels and similar equipment make gardening truly fun. However, you shouldn’t rush with purchasing gardening tools, as you might not need many of them at first. As the garden grows both in size and scale, you will buy the tools you require consecutively. Winter is nigh The season most prospective gardeners find unfavorable to start a garden is definitely winter. The low air temperatures outside hurt most crops, but plants can still survive and even thrive under these conditions. If you’re starting a vegetable garden, you should know that everything from artichoke and carrots to lettuce, radishes, and onions can be planted in winter. In fact, growing just several plants during winter gives beginners time to learn more about gardening before spring arrives. What to do when spring arrives Once the weather outside finally becomes warm again, it’s time to spring into action, pun intended. Herbs thrive in springtime, as you can plant basil, mint, dill, or parsley. Vegetables, too, like warm weather in early April, so plant everything from tomato to spinach at that time. Of course, you can always plant similar vegetables and species in winter, but it’s harder to nurture them during cold weather. “Seasonal fruits” are called so for a good reason, as each vegetable and fruit have a season when they grow best. A quick online search will reveal respective peak seasons for various plants. Summer (and) rain harvest the garden Image by Jill Wellington from Pixabay Late summer is harvesting time, but there is one major problem with this season: drought. In some places, rain is scarce, so you need to make sure your garden is watered properly and regularly. Again, the amount of water each plant needs is individual, so check this info before introducing a new species in your garden. The ideal time for watering the garden is early morning, as this gives the sun enough time to dry the ground before night falls. Furthermore, plants that require a lot of sunshine shouldn’t be planted in the shade. The only thing worse than parched earth is ground doused in water that causes plants’ roots to die. For some crops, like the avocado, you’ll need to make a water management plan, as they require a lot of watering. Summertime is ideal for planting tomatoes, capsicum, and zucchini. As you hopefully realize by now, there isn’t a season unsuitable for when you can start a garden. While winter forces you to take things slow, summer is the period when crops grow fast. However, with enough knowledge about gardening and the right tools, your first growing season can be a success story. Featured Photo by Akil Mazumder from Pexels
Co2 Tolerance 4 Runners I’m gonna let you in on a secret to not being out of breath while running. Wait, I can run without feeling gassed, winded, and out of breath? Yes you can! Running is tiring, as it should be. Attempting to run farther and faster and you are sure to get more winded. There are many variables to improve this like pacing yourself, staying hydrated, fueling your body, getting adequate sleep, and managing your stress. The one variable that’s often forgotten and has a valuable impact on both training and recovery is breathing. The two main fuels for your muscles (and your brain) are oxygen and glucose. So one would think that huffing and puffing for more intake of oxygen would help the muscles, right? Wrong! Getting oxygen to your muscles requires the balance of both Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (Co2) in the blood. The best way to get this balance is through slow rhythmic nasal breathing and training your tolerance to carbon dioxide. Training your breathing can lead to less physical fatigue because your heart doesn’t have to work as hard. Many athletes uses a heart rate monitor during training to help them stay in the optimal zone and improve speed and endurance. But, here’s the secret…control your breath rate, control your heart rate! Test Your Co2 Tolerance Here Breath Control The body’s tolerance to Co2 is what determines how often and how fast you breathe. Humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (Co2) and we have long been taught that carbon dioxide is a waste product (unless you are a plant). However, turns out you don’t exhale all of it. The body actually has important uses for it. The need for more oxygen is not why you breathe. Instead it is the body’s chemo-receptors that detect Co2 and prompt breathing so you don’t suffocate. Co2 is valuable for many physiological functions in the body and when the body is intolerant to it things go awry. (There are medical conditions resulting from too much Co2 in the blood stream in people with COPD – this is not what I am addressing.) When exercise makes you gasp for air or breathe too heavy then you are getting rid of the much needed Co2 and not absorbing oxygen well. The usual answer is to slow your pace. But you can train your breathing to be slow and controlled during exercise which keeps your heart rate from rapidly rising. This is how you can gradually increase your pace without feeling so winded. Carbon dioxide is a metabolic stress messenger. So whether you are stressing your body during exercise or feeling stressed emotionally, your breath will change. Being able to keep the breath regulated is how you train stress resilience in sports and in life. Convinced yet? I have a full video to test your Co2 tolerance over here. Benefits of Carbon Dioxide If you want to improve running performance (training + recovery) then learn how to breathe more efficiently and how to tolerate Carbon Dioxide. Control your Co2 levels which will control your breath rate. 1. Co2 makes your muscles more efficient. When you exercise, blood flow goes to the muscles and delivers oxygen. In order to offload the oxygen into the muscle, Co2 is needed to drive it in. How much oxygen we breathe in doesn’t matter if it can’t be used properly in the muscles. This is called the Bohr Effect and was discovered in 1904. The amount of oxygen you inhale isn’t the determining factor in how well your muscle uses that oxygen, Co2 is. 2. Co2 improves recovery and fatigue after exercise. The key to eliminating metabolic acidosis and repairing muscle damage after exercise is carbon dioxide. Co2 is an antioxidant and prevents oxidative stress. 3. Co2 improves performance and endurance. Nasal Breathing during exercise improves the Co2 tolerance and leads to greater Heart Rate Variability and easier recovery time. Your fitness is largely defined by your ability to tolerate carbon dioxide levels in order to use oxygen efficiently. Which seems counter intuitive to what we’ve been taught all these years. 4. Co2 boosts metabolism. Increasing Co2 levels helps burn more fat and improves metabolic conditions. Fat is actually converted to carbon dioxide and water. So when you burn fat it is lost in the air you exhale as well as sweat and urine. This is how the metabolic rate works. Muscles being used need Co2 and O2 to be effective and burn more fuel. 5. Co2 Tolerance relates to overall physical health. A better tolerance of Co2 is shown to be a predictor of a healthy physiology since it is a marker of stress on the system. Consider sleep apnea and how that wreaks havoc on ones health. Sleep apnea is the loss of oxygen during sleep as breathing stops and starts over and over again. Mouth breathing contributes to this as it exhales too much Co2 and inhales unfiltered air. Nasal breathing has been shown to Improve HRV, Oxygen saturation, Blood pressure, brain health, and inflammatory markers, among others. 6. Co2 Tolerance affects mental health. CO2 Tolerance has been highly studied in the field of Psychology and is found to be an indicator of distress tolerance and self regulatory capacity. An example of high emotional reactivity would be panic attacks with fast shallow breathing and rapid heart rate. Co2 builds up quickly with rapid shallow breathing (hyperventilating). Deep breaths can help calm someone, but it’s the body’s ability to tolerate the carbon dioxide that makes the biggest difference. 7. Co2 improves Brain health. Doctors use Co2 therapy for Epileptic seizures. Administering Co2 has been shown to suppress the convulsion during the acute seizure attack within 1 minute. One other fascinating fact is there are carbon dioxide chemoreceptors in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that regulates balance. So breathing affects balance and the vestibular system adjusts breathing. Fascinating! If you’re a runner who wants to improve your physical endurance and performance, then testing and training your Co2 tolerance is a non-negotiable. Test and train your tolerance to Co2 here. For more fun breathing news, subscribe to my connected breath monthly newsletter here. Test Your Co2 Tolerance Here
Apr 3, 2020 ‘Rebooting the brain’: Our fight to bring people back from the dead Posted by in categories: biotech/medical, computing, neuroscience Studies of hibernating animals suggest that the molecular and synaptic integrity of neurons in the cerebral cortex that underlie self and consciousness is maintained in many cases when from the outside the brain appears dead. A striking feature of medicine over the past few centuries has been our growing ability to bring people back from the “dead.” For most of human history, patients who were unconscious and not breathing were treated as though they had died. But the concept of resuscitation emerged as doctors grew to understand the basic function of the lungs and airways. That led to new techniques and tools capable of restoring both breathing and heartbeat — and the realization that cardiac arrest was not always a death sentence. That, in turn, gave rise to a distinction between what’s now called clinical death versus brain death. Today that brain focus continues, but with a growing glimmer of hope that even brain death might be reversible in some instances. These dreams are fueled by research showing that the disappearance of brain function is not the same as deletion of computer files. Rather, it represents a deterioration of the pathways that normally enable different parts of the brain to communicate. This idea was bolstered recently with the 2017 success in France, where a patient was partially revived from a 15-year vegetative state. It also dovetails with insights from the study of hibernating animals. Medical magic: Expansion of resuscitation of capability over the centuries Resuscitation entered the field of medicine beginning in the 1500s, not surprisingly with practices that may have helped victims occasionally, but with a low success rate. Such practices included flagellation, and were based on experience rather than an understanding of the underlying physiological processes. This started to change with the use of air bellows, based on an understanding that air needed to flow in and out of the lungs. But the 1740s, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was standard practice in France for resuscitating drowning victims. Comments are closed.
Tuesday , May 11 2021 8 & # 39; Casual & # 39; causes of hair loss – Hair loss is a problem that causes both men and women. The reasons for this are multiple and complex, many of which are known. However, the site "HealthSite" medical, follows eight reasons for an unusual loss of hair, which ultimately leads to baldness: Psychological factors Hair loss can be increased when a person experiences a period of stress, tension and anxiety, such as the period after a car accident. Psychological or physical trauma affects the cycle of hair growth and increases its decline, but the good news is that nature will naturally develop if the body recoveres. Or improve the psychological state of a person. Vitamin A According to a medical study published at the American Academy of Dermatology, taking vitamin A can lead to hair loss, which is due to a gradual increase once you stop taking it. Hair loss is likely to increase in people who follow a diet that does not contain enough protein, because food products like meat, fish and eggs contribute to hair growth. Genetic factor If your family has a hair loss already in the early years, you will probably face the same things. According to a study published in Genetics, the genetic factor is one of the main causes of hair loss. It is possible that hypothyroidism is one of the reasons for losing hair: a person can lose hair if the gland does not leave enough hormones that are responsible for his secretion. The increase in the number of hair is due to the normal level in the treatment of glands with appropriate drugs. Immune system Excessive activity of the immune system causes "alopecia", causing hair loss and the appearance of "bald spots" in the head, because scientists estimate the immune system of hair as a foreign body and are wrongly targeted. Weight loss Sudden weight loss baffles the body and accelerates hair loss. Hair loss can also be an indicator of nutritional disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Specific drugs Certain drugs, such as depression and blood pressure, contribute to hair loss in medical studies, and this problem can be avoided by reducing recommended doses after consultation with a doctor. Source link
in , , , , , , The overwhelming vastness of space Sometimes I wonder why God created such an enormous universe for us to live in. Couldn’t he have just created the earth and it would have been sufficient? Instead, he placed us in a universe that is something like 100 billion light years in diameter. Then he populated it with more than 10 billion galaxies. That means that our sun is just one of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars in space. Why did God do that? Does it not seem way over the top? If you asked me to describe the universe in two words, I might say, “unnecessarily big.” Advertisement Below: But of course God knew what he was doing. He created the universe intentionally and deliberately. We can rest assured that the sheer vastness of space is no accident—it serves a purpose. Do you think God created this huge universe so that we would be regularly reminded of how big and powerful he is, and how shockingly tiny we are? Perhaps he designed all those twinkling stars and luminous galaxies to elicit awe and wonder and worship from us (Psalm 8). So next time you find yourself under a starry sky, look up. Gaze into the depths of space. Think about the big picture. Remember how big God is, how small we are. Worship our powerful creator. Written by Garrett Haley Advertisement Below: Leave a Reply Advertisement Below: Advertisement Below: He Nose About Breathing Insects Were on the Ark – Karl C. Priest
Weaknesses Of Fas 80 924 Words4 Pages In 1984, Financial Accounting Standards no. 80, Accounting for Futures Contracts, also known as FAS 80 had become effective. This document included all hedge accounting practices for entities in the United States. But FAS 80 had several faults. One of its faults was that it was bounded to exchange-traded futures and options and not to over the counter (OTC) derivatives. In 1999, FAS 80 was replaced by Financial Accounting Standards no.133, Accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities. Despite, the numerous amendments, clarifications and interpretations this document had over the years, it still remains at the core of current derivatives accounting practices. This essay tends to provide a definition of a derivative, its characteristics…show more content… The key distinguishing features of derivatives are: 1. Settlement in cash or equivalents – a derivative will be settled at a future date with an exchange of cash or assets that are easily convertible to cash (such as marketable securities) 2. Underlying price and Notional amount – the total value of the derivatives will be calculated by multiplying the index by a specific number of units specified in the contract, which is known as the notional amount (units, bushels, pounds). The value of the derivative will be based on some variable, such as a price index, which is known as the underlying (specified price, interest rate, exchange rate). 3. No net investment – at the time the derivative contract is entered into, there will be no payment by either side in most cases. Payment occurs at the time of settlement only. In the case of options-based derivatives, the party that is acquiring the option normally pays a premium, but this is still considered to be no net investment as long as the payment is less than the cost of acquiring the underlying. There are several types of derivative contracts. Three of the most common types are forwards, futures and Get Access
John Calvin's Contribution To The Reformation 741 Words3 Pages John Calvin was born on July 10, 1509, in France and is known as a journalist and Theologian. Around the time he was going law school was the time he joined the Reformation. He was important in the Reformation because he was a spiritual and political leader. He was the person you implemented a religious government by using Protestant principles which resulted in him being the absolute supremacy leader in Geneva, Switzerland in 1555. Luther and Calvin were like a dynamic duo bringing great qualities to their reformation. He was supposedly doing good acts with his Christian policies, but he got a lot of people executed. Pretty much if you did not follow the religion Christianity, Calvin was like you are going to die because you believe in the wrong thing. He ended up creating a Presbyterianism in the rest of Europe with the help of other pastors. A Presbyterianism is explained as a church that…show more content… Calvin contributed greatly to the reformation. One thing he did was getting the government to put church as a mandatory authority in their towns. The second thing he contributed to the reformation was more religion gestures about God and that resulted in Reformed churches. Throughout he kept up his status of his powerful leader in the Reformation. Not only was a big figure in the Reformation he changed a lot of things happening at this time. He showed a new religion to everyone. Even though this resulted in a lot of deaths I feel that this opened doors for excepting new things and not being so closed-minded. John Calvin, I feel did not do the best things, however, it really did start a new chapter in this time of history. John Calvin died on May 27, 1564 in the area he was supremacy leader known as Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin does not have a cemetery ground because it is unsure where he was buried. However, he will always have a legacy in the Protestant Reformation and be an important figure for this Open Document
By Sam Wolf / Apr 28th, 2020 A Beginner’s Guide to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework & Password Standards If you’ve ever had to create a new password or take other authentication measures for an account, you have likely utilized some or all parts of the NIST cybersecurity framework, guidelines, and standards. To give you a brief overview, NIST stands for the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It is a non-regulatory agency that was founded in 1901 and is now part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST also happens to be one of the nation’s oldest physical science laboratories. The agency provides standards, technology, and measurements that are used in virtually any electronic device or instrument you can imagine. The NIST cybersecurity framework is a voluntary, helpful tool to assess and reduce cybersecurity risks. If you are the owner or executive of an SMB, this brief beginner’s overview of the NIST cybersecurity framework and password guidelines will quickly get you started in the right direction. By utilizing resources, such as the NIST cybersecurity framework, you can ensure that your organization meets the baseline cybersecurity guidance. The NIST cybersecurity framework has many complexities, but this is a quick, high-level overview so non-technical people can gain some understanding of the NIST cybersecurity framework. It also includes NIST password guidelines. as these guidelines are easy for an SMB to implement and are a quick way to improve cybersecurity. What is the NIST Risk Management Framework? NIST is considered an industry standard baseline when it comes to certain guidelines such as the NIST Risk Management framework, NIST Cybersecurity framework, as well as password standards and guidelines. In general, NIST risk management refers to the level of risk to third-party stakeholders involved with the organization and its operations or the organization itself and how those risks are managed throughout the system. The NIST risk management profile helps to demonstrate the overall risk while taking factors such as budget and infrastructure into consideration. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework Explained The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is of particular importance, as it provides guidelines, standards, and best practices, which organizations can utilize when it comes to avoiding and mitigating cybersecurity risks. NIST guidelines are especially helpful when it comes to helping organizations meet certain compliance requirements that are usually very specific and very regulated. It has three main components: NIST Cybersecurity Framework Components Image Image 1: This image is the property of the National Institute of Standards & Technology. Source link. The Implementation Tiers are composed of four tiers: Partial, Risk Informed, Repeatable and Adaptive. It is a self-assessment of where you are in your cybersecurity risk management process. It helps organizations to understand exactly how much cybersecurity attention is needed for their particular status, and just how much of their resources they are able to contribute to their cybersecurity measures. This is a part of the framework where organizations can discuss their mission priority, budget, and risk appetite. Many small businesses may stay at Tier 2 for a while before they have the resources to move to Tier 3. This helps organizations understand their current security level and where they want to be – balancing risk, organizations goals and budget. NIST Cybersecurity Framework Implementation Tiers Image 2: This image is the property of the National Institute of Standards & Technology. Source link. The Core of the NIST cybersecurity framework is an overall guide on how organizations can manage and reduce their cybersecurity risks, and it’s meant to work within your existing processes to manage those risks. It’s written in a way that is clear and easy to understand for every level of user. The core has five high-level functions that cover cybersecurity risk management and focus on business outcomes. The five functions are: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond & Recover. This further breaks down into categories and sub-categories that businesses can use to define and organize their risk and response capabilities. NIST Cybersecurity Framework Functions & Categories Image Image 3: This image is the property of the National Institute of Standards & Technology. Source link. The Profiles component helps the organization come up with a desired outcome based on their budget, risk appetite, and mission priorities, utilizing information obtained through the Core and Implementation Tier components. One approach is for businesses to build a current cybersecurity profile of where they are in each of the five framework functions and categories, as well as a target profile of their cybersecurity target goals. This highlights the gaps and enables organizations to create a prioritized implementation roadmap based on their needs and budget. Most organizations create a multi-year, prioritized plan to reach their cybersecurity objectives. NIST Password Standards and Guidelines While the NIST Cybersecurity framework has multiple components to it, password strength and safety is something that is easy to translate, and easy to implement. NIST has set up standards and guidelines that anyone can follow, and any organization can require. Here’s a summary: 1. It’s important to have passwords that are longer and therefore more difficult to crack by cybercriminals. NIST suggests that you have passwords that are a minimum of eight characters and a maximum of at least sixty-four characters. 2. When it comes to complexity, users should have the ability to use special characters to further enhance the difficulty for a person or machine to guess those passwords. 3. Restrict the use of characters that are repetitive or sequential, such as ‘abcd’ or ‘1234’. This is a good addition to an organization’s risk management profile. While the NIST password guidelines are used to varying degree, most sites will now ask you to use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols. Many sites may also dictate additional requirements for password complexity. This is why a strong password that is difficult to remember is what you should be aiming for, and why it’s a good idea to use some sort of password manager to keep track of them. This is especially true because you should not be using the same password across various sites and accounts, and they should be changed regularly. Having a password manager helps keep track of the complex and ever-changing authentication processes. With all this in mind, it’s clear that the NIST cybersecurity framework and guidelines are very much a part of our everyday lives and can have a major impact on organizations if they are ignored or not followed. While some of the guidelines are somewhat flexible in their use, being familiar with them is an important step toward meeting your organization’s cybersecurity needs. Even having a high-level understanding of the Cybersecurity framework is a big first step in protecting your organization’s devices, information systems, and the valuable data that they are storing. Contact us if you need help assessing your cybersecurity gaps and prioritizing your path forward. We can help you develop a plan that fits your needs and budget. To learn more about the NIST cybersecurity framework, visit About the Author Sam Wolf Sam Wolf is an incident response analyst at LMG Security where she helps a wide range of customers respond to cybersecurity incidents and mitigate damage. Sam also brings a business and accounting background to her position, which can help clients understand the bigger picture. When she’s not battling cyber criminals, Sam enjoys playing roller derby, enjoying the outdoors, and weightlifting.
Not currently offered Course code 10 units 2000 level Course handbook This course introduces students to an exciting range of Victorian novels. Our study of key texts and their contexts will explore connections between Gothic monstrosity and psychological realism in the long nineteenth century. Focusing primarily on novels from the period 1837 to 1901, with some attention to precursor texts and other genres (such as the short story) as well as more recent responses to or adaptations of the nineteenth-century novel, we will investigate the ways that cultural anxieties and scientific and technological developments have historically affected literature (and vice versa). What does it mean to be human? How has this question been raised within the Gothic and realist traditions at different cultural moments? What sorts of monsters terrify or haunt us and how do they evolve to keep pace with the gaps in our certainties? From doubling to degeneration, madness to the metropolis, villain to vampire, empire to the threat of extinction, this course examines the work of writers such as Mary Shelley, Charles Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Wilkie Collins, George Eliot, Bram Stoker and H.G. Wells. Not currently offered. This Course was last offered in Semester 1 - 2020. Learning outcomes On successful completion of the course students will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a range of texts, authors and contexts of the long nineteenth century, as well as the ways in which literature of this important period has shaped our modern sensibilities. 2. Apply interpretive skills to complex issues concerning the Victorian novel and Gothic and realist literature. 3. Reflect through both critical and creative activities upon the cultural, social, historical and aesthetic concerns of literature of the long nineteenth century. 4. Construct convincing analyses of primary and secondary texts. 5. Conduct research independently and express clear and informed arguments. 6. Develop cogent oral and written responses both individually and in groups. Content of this course will vary from offering to offering, but will focus on the study of the development of Victorian literature from 1837 to 1901. This course replaces ENGL1002. If you have successfully completed ENGL1002 you cannot enrol in this course. Assumed knowledge 20 units of English at 1000 level Assessment items Written Assignment: Close reading exercise (30%) Presentation: Group presentation (20%) Journal: Course journal entry (10%) Essay: Essay (40%)
Pig-headed practice In the United States, industrial farms use antibiotics in their livestock to promote growth and prevent disease. About 12 years ago, Danish farmers decided to try a novel idea: Use antibiotics only when animals are sick. They did this after European studies linked antibiotic feed in animals to people developing antibiotic-resistant infections from that meat, reports CBS News. Under the experiment, pig farmers expected to not produce as efficiently as before. However, it turns out the Danish pork industry grew by 43 percent since the ban and is now one of the top pork exporters in the world. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and food decreased dramatically. But the American pork industry says doing the same thing here would increase the cost of raising a pig—about $5 more for every 100 pounds of pork brought to market, which some say isn’t much—pushing small producers out of business. Some small producers have already opted to go antibiotic-free. CBS interviewed turkey farmer Duane Koch, who said his poultry farms in Pennsylvania became more profitable when he ditched the antibiotics. He also told the news station that people buying antibiotics-free turkey thigh meat will spend about 20 cents more than for a conventionally raised turkey.
Dialysis Technician Schools By Publisher \| Published \| Last Updated Dialysis technician training can prepare you to take on a critical position in the health care sector. People who have lost their kidney function need to have waste and excess fluids removed from their bodies. You can learn to operate the machines that make that possible—in just one year or even less. Smiling young woman wearing scrubs and a stethoscope around her neck standing in front of a patient in a hospital bed Find a Dialysis Technician School Near You location icon Please enter a valid zip code. Education & Training Dialysis technician schools can help you gain the skills and knowledge to perform kidney dialysis for patients that require this life-sustaining service. Length of Dialysis Technician Training Typically, you have to go to school for four to 12 months to become a dialysis technician. However, in some states, you only need a high school diploma and on-the-job training. Most Common Length of School (range in months) • Nursing assistant • Phlebotomist • Dialysis technician • Practical nurse Dialysis Tech Program Options Dialysis technology training programs are offered by vocational schools, community colleges, and other training providers. Most programs lead to a certificate or diploma. They can be anywhere from four to 12 months long and usually include both classroom instruction and a clinical externship.** Most programs also prepare students for one or more of the certification exams required for all working dialysis technicians. Typical Courses Training generally covers topics like: • The principles of hemodialysis • Renal system anatomy and physiology • Communicating with patients and preparing them for dialysis • Operating and maintaining dialysis equipment • Complications and warning signs • Infection control Skills You Can Learn Dialysis technician training can help you become skilled at: • Cleaning and sterilizing dialysis equipment • Attaching tubing • Checking alarms and monitors • Maintaining patient safety and comfort • Keeping accurate records of procedures • Communicating with patients and other members of the health care team Young woman in blue scrubs smiling and holding a clipboard while sitting in a room of a medical facilityUnder federal regulations, all dialysis technicians must become certified within 18 months of beginning work in the field. However, each state sets its own licensing and certification requirements. Some states mandate that technicians become certified before starting work. You become a certified dialysis technician by passing an exam from a relevant authority. The three main national certifying bodies are listed below. Each state can specify which certifications are acceptable, so be sure to check what the rules are in your area. 1. Board of Nephrology Examiners Nursing Technology (BONENT) BONENT offers the Certified Hemodialysis Technologist/Technician (CHT) designation for general dialysis technicians and the Certified Hemodialysis Bio-Medical Technician (CHBT) credential for those who focus on machine maintenance rather than patient care. To be eligible to take either exam, you must have completed an approved training course or be currently employed in the field and have at least six months of work experience. BONENT also offers a Certified Hemodialysis Water Specialist (CHWS) exam. You can take this exam if you already hold CHT or CBNT certification and have one year of experience in the dialysis water field. Otherwise, you must have a high school diploma or GED and three years of experience, an associate degree and two years of experience, or a bachelor's degree and one year of experience. 2. Nephrology Nursing Certification Commission (NNCC) The NNCC offers the Certified Clinical Hemodialysis Technician (CCHT) designation for entry-level technicians. In order to qualify to take the exam, you must have a high school diploma or GED. You must also have completed a training program that includes a supervised clinical practicum. Plus, you need to provide details of any work experience you have accumulated. At least six months of experience is recommended, though not required. The NNCC also offers the Certified Clinical Hemodialysis Technician-Advanced (CCHT-A) credential for technicians with a minimum of five years of experience. Dialysis Tech Education & Training FAQs What schooling do you need to be a dialysis technician? You must meet the licensing and certification requirements in your specific state, so it's important to check with your department of health or board of nursing. Usually, would-be technicians must have a high school diploma (or equivalent) or a certificate or diploma in dialysis technology. Some dialysis care centers, such as those operated by DaVita, offer on-the-job training to otherwise untrained technicians so that they can accumulate the hours they need for certification. Can I train to be a dialysis tech online? Yes, some programs are delivered entirely online. However, not all include a hands-on clinical component. How long does it take to become a dialysis technician? Dialysis technician training typically takes from 4 to 12 months. How much does dialysis technician certification cost? BONENT certifications, such as CHT, cost between $220 and $250 depending on whether you take the pen-and-paper option or the computer-based test. NNCC certification prices vary. The CCHT exam fee is $225, and the CCHT-A fee is $250. Some training programs include the cost of a certification exam in their tuition and fees. Platt College Platt College Platt College • Anaheim, California • Los Angeles, California • Hemodialysis Technician Dorsey Schools Dorsey Schools Dorsey Schools • Madison Heights, Michigan • Wayne, Michigan • Dialysis Patient Care Technician Dialysis Technician Career Information Dialysis technicians provide much-needed help to patients whose kidneys are not functioning correctly. Dialysis is critically important work that extends patients' lives. Career Snapshot Career Outlook* 17% growth from 2018-2028 Median Salary Dialysis Technician Job Openings* Average Yearly Openings Length of Training Most Common Length Work Settings • PayScale • Bureau of Labor Statistics Dialysis Technician Salary According to PayScale, a dialysis technician makes $38,224 as a median annual salary. The top 10 percent of earners make $63,000 or more each year. And the starting salary for a dialysis technician is about $22,000. Median Annual Wage Comparison Job Openings & Outlook for Dialysis Technicians The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) does not have specific data on this occupation, so it's difficult to say if dialysis technicians are in demand. However, the BLS does have a general category for "health technologists and technicians, all other," which includes dialysis techs. According to BLS projections, employment in this broad category is estimated to grow by 17 percent between 2018 and 2028. On average, about 11,700 health technician jobs are expected to open up each year over that time period. Roughly 2,240 of those will be brand new jobs. Approximately 3,800 openings will stem from retirements. And another 5,700 openings will come from workers transferring into other fields. Key Benefits 1. A short amount of training: It's possible to finish school and start looking for a dialysis technician job in a matter of months instead of years. 2. The satisfaction of providing life-sustaining treatment: You get to help all kinds of people who depend on dialysis for their continued existence. 3. Enjoyment from lots of patient interaction: You can meet and get to know people with a wide variety of personalities and life stories, providing companionship, and learning from their experiences. What a Dialysis Technician Does Female dialysis technician putting a blanket on a male patient who is sitting next to dialysis machines and another patientDialysis technicians operate special machines that remove toxins from the bodies of people with advanced kidney disease. Under the supervision of a doctor or nurse, they provide care to patients undergoing dialysis treatment. Technicians may: • Assemble the dialysis machine and ensure it is working properly • Address patient questions or concerns • Take patients' vital signs • Administer local anesthesia • Insert the needles that connect patients to the machine • Monitor patients during treatment and adjust fluid removal rates if needed • Disconnect and sterilize the machine • Update the health care team on each patient's condition Work Settings Most dialysis technicians work in: • Hospitals • Clinics • Specialized dialysis centers Some work in: • Laboratories • Long-term care facilities • People's homes Career FAQs What's the difference between a dialysis technician, a hemodialysis technician, and a nephrology technician? Those are simply different titles for the same occupation. Nephrology is the branch of medicine that concentrates on the kidneys. Hemodialysis (or just dialysis) is the actual process of cleansing the blood of a kidney patient. Is being a dialysis tech a good career? Many dialysis technicians find the work extremely rewarding because they provide essential physical and emotional support to patients undergoing treatment. Most dialysis patients have four-hour treatments multiple times a week, so technicians get to spend a lot of time with the same people and monitor their progress. If you like to work at a fast pace, have great interpersonal skills, and value teamwork, then a career as a dialysis tech could be a terrific option for you. Is working in dialysis hard? Not every dialysis patient has a good outcome, and it can be hard to see someone's condition worsen or lose a patient who you've gotten close to. But it can also be immensely gratifying to realize that you helped someone live longer than they otherwise would have. Do dialysis techs draw blood? Dialysis technicians run the machines that clean patients' blood and return it to their bodies. They are qualified to draw blood, but that isn't something they typically do. What hours do dialysis technicians work? Most dialysis technicians work 40 hours a week. Some have more flexible part-time schedules. A Meaningful Career Can Begin With Dialysis Technician Training Getting the education you need to become a dialysis tech means having the opportunity to reap the rewards of providing essential medical services. * Dialysis technicians are part of a broad category called "health technologists and technicians, all other."
Residential school empowers tribal children through education January 20, 2021 How rural India showed resilience, synergy during lockdown January 25, 2021 Climate Change How climate-induced changes affect children more With extreme weather events affecting villagers, children miss education, are more susceptible to malnutrition and diseases, and are forced to take up labor work Surveys indicate that children are the most affected by climate crisis (Photo by Manu Moudgil) “Often, leeches get stuck on our feet and suck blood. Even going to school has become risky. When I move to the temporary house, I am unable to attend school regularly,” said an adolescent girl at Karuda village in Uttarakhand.sexyxxxsexyxxx.ccsexyxxx While leeches have always been common in villages of Uttarkashi district, they have now started appearing on the lower slopes, including houses. People feel that the rise in temperature is a major reason for this issue, which poses health risks for people, especially children. “We get only Rs 140 for a day’s work, which is insufficient. Cultivators do not give work when there is low rainfall and, in such seasons, it gets difficult to run the household. Now, in this kind of situation, how can we educate our children,” said a parent at Siptan village in Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh. Children are not emotionally and physically capable of understanding the dangers during extreme weather events and are dependent on adults for their survival. They are more susceptible to water and vector-borne diseases, malnutrition and they are forced into labor due to economic challenges induced by climate crisis. Extreme weather A report Protect a Generation: Climate Security for India’s Children by Save the Children, India and PwC India Foundation has brought out this issue through a survey of six districts with unique ecosystem types. Khargone and Morena of Madhya Pradesh are located in a desert plateau zone which faces regular droughts, floods and heat waves. Haridwar and Uttarkashi lie in Uttarkhand Himalayas and experience floods, landslides and droughts. Purulia of West-Bengal is an arid region while coastal South 24 Parganas regularly deals with cyclones and floods. Coastal regions affected by cyclones and saltwater intrusion face water scarcity and vector-borne diseases, affecting children more (Photo by Manu Moudgil) During the survey, around 70% of the respondents across all states said that temperature had increased over the past five years and winter had reduced to only one month. Three out of four households in all districts except Uttarkashi said that rainfall had decreased in the past five years. They also complained about delayed monsoon and erratic rainfall. Droughts were commonly experienced in Khargone, Morena and Purulia districts but over the last few years their intensity has increased. Similarly, the frequency of cyclones in South 24 Parganas has increased; households complained of expanding coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion which led to crop loss and declining quality of drinking water. More than 50% of the respondents said extreme weather events like floods, cyclones and erosions had become more hazardous and frequent in the last 10 years. Households with large number of dependents usually have inadequate resources, and hence limited ability to recover from hazards. Affected livelihoods Around 43% of the households in the study regions were dependent on agriculture and hence adversely affected by changes in temperature, rainfall patterns and extreme weather events that led to fall in productivity. At least 60% of the families in these six districts said that climate crisis had impacted their economic situation. Purulia, which is also well known for lac cultivation, has been suffering hardships for the last few decades due to decrease in production. In Morena, increased frequency of hailstorms is affecting crops while villages in Haridwar located close to the riverbanks experience seasonal erosion, thereby reducing soil quality. Livestock are also affected due to climate related events like lightning in Uttarkashi. “Earlier we used to get various types and varieties of small fish, vegetables, etc. which we ate regularly. Nowadays they are not grown and are not available to us,” said a child development project officer of Jhalda II in Purulia district. Impact on children Climate crisis induced decline in agricultural productivity has led to less demand for agricultural laborers who struggle to find work. This leads to malnutrition and unhygienic conditions among children of these families making them susceptible to diseases. Climate-induced natural hazards make children get involved in work instead of going to school (Photo by Manu Moudgil) In the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe pockets of Khargone and Purulia, children get involved in economic activities instead of going to school. Their nutrition intake, access to and affordability of healthcare facilities are affected, especially among the landless households who depend on irregular casual labor work and usually live on debt. Depending on the region, up to 58% of the respondents said that their children faced health issues such as dehydration, skin diseases and allergies due to rising temperatures. In Khargone district, many poor families send their children to even distant Maharashtra and Gujarat to work. “We do want to send our children to school; who doesn’t? But filling up the stomach is a more urgent need than education, that’s why we are forced to make our children work,” said a parent at Narayanpura village of Khargone district. As per the local elders, indigenously grown nutritious food items are no longer produced due to commercialization of farming which has thereby lowered their immunity levels. Malnutrition among children and anemia among adolescents and women were observed commonly in households where there was no primary caregiver as both parents were working. Children’s education and performance are affected by extreme weather events such as floods and droughts as they have to miss school when they are unable to travel to school or when they fall ill. In extreme cases, children are forced to drop out to support the household. In several districts, more than 50% of respondents said that children could not play outside due to heat. Up to 14% of the respondents knew at least one family member that migrated because of a climate-related disaster. Increasing temperature and water scarcity due to extreme weather events are causing vector and water-borne diseases among children while displacement impacts their mental wellbeing. Climate change and water Weak infrastructure like kutcha houses, insanitation, lack of electricity or proper road networks lower the adaptive capacity towards any climate adversity. Up to 75% of the households saw their houses damaged by climate crisis-related events. Lack of accessibility due to damaged or non-existent roads and difficult terrain hamper education of the child. In the South 24 Parganas and Uttarkashi districts, only 19% and 11% of the respondents respectively reported access to a school within 1 km. “We drink water from the hand pump in our school. It is very salty, but we have no option but to drink this water at the cost of our health,” said an adolescent boy at Tuslai, in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh. Up to 90% respondents in six surveyed districts said climate crisis had negatively impacted availability of drinking water. Ground and surface water sources get depleted due to drought, sea level rise cause saltwater intrusion into water bodies and groundwater while cyclones and floods affect clean water availability. In Purulia, water crisis has led to poor utilization of sanitation facilities even in households having toilets. Children are often impacted by vector and water-borne diseases due to increase in temperature and water scarcity. Children-centric climate plan Since climate crisis is a persistent phenomenon which is bound to intensify, we need to build climate crisis adaptation strategies into our plans, programs and policies. Efforts should be made to resolve the bottlenecks and focus on child-centric disaster preparedness, response and recovery by training child frontline workers to ensure climate resilience in children. We must ensure safety and disaster-preparedness of children’s institutions like schools, foster care centers, kindergartens, facilities for care of disadvantaged children, orphanages and institutions under the juvenile justice system as well. Government programs like MGNREGA which promote waged employment by creating durable assets for sustainable natural resources management and disaster mitigation, the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) which focuses on welfare of farmers or even the few children specific initiatives like mid-day meal or Integrated Child Management System should converge and collaborate to optimize efforts and get maximum benefits. We must ensure access to education, gender-sensitive social protection through micro-financing, insurance facilities, self-help groups and community-based programs so that the effect of climate crisis on livelihood can be cushioned to some extent through last-mile service delivery. Climate smart agriculture and water safety or security plans need to be decentralized and made at the community level. Satyaki Baidya is a Delhi-based journalist. Views are personal. E-mail: This was first published in GoI Monitor. Comments are closed.
E-commerce is the use of computing and communication technologies in commerce between some or all parts of a business and its customers. e-commerce services Role of Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce AI in ecommerce techniques is extensively used in the development of e-commerce systems also. The field of e-commerce can be classified as B2C e-commerce and B2B e-commerce, in terms of AI techniques involved in this field. In this article source, we present some important AI in ecommerce are advantages in ai that are useful in the design and development of e-commerce systems. Ai E-Commerce Artificial Intelligence is the discipline that aims to understand the nature of human intelligence through the construction of computer programs that imitate intelligent behavior. Artificial Intelligence products techniques are successfully developed and used in most of the areas of science, engineering, education, business, etc. We use the terms namely approaches, techniques, technologies, tools, methods, and systems interchangeably in the rest of the paper. A complete list of acronyms is provided in the appendix. AI in ecommerce has marked its presence in every field of concern. It is going to personalize the shopping experience for the user and improve the shopping experience. For retailers, it is a medium to improve sales, deliver better engagement and improve the customer's service. Artificial Intelligence (ai) in Different Types of E-Commerce Most of the online purchases start with the search. The search results should be relevant and according to the keywords. Else the user will look somewhere else for the Artificial Intelligence products. The text-based searches return a list of items that include those keywords in the title name and the description. AI in ecommerce techniques and business intelligence allow users to upload the image annotation and discover the most relevant or exact search result. This saves a lot of time for the consumer as a consumer no longer have to linger for hours. AI in ecommerce approaches is useful in the development of B2C and B2B e-commerce systems. B2B e-commerce has around 80% share of the total e-commerce market, and B2C captures the rest. But, much of the attention in data science, business intelligence, and AI for e-commerce development has focused on B2C transactions. Artificial intelligence can benefit the E-commerce business in the following ways: AI in B2C E-CommerceAI in B2C E-Commerce In B2C e-commerce products, AI in ecommerce is used primarily for product selection and recommendation, negotiation, auctions, solving real-world scheduling problems and enhancing servers’ scalability, generating automated responses, and decisions on bundling and pricing of goods, etc. In B2B e-commerce, AI is used mainly for the supply chain management. AI technologies, namely ontologies are used in both types of e-commerce systems. In this section, we present some important AI in ecommerce approaches that are used in the development of B2C e-commerce systems. AI in B2C E-CommerceAI in B2B E-Commerce SCM is the key factor for successful B2B markets. As a result, it is the key for B2B e-commerce also. The rise of e-commerce has further heightened the importance of SCM (supply chain management) as companies re-engineer processes as they are moved online. “A supply chain management is a collection of autonomous and it is the backbone of e-commerce that network of autonomous or semi-autonomous business entities responsible for procurement, manufacturing and distribution activities or participation associated with one or more families of related Artificial Intelligence products. An integrated supply chain makes businesses to share real-time information and significantly reduce the inventory carrying costs. This is very important for B2B e-commerce. Advances in underwritingAI in product selection and recommendation Artificial Intelligence products are used in advising the users on the items they want to examine or purchase through the Internet. This kind of advice is necessary because there are no real persons to advise the customers on the Internet. This advice is helpful in navigating a large range of product descriptions. AI in product selection and recommendation 1. ACF (Administration for Children & Families) 2. KB 3. Hybrid Advances in underwritingAI in Inventory Management for E-Commerce The predictive analysis of data science services is making a huge impact on inventory management. The machine learning algorithm can predict the future demand for the product based on the history data. More and more usage of predictive analytics and Artificial intelligence in E-commerce improves the efficiency of inventory management data. Artificial intelligence applications have enabled retailers to predict the real-time inventory needs of the business. Advances in underwritingAI in Systematic Sales Process for E-commerce Artificial Intelligence products applications are used by E-commerce retailers to gather data patterns and to generate powerful insight from the data. Businesses intelligence can improve sales or marketing in e-commerce by using historical data and data-driven feedback. Nowadays, people are more inclined towards social media platforms for shopping inspirations. Deep Learning techniques can be used to identify the choices and interests of the customers. Artificial Intelligence ecommerce can scan millions of data applications and develop the correlation between the buying patterns and user data. We hope that in the future, AI in E-Commerce plays a greater role in the development of e- commerce systems. Hope, more smart results may be developed for B2C e-commerce. Webtunix AI expects more research and development take place in applying AI to B2B e-commerce. Artificial Intelligence products techniques combined with XML, UML and other object- oriented technologies may lead to more useful techniques for information exchange in e-commerce. The rest of the conclusions focus on how future AI applications to e-commerce can be evaluated. One of the basic aims of AI is to build systems that can mimic the behavior of human beings. By adding machine learning and Artificial Intelligence products and components, an e-commerce system should behave more “natural” to its users. For example,recommender systems. Like any other technology, AI should also enhance the efficiency/performance of an e-commerce system. Efficiency is in terms of producing fast and elegant solutions and consumption of fewer system resources. We help you enhance the following solutions Automatic Speech Recognition In-car Infotainment In- car Navigation Text-to- Speech Virtual Assistants and Chatbots Improve your Business analytics with our training data.
Tuesday, May 11, 2021 More Clues to the Nixon Enigma On some of these tapes, Nixon clearly identified many of those enemies as liberal American Jews who supported his opponents, and he tended to lump all Jews into that category with the exception of a number of Jewish aides and advisors whom he appointed to high positions in his administration and White House, including Henry Kissinger, Leonard Garment, William Safire, Arthur Burns, Herbert Stein and others. This is one of the reasons why the rise and fall of Richard Nixon remains one the great enigmas of 20th century American history. His long political career is a fascinating study in contrasts and contradictions, rises and falls. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Nixon was elected to Congress from his home district in California in 1946, and rose to national prominence by exploiting the fear of communist infiltration which ruled the country during the early days of the Cold War. He won a bitter race for the Senate in 1950 by accusing his Democrat opponent of being a communist sympathizer. Starting in 1952, he spent eight years in political limbo as Dwight D. Eisenhower’s vice president, waiting for his turn to run for president. He was narrowly defeated by John F. Kennedy in the 1960 race, trailing him by only 120,000 votes in the nationwide popular vote. There are those who claim to this day that Nixon was robbed of victory by Democrat manipulation of the vote count in Chicago, but he accepted the loss without protest, and returned to his native California. When he ran and lost the race for governor of California in 1962, he held an impromptu morning after news conference in which he announced his retirement from electoral politics, and bitterly condemned the media for its role in his defeats. He famously told the press that “You won’t have Richard Nixon to kick around anymore, because gentlemen, this is my last press conference.” But the announcement proved premature. Two years later, the Republican Party was badly beaten under the leadership of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election. Soon thereafter Nixon’s political star began to rise once again as the national party turned to him as its most prominent moderate leader. Nixon won the presidency in 1968, running as a symbol of stability in an era of domestic upheaval over the Vietnam War. He defeated his Democrat opponent, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, whose candidacy was wounded by the bitter divisions within his party over the war, and his identification with a highly unpopular president, Lyndon B. Johnson. Nixon won the election by 500,000 votes nationwide, and then, during his first term, focused on foreign affairs, and trying to wind down the US military involvement in Vietnam. This is where the old controversy over whether or not Nixon was a bitter anti-Semite or reliable ally of Israel, or possibly both at the same time, begins. Our view of Nixon is colored by his often crude and insulting comments about Jews, blacks and other ethnic groups during his informal discussions with top aides and his personal secretary that were recorded in the Oval Office. In the latest batch of 265 hours of Oval Office tapes released last week by the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, it was clear that his bias was not reserved for Jews. “I’ve just recognized that, you know, all people have certain traits,” said Nixon during a Feb. 13, 1973, conversation with his special counsel, Charles Colson. After cataloguing the main shortcoming of the Irish and the Italians, Nixon said,”The Jews are just a very aggressive and abrasive and obnoxious personality.” During another conversation with his personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods, Nixon argued that Jewish people tend to be insecure. “Basically, Rose, most of our Jewish friends . . . they are all basically people who have a sense of inferiority and have got to compensate,” Nixon said. Nixon was good at hiding his antipathy towards world leaders whom he considered to be members of inferior races. The newly released White House tapes record his changing attitudes. On the afternoon of March 1, 1973, Nixon warmly welcomed Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, to the White House, and graciously accepted Meir’s effusive thanks to him for the friendly way he had treated her and Israel. Moments after Meir left the Oval Office, Nixon and his Jewish Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger brutally rejected requests from Jewish leaders that Nixon press the Soviet Union to permit Jews to emigrate and escape persecution there. “The emigration of Jews from the Soviet Union is not an objective of American foreign policy,” Kissinger said. “And if they put Jews into gas chambers in the Soviet Union, it is not an American concern. Maybe a humanitarian concern.” “I know,” Nixon agreed. “We can’t blow up the world because of it.” Later, when the White House was besieged by requests from prominent American Jews for an invitation to the state dinner the White House was giving for Meir, Nixon carefully instructed his secretary, “I don’t want any Jew at that dinner who didn’t support us in that campaign. Is that clear? No Jew who did not support us.” While Nixon valued the advice of many of his top Jewish advisers, he suggested that they and other Jews were overachievers who shared a common trait, the need to compensate for an inferiority complex. “What it is, it’s the insecurity,” he said. “It’s the latent insecurity. Most Jewish people are insecure. And that’s why they have to prove things.” But his trust of even his closest Jewish American advisors was limited. Nixon ordered his aides to exclude all Jews in his administration from policy-making activities relating to Israel. Notes taken by his then-chief of staff H. R. “Bob” Haldeman during a meeting in July 1971 quote Nixon as saying, “No Jew can handle the Israeli thing.” That stipulation included Nixon’s then-national security adviser Henry Kissinger. Haldeman’s notes include a specific instruction regarding policymaking with regard to Israel, to “get K. out of the play – [let] Haig handle it,” he said, referring to his then-aide Alexander Haig. In an interview last week, Kissinger said he does not doubt that Nixon issued such an order, but denied that he was ever excluded from any policy-making discussions on Israel. “I would know if they were discussing things I wasn’t involved in,” Kissinger said. “It would have been impossible. All the cables went through my office.” Nixon may have bought into the negative stereotype of Jews that was socially acceptable in pre-World War II American society, but he openly admired Israel as a small anti-communist country that was also a democracy and ready to take on its dangerous enemies. Israel was caught by surprise when the Arabs attacked on two fronts at the start of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. At that crucial moment, Nixon proved that his friendship for the Jewish state, which he saw primarily in strategic terms as a US ally in the Middle East, was genuine. Israel’s losses during the early days of the war depleted its stocks of ammunition and decimated the planes in its air force. When it asked for US help, Nixon approved sending planeload after planeload of American arms to resupply Israel’s military stocks, even when that meant sending Israel planes and equipment out of the active duty inventory of the US military. According to one report written by a US Army colonel, US aircraft flew 815 missions to bring Israel 27,900 tons of munitions and supplies. On Nixon’s orders, the US flew 56 US combat aircraft to Israeli air fields while the war was still in progress. That is a crucial act of kindness which the members of Golda Meir’s Labor government at that time never forgot. Whatever else he may have said or done before or after that time, they considered Nixon to be a true friend whose place of honor in the history of Israel will forever be secure. Golda Meir described Nixon in her autobiography as the best friend Israel ever had in the White House. Yitzchak Rabin also held him in the highest regard. Nixon was also the first American president to reach out to the organized American Jewish community. One of Nixon’s closest supporters was Max Fisher of Detroit, who was a leader of the national Jewish Federation and the UJA. Nixon also was the first US president to grant extensive White House access to the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, helping it to become the official voice of American Jewry. According to author J. J. Goldberg, “It remained for Richard Nixon to create the now familiar US-Israel alliance.” Nixon also made Israel the largest single recipient of US foreign aid and initiated the policy of unlimited US weapons sales to Israel. Nixon was also the first US president to support Israel because he saw it as a strategic asset to the United States. Nixon provided crucial support for the freedom for Soviet Jewry movement. While he and Kissinger opposed the Jewish community’s support for the Jackson-Vanick amendment which linked US trade tariffs on the Soviet Union to the level of Soviet Jewish emigration, in the end, they went along with it. According to Fisher, Nixon and Kissinger thought they could win the freedom of more Soviet Jews by using personal diplomacy, freeing possibly as many as 40,000 a year. However, in the summer of 1971, Nixon blamed “the Jews” for his falling popularity due to the leaking of the secret history of the Vietnam War and rising unemployment statistics. Nixon told Colson that many of the young Americans who fled to Canada and Sweden in those years to escape the draft were Jews, and called them “deserters.” He also said he saw too few Jewish names on the lists of US soldiers returning from Vietnam. As for his unemployment problems, Nixon once went into a tirade over the Jews working at the Bureau of Labor Statistics who he believed were out to get him. Nixon demanded the ouster of the director of the bureau, Julius Shiskin, and asked Colson, to investigate the ethnic background of the rest of the officials in the agency. “They are all Jews?” Nixon exclaimed on one tape when Colson reported back. “Every one of them,” Colson replied. “Well, with a couple of exceptions. . . . You just have to go down the list and you know they are out to kill us.” Nixon then ordered another one of his White House aides, Fred Malek to make a formal head count of the Jewish employees at the bureau, which resulted in the demotion of at least two of them. Seventeen years later, when Malek was working on George H. W. Bush’s 1988 presidential campaign, the revelation of his role in the purge at the Bureau of Labor Statistics forced Malek to resign from the campaign. In another tirade, Nixon complained to Haldeman that, “The Jews are all over the government,” and that it was his belief that, “most Jews are disloyal.” His solution to the problem was to put someone “in charge who is not Jewish” in key government agencies. When the IRS launched an audit of one of Nixon’s favorite supporter, the evangelist, Reverend Billy Graham, Nixon told Haldeman that it was the work of all the rich in the IRS, and the “rich Jews” who hated Graham. Nixon assumed that virtually all American Jews were liberal supporters of his Democrat opponents, and it is often difficult to distinguish whether the primary motive for his outrageous anti-Semitic statements was political or religious bias. In September 1971, Nixon urged the IRS to investigate the wealthy Jews who contributed to Hubert Humphrey’s 1968 presidential election, and former Maine senator Edmund Muskie. Nixon told Haldeman, “please get me the names of the Jews, you know, the big Jewish contributors of the Democrats.” Sometimes, in conversations on the tapes, Nixon simply grouped all Jews together, as when he said that all supporters of the arts were left wing Jews. At other times, his hatred was more explicit, such as when he called his longtime supporter, Robert Vesco, “a cheap [Jew].” Ironically, Nixon denied more than once on the tapes that he was an anti-Semite. But perhaps the most interesting view of Nixon was through the eyes of the Jews who worked for his administration. William Safire, who was later to become the main conservative columnist on the op-ed page of the New York Times, got his start in Washington as a Nixon White House speechwriter. Safire admitted that when Nixon was first elected president in 1968, a general feeling existed “Nixon just doesn’t like Jews.” Nixon made an exception for the Jews who worked for him, claiming that they had earned his trust. However, in an offhand comment to Halderman, Nixon said of Jews, “generally speaking, you can’t trust [them]. They turn on you. Am I wrong or right?” Haldeman wholeheartedly agreed, saying, “their whole orientation is against you. In this administration, anyway. And they are smart. They have the ability to do what they want to do–which is to hurt us.” Many of the Jews who worked in the Nixon White House knew that he would often use anti-Semitic slurs, but sought to excuse it. Kissinger used to point to the large numbers of Jews who worked in the Nixon White House to prove that he wasn’t anti-Semitic. Leonard Garment, who served in various capacities in the Nixon White House, including counsel to the president, wrote in his memoir that he did not think that Nixon was an anti-Semite. Garment claimed that Nixon sided with the more pro-Israel elements in his administration, and even undermined the pro-Arab Middle East peace plan that was promoted by his own Secretary of State William Rogers. Garment insisted that when Nixon characterized Jews in hostile and derogatory terms in angry private staff meetings, he was just blowing off steam at people he saw as his political enemies. On the other hand, Garment argued that Nixon “was the opposite of an operational anti-Semite in his public appointments, speech and behavior and, most importantly, his presidential decisions.” Nixon’s longtime liberal enemies say that evidence of his anti-Semitic tendencies go back to his early days in politics. Al Barkan, the late director of the AFL-CIO’s political committee during the 1960 presidential election, told one reporter years later that during that campaign, he had unearthed the contract that Nixon had signed when he first bought his Virginia home. It included a restrictive covenant stating that the home could not be resold to Jews or blacks. Barkan’s political committee reprinted the contract and used it against Nixon in the campaign. One day, Barkan said, he received a visit from an FBI agent who said that the Nixon campaign folks were complaining about the reprinting of the contract. When Barkan asked the agent if what he had done was illegal, the FBI agent answered, “No.” This confirmed that the FBI agent had been sent to try to intimidate Barkan and his operation. Then, while on his way out, the FBI agent flashed the JFK pin he was wearing under his coat lapel, and told Barkan, “keep it up, you’re killing them.” Nixon was like that, he inspired loyalty or hatred. He will be viewed by history either as a great American statesman, or an unscrupulous, paranoid, and vindictive dictator. He will be remembered by Jews as an anti-Semite, or as Israel’s best friend, or as all of these things. Share on twitter Share on whatsapp Share on facebook Share on pinterest Share on linkedin Tears. Only Tears. Read More » Rough Edges Read More » Subscribe to stay updated
The Business Finance Guide Presented By Export or trade finance Export or trade finance Download Transcript Three key considerations: 1. Trade finance is financial support that helps companies to trade either domestically or internationally. 2. Export finance is finance that helps them sell goods and services overseas, typically by providing advance or guaranteed payment. 3. Both export and trade finance can include other types of finance – in particular, asset-based finance techniques such as factoring or invoice discounting can form a part of the finance agreement. What are export finance and trade finance? Export finance When businesses export, they need to be sure they can afford to produce the goods and that they will be paid. Export finance helps mitigate risks such as default or delayed payment. Manufacturers who import raw materials face other challenges. Overseas suppliers want to be paid for materials before shipping, so the need arises for finance to fill the gap between importing the raw materials and the point at which the finished product is sold. That’s where export finance comes in. Export finance covers a wide range of tools, all used by banks to manage the capital required to allow international trade to take place as easily and securely as possible. Traditional tools are as follows. • Bonds and guarantees if the seller fails to deliver the goods or services as described in the contract, the buyer can ‘call’ the bond or guarantee and thereby receive financial compensation from the seller’s bank. The types of bonds and guarantees include tender guarantees, advance payment guarantees, retention money guarantees, performance guarantees and customs bonds. • Letters of credit – these are issued by a bank, guaranteeing that the buyer’s payment will be received on time and for the correct amount, assuming the goods (or services) have been supplied as agreed. If the buyer is unable to pay any or the entire agreed amount, the bank will cover the shortfall. The bank also acts on behalf of the buyer – the holder of the letter of credit – by ensuring that the supplier will not be paid until the goods have been shipped. Trade finance Funding that assists businesses in purchasing goods, whether from international or domestic sellers, is termed trade finance. It is often transactional, with finance only being provided for specific shipments of goods and for specific periods of time. Here the asset being funded against is the goods themselves (as opposed to invoices in invoice finance) and until repaid by the client, the goods belong to the finance provider. The process is supported by letters of credit, bills of exchange and bank guarantees. Next steps Find the right finance and insurance for your export ambitions at the government-backed Exporting is Great webiste. To explore the other finance options for your business, go back to the Finance Journey tool. Together on the journey Stay up to date
Test of FAITH Resources for Churches from The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion Skip Navigation Why Do Many People think there is Conflict? Peter Harrison explains that, while the idea that there is conflict between science and Christianity is generally false, there have been key moments where is has been advantageous to act as if there is conflict, and this has led to the public perception of conflict. Difficulty: Easy
How do you separate layers in autocad? How do you split a layer in AutoCAD? To move parts to a separate layer: 1. Open the assembly file. 2. Open the drawing view that you want to edit. 3. Click Edit Layers on the Standard toolbar. 4. Create a new layer and set the color or linetype of the layer as desired. 5. Click Done to save your changes. 6. Click somewhere in the drawing view. How do you separate hatches in AutoCAD? Type Hatch at the command line. At the next prompt type T to get you into the hatch-setting dialog box. Under the Options area (middle-right portion of the dialog box), click on Create separate hatches. Click OK. How do you split view in AutoCAD? Under the View tab on the Ribbon move to the Model Viewports panel as shown above. Click the dropdown for Viewport Configurations as shown above. You will have several different pre-configured options to select from as shown. Select your desired view to split your views in model space. How do I open multiple DWG files? View separate drawings side-by-side IT IS INTERESTING: How do you change length in autocad? How do I view all open files in AutoCAD? How do I switch between drawings in AutoCAD? Where is AutoCAD DWG launcher located? C:Program Files Special Project
Forking in Blockchain The Need for Forking in Blockchain Reading Time: 4 minutes The world of finance is undergoing a major transformation after the introduction of cryptocurrencies. Initially, there was only Bitcoin, which functioned as a decentralized digital alternative to cash. Over time, many specialized currencies came into being such as Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin Gold, Ethereum, Ripple, and Monero. Many of these cryptocurrencies came into existence as a result of a blockchain fork. A fork in blockchain technology takes place when the developers of a cryptocurrency decide to change something fundamental about it. Blockchain forking, in today’s time, has become a boon to the financial world due to the solutions that it provides to simplify cryptocurrencies and scalability. Forking helps ensure large transactions are completed quickly without attracting additional fees for miners. Forking in blockchain is essentially a divergence that can either be permanent or temporary. It happens when a blockchain splits into two branches. This can result from a change in the consensus algorithm or any other changes (minor or major) in the blockchain software. Forking, therefore, is an integral part of the blockchain architecture mainly because of blockchain’s decentralized nature, in addition to the need to establish systematic trust among various participants. If your interest lies in this captivating world of cryptocurrencies and you live and breathe this domain, then there couldn’t be a better place for you to land in. This blog lists all the aspects of a blockchain forking such as the types of forks in blockchain and how do forks in blockchain work. Read along and you never know, your interest might ignite into considering a job in this domain. What Is a Blockchain Fork? A fork may sound like a complex term, but in technology lingo, it is a word used to describe anything that is cutting off or diverging from existing software or code. Gradually, however, the term has come to have a much broader meaning. As such, a blockchain fork refers to what happens when a blockchain diverges into a change in protocol or two potential paths forward. It also refers to the situation that results when two or more blocks have the same block height. More importantly, you must note that forking in blockchain points to a situation where a token project or cryptocurrency needs to make technical updates to its code. The subsequent updates are either applied to completely change the scope of the original project or to the backend of a project with no significant changes. How Do Forks in Blockchain Work? Forking in blockchain shifts the already existing rules and moves them towards a new set of pre-determined rules. These defined rules can either be supported by all, none, or some of the participants in the network, but their conditions and situations are unique in every case. These rules must be identified by the nodes running on any given network. If the node decides not to refer to the changes in rules, it is allowed, but that decision has several consequences as well. Types of Forks in Blockchain Forking in blockchain 1. Hard Fork A hard fork in blockchain refers to a non-backward compatible upgrade to an already existing blockchain. This points to all the network nodes on a certain blockchain either complying with the fork and software protocol update or proceeding with the same outdated protocol by creating another separate blockchain entity. One famous example of a hard fork is Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. 1. Soft Fork In simple terms, a soft fork is a backwards-compatible upgrade in which the upgraded nodes can communicate with the non-upgraded nodes. In a soft fork, every new rule added does not clash with the existing ones. Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains use soft forks for the implementation of new updates, and all these published upgrades are backwards compatible. Sometimes, a soft fork also occurs due to a temporary deviation in the blockchain when miners use non-upgraded nodes and violate a new consensus rule which is unfamiliar to their nodes. This is quite a rare scenario though, and the occurrence of such an event is very unlikely. What Happens When the Blockchain Forks? In a hard fork, any changes made on utilizing nodes that run on the previous set of rules will be invalid. This means that if an old node decides to both make and verify a block, it ends up being considered invalid. Therefore, all changes that happen during a hard fork cannot be changed or deleted after the fork is completed. Whereas, in a soft fork, if an old node decides to make and verify a block, it ends up being considered valid by all other nodes on the network, irrespective of it being new or old. The domain of blockchain is sparking interest amongst many professionals as a great career choice. A certified blockchain expert has a large demand in the market nowadays. The number of positions for the role of a blockchain expert has grown more than fivefold in the past few years. According to Hired, there was an increase in demand for software engineers who are hands-on with blockchain skills. [1] Moreover, blockchain job openings rank 3rd across the globe as per the Hired survey. [2] In short, this is the best time to pursue a career in this domain as demand is ever increasing. At EC-Council, we offer one of the best blockchain certification programs to help you become industry-ready. Our course will expand on the above knowledge and provide the necessary training to help you excel in the blockchain domain. If you are a blockchain enthusiast, and want to stay up to date on the latest news, insights, and trends in blockchain technology, then drop by our blog page for more information: get certified from ec-council Write for Us
Did you know that nightmares can be healthy? Did you know that nightmares can be healthy? Have you ever had a nightmare? Then you are probably familiar with that sense of relief you feel when you wake up and realize that the heartbreaking episode was all figment of your imagination. However, it felt real, didn't it? Apparently many of us are familiar with this feeling. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), up to 85 percent of all adults have nightmares at times. According to many of these same experts, occasional bad sleep can be really healthy. It is important to note the intermittent word. This is because, unfortunately, there are conditions in which a person is subject to "the repeated occurrence of terrifying dreams that provoke awakenings from sleep." This includes a relatively common one known as a nightmare disorder. Here are a couple of important points to keep in mind in the future: 1. We will discuss how nightmares can be healthy for the psyche. However, most psychologists and sleep experts agree that nightmares arising from an underlying psychological disorder probably do not carry the same benefits. For example, nightmares due to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). 2. Some studies also show a correlation between the frequency of nightmares and suicidal ideation. According to the cited study, people who tried (but did not commit suicide) were more likely to complain of recurring nightmares than the rest of the population. In short, those who have nightmares in conjunction with a mental health problem should discuss them with a psychologist or someone with similar experience. Such revelations aside, nightmares can be healthy. Let's discuss the science of nightmares to get a rudimentary understanding of what goes on under the hood. Dreams are a product of the default neural network (RND), our "autopilot." RNDs are areas of the brain that tend to remain active even during periods of relative calm. One of those times is during REM sleep, which accounts for about a fifth of our total sleep time. REM periods generally involve the consolidation of memories, often causing vivid images to be projected from the subconscious. As such, if such images are truly unpleasant, the individual may experience an unhealthy sleep. As REM intervals get longer, the chances of having a nightmare increase. There are certain medical conditions, called parasomnias, that are sometimes confused with nightmare disorder. These include: Night terrors: disorientation episodes that follow slow wave sleep and produce severe symptoms such as kicking, screaming or hitting. Sometimes the person experiencing the night terror may unconsciously get out of bed. The state of confusion that characterizes night terrors can leave the person unable to recall the event, which is often not the case for someone experiencing a nightmare. The night terror will generally occur within three hours of the onset of sleep. REM sleep disorder: Normally, the body is immobile while we sleep, a state called sleep paralysis, to prevent us from acting out our dreams. However, people suffering from REM sleep disorder can become mobile due to irregular wave production within the brain. This is because the brain could deactivate the brain circuits responsible for sleep paralysis. REM sleep disorder is more common among middle-aged men. Although this may be just a little off topic, it is worth briefly discussing the possible problems of an overactive default mode network. Again, the RND is most active when the brain is at rest or not involved in a cognitive task. The research implicates RND activity in major depressive disorder (MDD) and feelings of anxiety. In addition, Harvard researchers have already found that RND activity is directly related to thinking and “automatic pilot” behaviors, which are also major sources of unhappiness and dissatisfaction in life. According to Wikipedia, other times the RND is active in addition to sleeping include "when the individual is thinking about himself, remembering the past and planning the future." It seems fair to conclude, then, that making lifestyle adjustments or training the brain to spend less time ruminating, an explicitly RDN activity, can lead to reducing or eliminating unhealthy nightmare episodes. We'll talk more about how to do just that in the section. "Final thoughts." Here are some risk factors that may be associated with more nightmares: –A concurrent sleep disorder (eg, insomnia, sleep apnea, etc.) –An untreated medical condition –Certain prescription drugs (for example, antidepressants, beta-blockers, dementia drugs, and perhaps some others). –Medical health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. –Substance abuse (eg, Alcoholism, drug addiction) Here are some statistics and trends related to nightmares that you may find interesting and relevant from the United States: - In 3 to 7 percent of the US population nightmares can be considered a "problem." (By "problem," these experts probably mean disturbed sleep derived from nightmares.) - Nightmares are most common between the ages of 3 and 6 (nightmares tend to increase in number and then decrease around age 10). - 1 in 20 people experiences at least one nightmare every week. –About 75 percent of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 50 percent with personality disorder experience regular nightmares. "If you occasionally have various nightmares, it is a very good opportunity to understand more about the unconscious fears and anxieties that may be arising." ~ Deidre Barrett, Ph.D., Assistant professor of psychology at Harvard University and author of Trauma and Dreams (Source) In a two-study article published in the journal Human Brain Mapping, the researchers sought to determine the validity of an emerging psychological theory; specifically, these nightmares allow people to resolve emotional distress while stabilizing volatile emotions during wakefulness. To test this theory, the research team analyzed and analyzed data from two studies. In the first study, the research team used the "serial awakening" method to ask whether they had experienced any fear in any dream state. That involved waking subjects repeatedly after brief periods of sleep. The primary goal of the first study was to reaffirm that the brain regions associated with fear in dreams were also those that correlate with the processing of undesirable emotions during waking periods. In the second study, 89 participants reported their level of emotional arousal during waking hours. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology identified areas of the brain associated with fear during the waking state. The primary objective of the second study was to compare people's levels of emotional regulation during waking hours with levels of fear experienced during sleep. In the first study, 12 of the 18 participants were evaluated for "analysis [of brain imaging] of fear versus fearless conditions" during non-REM sleep (NRM), while the remaining eight subjects underwent the same conditions during REM sleep. The researchers stated that fear in dreams mainly involves two regions of the brain. They are the insula and the midcingulate cortex. The second study found that "those who reported higher incidence of fear" while dreaming demonstrated a reduction in emotional arousal during wakefulness and a decrease in brain activity in the insular and midcingular cortex "in response to fear-generating stimuli" during waking hours. In short, nightmares can strengthen our emotional stamina and allow us to untangle and solve problems of the psyche that generally remain below the surface. First of all, nightmares suck, especially when they interfere with the restful sleep we all desperately need. Now for rational reflection. Do nightmares really unravel deeply hidden psychological skeletons? Or is suffering through temporary experience worth it? Perhaps. It's probably worth it for people who regularly deal with a great deal of stress and irritability. The reason is that an occasional nightmare can serve to release the underlying cause and strengthen your emotional resilience when faced with a similar situation in the future. So the payoff is potentially great. But people with deep-seated trauma or mental health problems don't get these benefits. Nightmares stemming from mental health disorders, including trauma, require the assistance of a trained professional. Video: Virgo. No More Guessing..Now Its YOUR Turn to Choose in Love (May 2021).
Do I need a back brace after spinal fusion? Spinal fusion surgery is connecting one spinal vertebrae to another spinal vertebrae. This is done through a bone “bridge”, that is bone is placed between the vertebrae. The bone is usually placed between the vertebral bodies. This is called an interbody fusion. If the fusion is done through your abdomen it is called anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), through your side/flank [Direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF) or extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF)] or through your back [posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) or tranforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)]. The surgical approach is important because it relates to pain, disability, muscle damage and complications. Fusions done through the back tend to be more painful resulting in greater recovery, time off and disability. This is appears less true for minimally invasive procedures like the endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (ELIF). The more muscle damage the weaker the back and the higher chance of future spinal disease and pain. There are complications related to anesthesia and surgery. All surgery has risks but the specific risk to fusion surgery is partially related to the approach to the spine: 1. Surgery done from the abdomen put major blood vessels (like the aorta and vena cava) and abdominal organs like kidneys at risk. There is even a chance for errectile dysfunction (E.D.) or retrograde ejaculation (sperm goes into the bladder not out the penis). These problems can lead to infertility. 2. Surgery from the side can injury the lumbar plexus (these are nerves that supply the legs) causing pain, numbness or weakness in the legs. 3. Surgery done through the back muscles can injure the muscles causing future pain and new spine problems. This muscle damage is decreased with minimally invasive surgery. Most people have to wear a brace after surgery for 1 to 3 months, but it depends on the type of fusion and instrumentation surgery, number of levels fused and the reason for fusion. For more information on lumbar fusions please click Spinal Fusion and Options or on Dr. Carl Spivak and Executive Spine Surgery please call 908-452-5612 or click Schedule an Appointment.
Question: What Are The Dangers Of Neon? Are neon signs bad? 6) Myth: Neon signs are dangerous as the tubes are made from glass. Fact: It is correct that the neon tubes are glass, and are therefore in their nature fragile. However, if they are handled correctly and carefully during transportation and installation, then there is no reason at all why the glass will get broken.. What does neon do to the human body? Is Neon bad for your eyes? Yes, neon lights can cause some eye problems such as cataracts and damage vision. Because the neon light includes white, blue, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays, which are very bright, and harm cornea and iris to lead eye problems. … Both ling time of exposure in neon light will cause eye damage, too. How long will neon signs last? between eight and 15 yearsMost neon signs are expected to last between eight and 15 years, although many continue to function for much longer than that. Leaving a sign switched on for prolonged periods can shorten its lifespan, and leave it at risk of overheating or sustaining damage from electrical surges. Is Neon found in the human body? Neon has no biological role. What makes neon unique or special? It’s one of the noble gases. Neon is highly unreactive—the least reactive of any of the noble gases, in fact—and doesn’t form chemical bonds with other elements, so there are no neon compounds. That non-reactivity is what makes neon so useful in light bulbs. Is Neon harmful to humans? As stated above, neon is an inert and rare atmospheric gas. It’s generally non-toxic at normal temperature and pressure. … However, this gas can be lethal in large quantities. To humans, it can be considered a simple asphyxiant. What are the weaknesses of neon? Neon ConsThey output very little light for amount of power required.Limited colors available based on gas and glass color configurations.The glass tubes can be fragile.Generally only one color can be used at a time.Very high maintenance costs.One small crack and the entire piece is broken.Apr 22, 2016 Can you touch neon? No. Neon is perfectly safe to the touch and will not burn you. When manufactured and installed correctly, neon will only ever run warm. The electrodes that are attached to each piece of neon tubing, that create the start and end point for the current to travel, do get hot and should not be touched. Is Neon safe to breathe? While generally inert and nontoxic, neon is also known as a simple asphyxiant, according to Lenntech. When inhaled, it may cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting and loss of consciousness. Death may be caused by errors in judgment, confusion, or being unconscious. Are broken neon signs worth anything? It should have all parts, work when it is plugged in, and be free of chipped paint or cracks. Many signs were used as outdoor advertising for businesses, so they can be in rough condition. Age – In general, older neon signs are worth more than their newer counterparts. What can destroy neon? Neon can be neither created nor destroyed (except by some nuclear processes which are not commercially viable), so what is used goes back to the atmosphere when released. Neon, being less dense than air, is slowly evaporating into space, but not nearly as quickly as helium does.
kids encyclopedia robot Allium crispum facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Quick facts for kids Crinkled onion Allium crispum 3.jpg Scientific classification Allium peninsulare var. crispum (Greene) Jeps. Allium crispum is a species of wild onion known by the common name crinkled onion. It is endemic to California, where it grows along the Central Coast in the Coast Ranges and in the Santa Monica Mountains, often in clays and serpentine soils. Allium crispum grows from a bulb one to one and a half centimeters wide and sends up naked green stems topped with inflorescences of many flowers, each on a short pedicel. The flowers are magenta in color and have six triangular tepals. The inner three tepals are smaller and crinkled like cloth and may curl under. Anthers and pollen are yellow. kids search engine Allium crispum Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
6 minute read Criminal Law Reform: England The Unreformed Law In 1818 the youthful Thomas Macaulay described English criminal law as "a penal code at once too sanguinary and too lenient, half written in blood like Draco's, and half undefined and loose as the common law of a tribe of savages . . . the curse and disgrace of the country" (Cross, p. 520). He did not exaggerate. The law had been growing haphazardly for more than five centuries. Much had been added, often under the influence of temporary alarms. Very little had been taken away. As a result the criminal law was seriously defective both in substance and in form, and many aspects of the procedure under which it was applied were equally unsatisfactory. For over a century and a half, Parliament had sought to compensate for the absence of any adequate nationwide machinery for enforcing law and order (such as police forces would later provide) by threatening the severest penalty for those few offenders unlucky enough to be caught. In 1818 there were more than two hundred statutes in force imposing the death penalty for a wide variety of offenses, both serious and trivial. These offenses ranged from treason and murder to forgery and even to criminal damage and petty theft when committed in a host of specified circumstances, as well as to several sex offenses, including sodomy. There was, however, no question of implementing all the death sentences that the judges were required by this undiscriminating legislation to pass whenever a prosecutor with the necessary nerve (or malice) found a jury willing to convict. Capital sentences were carried out, in 1810, in less than once case in twenty, although as might be expected the proportion varied greatly from crime to crime. Fewer than one convicted person in twenty was executed for theft unaccompanied by personal violence, but about one in six was put to death for the more serious offenses of murder, rape, arson, counterfeiting, forgery, and attempted murder. Whether or not the convicted defendant was reprieved largely depended on the trial judge, although in cases tried in London his recommendations were reviewed by the Privy Council. His discretion was affected, but not controlled, by public opinion, professional expectations, and the influence of persons in high places. The judge did not have to give any reasons for his decision, which was as likely to be determined by matters irrelevant to the defendant's guilt and to the jury's verdict as by anything that the defendant himself had actually done: the defendant's past record, the reputed prevalence of his offense in the locality, the extent of the perjury committed by witnesses called on his behalf, and the number of other defendants sentenced to death at the same assizes. But although the trial judge had a wide (or, as many critics said, an arbitrary) discretion to decide whether a defendant convicted of a capital offense should die, he had no discretion as to what should happen to the defendant if he was allowed to live. The alternatives to the death penalty were whipping, a short term of imprisonment, or transportation—after 1787, generally to an Australian colony (the American ones being no longer available for this purpose) for a fixed period, which was usually seven years, but for some offenses fourteen years, and for a few, life. However, by no means all the defendants who had been sentenced to death and then reprieved on condition of being transported left English shores. Whether a convict was in fact transported or merely served a short (two- or three-year) period in an English prison hulk before being released depended not on the nature of the offense, but on purely administrative and practical considerations with which the judges were not concerned—the Australian demand for convict labor, and the availability of the requisite shipping. The law governing these capital offenses was thus inefficient, as well as cruel and capricious. The chances of an offender actually suffering the extreme penalty with which the law threatened him were small, and its deterrent effect was therefore slight. Yet the chance that he might suffer the death penalty deterred many victims from prosecuting, many witnesses from giving evidence, and many juries from convicting. The form of the law was chaotic and extremely obscure. In 1821 it was estimated that there were 750 acts of Parliament concerning the criminal law in force, together with another 400 relating to proceedings before magistrates. These statutes were the product of three centuries of parliamentary activity. Not only had almost all of them been enacted without regard to any of the others, but they also presupposed the "unwritten" common law of crime, without a knowledge of which the statutes themselves were more often than not quite unintelligible. Such matters as the definitions of the basic offenses (murder, rape, robbery, burglary, theft, forgery, and assault), the rules governing the liability of accomplices, and general defenses were a matter of judicial tradition sustained by three seventeenth- and eighteenth-century authorities—Edward Coke's Third Institute (1644); Matthew Hale's History of the Pleas of the Crown (first published in 1736); and William Hawkins's Pleas of the Crown (1716–1721). These were supplemented by a very small amount of reported case law. Although the judges recognized that either immemorial custom or an act of Parliament was required to make conduct a felony and a capital offense, they exercised a wide power to declare an act criminal as a misdemeanor, and to punish with the pillory, whipping, imprisonment, or a fine, any conduct which they happened to consider immoral or antisocial. Trial procedure (and also powers of arrest and ancillary liability) was determined by whether the offense with which a defendant was charged was a treason, a felony, or a misdemeanor, although with the shifts and changes in the law that had occurred over the years these distinctions had become more than a little arbitrary. Theft, for example, was a felony, however small the amount stolen, but obtaining by false pretenses was a misdemeanor, however valuable the property obtained. A defendant could not be tried simultaneously for a felony and a misdemeanor, however closely related in point of fact the two charges might be (as, for example, the inchoate offense to the completed offense). Indeed, only one felony could be tried at a time. Most importantly, at a felony trial the defendant's counsel could only examine witnesses and argue points of law: he was not allowed to address the jury, although he might at treason or misdemeanor trials. A defendant was not entitled to any prior notice of the case against him beyond the information provided by the indictment itself; and since it was a general rule that neither party to the proceedings nor anyone who had any pecuniary interest in the result of a trial could give evidence at it, not only the defendant but frequently also the victim was excluded from the witness stand. (Defendants were, however, usually allowed to make a statement at the very end of the trial, when it was difficult for anyone to test its correctness.) There were no special procedures for youthful offenders. Everyone over the age of seven was subject to the same law, modes of trial, and penalties; and though children were very rarely hanged, they were sentenced to death and imprisoned. This reflected the fact that the common law knew only one form of criminal trial, trial by jury. Statutes had in specific instances given to magistrates, sitting singly or in small groups, the power to try persons charged with certain statutory offenses (for example, under the game laws and the revenue legislation), but there was no general provision for the summary trial of offenses of a minor character. There was, finally, no system of criminal appeals, either on the facts, on account of the judge's misdirection of the jury, or from a sentence in those cases in which the judge had discretion. Only a very limited and rarely invoked remedy existed for the review of procedural and similar technical errors. Additional topics Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationCrime and Criminal LawCriminal Law Reform: England - The Unreformed Law, Movements For Reform, Legislation, 1823â€“1849, The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833â€“1849
Nutrition and Dietetics Department Res. See. Eda Balcı explained the differences between fish oil and krill oil and gave information about which one is more beneficial. Balcı states that fish oil is an oil obtained from the tissues of fish and is generally obtained from fish with relatively high fat content such as tuna, anchovy, herring and mackerel, while krill oil is obtained from a small shellfish resembling a shrimp living in the Antarctic Ocean. He underlined that Antarctic krill does not consume pollutants and heavy metals like other fish, saying it is oil. Drawing attention to the fact that EPA and DHA, the omega 3 fatty acids found in fish oil, have positive effects on strengthening the immune system, reducing inflammation and improving the symptoms of some psychiatric disorders, especially cardiovascular diseases, Balcı said, “For this reason, fish or fish oil As an alternative to fish oil, krill oil, which contains EPA and DHA, has a positive effect on many other diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, due to the fatty acids it contains. “It is different from fatty acids and this affects the way the body uses them,” he said. Stating that Omega 3s obtained from fish oil are found in the form of triglycerides, Balcı said, “Therefore, it can cause both an unpleasant fish taste in the mouth and cause complaints such as rancidity, burping, burning. At the same time, our body can benefit less from these supports in the form of triglycerides. “Omega 3s in krill oil are in the form of phospholipids. The bioavailability of Omega 3s in the phospholipid structure, that is, the amount digested and absorbed by the body, has been reported in studies that are much higher than those in the form of triglycerides. Stating that krill oil has an antioxidant structure and has 48 times more antioxidant properties than fish oil, Balcı said, “At the same time, fish oil has a shorter shelf life than krill oil because it tends to rapidly oxidative degradation. Fish oil is yellow or golden in color, krill oil. “It is red in color due to the astaxanthin pigment that provides antioxidant properties.” Stating that krill oil is known to increase plasma EPA and DHA concentrations, reduce inflammation, lower LDL cholesterol called “bad cholesterol” and increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol called “good cholesterol”, Balcı concluded his words as follows: “Despite all this information, scientific research on krill oil is still inadequate and there is no definitive information about its side effects. Since krill oil is a relatively new product, more scientific studies are needed to explain its health effects and compare accurately with fish oil. “ Leave a Reply
What Are The First Signs Of A Heart Attack In A Woman? How long can a woman have symptoms before a heart attack? What are the 4 silent signs of a heart attack? What happens right before a heart attack? What is the most common age for a woman to have a heart attack? In women, heart attacks are more likely to occur after the age of 50. A heart attack strikes someone about every 34 seconds. How much do you really know about your heart health? What does angina feel like in a woman? Angina symptoms in women can also include feeling out of breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or sharp chest pain. Once the extra demand for blood and oxygen stops, so do the symptoms. How do you stop a heart attack immediately? Can a woman have a heart attack and not know it? What four things happen right before a heart attack? Is it a heart attack or anxiety? What can mimic a heart attack? One lung problem, pulmonary embolism, can mimic a heart attack and is equally serious. A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot in an artery in the lungs. This clot cuts off blood flow, and the lung tissue begins to die. A pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. How can you test for a heart attack at home? Is it gas or heart attack?
Jackson Has Developed Phobias Over The Last Few Years Specifically To Spiders He Jackson has developed phobias over the last few years, specifically to spiders, heights, and germs. He (or his parents, if you make him a child) is uncertain as to when they began or how. However, the fear is debilitating and prevents him from being able to function in his life. Questions to use to guide for response: What are the main features of Jackson’s cognitive, social, biological, and psychosocial development during two developmental periods? Which therapeutic interventions would you suggest for helping him to reduce the fear? (Hint: Again, consider his developmental period in order for an an appropriate interventions.) What predictions would you make for some developmental issues that might contribute to the phobias or prevent treatment from working? What Students Are Saying About Us
At this point, however, it is important not to go too fast. These crude gestures ì‹ ë¦¼ì˜¤í”¼ and cries by which primeval man expressed his feelings, though they were the germs out of which music grew, were as yet no more music, which is not only expressive sound, but formed, articulate sound, than an infant's cooings are speech. So far they were mere ebullitions, purposeless and formless; before they could become communicative they must become definite, they must take on some organic structure. Now gestures, bodily movements, are very easily grouped together by means of accent. Every walker knows that it is difficult not to emphasize alternate steps, grouping the unaccented with the accented into a cluster of two. Every waltzer makes a similar grouping of three steps, one accented, the other two subordinate. Some such system of grouping is instinctively adopted whenever we have a series of impressions regularly recurring in time. Let the reader, listening to the ticking of a watch, note how impossible it is to attend to each tick by itself. He will inevitably group them in twos; the accent may come on the first or on the last of the group, but he cannot hear them as exactly equal, any more than in walking he can put exactly equal stress on each step. It was this tendency of the mind to group its impressions on a basis of equal time measurements and unequal accents that led at the dawn of musical history to meter or rhythm, which is as persistent in music as it is in poetry. Metrical form was the natural means of giving definition to bodily movements, and as soon as it was developed enough to produce regular, easily imitated steps out of the chaotic gestures of naÃ¯ve feeling, Dance was born. At first, of course, metrical form was stumbled upon blindly. Having two arms and two legs, men naturally moved with a symmetry that gradually impressed their minds; obliged by the facts of anatomy to group their motions in twos, they soon took the hint, and beat their drums or struck their cymbals accordingly. The primeval dance was doubtless the march. But soon they began to carry out the principle they had thus chanced upon, and despite anatomy devised the group of three. The existence of triple meter is all the proof needed that metrical form is essentially a process of intelligence, not a physical fatality; men grouped their steps or leaps or drum-taps in twos or in threes because such groups were easy to make, to imitate, and to remember. And once perceived, no matter how, such groupings tended to cling, to perpetuate themselves. For they were definite, memorable forms, and they survived all haphazard gestures and vague motions by virtue of the law that what is adapted to its environment will live longer than what is not. In this case the environment was the human mind; and the definite organisms, the metrical forms, survived and developed because the mind could remember them, while all the vague gestures out of which they grew shared the fate of what is indefinite, accidental, inorganic. Thus Dance, which was gesticulation systematized by metrical form, emerged and grew in the human mind, like an animal in a congenial habitat. For a long while the metrical forms that men could perceive and remember were most rudimentary. Probably it took them centuries to grasp the simple group of three, the basis of such accent-schemes as the waltz and the mazurka. Even to-day, psychologists agree, we are unable to grasp a group of seven, and we perceive larger groups than three only as compounded of the elementary twos and threes.[A] But gradually men learned to recombine their groups in still larger forms, of which the first groups constituted the elements. Just as in chemistry the basic elements like oxygen and hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon, can combine only in a few simple ways, but the compound molecules thus produced can recombine into the myriad substances of organic chemistry, the sugars and starches and all the rest, so the simple dual and triple measures of music can be built into an infinite variety of figures and phrases. In early dance and folk-song a more and more complex metrical plan thus slowly developed. Two or more of the simple groups of beats, called measures, were combined into a larger group, a recognizable figure or motif; then again motifs were combined into still larger phrases; and finally, as the musical medium became more definite, plastic and various, phrases were combined in many different types of design, into complete Â«tunes.Â» In all these regroupings, the wonderful variety of which is one of the most precious resources of modern music, the fundamental procedure was the sameâ€”elements alike in duration, but different in accent or significance, were made to cohere in a group or form. Just as in verse the feet, ì‹ ë¦¼ì˜¤í”¼ or elementary metrical forms whose elements are single syllables of equal duration but unequal stress, are combined into lines, and later these lines into stanzas, so in music measures are combined in figures, and figures built up into phrases, and phrases into tunes. And as the diversity of the possible forms becomes greater and greater as we advance from foot to stanza, there being few forms of feet but many of stanza, so metrical form in music becomes more and more complex as it evolves, and though all music must be built out of dual or triple measures, it may be built into tunes of an infinite variety of pattern. Each new complexity, however, must be intelligible; it cannot be introduced until men have mastered the simpler groups out of which it is compounded. Beethoven's wondrously intricate texture, Brahms's soaring phrases, would be meaningless to us had we not inherited from thousands of ancestors a sense of the system of regular accents and duration on which their complexities are superposed. From the days, ages ago, when savages first beat a drum in simple march rhythm, up to to-day, when Brahms builds up his extraordinarily intricate fabrics, with their elaborate prosody, their Â«augmentation,Â» and Â«diminution,Â» and Â«shifted rhythm,Â» the evolution of metrical form has been single and continuous; each advance has been built on previous achievements. There are no dropped stitches in this kind of knitting. Metrical form, however, is not the only sort of form by which sounds can be combined. It is the natural organizing agent of Dance, which, as we have seen, develops out of the movements expressive of men's active impulses; but human nature has also its contemplative side, and this, expressing itself in vocal utterance, undergoes another sort of development and results in Song. What, then, are the means by which Song is defined, by which vocal sounds are organized into intelligible and memorable forms? Before we answer this question it will be well to consider for a moment a more general one. What, in general, is a form? We shall be helped to define a form in general by looking back to the metrical forms we have just been studying. These, we have seen, are groups or clusters of impressions, held together by some similarity, yet also differentiated by some contrast. The two or three beats of the measure-group are similar in duration, yet different in accent. And without both the similarity and the difference, the unity and the variety, they would not be a group. Without similarity they would be a haphazard collection, a chaos; without difference they would all fuse together in one indistinguishable mass. In other words, they exemplify a general fact about formsâ€”namely, that the elements must be alike enough to be associated, and yet different enough to be discriminated. If we cannot associate them we cannot feel them as a group; they will not cohere. If, on the other hand, we cannot discriminate them, then do they equally fail to make up a form; they simply mingle together into a homogeneous lump. The organs of an organism must be, then, related, yet different; the elements of a form must be both similar and dissimilar. Unless they are both we cannot perceive them as linked, yet distinct. Bearing this general fact about forms in mind, we may investigate the kinds of form that underlie Song. Probably every one who has listened to the whistling of factories in a large city at noon has had the curious experience of suddenly hearing amid the meaningless din a pair of tones that mysteriously mate and merge. The other tones seem entirely accidental; they have no relation to each other, and give one merely a sense of vague annoyance. But these two form an intelligible group; we are able to grasp them together, and we take an indescribable pleasure in thus feeling them as parts of one whole. Here is an instance of another sort of musical form than the metrical, a sort that we may call harmonic. Here the grouping takes place on a platform not of time, but of pitch; the two elements of the group have no metrical relations, but in pitch they are somehow related. Now this sort of pitch relationship has played a vital part in music, a part hardly secondary to that of time relationship; so that an understanding of it is important enough to delay us here a moment with some rather dry technical facts on which it depends. Ordinary musical tones, the notes of the voice, the violin, and the piano, for example, simple as they sound, are, like ordinary white light, rather complex compounds of many simple elements. There are in them seven or eight constituent or Â«partialÂ» tones, quite distinctly audible to the trained ear or to the untrained ear armed with suitable instruments; and these partial tones, produced by vibrations in the sound-emitting body whose rates are regularly ì‹ ë¦¼ì˜¤í”¼ related, bear a certain fixed relation to each other, like the spectrum-colors that compose white light. Not only this, but each partial tone arouses its own proper sensation in the ear by stimulating there one of the minute filaments called the cords of Corti, each of which vibrates sympathetically to a tone of given pitch and to no other. Now we are to imagine that when an ordinary musical tone is sounded, seven or eight of these little cords immediately start a-tremble, and send to the brain their messages, which combine there into the composite impression we name Â«a tone.Â» If now another tone is sounded, one which starts into motion another set of filaments, and if furthermore there is one filament now set in motion that was also excited by the first compound toneâ€”if, in other words, the two tones happen to have a partial tone in common, which in both instances excites the same filament in the ear, then we shall have a sense of close relationship between them; they will make together a harmonic group or form. This, as a matter of fact, is what happens with any two tones that form what is called a consonant interval with each other, an Â«octave,Â» a Â«fifth,Â» or a Â«fourth.Â» If tones X and Y, for instance, are an octave apart, the second partial tone of X will be identical with the first of Y; if they are a fifth apart, the third partial tone of X will be identical with the second of Y; if they are a fourth apart, the fourth partial tone of X will correspond with the third of Y. It is obvious, then, that all these intervals will give us the sense of harmonic form; for they provide all the necessary conditions of a form, having enough in common to be associated by our minds, and enough not in common (their dissimilar partial tones) to be distinguished. When the partial tone in common is so high, and therefore so weak, that it impresses us but slightly, we shall have little or no sense of their being related; such is the case in the so-called imperfect consonances and the dissonances. When, on the other hand, all the most prominent partial tones of one exist in the other, they will fuse into one impression in our minds, losing the characteristic of form entirely, as is the case to some extent with the octave and entirely with the unison. But when, as in the case of fifths and fourths, there are both a distinctly audible partial tone in common and others not in common, then we shall have true harmonic forms. So much technical detail will be forgiven by the reader who can at all realize how profoundly the entire history of music has been affected by these acoustic and physiological facts. We have already seen how folk-music slowly wrought out the complex metrical forms based upon time grouping. In the same way, ecclesiastical music wrought out, slowly and laboriously, the harmonic and melodic forms that were based upon pitch-grouping. For a long time vocal utterance was defined only by certain simple intervals like the fall of the fourth, which formed the cadences of Greek dramatic recitation and of mediÃ¦val Christian intoning. Gradually ornamental notes were introduced as approaches to the final note; these were varied in pitch, and new ones added, until finally there resulted the ancient modes, precursors of our scale. Then, when two melodies began to be sung at once, the intervals of the octave, fifth, and fourth were again called into requisition, and made the bases of primitive harmony. In the old Organum of the Middle Ages, two voices, a fifth apart, gave the same melody, just as with the Greeks, in the process called Â«magadising,Â» two voices sang the same tune, an octave apart. So, step by step, pitch relations were perceived and utilized. In all stages of the long progress, whether the interval chosen was the octave or the fifth or the fourth, and whether the tones were sounded in succession as a melodic step or simultaneously as a chord, the guiding principle was the same; tones were grouped together which had pitch-form, which had partial tones in common and others not in common. A harmonic form, like a metrical form, was always a cluster of tones that could be both associated and distinguished.
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2020-07-19 / Blog 2 Temperature contour plots showing variation in depth and time When you are monitoring soil temperature at various locations in a plot or an in experimental setup over time, you either end up having too many figures in a publication or important information goes missing when you plot snapshots of soil temperature profile. While struggling with fitting all the data I have in a strictly 6-page conference proceeding, I came up with an idea of illustrating the change in time and depth of soil temperature in the same plot, without compromising any data. The idea starts with a simple contour plot. Temperature contour plots have a potential to convey a great deal of information you would like to give to the reader. A 2D temperature profile can be plotted very easily. While keeping the 2D structure, extending the profile by using the x-axis as time gives you a chance to show both the time- and depth- dependent variation. We will use air temperature and soil temperature data from the same lysimeter setup presented in the Blog Post #1. Data used in this script can be accessed via NGIF API and from the following data set: Yildiz, A. and Stirling, R.A. 2020. PLEXUS Lysimeter - Soil Temperature Data v1. Newcastle University. doi: 10.25405/data.ncl.12613880. Firstly, we define the start and end of the time frame, then generate a POSIXct vector using seq() function in 15-min time steps: startdate <- as.POSIXct("2019-05-03 00:00:00",tz="UTC") enddate <- as.POSIXct("2019-07-03 00:00:00",tz="UTC") time_steps <- seq(startdate,enddate,60*15) Then, we check the range of the air temperature and soil temperature values measured, simply using summary() function. We see that air temperature varied between 2.5 °C and 25.7 °C, whereas the range of soil temperatures measured is 2.9 °C and 23.4°C. We define a sequential vector to obtain the steps of temperature between 2°C and 26°C so that we can display all the temperatures measured. temp_steps <- seq(2,26,1) We used findInterval() function in the Blog Post #1 to find which time step does each data point belong to. This time we will use the same function to define which temperature step each measurement belongs to. Next thing to do is to use the heat.colors(n) palette to get the hex colour codes. Here n will be the number of the colours we want to extract. We have 25 temperature steps, therefore we will substitute n with length(temp_steps). We have one issue to solve here. The first colour in heat.colors(n) palette is red, whereas our first temperature step, temp_steps[1] , is 2°C-3°C. But, we should be having a bright red for our last temperature step, temp_steps[25]. Therefore, we will substract all temperature steps from 26 to assign the first colour in the palette to the last temperature step and vice versa. Finally, we combine findInterval() and heat.colors() to assign a hex colour code for each measurement. The final code will be as follows: This piece of code will assign a hex colour code for each measurement in the second column of soiltemp dataset, and can be used to create any contour plot. We can repeat the same for the other columns in the dataset. In order to visualise the contour plot showing the variation in depth and time, we will first plot an empty area that extends in x-axis from our startdate until enddate. y-axis will range between 0 to the depth of our soil column, i.e. 950 mm for the lysimeter setup. We will extract the depths from the column names of the soiltemp dataset. depth <- as.numeric(substr(colnames(soiltemp[2:14]),start=2,stop=4)) Then generate a for loop to plot rectangles with a width of the measurement interval of the soil temperature, and a height to be adjusted based on the plot height. The colour of the rectangle will be chosen using the combined findInterval() and heat.colors() code. So, the for loop will look like this: for(j in 1:length(depth)) { for(i in 1:nrow(soiltemp)){ The plot will then look like this: The scripts used in this post can be found here: Blog Scripts @ Github
Mass Airflow Sensor Explained – Sings of a Faulty MAF, Cleaning and Repair Tips Modern internal combustion engines are complex machines. Long gone are the days when engines were analog and could be tuned using basic tools. These days your average engine has thousands of times more processing power than Apollo 11 computer had, and that thing put two people on the moon. Mass Airflow Sensor is a part of what is essentially a massive network of sensors and nodes your car’s computer utilizes. Here’s what a mass airflow sensor is, how it works, and how to spot a faulty one. What is a Mass Airflow Sensor? There are two things an engine needs to run – fuel and air. The ECU in modern cars (post-1980s, so almost every vehicle on the road) is continuously working to find the right mix of air and fuel depending on the engine’s needs and any given moment. Your car knows how much fuel it’s delivering into the intake manifold, judging by the fuel pressure produced by the fuel pump. However, measuring the amount of air entering the plenum requires a more delicate tool – the Mass Airflow Sensor. Mass Airflow Sensor or MAF is a sensor measuring the amount of air that’s entering the engine. You’ll find the MAF sensor between the air filter and the intake manifold on most cars. The way a MAF works is pretty simple yet ingenious. How does a MAF Sensor Work? If you were to pull apart a MAF sensor, you’d find that it consists of a piece of wire and a temperature sensor that’s sitting right next to it. That piece of wire is heated when the engine is running. The temperature sensor installed right next to it measures the air temperature surrounding the wire. When the car is idling, the air volume that’s rushing by these two components is low. As a result, there isn’t much change in air temperature around the sensor, which tells the ECU how to trim the air/fuel mixture. Once you start moving and the air begins to rush past the sensor, it will notice the change and pass on the ECU information. What is a Mass Airflow Sensor? Symptoms of a Faulty MAF Sensor Symptoms of faulty MAF sensors vary depending on whether the sensor is dead or if it’s just dirty. Once a MAF sensor fails, the engine no longer knows how much air is entering the intake in real-time and is left blind. That’s when the trouble starts. Here’s a brief list of the most common issues caused by a faulty MAF sensor: • Failure to start • Rough idle • Failure to accelerate • Hesitant gas response • Bad fuel economy Which one of these you’ll encounter depends on the make and model of your car, as well as the nature of the problem. In more severe cases, MAF failure will trigger the check engine light, at which point you’ll need to scan the ECU using a diagnostic tool. Scanning for error codes is the best way to get a sense of going with the MAF sensor. You’ll usually run into P0100P0104 codes when the mass airflow sensor sends readings outside nominal values. Mass Airflow Sensor Shop Now Troubleshooting Tips Before we get to cleaning and repair, we have to mention that it’s not always the MAF causing fuel trim issues. Remember how the MAF sensor sits between the air filter and the intake manifold? Sometimes you’ll get a hairline fracture on the plastic intake tube that connects the MAF sensor housing and the intake manifold. If the crack is large enough to cause a vacuum leak, the readings collected by the MAF sensor and the actual volume of air that enters the engine won’t match up. This could also cause some faulty MAF symptoms, even though your mass airflow sensor is perfectly fine. Mass Air Flow Sensor Shop Now Cleaning the MAF Sensor MAF sensors are incredibly delicate. So much so that touching the wire or the temperature sensor next to it could ultimately destroy them. To clean a MAF sensor, you’ll need a can of Mass Airflow Sensor cleaner. Don’t use brake cleaner or similar agents as they will leave residue behind. The whole reason why there’s a special cleaning agent designed specifically for this job is the fact that it leaves no residue on the hot wire. That being said, the sensor needs to come off the car before you start cleaning it. Disconnect the wiring and remove the housing from the intake. Next, take the cleaner and spray the hot wire from a distance of approximately 5-10 inches. Spray the hot wire for a few seconds and then let it dry completely. Repeat this process one more time. It’s important that you let the sensor dry completely before installing it back on the intake. If you have a diagnostics tool that can read sensor values, you can compare the readings before and after cleaning to see if that was the issue. Mass Air Flow Sensor Shop Now How to Replace a Faulty Mass Airflow Sensor? MAFs are rarely ever repaired. In most cases, you’ll have to replace the entire unit. The process of replacing a mass airflow sensor is pretty simple. Although it differs slightly depending on your car’s make and model, it usually involves unplugging the electrical connections, loosening up two clamps that hold the housing in place, and removing the entire MAF sensor housing. The installation process is the same, only in reverse. One thing to note, though – every MAF sensor is directional. You’ll usually find an arrow printed or stamped into the sensor housing that will tell you which way the sensor should go. Mass Air Flow Sensor Shop Now Get a Quality MAF MAF sensors don’t fail too often, but it’s important that you get a genuine or OEM replacement part when they do. If you own a European car, the chances are that we carry the sensor you need. You can check by heading over to our store and using our vehicle selection tool to find your car’s make and model. Once you input your data, our system will show you all the products that match your inquiry. Posted in DIY How-To, Saab Leave a Reply
It’s quite normal to feel guilt and shame if you’ve done something wrong. But what other reasons are there to cause these emotional reactions? Guilt and shame are natural reactions to a feeling of wrongdoing, but they are slightly different. Guilt is how we feel when we have done something wrong. It is all about our actions, what we do or say. Guilt is ‘I did something bad’. Whereas shame is how we feel about ourselves, the feeling of being wrong. Shame is ‘I am someone bad’. So what are the kinds of things that make us feel guilt or shame? There are lots of things that can cause a person to feel guilt. You can lie, cheat, steal or even harm another person. Guilt is an extremely common emotion. In fact, a recent study concluded that 96% of women suffer from guilt at least once a day. Not only that but this feeling of guilt and shame is having a destructive effect on our mental health. So what are the unlikely causes of guilt and shame you may never have considered? 5 Causes of Guilt and Shame 1. Saying no Who would have thought that simply saying no to a person would cause us so much grief? But it is right up there in what makes us feel guilty. But why does it affect us in this way so much? Well, first of all, it affects women more than men and this is because women are taught from an early age to be polite and accommodating to others. So when we go against this ingrained imprinting it feels incredibly alien to us. And it is this that causes us to feel guilt and shame. But obviously, people cannot agree to every request or favour put their way, so how can you say no without appearing to be the Wicked Witch from the West? The answer is to buy yourself some time and not be pushed to say yes or no on the spot. Say something like ‘I’m not sure whether I can that day/afternoon/evening but let me get back to you.’ Then if you can’t or don’t want to do it, say no. After all, you are not Superwoman. 1. Not spending enough time with your parents/children We all wish we had more time to spend with loved ones, but in today’s busy society, sometimes this just isn’t possible. But if it is causing you to feel heartfelt anxiety and problems, you need to be able to deal with your situation. Many parents worry about not spending enough time with their own parents and their children. So how do you get the balance right? Unfortunately, we have to work to pay the bills, but if you are at work, worrying about your kids, your work is not getting the best out of you. In the same way, if you are at home worrying about work then you are not present for your kids. Make sure when you are with your children you are 100% with them and not thinking about work. Likewise, when you’re at work give it your full attention. As for your parents, remember that they were also parents and will understand you have a busy schedule. It’s likely they understand more than you give them credit for. 1. Not being perfect all the time Some people strive for perfection. Whether it is in their careers, their relationships, their homes or their educations. But I have it on good authority that there is no such thing as perfection. In fact, the celebrated writer on common sense, GK Chesterton said: “If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing badly.” GK Chesterton And I always follow his advice. The thing is, you can get so caught up in the details of getting a thing perfect that you miss out on the fun of it altogether. And remember, your perception of perfection is likely to be different from everyone else. So while you are killing yourself to achieve this impossible goal, everyone around you might not even think you’ve achieved it by their ideals and standards. So what really is the point? Just relax and enjoy yourself. There are no gravestones that say ‘Her house was really clean all the time’ on them. They all read ‘She was loved and will be greatly missed.’ And at the end of the day, that is what’s important to be remembered for. 1. Not losing enough weight There’s a lot of body-shaming going around these days. Sly remarks about a person on social media. Photographs with cruel taunts about a person’s shape. Anyone over a certain dress size that is trying to lose weight will already know how hard it is to get the pounds off. But being the subject of name-calling is enough to cause feelings of shame where the person doesn’t think that they are good enough in the first place. Life is hard enough for people over a certain weight anyway. They face stares of disapproval whenever they go out. They can’t find chairs large enough on public transport and clothes shopping is a constant nightmare. This feeling of guilt and shame that they are not doing enough to get the weight off follows them around all the time. But obesity is not about a person being lazy or eating too much. There are mental issues involved such as addiction to food or using food as a comfort. But this is about making a decision. If you want to change, you have to get help because this is too difficult for you to do on your own. 1. Always being late Finally, I have to admit that this is something I struggle with all the time. I am always late. Actually, that’s not true. I’m never late for my birthday. Which goes to show what a selfish person I am. Because for every other date or appointment – I am always late. And it kills me every time. But I don’t change my habits. I don’t leave earlier to beat the traffic. And I certainly don’t suss out the car parking situation so I know where I need to go. I am always rushing at the last minute and I always arrive flushed, panicking, out of breath and feeling guilty. So why don’t I change? Is it because I don’t value other people’s time as important enough for me to make an effort? Or is it because I have plenty of time I simply assume other people do as well? Or am I just lazy? Sadly, I suspect it’s the latter. What causes you to feel guilt and shame? Why not let us know in the comments box? We’d love to hear from you. Janey Davies, B.A. (Hons) the power of misfits Leave a Reply
Definitions for "Thoracic spine" Keywords: vertebrae, lumbar, spine, cervical, rib The back at the chest level including the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12). Twelve (12) vertebrae in mid-torso that are attached to the rib cage. The twelve bones or vertebrae of the spine in the area of the chest. The portion of the vertebral column between the neck and thoracic diaphragm. image The region of the back between the neck and the pelvis.
Romeo and Juliet Use a teaching guide that includes a synopsis and commentary of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, teaching activities, discussion questions, and essay topics. The famous tragedy of star-crossed lovers will fascinate your students; it is a good choice as an introduction to Shakespeare's plays. 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| Updated on: December 4, 2000 Page 4 of 5 One of the major advantages of studying the classics is the potential they offer for extending students' learning far beyond the original work. Here are some literary extensions that can be used before, during, or after reading Romeo and Juliet. (1) Become a Shakespearean critic.~ Read one of the "Commentaries" at the end of the Signet Classic. Discuss it with a small group of students. Pick a topic discussed in the commentary of interest to the group. Go to the library to see what other views you can find on the same topic. Write a group paper exploring the differences in the critics' views. (2) Compare Romeo and Juliet to West Side Story.* What differences do you see in character, plot, and theme? Why do these differences exist? (3) Search for feuds in other literary works.#~ What are the effects of the feuds? Discuss with the class and develop an annotated bibliography. (4) Examine Romeo and Juliet for literary or mythological allusions.~ Go to the library and see what you can find out about one or more of these allusions. Present the results of your study to the class. (5) Do some research on Shakespeare: the man and the playwright.* Present your findings to the class. (6) Do some research on Elizabethan theater.* Present your findings to the class. (7) See if you can locate Arthur Brooke's The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet. Compare it to Shakespeare's play.~ What changes did Shakespeare make? Why? (8) Read another Shakespearean comedy or tragedy.~ How does it differ from Romeo and Juliet? Which is more typical of the classical elements of comedy or tragedy? (#1, p. 6). (9) Watch another Shakespearean play on film or video tape.* Compare it to Romeo and Juliet in terms of: elements of comedy and tragedy~, use of language, development of plot, characterization, theme. (10) Do some research on one of the modern themes of the play: suicide, teenage sexuality, or parent/child relationships. How have attitudes changed since Shakespeare's time? Write about your findings and discuss with the class. (11) Do some research on one of the literary themes of the play#~: family hostility and its effect on the innocent, the use of deception and its consequences, or the effects of faulty decision making. See if you can locate a modern example of this literary theme. Write about your findings and discuss with the class. (12) Do some research on a theme of classical tragedy~: the role of fate and fortune, the inevitable nature of tragedy, or the isolation of the tragic hero. Find an example of the exploration of this theme in a modern short story, novel, or play. Compare in writing the modern author's treatment of the theme to Shakespeare's treatment. Share your essay with the class. (13) Search your literature anthology for works that explore similar themes. Develop a bibliography for each theme. Select one theme and read one or more works related to that theme. Discuss with the class. A Note About Avoiding Censorship It is often assumed by English teachers that "classics," particularly Shakespeare, are immune to censorship. However, glancing through any list of frequently censored books proves that assumption false; Romeo and Juliet frequently appears on those lists. Why is this play, regarded by the entire world as one of the great works of literature, frequently the target of censors? There are many answers. The timeliness of the themes of the play and the age of the characters make it a frequent target. The "sex scenes" between the young lovers are often attacked as inappropriate for teenage readers. Finally, most often targeted by the censors' arrows are the bawdy language and double-entendres, particularly in the first half of the play. We can argue that students rarely recognize these unless they are pointed, that the themes are important to consider if today's young people are to avoid the fate of the "star-crossed lovers," that teenagers are exposed to far more lurid sex scenes on television, and that the play is one of the greatest works of literature and therefore should be read in the English classroom. All of these are excessent arguments; however, after the issue of the "inappropriateness" of the play has been raised by censors these arguments sound shrill and defensive. The best way to deal with censorship is to avoid it. How can it be avoided: (1) Develop a department or school selection policy in which you clearly indicate criteria for selecting literature to be read, as well as a procedure for dealing with complaints should they occur. (2) Once the policy has been established, involve as many people in the selection process as possible. Include teachers, administrators, students and parents on your selection committee. (3) Write a brief rationale for using the play in the classroom. Emphasize the literary, historical and social importance of the play. Include comments by literary critics and educators. File this rationale with your department chairperson and/or school administrator. (4) Several weeks prior to requiring the students to read the play, send home a brief description to parents. Be sure to include parts of your rationale the fact that some of the language in the play might be offensive to some people. Invite parents to borrow a classroom copy of the play and read it prior to giving their children permission to read it. Be sure to indicate alternative selections for students who are not permitted to read the play (some other Shakespearean plays might be appropriate or other books on similar themes). (5) A week prior to reading the play in class send home permission slips for the parents to complete. Phrase the slips in such a way that signing and returning them indicates that permission has not been granted. Ask parents to suggest a preferred book or play of equal literary value. (6) Be sure to make adequate provisions, avoiding stigmatization, for students who are not permitted to read the play. This may mean having to work individually with one student, grouping the class to allow for the reading of two or more works, and/or placing the student(s) in another class during the reading of the play. Should a censorship issue arise in spite of your precautions, be sure to do the following: (1) Follow all school/department policies. (2) Suggest an option for the child or children involved. Try not to be defensive or angry; keep reminding yourself that every parent has the right to object to what his/her child is reading. (3) Ask the individual(s) objecting to the work to complete a "Citizen's Request For Reconsideration of a Work" (available from the National Council of Teachers of English). On this form the individual states his/her objection and suggests a work of equal value that is not objectionable. (4) Report the complaint to your department chairperson and/or school administrator. Confirm your next steps with him/her. The next steps should be clear in your school/department policy. (5) Other than allowing the student or students involved to read another book, do not do anything until the "Citizen's Request Form" is returned. In most cases the forms are not returned. (6) If the form is returned, and the censor demands that the book be removed from the classroom, do not proceed alone. If you have followed the recommendations for avoiding censorship, you will have a large support group, and once the censor is made aware of how the work was selected and who was involved in the selection process, usually the issue is dropped. (7) If the issues is pursued, you and your school should continue to follow the policy, seeking professional help, usually through professional organizations. The final section of the bibliography includes specific references to help in avoiding censorship. loading gif
Remember Hyperloop? This short guide will refresh basic concepts What is Hyperloop? Special report Tech and the future of transportation (free PDF) Read More Hyperloop is a new form of ground transport currently in development by a number of companies, It could see passengers travelling at over 700 miles an hour in floating pod which races along inside giant low-pressure tubes, either above or below ground. What makes Hyperloop different? There are two big differences between Hyperloop and traditional rail. Firstly, the pods carrying passengers travel through tubes or tunnels from which most of the air has been removed to reduce friction. This should allow the pods to travel at up to 750 miles per hour. Secondly, rather than using wheels like a train or car, the pods are designed to float on air skis, using the same basic idea as an air hockey table, or use magnetic levitation to reduce friction. What are the benefits of Hyperloop? Supporters argue that Hyperloop could be cheaper and faster than train or car travel, and cheaper and less polluting than air travel. They claim that it's also quicker and cheaper to build than traditional high-speed rail. Hyperloop could therefore be used to take the pressure off gridlocked roads, making travel between cities easier, and potentially unlocking major economic benefits as a result. When are the first Hyperloops going to be available? A number of different companies are working to turn the idea into a functioning commercial system. Hyperloop technology is still in development even though the basic concept has been around for many years. At the moment, the earliest any Hyperloop is likely to be up and running is 2020 but most services are expected to be later, as trials of the technology are still in their early stages. Where will Hyperloop services run? It's still not clear where Hyperloops will actually be established but a number of companies have sketched out routes in the US, Europe, and elsewhere. Potential routes include New York to Washington DC, Pune to Mumbai, Kansas City to St Louis, Bratislava to Brno, Vijaywada and Amaravati, and many more. What is the history of Hyperloop? Russia taps Hyperloop for domestic transport A proposed project to bring Musk's Hyperloop to Russia would cost between $12 and $13 billion. Read More The idea of using low-pressure or vacuum tubes as part of a transport system has a long heritage. The Crystal Palace pneumatic railway used air pressure to push a wagon uphill (and a vacuum to drag it back down) way back in Victorian south London in 1864. Similar systems using pneumatic tubes to send mail and packages between buildings have been in use since the late nineteenth century, and can still be seen in supermarkets and banks to move money around today. One clear predecessor of the Hyperloop is the 'vactrain' concept developed by Robert Goddard early in the twentieth century; since then, many similar ideas have been proposed without much success. However, it was entrepreneur Elon Musk who really reignited interest in the concept with his 'Hyperloop Alpha' paper in August 2013, which set out how a modern system would work -- and how much it would cost. What is Hyperloop Alpha? In his Hyperloop Alpha paper, Musk set out the case for a service running between Los Angeles and San Francisco, which would be cheaper and faster than a proposed high-speed rail link. He argued that his Hyperloop could be safer, faster, more affordable, weather-proof, self-powering -- and less disruptive to people living along the route. Musk said that a Hyperloop service could be the answer to travel between cities less than about 1500 km or 900 miles apart; beyond that, supersonic air travel would be more efficient, he said. "Short of figuring out real teleportation, which would of course be awesome (someone please do this), the only option for super fast travel is to build a tube over or under the ground that contains a special environment," Musk wrote. Nobody has got very far with the teleportation idea, alas, but a number of companies have seized at the potential of Hyperloop. How does a Hyperloop tube work? The basic idea of Hyperloop as envisioned by Musk is that the passenger pods or capsules travel through a tube, either above or below ground. To reduce friction, most -- but not all -- of the air is removed from the tubes by pumps. Overcoming air resistance is one of the biggest uses of energy in high speed travel. Airliners climb to high altitudes to travel through less dense air; in order to create a similar effect at ground level, Hyperloop encloses the capsules in a reduced-pressure tube, effectively allowing the trains to travel at airplane speeds while still on the ground. In Musk's model, the pressure of the air inside the Hyperloop tube is about one-sixth the pressure of the atmosphere on Mars (a notable comparison as Mars is another of Musk's interests). This means an operating pressure of 100 pascals, which reduces the drag force of the air by 1,000 times relative to sea level conditions, and would be equivalent to flying above 150,000 feet. How do Hyperloop capsules work? The Hyperloop capsules in Musk's model float above the tube's surface on a set of 28 air-bearing skis, similar to the way that the puck floats just above the table on an air hockey game. One major difference is that it is the pod, not the track, that generates the air cushion in order to keep the tube as simple and cheap as possible. Other versions of Hyperloop use magnetic levitation rather than air skis to keep the passenger pods above the tracks. The pod would get its initial velocity from an external linear electric motor, which would accelerate it to 'high subsonic velocity' and then give it a boost every 70 miles or so; in between, the pod would coast along in near vacuum. Each capsule could carry 28 passengers (other versions aim to carry up to 40) plus some luggage; another version of the pods could carry cargo and vehicles. Pods would depart every two minutes (or every 30 seconds at peak usage). How would Hyperloop be powered? Elon Musk's Hyperloop: Here's the Dutch team with designs on supersonic train concept Engineers from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands are taking tech entrepreneur Elon Musk's Hyperloop travel idea very seriously. Read More The pods will get their velocity from an external linear electric motor -- effectively a round induction motor (like the one in the Tesla Model S) rolled flat. Under Musk's model, the Hyperloop would be powered by solar panels placed on the top of the tube which would allow the system to generate more energy than it needs to run. How is Hyperloop different from high-speed trains? Supporters argue that Hyperloop is significantly better than high-speed rail. It is lower cost and more energy efficient because, among other things, the track doesn't need to provide power to the pods continuously and, because the pods can leave every 30 seconds, it's more like an on-demand service. It's also potentially two or three times faster than even high-speed rail (and ten times the speed of regular rail services). How much would a Hyperloop cost to build? For the LA to San Francisco Hyperloop that Musk envisaged, he came up with a price tag of under $6bn. Musk envisioned an LA to San Francisco journey time of half an hour with pod departures every 30 seconds, each carrying 28 passengers. Spreading the capital cost over 20 years and adding in operational costs, Musk came up with the figure of $20 plus operating costs for a one-way ticket on the passenger Hyperloop. The costs of a Hyperloop according to Elon Musk's Hyperloop Alpha paper. Image: SpaceX Most of the cost of the system lies in building the tube network: the overall cost of the tube, pillars, vacuum pumps, and stations was calculated at just over $4bn for the passenger version of Hyperloop ($7bn for a slightly larger version that could also take freight). The cost of the capsules was put at around $1.35m a piece; with 40 needed for the service, the cost of these is around $54m (or $70m for a mix of passenger and cargo capsules). That's less than 9% of the cost of the proposed passenger-only high-speed rail system. What will it feel like to travel in a Hyperloop? Critics of Hyperloop have warned that travelling in the tube might be an uncomfortable experience, due to nausea-inducing acceleration, plus lateral G-force on bends in the route. However, Virgin Hyperloop One says that a journey via Hyperloop will feel about the same as riding in an elevator or a passenger plane. Virgin Hyperloop One's XP-1 passenger capsule. Image: Virgin Hyperloop One "Although Hyperloop will be fast, the systems we are building will accelerate with the same tolerable G-forces as that of taking off in a Boeing 747," it said. Acceleration and deceleration will be gradual, it added, with no G-forces and turbulence. Travelling in a concrete pipe in a windowless pod means there isn't going to be much to look at; Musk's original vision said that "beautiful landscape will be displayed in the cabin" and each passenger will have access their own personal entertainment system. What a Hyperloop Transportation Technologies capsule might look like from inside. Image: Hyperloop Transportation Technologies How much will Hyperloop tickets cost? Musk's LA to San Francisco version offered tickets at just $20 but Virgin Hyperloop One is more vague on its plans: "Difficult to say as it will depend greatly on the route, but the goal is to make it affordable for everyone," it said, while Hyperloop Transportation Technologies (HTT) said it expects "a profitable system with low ticket price projections". Will Hyperloop be a success? That's the huge, multibillion dollar -- and, as yet, unanswered -- question around Hyperloop. The concept has been around for a long time, but until now the technology has been lacking. This time around, it's possible that the technology may have just caught up with the concept. There are well-funded companies racing to be the first to deliver a working service but, despite their optimistic timescales, these projects are still very much in the pilot and experimental stages. Going from short test routes to hundreds of kilometres of track is a big jump that none of these firms has made yet. If the technology is still in development, that's also very true of the business models to support it. The success of Hyperloop will vary depending on the destinations, local economics, and geography. Trying to build a new line overland across England, for example, can prove an expensive and complicated business which can take many years (as the ongoing HS2 controversy has shown). In other countries where land is cheaper or where routes can travel through less populated areas, it may be easier to get services up and running faster. Capacity is another issue. It's not clear that Hyperloop can do a better job of moving a large number of people than other mass transit options. Critics argue that lots of pods will be required to achieve the same passenger numbers as more traditional rail, which uses much bigger carriages. And there are many engineering hurdles to overcome, like building the tubes strong enough to deal with the stresses of carrying the high-speed pods, and finding energy- and cost-efficient ways to keep them operating at low pressure. Moving from a successful test to a full commercial deployment is a big jump, and passenger trials are still to come. Assuming that consumers are happy being zoomed around in these tubes, finding the right price for the service will be vital, too. Right now Hyperloop is at an experimental stage, even if the companies involved are very keen to talk about its potential. Can Hyperloop make a profit? Why hyperloop is poised to transform commutes, commerce, and communities Elon Musk may have popularized the concept, but multiple teams are racing to deploy hyperloop routes at key spots across the globe. Read More The companies building Hyperloop services argue that they are significantly cheaper to build than high-speed rail services. Musk's Hyperloop Alpha paper claimed his LA to San Francisco route could be built for one-tenth of the price of a high-speed rail alternative. Other companies have said their services could be one-third to half the price of rail services and much faster. Being cheaper to build should mean these services can become profitable quickly. However, there are plenty of engineering challenges to be tackled which could push the costs up, and how these services will be funded in the first place is not clear; many of the feasibility studies under way are looking at how to finance them, likely through a combination of public and private investment. How is Hyperloop like Linux? Rather than keeping the Hyperloop to himself, Musk threw the idea open to anyone who wanted to develop it, comparing it to the Linux operating system: an open-source design built by a community of developers in order to bring it from concept to reality. Indeed, in his Hyperloop Alpha paper, Musk noted that a number of areas still remained to be resolved including the control mechanism for Hyperloop capsules; station designs with loading and unloading of both passenger and passenger-plus-vehicle versions of the Hyperloop capsules; comparisons of Hyperloop with more conventional magnetic levitation systems; and testing to demonstrate the physics of Hyperloop. Who is building Hyperloop services? Despite doing much to lay the groundwork for Hyperloop services, Musk initially said he was too busy to develop his own service. There are now a number of companies working to turn the idea into reality, including startups and others that have been working on the idea for some time already. Among them are Virgin Hyperloop One, HTT, TransPod, Arrivo, and others. Each is developing a slightly different set of technologies, but the fundamental underlying idea remains the same. Is Elon Musk building a Hyperloop service? Despite saying he was too busy, it looks like Musk remains intrigued by the idea of Hyperloop: last year he said that he had received 'verbal approval' for a New York to Philadelphia to Baltimore to Washington DC Hyperloop, which would cut the New York to Washington DC travel time to just 29 minutes. "Still a lot of work needed to receive formal approval, but am optimistic that will occur rapidly," he added. In February, the Washington Post reported that Musk's Boring Company had received a permit for some preparatory and excavation work in New York. In October 2017, Maryland's Department of Transportation also gave conditional approval to the construction of a Boring Company tunnel from Baltimore to Washington, allowing it to dig under state roads. In April 2019, the company provided more details on its plans for the Washington DC to Baltimore section -- it aims to build a high-speed Loop underground transportation system that transports passengers in autonomous electric vehicles, or AEVs, at speeds of up to 150 miles per hour. Image: The Boring Company It adds that the Loop tunnels could potentially serve as Hyperloop corridors, which could potentially transport passengers at speeds of up to 700 miles per hour. However, it warned: "The potential future use of Hyperloop technology is currently unknown." What is the Boring Company? Musk set up the Boring Company with the aim of making it easier and faster to dig the tunnels under, and between, cities in order to make Hyperloop projects viable. Tunnels can cost as much as $1bn a mile to dig; The Boring Company wants to dig tunnels at one-tenth of the price. The company says it can do this by digging smaller tunnels, making faster and more efficient digging machines, and replacing diesel-powered machines with electric ones. A Boring Company tunnel. Image: The Boring Company As well as building more efficient digging machines, the Boring Company also offered a line of caps and more unusually flame throwers, both of which sold out rapidly after they were released. In May, the Boring Company won a $48.6m contract to design and build the city of Las Vegas' planned loop of underground tunnels for moving people in autonomous electric vehicles. The tunnel is expected to be operational by the end of the year. What is Loop? The Boring Company hopes that one use for these tunnels, as well as Hyperloops, will be Loop. This is a high-speed underground public transportation system which sees passengers carried on autonomous electric 'skates' travelling at 125 to 150 miles per hour. Electric skates will carry between eight and 16 passengers or a single passenger vehicle. Passengers (and vehicles) would enter the pods at street level and then elevators would drop them down to the level of the Loop to continue the journey underground, bypassing street traffic (with pedestrians and cyclists getting priority over cars). The company is currently working on an initial test tunnel in Hawthorne (near the SpaceX and the Boring Company HQ) and has submitted plans for a 6.5-mile proof-of-process tunnel which would run within the City of Los Angeles and Culver City. The company said that unlike a subway, there is no practical upper limit to the number of stations that can be built along the tunnel route, as stations can be as small as a single parking space because the service is accessed via lifts. Each Loop 'station' is made up of a bank of elevators to transport the skates to and from ground level. "Since stations require such a small footprint, they can be easily integrated in busy city-centers, residential communities, or any location along the tunnel route that can accommodate a single parking space," the company said. It has published a map showing a potential set of routes for the service. What is the Hyperloop Pod Competition? Musk's SpaceX has its own Hyperloop test track at its headquarters in Hawthorne, California -- about one mile long and with a six-foot outer diameter. In order to accelerate the development of functional prototypes and encourage student innovation, SpaceX announced the Hyperloop Pod Competition in 2015, which challenges university teams to design and build the best transport pod, judged by different criteria each time. In 2018, the focus was the maximum speed for a self-propelled pod on the test track, or as the competition puts it: "Fastest time without crashing wins!". In 2019 it was judged on maximum speed with successful deceleration. What is Virgin Hyperloop One? Virgin Hyperloop One is one of the leading contenders attempting to create a commercially viable Hyperloop system. It was founded in June 2014 and has over 300 staff. It has raised $295m with the aim of building an operational system by 2021. The company currently has projects underway in Missouri, Texas, Colorado, North Carolina, the Midwest, India, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Virgin Hyperloop One's DevLoop in North Las Vegas. Image: Virgin Hyperloop One In February, the company announced plans for the Indian state of Maharashtra to build a Hyperloop between Pune and Mumbai beginning with an operational demonstration track. The project will start with a six-month feasibility study looking at the route, environmental impact, the economic and commercial aspects of the route, the regulatory framework, and cost and funding model recommendations. Assuming all goes well, an operational demonstration track will be built between two points on the route two to three years from the signing of the agreement and serve as a platform for testing. The company said the construction of the full Pune-Mumbai route -- a 25-minute journey -- would take place in five to seven years. It added the high-capacity passenger and cargo Hyperloop route could eventually see 150 million passenger trips annually. "I believe Virgin Hyperloop One could have the same impact upon India in the 21st century as trains did in the 20th century," said Sir Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin group. The company is also working on a feasibility study into a Hyperloop route linking Kansas City, Columbia, and St Louis running along the I-70 in Missouri, and is looking at high-level cost estimate and funding model recommendations. The company has a 500 meter-long DevLoop, which has a diameter of 3.3m and is located 30 minutes from Las Vegas in the Nevada desert. In December, the company said it had completed its third phase of testing, achieving test speeds of 387 kilometers per hour. "The tests were conducted in a tube depressurized down to the equivalent air pressure experienced at 200,000 feet above sea level. A Virgin Hyperloop One pod quickly lifts above the track using magnetic levitation and glides at airline speeds for long distances due to ultra-low aerodynamic drag," the company said. It has identified 11 potential routes in the US, from the short -- a Boston-Somerset-Providence route of just 64 miles -- to the epic -- the Cheyenne-Houston route which would run 1,152 miles across four states, potentially reducing to 1 hour and 45 minutes a journey that currently takes 17 hours by car or truck. The company has also identified nine routes across Europe, potentially connecting over 75 million people in 44 cities, and spanning 5,000 kilometers. Image: Virgin Hyperloop One In June 2019, the Indian project took a step forward with the government of Maharashtra giving Hyperloop the green light and preparing to start the public procurement process. This project will be a partnership between the DP World-Virgin Hyperloop One consortia and the state government, with DP World expected to invest $500m to complete the first phase of the project which will certify the new technology for passenger operations. In July, Virgin Hyperloop One announced a development partnership with Saudi Arabia's Economic City Authority (ECA) to conduct a study to build a 35-kilometer test and certification Hyperloop track -- the longest so far -- as well as a research and development center and Hyperloop manufacturing facility north of Jeddah. In the future, traveling from Riyadh to Jeddah would take 76 minutes (instead of over 10 hours) using Hyperloop technologies, the company said. What is Hyperloop Transportation Technologies? Tech and the future of transportation: From here to there Read More Founded in 2013, Hyperloop Transport Technologies (HyperloopTT or HTT) is another company looking to turn Hyperloop into reality. It has a team of 800 engineers and headquartered in Los Angeles. It wants to build a transport system built on a passive magnetic levitation system and says its 30-meter capsules will be able to carry 28 to 40 passengers and travel at a maximum speed of 1,223 kilometers per hour, moving 164,000 passengers a day on one line at full efficiency. The company points to reinsurance company Munich Re deeming its system to be "feasible and insurable" as a reflection of its progress so far. In September, HyperloopTT said it had signed a memorandum of understanding with the Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board to build a Hyperloop between the city centers of Vijaywada and Amaravati, potentially turning a trip of more than one hour into a six-minute ride. The project will use a public-private partnership, with funding primarily coming from private investors and starting with a six-month feasibility study. The company is also working on the development of a route from Bratislava, Slovakia to Brno, Czech Republic. The company has a 320-meter test track system in Toulouse, France. "With tubes assembled and pumps installed, HyperloopTT is now beginning the process of integrating their full-scale passenger capsule for human trials in 2020," the company said in June this year. Last year, the company said it also planned a second full-scale system, spanning one kilometer and elevated by pylons at a height of 5.8 meters. It's expected to be completed in 2019. Another route identified as having Hyperloop potential would see the 313-mile journey from Chicago to Cleveland completed in 28 minutes -- at a speed of 730 miles an hour. A $1.2m feasibility study for developing a Hyperloop corridor route is due to be completed by the fall of this year. HTT's first commercial Hyperloop project is a 10-kilometer length of track due to go live next year in the United Arab Emirates. Bibop Gresta, chairman of HyperloopTT said when the deal was announced in April 2018 that "with regulatory support" the first section will be operational in time for Expo 2020, which opens in October of that year. Construction work on the project is due to start in Abu Dhabi in the third quarter of this year. In February, HyperloopTT told Australian politicians its technology could transport people from Sydney to Canberra in 22 minutes. Who else is building Hyperloop services? TransPod is another contender, and released a study that predicted that a TransPod Hyperloop system would cost 30 percent less than high-speed rail lines in Europe -- and be more efficient for passengers and freight, at more than three times the speed. It also said a Hyperloop will cost 50% less and travel four times faster than high-speed rail between Toronto and Windsor in Canada. In November 2016, TransPod announced the closing of a first $15m round of funding from Angelo Investments. In January this year, TransPod said it was building a new three-kilometer-long test track in Limoges, France. Construction of the test track will begin in 2019, and the company plans to start high-speed testing in 2020. The results of the program will inform the construction of a working prototype of the TransPod's Hyperloop vacuum train, also to be built in Limoges. Another company looking to build Hyperloop-style systems, Arrivo, shut down at the end of 2018. What's next for Hyperloop? Hyperloop is a technology that, for its supporters at least, could have a huge impact. It could reduce air travel between big cities, boost economies and trade, and reduce the pressure on housing in cities by allowing commuters to live further away. But none of this is anywhere near proven -- yet. There are major technical and business hurdles that Hyperloop technologies will need to surmount before they can carry passengers in comfort through a pneumatic tube, let alone change the world. The next stage for Hyperloop is to move beyond initial testing and feasibility studies, start longer distance trials of the technology and, even more importantly, testing the service with passengers. Another challenge will be to find commercial models that work around the world. Only when all this is done will it become clear whether Hyperloop can really become a success. Additional resources
Main Lesson 4K by Richard Pavlicek Third Hand Play Winning all the tricks you are able to on defense requires a firm knowledge of card-play principles. This lesson explains the strategy by the defender who plays third to any trick — the partner of the defender who leads. Observe that these rules apply not only on the opening lead but throughout the play. Third Hand High The general strategy of third hand is to try to win the trick or to force fourth hand (declarer or dummy) to spend a higher card. As third hand play your highest card. 1. 5 4 3 Q 10 9 7TableK 6 2 West leadsA J 8 East should play the king. Don’t make the mistake of playing low and letting South win the jack. 2. A 8 5 J 7 4 2TableQ 9 3 West leadsK 10 6 East should play the queen. Observe that declarer can win only two tricks provided the defenders do not lead the suit again. 3. J 5 4 Q 8 6 3TableA 9 7 West leadsK 10 2 East should win the ace (then return the nine on most deals). Note what happens if East mistakenly finesses the nine. Trivial Exceptions Do not waste your highest card if you cannot beat the cards played so far; or if partner’s lead is equivalent to your highest card (do not fight partner). Lowest from Equals When playing from a sequence, third hand should play the lowest card. This is the exact opposite of the strategy used by the player who leads a suit. The reason for playing low from a sequence is that partner can often determine the exact honor holding of third hand by the effect of the card played. Before this lesson I was bee-fuddled. Now I’m only bee-wildered. As third hand play the lowest of equals when trying to win the trick. (This does not apply when you are signaling.) 4. 8 5 3 Q 9 6 2TableJ 10 4 West leadsA K 7 East should play the 10. When this forces the king (or ace), West will know that East has the jack. 5. K 6 2 7 4TableQ J 10 9 West leadsA 8 5 3 East should play the nine. If North instead played the king, East should play the queen because then he would be signaling instead of trying to win the trick. 6. A 7 2 K 6 5 4TableQ 10 9 West leadsJ 8 3 East should play the queen. The 10-9 sequence is not equal to East’s highest card so he follows the general strategy, playing third hand high. Unblocking Plays Occasionally it is necessary for third hand to waste an honor to avoid blocking the suit led and let the defenders win all the tricks they are due. This is common when the lead is an honor and third hand has a doubleton. Each situation must be evaluated at the table. It is usually right to overtake a king with A-x; often right to overtake a queen with K-x; and sometimes right to overtake a jack with Q-x. 7. 7 5 3 K Q 10 9 4TableA 2 West leadsJ 8 6 East should overtake with the ace. If the contract were notrump, this is the only chance to run the suit. If the contract were a suit bid, East could ruff the third round if West did not have at least K-Q-10. 8. K 4 3 J 10 9 7 5TableQ 6 West leadsA 8 2 At notrump East should overtake the jack with the queen. If East failed to unblock, declarer could win the ace and later duck when East played the queen, leaving East with no more cards to drive out the king. At a suit contract, however, East should usually play low since the defensive goal is just to establish one trick in the suit. Do not unblock if dummy has a card that is likely to be promoted into a trick for declarer. 9. A 9 3 J 10 8 7TableQ 6 West leadsK 5 4 2 Here East should play low regardless of the contract. The presence of dummy’s nine would allow declarer to gain a trick by finessing if East wasted his queen. Finesse Against Dummy If dummy (second hand) holds an honor in the suit led, third hand should usually finesse against it. The object is to capture dummy’s honor at a later trick. Often this is obvious (e.g., A-Q behind the king) but in many cases it is not clear-cut. Here are two helpful rules: If your honor is one step above dummy’s honor, finesse an eight or better if dummy plays low. 10. A Q 4 J 7 5 3TableK 10 2 West leads9 8 6 East’s king is one step above the queen so he finesses the 10. This wins, and East will get another trick later. 11. A 10 4 K 9 5 3TableJ 8 2 West leadsQ 7 6 East’s jack is one step above the 10 so he finesses the eight. This gives declarer two tricks instead of three. If your honor is two steps above dummy’s honor, finesse a nine or better if dummy plays low. 12. Q 7 3 J 9 6 2TableA 10 4 West leadsK 8 5 East’s ace is two steps above the queen so he finesses the 10. Declarer can win only one trick after this play. 13. J 4 3 10 8 7 2TableK 9 6 West leadsA Q 5 East’s king is two steps above the jack so he finesses the nine, thus holding declarer to the minimum. The Rule of Eleven The standard practice of leading fourth-best (fourth highest) from a four-card or longer suit lends itself to a rule that is sometimes helpful. It works like this: If partner leads an eight or lower, subtract the card led from 11. If partner has led fourth-best, the difference is the number of cards in the other three hands that are above the card led. 14. 3 NTJ 5 A 10 8 7 4TableK 9 3 2 West leadsQ 6 Normally East would finesse the nine (compare Example 13) but the rule of 11 shows that South has only one card above the seven. Therefore, the king cannot cost, and the result is gratifying. 15. 3 NTK 10 3 2 Q 9 8 6TableJ 7 4 West leadsA 5 East usually would not finesse in this situation because he lacks an eight-spot or higher, however, South is marked with only one card above the six. That card is surely the ace or queen (West is unlikely to lead from A-Q-x-x) so East plays low. The rule of 11 is also helpful in a negative sense. If you apply it and get an illogical answer, this indicates that partner has led a short suit. 16. 3 NT10 9 8 4 5 3TableQ 7 6 2 West leadsA K J A quick calculation indicates that South cannot beat the five (11 minus 5 = 6 cards, and you can see them all). Is this logical? Would partner lead small from A-K-J-x? Hardly. The conclusion is that West has led a short suit, so save your queen. Where Is the Ace? On the opening lead against a suit bid it is not advisable to underlead an ace in a side suit. This tactic fails more often than it gains, so experienced players do not do it. Consequently, if third hand does not see the ace in this situation, he should assume declarer has it. This conclusion together with the rule of 11 often reveals a superior play. If declarer is marked for the ace, consider the merits of not playing third hand high. 17. 4 HK 10 6 J 9 7 5 3TableQ 8 West leadsA 4 2 West leads a spade. Using the rule of 11 East knows that South has one card above the five. This must be the ace (unless West is being a clown) so finesse the eight. If the contract were notrump, East should play the queen since West would often hold the ace. Notice how this abides by the rule before Example 12. 18. 4 HQ J 9 10 6 5 2TableK 8 4 West leadsA 7 3 East should play the four. South is marked with the ace, and playing the king would surrender three tricks immediately. Ducking gives up only two tricks provided the defenders do not lead this suit again. Note that declarer could win three tricks legitimately by inserting the nine at trick one, a dubious play. 19. 4 HQ 9 8 3TableK 7 6 5 4 West leadsA J 10 2 An expert East would instantly read the lead as a singleton (or 3-2 doubleton) and play low without a flicker. Declarer might then conclude that West holds the king and misplay the hand. © 1994 Richard Pavlicek
What Are Thyroid Nodules? By james Article Sources Article Sources Medical Expert Medical Expert It is not uncommon for lumps and bumps to appear on our bodies. They can be quite unsightly, depending on where they are located, but they are usually quite harmless. In many cases, they can just be left alone as they are unlikely to do us any harm. Abnormal lumps can also form internally, including in our organs. One such example is thyroid nodules, which form inside the thyroid gland. They are usually not harmful but they will cause difficulties in some cases. There is also a small chance they can be cancerous, so it is important to get them checked out. 1. Thyroid Nodules The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland that is located in the neck. The gland is important to us because it helps produce and release various hormones that are essential for the day to day running of our bodies. The gland can develop problems just as other parts of the body can. Thyroid nodules are small lumps that form in the thyroid. They can be filled with fluids, or they can be solid. Either way, they are not usually serious, and the patient will often not even be aware they exist. They can cause complications in some cases, however, and a small percentage will even be cancerous. Thyroid Nodules Home \| Privacy Policy \| Editorial \| \| About Us
Skip to content IS THERE E-Cigs And Vaporizers That Offer Health Dangers? Written by vaping health risks IS THERE E-Cigs And Vaporizers That Offer Health Dangers? The UK government has now released a statement on the dangers of vaporizing cigarettes, and as well as stating that there surely is an absolute connection between vapes and lung disease, it has also included two additional findings. One of many findings is that there can be a rise in lung disease in individuals who use vaporizing tobacco for long periods of time. The next finding is that there may be a rise in early onset cancers among younger people. This originates from the truth that youngsters who begin smoking at a youthful age are more likely to be afflicted with some form of cancer as they grow older. The reason behind this is due to the fact that young people have a tendency to quit smoking much earlier on the non-smoker than they do the smoker. If they start using an electric cigarette, they are still getting the same amount Disposable Vape of nicotine into their system, minus the harmful tar or toxic chemicals. Because these e-cigs still lack the tar and toxins, this means they present no danger to your lungs. That is why the findings on vaping health risks tend to differ for those who are ex-smokers or those who only use e-cigs on a short-term basis. It is quite possible that long-term smokers will go through the same degree of lung injury as ex-smokers, but the degree of damage they experience will be significantly less than that of a person who only uses e-cigs for one or two nights every week. A study published last year looked at the effects of long-term e-smoking. This study viewed people who were smokers and ex-smokers and compared them with a control group that did not smoke and did not use e-cigs. The results showed that individuals who ex-smoked but used an e-arette regularly were more prone to develop gum disease compared to the control group. The study published this information since it is known that long-term smoking could cause a great deal of gum disease and other problems. It is the same thing as what happens to those people that only use e-cigs for a night or two and then stop. A different one of the biggest areas of concern in terms of vaporizing cigarettes is brain development. Those who only smoke several cigarettes but use them daily often experience slower brain development than the one who never smoked and continues to use tobacco regularly. The slow brain development can lead to many problems for those people including brain injuries that can derive from the smoker making their brain work doubly hard as normal. There are also concerns about the fact that many children that are born prematurely or have low birth weights could be caused by smoking because the lungs usually do not develop correctly. It might seem that you are safe as you only puff on an e Cigarette and you also don’t have to worry about any vaporizing health risks. However, this is simply not completely true. If you breathe any second-hand smoke from another vaper you’re increasing your threat of lung diseases. You may already know, second-hand smoke is very dangerous to your lungs also to those around you. It can cause asthma attacks and worsens existing lung conditions. Even though you haven’t any lung conditions, it is still wise to quit because you are putting everyone around you at risk. Among the worst e-cigarette dangers is cancer. There have been numerous reports in the last year about a new form of cancer called mesothelioma that has been associated with electric cigarettes. This disease usually develops when someone uses the device to vaporize non-organic compounds. You should note that since this is the latest cancer finding it does not imply that vaporizing your cigarettes is entirely safe. However, it is important to be cautious about the chemicals and carcinogens that you will be inhaling each and every time you put one in your mouth. Needless to say the biggest issue when it comes to vaporizing cigarettes and preventing the potential health risks would be to stop using them altogether. You may find it hard to quit because of the psychologically associated urges to smoke. To find the best results it is recommended that you avoid smoking while you are trying to quit or as soon as you notice a rise in the urges to smoke. Besides avoiding the potential cardiovascular disease and cancer risks from smoking additionally, you will find it easier to lose weight when you quit because your system will be healthier. When you have already used e-cigs or vapes and you are already experiencing the dangers of vaporizing cigarettes, it really is probably time to switch back again to regular cigarettes. They are less harmful and less inclined to result in diseases and illnesses. The switch may happen much easier when you use e-cigs or vapes that don’t contain nicotine. The products can still deliver a lot of nicotine, so that they aren’t necessarily an alternative to smoking. When you are considering the possible health risks from vaping cigarettes, it could be a good idea to stay away from them for the time being. As with other things, though, if you use e-cigs or vapes they might be a great way to get your nicotine fix without the dangerous health consequences of smoking. Previous article Ambit Gambling - WHAT'S Ambit Gambling? Next article Smok Novo 2 - Reaching All Smoking Enthusiasts' Expectations
TargetWoman Condensed Health Information Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes is more commonly noticed. This is caused due to insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or when the body is unable to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. Complications of type 2 diabetes include coronary heart disease, renal failure, diabetic neuropathy and failing eyesight. Diabetes Type 2 is also referred to as late-onset diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 develops when the patient's body becomes insulin-resistant. Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes include blurred vision, weight loss and excessive thirst and fatigue. Yeast infection and fungal infections are common. Weight reduction can go a long way in maintaining blood sugar levels. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Sedentary lifestyle and obesity also increase a person's chances of diabetes type 2. Often this type of diabetes is hereditary. Persons with excessive abdominal fat are more prone to developing diabetes type 2. Hypertension and high blood cholesterol increases a person's risk of diabetes mellitus type 2. Blood tests for glucose tolerance help in detecting diabetes mellitus type 2. In some cases, patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type 2 are able to control their condition with diet and exercise. Follow a diet that is low in saturated fat, salt and sugar. Instead opt for high fiber vegetables and fruits. Antidiabetic medications (sulphonylureas) are prescribed for diabetic patients to increase the production of insulin and improve its efficiency. These include glibenclamide and glipizide. Insulin injections are resorted to when all these measures fail to reduce blood sugar levels. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Insipidus or DI has nothing to do with diabetes mellitus or sugar diabetes. Diabetes insipidus is a condition that is characterized by intense thirst and polyuria or excretion of large amounts of urine. In sharp contrast to diabetes mellitus which results in sweet tasting urine, diabetes insipidus creates watery, flavor-free urine. DI is a condition that occurs when the kidneys cannot conserve water when they perform their function of filtering blood. In other words, DI is a condition in which the body cannot retain enough water, a peculiar condition as the patient is excessively thirsty and excretes large amounts of extremely diluted urine. Significantly, a reduction in fluid intake does not reduce amounts and consistency of urine excretion. About 1 in every 25,000 people is affected by this condition in the US. Diabetes Insipidus Classification Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus, when there is a deficiency of ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, when kidneys are insensitive to ADH and Gestational Diabetes Insipidus, which is very rare DI that occurs during pregnancy. Antidiuretic hormone, ADH, also called vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus region of the brain. Lack of ADH causes central diabetes insipidus. Similarly, DI caused by a failure of kidneys to respond to ADH is called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Causes and symptoms of central diabetes insipidus Any damage to the pituitary gland as a result of possible head injury, infection, loss in the supply of blood to the gland, surgery and tumor can cause central diabetes insipidus. In some cases, it could be hereditary. Symptoms of DI are excessive thirst and excessive urination. Other common symptoms include Nocturia, bed wetting and feeling run down. Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus MRI of the head, urine analysis and urine output are the diagnostic tests performed to detect DI. Water deprivation test is done, when the patient stops drinking liquids for about two to three hours before starting the test. The doctor measures the alterations in body weight and urine output and composition. Urine analysis is done when the physical chemical content of urine is examined. If urine water content is high and salt and waste concentrations are low, then the patient suffers diabetes insipidus. ADH hormone test after the water deprivation test is done, and the doctor gives a small dose of ADH usually in the form of injection, to study how the patient reacts to the hormone. Genetic screening is recommended if an inherited form of DI is suspected. Treatment of DI Vasopressin, either as tablets or as nasal spray is prescribed for central diabetes insipidus. As such, if treated, diabetes insipidus does not cause severe problems or reduce life expectancy. To combat the dehydration problem caused by DI, enough fluids should be consumed. This will offset the effects caused on body fluid or salt balance. If enough fluid is not taken, it can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Tags: #Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 #Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 #Diabetes Insipidus Here is how it works Check all your health queries Diseases, Symptoms, Tests and Treatment arranged in alphabetical order: Popular Topics Free Health App Free Android Health App Free WebApp for iPhones Bibliography / Reference Collection of Pages - Last revised Date: May 14, 2021
Menu fechado Figure out how to Speak and Understand English language With an Ukrainian Particular date As the region of Ukraine is one of the most beautiful countries on the globe, there are many Ukrainians who want to discover ways to speak and understand English with a Ukrainian time frame. The language of Ukraine is usually Russian, which can be very close to English. The primary difference between your two is that Russian is written inside the Roman écriture whilst Ukrainian has its alphabet. The Ukrainian language is normally closely related to Russian as well as some speakers from the language could even be Russian. Some of the features of the language including the use of phonemes, the way phrases are obvious and the buy of thoughts can be quickly understood simply by Russian loudspeakers. This is why it is a wise decision for an aspiring Ukrainian speaker to get hold of a dialect book which supports him or her uncover and practice the language in a systematic method. A great Ukrainian particular date will help the student to develop their speaking and listening skills with the help of the spoken language as well as the created language. The book should contain a list for the words utilized for the language with their pronunciations. The student also needs to have the simple knowledge of the alphabet in the Ukrainian abece, which is a full set of text letters formed simply by combining at the same time different may seem of the abece. Once learning to speak and appreciate English having a Ukrainian time frame, the student must listen to and speak simply those text which are significant and which will he or she thinks are very important. The vocabulary belonging to the language has to be studied so the learner may improve upon that and appreciate more complex sentences without much effort. The pronunciation of your Ukrainian terminology is also very similar to Russian. The student must make sure he or she does not make mistakes whilst pronouncing these sayings. One fault could lead to an awkward situation intended for the person whom you want to communicate with that is certainly what you do not want to happen. In the event the pronunciation within the word does not match up with the letter in the word, it is going to sound like a blunder rather than a authentic error. It is always better for students to start with the text in the braille which are more commonly used inside the Ukrainian terminology. It is better to be familiar with the meaning of the words to ensure that when the language is being learned later on, it will be easier for trainees to convert the words into sayings from British. Once learning to speak and figure out English which has a Ukrainian day, there is a need to keep in mind that not all the text in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language happen to be translated in English. A number of words will be translated to exhibit how the sayings were applied inside the old dialect. Most of the terms that are translated are used every single day and the ones which are not are rarely been told. It is necessary to read a fantastic copy of an authentic Ukrainian language book before going out aiming to learn this words. This way not only will you get familiarized while using language but you will also about the foundation with respect to the various other aspects of the language. An excellent source of information about the Ukrainian language is a indigenous speaker of this language. You might have this person as a good friend or even an acquaintance but if manage to survive find a indigenous speaker, you can always check on the world wide web. There are many websites that are focused on teaching the language and you can check these websites to discover what solutions they have for the language. English is an easy and versatile language to understand. It has a rich history and there are numerous books and magazines obtainable in print you could check out in order to uncover and figure out more about the language. You may also ask the native speaker for tips and help. This will likely also provide you with a chance to speak and understand more about the language in a relaxed method and this will assist you to get used to speaking it down the road. You can even try registering with an online training for learning the English language. That way you will be able to practice your pronunciation and understanding the words and phrases in order to get an awareness of00 the language. You can also take the lessons in the conveniences of your home and you simply do not have to travel and leisure too far.
People at War People at War By Patrick F. Cannon Two books I read recently shed some light on how war affects a wide cross section of the people who live through it – The German War, by Nicholas Stargardt; and Paris at War, by David Drake. I’ve read widely on the history of World War II, including what led up to it. While the primary focus of many of these books has been political and military, all necessarily pay some attention to the attitudes and experiences of those we might describe as average citizens. The subject books reverse that emphasis. Stargardt looks at Germany as a whole, while Drake concerns himself mainly with Paris, although not Paris in a vacuum. Although this would change over time, Germany was of course initially the victor and France the defeated, with all that that implies. With access to the letters and diaries of typical citizens, both books look at the totality of the home front experience, but I’ll focus on the fate of their Jewish citizens. 130,000 German Jews were killed, representing 55% of the pre-Nazi Jewish population. Since there was only a relative handful left in Germany at the end of the war in 1945, what happened to the rest? The reason is related to the undoubted fact that the majority of Germans supported and indeed participated in the elimination of Jews and other “alien” groups. From the beginning of his political career in the mid-1920s to his formation of a minority government in 1933, Hitler’s constant refrain was to blame the Jews for everything from Germany’s defeat in 1918, to its economic collapse during the Weimar Republic. He also equated the Jews with Bolshevism; indeed, the pairing became ubiquitous in his rhetoric and that of his henchmen. Ridding the Reich of the alien Jews would help to put real Germans back to work and return Germany to greatness. As a result, German (and Austrian) Jews, who saw the writing on the wall as more and more anti-Jewish measures were enacted, began to leave. Tragically, many who stayed could not convince themselves that the measures would go beyond discrimination to outright murder. Unless they were directly involved with the extermination – the SS and Gestapo for example – most Germans didn’t directly witness the killing of their German Jewish neighbors. Many, in the army and related organizations, did witness the killing of Polish (2.9 million!) and other Jews. Amazingly, there was little censorship of letters sent by soldiers to their friends and families back home. They were good tourists, too, and actually inserted photos of Jews being killed with their letters. Some expressed regret, not that it was being done, but that is was necessary! Hitler’s elimination of “undesirables” as a means of purifying the German/Aryan race actually began with the systematic euthanizing of the mentally ill and disabled. Initially, the Roman Catholic and other Christian hierarchies objected, but this faded away as the regime agreed to soften its stance against the established religions. Constant and consistent propaganda extolling the superiority of the German race and inferiority of the Jews and other so-called mongrel races became widely accepted. While individuals like Dietrich Bonhoeffer continued to protest, he and the more vociferous – and there were very few of them – became victims themselves. While there was some underground resistance, ironically the only plot that came close to succeeding was the attempt by a group of Army officers in July, 1944 to assassinate Hitler. Ironically, it came only after some officers concluded that the war was lost, and they hoped that the elimination of Hitler would help them get better terms from the Americans and British. No such thoughts entered their mind while they were winning. They even harbored the vain hope that an armistice in the west would permit them to concentrate their efforts in holding off the Russians. As the tide of war turned against the Germans after 1942, daily life for the average German began to deteriorate. In Paris, deterioration began with the German victory in June, 1940. The French, who had enjoyed an often messy democracy since the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870, began to resist the German occupation almost immediately, and the resistance continued to gain momentum until Paris was liberated on August 25, 1944. Every attack on the German occupiers was met with brutal retaliation, yet the resisters persisted, eventually with the help of the Allies. Of course, there were collaborators. 90,000 French Jews lost their lives, but this represented only 26% of the prewar population. (The Roman Catholic Hierarchy’s record was little better here than in Germany.) While a handful of German Jews were hidden by friends and survived the war, many more survived in France or managed to escape. Shamefully, those who were deported to the death camps were rounded up by the French police, on the orders of the puppet Vichy government. Many of the police and other collaborators who cast their lot with the Germans would be executed after the war. And while France did not have a perfect record of resistance, at least they had one. After the war ended, Germans were forced to come face to face with what their government had done in their name and even with their support and approval. They would be forced in the years ahead to attempt to justify to their children and their children’s children what they had done or failed to do. But how do you explain away the deaths of six million of your neighbors? Copyright 2017, Patrick F. Cannon 2 thoughts on “People at War 1. “And yet, she persisted.” As we all must continue to persist in resisting the notion of “we” versus “them”. We are ALL “we.” There is no superior race, religion, or nation. Trump’s reality show attracted attention because he’s a master of insinuation and spin. He delights in generating chaos and stirring up fears. He darkly hints of bad things to come, then declares himself the only one who knows enough to save us all. The tactics that served his ratings so well are the worst possible tactics for leading a democracy and for helping that democracy to peacefully co-exist in this troubled world. These are the same tactics used by every totalitarian dictator, including Hitler. Evil wins when good people do nothing. Hitler came to power because too many good people in Germany grew too weary or fearful to continue their fight against him. I commit to continuing my fight, no matter the cost. Because the greatest cost of all would be the cost to my soul if I ignore an evil that harms my neighbor. Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Top Articles Background: The chin is embryologically formed in humans by the union of the paired brachial arches that merge and become one in the middle. Most take the chin for granted because we all have them, some more than others. Humans chins are unique because no other animal has them including primates. Even our Neanderthal ancestors did not have chins. No one can biologically explain why humans have chins or what role they play. But from an aesthetic facial standpoint, however, the chin is greatly valued because of its lower facial prominence. While there is great variability in the shape of chins and in their gender characteristics, one physical feature of the chin that is valued on everyone is symmetry. An asymmetric chin is a very easily seen and causes as much concern as asymmetry of another midline facial feature, the nose. Chin asymmetries most commonly occur as part of an overall developmental jaw asymmetry and is seen as a deviation to one side or the other. Isolated chin asymmetries are different as the jawbone behind it is symmetric. Isolated chin asymmetries occur as either differences in vertical height or horizontal projection between the two sides….and often occur together. The vertical component of chin height are frequently the most bothersome to patients because of their frontal visibility. Case Study: This male presented with a combined vertical and horizontal chin asymmetry. Under general anesthesia and through a 2.5cm submental skin incision, the anterior and inferior edges of the chin bone was exposed. A reciprocating saw was used to remove the excess vertical height and the horizontal protrusion of the chin bone. When seen three months there was complete symmetry in the vertical height and horizontal projection of the two sides of the chin. The submental incision had healed to the point it was nearly invisible. While such chin bone asymmetries can be treated from an intraoral approach, this requires more soft tissue elevation off of the bone. The submental approach is more direct with less subperiosteal dissection needed and heals with a nearly imperceptible scar. Case Highlights: 1) Chin asymmetries are common and are almost always have a bony basis. 2) Chin bone asymmetries that have an excessive length on one side can be reduced by an inferior border shave technique. 3) Inferior border shaves of the chin can be done directly through a submental skin incision. Dr. Barry Eppley Indianapolis, Indiana Top Articles
Mapping When and Where People Start their Commute For commuters, the farther away you live from the workplace, the earlier you have to leave your house to get to work on time. That’s obvious. But how much does that start time change the farther out you get? The maps below show the median start time for those who work in major cities in the United States. Blue means an earlier start time and green means later. Each map provides an image of how far out the morning rush begins. Click for larger images. These are based on data from the five-Year American Community Survey for 2013 through 2017, which is run by the U.S. Census Bureau. I downloaded the data via IPUMS. The survey asks respondents when they usually leave for work, so it seemed straightforward to map the median of a single variable for each city. Of course that wasn’t quite the case. There’s always a few bumps along the way. Geography can get a little tricky when working with microdata from the Census Bureau. For privacy reasons, the lowest level of geography provided is called a Public Use Microdata Area, or PUMA for short. Each area has at least 100,000 residents. The survey also asks for place of work, but location is bundled in a different geography called the Place of Work PUMA. As I understand it, the PWPUMA typically matches the boundaries of one or more PUMAs together. Then if you go with a one-year sample instead of the five-year that I used, you end up with sparse geographic coverage. So if you want a more detailed view, you need to increase the number of years. That took a few downloads for me to figure out. After that, I mapped the median start time for each PUMA, but on second thought, that wasn’t useful. If you just do that, that median also represents the people who live in the same area that they work in. I was more interested in when people commute to other areas, mainly from suburb to city. So I adjusted again. First I subsetted people by where they work (PWPUMA). For example, I grouped all of the people who work in the Los Angeles area. Then I counted by where those people live (PUMA) and calculated the medians for each area. The above areas are the thirty PWPUMAs that had the most workers. That got me most of the way there. I didn’t like how the large outer regions got so much visual space though. So I used shapefiles that I downloaded from the Census Bureau for the area of each PUMA, which I used to calculate number of workers per square mile who were commuting to a PWPUMA. That seemed to provide a better sense of flow to the static maps. For more context, I grabbed primary roads from TIGER/Line and populated places from Natural Earth. In any case, after maybe a bit too much time tweaking graphical parameters in R, I got to the maps above. It was an interesting side trip from something else I’m looking at. But more on that later. Join Now Guessing Names Based on What They Start With I’m terrible at names, but maybe data can help. Put in your sex, the decade when you were born, and start putting in your name. I’ll try to guess before you’re done. How We Spend Our Money, a Breakdown How Much Minimum Wage Changed in Each State Years You Have Left to Live, Probably
Ineffective cancer treatments Beware of Cancer ‘Cures’ While some alternative therapies can help, many don’t work. Studies show that as many as 30 percent of cancer patients have tried so-called “cures” that do no good. They can be a waste of time and money. Worse, some of these “treatments” are dangerous to your health and may interfere with the effectiveness of other cancer treatments. alkaline diet This is based on laboratory studies showing that cancer cells cannot survive in a low acid or alkaline environment. The theory is that eating certain foods and staying away from others lowers your body’s acidity and prevents cancer cells from growing. But what you eat doesn’t affect the acidity of your blood. Your body controls that balance. cannabis oil Made from the cannabis plant, this is also known as marijuana or hash oil. Some people believe it can kill or shrink cancer tumors, but there is no scientific support for this. While marijuana may relieve some of the side effects of cancer treatment, such as nausea and loss of appetite, talk to your doctor before you try it. Some compounds in marijuana may affect the way some cancer drugs work. They can also cause side effects like memory and attention loss. cesium chloride (chemistry) This is a salt sold as an alternative therapy for cancer. The theory is that it prevents cancer cells from spreading. Researchers have found no evidence – one small study showed that cesium chloride doesn’t help cancer patients. And side effects can include diarrhea, nausea and irregular heartbeat. In some cases, it can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening heart problems. No herbal products have been proven to cure or prevent cancer – but they may prevent chemotherapy and radiation from working as well as they should. But research does show that some herbs can help alleviate side effects. For example, ginger can relieve vomiting and nausea. black ointment (TCM) This is a paste, cream or ointment made from zinc chloride and herbs (such as a plant called bloodroot). Some say that this ointment targets cancerous tissue in the skin, but this is not true. The black salve will damage any skin it touches. It destroys the top layer, but it leaves cancer underneath. And it can cause side effects like infection and scarring. High doses of vitamin C The idea that very high doses of vitamin C could cure cancer began in the 1970s. It was based on studies showing that the nutrient was toxic to cancer cells. But studies have shown that millions of oral doses of vitamin C have no effect on cancer patients. And it can affect the effects of certain chemotherapy drugs. Researchers are now studying whether injections of vitamin C can help. Amygdalin (Laetrile) This is an extract made from amygdalin kernels and other plants. It’s also known as Laetrile and Vitamin B-17.Your body breaks down amygdalin into a toxic chemical called cyanide. Some say this poison targets and kills cancer cells, but studies show it doesn’t fight cancer and can cause cyanide poisoning. Side effects include headaches, dizziness, and potentially life-threatening low blood pressure. essential oil These are extracts made from plants, such as lavender and tea tree. You usually put them on your skin or breathe in their scent. Fans of these oils say they have properties that can fight cancer, but science says that’s not the case. They may help alleviate some of the side effects of cancer treatment, though, including anxiety, nausea, and depression. positive thinking Research shows no link between personality traits and your chances of developing cancer or surviving. What a positive attitude can do is improve your quality of life during your diagnosis and treatment. It can also help you better live with and manage your disease. applied kinesiology This is based on the idea that your muscles are associated with certain organs and that muscle weakness is a sign of health problems in these areas. Also called muscle strength testing, some people use it to diagnose diseases, including cancer, and make treatment decisions. But there’s no scientific support for it, and studies show it doesn’t work. In this way, liquids such as water or coffee are flushed into your colon. It is thought to detoxify the colon and intestines. Supporters argue that if you rid these organs of toxins, your body is better able to fight cancer cells. But there’s no evidence that enemas can cure cancer or boost your health. And doing so regularly can lead to infection, dehydration, or rectal tearing. It may also affect the balance of electrolytes in your blood. Gerson therapy (alternative medicine) A doctor created this procedure in the 1940s as a treatment for migraines. Some people now use it to treat cancer. It consists of a rigorous regimen of drinking 13 glasses of organic juice a day and eating a vegetarian diet that contains no salt, spices or oil. You also need to take some supplements and have regular enemas. Not only does this regimen not help with cancer, but experts warn that it can be harmful because you may be missing out on important nutrients. Ozone therapy Ozone is a toxic form of oxygen. Ozone therapy is based on the idea that the extra oxygen makes it difficult for tumors to grow. But ozone has no medical uses, including treating cancer. And it can cause serious side effects such as phlebitis, chest pain and heart problems. If you are interested in trying non-traditional treatments, talk to your doctor first. Talk to your doctor. If you’re interested in trying a non-traditional treatment, talk to your doctor first. She can help you understand if it’s helpful and make sure it doesn’t cause dangerous side effects. And it’s important to keep the lines of communication open with your doctor. One study found that cancer patients who used alternative therapies were more likely to refuse treatments recommended by their doctors.
Quick Answer: What Caused The Fall Of Troy? How could the fall of Troy been avoided? The Fall of Troy could have been avoided if the Trojans have listened to their wise priest who had warned them that the horse could be a trick to destroy Troy. They should also not have been superstitious and taken the horse inside the city believing that it would bring them luck.. Who Killed Achilles? Why did Achilles cry? It was sort of a “bastardization” of Achilles’ character, as he grieved for his own father and the fact he knew he’d never see him again as he was destined to die in Troy, as well as his good friend Patroclus. I believe in the movie it was used to show his admiration of Hector as a worthy opponent. Why did Achilles refuse fight? Achilles refuses to fight because he feels slighted over the fact that Agamemnon took his prize, Briseis, away from him. Achilles feels disrespected and not only abstains from fighting, but prays that the Greeks will suffer a great loss, so that Agamemnon can see what a mistake it was to start a conflict with him. How did the Greek ships remain hidden from Troy? Answer. as soon as the Greek ships were hidden by a island, they lowered their sails and dropped anchor. Thus they remained hidden from troy. Was the big wooden horse really an offering to the god of the sea? The horse was built by Epeius, a master carpenter and pugilist. The Greeks, pretending to desert the war, sailed to the nearby island of Tenedos, leaving behind Sinon, who persuaded the Trojans that the horse was an offering to Athena (goddess of war) that would make Troy impregnable. What was the cause of the Trojan War? According to the ancient Greek epic poet Homer, the Trojan War was caused by Paris, son of the Trojan king, and Helen, wife of the Greek king Menelaus, when they went off together to Troy. To get her back, Menelaus sought help from his brother Agamemnon, who assembled a Greek army to defeat Troy. Is the fall of Troy a true story? Troy was real. Evidence of fire, and the discovery of a small number of arrowheads in the archaeological layer of Hisarlik that corresponds in date to the period of Homer’s Trojan War, may even hint at warfare. Did Helen love Paris? Helen was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta (a fact Aphrodite neglected to mention), so Paris had to raid Menelaus’s house to steal Helen from him – according to some accounts, she fell in love with Paris and left willingly. … When Paris took her to Troy, Menelaus invoked this oath. Who killed Helen of Troy? What was the destiny of the royal family of Troy and that of Helen? When Paris was slain, Helen married his brother Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus once Troy was captured. Menelaus and Helen then returned to Sparta, where they lived happily until their deaths.
Current Topics on Access and Inclusion By Gretchen Miller, IAGD Executive Counselor Blind students learn to think like scientists with revolutionary traveling toolboxes Several groups in Utah are developing educational toolboxes to teach evolutionary biology to visually impaired K-12 students. The toolboxes use tactile models, graphics, maps, etc. to give students the opportunity to discover scientific processes related to biology. For example, 3D printers are being used to replicate carapaces of several different Galapagos Island tortoises to give students the opportunity to explore their differences by touch. This will aid their understanding of evolution on the different islands. The toolboxes are still in development, and should be available for Utah schools to rent, free of charge, by next year. There are also plans to develop an auditory toolbox to augment the tactile activities. To view the full article: Blind students learn to think like scientists with revolutionary traveling toolboxes (2015, January 6), please visit: Batman episode of This American Life This is a radio program about expectations and allowing blind people to interact with their environment in different ways, and removing the “blind people can’t do those things” stigma. Most people (myself included, before I got involved with IAGD) do not realize that people with disabilities are quite capable of doing the same things we do. They may do it a different way than we do, but they can still do whatever they set their minds to. As our society tries to protect individuals with disabilities, we may actually be limiting them by not letting them do the things they want to do. Even though this program is not directly related to geoscience, it is clear that blind people CAN do those things, if we let them! Link to the full radio program and transcript: Leave a reply Log in with your credentials Forgot your details? Create Account
Berkhof’s Introduction to the New Testament Posted: October 2, 2012 by Ty in Spirituality Tags: , , , , , , , The Christian Testament, colloquially known as The New Testament can become an enigma for some. There are many contemporary historians, academics, and theologians wrestle with the origins of the collection of 26 writings within this testament. There is a varied understanding of Gospel (from memoir to literal history to political statement to liberation movement to name but a few); epistle (letter, teaching, prophecy) and apocalyptic language. There is debate over whom and why wrote these texts, and why they ended up within the context of the canon when one reflects on the vast amount of texts the early church fathers had to choose from. Whether one read’s Ehrman, Spong, Borg, Graham, Brueggerman, The Popes, McKnight, Stott, Brown, Crossan, Packer, or Bruce (or a litany of other academics) what becomes evident is needing a foundation to start from. It is this foundation that one finds within the rather proto-orthodox and/or basic fundamental underpinnings of the origins of the 26 writings within the Christian Testament. For the new student/believer, the New Testament of the Holy Bible (coupled with the Old Testament or more correctly the Hebrew Bible). While one prepares for ministry, it is important to not only gain an understanding of these foundational texts, but also to stay current with the historical development of introduction as science. This short paper will touch on a summary of Louis Berkhof’s Introduction to the New Testament (1915); an interpretation of important pieces of the driving thesis’ of Berkhof’s work and speculation as to why it is framed as it is, finally there will be a conclusion where the writer will bring together the summary and interpretation into the Twenty-First century for how it holds up. Historically the early Twentieth Century in North America was when the Fundamentals movement commenced. It was not as one would view fundamentalists today rather it was many denominations coming together and deciding what the core foundation of faith needed to be to work together on building God’s kingdom here on earth (otherwise noted as the Social Gospel movement). It is out of these early days that one can see Berkhof’s Introduction to the New Testament emerging in 1915. The writing bears the grandiosity within the faith of the time, it carries the assumption that even a first year student would have a passing understanding of Greek as these words are peppered throughout. There is also the idea of fundamental to it, because Berkhof stipulates that it is not a critical text (which could be divisive at the time), rather it was a chronology of the transmission of the works (p.2). The text itself is expertly written, even with its higher academic underpinnings the work is readable and clearly puts forward the thesis by relying on what some may say is a lost science today in the world of expertise. Berkhof is taking a generalist viewpoint of the historicity and composition of the 26 texts of the Testament. This historical development is borrowed from the discipline of the early church fathers forward (Berkhof, p. 4) that is a discipline of introduction in which some say the goal is the validity of what truly is the word of God does a disservice to the whole Bible as the inspired Word of God (Ibid p. 4). Berkhof is clear in stating up front that this is not a quest for the historical Jesus or the understanding of debate over validity of the texts, both of these arguments are non-sequitor for Berkhof who is laying out the simplicity of the answers to questions of authorship, composition, history, purpose and how they came into the canon (Ibid, p.4). While the text is definitely a product of its times, it still holds water when one cracks the proverbial spine and begins the journey of discovery through to fully understand why we still have, rely upon, study and question these 26 texts to build our faith (both individually and communally). It is difficult to separate the summary from the interpretation, as noted with it being a text almost 100 years old fresh eyes do need to read it through the lens of the time. As a writer of the time Berkhof relies on reading the Hebrew Bible into the Christian Testament (and one can speculate the reverse as well). But with an understanding of church history one knows the time period and the ideal of fundamentals bridging the divide between liberal and conservative Christianities however by bridging the gap Berkhof did take the less academic path in critical thought with his work. What is appreciated for a student of theology and critical thought within the Christian Testament is that Berkhof clearly does not intend the reader to approach the Gospels as literal history or direct dictations from God (as a Muslim would approach the Qu’ran) rather he is clear that the Gospels are memoirs (p.20). The writers are four memoirists of one story (p.14) and taken together one can get a fuller picture of whom the living Christ is and how he was then as well. As Berkhof continues his text by text introductory journey through the Christian Testament he shows a partiality to the emerging Charismatic movement with his reliance upon the inspiration by and through the Holy Spirit working within the diversity of the writers and their experiences (p.25). Reflective on his usage of reading the Christian Testament into the Hebrew Bible by making the claim that the Holy Spirit was active outside of the church before Christ and within the church after Christ’s (p.26) ascension and the descent of the Spirit at Pentecost upon the believers. The challenge is does one think this is true? Or is it a clearer statement to illuminate that the Holy Spirit was the life breathed into humanity on the Sixth Day so it was more that the Spirit was named and let known at the point of Christ’s ascension? Again however the debate over the Spirit would have been a divisive issue that would not have been wise in the time period he was bringing this together. Once the bedrock of inspiration was laid the work continues through the text by text review. Berkhof relies heavily on the early church fathers to verify his orthodoxy. Is this a reputable way to build a modern view of God? Partly yes, but it also lends oneself to not understand that God’s revelation is not static and that understanding changes over time. A reader just needs to look at Berkhof’s understanding of the Acts of the Apostles that is pointed out the text lays out the establishment of the early church and their primary organization (p.62). This organization as was revealed throughout the epistles was an organic change over time and not static. The Holy Spirit was at work shaping the believers and their understanding with their contexts. It was these earliest writings of the Christian Testament by Paul that shaped the use of the epistle as a form of conferring divine truth upon the early church (Berkhof, p. 68). Yet even with this statement Berkhof leans towards a static understanding of church life. Within the reflective work of reading the testaments into each other, Berkhof postulates a mirroring of each area that is quite beneficial to understand the true Judaic roots of the early church and how the early church fathers shaped the Canon to mirror the familiar (Berkhof, p. 70): Hebrew Bible Christian Testament Pentateuch Gospels History Acts Wisdom Literature Epistles Prophets (Major/Minor) Revelation The first three are from Berkhof, but to complete the theory one needs to reflect on the purpose of the prophets from the Hebrew Bible. The purpose was to redirect the Children of God back onto God’s path, encourage, and warn of the storms to be weathered to come, but also what will happen out the other side. Which when one takes a read through Revelation through the socio-historic-cultural lens is the same reflection for the seven churches of Asia Minor. Berkhof also illuminates early what Raymond Brown would confirm in the later 20th century, that the epistles of John show the organic transformation of the early church. First John and the Gospel of John are companion documents that one could actually see the epistle being a commentary. Yet to continue the illumination when one enters Second and Third John all of a sudden this community founded on egalitarianism, charity and equality now has a structure much like the rest of the apostolic church that Paul, James and Peter were functioning within. The simplistic ideal for a new believer is that the early church was the homogenous utopia, yet as Berkhof expertly pointed out earlier into his work when discussing the writers, they were joined into community through the Holy Spirit yet they were diverse. It was this diversity that created a plethora of understandings and ways to live the faith out even within the earliest days of the movement. The emergence of the unified church as one note the writings of the epistles becoming more uniform within their discussion of church organization lends itself to the idea of introduction to the development of the Testament. It is unique though that Hebrews would be placed within the epistles, when it truly reflects itself more as a catechism. This may not have been the language that Berkhof used for it, but the work is an enigma that lays out a strong theological understanding for the faith. It is an enigmatic text because of not understanding who the author truly is. Some lend to Paul, others to perhaps one of the women of Jesus’ community, but all we know for sure is that the identity of this writer is lost to antiquity. What this introduction has shown though is that one can easily get caught up in the non-essentials of the debate; authorship while knowing is nice it is not the thrust of the work. For it is within the text itself that the divine truth is communicated through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit to bring unity in God through the diversity of creation. It is within this diversity and almost 2000 year history of those that walk with the living Christ that brings us into this reading of an introduction to the Christian Testament. Almost 2000 years on the church is as diverse if not more diverse than it was back in the early days. So why enter into this study? Why should one invest the time to read never mind understand or process a work that is almost 100 years old? That is an important question in a world that is go-go-go. Yet we also live in a world where the Holy Bible has never been more widely available, translated into various languages, as well as different versions of those translations with the idea being that each believer should be able to find a text that resonates with them. That is the theory, yet with the rise of social and mass media the ability for one to process the information coming into one’s sphere of orbit has left generations being probably the most biblically illiterate since pre-Reformation. Which then brings us back to the question that opened this section, why bother? Simply put to give one a foundation of understanding. Whether or not a reader agrees with the theories postulated, or the reliance upon the early church fathers to prove efficacy what is important is like in the historical time the book was written, a simple fundamental understanding of the transmission of the 26 texts that created the Christian Testament. This simplicity of understanding could lend itself to becoming a point of healing, as almost 100 years ago there was a divide between the liberal and conservative Christianities that over the 97 years since its publication this divide that was being bridged by the fundamentals has exploded into a full on gulf with lava. This is shown most clearly within the Anglican Communion that is straining at the seams based around Northern-Southern Hemisphere (or 1/3 to 2/3) world divisions around theological underpinnings of the 66 texts in the Protestant Holy Bible. Yet it is also a division created because within the midst of debate to the point of schism what is lost is the historical understanding of transmission. The debate has moved from collegial to scholastic within this divide internationally and within local congregations because it is about proving one side right and one side wrong. There is no willingness to understand the work of the Holy Spirit within the diversity of the church that lived out the calling of The Christ. That is the key point as to why one should spend time with this historic introduction book. In the midst of chaos, argument, schism and destruction of the Body of Christ (as communicated through the epistles) one is reminded that it is not about the minor facts we debate that tears us about or where we claim baptism. What is it truly about? Christ. Throughout Berkhof’s Introduction to the New Testament this is what resonates to the reader about not only the texts, but more importantly the living Body of Christ in the world today: the church. We are diverse, we are different, we claim different theories and ideas about who, what, where, when, why and how these texts came to us and the institution of the Christianities came to be. Yet that is not what matters at the heart, the true thesis of the matter is that the Holy Spirit dwells within the church (Berkhof, p. 26). The Holy Spirit is still the one transmitting the texts to us in spite of our individuality for, like the early church it is our understanding of God, our life experience, and the Holy Spirit itself that comes together with us individually or corporately when we read the text and inspires the divine truth of the Holy Mystery. This is how the texts were originally transmitted to us; this was the purpose that Berkhof laid out for his introduction. Yes, as an author he wrote splendidly about the authorship, composition, history, etc of each of the texts, but the driving underlying thesis that Berkhof focused on was simple: inspired and transmitted throughout the ages to the Body of Christ by the Holy Spirit. Why read a textbook introduction about almost 2000 year old texts that is almost 100 years old? Simple, it reminds us of the basic truth of the Christianities. We are the Body of Christ thanks to the Holy Spirit descending upon us and into us. Berkhof, Louis. Introduction to the New Testament. Christian Classics Library: Grand Rapids, MI: 1915. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Do frogs bite? (And do frog bites hurt?) Frogs are great pets and therefore very common, and consequently, their bites are also common. So how exactly should you go about a frog bite? Does it hurt, which frogs bite and what should you do when you get bitten? Well, the answer is found in this article! Do frogs bite? Yes, there are some frog species that will bite you when they feel threatened or mistake your hand for food. Other frogs most likely won’t bite but will try to wiggle away and pee a lot. The frogs who bite are as follows 1. African Bullfrog Bite The African bullfrog has jaw spikes that look like teeth but are not actually teeth, Bullfrogs bites while protecting themselves, in case of provocation or they simply consider you as a threat. 2. Pacman frog Bite The pacman frogs has 2 set of teeth Maxillary and Vomerine, they bite you in case of mistaking your finger as food. 3. Budgett’s frog Bite Budgett’s frogs have two large tooth like projections, which can hurt your fingers or rupture skin. They usually don;t bite instead puffs-up themselves when threatened, they screams like a cat and may chase you. Why do frogs bite? Normally there are only 2 reasons why a frog would bite you. They can feel threatened by you and therefore use a bite as a defense mechanism, or, they can bite you when you try to feed your frog out of your hand and your frog mistakenly bites your finger instead of the food you’re trying to give. Let’s explore these 2 reasons a bit further: The defense mechanism A frog can feel threatened by you and therefore bite you to defend himself. However, this almost never happens with frogs. One of the few species that do bite is the Pacman frogs. They have small and sharp teeth that can hurt you and the bite can even draw a little blood. But, most of the time they will not bite their keeper. The best thing you can do is let the frog get used to you and let it be near you so that it isn’t afraid of you anymore. Mistake your hand for food (and what to do about it) The second reason for getting bitten by a frog is about food. If you try to hand feed your frog, he can mistake your hand for the food and bite you instead of the food. When you do get bitten, you have to be very careful about what you do. Don’t shake your hands hard so that the frog falls off and maybe hurts itself. Keep calm and he will eventually let go. girl almost bitten by frog Best way to avoid frogs bite There is a simple solution to such a bite and that is to feed your frogs with tongs. In this way, you are safe from a bite and you can feed your frog in a normal and calm manner. Does every frog bite? (And which frogs are known for biting?) No, most certainly not. In fact, most frogs don’t bite. Or bite very rarely. However, there are three types of frog that are well known for biting… African Bullfrog The African bullfrog or better known as the Pyxicephalus adspersus, can bite you when you don’t expect it. A friend of mine has been bitten while moving his baby frog in his feeding bin. Although it drew a little blood, it didn’t hurt but it scared the hell out of him. Now, I don’t say “baby” frog for nothing. The African bullfrog has tooth-like jaw spikes and isn’t afraid to use them while defending himself or when provoked. This can seriously hurt you and you need to treat your frog with caution. Always wanted to know how an African Bullfrog bite looked like? Below is a youtube video of such a bite. I hope you’re just as scared as me! Pacman frogs Pacman frogs also belong in this little list because I know for a fact that they can bite. I even wrote an entire article about the bite of a Pacman frog. Pacman frogs can bite for similar reasons as the African Bullfrog. When they mistake your hand for food or when they feel threatened. Now the Pacman frog may look cute and innocent to you, but this doesn’t mean that his bite won’t hurt. Their teeth can hurt you very well and they can bite with a force up to 30 newtons (this is about 3 kilograms or 6.6 pounds). Do you want to see a Pacman frog bite? Look at the youtube video below and find out why I say that a bite can hurt you. Budgett’s frogs The Budgett’s frog does not only bite, but he does something more that is quite interesting. When the frog is threatened by a predator, he will raise up on its legs and make himself as large as possible. He does this to scare off his predator in the hope that he isn’t the one being attacked. The Budgett’s frog even goes so far that he may lunge for the perceived predator, start making noises and bite. As with the other frogs, Budgett’s frogs can also bite when you try to hand feed him. The advice I gave about this with the other frogs is also applicable here. Feed your frog with tongs so that you can be sure that you’re both safe. Have you ever seen a Budgett’s frog bite someone? Take a look below at the Youtube video and prepare to be amazed. The Budgett’s frog is not one of the most common pet frogs, but the ones that do keep them seem to be very pleased with them! If you want to find out what kind of frogs are common as pet frogs you can read it in this article I wrote. Do frog bites hurt? This depends on how hard the frog bites you. I can’t say that it won’t hurt you ever because as you’ve read the Pacman frog can bite with a force that will certainly hurt you and can even draw some blood. You always have to remain cautious when working with animals. What to do when a frog bites you A few things are key here to ensure the safety of you and your frog. The most important thing you have to remember is that you have to stay very calm. Try not to start shaking your hand. I know that it is a normal reaction to get your hand away, but you have to stay cool! When you try to get your finger back with a heavily shaking your hand, you can hurt the frog. It may happen that when you shake really hard, the frog let go and flies a couple of feet through the air, and then lands on the ground. Instead, keep your hand still and see if you can calm the frog by stroking it or just wait it out for a bit. Normally the frog will let go quite quickly. ‘Do frogs bite’ – Conclusion The good thing is, you’re now aware that frogs bite. This should mean that you don’t scare so easily and instead react in a calm manner. A bite from a frog can draw some blood and be painful. Keep calm when it happens. Don’t wiggle your finger in front of your frog’s mouth, and when you feed it, feed it with tongs.
A term describing any computer platform consisting of some version of Microsoft Windows running on an Intel 80x86 processor or compatible. Despite the dominance of the wintel platform, in its many forms, from MS-DOS on an Intel 8088 to Windows 2000 on a Pentium II Xeon, there are many "non-wintel" platforms in use. These include Acorn, Amiga, Apple, ARM, Atari, A\Box, Be, Network Computer, OS/2, PowerPC, Psion, Linux and all other Unix systems. Convergence International.
Migration away from rural areas is reshaping smallholder value chains in South East Asia. Over the next 15 years, 1 in every 5 people in rural Asia are expected to move to a city. One of the most significant implications for farmers is the declining availability of labor. Farmers face a lack of access to laborers to weed, spray and harvest crops; as a result, day rates are gradually increasing. A range of equipment is available to replace labor on farms, from tractors which have been available for over 100 years, to spray drones that have been developed in the last 10 years. These tools have replaced labor at scale in developed markets. For example, in the US, farmworker numbers have dropped by 80% in the last 100 years while grain production has increased six-fold. Many of these machines not only reduce labor costs but also increase yields. Despite its advantages, the shift toward mechanization in Asia has been very slow. Small farm sizes are the main barrier. It is simply not viable for a farmer to buy a tractor to plow one hectare of land once or twice a year. Instead, it is more common for an investor to buy a tractor and lease it out. This allows the cost of the equipment to be amortized over hundreds if not thousands of individual farms. However, there are presently inefficiencies in equipment allocation. Hiring is normally arranged ad hoc over the phone, and the time to travel between farms limits both availability and returns to the investor. A solution to this challenge is the digital mechanization platform. These platforms allow equipment owners to offer a service on a digital portal, matching them with farmer customers. Using digital portals improves efficiency as it avoids the ad hoc placement of multiple phone calls and opens up new farmer customers. However, it also allows more effective scheduling around clusters of demand. For example, a tractor owner can be notified when 200 acres of plowing is required in one village, enough to make vehicle allocation economical. Digital platforms have also driven the allocation of spray drones in China, with drones also allocated around clusters of farmer demand. In this model, drones have a number of advantages over tractors: • They can be moved more easily between farms. • They spend less time on each farm (about 15 minutes to spray a hectare). • They are cheaper, allowing a contractor to get set-up (and generate a return) more quickly. Amortizing the equipment over many farms is the critical element of the mechanization platform model. For example, while a spray drone might cost the buyer $10,000 to purchase, an individual manual spray application by a laborer in Indonesia is typically only $10 per hectare. Moving the equipment quickly and efficiently to over 1,000 farms in the drone’s life cycle is critical, and contractors need multiple farmers signed up to use it each day. As the service is only needed at certain points in the cropping season, there is pressure on contractors to move quickly. Mechanization platforms are being used by tractor owners for ploughing and harvesting as well as for spray drones. The model could be extended to seeders and farm imaging and mechanical weeders. Platforms provide the greatest value where the service not only displaces labor but adds value in other ways. For example, drone operators may bring value by not only spraying the crop, but also by providing insights from imagery or advice on pest control. These mechanized contract services are generating new and preferred employment opportunities in rural communities. Providing services to other farmers can be an important pathway for young people to exit their family farm and enjoy a higher income and more meaningful work. The mechanization platform model stands out from the others in the series in that the complexity of the digital platform is relatively low while the required effort and value is in marketing and equipment selection, and ensuring contractors are trained to provide the service to farmers. Comment from Hujjat, CEO at Tun Yat Limited "As the author states, we can confirm that we are seeing how Digital Mechanization platforms that address mechanization needs of smallholder farmers in South East Asia are leap-frogging a process that is often limited in reach. Farmers use smart phones combined with social media platforms like Facebook, to find machines and book them to use on a seasonal basis. The question is, how does the Digital Mechanization platform evolve from Facebook to beyond? What we learned was that in implementing the digitization process, a lot of trust-building and handholding is needed with smallholders to become platform users and even more effort is needed for on-going users. In our first three years, we found that delivering a reliable mechanization service that is affordable and on-demand itself is a foundation to first build and gain trust from farmers, followed by delivering the service and then adding on the technology layer after. Once farmers see the actual machine on their land harvesting / tilling their crops, they become more interested in value-added and efficient services as the next upgrade of this core service and are more open to learning and using the tech. Scaling in an agricultural or rural market is not the same as scaling in an urban setting of savvy application and tech users and requires patience. Based on our experience, we found that many apps and platforms claim thousands or millions of users, but in fact this is more Facebook boosting or content-type users rather than active paying users – in fact this last step of gaining paying users via mobile wallets was a process that took us several months to learn about and grow; machine owners were more tech-savvy on this side including using of payment wallets compared to famer users. Yes, it’s true, farmers use Facebook and Google Maps, but beyond those apps, using a dedicated app for tractor bookings is challenging. Google Maps are often not updated in these areas. Internet connectivity drops in / out, usually depending on if there is a nearby telecom tower for mobile signal. Many of the remote areas are not near these towers, thus causing connectivity issues and data usage is a cost constraint. Sometimes it was the farmer’s daughter/son who was the actual user vs. the farmer themselves and so there is a gap between the decision maker and the young person using the tech that needs addressing. Overall, the process is complex. We are still continuing to learn, but it is great to be at this frontier of learning to help bridge this gap and move this system from traditional service delivery to tech-enabled transfer, bookings, customer profiles and transactions. The opportunities from this continue to unfold." Comment from Larry, Co-Founder at The Yield Lab Asia Pacific "Firstly, let me say that I am a believer in the general concept that is described in the Mechanization Platform blog. More convincingly perhaps is that the Yield Lab is an investor in rolling out such technologies. Firstly, on the human side there is indeed migration from rural to urban living, and importantly it is the younger generation that is moving, leaving the rural area with limited talent to operate agriculture. Loss of labor is one factor, but loss of owner/operators with the skills to engage with new technologies compounds the problem. We run the risk of loss of land under viable cultivation. The author suggests that professional farm services is an opportunity and we agree. Professional services that bring effective and efficient technologies to the aging rural owner/operator presents the dual benefits of keeping hectares in viable production and proving interesting and remunerative careers for the younger generation. Secondly, on the equipment side. The ‘developed’ economies that have experienced the mechanization described, mostly have large scale farms or have crop values that afford mechanization. Smallholder farming presents unique challenges. Equipment needs to be sized to perform in small plots. Drone applications introduce efficiency for some functions, but only some; and then small adjacent farmers need to manage drift, and relations with neighboring crops; both drones and tractors (and robots) are needed. Digitalization of the ‘hiring’ of the professional services, offering the drones and tractors and combines etc, will introduce both economic efficiencies as well as democratization to the owner/operators. Due to the seasonal crunch on demand of each type of equipment, the author may be overestimating the number of farms assisted by a given set of equipment. But this just means that there is widespread opportunity in rural agriculture for professional services that provide mechanization - they offer selection, deliver, maintain, operate, service, train, and advise… all for a value added to the agriculture production community."
The Importance Of Bioluminescence 1220 Words5 Pages Introduction Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms arising by exergonic chemical reactions. The term ‘bioluminescence’ originates from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen for “cold light" emission as less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. This has been reported in many terrestrial and aquatic organisms including bacteria, fungi, insects, algae, squid etc. Some of the bioluminescent organisms occur in symbiotic relationship with the higher organisms. The enzyme that catalyze the bioluminescence reactions is called luciferase, and one of the component substrates is designated as luciferin. Significant differences exist among the reactions of different organisms including the structures and properties…show more content… The first book devoted to bioluminescence and chemiluminescence was published by Conrad Gesner in 1555. Bioluminescence was first studied by French physiologist, Raphael Dubois in the 19th century. He recognized the chemical nature of the components involved in the bioluminescence. He generated light by mixing hot & cold water extracts from luminous species of West indies beetle Pyrophorus. He later extracted the two key components of a bioluminescent reaction; he coined the terms “luciferine” and “luciferase”. Requirement of oxygen for luminescence was also demonstrated by famous English physicist Robert Boyle in 1667 –demonstrated loss of light on placing rotten wood and fish containing luminescent fungi or bacteria in a vacuum. Charles Darwin, in 1833, observed bioluminescence (which he called phosphorescence) during his voyage around the world as naturalist on the ship named…show more content… The reaction represents a biochemical shunt of the respiratory electron transport chain carrying electrons from the level of reduced flavin directly to oxygen. FMNH2 reacts first with oxygen to form a linear hydroperoxide which then reacts with long chain fatty aldehyde to give peroxyhemiacetal intermediate. This breaks down to give long chain acid and the intermediate hydroxyflavin in a high energy electronically excited state. One photon is produced for every four molecules of FMNH2 oxidized. In the living cell, light is produced continuously, the oxidized FMN formed in the reaction is reduced again by pyridine nucleotide. Similarly, the myristic acid product is converted back to the corresponding aldehyde by enzymes of a specific fatty acid reductase complex with ATP and NADPH as More about The Importance Of Bioluminescence Open Document
The Role Of Censorship In Literature 1901 Words8 Pages Plato’s position on literature is the relationship between justice and happiness. Gods are a definition of what good and truthfulness is, making them completely separate from evil. Religion not only explains where life began, but the meaning of life and the specific roles one has to serve as a believer. Also, understanding the emotions of fellowship relates to the truthfulness and or falsehood of myths and religions. Now a society’s unifying belief system is beneficial whether that system is true or not is irrelevant. His attitude is surprising considering that he proclaims to value truth above all else in the case of the noble lie at least societies values the halt and security of the state over truth perhaps he realizes that without a stable…show more content… Censorship allows for the protection of children from harmful ideologies and incorrect morals. It then becomes critical that those at a young age only be expose to stories and works of literature that portray the truth and correct ideologies of morality. Plato Argues that censorship serves its purpose to prevent harmful ideologies from being imposed on our children. As pointed out by Plato, there is a responsibility to educate the young with the correct virtues and morals. Any forms of art may establish incorrect ideologies or morals in children. Regardless of whether the lesson brought out through any such art form is positive or negative, it can be argued that a possible misinterpretation could have a negative effect as well. If the message of the stories, music or images (regardless of the art form) is positive, It may lead to an overly optimistic sense of reality (lacking realism), and if the message conveyed is too negative, it could impose a pessimistic perception upon the children. The biggest problem that can be argued (especially for children) is the wrongful interpretation of the works of art. As Art is not based in reality, rather a re …show more content… However because Plato 's position and defense of censorship only takes into account the prevention of ideas that may morally corrupt the children of society, it does not account for the other problems that may be raised with the idea of censorship. As aforementioned, the many problems with censorship, such as the lack of freedom, and imposed biases, now become valid. Because the party at hand is no longer just children (may be possible young adults or adults). The said party now possesses such an intellectual capacity to properly evaluate such ideas, and censoring said mediums of art and literature take away the action of evaluating such ideas. Regardless of whether or not the idea is correct or wrong, just or unjust, it can be argued that every party possesses the right to evaluate the ideas in the first place. Not addressing such a statement illustrates the contradictory nature of Plato 's philosophical beliefs. An example can be illustrated with the address of religion. It is argued that having a system of belief is more important than whether or not that system is true. That being said, regardless of whether a belief or system is true or false, one should still possess the right to evaluate it so. This however raises a possible division of belief (non unification) and as a result may corrupt society as it lacks unity. However such a More about The Role Of Censorship In Literature Open Document
Skip to content Housing, health and inequality Housing is an important social determinant of health. COVID-19, and the actions taken to mitigate its spread, highlight the central role of the home in people’s lives. With the country in lockdown people must stay in their homes with very limited exceptions. These unprecedented restrictions highlight inequalities in housing and the repercussions for health. Dr Amy Clair’s work with former ISER researcher Dr Amanda Hughes provides new evidence on the links between housing and health using biomarker data (Clair and Hughes, 2019). They use a C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker associated with infection and stress, alongside information relating to housing details, demographic characteristics and health behaviours taken from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Their results show that a number of housing characteristics are associated with CRP, including tenure and building type. Specifically, private renters have higher CRP than those in other tenures, likely due to poor housing security, worse housing conditions (such as cold and damp) and also to the smaller average size of privately rented homes than owner-occupied ones. Relatedly, detached homes, i.e. larger homes, were associated with better CRP levels than other building types. Although all sections of the population are facing wellbeing impacts, the relationship between housing and health – including mental wellbeing – is particularly relevant for children in environments of financial uncertainty and strained family relationships (Clair et al. 2016a and 2019a), disabled people, and ethnic minorities who may face additional hardship due to discriminatory attitudes. Dr Clair’s work in response to COVID-19 will be to investigate the impact of the current UK government policy initiatives on people’s housing experiences and consequences for health. For example, she plans to explore the take-up and impact of mortgage holidays, and the strategies and outcomes for renters who have not benefitted from such protections. In the longer term her research will continue to focus on the relationship between housing and health, including studying evictions and forced moves, and bringing together evidence from other European countries to provide a new comparative perspective (Clair et al. 2016b and 2019b).
How much is masterpiece music performed by an internationally acclaimed virtuoso worth to an audience of a thousand people? . About $32, according to the Washington Post. In January 2007, the newspaper conducted an experiment about the influence of context on people's perceptions and priorities—and their ability to "recognize beauty." As part of the experiment, Joshua Bell, one of the world's best violinists, played incognito inside a Washington DC subway station. During his continuous 45-minute performance, Bell played six pieces by Bach, Shubert, Massenet, and Ponce—some of the most powerful music written for a solo violin. His instrument: a 1713 Stradivarius worth about $3.5 million dollars. Two days prior, Bell had performed at a sold-out concert in Boston, where the tickets averaged $100. But back in DC, 1,097 people went through the subway station. Only seven stopped and listened for a while. About 27 gave money but continued to walk past the musician. There was no applause at the end, and the total sum collected during the performance was $32.17. What Is Beauty? The Washington Post had its story. Headlined "Pearls Before Breakfast," it was filled with descriptions of the musician, the music, the instrument, and even the acoustics of the briefly infamous subway station. The goal was to assure the reader that there was absolutely nothing wrong with the performance. The article went out of its way to prove that, if there is such a thing as sublime beauty, it was fully present in Bell's music. Yet very few people were interested enough to pay it any attention, let alone money or time. What Is Value? Though beauty and its place in our lives are the subject of philosophy and sociology, willingness to pay for or "value" a product or service is the purview of marketing. In business terms, the drama of a superior product's failing to attract market share is only too familiar: • Brilliant technology—ahead of its time • Exquisite restaurant—in the wrong part of town • Expert professional service—losing deals to a better-known competitor Philosophers have long debated whether beauty is intrinsic to an object to which it is ascribed. By contrast, marketers agree that value is dictated by customer preferences (demand) and competing alternatives (supply)—not by the product itself. Value is never "timeless" or "transcendent." It is a product of time, place, social context, and mental attitudes. Sharp fluctuations in stock and real estate values, premium commanded by name brands over generics, and mini-bar vs. supermarket prices are all examples of identical products having different values. So capital markets are cyclical, and mini bars are a rip-off; but isn't value just good quality at a fair price? Quality and Price Too many businesses fail because companies equate value with "quality" and "price." If you had any doubts before, the Joshua Bell experiment should dispel every one of them. In that example, there is a product of uncontested quality, Bell's performance, at a competitive price—free—failing to "sell," with only seven out 1,097 people stopping to listen. But wait a minute! If quality and price aren't "value," why have sellers pitched and buyers worried over nothing else since the beginning of time? The Agony of a Salesman Quality and price are important, but only in front of the right buyer, at the right time and place. When that is not the case, our message of quality and price falls on deaf ears, much like Bell's beautiful music played to the early-morning subway crowd. In fact, even before he started playing, Bell was aware he was missing a step in reaching out to his audience. "I was stressing a little," he told The Washington Post after the "flopped" performance. "When you play for the ticket holders, you are already validated. I have no sense that I need to be accepted. I'm already accepted. Here, there was this thought: What if they don't like me? What if they resent my presence?" Sound familiar? Start From the Start Anyone who has ever made a cold call to an unqualified prospect or forced himself or herself into a sales presentation will immediately recognize the feelings described by the world-class musician facing a random crowd. What do you do to get to a sale? Brace for uncertainty and rejection? Change your product to assure universal appeal? Be aware of the tendency to work backwards from one unsuccessful solution to the next. In the Joshua Bell example, it would be easy to blame the product for failure to attract customers: Maybe if he just played popular tunes instead of arcane classics.... Next, we like to point the finger at Sales. What if we hired "direct sales force" and trained them to tap commuters on the shoulder and say, "Hey, do you have any idea who is playing over there?" Then, we realize that advance promotion might help. So we put up signs announcing a free concert by Joshua Bell at 7:51AM on a Friday inside L'Enfant Plaza Station in Washington DC. At that point, we might actually improve our proceeds from $32 to $300, or even $500. Note that we have already spent money on sales and advertising, but we are still nowhere near the two main limiting factors: time and venue. Why? Because time and venue are a matter of buyer preference. To establish preference, we first need to know who the likely buyer is. And, so far, we have not asked the right question: Who in America will pay top dollar to listen to a world-class violin performance? Marketing Must Lay Groundwork for Sales Behind every sold-out performance is the work of educators, market researchers and strategists, artistic directors, agents, advertisers, and ticket sellers—in short, all those helping Joshua Bell find and reach that middle-aged couple who is willing to pay $100 per seat at the Boston Symphony. Without them, the man whose talent can command $1,000 a minute walks away with $32 for almost an hour's worth of brilliant performance. The moral? Let us repeat it once again: Bell by himself is not worth $1,000 a minute. His work is worth $1,000 a minute only to a carefully primed and self-selected audience at a setting they accept and a time that is convenient to them. Until his audience is prepared to listen, his skill, his service, his gift of impassioned artistry—no matter how prized elsewhere—has no value to that audience. Find Your $1,000-a-Minute Market You don't need to be an international prodigy to run a successful business. What you do need is a marketing scheme that recognizes your best prospects and... • Adopts a value proposition that speaks to them • Places products and messages in their path • Reaches out to them again and again to educate and maintain awareness • Makes it easy for them to signal when they are ready to buy • Puts a sales team in front of them But how can you tell who the best prospects are? And how can you be sure that your marketing messages aren't being shut out in the same way as your sales calls? Before They listen to You, You Must Listen to Them Before your marketing team is ready to launch an offensive on the minds and wallets of your chosen targets, they will need some vital information that they can only learn from the buyer's side—those who buy your product and those who use it or otherwise influence the buying decision. Marketing is 80% asking questions and sifting through responses, and 20% producing and disseminating content. "Getting into the buyer's mind" is the secret to determining who is willing to pay the most for our product—and when, where, how, and why they prefer to buy. Marketers ask questions to deconstruct the buyer's experience: from the moment he has a need we can address, to the handshake that clinches the deal. But how do you get into someone else's mind? The "Don't Know" Mind Seeing the world from another person's point of view is a skill in itself. It takes asking the right questions in the right order and understanding the answers in their proper context. That, in turn, requires what management consultants call "releasing your agenda" and what Zen Buddhists call "the don't know mind"—the ability of the observer to set aside any preconceived notions, expectations, or desire for a particular outcome. When speaking with a customer about the value they derive from our product, our goal is not to confirm or reject a preconceived notion. Nor are we striving to "fill the gaps" in our understanding. Rather, what we are after is the whole story from a particular buyer's perspective. For the best results, ask "open" questions like "Tell me what prompted you to consider a new solution?" or "How did you decide to go with company X?" Also, stick to the facts and avoid questions that prompt any kind of speculation. Instead, ask your customer to focus on specific events, actions, and feelings that have occurred. Focus Your Resources In marketing, the most difficult step is often the first one: selecting a lucrative niche for our products. The urge to chase a broader market and our pet ideas about who values our product (and why) are two of the most common obstacles to discovering our true audience. Once we know our most valuable prospects, finding out the rest—their preferred time, venue, educational outlets, distribution channels, ad content and placement, and the price they will pay—is a simpler task. What emerges as a result of our focus on a select group of buyers is a map of their buying process. Marketing works best when it is able to supply relevant information at key decision points. Our goal is to remove obstacles or provide incentives when the buyer gets stalled. When we have insight into information-gathering and decision-making patterns of our target customers, we can "reverse-engineer" our marketing and sales strategies to fit their behavior. Speaking of Marketing... The article in The Washington Post appeared just before the release of Joshua Bell's new CD, The Voice of the Violin. The CD has two of the six pieces described in the story. After reading it, Olga went on and ordered one for herself. Continue reading "Just What Do Marketers Do, Anyway?" ... Read the full article Subscribe's free! MarketingProfs provides thousands of marketing resources, entirely free! Already a member? Sign in now. Barbara Bix is managing principal of BB Marketing Plus, where she helps companies enhance their brands by capturing and enhancing the customer experience. Olga Taylor is a freelance writer and a former vice-president of marketing and business development for Quartesian LLC. Reach her via MarketingProfs Partner
Monday, August 29, 2011 2000-Year-Old Burial Box Could Reveal Location of the Family of Caiaphas In Jerusalem and Judah, ancient limestone burial boxes containing skeletal remains — called ossuaries — are fairly common archaeological finds from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century AD period. Forgers have also added inscriptions or decorations to fraudulently increase their value. So three years ago, when the Israel Antiquities Authority confiscated an ossuary with a rare inscription from antiquities looters, they turned to Prof. Yuval Goren of Tel Aviv University's Department of Archaeology to authenticate the fascinating discovery. Prof. Goren, who worked in collaboration with Prof. Boaz Zissu from Bar Ilan University, now confirms that both the ossuary and its inscription are authentic. The ossuary's inscription, which is unusually detailed, could reveal the home of the family of the biblical figure and high priest Caiaphas prior to their exodus to Galilee after 70 AD. Caiaphas is infamous for his involvement in the crucifixion of Jesus. Prof. Goren's finding has been reported in the Israel Exploration Journal. The ossuary marks the spot Ossuaries have recently been in the news — an ossuary marked with a fraudulent inscription claiming the deceased to be James son of Joseph, the brother of Jesus, made worldwide headlines. Taking this recent hoax into account, it was imperative to establish whether the Caiaphas-related ossuary and its inscription represented a genuine artefact, Prof. Goren says. A detail of the ossuary's inscription Most ancient ossuaries are either unmarked or mention only the name of the deceased. The inscription on this ossuary is extraordinary in that the deceased is named within the context of three generations and a potential location. The full inscription reads: "Miriam daughter of Yeshua son of Caiaphus, priest of Maaziah from Beth Imri." The Maaziah refers to a clan that was the last mentioned order of 24 orders of high priests during the second temple period, Prof. Goren explains. While there are some records of the clan in Talmudic sources that detail their lives after they spread into the Galilee in 70 AD, the reference to Beit Imri gives new insight into the family's location prior to their migration. Though it is possible that Beit Imri refers to another priestly order, say the researchers, it more probably refers to a geographical location, likely that of Caiaphus' family's village of origin. A genuine among fakes Thursday, August 25, 2011 Sex with Neanderthals good for humans Sex with Neanderthals and another close relative — the recently discovered Denisovans — has endowed some human gene pools with beneficial versions of immune system genes, report researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in an article to be published online by the journal Science at the Science Express website on August 25. Although modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans share a common ancestor in Africa, the groups split into separate, distinct populations approximately 400,000 years ago. The Neanderthal lineage migrated northwestward into West Asia and Europe, and the Denisovan lineage moved northeastward into East Asia. The ancestors of modern man stayed in Africa until 65,000 years or so ago, when they expanded into Eurasia and then encountered the other human-like groups. In some cases, the rendezvous were amorous in nature. Last year, a partial genome sequence of Neanderthals, who died out approximately 30,000 years ago, revealed that these trysts left as much as 4 percent Neanderthal DNA in the genetic blueprint of some present-day humans. Last December, the genome of another human cousin, the extinct Denisovans, made clear that up to 6 percent of some people's genomes are Denisovan in origin. Now, a team of researchers led by Peter Parham, PhD, professor of structural biology and of microbiology and immunology, has found that these matings had a positive effect on modern human fitness. "The cross breeding wasn't just a random event that happened, it gave something useful to the gene pool of the modern human," said Parham, who is senior author on the study. The useful gift was the introduction of new variants of immune system genes called the HLA class I genes, which are critical for our body's ability to recognize and destroy pathogens. HLA genes are some of the most variable and adaptable genes in our genome, in part because the rapid evolution of viruses demands flexibility on the part of our immune system. "The HLA gene system, with its diversity of variants, is like a magnifying glass," said lead author Laurent Abi-Rached, PhD, explaining that it provides a lot more detail about the history of populations than typical gene families. Abi-Rached is a research associate in the Parham lab. Prior to the sequencing of the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes, Parham and his group had suspected that at least one HLA variant came from archaic humans. They determined that the variant known as HLA-B73 is rare in present-day African populations but occurs with significant frequency in West Asian populations. The ethnic distribution of HLA-B73 and its similarity across populations suggested that it came from a relatively recent co-mingling of modern human and archaic human DNA, which most likely would have happened outside of Africa. Parham's team wanted to discern which archaic humans were the source of the HLA-B73 gene type. In the last year they have found the answer in the genome sequence of a recently discovered human relative, the Denisovans, whose existence first came to light in 2008 with the discovery of an unfamiliar finger bone and tooth in a cave in Siberia. By comparing the HLA genes of the archaic humans with modern humans, the researchers were able to show that the HLA-B73 allele likely came from cross breeding with Denisovans. Little is known about what the Denisovans looked like (the finger bone and the tooth are the only known fossils), but the genome sequence extracted from the finger bone gives insight into where they overlapped with modern humans. Gene flow from the Denisovans into modern humans has left the highest frequency of the HLA-B73 allele in populations in West Asia, the most likely site for the fortuitous mating to have taken place. Even in West Asian populations, the HLA-B73 variant never represents more than 5 percent of all known variants of that gene. However, other human HLA types that arose from ancient matings are found in much greater frequencies. "Certain traits coming from these archaic humans have become the dominant form," said Parham. For example, another HLA gene type, called HLA-A*11, is absent from African populations, but represents up to 64 percent of variants in East Asia and Oceania, with the greatest frequency in people from Papua New Guinea. "The likely interpretation was that these HLA class variants provided an advantage to modern human and so rose to high frequencies," Parham said. A similar scenario is seen in some HLA gene types found in the Neanderthal genome, which was also sequenced from DNA extracted from ancient bones. These gene variants are common in European and Asian populations but rare in African populations. "We are finding frequencies in Asia and Europe that are far greater than whole genome estimates of archaic DNA in modern human genomes, which is 1 to 6 percent," said Parham. Within one class of HLA gene, the researchers estimate that Europeans owe half of their variants to interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans, Asians owe up to 80 percent and Papua New Guineans, up to 95 percent. "This is not the pattern seen genome-wide," said Abi-Rached. "The HLA system is unique in its diversity and the strength of natural selection acting on it, but it's possible that other gene systems, particularly the ones under similar pressure for variation, could show a similar pattern." Wednesday, August 24, 2011 At Tell Qarqur, Researchers Find Evidence of Continuous Civilization During Period of Collapse University of Arkansas archaeologists have found evidence for the continuity of civilization across a time period when civilizations throughout the Middle East and elsewhere were collapsing. Their work occurred at Tell Qarqur, an important archeological site in the Orontes River Valley in northwestern Syria. This image captures Tell Qarqur from the east “This new evidence shows the survival of a city through this tumultuous period about 4,000 to 4,200 years ago,” said Jesse Casana, associate professor of anthropology. “Our discovery offers a rare glimpse of what cultures were during this transitional time and challenges ideas about the reasons for the collapse in the first place.” The end of the third millennium B.C. – roughly 2200 to 2000 B.C. – is often described as a dark age because this period experienced the collapse of many major states, including the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, Old Kingdom Egypt and the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley. Major cities and small towns across the Middle East that had been occupied for centuries were suddenly abandoned, leaving a gap in the archaeological and historical record. “Tells” are the name for ancient cities and towns, preserved today as large mounds, throughout the Middle East. Until the 1980s, little was known about Tell Qarqur, the site of two large mounds that archeologists know was occupied continuously for more than 10,000 years, from 8500 B.C. to the medieval period. Tell Qarqur experienced particularly large occupations during the Bronze and Iron Ages, from 3000 to 500 B.C. The researchers are now trying to understand why Tell Qarqur survived, when nearly all civilizations in the region during that time collapsed. Some anthropologists have attributed the demise of these settlements to widespread drought. If there was a drought, Casana said, the important question was how it affected the environment and ancient communities, that is, how susceptible were their agricultural strategies to drought and did they adapt to changing conditions? These are some of the questions Casana seeks to answer with continued research at the site. Saturday, August 20, 2011 The “Crown” in Damascus Gate has been Restored The Damascus Gate in a 1887 print. Wikimedia Commons. Four years ago the Jerusalem Development Authority commenced work on the rehabilitation and conservation of the Old City walls in Jerusalem, in cooperation with the Conservation Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority, which is actually carrying out the work on the walls, and with funding provided by the Prime Minister’s Office. As part of the project, work was conducted along the entire length of the Old City walls and on the gates from the Dung Gate, clockwise in the direction of Zion Gate, Jaffa Gate, the New Gate and Damascus Gate. Work on the wall is currently being done at the northeastern corner of the Old City and is scheduled to be completed by year’s end. A Rare Statue of Hercules Found in the Jezreel Valley According to Dr. Walid Atrash of the Israel Antiquities Authority, “This is a rare discovery. The statue, which probably stood in a niche, was part of the decoration of a bathhouse pool that was exposed during the course of the excavations. It is c. 0.5 m tall, is made of smoothed white marble and is of exceptional artistic quality. Hercules is depicted in three dimension, as a naked figure standing on a base. His bulging muscles stand out prominently, he is leaning on a club to his left, on the upper part of which hangs the skin of the Nemean lion, which according to Greek mythology Hercules slew as the first of his twelve labors”. The hero Hercules, of Greek and Roman mythology, was born in Thebes. He is the son of the god Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, a woman from Electryon. Hercules is considered the strongest man in the world, a symbol of power, courage and superhuman strength; one of the most famous legendary heroes of ancient Greece who battled the forces of the netherworld on behalf of the Olympian gods. Hercules is described as hot tempered, and he often times acted impetuously and with uncontrollable rage. Greek mythology has it that Zeus’ wife, Hera, expressed her jealousy and fierce hatred of Hercules from the day he was born because he was the product of her husband’s infidelity. While he was just a baby Hera placed two poisonous snakes in his bed, but he managed to overpower them. Later, in a fit of madness brought on by Hera, Hercules killed his three sons and his wife Megara, whilst she attempted to protect the smallest of them. In order to atone for his terrible sin, the Oracle of Delphi ordered Hercules to go to Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, and perform whatever the king commanded him to do.Among the king’s commands were twelve superhuman feats known as the ‘Labors of Hercules’.Depictions of the labors of Hercules are among the most common themes in ancient art and the statue that was discovered portrays Hercules’ first task. Horvat Tarbenet is located in the Jezreel Valley, three kilometers northeast of Kefar Barukh, and four kilometers northwest of Afula. Tarbenet was a Jewish settlement in the third century CE, which is mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud (Megilla 4, 5). The story is told of a local teacher who would teach the Ten Commandments very quickly, so rapidly that his students could not understand him. The townspeople asked the teacher to take a break between each passage so they could follow him. The teacher refused because “the sages forbade one from stopping while reading the words of Moses”. The teacher’s refusal even received the backing of Rabbi Hanina. The teacher continued to teach as he did until the residents fired him. In an archaeological excavation conducted at the site remains were discovered, among them dwellings, a built well and an installation that included a large pool which was probably part of a Roman bathhouse. Benches were found on two sides of the pools. The well, which is 2.90 m in diameter and in excess of 4 m deep, had a saqiye type pumping installation constructed above its opening. A drainage channel that extended as far as the pool was built alongside the well. It seems that the well and channel were meant to supply water for the pool. After the pool was no longer being used it was filled in with a layer of earth that contained numerous potsherds, an abundance of broken glass vessels and the marble fragment of the statue of Hercules. The complex that was discovered apparently underwent a number of changes and it is dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, until the beginning of the Early Islamic period. At the beginning of the last century the legendary Valley Railway linked Haifa with Damascus. Recently the Israel National Roads Company commenced work renewing the rail line with the necessary changes in its route. The new Valley Railway, which is c. 60 kilometers long, will carry passengers and freight between Haifa, Afula and Bet She'an. In certain places the new track will pass alongside the route of the historic Valley Railway. Tuesday, August 9, 2011 More on Excavation of Drainage Tunnel In Jerusalem Complete article Artifacts breathe new life into the destruction of the Temple On the eve of Tisha B'Av, commemorating the anniversary of the destruction of the First and Second Temples, artifacts were exposed that breathe new life into the story of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The sword with remains of the scabbard on it (Photo: Clara Amit, courtesy Israel Antiquities Authority) A sword in a scabbard that belonged to a Roman soldier and an engraving of the Temple's menorah on a stone object were discovered during work the Israel Antiquities Authority conducted in the 2,000 year old drainage channel between the City of David and the Jerusalem Archaeological Garden. The channel served as a hiding refuge for the residents of Jerusalem from the Romans during the destruction of the Second Temple. During the course of work the Israel Antiquities Authority carried out in Jerusalem's ancient drainage channel, which begins in the Siloam Pool and runs from the City of David to the archaeological garden (near the Western Wall), impressive finds were recently discovered that breathe new life into the story of the destruction of the Second Temple. The excavations are being conducted on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, in cooperation with the Nature and Parks Authority and are underwritten by the City of David Foundation. The stone engraved with the image of the menorah (Photo: Vladimir Naykhin) "The lion is fully intact, approximately 1.3 metres in height and 1.6 metres in length. It is poised in a seated position, with ears back, claws extended and roaring," says Timothy Harrison, professor of near eastern archaeology in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations and director of U of T's Tayinat Archaeological Project (TAP). "A second piece found nearby depicts a human figure flanked by lions, which is an iconic Near Eastern cultural motif known as the Master and Animals. It symbolizes the imposition of civilized order over the chaotic forces of the natural world."
Gminny Osrodek Kultury Oleśnica In the 2 year project Bridging Generations Gminny Osrodek Kultury Oleśnica made a research about Memory and the involvement and commemoration of World War II in Poland as well as produced four videos. Monika Malobecka - Narratives about Memory malobecka_monika_narratives_about_memory.pdf (228.7 KiB) Piotr Michalowski - Commemoration of the Second World War in Poland michalowski_piotr_commemoration_of_ww2_poland.pdf (228.1 KiB) Piotr Michalowski - Involvement in Second World War in Poland michalowski_piotr_involvement_in_ww2_poland.pdf (209.6 KiB) Ewa Staron & Piotr Michalowski - Description Performance "MOMENTS" staron_ewa_michalowski_piotr_decription_performance_moments.pdf (234.7 KiB) "Green Flour Bread" Józefa Biegańska (1930) & Bolesława Kozioł (1932) Bolesława Kozioł and Józefa Biegańska are two friends who were born in the small village of Siemianówka near Lviv. They were good friends from early childhood. They speak of the terrors they experienced and of their common flight from their original lands to Lower Silesia. "New Name - New Language - New Life" Rainhold Fryczkowski (1939) Rainhold Fryczkowski’s family, originally the Fritz family, was born in Brzezinka near Oleśnica. They decided to stay despite the forceful transfer of peoples between Germany and Poland after WWII. They changed their surname, learnt a new language and started a new life in the same house This is their story. "Sparrows in Cream" Janina Bodo (1929) Janina Bodo was born in 1929, in a small village near Brest on the Eastern Borderlands. During World War II, her family shared a house with soldiers from the German army. According to her story, her family survived thanks to the goodness of the hearts of these soldiers who shared their meals with her family. "Working Together" Stanisława Wójcik (1935) & Antoni Wócik (1935) Mrs Stanisława Wójcik and Mr Antoni Wójcik came to Boguszyce from Rzeszow and settled in a house abandoned by Germans. They were one of the first families in Boguszyce. Go back
HomeAbout Dr. WellsContact Diagnoses of arrhythmia Noninvasive diagnosis of arrhythmias Arrhythmias can be documented by a regular ECG performed at the time that the patient is having symptoms if they go to the emergency room or to their physician. Patients who have daily episodes of arrhythmia can have a 24-hour holter monitor placed to document which arrhythmia is present. More commonly, patients may have less frequent e.g. monthly episodes and can use an external event monitor to record their heart rhythm and transmit it telephonically. An ECG is essential in diagnosing the type of arrhythmia Very rare (e.g. yearly) episodes are difficult to document unless the patient waits until an episode occurs and then seeks medical attention at an emergency room or physician’s office. Patients who call 911 may have their episode of arrhythmia documented by the paramedics who can perform an ECG en route to the hospital. Hospitalized patients on a telemetry monitor when the arrhythmia occurs may have it documented in that way. Internal looped monitors may be implanted to document arrhythmias when other means fail. These devices are capable of automatically recording an ECG if an arrhythmia occurs. The device has continuously in its memory buffer the previous 5 minutes of the patient’s rhythm and if activated by the patient or a family member (in the case of syncope) usually records the arrhythmia. The patient can then visit their doctor’s office, and the nurse can place a communicating wand on the skin over the device and retrieve the rhythm information. Invasive diagnosis of arrhythmias The definitive diagnosis of an arrhythmia usually requires an EP study be performed to assess the normal heart electrical system and find out what arrhythmias are possible. After some degree of general anesthesia (usually just IV propofol), local anesthesia is used to insert venous sheaths in the femoral and/or subclavian/internal jugular veins. Through these sheaths, long plastic catheters with ring electrodes can be placed using fluoroscopy to precise positions in the heart. They can record electrograms from these sites; they are displayed on a monitor for the electrophysiologist to study. Also, a special computer pacemaker controlled by the electrophysiologist can pace the heart speeding it up and putting in extra beats to try to induce the arrhythmia. This is referred to as programmed electrical stimulation. In this way the entire normal heart electrical system can be assessed. Sometimes, the arrhythmia cannot be induced. In these cases, repeating the pacing after giving isoproterenol may reveal the arrhythmia. Rarely, this also fails to induce the arrhythmias, and the patient must be allowed to fully awaken. After all of these maneuvers, the patient’s arrhythmia can be induced in over 95% of the cases.
Informed meaning in hindi \| Informed ka matlab Informed meaning in hindi How to pronounce Informed Usage of Informed: 1: I informed him of his rights 2: He informed the police about the robbery. 3: She has been credibily informed about it. 4: Liz informed on Ken to their mother . 5: Sally has been informed of your decision . 6: Spanky McFarland informed the media of the truth 7: Field informed Wild about Sheppard 8: The university first informed students via e-mail at 9:26 a. 9: Balaam informed Balak and the Midianites that 10: Manager Leo Durocher informed the team Examples Informed synonyms knowledgeable learned abreast acquainted versed primed savvy enlightened au courant au fait erudite expert familiar into reliable up-to-date well-read apprized briefed posted in the know know the score on top of tuned in up on wise to know what's what Informed antonyms ignorant uninformed unaware unknowledgeable Usage of Informed in sentences Word of the day 14th-May-2021 Have a question? Ask here.. Name* Email-id Comment* Enter Code:
[Total: 0 Average: 0/5] Cybercrime continues to remain an attractive business for fraudsters since the inception of the internet. In spite of advancements in the field of security, criminals and hackers manage to get away with their crimes. This makes it all the more important to get knowledgeable about the ways employed to steal money, to prevent any threats well, before they turn into a problem. 1. Phishing This is one of the most prevalent and oldest scams. Phishing means a crooked endeavour to procure sensitive data or information, like usernames, card details, passwords or other such sensitive details, by posing as an established legitimate entity or institution to persuade individuals. Sometimes emails used for this purpose may look legit. These disguised emails and messages are the prime weapon for committing such frauds by trying to get the victim to hand over sensitive information to breach the system or account, or download malware to infect their devices. Spear phishing is a targeted online scam towards individuals or smaller groups who have access to classified data and information or transferrable funds. Spear-phishing makes use of emails that appear to have come from a well-known or identifiable source of the target, such as a business associate or co-worker. Whaling is a type of spear-phishing attack specifically targeted towards senior executives. 2. Smishing Smishing, also known as SMS phishing, is an online scam where fraud is committed via the medium of a text message with the aim of luring victims into disclosing sensitive information, installation of malware and spyware or clicking on suspicious links and attachments. Messages generally have some element of urgency, warning or threat in order to convince the recipient into taking immediate action. 3. Vishing The word ‘vishing’ is a union of ‘voice’ and ‘phishing.’ The tools used for this purpose are internet telephone service (VoIP) and caller ID spoofing instead of emails. In this mode of cybercrime, calls and voice messages claiming to originate from reputable entities are used to execute the online scam. 4. Juice Jacking The power or data cable in public stations used for charging our devices, provides forbidden access or can infect your device with malware in the course of the process. This kind of cybercrime originating from USB charging ports positioned at public areas such as cafes, bus stands, airports etc, is called Juice Jacking. The attack can range from a simple extraction of all contact details or private pictures to a severe invasive attack by direct injection of malicious code in the device which enables, the criminals to copy all the passwords and financial data. 5. Cashbacks/refunds/rewards These kinds of frauds usually use tools like WhatsApp or SMS to offer cashbacks and rewards on online transactions and shopping. These are usually attempts to get the people to share their online banking and financial details. In this, criminals claim to represent a well-known e-commerce platform and offer cashback or refund on a recent transaction. They attempt to trap the online scam victim by making false promises and acquiring his/her credit/debit card or banking details. 6. KYC check This scam is characterised by a call from a cyber criminal claiming to be a customer service officer from your bank or KYC executive. The callers aim to worry the targets by implying that their card, bank or wallet account would get blocked or revoked. The sole aim is to get the victim to download remote access apps. 7. SIM upgrade/exchange Also known as SIM swap fraud, this is essentially registering a brand new SIM with the already existing phone number in order to get the bank one time password. This is a relatively old fraudulent method used by cyber criminals to lure gullible victims who lose money in a few minutes. SIM swap or simply SIM card exchange is basically registering a new SIM card with your phone number. Once the new SIM card is registered, the old card becomes invalid and the phone stops receiving signal. The new SIM card would receive all the OTP and notification messages. With this, bank transfers can be initiated and facilitated by the fraudsters. 8. Nigerian scam This is also popularly known as 419 fraud or advance fee fraud. A help in facilitation of money transfer, generally by the medium of an email. An attractive commission is offered according to their perceived gullibility. An amount of money is requested to be sent to cover costs which facilitate the transfer. The criminals might either disappear instantly or try to loot more money by making claims of additional problems related to the transfer. Since some of the scams are so convincing and well organized, it is in our best interest to keep our guard up at all times. • Never provide any kind of personal information to anyone on the phone/unrecognized e-mail ids/links • Listen carefully and be attentive while responding • Don’t download or click unsolicited links/attachments • Use multi-factor authentication and strong passwords • Be vigilant and skeptical To know how to handle such scammers watch these videos. Share this
Question: Can You Cite A Copyrighted Material? What falls under fair use? How much can you quote without permission? Every publisher sets their own threshold of “fair use” versus requiring permissions. One publisher requires permission for using 25 words or more from any one source, aggregate over the entirety of your book. This means if you quote 16 words in one place and 10 words in another, you must get written permission. How do I get permission to use copyrighted material? How do you know if an image is copyrighted? What are the three requirements for something to be copyrighted? Do you have to cite fair use images? What types of works can be copyrighted? Examples of a copyrightable work include literary, audio-visual and artistic works as well as photographs, sound recordings and computer programs….Copyright Infringement and Enforcementmakes a copy of a work,makes a work available to the public.makes an adaptation of a work. Can I use copyrighted material if I give credit? If I give credit I don’t need permission. However, merely giving credit is not a defense to copyright infringement which, unlike plagiarism, has legal, not ethical, consequences. Copyright infringement is the unauthorized use of someone else’s copyrighted material. Does fair use require citation? In the context of scholarly writing, most people understand that short textual quotations from other works are likely considered Fair Use and do not require permission from the owner, though ACM still requires that a citation be given. What things Cannot be copyrighted? Can teachers use copyrighted materials? Educators use copyrighted materials from mass media and popular culture in building students’ critical thinking and communication skills. … 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allows the use of copyrighted material without permission or payment when the benefit to society outweighs the cost to the copyright owner. Can you use copyrighted material without permission? What happens if you get caught using copyrighted material? The legal penalties for copyright infringement are: Infringer pays the actual dollar amount of damages and profits. The law provides a range from $200 to $150,000 for each work infringed. Infringer pays for all attorneys fees and court costs. Can I print copyrighted material for personal use? Copyright and trademark FAQ. Can I print a copyrighted picture for personal use? You can’t legally use someone else’s intellectual property without getting permission. Any reproduction of copyrighted material is considered a violation. How much do you have to change something to avoid copyright? The 30 Percent Rule in Copyright Law.
Caring for horse's hooves A fundamental aspect for your health The horse is an animal that requires constant care, especially in its limbs, since it is an area that supports a great weight due to the dimensions of its body. The feet have to be in perfect condition so they can run without any discomfort preventing it. These attentions are not indispensable in case the animal lives in freedom, but because of the efforts that the human forces him to make, such as walking on the asphalt or galloping, the feet and legs suffer excessive pressure and deteriorate with more easily A horse without good helmets is an insecure, nervous and distrustful horse when walking. The hull is mainly divided into three parts: the first one is located on the outside and is called a wall and grows from the crown down. On the other hand is the concave part that protects the helmet from injuries and is called the sole. It is a very sensitive area due to its delicacy due to the thin layer it presents, so it must be treated very carefully. Finally there is the frog, whose function is to cushion and prevent the helmet from sliding, a mechanism that allows the contraction and extension of the helmet when walking. There are numerous factors that contribute to the good condition of the equine limbs, but one of the most important is daily cleaning. To do this, you have to remove dirt from the heel to the fire with a ‘helmet cleaner’, paying special attention so that the product does not penetrate the soft areas of the frog, which always has to be clean to avoid problems in the helmet. The right time to check daily if everything is in perfect condition is just before and after riding. If our animal is a foal, this routine review is essential because, in case of anomaly, future problems will be avoided. So that he gets used to raising his leg at the time of the ironwork, a good dressage exercise is to lift his limbs every day. Not only is it important to clean the affected area, in this case, the hooves, but it is also necessary to keep the stable and the straw in optimal conditions, because if these two elements contain impurities, the continuous contact with them will be an infection for the horse . In the same way, we must provide a balanced diet, since ingredients such as biotin will help the good condition of the hulls and mane. The changes in the degree of humidity greatly influence the deterioration of the hulls, which is why we must strive to make these alterations as minimal as possible. This occurs after the end of the training, since it happens abruptly from being in constant motion to staying stable and relaxed, without performing any type of exercise. To avoid these changes it is advisable to use a topical application responsible for sealing the correct amount of moisture, allowing the necessary distribution and penetration of oxygen. The frog is one of the most sensitive parts of the hulls and the one that demands more attention because in its collateral grooves stones or sharp elements are usually embedded, in addition to being the place where the bacteria rest, so it is a constant focus of infections in case they are not cleaned often. When it is time to sanitize the central groove, it is necessary to notice if there are cracks or cuts in it: if so, it is the fault of the dryness of the area. If they give off a bad smell, it indicates that a serious infection has occurred. That is when you have to proceed to the complete cleaning of the helmet, applying hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, it is necessary to check if the horseshoe is kept in perfect condition, that is, if it is still well placed and the rivets are tight. These steps are fundamental, because if the various diseases develop, the horse will end up limping. The state of the horseshoe The base of the hooves has to be continuously in good condition, but the efforts that the horse makes daily do not help to maintain it, that is why the hardware is used, to avoid its wear and take care of the deterioration. Properly placing the horseshoe is very important, as it will play the role of sole, essential when moving on the asphalt. The fitting and trimming of the helmets must be carried out by the farrier with a periodicity that depends on the work and the trot that he carries out, in addition to the stage of growth in which he is. In general, it is a process that should begin when the foal is 4 to 8 weeks old. When the helmets exceed the limit of the horseshoe, the nails suitable for their size are not used or the horse loses its balance, it means that the hardware is either badly made or it is time to change it. It must be borne in mind that for a horseshoe to be placed correctly, the helmets must be flat and, for this, it is necessary to trim or file them, otherwise it will wobble to the sides or slide forward or backward, which It will encourage your aggressiveness because of the pain it produces. Genetic factors There are lines of horses more predisposed to problems in the helmet. Both the weakness of the hooves and the pockets have a hereditary component that you must take into account when making the crossings in your breeding program. The genetic component of a bad helmet has no treatment but there are environmental conditions that can be improved. Foot movement With the exercise of the horse we are improving the circulation in the foot and therefore the supply of nutrients To all its structures. The horses that are stable all day significantly reduce this blood supply to the foot and therefore to all cells responsible for the formation of a healthy helmet. Normally horses begin to get hurt when they are ridden. If we start riding very young horses, the horseshoe restricts the movements of the helmet resulting in poor formation of the parts that act as shock absorbers. Effects of weather on the foot The climatological factor that mainly influences is the environmental humidity. Dryness It hardens the hulls, but it can also crack them. If you are in dry areas, after cleaning the helmet you should apply moisturizing and nourishing creams to the helmet. Another option is to wash the helmets with plenty of water and then apply an oil or grease that waterproofs it so that the moisture that you provided with the water is maintained internally. On the contrary if your horse is in a wet zone you should apply waterproofing greases when the foot is dry so that moisture does not penetrate. It is very important to know that hydration or waterproofing will work especially in the palm and not in the wall. Therefore, apply these techniques in the lower part of the helmet where they will have more effect. Nutritional factors involved in helmet quality The passage to a quality diet will be sufficient if the health problems of your horse's helmet are of nutritional origin, but you must take into account the long period of renewal of the entire helmet and be patient and insistent. • For start noticing results in the helmet of any nutritional change must happen at least 4-6 months • For completely renew a helmet must pass 10-12 months They are formed by amino acids. Cysteine and methionine are amino acids that have high sulfur contents that favor the growth and strength of the hull. High quality proteins contain enough essential amino acids to meet the nutritional requirements of the horse. That is why it is so important to feed with feed that contains not only sufficient amounts of protein, but that it is of quality. Biotin (Vitamin H or Vitamin B7) It is a type of vitamin B that can be generated in the horse's own intestine or can be supplied in the feed or by special nutritional supplements. It directly influences the structure and elasticity of the hull, which reduces the formation of cracks. By improving the structure also allows better hydration. Minerals and trace elements • Copper, zinc, manganese and selenium All natural foods contain these elements but sometimes not in sufficient quantity. That is why it is necessary to add feed balancers to the diet or use quality feed balanced in minerals. It is necessary for cell-to-cell attachment within the cornea part of the helmet. Cereals are high in phosphorus and when there is an excess calcium absorption is inhibited. In these circumstances it is very important to provide balanced feed with less cereals. How to clean the horse's hooves. Cleaning is considered essential for the care of horses. For this we must observe, hydrate and clean the horses' hooves daily to anticipate an anomaly, which later takes time to heal. For this, it is advisable to do it before and after riding. To clean the wall of the hulls you have to do it in an order: 1. If it is not wet enough, wet the entire wall with soap and water. 2. After this step, we use a brush or other tool to remove dirt. 3. Once we have removed all the dirt, we apply water to completely clean the hulls 4. To avoid the appearance of pathologies we will apply a special grease with the component of griserina and will waterproof it with great success. Steps to clean the Ranillas To conclude the cleaning of the horse, we finished with the frogs. 1. We remove dirt with a helmet cleaner from the heel to the fire. 2. Special attention to the lateral grooves, where bacteria, fungi, etc. are found. 3. You can find odors, cuts, cracks and we will apply with hydrogen peroxide in the affected areas. What pathologies can they derive? The most frequent winter pathologies of horse hooves are: Rooms: As we have said before, they are cracks in the wall, mainly associated with dryness. Atrophied frogs: This is the appearance of infections due to the exposure of helmets to high humidity conditions. Subsolar abscess: Due to bruising or penetrating wounds In any other case, consult a veterinarian who may refer you to a treatment to prevent or cure any other pathology.
She was sitting to/on/at his left. Which preposition should I use in this context? Do they mean the same thing? I found this post on the difference between "at" and "on", which gave me some clues in answer to my question, but I believe the different context (sitting at a table) requires another post. On ngram all three seem to be used, though "on" more than the others. To my understanding, the difference is the following: • Sitting at his left = right next to him, at a table. • Sitting to his left = not necessarily next to him nor at a table (unless known by the context), but near to his left. • Sitting on his left = not necessarily at the same table, but somewhere on his left. Is my inference correct? • They all mean next to the person. And there is no distance difference at all. They all mean the same thing. – Lambie Nov 12 '18 at 22:24 • @Lambie I disagree. "Sitting to his left" is not necessarily right next to a person. You could say, "Mr. Johnson is sitting to my left at the end of the table" – Gabriel Luci Nov 14 '18 at 17:36 • 1 @GabrielLuci Sorry, I said they are the same. In fact, You can use all of them to establish distance: on my left at the end of the table, at my left at the end of the table, and to my left at the end of the table. End of the table changes it, not the preposition. – Lambie Nov 14 '18 at 18:31 • @Lambie Yeah..... I guess.... it would be understood anyway. – Gabriel Luci Nov 14 '18 at 18:42 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
Unlike ゑ and ゐ, を actually still exists. However, I've never heard of this letter actually being pronounced fully as 'wo'. It's kind of weird that there aren't any words with that letter, isn't it? And if it was just was replaced with お over time, why does it still exist as a particle? Sorry if it's a bit broad, but I'm genuinely interested in knowing more. As you know, the character 'を' is primarily or exclusively used as a postpositional particle to mark the object as in '本を読む,' '字を書く,' while 'お' is widely used as a prefix to a noun in honorific or polite expressions like 'お元気でいらっしゃいますか,' 'お越しいただく,' 'お神籤,' 'お茶' and 'お神酒,' as well as a character to indicate an ‘o’ sound such as in 'おかしい(可笑しい),' 'おとす(落とす),' 'おこす(起こす), 'おんな' and 'おとこ.' I don't see the character 'を' being used for other than postpositional use. I think the characters 'ゑ' and 'ゐ' have become completely obsolete today in the process of natural selection, because we don't need two different characters to describe the same sound. The character 'を' could be on the same route in the long term. I hear 'を' pronounced "wo" sometimes, actually by a female weather forecaster on NHK-TV. But to most Japanese 'を' and 'お' sound the same. By the way, 'を' is a deformation of the Kanji '遠' and 'お' is that of '御,' both of which start with an 'o' sound. • 1 'お' was made from '於', wasn't it? – Toshihiko Jan 27 '16 at 5:26 • 1 I've been long under the impression of お being a deformation of 御, judging from the 運筆 - movement of stroke, and I've read so in a book long, long time ago, in my boyhood. Though I am not 100 sure of that, If you draw 於 and 御 in 草書、御 comes off much closer to お than 於 does. – Yoichi Oishi Jan 27 '16 at 6:17 • Should be noted that in the past, 遠 was indeed pronounced を (ウォ), just like 爲 was indeed pronounced ゐ (ウィ) and 恵 was indeed pronounced ゑ (ウェ). 遠い was pronounced とをい (とうぉい). 十日 was pronounced とをか (とうぉか). 一昨日 was pronounced をととひ (うぉととぴ/うぉととうぃ). – LittleWhole Sep 27 '20 at 3:07 Nowadays, を exists just as the particle. You can not distinguish the pronunciation of を from that of お. Originally, を was used for an independent sound, that was /wo/ not /o/ in phonology. 男 was をとこ never おとこ, 踊る was をどる never おどる till around 9th century. But it is said that を /wo/ and お /o/ were absolutely confused by the end of 11th century. Even if a person pronounce ''wo'' for を, s/he and the partner(s) of the conversation don't regard it as /wo/. Today, there are no words that doesn't make sense if you say ''o'' instead of ''wo''. we is still used in ゑびす/ヱビス　（Webisu/Ebisu)ゑびすポスターの七十一 Your Answer
A funeral rite is a ceremony that has to do with paying the final respect to the dead or deceased. It is also connected to the final disposition of a corpse either by laying to rest or by cremation. Funeral rites compose of the various ceremony which includes prayers, admonishment, rituals [as per custom and tradition], mourning, a celebration of life, offering support and sympathy to the family of the deceased and this helps the soul to which is laid to rest to be in peace as per belief. Funeral rites are performed depending on culture or custom for example in Hindu they cremate/burn the body of the deceased into ashes, in japan (i.e. Japanese Buddhist) they perform the funeral by an act of bone picking, while the Russians practice the monastic art of funeral. Generally, funeral practised are done according to different beliefs about the connection between body and soul. A funeral is a remembrance that everyone will surely live the earth. It is a moment to bring to remembrance and also to acknowledge the truth that we are like dust in the air. The funeral rites and preparations are time and periods for the family and friends of deceased to collectively work together also endeavour to support the surviving family members. There are various reasons as to why some people don’t want a funeral rite to happen/take place. In some countries like Nigeria, especially in the Igbo land if someone dies and maybe the deceased has a daughter, the funeral rites of the mother have to be done before marriage. The body could be laid to rest that period and the funeral rites can come up anytime in the future. But there is no law, neither is it compulsory that a funeral rite has to be performed. Most people don’t agree to funerals because of the cost involved, handling the noise and empathy of some persons. There are ways to avoid the funeral which include: 1. Natural burial: Here a burial ground is used, whereby the leader of the church deceased attends or rather the family attends is meant to be there with the family; the body is then laid to rest there or even in the father’s compound. This is for easy visitation and occurrence of memorial service (not compulsory as well). 2. Cremation: This is mostly practised in the Asian part of the world especially the Indians and people that practice the Hindu religion. They believe that to dust we have come and to dust, we shall return. The body of the deceased is burnt, the ashes are either kept as memory or poured in the water (river, sea, lakes) near them.
[591.72 KiB] How Writers Work books by Ralph Fletcher Unlock the secret to being a writer! Turn to this practical and enjoyable guide by the bestselling author of A Writer’s Notebook and the ALA Notable Book Fig Pudding. Surprise! There is no secret to being a writer. But there is a process. Good writing isn't forged by magic or hatched out of thin air. Good writing happens when you follow certain steps to take control of your sentences—to make your words do what you want them to do. This book lifts the curtain on how writers work and helps aspiring writers discover their own writing process. Perfect for classrooms, How Writers Work is full of practical wisdom. It's tailored especially for young writers, but aspiring authors of all ages can benefit from bestselling writer Ralph Fletcher's tips. Everyone can struggle with the writing process at times. Unlock your potential by reading How Writers Work! How Writers Work Title:How Writers Work Format Type:eBook PDF / e-Pub Date release: Size:591.72 KiB Category:General Nonfiction, Books, Kids, Young Adult, General Nonfiction
What is the HP virus? The human papilloma virus - HPV for short - is a pathogen about 50 nanometers in size, of which there are well over a hundred different types that cause different clinical pictures. For example, HPV can cause skin warts, but it can also be a predisposing factor for cervical cancer or laryngeal cancer. The papillomaviruses belong to the DNA-carrying viruses and have a size of 45 to 55 nanometers. The subspecies of the human papillomavirus - HPV for short - is mainly relevant for humans. Papillomaviruses slow the course of the disease and are therefore not acutely life-threatening in the event of an infection, like other pathogens. They ensure the formation of tissue overgrowth. These can either be benign, such as a skin or genital wart, or have a malignant character, such as in cervical cancer. In addition, papillomaviruses are very environmentally resistant, which allows them to survive for several weeks without a host. How can you diagnose an infection with the HP virus? The test to assess whether an infection with HPV has occurred consists of a tissue sample from a potentially suspicious skin growth. This tissue sample is broken down into its individual components using enzymes and breakdown procedures, and these are then examined for the presence of HPV DNA. If this can be found, it is considered evidence of an infection. Conversely, the absence of HPV DNA cannot rule out an infection with one hundred percent certainty. In addition, it is advisable to examine whether the viral DNA has already been integrated into the genome of the body's own cells or is still loosely in the cells. From a statistical point of view, integration is associated with a significantly higher risk of degeneration of the skin overgrowth. So-called tumor suppressor genes are destroyed by the integration of the viral DNA, so that cellular control mechanisms are no longer applicable and the tendency towards degeneration increases. What diseases does an HP virus cause? Roughly speaking, a distinction can be made between benign and malignant diseases caused by HPV. The type of disease causing the disease can be identified by the type of HPV that is causing the disease. A distinction is made here between many so-called low-risk types and a few so-called high-risk types. The low-risk types cause benign skin growths. These include, for example: • Flat skin warts • Deeper plantar warts • Wet warts • Warts in the anogenital area You might also be interested in: Remove warts Another disease is the recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. These are recurrent warts that form on patients' vocal folds. Primarily they cause hoarseness, in the worst case they can cause partial closure of the airways. Nevertheless, these "vocal cord warts" are still counted among the benign diseases. Tumorous changes can be summarized under the malignant diseases. Prominent examples here are cervical cancer or a variant of skin cancer called epidermodysplasia verruciformis. The viruses embed themselves in the cells in the appropriate places and block the cell-internal control mechanisms that are normally intended to prevent tumor development. What symptoms can suggest an HP virus? A clear distinction between symptoms and a complete clinical picture cannot really be made in the case of an infection with human papillomaviruses. In the case of benign HPV viruses, the development of warts is both a symptom and ultimately the complete clinical picture. As warts in humans are only caused by human papillomaviruses, further research into the cause is not necessary. Only the determination of the HPV type could be important in order to weigh up the risk of developing a tumor. Symptoms for the presence of a manifest tumor, on the other hand, are the triad of the so-called "B symptoms", consisting of: • fever • Night sweats • Unintended weight loss This triad is a key symptom of tumor diseases in the later stages. These tumor diseases, however, are not a manifestation of a recent infection with human papillomaviruses, but only appear decades later, so that any "B symptoms" only serve as an indirect indication of the presence of an HPV infection, since the tumor disease is also a completely different one May have origin. Warts are benign skin tumors per se, so to put it simply: superficial tissue increases that are caused by a viral infection. Different types of warts can be distinguished according to location and severity: • Flat skin warts: They are usually found on the face or hands and show only a small bump. They mainly affect children. • Common warts: This type is mainly found on the hands of those affected and shows a small bump with a rough surface. • Plantar warts: They are found on the soles of the feet and, compared to the other types of warts, grow deeper into the subcutaneous fatty tissue. • Genital warts / anogenital warts: are located on the mucous membranes of the external genital organs such as the vagina, penis, but also the anus. • Larynx warts: These warts are located on the vocal cords in the larynx and must be surgically removed You might also be interested in: Are genital warts contagious? Treatment / therapy The treatment of the infection with human papillomavirus depends primarily on the type of HPV and thus also on the symptoms the virus causes. If the "benign HP virus" causes warts to develop, therapy is not absolutely necessary - the exception here is larynx warts, which could otherwise block the windpipe. Usually the local infection site that later forms the wart heals by itself after two years at the latest and the wart disappears. However, since warts are often found to be unsightly and bothersome, there are ways to treat the warts; they can either be surgically cut out, iced out, or treated with caustic over a long period of time to gradually remove the wart. Unfortunately, all routes are associated with frequent recurrence of the warts. Read more on the topic: Medicines for warts In the case of tumorous, ie “malignant” skin changes, the same procedures as for other tumors should be used. The spectrum of treatment can range from surgical removal to radiation or chemotherapy. This is determined by a dermatologist or oncologist, depending on the type of tumor. For cervical cancer, there is an option to be vaccinated to prevent a potential HPV infection that could lead to cancer developing. Tumors of the throat and pharynx, similar to skin tumors, depending on their type, are removed by the facilities available to oncology. Read more on the topic: Vaccination against cervical cancer HPV vaccination Vaccination against HP viruses is officially recommended by the Robert Koch Institute for both boys and girls. The vaccination costs for girls between the ages of 9 and 14 are usually covered by the health insurance companies. If in doubt, you should contact the health insurance company directly and inquire there. The vaccination is a triple dose of an active ingredient that is said to be effective against nine different types of HPV. The main reason for vaccination is the protection against the development of cervical cancer due to an HPV infection. Since HP viruses are usually colonized with the onset of sexual activity, the vaccination should be given before the first sexual intercourse. If this activity is not yet achieved by the age of 14, a later vaccination is recommended. Health insurance companies then take over these vaccinations in individual cases. For a more detailed list of the assumption of costs as well as possible side effects, etc., please refer to the website of the Robert Koch Institute. How is the transmission route? It is usually transmitted from an HPV-infected person. This can either transmit the virus directly to another person or release the virus into the environment, where it survives for some time until it comes into contact with the next person. The viruses look for a way "through" the skin, as their aim is to lodge in the bottom layer of the skin and allow them to multiply there. The virus achieves this either by penetrating small wounds in the skin, where the top layer of skin, which serves as a protective barrier, is missing, or by contacting the mucous membrane, which also does not have this typical top layer of skin. The mouth or genital area are typical places where mucous membranes can be found. Once the viruses have lodged in the cells of the bottom layer of the skin, they induce them to divide more strongly. From every infected skin cell, new cells emerge that are also colonized with viruses. As the skin cells divide more often than normal due to the virus, small tissue growths known as warts develop. Over the course of weeks, the virus-containing cells of the lowest skin layer reach the surface, as the skin is constantly renewed from below. If these superficial virus-containing cells are injured or destroyed, viruses are released, which are then either transmitted directly to a person or are released into the environment. So bleeding warts are highly contagious and can cause new warts in the places where the blood gets. Can the HP Virus be transmitted through oral sex? A transmission through oral sex is possible without any problems, since the human papillomavirus needs a "leaky" area of skin to penetrate there. Since it is a mucous membrane in the mouth, it does not have a protective horny layer, which enables the viruses to penetrate unhindered. However, transmission in the opposite direction is also possible. There are also mucous membranes on the penis and vagina through which the viruses can penetrate the body. In both cases, however, a prerequisite is an area of skin contaminated with HPV or something similar that transports the virus to the mucous membranes. How long is the incubation period? The incubation period of the human papillomavirus is usually between four weeks and eight months. It depends on the immune situation of the infected person and on the viral load during transmission. The greater the viral load, i.e. the more viruses that are transmitted, the shorter the incubation period as a rule. Cervical cancer from HPV To reassure you, not every infection with human papillomaviruses per se leads to the development of cervical cancer. Among the well over a hundred different types of HPV, types 16, 18, 31 and 45 in particular are associated with an increased risk. The so-called cervical cancer vaccinations are designed against precisely these subspecies in order to minimize infection and thus the risk of cancer development. If the viruses succeed in infecting the uterus during sexual intercourse, the viruses lodge in the cells of the cervix and slowly begin to disable the cell's own "control mechanisms", so that over the course of 10 to 15 years the disease begins to degenerate Cervical cells. Throat cancer due to HPV There is currently no clear evidence for the connection between HPV infections and larynx cancer, as the exact mechanism is still unclear. However, studies have shown that a not inconsiderable number of people with throat cancer also had HPV infection. Mostly it is HPV type 16 or 18, which is known to cause cancer in a certain type of cell that is also found in the larynx. However, there is reason for hope in this context that the treatment of larynx cancer caused by human papillomaviruses works relatively well. Far better than the cancer of the throat caused by smoking or alcohol in any case. Prognosis - Can HPV Infection Be Cured? The warts resulting from an HPV infection are quite treatable. They can be removed either by etching or by "freezing". If all of this is unsuccessful, the warts can ultimately be surgically excised. However, these treatments are usually associated with a relatively high rate of recurrence. This means that a wart will develop again after all. In normal cases, the warts also disappear on their own after about two years without any further action, since the body has formed enough antibodies during this time to fight the viruses and get rid of these unaesthetic skin growths. Regarding the tumorous changes caused by HPV, the stage at which the tumor is discovered plays a decisive factor in the prognosis of the disease. The earlier the tumor, such as cervical cancer or carcinoma of the mouth and throat, is discovered, the better the chances of recovery. Another decisive factor is the type of therapy used and whether the tumor has already been able to infect adjacent lymph nodes or even to metastasize. With the help of a comprehensive operation and a subsequent combination treatment of chemotherapy and radiation, the prognosis for the healing of the tumor does not look bad.
As kids learn they make use of their talk to express As kids learn they make use of their talk to express words and phrases and their hands to gesture. kids, the total amount leans even more toward CYT997 gestures leading talk in time, as the stability leans even more toward talk leading gestures for teenagers. Secondly, on the group level, talk draws in gestures in a far more steady style than vice versa dynamically, which asymmetry in talk and gestures reaches decrease and higher understanding amounts. Yet, for teenagers, the mutual coupling between gestures and speech is even more stable Mouse monoclonal to EphB6 regarding the bigger understanding amounts dynamically. Talk and Gestures are more synchronized with time seeing that kids are older. A higher rating on schools vocabulary tests relates to talk attracting gestures even more rigidly and even more asymmetry between gestures and talk, limited to the less complicated understanding levels. An increased rating on mathematics or former research duties relates to much less asymmetry between talk and gestures. The picture that emerges from our analyses shows that the relationship between gestures, talk and cognition is more technical than idea previously. We claim that temporal asymmetry and differences in impact between gestures and talk arise from simultaneous coordination of synergies. = 3.8) in the beginning of the longitudinal data collection. Within this bigger study, kids done technological duties about surroundings pressure and gravity independently, under guided guidance of the researcher, in 4-a few months intervals. CYT997 All kids had been recruited at their daycare centers or (pre)academic institutions by requesting their parents for the created consent. Parents had been told about the type of the analysis (childrens longitudinal advancement of technological understanding), however, not about the precise tasks which were administered. The analysis was accepted by the moral committee from the Mindset Department from the School of Groningen. For the existing study, we thought we would analyze childrens (non)verbal behavior during an surroundings pressure job administered on the 6th measurement (find below). We decided this task as the job process gradually accumulates to a wrap-up issue in which kids have the ability to present their knowledge of the task at that time. Our test included five kids from kindergarten (= 57.2 months, = 2.2 months), and seven children from initial grade (= 69.4 months, = 4.4 a few months). Desk ?Desk11 provides a synopsis of features of every young kid, CYT997 including childrens early mathematics- and language-scores on standardized exams from a country wide pupil-monitoring program that the kids performed in kindergarten. These exams are administered double a calendar year to keep an eye on primary college childrens progress in the topics mathematics and (Dutch) vocabulary. For the Kindergarten exams, kids are asked to count number, classify items and phrase words and phrases. Scores can range between 1 to 5, with 1 as the cheapest and 5 as the best attainable score. Furthermore, Desk ?Desk11 provides childrens typical skill level rating in the past five measurements, as measured within their verbalizations. Desk 1 Summary of characteristics from the 12 taking part kids. Procedure Through the job, kid and researcher were involved with an all natural hands-on teachingClearning relationship. An adaptive process was built, which guaranteed that kids were asked the essential queries reflecting the primary blocks of the duty and the included scientific principles (see Truck der Steen et al., 2012 for an excerpt of the relationship). At the same time, the process left enough room for kids to take effort and manipulate the materials. The researcher began by displaying the duty materials towards the youthful kid, requesting about its purpose and working. The kid was inspired to explore the materials after that, as the researcher asked queries, such as for example What do you consider this for ought to be utilized by all of us? Furthermore, the researcher was permitted to offer guidance by requesting follow-up queries, stimulating the youngster to test his/her tips using the materials, and by summarizing the childs results or prior answers. The guidance hardly ever included statements indicating if the youngster was correct or incorrect. We analyzed the interaction before youngster answered a wrap-up. Leave a Reply
Past tenses – part 4: Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Grammatik: Spanish verbs Past tenses – part 4: Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (Past perfect) Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto is used to indicate an action in the past which took place before another action in the past. For example: When we arrived at the station, the train had already left. This tense is much the same as the English Past Perfect and is formed using the auxiliary verb haber in the imperfect past tense + participio. pronounhaber + participio yohabía estudiado habías estudiado él, ella, ustedhabía estudiado nosotroshabíamos estudiado vosotroshabíais estudiado ellos, ustedeshabían estudiado When to use Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto? The preceding past tense is used to express an action in the past that was completed before another action in the past: • Fuimos al kiosko pero había cerrado. We went to the kiosk but it had already closed. • De camino a casa vimos a Manuel que ya había lavado el coche. On our way home we saw Manuel who had already washed his car. Please note that sometimes the meaning of “preceding” is inherent in the context. The second verb, before which the action was completed in the past, does not have to be present in the sentence. Read the following examples carefully and try to find how the notion of “preceding” is implied • El cielo estaba rojo. Nunca habíamos visto nada igual. The sky was red. We had never seen anything like that before. • Pablo dijo que había sido un día complicado. Pablo said that it had been a difficult day. Go to next Spanish grammar lesson Go to list of Spanish grammar lessons
Interactive Storytelling Linear and non-linear stories Lesson Objectives At the completion of Linear and Non-Linear Stories, you may expect to be able to: • Describe the differences between linear and non-linear storytelling • Provide examples of effective and ineffective linear and non-linear storytelling techniques • Understand the ways in which multiple timelines function as non-linear narratives Unit overview The Interactive Storytelling unit will explore narrative techniques. Before we examine interactivity, though, we first need to understand the basics of storytelling. In our culture, we have two main ways to present a story: linear and non-linear. This lesson will look at the differences between the two and discuss why linear storytelling is more common and popular than non-linear storytelling. We all love a good story Stories are as old as humanity and were first expressed orally and in bursts of colour on rocks and cave walls. Stories thread their way through our lives and provide entertainment, inspiration, warnings and advice. Stories connect us to our cultural heritage and teach us what it is to be human. These days we have more ways than ever to create and circulate stories, including movies, songs, books, podcasts, YouTube/Vimeo videos, Gifs, memes, cartoons, and online news and magazines. Story genres include fantasy, parable, biography, adventure, romance, fable, science fiction, tragedy, comedy, mystery, and thriller. Linear narratives Most stories follow a generally predictable and mostly chronological structure that consists of a beginning, a middle and an end. These stories are called linear narratives. Linear narratives embrace cause and effect, and the story advances in a straight line from start to finish. A linear narrative establishes a problem early in the story and resolves it by the end. Cinderella, for example, opens with a badly mistreated heroine who has no friends or allies. But by story's end, she has met and married a prince, her evil relatives are punished, and she lives happily ever after. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoyevsky's protagonist murders an old woman for money. Consumed by guilt and paranoia, he resolves his shame by confessing to the police. Linear narratives are the most common form of storytelling and we respond to them so well because they make us feel good. The video below explores the science behind this phenomenon: 4 keys to telling stories everyone will love, from cave paintings to Star Wars \| 5:56 mins Unfortunately, crafting a good story is no simple task and the storyteller needs great skill, timing, and sensitivity. Maladroit storytellers alienate their audience with ludicrous plots, unconvincing dialogue, poor pacing, one-dimensional characters, and anti-climactic endings. Conversely, good storytellers know that stories follow a certain formula, yet they are not formulaic. Good storytellers also know that although there is no story rule book, there are certainly a few tried and true guidelines that stand the test of time. Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice (published in 1813) is a classic example of effective linear storytelling. It features an immediately endearing and witty protagonist in the form of Elizabeth Bennet and a memorable cast of characters, ranging from the prideful but good-hearted Mr. Darcy to the fawning and ridiculously pompous Mr. Collins. We follow Elizabeth and her family as they interact in intriguing ways, from her older sister's efforts to be with the man she loves and who loves her, to Elizabeth's own turbulent and complex relationship with Mr Darcy. In both the original novel and the 1995 BBC TV series, the story captivates its audience, which is why it remains to this day one of the most beloved and unforgettable narratives of all time. When linear storytelling fails The 2017 movie King Arthur: Legend of the Sword is a recent example of incompetent linear storytelling. It opens with a long battle scene that gives us no clue as to its setting, motivation, or participants. Nameless people and random monsters fight and die while we're given no reason to emotionally invest in anyone or anything. After the battle ends, we're rushed through a sequence of events: King Uther, Arthur's father, is betrayed and killed by his brother; the infant Arthur is smuggled away and raised by prostitutes; a montage of Arthur fighting in various stages of his youth that takes up far too much screen time and which could easily have been expressed in a sentence or two of dialogue. Legend of the Sword offers little in the way of character development and so fails to garner our interest in Arthur's journey. Not only is it a woefully inaccurate adaptation of the Arthurian Legend, it is a terrible mess of a film. Non-linear storytelling A non-linear narrative is a story told in an unconventional way. Non-linear stories are free from chronological shackles and events can be sequenced in a number of possible ways, all of which present many complex possibilities. Popular examples in books and movies include attempts to mimic a character's memories (Legion), telling another story inside the main story (The Prestige), beginning at the end and working back to the beginning (Memento) and the creation of distinct parallel plot lines happening simultaneously (Game of Thrones). Non-linear storytelling is less popular than its linear counterpart, probably because of its unpredictability. We like familiar story devices that reflect our day to day experience. When we are offered events that happen out of sequence or that involve re-orienting our perspective in strange or unexpected ways, the brain rebels because it does not mirror its direct experience. So why do storytellers bother with non-linear narratives when they know that linear stories are so much easier for us to understand? Why would a storyteller deliberately confuse their audience by deviating from the standard linear structure? Is there any point in a story that starts with the conclusion and ends at the beginning? The answer is because storytellers are creative people who will always find new and interesting ways to tell a story. Choosing a non-linear narrative over its linear counterpart also reflects a storyteller's desire to craft a story free from the usual limitations of structure, pace, and the logical sequence of events we see in the physical world. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't, but when it's done well it bypasses our love of predictability and hooks us effortlessly into its extraordinary world. Film director Quentin Tarantino is a master of innovative storytelling. His most famous movie Pulp Fiction (1994) tells four interwoven stories in a non-linear fashion. Hailed as a groundbreaking example of direction, cinematography, screenwriting and acting, it had a huge impact on popular and independent film making in the 90s and beyond. Despite its unconventional narrative structure, audiences went along with it because Tarantino so skillfully and cleverly weaves the outlandish, non-sequential stories together that we barely notice his off-beat storytelling devices. What is nonlinear storytelling? \| 6:44 mins Gone Girl ( 2014) tells a story within a story. The protagonist Nick Dunne is suspected of murdering his wife, Amy Dunne. Initially, we're given no definitive answer as to whether Nick has perpetrated the crime. The audience is positioned to see her disappearance as a mystery and, while we are given some clues, we are left uncertain as to her ultimate fate. Roughly half way through the story, we are suddenly catapulted back in time to before Amy Dunne's disappearance. The film then details events prior to and after her disappearance from Amy's perspective. Primer is a complex, non-linear narrative that operates outside the boundaries of chronological time. Its creator, Shane Carruth, said he avoided simplifying his work to make it easier for his audience to understand. Instead, he made it a puzzle to solve rather than have them sit passively absorbing the story. The film explores the relationship between Aaron and Abe, two friends who accidentally invent time travel. Both undergo significant changes as they continue to use their invention. The narrative becomes difficult to follow as the characters begin to abuse their new-found power, leaving us to wonder which version of the characters we are watching and just what they have been doing with their on-screen appearances. Primer jumps back and forth in time and a major reveal is that one of the characters has secretly taken the place of a past version of himself. True to telling a story outside of standard chronological conventions, one of the final scenes takes place at the genesis of the plot, with Abe attempting to erase the events up to that point. While Primer now has a cult following and is highly praised for its intelligent plot, its complex structure and ambitious plot prevents it from gaining mass appeal. While this may fall within its creator's expectations, Primer is unlikely to ever be considered a non-linear classic like Pulp Fiction and Memento. Multiple timelines Stories that contain multiple timelines also fall under the non-linear story banner. Rather than simply being an aspect of time-travel, multiple timelines act as branches that extend from a single point. This often takes the form of small changes to the beginning of the story, which creates a butterfly effect, distorting the old narrative and forcing it to take on a new form. A film that is very much driven by multiple timelines is Run Lola Run. Lola repeats the same day three times. With each repetition, the story differs slightly depending on the time she leaves her apartment. Just one minute earlier or later means a completely different outcome for each scenario. When one story ends we are taken back to the beginning when she first leaves the apartment. Film is obviously not the only medium to use multiple timelines as a narrative instrument. Books (especially fantasy and science-fiction) incorporate timelines as a vehicle with which to tell multiple sides of a story. Take the interactive novel Fate/Stay Night by Kinoko Nasu, where the events of the story take place over the course of the same two weeks over three differing iterations. These three timelines are referred to as 'routes' and can be accessed through the reader's choices. This creative decision allowed Nasu to explore certain characters in depth during the first route, leaving the others for the second and third routes. It also allowed him to craft three distinct narratives that could each explore a unique scenario without being bogged down by the novel's large cast. Non-linear stories have grown in popularity over time, particularly with avant-garde artists and writers who were some of the early adopters of internet storytelling. Although the internet was not as ubiquitous in the 90s as it is now, creative-types used text, images, sound and gifs to create non-linear narratives with hyperlinks. Initially, whether the art or stories made much sense was secondary to pushing creative freedom. It was usually experimental, and in the case of storytelling, never really gained huge popularity. Key Points to remember. Below is a summary of the key points you need to remember from this lesson: • Stories come in many forms including movies, books, podcasts, videos, poems, songs, and myths • Most narratives are told using linear storytelling techniques • Non linear narratives are not constrained by chronological order or cause and effect • Non-linear narratives can confuse people so they require careful planning • Game books are early examples of branching storylines in literature • Non-linear storytelling provides more creative freedom and was adopted by artists and writers in the 90s to push new ideas for stories and creative work • Timelines can be used to create distinct non-linear narratives Created with images by Markus Spiske - "untitled image" • Paweł Furman - "untitled image" • ErikaWittlieb - "games of thrones action figure hbo robb" • Genty - "wormhole time travel portal" • Seth Macey - "When Time Stood Still" • geralt - "time clock alarm clock" • Jake Sloop - "Tower Climb" Report Abuse
The Lost Art of Penmanship and Letter Writing Our digital age has nearly robbed us of one of the most fundamental cognitive-physiological impulses: writing by hand. Nothing compares to the pleasure of putting pen or pencil to paper, the feel of the ink gliding across the surface, the way in which we control the strokes thick and thin. What a beautiful phenomenon: thoughts materialize into something as concrete as words on the page! Being able to write, however, is a privilege that most of us in the modern, industrial world take for granted. Even in the West, people were not largely literate until recent centuries. And for those who were, paper was still rather a luxury. For those who were able to afford it, there was the choice of the type of paper or material upon which one could write, such as skins, parchment, and then different types of stationery. There are certain parts of the world in which paper and papermaking are still an art. Think of the beautiful swirling patterns of Florentine paper, or the delicate, colorful ones of Japanese origami paper. There is also the matter of handwriting. I’m rather alarmed to learn that many students are not learning cursive in schools anymore. Before our current age of texting, kids used to delight in writing notes to each other and slipping them to each other during class or in each other’s lockers. Making cards was great fun. Having pen pals, getting to choose the stationery and the colors of ink and the types of pens or markers and stickers were also things every kid looked forward to. But this wasn’t simply all childish entertainment: this was helping us develop our motor skills and visual-spatial abilities. I recall getting a set of calligraphy pens that came with the little booklet on how to write the alphabet in calligraphy, which I believe is a dying art. Spending quiet time learning how to write in calligraphy was as instructive as it was artistic. The Duchess of Sussex, formerly Meghan Markle, supported herself while an auditioning actress by doing calligraphy for invitations. Perhaps for some this might bring back horrifying memories of being graded poorly for “penmanship,” but I have to say there is something to being able to write legibly, if not beautifully. None of this is a modern phenomenon. Humans have been writing, however crudely, by pressing shapes into clay tablets, then on papyrus, and then on roughly made paper. Islamic culture places a high value on the written word and therefore we can see many examples of beautiful calligraphy that is centuries old. Not to mention all the illuminated manuscripts from medieval times. One genre of writing is called the “epistolary novel,” which is a novel in letters. I think this appeals to our surreptitious delight in reading what somebody else has written, the furtive sense of snooping. Examples include the medieval correspondence between nun Héloïse and monkish scholar Abélard, and Samuel Richardson’s (dare I say) tedious Pamela. In the 90s, the brilliant artist Nick Bantock created a stunning series of “Griffin and Sabine” books that illustrated a correspondence between a man and woman, complete with colorful letters and cards that were works of art that the reader would draw out of an envelope mounted on the page. This continued into another series by Bantock known as “The Morning Star Trilogy” and then another book that filled in the time between the two trilogies. This is one of the best examples of a modern epistolary novel, and one that engages multiple senses. I believe we need to write more letters and cards. To get away from the two-dimensional, black-and-white, non-curving nature of our digital writing. Write thank you notes by hand; send your friends a letter. They might thank you for it, and you will also be continuing the wonderful historical act of writing by hand and epistolary communication. Bad is Good: Downfall in Literature I recently finished rereading Anna Karenina, and I am currently watching the latest Clint Eastwood film, “The Mule,” which is based on a true story. And it is absolutely delightful! A charming Midwestern octogenarian horticulturalist becomes a drug runner for a Mexican cartel, and finds himself more and more embroiled in their world, unable to escape for fear of retaliation or death. Though initially a means to earn money to help pay for his granddaughter’s wedding and other expenses once he is foreclosed, “Grandpa Earl” seems to slowly relish the life he has now attained, complete with gold bracelet, Lincoln pickup truck, and easy women. This led me to think about the theme of downfall in literature: what makes it so compelling? Why is it such an interesting and oft-repeated trope or topic? In Anna Karenina, we can’t entirely say Anna is a fallen woman; that would be too simplistic. We initially feel sympathetic for her, a vibrant woman stuck in a loveless marriage to a stuffed-shirt bureaucrat. However, her passion and her desires lead her to lose sight of what is important, separate her from her son, and make her so jealous that she commits suicide. We see this downward trajectory throughout the course of the novel. Her narrative arc is the key driving force of the novel. Roxanne, by Daniel Defoe, is another such example, and probably one of the best. A woman of virtue, she resorts to any means she can find to support herself and her children, which includes becoming a mistress. And lest we fault women, we can also remember that the juicy, Gothic classic The Monk by Matthew Lewis is also from this time. A lustful monk ends up committing murder, and there are all kinds of other peccadilloes along the way, including pregnant nuns. In modern times, we can look at Philip Roth’s Portnoy’s Complaint, a novel so over-the-top that it is truly singular in its first-person narrative voice. Alexander Portnoy is a nice Jewish boy from a good family, but his sexual appetite becomes his undoing. And as the reader, boy, do we enjoy the ride! One of my favorite stories, Sherman Alexie’s “What You Pawn, I Will Redeem,” one could argue, also deals with the theme of downfall. Jackson Jackson is a homeless Native American who needs to obtain money in 24 hours in order to buy back his grandmother’s regalia. But rather than judiciously saving the money, he squanders it in the course of the day. The ironic–and funny–twist is that (spoiler alert) despite his misbehavior, he ends up getting the regalia in the end. And of course, we can’t go without mentioning another doubly named antihero, the infamous Humbert Humbert of Nabokov’s Lolita. An intelligent, cultured man, the protagonist not only seduces his landlady’s daughter, but then kidnaps her and takes her on a wild ride. He meets his due, captured by the police at the end. The rich prose is a hallmark of Nabokov, who creates such a rounded character in Humbert Humbert that we cannot help but be engaged with the novel. What do these novels and stories have in common? I would argue that they harken back to the most fundamental of Christian themes: the fallen angel. Also, by setting up a protagonist on some sort of moral high ground–something that is implicitly of the basis of our Protestant/Anglo cultures, the author creates the expectation of morality, that the lead character should behave in some sort of ethical way. We have our societal expectations of how people should or shouldn’t act, and when a character deviates from that, there is the cognitive dissonance between the expectation and the action. This gap makes for great literature and a great story. Also, what is the trajectory that this character goes through? What are the trials and tribulations? Is s/he justified? Is s/he really a victim of society, or does s/he have agency to make rational decisions? Finally, is there any redemption for the protagonist, either through external means, or self-redemption? These are significant questions an author must answer. Also, the author must establish a certain degree of virtue in the protagonist at the beginning, create her or him as likable and establish a rapport with the reader. The journey of this character on the downward spiral is what makes for great reading. Yes, we may know the outcome or answer already, but how we get there is what is so delightful. Rich prose, a variety of obstacles, thwarting expectations, acting out of the need for survival–these are just some of the elements we might find in a downfall novel or story. There will always be prudish readers who dislike these anti-heroes, who lament their lack of virtue. But shouldn’t literature and art be a fantasy world in which we can act out or explore our baser emotions in an enjoyable way? The Women of Letters Celebrates 7 Years!! Dear readers, I am so happy that you have been with me on this journey for the past seven years as of this month. This blog has been nothing but a delight to write, and I hope you have enjoyed reading it is much as I have enjoyed writing it. And, I hope this might inspire you to write a blog of your own! Here’s to another seven more years. Keep writing, and keep reading, whatever the genre. Thank you so much for your support!
Why you should take the Covid-19 vaccine There is a lot of discussion right now about the side effects of the Covid-19 vaccine and confusion surrounding the taking of the vaccine. However, if we dissect these discussions, we will find that the logical conclusion is to take the vaccine in order to protect yourselves and others during the pandemic. Risk of blood clots This is one of the most widely debated side effects of Covid-19 vaccines. Let us use an example to understand the risks. The Johnson and Johnson Covid-19 vaccines have been given to about seven million people in the United States, but the vaccine has been temporarily paused due to possible blood clots in six vaccine recipients. It is normal to have such a temporary pause. In the meantime, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will examine if blood clotting has anything to do with the vaccination. Doctors will also be informed during this time on how to treat such side effects if they potentially occur in other persons. It is expected that the FDA will soon lift the pause and reintroduce the vaccine to the public. But most importantly, if someone becomes seriously ill after being infected with the coronavirus, their chances of blood clots are many, many times higher. It is safe to say that the cases of vaccines causing blood clots are extremely rare and even if that occurs, it is thought that about 85 percent of cases can be cured through treatment. Any widely used drug (such as paracetamol or antacids) is not 100 percent risk free. Vaccines have some side effects too, which is normal and acceptable. Covid-19 is killing 10,000 to 12,000 people every day around the world. Now, think how extremely rare the chances are, if there are any, of blood clots forming from Covid-19 vaccination versus how many people are dying from Covid-19 each day. No doubt, the benefits of the approved Covid-19 vaccines far outweigh the risks, and that is why the European Medicines Agency and WHO are constantly advocating that people take the vaccine. Can vaccinated people get infected, and why is the second dose so critical? People are also worried about the fact that a minority of vaccinated individuals are still being infected with the coronavirus even after taking the Covid-19 vaccine. This is because taking the first dose of a two-dose vaccine develops only partial immunity, so do not neglect to take the second dose of the vaccine. Because the immune system is not completely functional with the first dose of the vaccine, it is important to follow perfectly the protective measures even after the first dose. Immunity will be complete within two to three weeks of the second dose of vaccine. Therefore, the second dose cannot be omitted in any way. Can people who have fully completed the vaccine dose become infected with the coronavirus? The answer is that it is very unlikely, because if the coronavirus enters the body, the immune system will be activated very quickly in those vaccinated individuals and will kill the virus and keep us free from the disease. However, new variants of the coronavirus are being found around the globe, which is also a normal process. If the vaccine is made using the old variant of coronavirus, the effectiveness of the vaccine against the new variant of the virus might be reduced, so a small number of people who have been vaccinated (with both doses complete) may still be infected with the new variant of coronavirus. But the most important thing is that even if someone who has been vaccinated becomes positive for coronavirus, the person will develop mild to moderate symptoms as the vaccine will give protection. As a result, that person is highly unlikely to require hospitalisation. Why safe and effective Covid-19 vaccine should be taken In sum, the possibility of blood clots as a result of the vaccine is extremely low. Even if a person is infected with a new variant of the coronavirus after receiving the vaccine, he or she will develop mild to moderate but not severe versions of the disease because vaccine-induced immunity will give protection, and he or she will not need to be hospitalised. There is no more effective way to eradicate viral diseases than vaccines. For example, smallpox has been eradicated from the world and polio has been eradicated from Bangladesh—both were made possible due to vaccines. Vaccines are one of the most invaluable gifts of science and we should not squander this opportunity. Dr Rezaul Karim is an immunologist, Drug Discovery and Regulatory Affairs in the Netherlands. Football news: Neymar's contract in one picture. Mbappe wants the same one
Seas Are Rising at Fastest Rate in Last 28 Centuries New York Times: "The scientists confirmed previous estimates, but with a larger data set, that if global emissions continue at a high rate over the next few decades, the ocean could rise as much as three or four feet by 2100, as ocean water expands and the great ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica begin to collapse." "In a report issued at the same time as the scientific paper, a climate research and communications organization in Princeton, N.J., Climate Central, used the new findings to calculate that roughly three-quarters of the tidal floods now occurring in towns along the American East Coast would not be happening in the absence of sea-level rise caused by human emissions." "The recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris, if acted upon, will bring emissions down enough to slow the rate of sea-level rise in coming centuries, but scientists say the deal was not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets." About Contact
Pecentage Fomat Case Study 2045 Words 8 Pages Table 9 shows the bond profit and interest profit in pecentage fomat. The first row showing year 1989 would mean year 1989 is the year where the investment was started, not the year where the profit will be obtained. This means for year 1989, the profits will be obtained at year 1999. The bond profit is calculated by multiplaying the bond rate and the total devaluation after 10 years. For instance, for year 1989, the bond rate was 10.27 (Table 4) and total devaluation is 8.95. This will give a value of 91.92% (values are slightly different due to significant numbers taken). The values in Table 9 are more accurate as it was one using Microsoft Excel and taking the exact value instead of onl 4 significant figures. The same calculation were repeated until year 2001 using Microsoft Excel. Thirdly, for the interest profit calculation, the assumption that all of the money supply was kept in the bank for the whole 10 years was made. This means all the profit from interest is only usable at the end of the tenth year but as for bond, the profit was received annually. This is an advantage for the bond as the money received earlier could be used for other purposes. The interest profit is calculated by multiplying the interest rate of the chosen year and 9 years after that in percentage …show more content… As can be seen in Table 10, the averaged bond rate is always higher than the averaged inflation rate. This make sense as for real profit from bond would be the taking away the inflation rate from the bond rate. If the bond rate is lower or the same magnitude as inflation rate, then there would be no profit and perhaps even a loss. The real bond profit decreases as the years pass. This is due to the reduction in the bond rate as the inflation rate does not fluctuates much after year 1992. The averaged bond rate and averaged inflation rate were than plotted against each other as shown in Figure 8 Related Documents
Zuit Suit Play Analysis 1174 Words 5 Pages The Last of the Mohicans, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and the play Zuit Suit both have very different gender roles throughout. Except the fact that all three authors use something against women. Rather it be that they have no power, they are absent from the piece of literature, or they play a big role in the society but still get frowned upon. All three of these pieces look at women as lacking power or not allowed to acquire power. Women were looked at nothing else except a person who was not needed in that time. The Last of the Mohicans, Cooper demonstrates women as ridiculous. The only thing a womans worth is for her power not her help. In the novel Cooper describes the two young ladies as complete opposites even though they are sisters. Alice is …show more content… Stowe is more focused on women becoming public citizens and having a role in society, rather than like Cooper trying to make the ideal woman. When stowe wrote this book in the nineteenth century it was normal for women to stay at home and raise children,”O, ridiculous, Emily! You are the finest woman in Kentucky; but still haven’t sense to know that you don’t understand business;- women never do, and never can (Pg 372).” Women always wanted to help with many different things but the men would never let them, especially if it had to do with business. Once again going back to Cooper's novel the two girls, but particularly Alice, was the opposite of the women in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Stowe made the women in the novel wanting to help and showing their own power rather than the men having all the power throughout the story. Stowe argues that women should be able to shape their own morals and values. Women play a part in society according to Stowe by “mothers are the agents of power (Pg 162)”, because they raise their sons who one day are going to be a great successful man in the future. Stowe though gives women the power to shape the males in the novel but lacks the social standing of white males. Stowe never gives the chance to a white male to talk about his power, it is always the women talking about there power. Could this be a sign of early Related Documents
Kane Island (Ostrov Keyna) - Franz Josef Land Öffnet einen internen Link im aktuellen Fenster Overview Franz Josef Land, map General, landscape: With a bit more than 20 km², Kane Island ranks among the smaller isles of the archipelago and only a minor part is glaciated, hghest elevation 280 m. The scenery is dominated by some plateau mountains with an erosion resisting magmatic layer on top and partly also a second magmatic layer visible further down, structuring the slopes with their hard edges. Biology, wildlife: Kane Island is partly covered by a sparse tundra vegetation, but mostly only mosses and lichens. A more productive plantlife is found locally under some bird cliffs. Breeding colonies are namely at Cape Hellwald, with smaller numbers also elsewhere like at Cape Easter. Mainly Alle alle and Cepphus grylle, also some Larus hyperboreus. History: Kane Island was discovered during the advance of Payer´s sledge group from the TEGETTHOFF to the north of Franz Josef Land in spring 1874, where Cape Easter was visited and Payer climbed also Cape Hellwald for overview and mapping purposes on April 17th. The next visit of the island happened during the 1903-05 Fiala Ziegler expedition, including a more precise mapping. Since then, it played no special role in the history of the archipelago. Names: The island itself was named by the TEGETTHOFF expedition in 1874 after the american polar pioneer Elisha Kent Kane. Due to double transsription (see names confusion), also the spelling "Keyna" is found on some newer western maps. Also the names Cape Hellwald (easternmost promontory) and Oster Kap (Cape Easter, southernmost point) were given by the TEGETTHOFF expedition. Aerial photo: View from southeast onto Kane Island with Cape Easter in the foreground. Behind to the right the flatter Kuhn Island with the dark small rock island of Brosch in front of it. To the left in the upper part of the Picture: Payer Island, and in the background first the mostly glaciated east of Jackson Island and in the far distance in the middle of the horizon Karl-Alexander Island. Last Modification: 24.04.2011
Chapter 5 The corps conducts offensive operations to either defeat, destroy, or neutralize the enemy. The preferred method of conducting offensive operations is to find and destroy the enemy at distance in order to set the conditions for decisive maneuver. The corps commander must leverage every available technological advantage to gain intelligence and to employ lethal and nonlethal fires as a precursor to decisive maneuver. Maneuver forces can then precisely strike the final, decisive blow. Corps commanders array their forces so subordinate commanders can employ friendly systems at maximum ranges while remaining outside the range of threat systems. This allows commanders to refine the concept of operations, conserve combat power, and minimize risk. The corps can achieve decisive results by massing overwhelming combat power at the point of attack while avoiding the enemy's main strength. By attacking the enemy's flanks or selecting a location or time of attack when the enemy is most vulnerable, the corps can disrupt the cohesiveness of enemy defenses and force him off his plan, ideally causing him to abandon prepared positions. Characteristics of the Offense The central theme of offensive operations is the need to gain and maintain the initiative. Surprise, concentration, tempo, and audacity are the critical characteristics of offensive action. Surprise at the tactical level means that the corps attacks at a time, place, or in a manner the enemy least expects, even when the enemy is anticipating an attack. Achieving surprise requires the corps to develop detailed and timely intelligence concerning the enemy, weather, and terrain. Meanwhile, the corps denies similar information to the enemy by using deception and aggressive OPSEC measures. The corps can enhance the effects of surprise by initiating a sudden, aggressive attack throughout the depth of an enemy's defenses, thus paralyzing his ability to react. Another way to achieve surprise is to desensitize an enemy's reaction to offensive indicators through a gradual buildup over time that does not cause alarm or frequent repetition of indicators. A sudden or unexpected change, which catches the enemy off guard, in the tempo of operations is another way the corps can achieve surprise. Concentration is the ability to mass the effects of combat power to achieve success without massing large formations. The corps must rapidly mass effects at the point of the attack and maintain sufficient concentration to sustain the momentum of the offensive. Characteristics of the Offense Forms of Tactical Offense Operations in Depth Organization of the Offense Fire Support Air Defense Mobility and Survivability Combat Service Support Command and Control The VII Corps' Plan for Operation Desert Storm VII Corps' Execution Concentration of forces can make the corps vulnerable to enemy action. Commanders must balance force-protection activities, such as dispersion, concealment, deception, and security, against the requirement to concentrate effects. The key to concentrating corps combat power is to designate a point of main effort and direct resources to ensure success at that point. In its attempt to weight the main effort, the corps must also ensure it coordinates for joint systems, such as intelligence, close air support, and naval gun fire. Operations must be flexible enough to allow the main effort to shift without losing the effects of mass and momentum. The tempo of offensive operations is the effect the combination of speed of military action and combat power creates. The more rapidly a force can apply combat power throughout the depth of enemy defenses, the greater the tempo will appear. By controlling and changing the tempo of the attack, the corps can keep the enemy in a reaction mode, off balance, yet still retain the initiative. By conducting relentless operations in depth against the enemy, the corps seeks to deny the enemy the opportunity to regroup while retaining the freedom of action to exploit opportunities as they present themselves. Changes in tempo can also effect surprise and deception. Audacity is an inherent component of offensive operations. A simple plan, executed boldly by commanders who understand the intent of commanders two levels above, is paramount if the corps is to take advantage of opportunities the shock effect of the attack will create. Forms of Tactical Offense Offensive operations take four general forms: movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit. Because of the fluid nature of offensive operations, corps units might simultaneously employ different forms of the offense throughout the depth of the battlefield. Not all offensive operations will necessarily follow a particular sequence or include each type of offense. The corps must be flexible in applying the appropriate form of offensive action as the situation dictates. Movement to Contact The purpose of the movement to contact is to develop the situation and gain or maintain contact with the enemy. The characteristics of a movement to contact are centralized planning, decentralized control, rapid movement along multiple axes, and rapid transition of combined arms formations from the march to the attack. The corps focuses its efforts on two priorities: finding the enemy and rapidly developing the situation. In many cases, a meeting engagement is the result of the movement to contact. The organization of a corps movement to contact normally includes a covering force, an advance guard, and a main body. When the situation dictates, the movement to contact also includes flank and rear security forces. Figure 5-1 depicts a typical movement to contact formation. In most situations cavalry regiments are ideal for covering-force operations. However, METT-T functions may dictate the use of other corps units. When operating on a wide front, the corps commander may forego the use of a corps-controlled covering force and direct the lead divisions to establish their own covering forces. The covering force normally finds the enemy force and develops the situation before the main body initiates contact. The covering-force mission statement includes what size force it is to defeat and what size force it is to bypass. If the corps attacks a defending enemy, the covering force usually-- • Sufficiently penetrates the enemy's security forces and main defensive positions to facilitate the main body's attack on the enemy's main defenses. • Identities the location and deployment of enemy forces in main defensive positions. • Limits the ability of the enemy's security forces to collect intelligence. • Disrupts the enemy's deployment and commitment of forces. Because the covering force operates at extended distances from the main body, it must be self-contained and task-organized with the necessary CS and CSS to allow it to fight independently. The corps normally provides CAS sorties and additional FA, AD, NBC, reconnaissance, aviation, and engineer assets to the covering force. The main body contains the bulk of the corps' combat power. Commanders must task-organize units and organize march columns to facilitate an immediate attack or, possibly, a hasty defense from the march. When possible, commanders assign multiple routes to subordinate units. Commanders may commit elements of the main body to reduce pockets of resistance that the covering force contained or bypassed. The main body's leading maneuver elements normally furnish and control the advance guard. The close proximity of the leading maneuver elements during the march, and the possibility that these elements may have to respond to a threat beyond the capability of the advance guard, make this type of C2 arrangement preferable. The advance guard must maintain contact with the corps covering force. Either the advance guard or its higher headquarters normally furnishes liaison elements to the covering force. The corps may employ an advance guard in lieu of a covering force. When the corps controls the advance guard, the corps commander gives specific guidance to the advance guard concerning the size of the enemy force it is to defeat or destroy. Main body forces normally furnish and control flank security for the same reasons. However, if flank security units are operating under corps control, the commander needs to consider the specific security mission (normally guard or screen) assigned to these units. Given the probable extensive distances moving corps might cover, a flank screen mission is the norm. Also, extensive distances, especially on the flanks, normally necessitate allocation of aviation and direct support FA assets for these units. Rear security forces normally operate under corps control. The usually extensive distances, created by corps-controlled CS and CSS COSCOM units operating to the rear of the subordinate divisions in the main body, favor a separate corps-controlled unit. Normally, the corps TAC CP moves with the leading division. The corps' main CP remains relatively stationary if the corps maintains communications between it and the leading elements. The corps' TAC and main CPs alternate control of the corps' movement to contact as they leapfrog forward. The main CP's initial location and subsequent movement rests on-- • How it can best control the corps' initial movement. • Its subsequent attack from the march. • The corps' deep and rear operations. The TAC CP normally moves with, or immediately to the rear of, one of the leading divisions. The primary consideration in determining the TAC CP's movement and positioning is how it can best control corps close operations from the march and still assume the functions of the main CP when required. During the movement to contact, units should anticipate a disruption of resupply. They should carry water and Class I and Class III package products on their tactical and combat vehicles. They should also carry enough additional supplies to maintain them through the movement to contact and the ensuing battle. Depending on the distance, the corps may plan and coordinate a refuel on the move (ROM), supported by both COSCOM and DISCOM assets. In addition to ROM sites, the corps may pre-position CSS units and supplies to support the move. Also, COSCOM may recover and evacuate all equipment left in place. It may also effect movement control with movement control teams or movement regulating teams. A movement to contact normally terminates on an objective or limit of advance (LOA). It might result in a meeting engagement where friendly forces attempt to fix the enemy with the minimal force while maintaining freedom of action with the maximum combat power. The covering force, if designated, normally initiates the meeting engagement, develops the situation, and defeats the enemy force within its capability. If the enemy force is stronger than the covering force, the force may have to go over to the hasty defense and await the main body. Subordinate unit advance guard elements move rapidly forward to reinforce the covering force, seize key or decisive terrain, or seek an exposed enemy flank. If the corps is advancing on multiple routes, main body forces normally attack from the march to defeat or destroy the enemy force. If the enemy force is sufficiently strong and the corps' advance restricted, leading units may occupy attack positions until the corps can generate sufficient combat power. Search and attack operations are a variation of the movement to contact. The corps conducts search and attack operations by predominantly light forces to counter enemy forces operating in restricted terrain, such as cities, jungles, mountains, and so forth. This form of offense may also be appropriate in areas where the corps wants to deny enemy movement. The corps may even leapfrog light units ahead to conduct search and attack operations to facilitate movement of the corps' main body through restrictive terrain. Based on METT-T, light units are normally task-organized with aviation and some armored units. In most instances, the corps transitions into the attack after making contact with the enemy. The corps applies overwhelming combat power at the point of the main effort rupturing and destroying the continuity of the enemy's defense. The attack must make the enemy abandon his defense or face piecemeal destruction. The corps, synchronizing organic systems and joint assets, attacks the enemy throughout the depth of his defense keeping him off balance and limiting his freedom of action. The corps accepts risk in its zone of attack, achieving concentration at decisive points and making use of tactical deception in support of the attack. The corps must meet a variety of threats that will not necessarily follow specific models or templates. Thorough and timely intelligence, or lack of it, will drive the corps commander to choose between a movement to contact and a deliberate attack. Forces conduct hasty attacks as a part of a larger operation, based on battle drill, unit SOPs, and FRAGOs. Hasty Attack. Hasty attacks are the desired outcome of meeting engagements. They are launched with minimal preparation by either the unit in contact or by follow-on forces. The purpose of hasty attacks is to (one) destroy the enemy before he can concentrate forces or establish an effective defense or (two) fix the enemy using the smallest force necessary. Units maneuver against the exposed enemy flank or rear to gain the initiative and overwhelm the enemy before he can react. After receiving the IPB, the latest intelligence update, and combat information, the commander initiates the hasty attack using FRAGOs and forces on hand. Simple, rehearsed plans and SOPs from standard formations minimize the loss of synchronization. Maintaining a reserve enhances the commander's flexibility by providing a force to exploit success or react to unforeseen contingencies. The hasty attack is usually the most risky offensive operation. Information regarding the strength, disposition, and intentions of the enemy will be limited, and subordinate units must seize opportunities and act within the commander's intent to respond to a variety of situations. Consequently, war-gaming situations that the corps might confront is essential. Because of time constraints that affect external support, the initial CSS package for a hasty attack is normally limited to items that attacking units can carry. To sustain the attack, units use the same resupply procedures as in a deliberate attack. Deliberate Attack. The corps conducts a deliberate attack when a hasty attack has failed or will not succeed. Deliberate attacks are fully synchronized operations that employ all the assets of corps and joint and/or multinational forces available to the corps. Deliberate attacks are characterized by the development of detailed intelligence on the enemy and the preparation time to plan and rehearse the attack. Forces normally conduct deliberate attacks from defensive positions. The corps covers its preparation for deliberate attacks by employing OPSEC measures, engaging in deception, and selecting a time and location for the attack to achieve tactical surprise. Spoiling attacks enhance deception operations and prevent the enemy from concentrating reserves. During a deliberate attack, CSS emphasizes the resupply of critical items (fuel and ammunition) and the provision of medical and maintenance support. The momentum of the attack may not allow for any other CSS operations. The force needs to establish priorities to weight the main effort and to support shifting the main effort as the operation unfolds. The force must consider the effects of follow-on operations to ensure a swift and smooth transition to the exploitation and pursuit. When attacking, the corps may use one, or a combination, of the basic forms of maneuver (the frontal attack, the envelopment, the penetration, the turning movement, and the infiltration). Ideally, the corps will attempt to envelop the enemy's flank (or bypass his flank), seize decisive terrain or a decisive point in the enemy's rear, and force him to come out of his positions and react. If the enemy does not have an assailable flank, the corps may conduct a frontal attack or penetration. The corps also uses these forms of maneuver when conducting an exploitation or pursuit. Seldom will attacks annihilate a defending enemy force. More often, the enemy will attempt to disengage, withdraw, and reorganize a coherent defense. Exploitation seeks to extend the destruction of the enemy force by maintaining offensive pressure and by exploiting opportunities. The purpose of exploitation is to prevent the enemy from reconstituting an organized defense, counter-attacking, conducting an orderly withdrawal, or continuing to support his operations. Exploitation is the primary means of translating tactical success into operational advantage. It can be directed by the next higher echelon or initiated by the corps. The following factors usually indicate an opportunity to conduct an exploitation: • An increase in EPWs, especially in leaders. • The disintegration of defending enemy units after initial attacks. • An increase in captured and destroyed enemy equipment. • The presence of equipment from several units in one formation. • The lessening of enemy fires. • The detection by deep surveillance operations of a general enemy withdrawal. Commanders should follow up every attack without delay. When conducting an exploitation, the corps attacks enemy support systems by-- • Expanding the area of envelopment or penetration. • Securing decisive terrain deep in the enemy rear. • Cutting the enemy's major LOC and sources of supply. • Disrupting enemy reserves and uncommitted forces. • Synchronizing corps deep operations and joint interdiction to disrupt the enemy's attempts to reestablish a coherent defense. • Positioning units to support the follow-on mission or subsequent objectives. Commanders should not expect the units creating the opportunity for the exploitation to perform the exploitation to an extended depth. Other units should replace these units as soon as possible. A mobile force specifically tasked for the purpose should accomplish the full exploitation. Commonly, there are two missions associated with an exploitation--follow and assume and follow and support. A follow and assume mission commits one force to follow another when conducting an offensive operation. The follow and assume force continues the offensive once the lead force is unable to continue. The follow and support force is not a reserve. The follow and support mission commits a unit to accomplish any or all the following tasks: • Destroy bypassed units. • Relieve in place any direct pressure or encircling force that has halted to contain the enemy. • Block movement of reinforcements. • Secure lines of communications. • Guard prisoners, key areas, and installations. • Secure key terrain. • Control refugees. The exploitation force and the follow and support force maintain direct communications. The corps commander ensures the accomplishment of forward echelonment of CSS elements in a timely manner to support the exploitation. Since the exploitation continues day and night, the exploiting force requires continuous maintenance and sustainment support. Adequate maintenance support must accompany the exploiting force, and the sustainment of the exploitation requires well-timed movement of assets. The logistic structure's ability to move forward with fuel, ammunition, and maintenance support often determines the force's limits of advance. Commanders and staffs must plan for and use aerial resupply to help exploitation units sustain the operation, particularly until opening and securing ground LOC. As the exploitation continues, the corps plans a series of objectives so divisions can orient their movement. The corps also designates routes, zones, and relative dispositions. The corps may designate a limit of advance to control the advance of the divisions. The corps must also look forward to the next operation to ensure that disposition of units and support assets will aid any new schemes of maneuver. Pursuit normally follows a successful exploitation. Unlike an exploitation, the pursuit focuses on catching and destroying retreating enemy forces that can no longer organize a coherent defense. Destroying the enemy force is the goal of pursuit, although the commander may also designate terrain objectives. Pursuit operations usually require a direct pressure force and an encircling force (Figure 5-2). The corps can use tank and mechanized forces for both direct pressure and encircling forces. However, even though tank-heavy forces are normally preferred as encircling forces, the corps may also use airborne and air assault forces. Attack helicopters are essential. Close air support and interdiction operate along with encircling forces. The corps also synchronizes joint intelligence and attack systems to support the pursuit. During pursuit operations, the corps may encounter encircled enemy forces and should plan for their defeat. The size of an enemy force the corps may bypass and how it is to deal with such forces must be clear. Sustainment arrangements must be flexible and capable of rapid response during pursuit operations. Fuel and ammunition commonly are the principal logistic requirements. The corps must plan aerial resupply to augment ground transportation assets hampered by bypassed enemy units, road congestion, and disruption. Opening and securing LOC suitable to support the transportation of adequate supplies is also essential to a successful pursuit. The pursuit, even more than the exploitation, is a transportation-intensive operation. Forms of Maneuver Frontal Attack. A frontal attack strikes the enemy across a wide front over the most direct approaches. The corps should only use a frontal attack when it possesses overwhelming combat power and when the enemy is at a clear disadvantage. This could occur if the enemy has been significantly weakened or if the enemy is defending on an unusually wide front, only part of which is within the corps zone of attack (Figure 5-3). Other reasons for conducting frontal attacks are the lack of an assailable enemy flank, critical time constraints, or the desire to deal a severe psychological blow to the enemy. Envelopment. To conduct an envelopment, the corps must find or envelop an assailable enemy flank, using a portion of its force to fix the enemy while the remainder conducts the envelopment (Figure 5-4). Envelopment occurs either as a result of maneuver against an open flank or as a result of a penetration. In an envelopment, a supporting attack distracts the enemy, fixes him in his main defenses, and tries to get him to commit his reserve prematurely or in effectively (Figure 5-5). Penetration. Either infantry or armored units, supported by concentrated fires and nonlethal means, can achieve a penetration (Figure 5-6). A corps attacking division can penetrate a defending enemy division by concentrating sufficient combat power against battalion-size defenses or by attacking throughout the depth of the enemy division. (For example, during the breaching operation in Operation Desert Storm, the 1st Infantry Division (Mech) concentrated battalions against enemy platoons.) Corps supporting attacks and deep operations normally fix or draw off enemy reserves that might react to the zone of penetration, or that are either adjacent to and/or in subsequent positions outside of the assigned zone of the division conducting the penetration. After penetrating the main defensive position, the corps may commit trailing divisions to either further penetrate or envelop subsequent enemy positions. Turning Movement. The corps may also envelop an enemy by striking deep and seizing decisive terrain in the enemy's rear, cutting his LOC, or isolating his forces. This deep maneuver differs from an envelopment chiefly by the depth of its objectives and by what the commander intends it to accomplish. In a turning movement, the corps avoids the main enemy force, passes around enemy defensive positions, and secures an objective deep in the enemy's rear to make the enemy's situation untenable (Figure 5-7). The turning movement forces the enemy to divert major forces to cope with the new threat or to abandon his position. While a supporting attack may be required to fix the enemy in an envelopment, a turning movement does not always require a fixing attack. Because of the great distances between forces, if a fixing attack occurs, each force must be sufficiently strong and mobile to operate independently. Infiltration. Infiltration is another form of maneuver the corps can use to gain positional advantage and to attack the enemy in depth while avoiding enemy strengths. The corps uses infiltration with other forms of maneuver to unhinge a defending enemy. Light infantry units up to brigade size are best suited to conduct infiltrations. In some circumstances, armored forces operating in small units conduct infiltrations. Since success requires avoiding detection, at least until the objective is reached, the size, strength, and composition of the corps unit conducting the infiltration is usually limited. Consequently, specific objectives and tasks assigned to this force will also be limited. Special Purpose Operations In addition to the forms of the tactical offense, the corps may conduct certain special purpose operations to support a larger offensive or defensive plan. Some special purpose operations are spoiling attacks, counterattacks, demonstrations, feints, and raids. Although subordinate units usually conduct these operations as part of corps-directed operations, the corps might execute such operations as part of an EAC plan. NOTE: Two other special-purpose operations that this section does not discuss are reconnaissance in force and offensive relief. The corps conducts spoiling attacks and counterattacks from a defensive posture. The commander either pre-plans these attacks as decisive elements of the defensive plan or conducts them as branch plans in response to an enemy threat occurring during the battle. The entire corps may execute such attacks as part of an EAC plan, or a corps subordinate unit may conduct them as part of the corps' defensive plan. The corps conducts spoiling attacks to disrupt an expected enemy attack or to disrupt the enemy's concentration and timing. Spoiling attacks can be either hasty or deliberate attacks. The corps must be prepared to exploit success in a spoiling attack. Units critical to the integrity of the defense should not conduct spoiling attacks. Spoiling attacks are generally most effective when anticipated, planned, and rehearsed. Planners must address the following considerations, especially if ground maneuver units (reserve or committed forces) conduct the counterattack or spoiling attack: • The position of the attacking force. Units must be located to reduce vulnerability to detection and targeting, yet they must remain where they can effectively attack designated battlefield objectives. Concentration of forces should only occur before arriving at the line of departure (LD), possibly by use of attack positions. • Routes. Since timing is a critical element of attacks, the attacking unit receives priority on the usage of routes to its LD. Since units normally traverse the assigned AO of a defending MBA unit, these routes must be predesignated. The attacking unit must be able to minimize the time spent on movement because it is most vulnerable to detection and targeting during its movement to the LD. (See Chapter 8 for a discussion of large-unit movement. ) • Passage of lines. If the unit must attack beyond the FLOT of another unit, the preferred method would be for the attacking unit to pass around. If not, then a passage of lines will be necessary. Coordination must be accomplished during the planning stage. (See Chapter 8.) • Command and control. Control measures, such as on-order boundaries and/or fire control measures, must be pre-planned. • Command and control warfare activities. Electronic attack, OPSEC efforts, deception, jamming, and PSYOP are integral to the plan. (See FM 100-6. ) • The subsequent mission of attacking units. Commanders plan for and designate this mission before the attack. Demonstrations and feints are diversionary operations. A demonstration is a show of force in an area where a decision is not sought. An entire corps may execute a demonstration as part of an EAC plan, or designated subordinate units might execute one as part of a corps plan. In either case, positioning units normally conduct a demonstration without making contact with the enemy, and it is often part of a deception plan. (See FM 90-2.) Feints are a supporting attack to divert the enemy's attention from the main effort. They are usually shallow, limited-objective attacks occurring before or after the main attack. (The 1st Cavalry Division's operations in the Wadi Al Batin before the ground war in Operation Desert Storm is an excellent example.) Raids are limited-objective attacks into enemy territory for a specific purpose other than gaining and holding ground. Division and smaller-size units normally conduct raids to seize and destroy critical assets or decisive points. The corps may receive the OPCON of SOF units (such as ranger units), attack helicopter units, and AASLT units to conduct raids. The corps plans to fight within an area of operations (AO) that a higher headquarters normally assigns. An AO is a geographic area, including the airspace above it, as defined by lateral, rearward, and forward boundaries. The corps structures the battlefield and assigns objectives, boundaries, phase lines, and other control measures within the AO to ensure the successful synchronization of subordinate formations and activities. The corps ensures that the operations and actions of joint and multinational forces assigned to or supporting the corps are also filly synchronized to bring the maximum combat power to bear in the attack. Normally, the corps assigns specific AOs or zones for offensive operations to define geographic responsibility to subordinate units. Based on the nature of the threat and the mission, these subordinate AOs may be noncontiguous. Operations in Depth Corps offensive operations are further structured within an AO between deep, close, and rear operations. The corps fights these three operations simultaneously throughout the depth of the battlefield. The attack should appear to the enemy as one continuous operation. The boundaries between what is deep, close, or rear are not well-defined lines; they shift over time as the corps concentrates and varies the tempo of the attack to keep the enemy off balance. The corps structures the battlefield to strike the decisive blow according to the corps commander's vision. In some cases, the corps conducts deep operations to isolate the enemy in the forward area, thus setting the conditions for a decisive operation in the close fight. In other instances, the corps conducts a penetration in the close area only as a means to maneuver forces deep into the enemy's defenses to strike the knock-out blow against forces arrayed in depth. Organization of the Offense The corps considers five complementary elements in planning and conducting offensive operations: • Continuous deep operations in vital parts of the zone of attack. • Reconnaissance and security operations forward and to the flanks and rear of main and supporting attacks. • Main attacks with supporting attacks as required. • Reserve operations in support of the attack. • Rear operations necessary to maintain offensive momentum. This organization can serve as a useful vehicle in formulating the corps concept of operations and in facilitating the synchronization of close, deep, and rear operations. The size enemy force and specific support systems targeted as part of corps close, deep, or rear operations are strictly METT-T dependent. The following discussion only cites the most likely case when a corps is confronting a prepared defense in depth. Deep Operations The corps might conduct deep operations in either of two ways: isolate the corps' close operations or conduct the main effort of the corps' attack to defeat or destroy the enemy's cohesion, nullify his firepower, disrupt his C2 destroy his supplies, and break his morale. Maneuver, combined with both lethal and nonlethal firepower, is the primary tool of deep operations. (The corps uses attack helicopters in deep operations combined with fires.) When conducting deep operations, the corps ensures full integration of joint assets, particularly the effects of joint fires and joint acquisition systems. If the intent of the corps attack is to fight a decisive close operation, then deep operations must isolate the close area by disrupting and/or severing the enemy's support system and his command and control. To do so, initial corps deep operations focus on-- • Enemy units arrayed in depth behind the enemy main defensive positions, particularly his air defense and artillery. • Mobile reserve formations, including helicopter units, which could influence attacks in the close area. • Higher echelon enemy C2 facilities. • Key support facilities or infrastructure. • Nuclear and chemical delivery systems. Normally, the corps establishes specific responsibilities for subordinate echelon deep operations. Divisions focus on supporting close operations while using supporting corps assets to conduct counterfires. Corps augment counterfire operations, and attack deeper targets, with ATACMs and attack helicopters. The corps establishes control measures to ease and aid the shifting of responsibilities for deep operations between itself and attacking divisions (advancing to a certain phase line or objective, for instance). The enemy's counterattack forces are usually high-payoff targets for corps deep operations efforts. The corps identifies enemy formations possessing significant firepower and the mobility to easily influence the outcome of the corps attack if they are not countered. The corps must disrupt or preclude such forces from interfering with the penetration and/or envelopment of static enemy positions in main defensive positions. Enemy attack helicopter units also pose a formidable threat because of their ability to mass and maneuver in support of main defensive positions. Ideally, the corps identifies and considers such units for destruction while still in their assembly areas. The corps jams enemy C2 nets and disrupts his intelligence-collection efforts to preclude and/or disrupt the flow of information. The corps destroys enemy command posts to disrupt his capability to provide direction and control. These actions degrade the cohesion of enemy defenses and limit his flexibility in altering his defensive scheme. Such actions should be a priority corps effort unless an effective enemy C2 system is necessary to support a friendly deception. The corps continually monitors the progress of a pursuit or exploitation against the development of a significant enemy threat by reinforcing enemy formations. During the exploitation and pursuit, corps deep operations normally focus on-- • Isolating the retreating enemy force and preventing its reinforcement. • Attacking the enemy at critical chokepoints. • Disrupting, turning, and stopping lead elements of the retreating enemy force. The purpose of deep operations might extend beyond shaping the close battle and establishing favorable conditions for the close fight. Deep operations might even be the decisive operation against enemy forces. As such, the corps might only conduct close operations to facilitate cross-FLOT operations and to attack the enemy's center of gravity. Reconnaissance and Security Operations Before contacting the enemy main body, the corps normally conducts reconnaissance forward of the corps, or it provides security. However, once the corps commits its main body forces, the attacking divisions provide their own security. In some situations, the attacking divisions or the main effort may control the corps' covering force or reconnaissance assets. Divisions normally designate an advance guard and conduct a flank screen of their most vulnerable flank. This option is usually more feasible from the standpoint of control. However, the corps may elect to provide a separate security force on a particularly sensitive flank bordering the corps' assigned zone. The introduction of another corps-controlled element between its deep operations area and the attacking divisions only tends to increase the coordination necessary between units and to complicate the control and execution of close operations. During the exploitation and pursuit, the extended distances and changing rates of advance make it more feasible for the leading elements (exploiting force and encircling force) to control security to the corps' front and forward flanks. The more fluid the corps operation, the more the corps must rely on air cavalry for reconnaissance and attack helicopters for rapid response. Flank security will be more difficult for the divisions to coordinate and adequately cover. Therefore, the corps should provide assets to screen its most vulnerable flanks. The distance on a flank may be too extensive for a single unit. Therefore, the corps may elect to cover the flank of leading echelons and to direct follow and support forces to cover their own flanks. Main and Supporting Attacks When attacking an enemy in prepared defensive positions, the corps normally attempts an envelopment to fix the enemy in his main defensive positions, then defeat him in depth. If the enveloping force cannot bypass the main defensive positions, the corps' initial main attack focuses on penetrating a point in the main defensive position while the supporting attacks fix any adjacent forces or mobile counterattack forces that could react to the penetration. The main effort would typically shift to a trailing corps unit (usually a division) moving through the penetration once that unit assumes control of the zone and begins its attack against enemy defenses in depth. This shift does not normally occur until at least a brigade of the trailing division has passed through the penetration. Of the units attacking enemy defenses in depth, priority generally goes to the unit tasked with defeating a counterattack by large mobile enemy formations. During the exploitation, the lead exploiting force usually conducts the main attack while follow and support units conduct supporting attacks. In the pursuit, the direct pressure force usually conducts the main attack until such time that the enemy force is destroyed or encircled. Once the enemy is encircled, the corps' main and supporting efforts are contingent on the concept to reduce the encirclement. (See Chapter 8.) Reserve Operations The corps reserve is not committed to a particular COA. It does not have a planned, subsequent mission. Its commitment solely depends on the flow of the battle. The corps commander establishes its planning priorities for likely contingencies. In addition to reserve forces, there are trailing units that, although initially unengaged, are committed to a subsequent COA. Reserves provide the commander flexibility to exploit success or to react to contingencies through offensive action. They reinforce or maintain. the momentum of the attack by-- • Exploiting success when the opportunity arises. • Countering enemy counterattacks against committed units. • Sustaining the attack of a committed unit. • Countering rear threats. A contingency for the use of the reserve should be part of the corps plan. "Be prepared" tasks are given to the reserve to aid planning and execution. Planners must also consider the aspects of time and space when positioning these forces. Normally, corps planning focuses on probable large-scale enemy counterattacks against committed divisions. If a corps contingency calls for the reserve to be prepared to attack and defeat the counterattacking enemy force, the reserve should possess at least comparable combat power. If the reserve lacks combat power and the commander only intends to block the counterattack, the reserve force conducts a hasty defense. The reserve's command and control is another important consideration. If the reserve makes contact with the attacking enemy force before that force can influence the committed division, the corps may opt to retain control of the reserve. If not, the corps may place the reserve under the committed unit's control (OPCON/attached). The key issue is who can best control the possible convergence of the two friendly units and the coordination of their fires. The commander may also commit the reserve to sustain the momentum of the attack of a committed unit. If so, there are three basic options for its use: 1. The reserve continues the attack as a separate force under corps control and is given responsibility for the remainder of the assigned zone of the committed unit. 2. The reserve is placed under the control of the committed unit. 3. The reserve assumes control of the committed unit and the entire zone of attack. To exploit success, the commander can commit the reserve at any stage of the battle. However, in most instances it will be committed during the later stages of the battle once it achieves the majority of the corps' subordinate unit objectives. The reserve will then probably be given a separate zone of attack and an objective resulting from the flow of the battle (a target of opportunity). If there is low risk to the rear, the reserve may also perform a be-prepared mission to respond to Level III threats as the corps' tactical combat force. This chapter later addresses special considerations regarding the composition and the size of this force. The corps should make prior provisions for designating another reserve once the commander commits the initial reserve force. This is especially important if commitment occurs during the early stages of the battle and the reserve becomes decisively engaged. During exploitation or pursuit, corps units operate at greater distances and normally move much more rapidly than during an attack. Extended distances make it difficult for a corps-controlled reserve to provide responsive support to either leading element (exploiting force or encircling force) during these operations unless they are air mobile (attack helicopter or air assault) forces. The usual necessity to position a follow and support force or a direct-pressure force immediately behind the lead elements makes it difficult to locate a corps ground reserve in a position to support either the exploiting or encircling force. Consequently, a greater decentralization of assets and control of the battle to these lead elements is usually necessary. The exploiting or encircling force should be sufficiently weighted so reserves can obtain maintenance at their level. They can then sustain their attacks and/or exploit success. Rear Operations The fluidity and quick tempo of corps offensive operations pose challenges to corps rear operations planning. The forward movement of units and sustainment (both being essential parts of rear operations) are critical if the corps is to maintain the initiative necessary for successful offensive operations. The enemy looks for opportunities to counter the corps' attack. It will strike deep into the corps' rear in an attempt to rob the corps of initiative, flexibility, and agility. If the corps' offense is to be successful, it must keep LOCs open to sustain its attacking maneuver units. It must also detect and defeat enemy forces that intend to interrupt the corps' rear operations effort. Level II threats during offensive operations will most likely be enemy special operations teams, long-range reconnaissance units, and bypassed enemy elements. These threats' primary objectives are C2 and logistic facilities and disrupting and/or interdicting LOCs. Where possible, corps rear MP brigade assets screen friendly C2 facilities and critical sites from threat forces. The corps also establishes a rear operations plan for base or base cluster defense to counter the initial contact with threat forces. The MPs provide follow-on forces to engage and defeat Level I and II threats. The corps commander might designate an MP brigade as the TCF responsible for Level III threats. The brigade is augmented according to METT-T factors. The most likely Level III threat to a corps rear during offensive operations is a large, mobile force or bypassed units intent on-- • Severing or disrupting the corps' C2. • Disrupting or destroying CSS to committed units and CSS facilities. • Interdicting MSRs and supply points. • Destroying CP facilities, airfields, aviation assembly areas, and arming and refueling points. • Interfering with the commitment of corps reserves. The corps designates a TCF, usually of at least brigade size, to contend with such a threat. Limited reaction times and extended distances require the TCF to be extremely mobile and capable of moving by air and/or by ground. The TCP must be able to destroy armor protected vehicles and dismounted infantry as well as being able to suppress enemy ADA systems. Consequently, the TCF typically consists of infantry, attack helicopter, and air cavalry elements with engineer and FA support. The TCF may also possess armored, mechanized, or motorized infantry units if the situation dictates. The corps should anticipate the possibility of a counterattack into its rear by a ground maneuver force from an adjacent enemy unit not within the corps' zone of attack. This is likely if the corps' zone of attack overlaps the lateral boundaries of two defending enemy units. Given this situation, a brigade-size TCF may only be able to contain or block such a force's attack. It may then be necessary to defeat or destroy the force by either diverting assets from committed units or obtaining EAC support. The key consideration before diverting any corps assets from the decisive operation is whether the corps can still accomplish its mission given the threat to its rear. Although the corps may be able to sustain the temporary loss of support from its rear, it cannot sustain the loss of its decisive operations. (See also Appendix C.) Plans for offensive operations must contain provisions for control of captured or constructed airfields in the corps' zone. Normally, the corps can operate two airfields until control of the airfields passes to other services. Air base defense remains the corps' responsibility unless it is assumed by a higher headquarters, a sister service, or a host nation. (See Appendix C for further discussion.) In the offense, the IEW effort helps the commander decide when and where to concentrate overwhelming combat power. Collection assets answer the corps commander's PIR and other information requirements, which flow from the IPB and the war-gaming process. Information required may include-- • Enemy centers of gravity or decisive points. • Location, orientation, and strength of enemy defenses. • Location of enemy reserves, fire support, and other attack assets in support of defensive positions. • Close air support and aviation assets for defensive areas, air avenues of approach, and likely enemy engagement areas. • Key terrain, avenues of approach, and obstacles. The G2 identifies rear area threats, such as enemy special operations forces and partisan activities, that may interfere with C2 and sustainment aspects of the corps attack. He also synchronizes intelligence operations with combat operations to ensure all corps IEW collection means provide timely information in support of current operations. He recommends specific reconnaissance tasks for the ACR, realizing the commander may task the regiment to conduct a security or attack mission. In keeping with the commander's PIR, the G2 tasks collection assets to support the targeting process (decide, detect, deliver, and assess). Collection assets locate and track high-payoff targets and pass targeting data to fire support elements. The capabilities of joint, multinational, and national assets are synchronized into corps operations. A focused approach in allocating collection assets maximizes the capability of the limited number of assets available to the corps. The corps may conduct an initial attack as part of a forcible entry operation after it arrives in the theater of operations. Once in theater, corps units preparing to attack remain dispersed until immediately before the attack. At the prescribed time, the corps concentrates attacking units sufficiently to mass their effects at a specific point in the enemy defense. This achieves decisive results by appropriately weighting the main attack and main effort. To achieve tactical surprise, this concentration occurs under strong OPSEC measures and within the parameters of the corps' deception plan. If the corps must move a considerable distance to gain contact or attack the enemy, it conducts an approach march to close with the enemy force. When the intelligence picture is incomplete or dated, the corps may conduct a movement to contact, employing its reconnaissance assets to find the enemy and determine his dispositions. If the mission dictates, the ACR and division cavalry squadrons develop the situation. In a movement to contact, the ACR and division cavalry squadrons usually conduct a detailed reconnaissance of their respective zones. Once the corps commander initiates contact and determines enemy dispositions, he maneuvers divisions into the fight to take advantage of the terrain and to exploit enemy weaknesses. The movement to contact may be particularly applicable during OOTW when fighting against unsophisticated threats in restrictive terrain where corps IEW systems are less effective. There, the corps G2 would be increasingly dependent on HUMINT resources, including ground reconnaissance. When the corps develops thorough and timely intelligence on the enemy, the corps commander normally conducts a deliberate attack. Although a subordinate unit's deliberate attack plans are detailed, the corps' plan must retain flexibility to facilitate branches and sequels. Corps units should vary the tempo of operations, concentrate rapidly to strike the enemy, then disperse and move to subsequent objectives. These actions will keep the enemy off balance and preclude his effective employment of weapons of mass destruction. Before the main attack, the corps may conduct a feint, demonstration, or reconnaissance in force to deceive the enemy and/or test his dispositions. The corps might employ both heavy and light forces when preparing for offensive operations. To capitalize on each type's unique capabilities while minimizing their limitations, the corps must determine-- • The appropriate level where mixing should occur. • The tasks they are to accomplish. • The appropriate command or support relationships. • The required amount and type of augmentation and/or support they are to provide to the force. • The CSS concept. Corps augmentation normally is required if heavy forces are attached to light forces. Command relationship considerations are an essential factor in ensuring the feasibility of task organizing between heavy and light forces. The preferred employment option at the corps level is to employ light divisions as a division under corps control. The corps should ensure that the light division's mission capitalizes on its unique capabilities. Light infantry can-- • Conduct an initial penetration to facilitate a subsequent attack by heavy forces. • Conduct military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT). • Respond to rear area threats. • Attack over restrictive terrain. • Conduct economy of force operations. Light forces, given the factors of METT-T, may require augmentation to increase their effectiveness, especially with regard to their antiarmor capability and mobility needs. The corps should assign light units' missions based primarily on command estimate considerations. Light forces can be attached to heavy forces or vice versa. However, light units should not be so overburdened with augmentation that they lose their unique capabilities. A heavy brigade normally is placed OPCON to a light division. Normal CSS accompanies any attached or OPCON forces. The support concept must ensure that the losing organization retains its ability to support its remaining forces. This is particularly true in the case of the light division since its DISCOM is an austere organization not easily divisible into) brigade support packages. When the corps employs heavy and light forces together they must be used so that light forces dominate the close terrain. By controlling close terrain, light units prevent enemy light forces from effectively using it to interfere with the corps' offensive action. Friendly light forces can deny enemy heavy forces easy access through close terrain. Doing so forces the enemy to fight dismounted to protect his tanks and to engage friendly infantry. The corps can then use friendly heavy forces to strike the decisive blow at the chosen time and place. In offensive operations, heavy forces can lose the ability to maneuver when confronted by enemy forces that are dominating key terrain along friendly routes of advance. However, light divisions can conduct dismounted attacks over rugged terrain to close with and destroy enemy forces and seize the terrain. They can also air assault with the covering force to secure the decisive or key terrain to aid the movement of the main body. Staffs must consider several factors when planning this type of operation. Light forces will need-- • Additional transportation assets to rapidly move the light unit's combat elements into forward assembly areas. • Additional artillery to enhance the divisions' capability to engage the enemy with indirect fires and to execute counterfires. • Additional intelligence assets. • Additional attack helicopter assets. • Allocation of CAS sorties. • Additional antiarmored assets to protect against an armored threat. • Support of light forces once inserted. Fire Support Allocating and synchronizing all elements of fire support, especially joint fires and nonlethal systems, complements and weights the corps' main effort. Synchronization also helps the corps control the tempo of the attack. In an attack, fire support assets-- • Conduct intense and concentrated preparatory fires before and during the initial stages of the attack. • Conduct suppressive fires to isolate the objective of the main attack and to help fix enemy forces during supporting attacks. • Provide continuous suppression to allow attacking formations to close with the enemy. • Conduct SEAD missions, some of which are appropriate for nonlethal attack assets. • Supplement division counterfires to diminish or stop the enemy's ability to effectively employ artillery. • Execute corps deep operations in concert with other corps assets. • Deny, through electronic attack, enemy use of critical C2, fire support, and intelligence systems. The corps' TAC and main CPs must always know the locations of friendly units. The command must ensure that organic fire support agencies and supporting joint assets clearly understand the ground scheme of maneuver so they can maximize their capabilities for the greatest effect. Timely execution of joint fires is critical when conducting offensive operations. All fire support providers in support of the corps attack must understand coordination measures and procedures for controlling fires. The FSCL gives sister services greater freedom of action in the area beyond the FSCL and facilitates operations in depth. The FSCL's location is METT-T dependent. Considerations include-- • The location of enemy forces. • The anticipated rate of the friendly advance. • The scheme of maneuver, including the maneuver of Army aviation units. • The desired tempo of operations. Air Defense The corps' AD units provide low- to high-altitude air defense coverage throughout the battlefield. Units are arrayed to provide as much overlapping coverage as possible. Coverage focuses on protecting key corps assets in the attack, such as CPs, aviation assembly areas, FA locations, logistic bases, and reserve assembly areas. Forward area air defense assets generally provide static or mobile point defense. High- to medium-altitude air defense (HIMAD) assets are optimized during AD coverage. As the corps advances, AD coverage also advances in order to ensure umbrella protection remains continuous. The corps integrates AD systems into the protection that sister services and coalition partners provide. This avoids duplication of effort while providing redundancy in protection to high-priority assets. The corps' AD brigade provides HIMAD and theater missile defense (TMD) coverage for the corps. Corps ADA brigade FAAD elements augment organic division ADA units based on METTT. The corps' main effort receives priority coverage, particularly in areas where the attack is vulnerable to enemy air action, such as river-crossing sites and mountain passes. Air defense assets in an attack must focus on protecting critical assets in order to maintain mass. In some circumstances, such as during an approach march, the corps may establish an ISB for CS and CSS units, including HIMAD assets. Mobility and Survivability The corps allocates engineer assets to the main effort to give it a greater mobility capability. The engineer focus is on mobility, then countermobility. The corps places engineer brigade units forward to augment the divisions conducting the main attack. Engineering tasks include-- • Improving and maintaining LOCs by replacing armored vehicle launched bridges (AVLB) with other types of bridging. • Improving routes. • Providing general engineering for follow-on forces and logistic units. • Augmenting reconnaissance forces in terrain analysis, especially in bridge classification and mobility analysis for routes of advance. • Emplacing obstacles on the corps' flanks and against likely enemy avenues of approach throughout the corps zone. • Maintaining key facilities, such as airfields and landing strips. • Conducting survivability engineer operations to protect key assets, such as aviation assembly areas; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); and ammunition points. • Protecting other designated critical facilities, in priority. Keys to effective counterobstacle operations are contingency planning, well-rehearsed breaching operations, and trained engineers familiar with unit SOPs who are integrated into the attack formation. Complex obstacles require detailed engineer estimates and appropriate engineer assets. Corps planners must anticipate breaching requirements in time to adequately provide breaching units with additional engineer assets, such as plows, rakes, and supplementary artillery for smoke and counterfire. When possible, all units conduct breaching operations in-stride to allow the force to maintain the attack's momentum. Corps engineer units operating in the corps' rear area (usually conducting general engineering or survivability tasks) also have the potential to serve as a Level II response force to rear area threats. These engineer units require time to assemble because they are normally dispersed when conducting engineer missions on an area basis. They require augmentation in the areas of fire support and antitank capabilities. Chemical reconnaissance units orient on vulnerabilities that the IPB process identifies. The corps positions decontamination assets to support the scheme of maneuver and arrays smoke units, particularly infrared-defeating assets to counter likely enemy sensors. Combat Service Support Responsive support of corps offensive operations requires CSS from forward locations and sustainment assets that are as mobile as the maneuver units they support. Offensive operations require large amounts of POL, and the provision of continuous support depends on open and secure LOCs. Combat service support units position themselves and their materiel as close to maneuver forces as the situation allows, commensurate with the level of risk the commander is willing to accept. Sustainment locations support the commander's priorities, with the main attack as the principal focus. Transportation units must optimize their assets to rapidly deliver supplies and replacement personnel to maneuver units when needed. Lengthening LOCs requires frequent forward movement of stocks and sustainment units and the establishment of forward logistics bases (FLBs). The forward movement of sustainment units and stocks must be timed to minimize the impact on support to maneuver units. The corps can use captured supplies and materiel to supplement corps stocks and to increase the corps' operating and safety levels. A CA area study can pinpoint potential locations of enemy supplies and materiel. Command and Control While preparing for offensive operations, the commander continually visualizes the current situation and formulates a plan to get the forces under his command to the intended end state. The commander goes where he can best influence the battle. where his moral and physical presence can be felt. and where his will for victory can best be expressed. understood. and acted on. The commander exercises command from wherever he is on the battlefield. In the attack. the corps TAC CP usually moves with the division conducting the main effort. The commander moves with the TAC CP and commands the corps from this forward location. The main and rear CPs displace forward into the corps zone as the attack progresses or the situation permits. The commander maintains control of deep and rear operations by either echeloning these CPs so there is no break in continuity or by handing over control to another CP until the movement is complete. Key to battle command is the ability to communicate. The signal structure must ensure redundant systems are available to allow for communications throughout the corps. The corps also must be able to communicate with adjacent units. supporting joint forces. and if appropriate. HN or coalition forces. A critical component is the exchange of liaison teams to ensure unity of effort and a common understanding of the commander's intent. The VII Corps' Plan for Operation Desert Storm During Operation Desert Storm. the VII Corps' mission was to attack to penetrate and envelop Iraqi defenses to destroy the Republican Guard forces in zone. After the attack. the VII Corps was to prepare to defend the Northern Kuwait border to prevent the Iraqis from reseizing Kuwait. The corps' major combat elements were four armored divisions. one mechanized division. an armored cavalry regiment, the corps aviation brigade, and four field artillery brigades employing 145,000 soldiers. The overall corps plan was drawn up in six phases: Phase 1. Movement from the ports to tactical assembly areas (TAA). Some VII Corps convoys traveled more than 500 kilometers. Phase 2. Movement from TAAs to forward assembly areas (FAA) and zones. To enhance the deception that the central command's (CENTCOM's) attack would occur in the east. VII Corps delayed the movement of the corps until only days before the attack. The corps rehearsed its LD/LC formation as it moved into zone. Distances for corps units ranged from 60 to 160 kilometers. This phase included demonstrations and feints. such as the 1st Cavalry Division's operations at Wadi Al Batin. Phase 3. Penetration and envelopment of forward defenses. The 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) (ID(M)) conducted a deliberate breach of the Iraqi defenses west of Wadi Al Batin while the 2d ACR. 1st Armored Division. and 3d Armored Division bypassed enemy positions to the west. Phase 4. Defeat of the enemy's tactical reserves. The 1st United Kingdom (UK) Armored Division passed through the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) and attacked to defeat enemy armored reserves behind Iraqi forward defenses. Phase 5. Destruction of the Republican Guard. Phase 6. Defense of Northern Kuwait. VII Corps' Execution On 23 February 1991. the 2d ACR bypassed Iraqi defenses to the west and crossed into Iraq in preparation for the corps attack. Attack helicopter-64 and artillery raids intensified in the corps zone. Early on 24 February, the 1st ID(M) penetrated the Iraqi defenses east of the 2d ACR while the regiment pushed 30 kilometers to the north. With increasing evidence of success against the Iraqis, the CINC of CENTCOM accelerated the attack schedule. The VII Corps would attack by 1500 that day. The 1st and 3d Armored Divisions would follow the zone cleared by the 2d ACR while the 1st ID(M) conducted a deliberate breach of the Iraqi defenses (Figure 5-8). The 1st UK Armored Division conducted a forward passage of lines through the breach lanes and conducted an envelopment against the western flank of the Iraqi tactical reserves behind their forward defenses. The 1st Cavalry Division conducted a movement to contact from the 1st Division breach to the Wadi Al Batin. At daybreak on 25 February the corps resumed the attack. To increase the momentum of the attack, the 1st Armored Division was committed on the 2d ACR's left flank. By midday, the ACR was in contact with a brigade of the 12th Armored Division. Within the hour, the 1st and 3d Armored Divisions were in contact with dug-in infantry from the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. Simultaneously, the 1st ID(M) occupied the breachhead line and was passing the 1st UK Armored Division. At this point, VII Corps had completed the destruction of the front-line units of the Iraqi 26th Division and was commencing the envelopment of the Iraqi 52d Armored Division to the east. By evening, the 1st Armored Division was 100 kilometers inside Iraq, engaging a dug-in infantry brigade first with Apaches, then ground forces, near Al-Busayyah. The 2d ACR continued its offensive cover, destroying company-size elements of the Iraqi 50th Brigade, 12th Armored Division. By midnight, the 1st UK Armored Division completed its forward passage through the 1st ID(M). The corps' main effort then switched to the main enveloping force. On 26 February, the 75th and 42d Field Artillery Brigades shifted to support the 1st and 3d Armored Divisions, and the 1st Cavalry Division was released to the corps. The 1st Cavalry division raced 250 kilometers in 24 hours, attempting to join the corps' attack on the Republican Guard. In the early morning, the 1st Armored Division stormed Al-Busayyah, destroying enemy forces and supply stocks (Figure 5-9). The 1st UK Armored Division continued its flank attack against the tactical Iraqis reserve northeast of the breach site. By afternoon, the corps' main effort, starting with the 2d ACR, came in contact with the Tawakalna Division of the Republican Guards initiating the Battle of Wadi Al Batin (Figure 5-10). The 2d ACR developed the situation in the 73 Easting engagement and was directed to pass through the 1st ID(M). The 1st Armored Division deep operations went after elements of the Iraqi Adnan Division, while 3d Armored Division deep operations were focused against the reserves of the 9th Brigade, in which they were in contact. Corps deep operations went after the Iraqi 10th Armored Division in two separate attacks. Central Command Air Force (CENTAF) interdiction assisted in isolating the Republican Guards by hitting targets near the Kuwait City Basra highway. Early on the morning of 27 February, the VII Corps completed destruction of the Tawakalna Division and continued to press the attack to destroy the remaining Republican Guard Divisions. The 1st and 3d Armored AH-64s ranged ahead of their divisions, employing search and attack techniques. By midmorning, the corps came in contact with the Medina Division and remnants of the Iraqi 10th and 12th Armored Divisions in an engagement that came to be called Medina Ridge. The corps was deployed with four divisions on-line. The corps commander desired to conduct a double envelopment with the 1st Cavalry Division and 1st ID(M), but because of the tactical situation, he delayed the double envelopment for 24 hours. Late in the day, the corps destroyed or had in full retreat remaining Republican Guard forces. By the evening, the 1st ID(M) cut the Kuwait City-Basrah highway. The VII Corps' attack covered 90 kilometers in 90 hours, destroying five armored divisions. Only the Hammurabi Division escaped nearly intact. At 0800 on 28 February, the cease fire went into effect without the double envelopment having been executed. The reasons for the corps' overwhelming success included surprise, speed, and applying overwhelming combat power at the point of the attack. Almost immediately after declaring the cease fire, the corps began humanitarian relief operations. It also continued its tactical operations of force presence as well as preparations to resume the offense, if necessary. The corps' humanitarian relief operations-- • Provided food, including 1.1 million meals, 115 tons of bulk foodstuffs, 2.1 million gallons of bulk water, and 640,000 bottles of water. • Provided medical care to approximately 17,000 people. • Patrolled occupied populated areas. • Built and maintained refugee camps. • Provided additional supplies, including fuel, insecticide, tents, medical supplies, and water storage facilities. If a corps reaches its culmination point in an offensive operation, it may be forced to defend-- • To buy time. • To hold specific terrain to facilitate other operations. • To keep enemy forces occupied in a specific area. • To build forces. • To allow for resupply and regeneration of depleted units. There are two options available to a commander when transitioning to the defense. First, prepare hasty defensive positions, generally along the line of the forward-most advanced forces while pushing a covering force forward to secure enough terrain to establish a security area. Second, move back to defensible terrain to allow room for a security or covering force area on terrain that has already been secured. The first option could result in additional losses of personnel and resources. Also, the security area may lack sufficient depth to preclude engagement of MBA forces by the majority of enemy artillery. Therefore, in most cases, the second option is the better of the two. Commanders can pull the bulk of the forces back to defensible terrain and establish an MBA on more familiar ground. If feasible, the newly established forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) can be established beyond range of the majority of enemy artillery. The FLOT would remain the LC along which a covering force or security force would be deployed. Regardless of which option a commander selects, attacking units are to maintain their general positions until dark. All moves and adjustment of the lines occur under cover of limited visibility. If the situation demands immediate movement in daylight, units are to move only under the protection of artillery, aviation, and other supporting weapons. Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list
Children Develop Better When You Let Them Be Bored, Psychologists Say Children Develop Better When You Let Them Be Bored, Psychologists Say Boredom in children is common and something that every parent, teacher and sane adult wants to avoid. We’ve all heard the old saying: “An idle mind is the devil’s workshop.” So we expend time, energy, and lots of cash trying to ensure that our child’s mind doesn’t become the devil’s place of business. But research shows that constructive boredom in children is essential to their mental and emotional development. However, kids need the guidance of parents or other adults if their boredom is to be constructive and lead to creativity. Researchers Karen Gasper and Brianna Middlewood, of Pennsylvania State University, found that constructively bored individuals seek out and engage in satisfying activities—much like happy people do. In an interview with Fast Company, Gasper says: “Boredom operates similarly to feeling happy or excited. It results in you trying to approach something that, in this case, is more meaningful or interesting. It encourages people to explore because it signals that your current situation is lacking so it’s kind of a push to seek out something new.” Benefits of boredom in children: Boredom fosters creativity Creative Kids Researchers all agree that the number one-benefit of children experiencing periods of boredom is that it develops their innate ability to be creative. Dr. Teresa Belton, visiting fellow at the University of East Anglia, focuses on the connection between boredom and imagination. She told the BBC that boredom is crucial for developing “internal stimulus,” which then allows true creativity. Operating under the notion that children should be constantly active could hamper the development of their imagination. The popular belief that boredom is bad and potentially detrimental is the result of numerous past studies which reported that people with “boredom proneness” lack excitement and are easily frustrated. But recent research finds that being bored promotes creative association and pushes one to find deeper meaning and satisfaction. It’s also important to remember that there’s a big difference between a negatively numbed brain and a constructively bored mind. Constructive boredom stimulates creativity. Constructively bored kids eventually turn to a book, or build a fort, or pull out the paints (or the computer art program) and create. Boredom helps develop a sense of identity Child Identity Psychologists and child development experts suggest that over-scheduling children is unnecessary and could ultimately keep kids from discovering what truly interests them. In an interview with Quatrz, child psychologist Lyn Fry said: Lack of things to do can spur kids to engage in and try activities they would not, under other circumstances, have experienced, such as learning a craft or to bake cakes or to engage in an interesting DIY project. So the kids are complaining that they are bored and you don’t want to over-schedule them or fill their time with activities you’ve chosen; but you have the type of kids who shouldn’t be left completely to their own creative devices? Here are some ways experts say can help you create a nurturing environment for constructively bored kids: Child playing outside 1. Create a list of things to do Sit down with your child and help them brainstorm a list of all the things they enjoy doing. These can be basic activities such as playing cards, reading a book, or going for a bicycle ride. They could also be more elaborate ideas such as cooking a fancy dinner, putting on a play, or practicing photography. When your child complains of boredom, have them look at the list and find something they would like to do. Just make sure you don’t pick for them. 2. Have designated play areas designed specifically for kids When kids are in a play environment created for them, they are more likely to create their own games when they get bored. These areas could be inside or outdoors. 3. Periodically structure some unstructured time for kids Unstructured or “free” time is a great way to ensure that you are building in time for children to entertain themselves and engage in activities that they choose. 4. Encourage outdoor play, especially in a nature setting Research shows that when children play in natural play spaces, they’re far more likely to invent their own games than in more structured settings — a key factor in becoming self-directed and inventive both as children and later in life. Photo Credit: Creative Kids Featured photo credit: John Morgan on Flickr via More by this author Denise Hill Denise shares about psychology and communication tips on Lifehack. Trending in Child Development Read Next Published on May 7, 2021 20 Energizing Brain Breaks For Kids 20 Energizing Brain Breaks For Kids 2. Introduce brain breaks. Active Brain Breaks 1. Swapsies 2. Dance Party 3. Freeze Dance 4. Keep It Up 5. Simon Says 6. Animal Movement 7. Find It Fast 8. The Frog 9. Pizza Delivery Time 10. Limbo 11. Human Knot 12. Feather Balance 13. Stack them high Relaxing Brain Breaks 14. Meditation 15. Kaleidoscope 16. Reading/Listening to a Story 17. Doodling 18. Coloring Sheets 19. Deep Breathing Deep breathing 20. Going Outside How Often Should You Introduce Brain Breaks? Final Thoughts Featured photo credit: Robert Collins via [1] SimplyPsychology: Working Memory Model [2] Kids Need Brain Breaks — And So Do Adults Read Next
What Is "Port Forwarding?" How Do I Set My Own? It can speed up your gaming and downloading Port forwarding is the redirecting of computer signals to follow specific electronic paths into your computer. If the computer signal can find its way into your computer a few milliseconds quicker, it will dramatically increase the speed of gaming and downloading. A young man using a computer while laying on a bed. MoMo Productions / Getty Images Ports and Transfer Packets That pencil-thin network cable (or wireless network adapter) at the back of your computer contains 65,536 microscopic pathways inside of it. Your network cable is the same as a major highway, except your network cable has 65,536 lanes, and there is a tollbooth on each lane. We call each lane a 'port'. Your internet signal is comprised of millions of tiny little cars that travel on these 65,536 lanes. We call these cars "transfer packets." Computer transfer packets can travel very quickly (up to thousands of kilometers per second). However, they are required to stop at each major network intersection as if it were a border crossing between countries. At each intersection, the packet must do three things: 1. Find an open port. 2. Pass the identification test that will allow it through that port, and, if not... 3. Move to the next port and try again until it is allowed to pass through the toll. In some cases, packets sent by hackers will be caught and held at the intersection, where they will then be dissolved into random electrons. When this happens, it is called "packet sniffing" or "packet sniping." A Port for Every Program Most software is programmed to send its packets through a specific port. These port choices are often established as programming standards in the computer industry. (And yes, that includes World of Warcraft port forwarding.) Accordingly, your router needs to be commanded to allow packets through these ports, lest you slow down the speed at which they transfer to or from your computer: • HTML pages: port 80 • FTP file transferring: port 21 • World of Warcraft: port 3724 • POP3 email: port 110 • MSN Messenger: port 6901 and ports 6891-6900 • Everquest: port 1024 • Bit Torrents: port 6881 Using Port Forwarding to Speed up Packets Port forwarding is when you command your network router to proactively identify and redirect every packet to travel on specific electronic lanes. Instead of having every packet stop at each port until it finds an open port, a router can be programmed to expedite the process by identifying and redirecting packets. Your router then acts like a type of traffic signal, directing packets in front of ports. While this electronic identification and forwarding only takes milliseconds, the time involved adds up as millions of electronic packets enter and leave your computer. If you program your port forwarding correctly, you can speed up your internet connections by several seconds. In the case of downloading large files, like P2P torrent sharing, you can save yourself hours of download time by programming your port forwards. A video that used to take 3 hours to download can now finish in less than 10 minutes. How to Program Your Router's Port Forwarding Commands While the programming of port forwarding can be somewhat intimidating, there are online tutorials that can help. The most common reason for programming port forwarding is to improve the speed of BitTorrent downloads, followed by improving the performance of streaming media and computer games like World of Warcraft. To speed up your specific downloading client, game, or program, find the exact name of your router and software, and then visit portforward.com for a visual tutorial on how your router takes port forwarding commands. Was this page helpful?
Burma (i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə), also known as Myanmar (i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ MYAHN-mar, /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country, the second largest in Southeast Asia and the 24th most populous with over 60.28 million people. Burma is a resource-rich country and in 2011 GDP stood at $82.68 billion and was estimated to grow at an annual rate of 5.5%. Among others, the EU, United States and Canada had previously imposed economic sanctions on Burma. The United Nations and several other organizations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country, including genocide, systematic rape, child labour, slavery, human trafficking and a lack of freedom of speech. Nevertheless in recent years, the government has slowly been improving relations with major powers like the United States, Japan and European Union countries. Read more about Burma: Etymology, History, Geography, Government and Politics, Administrative Divisions (regions and States), Human Rights, Health, Foreign Relations, Military Relations, Economy, Demographics, Culture, Education, Media, Sport Famous quotes containing the word burma: Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten Of Burma Mountbatten (1900–1979)
India launching a Mars Orbitor in the first week of November for arrival at Mars on 21st Sept 2014 India is preparing to send a robotic spacecraft into orbit around Mars. India plans to launch a Mars orbiter from Sriharikota in the east coast of India in the first week of November and then the PSLV-XL (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is used for the launch which will put this orbiter into an elliptical orbit around the Earth… then around the last week of November, we have a crucial operation, it’s called the “trans-Martian injection” where the spacecraft is directed towards Mars. Then it is a long voyage of 300 days where the orbiter spacecraft passes through the sphere of influence of the Earth… Then it goes through a long phase of heliocentric flight where the orbiter spacecraft will be influenced not only by the Sun but by the other planets too. Then as it approaches Mars… we have another major action: capturing the orbit of Mars, which is on 21st of September 2014. India also plans to launch another two space missions to the moon. India plans to launch another orbitor in December and than a lunar lander in 2016.
Crack Addiction and Abuse Last updated on May 5th, 2021 • What is Crack? • What Causes Crack Addiction? • Signs and Symptoms of Crack Abuse • Treatment for Crack Abuse • Find Out If Your Insurance Plan Covers Crack Rehab Crack cocaine abuse and addiction is a serious problem for many people in the United States. According to the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, around 5.5 million Americans reported using cocaine (which includes crack) in the past year, with 778,000 of those people using crack.1 Not only can crack use cause significant psychological and physical health consequences, but it can be deadly. Crack is an addictive and dangerous form of cocaine, but it doesn’t have to control your life. If you think that you or someone you care about may have a problem with crack, it’s important to know that treatment is available so that people can overcome their addiction. This article will help you understand crack addiction, symptoms, and explain the treatment and support available for someone with a crack addiction.2 What is Crack? Cocaine is a white powdery drug obtained from the South American coca plant that is typically snorted or mixed with water and injected.2,3 It is a stimulant, which means it enhances activity in the body’s central nervous system, including in the brain, resulting in feelings of euphoria, energy, and alertness, but it also can cause paranoia, irritability, and anger, especially when its effects wear off.2-4 When cocaine salt is processed into cocaine base it takes the form of small hard rocks, known as crack, which people smoke in glass pipes to achieve a rapid high.3 The term crack comes from the crackling sound it makes when the substance is heated.4 The main difference between cocaine and crack is their physical properties which favor different routes of administration, but they are chemically nearly identical substances. Crack cocaine and cocaine that is injected appear to have a greater potential for dependence compared with snorting powder cocaine, and people who smoke crack also have a greater risk of negative health consequences.5 All forms of cocaine are classified as Schedule II substances under the Controlled Substances Act. Schedule II drugs are defined as having a high potential for abuse, potentially leading to severe physiological dependence.2 A substance use disorder (SUD) is the general diagnostic term given to people suffering from addiction to drugs or alcohol. Crack cocaine addiction falls under the category of a stimulant use disorder. For a person to receive this diagnosis, they must meet at least 2 of the following criteria, which includes:6 • Using crack in higher quantities or amounts than they originally intended. • Being unable to cut back or control their crack use. • Spending a lot of time trying to obtain crack or recover from its effects. • Cravings, which means having a strong physical or psychological desire to use the drug. • Being unable to meet responsibilities at work, home, or school due to crack use. • Continuing to use crack even though substance use causes problems in the person’s social life and relationships. • Giving up or stopping activities they used to enjoy to use crack. • Using crack in situations where it’s physically dangerous to do so (such as while driving). • Continuing crack use even though they are aware that they have a physical or psychological problem that is caused by drug use. • Tolerance, which means needing to use more crack to experience its effects. • Dependence, which causes withdrawal symptoms when a person tries to stop using crack. Dependence means that your body has adapted to the presence of the drug and needs it to function normally.7 Withdrawal symptoms can be uncomfortable and unpleasant that you may keep using crack to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which can include:6 • Low, depressed mood (known as dysphoria). • Fatigue. • Sleeping too much but experiencing poor sleep quality. • Increased appetite. • Psychomotor impairment or agitation (slowed or faster speech and physical movements). A person who is dependent on a drug isn’t necessarily addicted; dependence is just one component of addiction.7 CNS depressant drugs, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, and marijuana, are often used following cocaine use to temper some of the more unpleasant effects (e.g., anxiety, paranoia, restlessness) and/or to relieve symptoms of cocaine withdrawal.16 What Causes Crack Addiction? Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease where a person uncontrollably and compulsively uses substances despite the negative consequences.7 Many people mistakenly assume that addiction is a matter of willpower, and if a person wants to stop using drugs badly enough, they’ll be able to do so. But the fact is that addiction causes changes in the brain that affect the way the brain works and how a person behaves. Chronic administration of crack blocks the normal recycling of dopamine, resulting in a buildup of dopamine, your brain’s “feel-good” reward and reinforcement chemical. Dopamine is responsible for emotional regulation and motivation and influences people to participate in important life-sustaining activities like eating and socialization.8 Your brain adapts to the dopamine buildup and can result in developing tolerance, which means you need more crack to experience a high. Long-term abuse of crack can also affect your ability to learn, make decisions, remember things, and use good judgment. Despite these negative consequences, people often continue to use, which is a defining characteristic of addiction.8 Not everyone who uses a drug becomes addicted. The exact reasons for addiction are not fully understood, but scientists believe it involves a complex interplay of several different factors. Specific risk factors that can impact your chances of addiction include:8,9 • Your genes are responsible for about half of your risk of addiction, but you should know that your genes are not necessarily your destiny. Other biological factors that can influence the risk of addiction include ethnicity, gender, and having other mental health disorders. • This factor involves many influences, such as the area where you live, stress, your socioeconomic status, peer pressure, exposure to abuse or trauma, and the amount of parental guidance and support you received while growing up. • Your risk for addiction is affected by the way your biology and environment interact with important developmental stages. The younger you are when you start using drugs or alcohol, the greater your chances of drug use progressing to addiction. This is because your brain continues to develop throughout adolescence, and important areas that aren’t quite fully developed, like decision-making and judgment, can be negatively impacted by substance use. Signs and Symptoms of Crack Abuse It may not always be easy to identify when someone is struggling with crack cocaine abuse. However, people who are using crack cocaine may display some of the following behaviors and signs, which can include:10-12 • Jitteriness. • Talking or moving faster than normal. • Shaking or twitching. • Changes in their sleeping or eating habits. • Paranoid or suspicious behavior. • Mood changes, like being irritable, aggressive, or angry for no apparent reason. • Experiencing a “crash” after they’ve used crack, which can cause symptoms like fatigue and sadness. Physical Effects of Crack Crack use can cause a range of short and long-term physical effects. The short-term physical effects of crack use include:4,11,13 • Increased energy, mental alertness, and sociability. • Sweating. • Appetite loss. • Being hypersensitive to things you see, hear, or feel. • Dilated pupils. • Increased body temperature and blood pressure. • Restlessness and irritability. • Nausea. • Insomnia. • Tremors or muscle twitches. • Fast or irregular heartbeat. • Heart attacks. • Seizure. • Stroke. • Coma. The long-term physical effects of chronic crack use include:4,13,14 • Lung damage. • Worsening of asthma. • Significant weight loss and malnourishment. • Inflammation to your heart or aortic ruptures. • Chronic cough. • Higher risk of infections such as pneumonia. • Respiratory distress. • Intracerebral hemorrhage, or brain bleeding. • Neurological problems, like Parkinson’s disease. • Impaired cognitive functioning, such as memory loss, inability to pay attention and difficulty controlling inhibition. Verify Your Benefits at an American Addiction Centers Facility Find out if your insurance covers long-term addiction rehabilitation. Check Online Now Treatment for Crack Abuse Calling a crack addiction hotline can be a helpful first step to help you understand your treatment options. Effective treatment is available to help people abstain from crack use and learn ways to avoid relapse.15 Treatment can take place on an inpatient basis at a residential treatment facility, in which you live at a rehab for the duration of treatment, or outpatient treatment facilities, in which you live at home and travel at least once a week to a nearby facility for treatment. Regardless of the setting, it’s important that you receive an individualized treatment plan based on your unique needs, and that it is adjusted throughout the duration of treatment as necessary.15 Common therapies that are usually offered at both inpatient and outpatient rehabs include:4,13,15,17 • Behavioral therapies, like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or the Matrix Model, which are offered as a part of individual counseling or group therapy sessions. • Treatment for any co-occurring mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder. • Although there are no currently approved FDA medications for crack cocaine addiction, research into different medications is ongoing; you may also receive medication to treat symptoms of co-occurring disorders. • Long-term follow-up and relapse prevention care. This may include ongoing counseling, living in a therapeutic community (drug-free residences to help people in recovery), or participation in mutual-help groups like Narcotics Anonymous or SMART Recovery. Find Out If Your Insurance Plan Covers Crack Rehab American Addiction Centers can improve treatment outcomes for those in recovery for crack addiction and stimulant use disorder. To find out if your insurance covers treatment at an American Addiction Centers facility, click here or fill out the form below. Your information is kept 100% confidential. 2. National Drug Intelligence Center. (n.d.). Crack Cocaine Fast Facts. 3. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020). MedlinePlus: Cocaine. 4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Cocaine DrugFacts. 5. Hatsukami, D. K. & Fischman, M. W. (1996). Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride. Are the differences myth or reality? JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(19), 1580–1588. 7. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition): Is there a difference between physical dependence and addiction? 8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts. 9. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Substance use disorder. 10. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). Signs of Cocaine Use. 11. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). Effects of Cocaine on Brains and Bodies. 12. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). MedlinePlus: Substance use – cocaine. 13. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Commonly Used Drugs Charts. 14. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Cocaine Research Report: What are the long-term effects of cocaine use? 15. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). DrugFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction DrugFacts. 17. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Cocaine Research Report: How is cocaine addiction treated? 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IJAAInternational Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics2161-4717Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/ijaa.2018.81008IJAA-83432ArticlesPhysics&Mathematics Quantum Locking and the Meissner Effect Lead to the Origin and Stability of the Saturn Rings System VladimirV. Tchernyi (Cherny)1AndrewYu. Pospelov1Modern Science Institute, SAIBR, Moscow, Russia E-mail:chernyv@bk.ru(VVT();08022018080110412030, January 201826, March 2018 29, March 2018© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ It is demonstrated how superconducting iced particles of the protoplanetary cloud of Saturn are coming to magnetic equator plane and create the stable enough rings disk. There are two steps. First, after appearance of the Saturn magnetic field due to Meissner phenomenon, all particles orbits are moving to the magnetic equator plane. Finally they become distributed as rings and gaps like iron particles around magnet on laboratory table. And they are separated from each other by the magnetic field expelled from them. It takes up to few tens of thousands years with ten meters rings disk thickness. Second, because of quantum locking all particles become to be locked within magnetic well at the magnetic equator plane due to Abrikosov vortex for superconductor. Finally each particle is locked within three-dimensional magnetic well. It works even when particles have small fraction of superconductor. During the rings evolution some contribution to the disk also could come from the collision-generated debris of the current moon, coming meteorites and from the geysers like it happened due to magnetic coupling of Saturn and Enceladus. The rings are relict of the early days of the magnetic field of Saturn system. Origin of Saturn Rings Age of Saturn Rings Superconductivity of Saturn Rings Quantum Locking of Saturn Rings Space Superconductivity Quantum Phenomena in Space 1. Introduction Since 1610 when Galileo Galilei discovered such a nice and attractable space planetary structure there has not been yet complete understanding of the Saturn rings origin and age. There are three version of this process. Two of them have very close ideas of the gravity defragmentation when massive object was tidally disrupted when passing nearby Saturn [1] [2] . It was postulated that the rings particles can be collision-generated debris of this massive object. One well-developed theory is saying that an asteroid was destroyed coming to the Roche zone [1] . This approach was criticized because it does not have conformation of Cassini probe due to the fact that iced particles of the rings do not have iron which is contained in the asteroid matter. Note that metal matter of asteroid as a heavy part may disappear by going to the Saturn by gravity. Later theory suggested a Titan-sized satellite was destroyed by passing Saturn as it migrates inward towards Saturn [2] . Here it is not clear well where the core of it disappeared. Also we could not consider both theories as eventually completed. Because, for example, they could not explain particles separation, thin width and sharp edges of the rings, why rings exist only for the planets behind the asteroid belt, electromagnetic phenomena of the rings, spokes in the B ring, and other phenomena. There is no yet clear answer about the age of the rings formation. It remains a mystery. First idea was that they were as old as the Saturn system. Then after measurements of meteoroid flux into the Saturn system from Cassini’s dust-counting instrument since the spacecraft arrived at Saturn in 2004, Kempf and colleagues showed that the still-bright rings collect too much dust pollution to have maintained their youthful shine for billions of years [3] . Authors concluded the ice of the rings should be far dirtier than it was if it had been gathering space dust during 4 billion years and rings disk may be much younger than Saturn system itself. But when the Cassini spacecraft sent back the clearest images yet of Saturn’s rings, M. Hedman and P. Nicholson [4] have received a totally new understanding of what is the matter of the B ring system of Saturn. After studying photos images, they came to the conclusion that the most striking B ring of Saturn’s demonstrates for the observer an optical illusion. The mass of the B ring is only from one-half to one-seventh of the previously existing assessment. Those measurements reveal that the B ring, which makes up 80 percent of the total ring mass, is about 0.4 times that of Saturn’s moon Mimas. In fact, B ring of Saturn contain three times less matter than previously thought. “The best analogy of this situation with B ring of Saturn is something like a fog over the meadow may seem less transparent and empty, than a water-filled pool, which has a much higher density than the fog” (P. Nicholson). And authors conclude that rings are much younger. For example the guess of L. Esposito is that a single moon about half the mass of Mimas was ripped up around 200 million years ago [5] . It means Saturn’s rings are surprisingly young and may be from shredded moons. Also more detailed discussion about age and fate of Saturn rings was presented J. Henry [6] . It looks like the best answer of the problem with the ring origin and age is given by the title of the paper written by P. Estrada, R.H. Durisen and J.N. Cuzzi: “After the Cassini grand finale, is there a final consensus on ring origin and age?” [7] . Also it was discussed frequently, for example in [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . We have noted that all discussed above models of the origin and age of Saturn rings are based on classical understanding of the gravitational defragmentation of the massive body [13] . But both above theories do not allow a single common position of the physical concept in order to extend our understanding of many experimentally observed effects of the rings. And there has not been yet a clear explanation why and how particles rotating around Saturn on chaotic orbits within protoplanetary cloud coming to the equator rings disk and are held inside of it for a long time. Our third version of the rings origin is also related to the Safronov theory of planet formation and it is based on the evolution of the protoplanetary cloud [13] . At the beginning of the process of formation of the rings system all iced particles are rotating around Saturn on chaotic orbits inside the protoplanetary cloud in accordance with the Kepler’s law. After appearance of the magnetic field of Saturn all iced particles start to interact with it. The question is how all orbits of the particles may come to the equatorial plane of Saturn. If we are able to find answer to this question so it means that particles of the rings have approximately the same age as the age of the magnetic field of the Saturn, and the rings disk particles are relict of the early days of the Saturn system magnetic field. In order to solve problem of the Saturn rings origin we suggested that iced particles of the rings may possess electromagnetic quality of superconductor [4] - [23] . The reason for this suggestion is existence of magnetic field of Saturn and low temperature in it vicinity. Electromagnetic simulation has demonstrated that during some time after appearance of the Saturn magnetic field, all the chaotic orbits of the superconducting particles of the protoplanetary cloud will go to the magnetic equator plane where the magnetic energy has a minimum value. For Saturn magnetic equator is almost coincident with the geographical equator. Finally particles become distributed as rings and gaps like iron particles around magnet on laboratory table. And particles are separated from each other by the magnetic field expelled from them. Surprisingly, assuming Saturn’s rings contain superconducting matter many difficulties in understanding the nature of the rings can find simple explanations [24] - [36] : - origin, evolution, and dynamics of the rings - considerable flattening and the sharp edges of the ring system - why particles of the rings are separated - formation of “spokes” in the ring B - high radio-wave reflectivity and low brightness of the rings - anomalous reflection of circularly polarized microwaves - spectral anomalies of thermal radiation of the rings - why planetary rings in the solar system appear only after asteroid belt - why the Earth has no rings As we can see it already, the data of the Cassini mission once again confirms importance of electromagnetic interactions and the correctness of the conclusion of H. Alfven that the “solar system history is recorded in the Saturn rings structure” [37] . And it becomes to be a physical reality of our electromagnetic model to extend common understanding of the Saturn rings origin. At the same time we still have some questions about stability of the rings disk, it thickness and time of creation. Below we try to provide some additional information related to solution of these problems. Now we are going to add our consideration of the Saturn rings origin going to the quantum understanding of the superconductivity of iced particles and influence of it on the stability of the rings disk. 2. Discussion about Electromagnetism and Quantum Phenomenon of the Superconductor Related to Solution of the Proposed Problem An interesting idea of the rings formation is coming from the general electromagnetic theory physics when we notice the similarity of the picture of the Saturn rings to the picture when iron particles creates dense and rarefied regions in a nonuniform magnetic field near by the magnet on laboratory table (please, see Figure 1). The question is how we can get the same good looking structure for the rings of Saturn located within equator plane from the situation when iced particles are moving around Saturn by chaotic orbit within protoplanetary cloud. Recently Cassini mission has demonstrated that the rings consist of pure ice, 93% with some carbon matter impurities, 7% (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-090204.html). The temperature in the area of the rings is about 70 - 110 K. That’s why superconducting substance may be possible in space behind the belt of asteroids. The high-temperature superconductivity was discovered by J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller in 1986 [38] . Ice is a complicated matter. We do have a limited knowledge about ice in space. At the same time G.V. Babushkina et al. presented superconductivity of ice in 1986 [39] . In 2015 F. Yen and T. Gao found evidence of macroscopic quantum phenomena (superconductivity) in ice [40] . For the carbon C36 M. Cote et al demonstrated superconductivity in 1998 [41] . Recently also team of physicists has found the small amounts of superconducting materials might be relatively common in meteorites [42] . Recently was demonstrated an important fact that even small amount of superconducting matter may hold more than 70,000 times its own weight [43] . The experimental set up of how high temperature superconductivity is working on the best way B. Almog presented in Chicago at the ASTC Conference in 2011. It is based on theoretical discovery of A. Abrikosov of the vortex structure as a quantum nature of the superconductor [44] . Then U. Essmann, H. Träuble [45] and A. Tonomura [46] for the first time demonstrated experimentally and visualized it that the magnetic field may quantized inside the superconductor. An interaction of superconductor of the second group with external magnetic field is a quantum physical phenomenon. The magnetic field inside superconductor behaves like a quantum particle, like a quantum object. And as a fact magnetic field is magnetized inside superconductor and strands of lines of the magnetic field remain inside superconductor, they gets locked inside superconductor (please, see Figure 2). Some of the flux line becomes to be pin, and they never could take move. The reason for that is that superconductor doesn’t like magnetic fields lines moving around. What it actually does, it locks them in place. By doing that it blocks itself. Phenomenon of “Abrikosov vortex” is known as the partial penetration of the magnetic field in the superconductor of the second group, which does not lead to the complete destruction of superconductivity. The volume of material is pierced by the single quanta of magnetic flux, each of which is shielded from the rest of the sample circular superconducting currents. Why it happens? Under the low temperature some of magnetic lines will be expelled outside of the sample of superconductor of the second group. Because it is not a classical Meissner phenomenon, it’s a quantum phenomenon. At the same time some of lines will remain inside the sample and superconductor locks this magnetic field flux lines inside itself (please, see Figure 2(b) and Figure 2(c)). The action of locking prevents superconducting particles from moving within the disc. It is quantum trapping, quantum locking and quantum levitation. Also the action of trapping prevents the disc itself from moving in space. It is interesting notes that almost all new superconducting compound, open from the early sixties up to the present time, are superconductors of the second group [47] . The list includes organic superconductors, fullerenes (composed of atoms of carbon) and high temperature superconductors, and others. Flux pinning is the phenomenon where a superconductor is pinned in space above a magnet. The superconductor must be a type-II superconductor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_pinning). These sites of penetration are known as flux tubes. The number of flux tubes per unit area is proportional to the magnetic field with a constant of proportionality equal to the magnetic flux quantum. For example, on a simple 76 millimeter diameter, 1-micrometer thick disk, next to a magnetic field of 28 kA/m, there are approximately 100 billion flux tubes that hold 70,000 times the superconductor’s weight. At lower temperatures the flux tubes are pinned in place and cannot move. This pinning is what holds the superconductor in place thereby allowing it to levitate. This phenomenon is closely related to the Meissner effect, though with one crucial difference―the Meissner effect shields the superconductor from all magnetic fields causing repulsion, unlike the pinned state of the superconductor disk which pins flux, and the superconductor in place. For the rings disk of Saturn the problem of stability of the pinning structure of the superconducting iced particles is important. An exact mathematical solution of it was presented by I.M. Sigal, T. Tzaneteas in 2013 [48] and in 2015 [49] on the bases of Ginzburg-Landau equations which play a key role in superconductivity and particle physics. These equations have two remarkable classes of solutions― vortices and (Abrikosov) vortex lattices. For the standard cylindrical geometry, the existence theory for these solutions, as well as the stability theory of vortices are well developed. The latter is done within the context of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations―the Gorkov-Eliashberg-Schmid equations of superconductivity―and the abelian Higgs model of particle physics. Authors study stability of Abrikosov vortex lattices under finite energy perturbations satisfying a natural parity condition (both defined precisely in the text) for the dynamics given by the Gorkov-Eliashberg-Schmid equations. For arbitrary lattice shapes, was proved that there exists a modular function depending on the lattice shape such that Abrikosov vortex lattice solutions are asymptotically stable under finite energy perturbations (defined precisely in the text), provided the superconductor is of Type II and this function is positive. In case of Saturn rings we do have situation which looks similar to the case shown above in [43] . The rings particles contain 93% of ice and only 7% of carbon. It means that even if ice of the rings particles is not completely superconducting, still phenomenon of superconductivity will be responsible for the rings disk formation due to contains 7% of carbon. But superconductivity of ice is demonstrated in [39] and [40] and for carbon C36 in [41] . Consequently superconducting iced particles will be locked within the rings disc of the magnetic equator plane by the Saturn magnetic field due to phenomena of quantum locking, quantum trapping and quantum levitation. The rings disk itself will be suppressed by the magnetic pressure from both sides along the z axis, because along a meridian the magnetic energy becomes to be bigger on the distance from the minimum value at the magnetic equator. Finally we have a magnetic well of the rings disc which is sufficiently disturbing picture of Saturn magnetic field lines in the area of magnetic equator, Figure 3. As a result each particle of the rings disk of Saturn is locked strong enough within three-dimensional magnetic well. Thus it means we have a stable enough structure of the rings disk which is stabilized by the magnetic force on the vertical direction due to the gradient of magnetic flux and on the horizontal direction by the quantum locking and quantum pinning of the Abrikosov vortex structure for each particle. Following our superconducting model for the rings origin we are coming to new understanding of the “spokes” formation in the B ring. Just as any wheel spokes, the spokes of the rings are aligned almost radially. The size of the spokes is about 104 km along the radius and about 103 km along the orbit of the rings. The matter of the spokes consists of micron and submicron size particles. There were many attempts to explain the nature of these spokes. Generally, all the models are based on the action of the force of gravity. A different idea was put forward that the nature of rotating spokes is related to electromagnetic force of the diamagnetic expulsion due to Meissner effect. Analysis of the spectral radiation power of spokes provides a specific periodicity about 640.6 ± 3.5 min which almost coincides with the period of rotation of the magnetic field of Saturn (639.4 min). Moreover a strong correlation of maxima and minima of activity of spokes with the spectral magnetic longitudes is connected to presence or absence of the radiation of Saturn’s Kilometric Radiation (SKR). It enhances the assumption of dependence of the spokes dynamics on the magnetic field of Saturn and it testifies to the presence of large-scale anomalies in the magnetic field of Saturn. As a result we have the next explanation. Superconducting ice particles which are locked off the ring matter are orbiting in accordance with the Kepler’s law and they have their own speed on each orbit. Magnetic field of Saturn has its own anomalies along the radius in some directions. When the particles enter into this anomalous region, the diamagnetic expulsion force that is applied to the particles changes its value. Then particles begin to change their orbit. For the significant number of participating particles, for the external observer, this process appears as the turbulent cloud stretched along the radius in the form of spokes. During this time should happened ice particles collision. If particles approaching distance about point contact about 10−8 m then electrons can be tunneled through it. Consequently, this type of superconducting weak link begins to generate electromagnetic radiation―a non-stationary Josephson phenomenon. As a result the B ring may generate wideband pulse radiation at 20 KHz - 40.2 MHz related to anomaly of the Saturn magnetic field. After passing anomaly, particles return to their prior orbit and the common appearance of the rings is recovered. 3. Movements of the Superconducting Iced Particles to the Magnetic Equator Plane Following our electromagnetic model prior emergence of the Saturn magnetic field all the particles within the protoplanetary cloud are located on the chaotic Keplerian orbits, exhibiting a balance of the force of gravity and the centrifugal force. With emergence of the Saturn magnetic field, the superconducting particles of the protoplanetary cloud begin to demonstrate an ideal diamagnetism (Meissner-Ochsenfeld phenomenon). Particles begin to interact with the magnetic field and all the particles become to be involved in an additional azimuth-orbital motion due to the Meissner effect. We try to estimate the result of this motion. We will follow procedure of electromagnetic modeling already demonstrated earlier [24] - [36] . Let’s consider diamagnetic ball with mass m flying in a gravitational and magnetic field of a planet with a given initial velocity and distance from the center of the planet. Find its trajectory. In the spherical coordinate system we get: r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , φ = arctan ( y / x ) , θ = arccos ( z / r ) And the acceleration vector in this coordinate system consequently is a = e r ( r ¨ − r θ ˙ 2 − r φ ˙ 2 sin 2 θ ) + e θ ( r θ ¨ + 2 r ˙ θ ˙ − r φ ˙ 2 sin θ cos θ ) + e φ ( r φ ¨ sin θ + 2 r ˙ φ ˙ sin θ + 2 r θ ˙ φ ˙ cos θ ) Velocity is v = r ˙ e r + r θ ˙ e θ + r φ ˙ sin θ e φ and r = r e r The magnetic induction of a planet is B = μ 0 4π 3 r ( μ r ) − μ r 2 r 5 The magnetic field is B = μ 0 H , and magnetization B = μ 0 ( H + M ) , M = χ m H . We place now a diamagnetic sphere into the uniform magnetic field and see what happens. No currents flow, then ∇ × H = 0 , and we introduce a scalar potential H = − ∇ ψ d i v B = 0 , then ∇ 2 ψ = 0 . A uniform magnetic field is represented by its magnetic potential ψ 0 = − H 0 z = − H 0 r cos θ ψ = { − H 0 r cos θ + a cos θ r 2 , r > R − b r cos θ , r < R a = 1 3 R 3 M , b = H 0 − 1 3 M Here b is the value for the uniform magnetic field inside the particle: M = χ m H int = χ m b . For a superconductor, we get χ m = − 1 . So, finally an effective magnetic dipole moment is given m = − 2 π R 3 H 0 . The potential energy of a magnetic dipole m is U = − m B . For a rigid dipole, the force then is F = ( m ∇ ) B , then we obtain F = − π μ 0 R 3 ∇ H 0 2 . In a simplified version, a magnetic moment for the particle in CGS units is M = − R 3 H . We place the origin of the coordinates at the center of a planet, and the z axis directly along the magnetic moment of a planet (orthogonal to equator). Then the magnetic energy will become as: U = − μ p B = R 3 H 2 = R 3 μ 2 r 6 ( 3 cos 2 θ + 1 ) Here q―the angle between the vector r and the z axis. It can be seen from this expression, that the magnetic energy of the superconducting particle has a minimum value when the radius-vector r is in a plane of the magnetic equator plane, ( cos θ = 0 ) . It means that eventually a particle during an interaction with magnetic field of planet tries to get position within magnetic equator plane and then it continues move around Saturn within the rings disk in accordance with Kepler’s low [24] - [36] . Now going to spherical coordinates we get ∇ U = ∂ U ∂ r e r + 1 r ∂ U ∂ θ e θ The Newton equation of motion is then m a = − ( G m M r 2 + ∂ U ∂ r ) e r − 1 r ∂ U ∂ θ e θ In order to do calculations we take the following values for parameters: at equator R S = 60268 km , M = 5.6846 × 10 26 kg , G = 6.67259 × 10 − 11 m 3 ⋅ kg − 1 ⋅ s − 2 and the density of an ice particle ρ ≈ 1 г / см 3 The Saturn magnetic field at the equator is 0.2 gauss. Then the Saturn magnetic moment may be calculated as B = μ 0 4 π μ R S 3 , μ = 4 π R S 3 B S μ 0 , μ = 4.378 × 10 25 m 2 ⋅ A Calculated time to change the orbit of the particle to the arrival of it into the plane of the magnetic equator plane due to the Meissner effect depends on the parameters of the particles and the distance from the planet and it varies from several thousand years to several tens of thousands of years. During this time the additional magnetic force will modify significantly the orbit of the particle. To get thickness of the rings sombrero we consider a superconducting rings disc around a planet and evaluate a magnetic field around. Nearby Saturn the sphere has a uniform magnetization. Estimates of the thickness of the disc rings give a value of about 10 meters. This result is coincident with experimental data. 4. Notes about Time of the Rings Disc Formation We made modeling for one particle. In reality time for particles to come to magnetic equator plane will be much larger due to collisions and the influence of Meissner phenomenon in the azimuth-orbital direction because magnetic field of Saturn is nonuniform. Important to remember the orbital resonances, moons and ring particles as well as mechanical, plasma and magnetohydrodynamic interactions also can play an important role in forming a specific structure of the rings and gaps. All these factors also may contribute to the time of the rings structure origin, dynamic and evolution of the initial origin of existing structure of the Saturn rings. Also there is a probability of contribution to the matter of the rings disc from the debris of the asteroids, moon and satellites migrated inward towards Saturn and coming superconducting meteorites. Another situation may happen when particles of the frozen water coming from the geyser of the geologically active satellite go to the rings disc due to magnetic coupling between Saturn and its satellite (Figure 4). An important discovery was made in 2005. The Cassini spacecraft started multiple close flybys of Enceladus, revealing its surface and environment in greater detail. In particular, Cassini discovered water-rich plumes venting from the south polar region Certainly process of supplying particles to the rings disc from the geyser of the satellite of Saturn could not continue forever. It works only during the time of the geological activity of the satellite. It may happen at any moment of the long time existence of the Saturn system. 5. Conclusions Recently we coined the hypotheses that the ice matter of the Saturn rings particles or part of it may be superconducting. The above consideration has demonstrated once again how Saturn’s rings initially could have formed from the superconducting icy particles of the protoplanetary cloud and in addition also with some other mechanisms of the observing phenomena. The most intriguing part of this process of the Saturn rings origin is the electromagnetic interaction of superconducting iced particles with the magnetic field of Saturn and the quantum locking and quantum trapping of them within magnetic equator plane. Saturn rings particles are relict of the early days of the Saturn system magnetic field formation. And rings disc was formatted after appearance of the magnetic field of planet in accordance with presented above scenario. Due to the action of the additional magnetic force of the Meissner phenomenon all chaotic orbits of the particles eventually moved from the protoplanetary cloud to magnetic equator plane where there is a minimum of magnetic energy. Then particles within the rings disc become to be locked by the quantum locking in the horizontal direction and suppressed by external magnetic field along a meridian. As a result, each particle of the rings disk of Saturn is locked strong enough within three-dimensional magnetic well. Magnetic well of the rings disc is a sufficiently disturbing picture of Saturn magnetic field in the area of equator. If some other superconducting particle is flying nearby the rings disc, then the magnetic well will eventually attract the particle within the disc and get locked it inside. Thus it means we have blocked enough structure of the rings disk which is stabilized by the magnetic force of Meissner effect on the vertical direction due to the gradient of magnetic flux in the both directions from the magnetic equator and it is stabilized on the horizontal direction by the quantum pinning of the Abrikosov vortex structure for each particle. When particles of the B ring come to anomaly area of the Saturn magnetic field, they receive additional azimuth-radial movements by electromagnetic force due to Meissner effect and they start to move. In optical range it is registered as a spokes. During collision of the particles, their dot contact may generate registered wideband pulse radiation due to non-stationary Josephson phenomenon. It is an interesting feature that the suggested mechanism of the rings formation due to electromagnetic interaction works even in case when only small fraction of the iced particles may have superconductivity. This conclusion is based on results of laboratory experiment when the small scale frozen superconductor located on the big enough size of substrate is trapped in external magnetic field and it is able to hold much more times its weight. Magnetic field is magnetized inside the superconductor. Some of the flux line becomes to be pin, they don’t move. And superconductor blocks itself within magnetic field. It happened because superconductivity has quantum nature. So, the time of initial formation of the rings disc system with thickness of a ten meters due to electromagnetic interaction of superconducting iced particles of the protoplanetary cloud with magnetic field of Saturn may be estimated as from a few thousand years up to few tens of thousands years. And this is the time of the origin, dynamics and formation of the initial state of the system of Saturn rings after appearance of the magnetic field of Saturn. During this time the chaotic orbits of the superconducting iced particles of the protoplanetary cloud which are moving around Saturn will collapse into the disc of rings. At the same time due to a long time existence of the Saturn rings the other processes also need to be considered which could contribute to the dynamics and evolution of the rings disk. It is necessary to underline that some other sudden event like satellite coming to the Saturn and becomes to be destroyed to the debris, and coming superconducting meteorites or water eruption by the geyser of the satellite of Saturn, all of them could contribute to the dynamic and evolution of the existing structure of the rings disc matter. For example, some of the water vapor of the geyser of Enceladus falls back as “snow”; the rest escapes, and supplies most of the material making up Saturn’s E ring. We can imagine the same situation could happen some moment of time earlier with another satellite and B ring. In fact orbital resonances between Saturn, satellites, moons and rings particles play an important role in forming a specific structure of the rings system gaps and enhancing the influence of the satellites as well as the gravitational, mechanical, magnetohydrodynamic, dusty plasma and gas-plasma interactions. It is a pleasing surprise, how many features of the Saturn rings our model of the superconductivity of the Saturn rings particles can explain. If applied to other systems, it has the potential to enrich our understanding of the space natural laboratory in general. Cite this paper Tchernyi (Cherny), V.V. and Pospelov, A.Yu. (2018) Quantum Locking and the Meissner Effect Lead to the Origin and Stability of the Saturn Rings System. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 8, 104-120. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2018.81008 ReferencesFridman, A.M. and Gorkavyi, N.N. (1999) Physics of Planetary Rings. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03918-2Canup, R.M. (2010) Origin of Saturn’s Rings and Inner Moons by Mass Removal from a Lost Titan-Sized Satellite. Nature, 468, 943-946. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09661Kempf, S., Altobelli, N., Srama, R., Cuzzi, J.N. and Estrada, P.R. 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Science, 307, 1222-1276. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5713.1222Burns, J.A. and Cuzzi, J.N. (2006) Our Local Astrophysical Laboratory. Science, 312, 1753-1755. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114856Dougherty, M., Esposito, L. and Krimigis, T. (Eds.) (2009) Saturn from Cassini-Huygens. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6Cuzzi, J.N., Burns, J.A., Charnoz, S., Clark, R.N., Colwell, J.E., Dones, L., Esposito, L.W., Filacchione, G., French, R.G., Hedman, M.M., Kempf, S., Marouf, E.A., Murray, C.D., Nicholson, P.D., Porco, C.C., Schmidt, J., Showalter, M.R., Spilker, L.J., Spitale, J.N., Srama, R., Sremcevic, M., Tiscareno, M.S. and Weiss, J. (2010) An evolving View of Saturn’s Dynamic Rings. Science, 327, 1470-1475. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1179118Tiscareno, M.S., Colin, J., Mitchell, C.S., Murray, C.D., Di Nino, D., Hedman, M.M., Schmidt, J., Burns, J.A., Cuzzi, J.N., Porco, C.C., Beurle, K. and Evans, M.W. (2013) Observations of Ejecta Clouds Produced by Impacts onto Saturn’s Rings. Science, 340, 460-464. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233524Safronov, V.S. (1969) Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and the Planets. Nauka Press, Moscow. (NASA Technical Translation F-677, 1972)Pospelov, A.Yu. and Tchernyi, V.V. (1995) Electromagnetic Properties Material Forecast of the Planetary Rings by the Methods of Functionally Physical Analysis. Proc. Intern. Scientific-Methodological Conf. on Innovative Design in Education, Techniques and Technologies, Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd (Russian), 75-77.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.V. (1998) Planet’s Rings: Super-Diamagnetic Model and New Course of Investigations. Proc. SPIE 42nd Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 27 July-1 August 1997; Small Spacecraft, Space Environments and Instrumentation Technologies, SPIE, 3116, 117-128.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.V. (1998) Possible Explanation of the Planet’s Rings Behavior in the Radio and MM-Wave Range via Superdiamagnetic Model. SPIE International Symposium on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Kona, 20-23 July 1998, No. 73.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.V. (1998) Superdiamagnetic Model of Planetary Rings Behavior in the Millimeter and Submullimeter Range. 4th International Conference on MM and SMM Waves and Applications, San Diego, 20-23 July 1998, 172-173.Girich, S.V., Pospelov, A.Yu. and Tchernyi, V.V. (1998) Radar Data Explanation via Superdiamagnetic Model of the Saturn’s Rings. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 30, 1043.Tchernyi, V.V., Pospelov, A.Yu. and Girich, S.G. (1998) Studies on the Rings of Saturn. The Academy for Future Science, Los Gatos.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.G. (1999) Anomalous Inversion of Polarization of Icy Satellites and Saturn’s Rings: Superdiamagnetic Model. 44th SPIE Annual Meet, Denver, 18-23 July 1999, Vol. 3754, 329-333.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.G. (1999) Are Saturn Rings Superconducting? University of Alabama, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville.Pospelov, A.Yu., Tchernyi, V.V. and Girich, S.G. (2000) Are Saturn’s Rings Superconducting? Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium, MIT, Cambridge, 1158.Tchernyi, V.V. (2002) Possible Superconductivity of the Saturn Rings. University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy, Honolulu.Tchernyi, V.V. and Pospelov, A.Yu. (2005) Possible Electromagnetic Nature of the Saturn’s Rings: Superconductivity and Magnetic Levitation. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, 52, 277-299. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER04082801Tchernyi, V.V. and Pospelov, A.Yu. (2005) About Possible Electromagnetic Nature of the Planetary Rings: Magnetic Levitation of Superconducting Rings of Saturn. Fizika Volnovykh Processov I Radiotehnicheskih System, 8, 4-16. (In Russian)Tchernyi, V.V. and Chensky, E.V. (2005) Electromagnetic Background for Possible Magnetic Levitation of the Superconducting Rings of Saturn. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 19, 1997-2006. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939305775570440Tchernyi, V.V. and Chensky, E.V. (2006) Movements of the Protoplanetary Superconducting Particles in the Magnetic Field of Saturn Lead to the Origin of Rings. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2, 445-446.Tchernyi V.V. ,et al. (2006)About Possible Role of Electromagnetism and Superconductivity for the Origin of Saturn Rings Prikladnaya Fizika (Applied Physics) 5, 10-16.Tchernyi, V.V. and Pospelov, A.Yu. (2007) About Hypothesis of the Superconducting Origin of the Saturn’s Rings. Astrophysics and Space Science, 307, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-006-9054-7Tchernyi, V.V. (2009) Origin of the Saturn Rings: Electromagnetic Model of the Sombrero Rings Formation. In: Denis, J.H. and Aldridge, P.D., Eds., Space Exploration Research, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, Chapter 11, 261-275.Tchernyi, V.V. (2009) Origin of the Saturn Rings: Electromagnetic Model of the Sombrero Rings Formation. Journal of Magnetohydrodynamics, Plasma and Space Research, 14, 385-398.Tchernyi, V.V. (2013) Could Superconductivity Contribute to the Saturn Rings Origin? Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.46A005Cherny, V.V. (2013) The Saturn Rings Origin: Contribution of Electromagnetism (to the Unified Theory of the Origin of Planetary Rings). American Journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20130102.11Tchernyi, V.V. 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(1986) Possible High Tc Superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O System. Zeitschrift für Physik B, 64, 189-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01303701Babushkina, G.V., Kobelev, L.Ya., Yakovlev, E.N. and Babushkin, A.N. (1986) Superconductivity of Ice under High Pressure. Physics of Solid State, 28, 3732-3734. (In Russian)Yen, F. and Gao, T. (2015) Dielectric Anomaly in Ice near 20K; Evidence of Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 6, 2822-2825. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00797Côté, M., Grossman, J.C., Cohen, M.L. and Louie, S.G. (1998) Electron-Phonon Interactions in Solid C36. Physical Review Letters, 81, 697-700. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.697Wampler, J., et al. (2018) Natural Superconductivity Observed in Meteorites above 5 K. American Physical Society March Meeting, Los Angeles, 5-9 March 2018.Deutscher, G., Azoulay, M., Almog, B. and Deutscher, B. (2011) Quantum Levitation, Quantum Locking, Quantum Trapping. ASTC Conference, Maryland, 15-18 October 2011. http://library.fora.tv/2012/10/25/Dr_Boaz_Almog_Quantum_LevitationAbrikosov A.A. ,et al. (1957)On the Magnetic Properties of Superconductors of the Second Group Soviet Physics JETF 5, 1174-1182.Essmann, U. and Träuble, H. (1967) The Direct Observation of Individual Flux Lines in Type II Superconductors. Physics Letters A, 24, 526-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(67)90819-5Tonomura, A., et al. (2001) Observation of Individual Vortices Trapped along Columnar Defects in High-Temperature Superconductors. Nature, 412, 620-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/35088021Abrikosov, A.A. (2003) Type II Superconductors and the Vortex Lattice. Nobel Lecture. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/abrikosov-lecture.pdfSigal, I.M. and Tzaneteas, T. (2013) On Stability of Abrikosov Lattices. https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.5446v1Sigal, I.M. and Tzaneteas, T. (2016) On Stability of Abrikosov Vortex Lattices. https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.5446Hansen, C.J., Esposito, L., Stewart, A.I.F., Colwell, J., Hendrix, A., Pryor, W., Shemansky, D. and West, R. (2006) Enceladus’ Water Vapor Plume. Science, 311, 1422-1425. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121254Spencer, J.R. and Nimmo, F. (2013) Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 693-717.Dyches, P., Brown, D., et al. (2014) Cassini Spacecraft Reveals 101 Geysers and More on Icy Saturn Moon. NASA.NASA (2015) Jump up to: Icy Tendrils Reaching into Saturn Ring Traced to Their Source.NASA (2006) Jump up to: Ghostly Fingers of Enceladus. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute.Meyer, J. and Wisdom, J. (2007) Tidal Heating in Enceladus. Icarus, 188, 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.001
Mastu: 12 definitions In Hinduism Ayurveda (science of life) Source: Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita (first 5 chapters) Mastu (मस्तु) refers to “whey”, mentioned in verse 3.46 and 5.33-34 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly (5.33-34), “[...] likewise, whey [viz., mastu] (is) purgative, purificatory of the vessels, destructive of constipation, (and) light”. Note (verse 3.46): Mastu (“whey”) has been replaced by dar-ba (“buttermilk”). Another such case is seemingly met with in I.14.22 ; but there mastu and ariṣṭa have been transposed, so that actually mastu corresponds to źo-ga-chu (“whey”) and ariṣṭa to dar-ba (“buttermilk”). For this last meaning of ariṣṭa see Amarasiṃha’s Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana II.9.53-54 which defines mastu as “maṇḍaṃ dadhibhavaṃ”—“the scum produced upon curds” [i.e. sour cream], having previously (v. 49) explained maṇḍa by sarvarasāgra—“the head of any liquid” [i.e. scum]. Note (verse 5.35): On mastu (“whey”) see 3.46; źo-kha-chu and źo-ga-chu, are alternative spellings of equally frequent occurrence. Kṣīrasvāmin (on Amarasiṃha’s Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana II 9.54) understands maṇḍa as “dravo bhāgaḥ”, so that mastu would then be “the liquid part produced in curds” [i.e. whey]. [...] The Tibetan rendition of the term, too, must be viewed in the light of this conspicuous change in meaning. While mastu has been replaced in the present case, it has been retained in 5.35 and translated there by źo-kha-chu (“whey”), for which CDP read źo-ga-chu (the former corresponding in Mahāvyutpatti 5693 to dadhimaṇḍa). Mastu (मस्तु) refers to the “whey”, and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—Curds was widely used in Vedic period. Ṛgveda mentions a preparation in which the curds were mixed with Soma juice and barley meal. [...] According to Om Prakash, the cream of milk (santānikā), the cream of curds (sara), whey (mastu), fresh butter (navanīta), clarified butter (ghṛta) and the butter milk (takra) are all referred to in Ayurvedic preparations. Curds churned without water (ghola) is referred to in Suśrutasaṃhitā. Ayurveda book cover context information Discover the meaning of mastu in the context of Ayurveda from relevant books on Exotic India General definition (in Hinduism) Source: Vedic index of Names and Subjects Mastu (मस्तु) in the Yajurveda-saṃhitās and the Brāhmaṇas denotes ‘sour curds’. Languages of India and abroad Sanskrit dictionary Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary Mastu (मस्तु).—n. 1) Sour cream. 2) Whey. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary Mastu (मस्तु).—m. (compare Sanskrit mastu-luṅga, which perhaps confirms such a stem by the side of masta-ka), head, top: Udānavarga x.13 tāla-mastur iv’ ūhataḥ (see ūhata, 1); a later ms. has tālamastakavad dhatāḥ. Mastu (मस्तु).—n. (-stuḥ) 1. The watery part of curds, the whey. 2. Sour cream. E. mas to weigh, Unadi aff. tun . Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary Mastu (मस्तु).—n. Whey. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary Mastu (मस्तु).—[neuter] sour cream. 1) Mastu (मस्तु):—[from mas] n. sour cream, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā] etc. etc. 2) [v.s. ...] the watery part of curds, whey, [Suśruta] [Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch) Mastu (मस्तु):—[Uṇādisūtra.1,70.] n. [Siddhāntakaumudī 248,b,14.] saurer Rahm (dadhimaṇḍa das Obere von saurer Milch) [Amarakoṣa 2, 9, 54.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 2, 17. 3, 115.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 396. 831.] [Halāyudha 2, 166.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 6, 1, 1, 4.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 1, 8, 1, 7. 3, 3, 3, 2.] [Kāṭhaka-Recension 36, 1.] [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 7, 8, 8.] [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 87.] [Mahābhārata 3, 13474.] [Suśruta 1, 178, 14. 19. 367, 13. 2, 364, 5.] Nach einigen Erklärern Molken. — Vielleicht verwandt mit mastaka . Mastu (मस्तु):—n. saurer Rahm. Auch andere Formen der Milch [Rājan 15,1.5.] [Bhāvaprakāśa 2,47.] context information Discover the meaning of mastu in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
What Is Barrett's Esophagus? By jolene Reviewed: Dr. Mera Article Sources Article Sources Medical Expert Medical Expert A change in the normal or physiologic “stress” on an organ leads to an adaptive change in the type of cells that make up its lining. This change in cell type is called metaplasia, and it commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium to another that is better able to handle the new stress. Barrett’s esophagus is a condition that affects the lining of the lower esophagus, the part of the gastrointestinal tract that connects the throat to the stomach. It is a well-known complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is a chronic condition that occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus. When the lining in the esophagus is exposed for a prolonged duration to the reflux contents, it can lead to erosion and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa. This damage leads to metaplasia or the replacement of the esophageal lining or stratified squamous epithelium (better suited to handle friction of the food bolus) with one that resembles the stomach’s and is better able to handle the stress of acid (mucin-producing columnar epithelium). This transition is considered to be a premalignant change, which means that under persistent stress it can progress to dysplasia and eventually result in esophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma of the esophagus). In theory, with the removal of the driving stressor (treatment of GERD), metaplasia (Barrett’s esophagus) is reversible. 1. History Barrett’s esophagus is named after Australian thoracic surgeon Norman Barrett. The definition of this condition has evolved over the last century. In 1906, it was described by a pathologist as peptic ulcer of the esophagus. Over the next four decades, the debate revolved on the anatomic origin of the mucosal anomaly. In 1950, Barrett supported the ideology that the stomach was tethered within the chest due to a congenitally short esophagus. However, in 1953, it was argued by Allison and Johnstone to be esophageal tissue and was agreed by Barrett in 1957. The histologic description for the next two decades vary and by 1976, a report on the histologic spectrum of the condition was published where biopsies were performed using manometric guidance. Barrett's Esophagus Home \| Privacy Policy \| Editorial \| \| About Us
From 2012.igem.org Revision as of 19:44, 26 September 2012 by Gcn10tdu (Talk \| contribs) NO sensing Many NO sensors exist, but usually have problems with specific and quantitative NO detection (Bedioui, F .et al.,2002). To do this a comparator circuit system can be put into place. The circuit could involve multiple sensors which senses different reactive oxygen and nitrogenous species. Within this system, short interfering RNA (siRNA) could be implemented to inhibit the expression of certain enzymes and proteins. This would produce an overall output that corresponds only to NO levels. To give a visual quantitative output, the use of bioluminescence can be augmented. The brightness would relate to the amount of NO in cells environment. Future applications.png Cancer Research This image is from the Cambridge E.chromi project, showing the coloured faecal matter as a form of diagnostic which has potential for identifying damage to the gut. NO is produced throughout the mammalian body in a range of cells, including endothelial cells(Bedioi.F et,al., 2002). NO has a range of functions within the body from being a secondary messenger in signalling pathways to being a relaxing factor within the cardiovascular system (Pang, et,al., 2003). Abnormal levels of NO can be an indication of diseases and disorders such as hypertension, impotence and obesity (Bedioui.F et,al.,2002). A NO sensor can be augmented into two ways to aid diagnosis and treatment. For example, measuring the NO level of externally exhaled air can be an important and non-invasive diagnostic for airways inflammation. This is due to endothelial cells producing NO synthase (eNOS), both constitutive and inducible (iNOS). The iNOS is induced by pro inflammatory cytokines, as well as increase of the enzymes expression after expose to oxidants. Therefore, measuring the NO level produced by eNOS has led to finding that there are higher levels of epithelial nitric oxide when asthma is untreated, and that there is a fall after anti-inflammatory treatment (Narang ,et al., 2002) . Understanding Pathogens (Henares, et, al., 2012). The process used by bacteria in which NO course quorum sensing through lux U within V.harveyi. Pathogens have many different mechanisms and strategies of invasion and attack. For example some pathogens produce biofilms. To create biofilms, bacteria signal to other bacteria to assess the population size and density (Tsou, et al., 2009). When numbers are sufficient, they switch on gene expression which leads to aggregation and adhesion. This is an example of quorum sensing, as has been demonstrated through Nitric Oxide responsive quorum sensing circuits though lux U within Vibrio harveyi(Henares, et al., 2012). A greater understanding of NO can be applied to research into pathogenic diseases which could lead to advances in the creation of cures and vaccines. Bedioui,F., Villeneuue, N.(2002)‘ Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensors for biological samples- Principle, selected examples and applications’, Electroanalysis, 15; 5-18. Henares, B.M., Higgins, K.E., Boon, E.M. (2012)'Discovery of a Nitric Oxide Responsive Quorum Sensing Circuit in Vibrio harveyi',ACS chemical biology,17;1331-6. Miller, M.J., Zhang, X.J., Sadowska-Krowicka, H., Chotinaruemol ,S., McIntyre ,J.A., Clark ,D.A. and Bustamante ,S.A. (1993) 'Nitric oxide release in response to gut injury',scandinavian journal of gastroenterology,28; 149-54. Narang, I., Ersu,R., Wilson, N.M., Bush. A. (2002) 'Nitric oxide in chronic airway inflammation in children: diagnostic use and pathophysiological significance', Thorax ,57;586-589. Pang.J, Fan.C, Liv.X, Chem.T, Li.G (2003)'A nitric oxide biosensor or based on the multi-assembly of hemoglobin, montmorillonite/ polyvinyl alcohol at pyrolytic graphite electrode.', Bio sensors and bioelectronics, 19: 441-445. Tsou,A.M., Cai,T., Liu,Z.,Zhu,J., and Kulkarni, R.V.,(2009)'Regulatory targets of quorum sensing in Vibrio cholerae: evidence for two distinct HapR-binding motifs',Nucleic Acids Res, 37; 2747–2756.
What Is ListBox In VB? What is ListBox control? A list box is a graphical control element that allows the user to select one or more items from a list contained within a static, multiple line text box. The user clicks inside the box on an item to select it, sometimes in combination with the ⇧ Shift or Ctrl in order to make multiple selections.. What is the difference between ListBox and ComboBox? The List box displays all the items at once in a text area, whereas the combo box displays only one item at a time. The rest of the items will be in a dropdown list for a combo box which can be viewed after clicking on it. … The Listbox represents a Windows control that displays a list of items to a user. What is ComboBox in VB? Advertisements. The ComboBox control is used to display a drop-down list of various items. It is a combination of a text box in which the user enters an item and a drop-down list from which the user selects an item. How do I use list box in VBA? List BoxOn the Developer tab, click Insert.In the ActiveX Controls group, click List Box.Drag a list box on your worksheet. … Open the Visual Basic Editor.Double click on This Workbook in the Project Explorer.Choose Workbook from the left drop-down list and choose Open from the right drop-down list.More items… Which is a type of procedure found in VB net? Visual Basic uses several types of procedures: Sub Procedures perform actions but do not return a value to the calling code. Event-handling procedures are Sub procedures that execute in response to an event raised by user action or by an occurrence in a program. Function Procedures return a value to the calling code. How many types of dialog controls are used in VB net? 3 typesThere are 3 types of dialog boxes: modeless, modal, and system modal. What is a list box in Word? List box Like a combo box, a list box allows users to select values in a list. However, users cannot add their own values to a list box. Also, a list box displays all of the items in the list, whereas the items in a combo box are hidden until the user clicks the control. How many types of ListBox controls are there? two typesThere are two types of list boxes: single-selection (the default) and multiple-selection. In a single-selection list box, the user can select only one item at a time. In a multiple-selection list box, the user can select more than one item at a time. How do you use ListBox? To add items to a ListBox, select the ListBox control and get to the properties window, for the properties of this control. Click the ellipses (…) button next to the Items property. This opens the String Collection Editor dialog box, where you can enter the values one at a line. What is a ListBox in Excel? In an Excel worksheet, you can create lists by using the List Box control. In this example, the worksheet has a List Box control that allows multiple items to be selected, and there is a check box at the left of each item. This ListBox shows the entries from a named range — DaysList, that lists the five weekdays. What is ListBox in HTML? The list box is a graphical control element in the HTML document that allows a user to select one or more options from the list of options. What is the difference between image box and Picturebox in VB? The imagebox can only contain images, whereas the picturebox can also, besides images, contain other controls like buttons, etc. Also the imagecontrol is a light control, like a label, which means that i doesn’t have a handle, and therefore technical isn’t a window like other controls. What is the difference between JList and JComboBox? A JComboBox is a component that displays a drop-down list and gives users options that we can select one and only one item at a time whereas a JList shows multiple items (rows) to the user and also gives an option to let the user select multiple items. How do I use ActiveX ListBox in Excel? VBA ActiveX ListBox Control on the Worksheet: Using ListFillRangeGo To Developer Tab and then click Insert from the Controls.Click on the List Box from the Activex Controls group.Drag a List Box on the Worksheet.Right click on the List box (Design Mode should be turned ON).More items… What is the difference between drop down list and combobox? A drop-down list is a list in which the selected item is always visible, and the others are visible on demand by clicking a drop-down button. A combo box is a combination of a standard list box or a drop-down list and an editable text box, thus allowing users to enter a value that isn’t in the list. What are picture boxes How are they used in VB? The PictureBox control is used for displaying images on the form. The Image property of the control allows you to set an image both at design time or at run time. Let’s create a picture box by dragging a PictureBox control from the Toolbox and dropping it on the form. How do you create a list box? Add a list box to a worksheetCreate a list of items that you want to displayed in your list box like in this picture.Click Developer > Insert. … Under Form Controls, click List box (Form Control).Click the cell where you want to create the list box.Click Properties > Control and set the required properties: What is difference between checkbox and option button? Many people confuse checkboxes and radio buttons. There is a fundamental difference between them. In a checkbox group, a user can select more than one option. … Radio buttons, however, operate as a group and provide mutually exclusive selection values.
Subsurface life can modify volatile cycling on a planetary scale Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Subduction zones link shallow and deep biogeochemical processes, as fluids and volatiles are transferred between the two converging plates and the mantle. The resulting heterogeneous hydrothermal system associated with the subduction-related volcanisms offers a range of possible environments for life. Environmental microbes are often linked to the chemical processes they catalyze, however, few studies have determined how microbial distribution reflects deep subsurface processes on the scale of an entire subduction zone. Additionally, the possible role of subsurface microbial communities in influencing the volatile budget is not clear. Here, I will present our latest work and unpublished data regarding the role of subsurface microbial communities in modifying volatile cycling across subduction zones, and how deep plate processes can influence near-surface microbial life creating a complex system of feedback loops between the geosphere and biosphere.

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