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Warehouse 2021 A stockroom is a structure for putting away goods.[1][2] Warehouses are utilized by producers, shippers, exporters, wholesalers, transport organizations, customs, and so on They are normally huge plain structures in mechanical parks on the edges of urban communities, towns, or towns. ac2wave They as a rule have shipping bays to stack and dump merchandise from trucks. At times stockrooms are intended for the stacking and dumping of merchandise straightforwardly from rail lines, air terminals, or seaports. They frequently have cranes and forklifts for moving products, which are normally positioned on ISO standard beds stacked into bed racks. Put away merchandise can incorporate any crude materials, pressing materials, spare parts, segments, or completed merchandise related with horticulture, assembling, and creation. In India and Hong Kong, a distribution center might be alluded to as a “godown”.[3] There are likewise godowns in the Shanghai Bund.A stockroom can be characterized practically as a structure wherein to store mass produce or (products) for business purposes. The assembled type of stockroom structures all through time relies upon numerous specific circumstances: materials, advancements, destinations, and societies. In this sense, the stockroom postdates the requirement for shared or state-based mass stockpiling of surplus food. Ancient developments depended on family-or local area claimed capacity pits, or ‘royal residence’ storerooms, for example, at Knossos, to secure overflow food. The classicist Colin Renfrew contended that social occasion and putting away agrarian excesses in Bronze Age Minoan ‘castles’ was a basic fixing in the arrangement of proto-state power.[4] Destroyed distribution centers in Ostia; an antiquated Roman city The requirement for stockrooms created in social orders in which exchange arrived at a minimum amount requiring capacity eventually in the trade interaction. This was profoundly apparent in old Rome, where the horreum (pl. horrea) turned into a standard structure form.[5] The most considered models are in Ostia, the port city that served Rome. The Horrea Galbae, a distribution center complex out and about towards Ostia, shows that these structures could be considerable, even by current guidelines. Galba’s horrea complex contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering a space of approximately 225,000 square feet (21,000 m²). As a perspective, not exactly 50% of U.S. stockrooms today are bigger than 100,000 square feet (9290 m²).[6] Leave a Reply
Слике страница the citation, not only deserves, but stands very much in need of further illustration. “The jurisdiction or sovereignty of a state may exhibit itself in various forms, and may be exercised by various ministers. One man or many may exert it over the rest, and over the territory which they inhabit. It seems, then, to follow from this circumstance, and from the remarks just made on the nature of jurisdiction, that the change or dissolution of a government does not destroy this sovereignty, and thereby reduce the members of the community to a state of nature. Hence, though the depository of its jurisdiction may be changed, the power itself resides in the nation at large : the taking of the sovereignty out of the hands of any particular person or persons, and even an utter uncertainty where particularly to place it, can have no other effect than to reduce the community to that situation in which it was before the jurisdiction was placed in special hands. For to the formation of a government two circumstances are requisite ; first, that a body of men shall unite to form a political society; and secondly, that they shall have determined in what form it shall be ruled : hence the social compact, and the constitutional compact are two very distinct things. It appears, then, to be obvious that the dissolution of the government, which is the constitutional compact, cannot reduce the members to a state of nature, but merely to a state of social and civil union; in which case the sovereignty has reverted to that abstract entity called the state or nation. When an event of this kind happens therefore, as it did in Rome, on the expulsion of Tarquin; in England, on the decapitation of Charles; in France, when they executed their king, and dissolved the government; and in the United States, when we absolved ourselves from all allegiance to the British throne and nation, and declared ourselves independent: in all these cases, I say, the members of those states were, indeed, no longer subject to the entire code regulating the political state, or form of government. Still they were not without law, but remained under the general obligations resulting from the nature, ends and necessities of civil society; and likewise subject to all the civil and criminal laws which were not necessarily involved in the downfall of the political In every case where such a dissolution occurs, the jurisdiction over the citizens at most results back to the source whence it came, and the collective body may either adopt a new and different constitution, or dissolve even the social compact also. In such a case only would they be reduced to the supposed primeval state of man, and could then emerge from this state of nature only by uniting themselves to other communities, or by forming themselves into a new society, either primary or civil. You perceive, then, not only that a dissolution of the government leaves its members in a state of civil union, but that all the municipal or civil laws of that society remain in full operation, as far as they do not relate to the mere political state, which it was the design of the revolution to change. And though these civil laws may have emanated from a particular form of government, and from a policy somewhat peculiar to such a form, the abolition of that forns does not per se imply a repeal of those laws. The ultimate sovereignty of all societies must reside in the people. The constitutional compact, or form of government, originated from them, with full powers in certain functionaries to enact, from time to time, such laws as shouid be deemed expedient. Now, if the people see fit to abolish the constitution, the laws which have been established by that government, having been virtually sanctioned by the people, are not annulled by the mere abolition of the government by which they were expressly enacted. All laws, therefore, whether they concern things mala in se, or mala prohibita, remain in full force, and their violation would be punished according to such forms and by such functionaries as remained, or by such as should be subsequently provided. A mere declaration by the people, that a monarchy or an aristocracy, for example, should no longer exist, but that all such delegated powers should revert to the people, would neither abolish existing civil laws, no deprive the judiciary, and various other depositories of power, of their right, nor lessen their duty to vindicate the laws. If the people indeed, by a proper declaration of their wishes, were expressly to abolish the whole, there can be no question but that the whole political fabric would be dissolved, and every individual would be placed in a mere state of nature, or, at most, of primary society. “ Revolutions, under any system of melioration, are sufficiently pregnant with evils, without those direful consequences which would necessarily result from the doctrine we have impugned. We presume, therefore, that public policy, and the implied wishes of the people would sanction the opinion, that all revolutions which do not expressly declare by the voice of the people, that all powers, of every kind, should revert to them, and that all laws should be abolished, could have but the effect to revoke those political powers which it appeared to have been the manifest design of the people to abolish, and to leave all other powers and laws in operation, so far as they can consistently operate, after the constitution or political state is annulled. We have dwelt the more on this point because, obvious as it certainly is, it has not been always practically regarded, as the history of revolutions abundantly proves. In revolutionary times, when the passions are excited, there are men, and philosophers too, who boldly maintain that revolution implies a dissolution of all compacts, government and laws; that the people, in their majesty, are once more placed in a state of natural equality ; and that all responsibility, except to God, or to the people as in a state of nature, has terminated. In a country like ours, whose constitution and laws so manifestly originate from the people, and where the relations between that people and their functionaries are so clearly defined, we have little to apprehend from revolutions, should they occur; and still less from such dangerous and disorganizing tenets as have sometimes disgraced revolutions in other countries. It was, nevertheless, proper that the salutary doctrine of this subject should be clearly inculcated." pp. 223226. The doctrine which is thus expounded by Mr. Hoffman, may be branched out into a great variety of important questions. It applies for instance, to the interesting case of French Spoliations, which our government is, at this very moment, called upon to settle by a diplomatic discussion. What constitutes the identity of a state? What is a revolution in the government, and how far does it affect the rights and duties of the body politic towards other bodies politic, or towards individuals ? At an early period in the history of political philosophy, this important question seems to have been fully considered. Aristotle who discusses itrather sceptically-in the third book of his Politics,* seems to think that the identity of a state depends upon that of its polity or forın of governmentbut whether a change in the latter exonerates the people or the body politic at large, from obligations previously incurred, he considers a very distinct question. This last difficulty might well have made him doubt the soundness of his previous positions. Thinking, as we do, with Mr. Hoffman, that “the social compact and the constitutional compact are things altogether distinct,” we should propose as a decisive test of the correctness of our opinion, the very case which Aristotle admits to be inconsistent with his own. If a state, under a different form of government-another dynastya constitution altered in all its characteristic lineaments and principles, is still bound by the obligations contracted under the old régime, to talk of its identity being determined by the form of its polity, for any other purpose than that of a mere theoretical exactness, would be altogether idle. Another important point of view in which the same doctrine may be presented, is in relation to allegiance and its legal incidents and consequences. As early as the year 1781, in the case of the Commonwealth vs. Chapman,t this question arose in the courts of Pennsylvania, and since that time, it has been frequently discussed and variously settled-if settled it can be said to be-in other states. In two causes which were heard at the last sitting of the Supreme Court of the United States, and which are still held under advisement, the whole doctrine was very fully reviewed in the argument of counsel. We have reason to expect from that eminent judicatory, a comprehensive exposition of the subject in its various aspects and relations. It may be observed meanwhile, that our writers and judges, shortly after the revolution, but especially wbile the madness wbich "ruled the hour” of the French revolution was raging here as it did elsewhere, too often gave countenance to maxims irreconcileable alike with all the analogies of law and with all the admitted precedents and the necessary policy of civil society. Chapter 2. + 1 Dall. 53.—That was a mere nisi prins opinion. Besides it was no decision. The Jury found a general verdict of not guilty, at the instance of the Judge, who thought the point too doubtful to be pressed in a capital case. Indeed, no theory was too wild or extravagant for that age of reason. The popular definition of well-regulated liberty seemed to be that every body might do as he pleased without respect for his neighbours, and all obligations, moral or political, natural or civil, were regarded as inconsistent with the rights of man. It was just the sense of a Greek proverb, which we do not care to translate more literally ελευθέρα Κορκυρα, χεζ' όπου θέλεις. . We observe, however, that the tendency has been, of late, the other way. Leaving those magnificent notions of the rights of nature and the freedom of the individual, to writers whose impracticable speculations are read by us, as Voltaire pleasantly says of them, for the same reason that we keep in our houses the portraits of individuals whom we never saw and never expect to see, our opinions are beginning to be sobered down into something like consistency, with the stern realities of of life-and, we may add, of law. It was argued in Chapman's case, that “the doctrine of perpetual allegiance to be found in the books, applies only to established and settled government, not to the case of withdrawing from an old government and erecting a distinct one. That in this latter case, every member of the community has a right of election, to resort to which he pleases—that even after the new system is formed, he is entitled to express his dissent, and dissenting from a majority, to retire with impunity to another country.' This doctrine is taken from Vattel and some other publicists, who seem to consider the case of a change in the Constitution of a government or the dismemberment of an eni pire as an exception to that universal and fundamental rule of all corporations, that the will of the majority is constructively the will of the whole body. There appears to us to be no foundation in reason for any such distinction. If the majority-whether actual or constructive-of a body politic, has a right to bind the minority without its consent, in any case, it has a right to do soexcept where positive law interferesmin all.* As for a change of the Constitution of a State-a thing, regarded in Europe as a portentous convulsion in the moral world--it would be rather a startling proposition, we suspect, in any part of this country, to ascribe such serious consequences to so very slight a cause. It seems to be one of our favourite national amusements to pull down and put up our governments. No one among us, we believe, ever thought that if it pleased the majority of a people to indulge itself in an innocent recreation of this sort, the minority had any better right to take it in dudgeon than to quarrel with the most trivial * That is to say, in a simple, consolidated government. VOL IV.NO. 7. amendment of the law. Even in Virginia, that has hitherto adhered to her established institutions with all her characteristic firmness of purpose and practical good sense, a freeholdsuffrage-man would scarcely think bis allegiance to the State dissolved by the triumph of the more philosophic (si Diis placet) and liberal spirit of the nineteenth century. If it is meant to affirm that a citizen may expatriate himself whenever be shall see fit to do so without the consent, express or implicit, of his country, we readily comprehend, though we do not accede to the proposition. But we cannot conceive how any one, admitting the principle of allegiance, as laid down by our soundest lawyers, can persuade himself that it does not apply to the case of a revolution. For, after all, wbat is a revolution ? In our own country, thirteen regularly organized, distinct, and, to many purposes, independent commonwealths, were connected by the bond of a sort of confederacy or allegiance, (the name is immaterial) with their common mother country, as they have since been united with one another. Every thing, however, that can constitute a separate and perpetual body-politic, was to be found in each of them before the great schism-legislation, judicature, a perfect community of interests among the inhabitants of a designated territory, united thoughts and counsels, equal hopes and hazards in every public and private enterprise-in war, the commune periculum, una salus-in peace, the name of brothers, and the right hand of friendship, and the endearing charities of the hearth and the homestead-in short, a social compact, as clearly defined, as religiously consecrated, as indissolubly knit together as it is possible to conceive. A dispute about an assumed right of the mother country is decided by the majority against her pretensions. It is further determined, by the same majority, that the colonies or provinces no longer owe any allegiance to a government which has affected to set at nought the principles of the great constitutional compact of the empire. The umpirage of the sword is resorted to, and the issue is favorable to our revolutionary doctors. All connexion with the mother country ceases, and the internal government of the State goes on as it did before. By what process of reasoning is it attempted to be made out, that the majority of the body-politic, which has thus determined the question of allegiance in the name of the State, and thus maintained its position by force, has not a right to decide upon this most vital concern, as it was wont to do upon all others ? Political orthodoxy, in Republics, is the same thing as religious orthodoxy in the Romish church. It means the decree of an ecumenical council—the voice of the majority, which is infallible, because it is paramount. The conciliabulum and the anti « ПретходнаНастави »
[ sor-oh, sawr-oh ] / ˈsɒr oʊ, ˈsɔr oʊ / distress caused by loss, affliction, disappointment, etc.; grief, sadness, or regret. a cause or occasion of grief or regret, as an affliction, a misfortune, or trouble: His first sorrow was the bank failure. the expression of grief, sadness, disappointment, or the like: muffled sorrow. verb (used without object) to feel sorrow; grieve. Origin of sorrow before 900; (noun) Middle English; Old English sorg; cognate with German Sorge, Dutch zorg, Old Norse sorg, Gothic saurga; (v.) Middle English sorwen, Old English sorgian; cognate with Old High German sorgôn 1 Sorrow, distress, grief, misery, woe imply bitter suffering, especially as caused by loss or misfortune. Sorrow is the most general term. Grief is keen suffering, especially for a particular reason. Distress implies anxiety, anguish, or acute suffering caused by the pressure of trouble or adversity. Misery suggests such great and unremitting pain or wretchedness of body or mind as crushes the spirit. Woe is deep or inconsolable grief or misery. 2 adversity. 4 mourn, lament. sor·row·er, noun sor·row·less, adjective un·sor·row·ing, adjective Example sentences from the Web for sorrow British Dictionary definitions for sorrow / (ˈsɒrəʊ) / the characteristic feeling of sadness, grief, or regret associated with loss, bereavement, sympathy for another's suffering, for an injury done, etc a particular cause or source of regret, grief, etc Also called: sorrowing the outward expression of grief or sadness (intr) to mourn or grieve Derived forms of sorrow sorrower, noun sorrowful, adjective sorrowfully, adverb sorrowfulness, noun Word Origin for sorrow Old English sorg; related to Old Norse sorg, Gothic saurga, Old High German sworga Idioms and Phrases with sorrow see drown one's sorrows; more in sorrow than in anger.
Top sources of Omega-3 fatty acids for horses A look at the role of Omega-3 fatty acids in the equine diet, and how to determine the best source for your horse. Omega-3 fatty acids are a particular type of fat. The name “Omega-3” refers to the chemical structure of the fat — particularly, the placement of a double bond in a specific location along the molecule. This gives Omega-3s high fluidity, which is of great benefit in one of their main functions — forming part of the structure of cell membranes. Because every cell in the body has a membrane, it’s no surprise that Omega-3s have many benefits! Some include immune and anti-inflammatory functions, and roles in brain and eye tissue. Needless to say, Omega-3s play an important role in your horse’s overall health. When supplementation is warranted One Omega-3 fatty acid is essential to the horse’s diet — alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The term “essential” is used because ALA cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in the diet. Once in the body, ALA can be used to form other Omega-3s, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). You can think of ALA as the building block, and EPA and DHA as the functioning products. You can’t make the final products unless enough building blocks are available. A horse maintained primarily on fresh pasture is able to consume large amounts of ALA, and such a diet contains substantially more Omega-3s than Omega-6s (see sidebar at right). However, the further you move away from this more natural diet, the lower the horse’s access to Omega-3s becomes. Hay has lower Omega-3 concentrations than fresh pasture, but still contains more Omega-3s than Omega-6s. Grains used in concentrate feeds, such as oats and corn, have even lower levels of Omega-3s, and to make matters worse, contain significantly more Omega-6s. The same is true for most plant oils. For these reasons, horses who do not have access to fresh pasture may benefit from Omega-3 supplementation. This is particularly true when grain-based concentrates make up a large portion of the horse’s diet. Horses with inflammatory conditions or concerns may also benefit from added Omega-3s. While research has shown varying results, Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may be beneficial for respiratory and joint inflammation, and for horses with metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance. Additionally, Omega-3s can be beneficial for exercising/performance horses and breeding horses. Sources of Omega-3s As previously mentioned, the most natural source of Omega-3s for horses is fresh pasture, which is rich in ALA. Besides being a better source of Omega-3s than grains and vegetable oils, fresh pasture is more conducive to the horse’s digestive tract, which is designed for small frequent meals of fibrous feed (i.e. grazing). However, pasture is not always a realistic option. When regular access to pasture isn’t available, and if the horse has some of the additional needs mentioned above, supplementation with other sources of Omega-3s may be beneficial. Fish oil Fish oil is one of the only natural sources of EPA and DHA. As such, it is typically considered the best Omega-3 supplement source, since it provides the EPA and DHA rather than just ALA. Getting horses to consume fish oil can be a problem, as horses often do not care for the taste. Adding a drop of peppermint oil and mixing the supplement in with grain can help mask the fishy flavor. Recommendations on how much fish oil to feed vary widely (see sidebar below), so be sure to talk to your vet or an equine nutritionist before adding it to your horse’s diet. Flaxseed is typically considered the best plant source of Omega-3s, containing a large quantity of ALA. “Flaxseed” and “linseed” are often used interchangeably, but while they are sourced from the same plant, they are processed differently. Flaxseed is typically used for feeds. The whole seeds are less digestible, so ground flaxseed or flaxseed oil are the typical supplement sources. There’s often a misconception that flaxseed is toxic, but it has been shown to be very safe to feed to horses, even at rates much higher than those recommended for Omega-3 supplementation. However, the recommendation is that flaxseed be fed in the suggested preparations (ground seeds or oil) rather than soaking or boiling the seeds, as both of the latter have the potential to result in the formation of toxic compounds. Chia seeds Chia seeds are another excellent source of Omega-3s, again in the form of ALA. Unlike flaxseeds, however, chia seeds have softer hulls and can be fed whole. While chia seeds are likely to have similar benefits as other Omega-3 sources, no scientific research has been conducted on feeding them to horses. Selecting the best source When considering Omega-3 supplementation for your horse, it is important to consider what type the supplement is providing. In horses, the process of converting ALA to EPA and DHA is inefficient and becomes less effective under stress conditions. For this reason, enough ALA must be provided to overcome this inefficiency, or additional EPA and DHA may need to be directly supplemented if there are concerns about a horse’s ability to process ALA. For horses that may have reduced metabolic function, such as seniors or those with metabolic conditions, a direct source of EPA/DHA is recommended. For other horses, sources of ALA alone may be sufficient, but supplementing the diet with a combination of EPA/DHA and ALA would be preferred. This could be accomplished with a combination of fish oil and pasture, or a commercial supplement that provides both EPA/DHA and ALA sources. Another concern is rancidity. Because Omega-3 sources are high in polyunsaturated fats, exposure to air can quickly lead to rancidity. This is especially true for oils or ground products (like flaxseed). For these products, look for sources that have been stabilized. Typically, they’re stabilized with vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant. You will see something like “mixed tocopherols” on a label when vitamin E has been added. In the case of ground flaxseed, if you choose to grind the seeds yourself, avoid storing them by ideally grinding them right before feeding. Store oils in the refrigerator when possible. Overall, horses are designed to have a diet high in Omega-3s, as provided by fresh forage. Because not all horses are fed fresh forage, and some have additional needs for Omega-3s, supplementation with other sources can be beneficial.
By Steven Martin Kensington The nefarious Saudi Arabia, which is known for its carelessness for human rights, is now under scrutiny for giving a female robot “more rights” than most Homo sapiens women in the country. Saudi Arabia is now the first country to have given a robot citizenship, which it was granted at their Future Investment Initiative summit in Riyadh on Wednesday. The robot, called Sophia Robot, was built by the Hong Kong-based Hanson Robotics, which states proudly that “[Sophia] will develop into an emblem for the Hanson Robotics brand, and an embodiment of the company’s vision for Genius Machines.” It being built in Hong Kong explains the lack of coverup as it is based on cultural patterns like Confucianism, which isn’t so strict with women, in contrast to Islam, the state religion of Saudi Arabia, which is very strict with women. Saudi Arabia is very strict with enforcing its state religious doctrine, whose socioeconomic system is based on the traditional Islamic law الشريعة (ash-sharī’ah), which isn’t a written one, but rather interpretations of the hadith (Muhammad’s words), sunnah (his actions) and Quran. This interpretation is called fiqh. The Sharī’ah itself can thus not be altered, but it’s interpretation can to a certain degree. Some of the strict laws it provides are can be read here: (, but related to women there are restrictions such as (1) cannot drive; (2) cannot testify against her rapist; (3) adulterers are punished by death; (4) Muslim men have sexual rights to females not wearing the hijab; (5) encouragement of female mutilation; and (6) a female’s testimony in court is worth ½ of her male counterpart. Saudi Arabia has a religious police force which enforces these laws. These policies have made them infamous internationally, most for being the only recognized country not allowing females to drive, and has been labeled as the tenth worst country for liberties and political rights by the watchdog group Freedom Foundation. But this may all change, for though many have criticized Saudi Arabia for giving a female robot more rights than their human counterparts, it may be a sign of willingness to change. After all, Saudi women were granted the right to drive a few weeks ago, even though it will not take effect before the summer of 2018. But Saudi Arabia’s prince and next-in-line for the throne, Mohammad bin Salman (MBS), announced that he “will return the kingdom to the moderate Islam that is open to the world,” and that he has plans for a new mega-city called NEOM worth $500 billion from scratch. It has been suggested that these two plans are tightly connected. Could Saudi Arabia be on a road to become more like Qatar or Dubai, and further away from its theocratic dictatorship? We can yet only speculate, but for institutional change there must also be social change, which is yet to be, so this plan could get forceful opposition, though also plenty supporters. Even Saudi-critic going under the alias of ‘MoFreedomFoundation’, who has stated that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a bigger sponsor of terrorism than Iran, admitted in a recent video: “The extremism of the past thirty years has definitely been Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Arabia’s extremist past goes back way more than thirty years. But that truth makes these comments [by bin Salman] even braver. MBS has conceded that something is wrong with Saudi Arabia, which is something which leaders there very rarely do. It’s like Kim Jong Un backing off Communism, or Donald Trump backing off tweets.” However, he also claimed that this doesn’t change KSA’s chances a lot, adding that they “seem to be drifting further and further into dreamland.” He said that the “the moves toward moderation mentioned … are all great, but they seem more like desperation to me than progress. And it’s not even clear what the crown prince’s people think of all this. Chances of a backlash are high, and passed over princes like Muhammad bin Nayef are waiting in the wings for MBS to fail.” He says that he “thinks more highly” of MBS than he did “last week,” but are still dubious about whether these big changes are going to be actualized. It now stands a significant choice before the people of the KSA. Will they choose to be a liberal or conservative Muslim state? If they choose the former, it will have a remarkable impact on the Middle East, as its “Westernization” would present a more moderate alternative to the Muslim world. If they choose the latter, I suppose nothing much would change: they would keep being known for its radicalism and terrorism-sponsoring. The future of Saudi Arabia is at stake here. Bin Salman has presented an alternative, and it’s up for the KSA people to choose whether to accept it.
Mangrove forests are very productive ecosystems which stimulate the carbon and nutrient cycles in coastal zones, providing irreplaceable socio-economic and ecological services. In French Guiana, mangrove formation is both subject and adapted to recurrent sedimentary disturbances all along the coast due to the copious sediment delivered by the Amazon system. Adult mangroves stabilise the coastline, but each time mud banks are eroded, these forests are destroyed. The resilience of mangroves in French Guiana plays a key role in structuring and functioning the ecosystem here. This resilience must be fully understood in order to develop a strategy for coastline management and conservation in this environment, with its natural disturbances and limited disruption from human activity. The BIOMANGO project proposes to define the forests’ capacity for resilience. The final results will establish a baseline for how the mangrove ecosystems function in French Guiana, which will help predict the ecosystem services that may be lost due to increasing pressure from humans (such as cases of hydrocarbon pollution). To add further value to the project’s findings, an innovative science communication team will disseminate these at educational workshops in French schools. Research center • - UBO, IUEM, Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), UMR 6539, Brest [Project Developer] - Agence Nationale de la Recherche Overall budget 379 K€
Aquarium Lighting Aquarium Resources Aquarium Lighting Different aquariums need different types of lighting and understanding this is one of the keys to successful aquarium keeping. Fish and aquarium lighting Unlike plants, fish do not carry out photosynthesis and are therefore not as depended on light for their day to day survival. There are actually quite a lot of fish species that have adapted to a life in caves or deep down in the ocean where there is no light at all. Most aquarium species will however appreciate a sense of day and night in the aquarium, since this is what they are used to from the wild. Developing a colorful breeding coloration would for instance be useless if the pitch dark environment made it impossible for any other fish to see it. Incandescent or fluorescent lights? Since fish do not carry out photosynthesis, they do not really care about your choice of light. Incandescent lights will however produce a lot of heat and can make the water near the lights really warm. Since the fluctuating water temperatures can be harmful to your fish, fluorescent lights are a safer choice. They are a bit more expensive, but will on the other hand cut money off your electricity bill. Fluorescent lights are also more similar to sun light and will make the fish look more colorful and brilliant in the aquarium. How many hours? If you have fish that hails from the tropics or subtropics, they will prefer roughly 12 hours of light a day, year round. Fish that live further away from the equator are used to long summer days and short winter days. The easiest way of providing your fish with a stable environment light wise if of course to connect the aquarium lights to a timer. Too much light? While most fish species appreciates a sense of day and night, strong light can actually make them shy and some will even dampen down their colors. This is especially true for species that hail from murky waters or environments where the sun is filtered through floating plants or the canopies of overhanging trees. Adding floating plants to the set up will normally solve the problem. Too much light will also promote excessive algae growth in the aquarium. In a fish only aquarium, no more than 3 watts of lighting per gallon of water is recommended. If you keep live plants you can use stronger lights without causing an algae bloom since live plants and algae compete for the same nutrients. Plants and aquarium lighting How much light your planted aquarium will need depends on which plant species you chose. It is therefore important to find out the light requirements of a plant species before you decide to use it in your aquarium. There are many plant species that will thrive even if you place them in an aquarium with no other source of light than normal, fluorescent aquarium lighting intended for fish-only aquariums. In the other end to the spectrum you will find extremely light demanding plant species that need the strongest available type of fluorescent lights or even more potent light fixtures to survive and retain their color. Be especially careful with species that grow close to the surface in clear tropical waters. Plant species that develop red leaves are also notorious for being extremely light craving. Corals and aquarium lighting Keeping corals is popular among saltwater aquarists, but most corals will need really powerful lighting and not even the strongest fluorescent lights will be enough for them. Metal halide lights and similar are therefore common in such aquariums. There are coral species that grow far down in the deep parts of the ocean where light is scarce, but a vast majority of the popular aquarium species grows close to the surface under the strong tropical sun and forms symbiotic relationships with light demanding green algae that carries out photosynthesis Didn't find the info you were looking for? Ask your question in our Aquarium forum ! Our knowledgeable staff usually responds to any question within 24 hours Other Aquarium Articles Aquarium Cycling - A guide on how to cycle your aquarium. Aquarium Lighting - Learn the basics of aquarium lighting Breeding Fish - Overview of How To Breed Tropical Fish Beginner fish - Great Beginner Fish for the Beginner Aquarist Bad beginner fish - Horrible Beginner Fish for the Beginner Aquarist The beginners tank - A guide to your fist aquarium Cleaning your filter - Basic filter management Carbon and aquariums - Information on the effects of using carbon in your aquarium. 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Modifying Water Chemistry - A technical article about modifying hardness, alkalinity and pH. Optimizing Growth of Fishes - The factors affecting fish growth - some may be manipulated, others not. Setting up a tropical freshwater aquarium - Detailed guide on how to setup a freshwater aquarium.. Reverse Osmosis and aquariums - RO is a way to get very pure water in which fish such as dicus and neon tetras can breed and raise their fry. Safe Rock and Wood Aquascaping - How to make sure that the materials you use in your aquascaping are aquarium safe. Selecting Community Tank Fish - A guide that will help you choose the right fish for you based on tank size and experience level. Setting Up A New Aquarium - Help beginners setup their first aquarium Slime coat - Protecting your fishes vital slime coat Snails in Aquariums - The biology of snails. Their advantages and disadvantages in an aquarium. How to keep them in check. 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Fight the flu Quick tips Flu prevention • Get plenty of rest, physical activity and eat healthy. • Stay home from school or work if you have a respiratory infection. Avoid exposing yourself to others who are sick with flu-like symptoms. • Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue away. If you don't have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your sleeve. • Clean surfaces you touch frequently, such as doorknobs, water faucets, refrigerator handles and telephones. When to seek care Most people can fight the flu at home with rest and fluids. If you are in a group at high risk for complications and you become sick with the flu virus, you should contact your health care provider early on so that you can be given antiviral medication if needed. Contact your health care provider if your symptoms worsen. Frequently asked questions Will I get sick from the flu shot? No. The flu shot will not cause the flu itself. Reports of mild reactions to the flu shot however are not uncommon. These side effects include soreness, redness or swelling at the injection site. Other reactions may include a low-grade fever, headache and body aches. Side effects typically appear soon after receiving the flu shot and last 1-2 days. Do I need a flu shot if I am healthy? The flu vaccine isn't like other vaccines with longer-lasting protection. Even if you had a flu shot last season, you will need a flu shot each year to be protected. Flu viruses are unpredictable, and every season puts you at risk. Anyone can become sick with the flu and experience serious complications. Seniors, babies, pregnant women and people with medical conditions like asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease are at especially high risk from the flu. However, kids, teens and adults who are active and healthy also can get the flu and become very ill from it. How does the flu shot work? The flu shot causes antibodies to develop in the body about two weeks after receiving the vaccine. These antibodies will provide protection against infection with the viruses that are in the vaccine. Is it ever too late in the season to get a flu shot? Flu seasons are unpredictable. They can begin early in the fall and last late into the spring. As long as flu season isn't over, it's not too late to get vaccinated, even during the winter. Getting a flu shot is the best way to protect yourself and your family. If you missed getting your flu vaccine in the fall, get your flu vaccine now for protection all season long. Is it a cold or the flu? Signs and symptoms Influenza Cold Onset Sudden Gradual Fever Temperature of 100° F and above, lasting 3-4 days None or a temperature of less than 100° F Cough Dry, sometimes severe Hacking Headache Prominent Rare Muscle pain Usual, often severe Uncommon or mild Tiredness and weakness Lasting 2-3 weeks Very mild and brief Extreme exhaustion Early and prominent Never Chest discomfort Common Uncommon or mild Stuffy nose Sometimes Common Sneezing Sometimes Typical Sore throat Sometimes Common
The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine,[2] and historically as the duck hawk in North America,[3] is a widespread bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. As is typical of bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, with females being considerably larger than males.[4][5] The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 320 km/h (200 mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive),[6] making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom.[7][8] According to a National Geographic TV programme, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 km/h (242 mph).[9][10] The peregrine’s breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics. It can be found nearly everywhere on Earth, except extreme polar regions, very high mountains, and most tropical rainforests; the only major ice-free landmass from which it is entirely absent is New Zealand. This makes it the world’s most widespread raptor,[11] and one of the most widely found bird species. In fact, the only land-based bird species found over a larger geographic area is not always naturally occurring, but one widely introduced by humans, the rock pigeon, which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species. The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean “wandering falcon,” referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; disagreement exists over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of Falco peregrinus, or is a separate species, F. pelegrinoides. The two species’ divergence is relatively recent, during the time of the last ice age, therefore the genetic differential between them (and also the difference in their appearance) is relatively tiny. They are only about 0.6–0.8% genetically differentiated.[12] While its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the peregrine will occasionally hunt small mammals, small reptiles, or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, on tall human-made structures.[13] The peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s, populations have recovered, supported by large-scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild.[14] The peregrine falcon is a well respected falconry bird due to its strong hunting ability, high trainability, versatility, and – in recent years – availability via captive breeding. It is effective on most game bird species, from small to large. Submit your review There are no reviews yet. Shop By Department
An Introduction to Industry 4.0 and Its Associated Technologies [Image: CC0 Public Domain] [Image: CC0 Public Domain] In the late 1800s, the world was transformed by the industrial revolution fueled by the steam engine. Mechanization reduced demand for farm labor while increasing output. The second industrial revolution relied on electricity and assembly lines. The mechanization of manufacturing dramatically increased the production of consumer goods while lowering the price of these same goods, bringing a better quality of life for everyone. The third industrial revolution began in the 1970s as computers and robots hit the scene. We’re in the middle of the fourth industrial revolution or industry 4.0. What Is Industry 4.0? Industry 4.0 is almost the opposite of the centralized master computers and networked assembly lines of Industry 3.0. It is the distribution of intelligent information processors and a network of sensors that work together as an aggregate whole to maximize production. Your chip placement machine and the motor driving fans for the injection molding equipment all report their status to the various manufacturing controllers. Every device of importance is connected to this Internet of Things. All of this data is fed up to interested parties from logistical planners to maintenance personnel. The Internet of Things or IoT isn’t limited to the factory floor. It is arriving in our homes. Smart homes allow you to control your lights, security system, and major appliances through the same networking technology. And it can consolidate control into a single device or interface for the average user. You could turn off your bedroom lights with a voice command to Alexa. You could check the images from your security camera via your smart phone app whether in bed or at a restaurant across town. The same data is being fed to other parties, as well. One of the biggest proponents of the IoT are utility companies and government agencies. They want to better monitor energy demand in real time so that they don’t waste power by producing what isn’t needed. And they want to be able to control demand when it starts to exceed supply. This is where utilities can see what energy hogs are running in people’s homes and tell them to turn off the pool pumps and big screen TVs so that everyone else’s air conditioners continue to run. In a worst case scenario, they turn off your lights and refrigerator but keep Grandma’s oxygen concentrator and your disabled neighbor’s elevator running. The massive amount of data collected by all of these devices is mined by “Big Data Analytics”. Manufacturers learn what changes in equipment behavior occur before a major breakdown, and they shift to pro-active maintenance before catastrophic failures. Businesses track the behavior of individual users and can better market to them based detailed analysis of aggregate user behavior, and it warns them when someone’s behavior is similar to that of hackers or a potential fraud case. The algorithms that allow people to mine masses of data for information they can use lead to artificial intelligences “learning” the same way. When sensor data feeds into these advanced intelligences, you get more autonomous robots. The Internet of Things connects self-driving vehicles and autonomous appliances like robot vacuums and pool cleaners. The mobile robots and vehicles communicate with users, sensor networks and central authorities. How Is 3D Printing Related to Industry 4.0? 3D printing or additive manufacturing is part and parcel with Industry 4.0. 3D printing is made possible by the rise of smarter controllers. The widespread adoption of 3D printing was only possible when we had advanced AI behind the modeling software that can turn a basic 3D model into assembly instructions for the 3D printer. The mass production of 3D printers for hobbyists brought the cost of 3D printing down. The increasing integration of manufacturing equipment via the IoT connects 3D printers to the rest of the assembly line, allowing 3D printed parts to come off the printer and be carried via advanced material handling robots to the next machine in the manufacturing process. 3D printing enables companies to offer customized products that their smart systems can create based on existing baseline models, and their AIs can send orders from the website or app to the production line as part of the production schedule. We’re still working on engineers and general consumers being able to create designs in virtual reality, and if they like it, sending it to a 3D printer for manufacture. Simulations do allow designers to test their designs thoroughly before manufacturing them, while VR is used to let people examine complex 3D models before they are made. Read more about Industry 4.0 here. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on pinterest Related Articles Keep up to date on 3D Printing technologies Subscribe to our mailing list and make better 3D print decisions.
Waste = Food (2007) Man is the only creature that produces landfills. Natural resources are being depleted on a rapid scale while production and consumption are rising in nations like China and India. The waste production world wide is enormous and if we do not do anything we will soon have turned all our resources into giant landfills of waste. But there is hope. The German chemist, Michael Braungart, and the American designer-architect William McDonough are fundamentally changing the way we produce and build. If waste would become food for the biosphere or the technosphere (all the technical products we make), production and consumption could become beneficial for the planet. A design and production concept that they call Cradle to Cradle. A concept that is seen as the next industrial revolution. Trending Videos Most Watched Documentaries The Big Picture Grow Food Not Lawns! Featured Documentaries Why join Films For Action?
Optimism and Mental Wellbeing Optimism and Mental Wellbeing People are happier when they are proactive and create their own satisfaction. Optimism is key in this effort because it is the positive language of optimism and hope that enables people to manage challenges and look forward to new positive outcomes. Persisting in these attitudes and behaviors are what lead to mental wellbeing. Abundant research shows that learning optimism, stress management, and other proactive skills prevents debilitating problems—but it can also solve them if they're already present. Webinars are really effective ways for people to learn these proactive skills. We offer online webinars on a variety of topics that strengthen mental wellbeing: • Optimism • Stress Management • Making Changes for a Healthier Lifestyle • Peak Performance • Emotional Self-Reliance Contact a coach if you're interested in a webinar!
Two numerically important bacteria in marine pulp mill effluent enrichment cultures were isolated. These organisms were gram-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacteria. Isolate IRE-31 (T = type strain) produced hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of cellulose, xylan, chitin, gelatin, and Tween 80. It also utilized a variety of monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids for growth. Isolate KW-40 did not utilize natural polymers, but it could grow on a variety of monosaccharides, disaccharides, alcohols, and amino acids. It also utilized methanol and aromatic compounds. The surfaces of both organisms were covered by blebs and vesicles. 16S rRNA analyses placed both organisms in the γ-3 subclass of the phylum . They were related to , and , although a close association with any of these bacteria was not found. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of strain IRE-31 and KW-40 were 57.6 and 54.9 mol%, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence and phenotypic characterizations, these isolates were different enough so that they could be considered members of new genera. Thus, the following two new genera and species are proposed: , with type strain IRE-31 (= ATCC 700072), and , with type strain KW-40 (= ATCC 700074). Article metrics loading... Loading full text... Full text loading... Most cited this month Most Cited RSS feed This is a required field Please enter a valid email address Approval was a Success Invalid data An Error Occurred
While millions of Americans are spending more time outside enjoying nature and wildlife, most don’t know that the fate of the nation’s wildlife is largely controlled by small unelected groups of people more invested in protecting the interests of trophy hunters than in protecting animals. In every U.S. state, regulations governing how wildlife should be treated and managed—for example, how many trophy hunting or trapping licenses should be sold for wolves, bears, cougars, or bobcats, or what methods can be used to kill them—are created and administered by two entities. Life and death decisions, made by people no one voted for First, an administrative agency, such as the Department of Natural Resources, employs biologists, program administrators, and conservation officers to enforce wildlife management policy and regulate hunting, fishing, and trapping. Second, a wildlife commission or board makes the rules for the administrative agency to enforce. Typically, the commission’s members are appointed by the state governor, and approved by the state legislature; they are rarely, if ever, required to have any background in science. Usually, it’s enough that members simply hold a fishing, hunting, or trapping license, or represent key agriculture interests. As a result, most “wildlife commission” members are not focused on humane, scientifically sound methods of wildlife management, and they do not reflect the views of the majority of Americans—currently around 95%—who do not hunt and who oppose cruel and unsporting practices, including trophy hunting and trapping. In every U.S. state, these commissions exclude the voices of non-hunters, subsistence hunters, and others who might criticize the underlying belief that wildlife exists solely for human use. State wildlife commissions waging hot war against wildlife • In March 2021, the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission voted unanimously to continue to allow trapping on Colorado’s public lands, subverting the will of the state’s voters, who had banned the practice in 1996. This means that thousands of bobcats, foxes, coyotes, beavers, and other Colorado wildlife will continue to be trapped and brutally killed each year for their fur. • The Nevada Department of Wildlife Commission recently declined to ban the chasing of black bears with packs of radio-collared hounds so they can be cornered and shot at point-blank range. • In December 2020, the Missouri Conservation Commission ignored public opposition and scientific data and voted to approve the state’s first black bear trophy hunt in decades. • In 2015, five of six Florida Fish and Wildlife Commissioners voted to open a trophy hunt on the state’s small population of black bears—even though roughly 75 percent of submitted public comments opposed the hunt. • In 2013, the Michigan Natural Resources Commission ignored thousands of comments from state residents in opposition to a proposed wolf hunt, and its chair told his assistant to trash thousands of other public comments. Despite overwhelming opposition by the state’s citizens, Michigan held its first—and only—wolf hunt in the fall of 2013. • Vermont: The Vermont Fish and Wildlife Board disregarded a citizen petition to stop the hunting of moose, even though moose herds had been depleted by environmental threats and unsustainable hunting pressures. • New Jersey: The New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife consistently ignores public comments concerning various hunting and trapping practices, taking anti-wildlife positions opposed by the state’s residents—including indiscriminate baiting, black bear trophy hunting, and circumventing a 1984 law that banned the use of steel-jaw leghold traps. Why are the public’s values ignored? States currently receive federal funding for wildlife management in the form of an excise tax on the sale of guns, ammunition, and other shooting equipment. However, most purchases of guns and ammunition are for non-hunting purposes. Yet trophy hunters and trappers benefit from this tax when the federal government allocates its revenue to states, based on how many hunting licenses they sell. This allows officials to claim, incorrectly, that hunters fund the majority of conservation work in any given state. In fact, most wildlife conservation funding comes from American taxpayers, who fund National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management lands, as well as private land purchases and land trust acquisitions. It’s time for states to diversify their perspectives and work with all stakeholders to fund wildlife conservation. For example, Colorado is working on a bill that would tax all users of state wildlife lands—a step in the right direction. Fortunately, wildlife advocates are making it clear that they, too, must have a say in decisions that affect the wildlife held in trust for all Americans. They are speaking up in wildlife commission meetings, petitioning for more protections for wildlife from cruel and unsporting practices, and urging their state governors to appoint more wildlife-friendly members to commissions. They are also supporting legislative efforts to reform outdated requirements for wildlife commission membership, such as holding a hunting license or representing certain industry groups. Actions that can make a big difference 1. Contact your Humane Society of the United States state director to learn more about who makes the laws and regulations that affect wildlife, and how you can have a say in the process. 2. Learn more about this issue on the website of the Southwest Environmental Center. 3. Attend a virtual public hearing of your state wildlife commission, or your state legislature’s wildlife committees, and testify in support of wildlife and against cruel and unsporting trophy hunting and trapping. 4. Contact your state senator and representative (identify them at org/stateleglookup) and ask them what they are willing to do to tap into the economic and decision-making power of wildlife enthusiasts in their state. Educate them about the need to update current wildlife policies in order to ensure a democratic and sustainable conservation plan for your state’s wildlife. Related Content:
Lost your wire? Wireless Networking with OS/2 and eCS. Part 1 From OS2World.Com Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search By Jonas Buys It is stated very often. Does this mean wireless networking is impossible with OS/2, UNIX and Linux? Not at all! A whole variety of drivers that enable use of most wireless network cards available today will soon be available for the OS/2 Warp platform. This article will introduce the drivers that are already available and that work excellent. But just because the technology is available for OS/2, that doesn't mean you must rush to your local computer reseller, and switch your network to WiFi instantaneously. People who have some insight in the networking branch will tell you to keep security issues in mind. It is my intention to have this article easy to read for everyone, both the novice and expert OS/2 user, while still giving complete detailed information. Also, if you're already familiar with some of the topics, you can skip them and pass on to the next sections. 1. A short introduction to Wireless. 1.1. How WiFi Works Wireless networking... Just as with wired networking, you need Network Interface Cards to communicate between two nodes (computers) in a network. The difference is that with wireless networking, you don't need wires anymore. However, before we can discuss the compatibility between OS/2 and wireless network cards, we should tell you something about how it works. A wireless network card is in fact an ordinary radio. A radio that has been modified to serve for computing and communications needs, that is able to transfer data. If you look well, you'll discover that every wireless network device (both PCMCIA card, PCI card, and Wireless Access Points) come with an antenna, sometimes very small and well-hidden (under the black plastic cover of the PCMCIA card). This antenna is being modulated; and as a result, radio waves are being produced. Now, an ordinary radio transmits data. The data is just sent in a particular format, and is then later decoded as sound. In fact the data being sent is just a digitized form to send data, and the "decoding side" of the system interprets the data sent via waves in a particular format. We will now further compare WiFi devices to radios to give an abstract overview of the basic technologies behind wireless networking. You've probably already heard the terms AM and FM radio. Terms like VHF and UHF television, citizens band radio, short wave radio and others may be a little less familiar, but in fact these terms are all related on the same thing: radio frequencies. And also wireless networking is related to this subject. A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna, as we already explained in the section above. Radio waves have different frequencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific frequency you can pick up a specific signal, exactly what a wireless network card does; it picks a radio wave out of the air, a wave that carries data, and it fetches the information "stored" on that wave. Consider the image at the right. Radio-spectrum.gif Some common frequency bands: Megahertz (MHz) means "millions of cycles per second", so "91.5 megahertz" means that the transmitter at the radio station is oscillating at a frequency of 91500000 cycles per second. Your FM (frequency modulated) radio can tune in to that specific frequency and give you clear reception of that station. All FM radio stations transmit in a band of frequencies between 88 megahertz and 108 megahertz. This band of the radio spectrum is used for no other purpose but FM radio broadcasts. The funny thing is that every wireless technology has its own little band; even those technologies that are not important at all! For example: There is however a very good reason why all of these wireless technologies use strict government-regulated areas of the radio spectrum: imagine you could control the airplane that flies above your home when you press the button of the remote control to open your garage door! I think we needn't explain further? This event is called interference. This is why wireless networking has been assigned a specific place in the image at the right, representing the radio frequency spectrum. It has been assigned a specific band of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. However, later in this article, we will remark that some devices use the same frequencies. This could result in interference, and you'll find more about that in section [5.1.2. EMI]. Also note that the electromagnetic spectrum also includes visible light, and infrared light in the very high frequency ranges. 1.2. The Standards Unlike the impression many people have that wireless LANs are a very new technology, it has already been around for some ten years now. Wireless LANs have been used for years in several markets such as health care, academia, warehousing and retail. About two to three years ago, it has been realized that this technology could be a general-purpose connectivity alternative for a broad range of business. There are two principal standards for wireless connectivity available today: BlueTooth, and IEEE 802.11 (pronounce as: "I triple E 802 dot 11") wireless Ethernet. In the next few sections, I'll briefly try to explain these standards. For more in-depth information, you can find links to interesting web pages at the end of this article. Today, people tend to speak about WiFi. This abbreviation is a term that covers all wireless solutions available today. 1.2.1. BlueTooth. BlueTooth is a wireless technology developed by Ericsson, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba that specifies how mobile phones, computers and PDA's interconnect with each other, with computers and with the office or home phones. The technology enables data connections between electronic devices in the 2.4 GHz range. BlueTooth is the de facto standard for very low powered and radio connections that can link your PDA, mobile phones and laptops, and that can enable Internet access via hot spots. (A hot spot is kind of an antenna for mobile phones; the only difference is that you can connect via such a hot spot to the Internet via a fixed network connection. This means a true revolution for mobility!) The original BlueTooth 1.0 specifications were set in 1999, but the first products were only available on the market early 2000. BlueTooth was designed for low power consumption, thus limiting range therefore. It was not created specifically for wireless LAN technology, but with the right software it can be used as one. One of the problems with BlueTooth is that it has only a throughput of 800Kbps, thus it will never replace wireless LAN equipment. In the long term, BlueTooth is expected to be built in a chip e.g. on the mainboard of a notepad or a cellular phone. In short terms, it will be added using PC cards or USB adapters (USB 1.1 doesn't impose performance limits, due to the limited bandwidth BlueTooth offers). BlueTooth's native ad hoc network property makes it a very convenient way to replace those cables at home, for giving printing support at hotel or acting as an ID card at a shopping centre, but this jeopardizes security. IEEE 802.11 WLAN also supports ad hoc networking, and can be used likewise, but the main stream of IEEE 802.11 developers is not focused on that subject. 1.2.2. WLAN IEEE 802.11x Basically, WLAN is an ordinary LAN protocol which is modulated on carrier waves. Since this article is specifically about compatibility between OS/2 and wireless devices, I shan't discuss the technical details further. There are a great deal of good books about that topic, some of them are referred and linked to at the end of this article. WLAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network. WLAN IEEE 802.11 is a natural extension to LAN Ethernet, and the modulated protocol is IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. Actually, there are three IEEE 802.11 standards that cover FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), and infrared technologies. At present, there are not any products available that come with the IR infrared) technology implemented. In those three standards, IEEE 802.11b is considered to be the most widespread and accepted. It is the only using DSSS technology and CCK (Complementary Code Keying) modulation to achieve it's high data rates. Since the technologies mentioned here (DSSS, FHSS, et cetera) are self-explanory using a basic knowledge of Physics, I won't explain them later during this text. Should you want more information, you can consult the online FAQ, where these technologies are explained. Common WLAN products, which are using the IEEE 802.11 standards, are based on the IEEE 802.11b specs. Now, consider the diagram labeled "A vs B vs G". This compares IEEE 802.11b, 802.11a (an equivalent European technology under the name HiperLAN2 also exists; High Performance Radio LAN), and - the newest - 802.11g. IEEE 802.11b was the first of these three. The next generation of the standard, IEEE 802.11a, operates in a new brand of frequencies at 5GHz, and it achieves as high data rates as 54Mbps, in contrast to the maximum of 11Mbps for the b-standard. It uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) as opposed to spread spectrum used in BlueTooth, IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11b. This is the reason why IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b cannot co-operate. Note, however that certain products are available that comply to both the a and b/g standards. However, at this moment of writing, there is no OS/2 support for that. The IEEE 802.11a standard is incompatible with both others, since it uses a different spectrum and frequency. The b- and g-standards can operate together, though limiting speed to 802.11b, thus 11Mbps (you can see it as a Hi-Speed USB device you use on USB 1.1 port). Just as BlueTooth, this wireless solution is planned to be built-in in the future (the recent Intel Centrino technology is not really a built-in solution: the wireless feature of the Intel PRO/Wireless 2100b v3 card is implemented as miniPCI, which is kind of a PCI extension card). The IEEE 802.11x branch is now shipped as PC cards, and soon the wireless connection will be built in in notebooks. In fact, the IBM miniPCI Wireless card is a first step in that direction. Also, CISCO announced to release a wireless mobile phone based on the b-standard rather soon. Anyway, the first standard was 802.11b. When wireless networking gained popularity, manufacturers wanted to offer their clients higher speeds, and thus they did what was most obvious: change the frequency. They almost doubled it, which causes the waves to be modulated much much more faster, so that more data can be "put" on the wave(s). However, there is a Physics law that says that when the frequency f increases, the wave length decreases. This implies the reason why IEEE 802.11a has a significant smaller range than the b, and g standards, and why both b and g standards have the same range. Other frequencies also implies the two technologies are not compatible with each other, so that's why the g standard was developed later; manufacturer had to give an answer to the ever increasing demand of a faster but compatible technology with the b standard. Wireless comparison.jpg 1.2.3. Others The basis for WLANs should be looked for in 1997, when the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) released the IEEE 802.11 standard. This standard would use the parent-free frequency of 2.4GHz. Soon, after the initial recording, newer versions were added, newer versions of which IEEE 802.11b currently is the most popular. And yet, in meantime, some protagonists try to compete with the current standard; newer standards have been introduced, but are less wide-spread and popular: 802.11e MAC Enhancements for QoS Adds the QoS (quality of service) that keeps an eye on the quality of the connection, so that specific data streams get acquainted with a minimum bandwidth. These devices will soon be available onto the market. Official IEEE description: Enhance the current 802.11 MAC (Media Access Control) to expand support for applications with Quality of Service requirements, and in the capabilities and efficiency of the protocol. 802.11f Recommended Practice for Inter Access Point Protocol The 802.11f standard's final goal is to make WLAN devices of different manufacturers work better together. Official IEEE description: Develop recommended practices for an Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP), which provides the necessary capabilities to achieve multi-vendor Access Point Interoperatability across a Distribution System supporting IEEE P802.11 Wireless LAN Links. 802.11h SMa - Spectrum Managed 802.11a Should become the European counterpart of the IEEE 802.11a standard. Only, h adds some advanced technologies to prevent interference with satellite-communication. Official IEEE description: Enhance the 802.11 Media Access Control (MAC) standard and 802.11a High Speed Physical Layer (PHY) in the 5GHz Band supplement to the standard; to add indoor and outdoor channel selection for 5GHz license exempt bands in Europe; and to enhance channel energy measurement and reporting mechanisms to improve spectrum and transmit power management (per CEPT and subsequent EU committee or body ruling incorporating CEPT Recommendation ERC 99/23). 802.11i MAC Enhancements for Enhanced Security The 802.11i variant promises more powerful and more secure security measures for encryption and data protection than the current a-, b-, and g-standards that still lack secure solutions due to the limited WEP technology. Official IEEE description: Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to provide improvements in security. As you can see, it's hard to see the woods for the trees with the diverse range of standards! In fact, it's only last month that the IEEE decided to make IEEE 802.11g the official one-and-only standard. 1.3. WiFi - BlueTooth comparison. There are three major aspects that I will discuss here. Surely, others do exist, but in my point of view, they are irrelevant here. 1.3.1. Bit Rates. IEEE 802.11x WLAN is clearly faster than BlueTooth. The original IEEE 802.11 network cards can transfer data at rates from 1 to 2Mbps (using for example PRISM1 chipsets). IEEE 802.11b can deliver speeds @11Mbps. However, you must keep in mind that this maximum is not always the case. Walls, the air in the room, dust, magnetic and electric fields can jeopardize the waves of the wireless device and thus weaken the signal, and causing data transfers at lower speeds. There are also IEEE 802.11b devices that double the 11Mbps performance, but these use chipsets that are not supported yet under OS/2. As the previous diagram illustrated, IEEE 802.11a can give you speeds of 54Mbps, and 802.11g is operating at this speed too. And what about BlueTooth then? It is suggested that BlueTooth's throughput is around 720Kpbs. Of course, just as is the case with IEEE 802.11x standards, air conditions can limit data transfer rates. Using a Wireless Access Point (see later for more information), the total available bandwidth of 11 or 54 Mbps is divided among the devices connected to the wireless network. 1.3.2. Range. Often, the waves of wireless devices are presented in concentric circles around the antenna (Compare it with dropping a small stone in a lake of water, the water ripples on then.). That includes that data waves are spread around the device; hereby, it comes that security must be kept in mind, and this issue will be discussed later. Range actually is the same thing as the radius of the far-most circle around the antenna. As was already said, BlueTooth is designed to use very low transmission power. This implies that the maximum transmission range will be around 10 meters. Perhaps, if later version of the standard appear, they may allow longer ranges. High-powered BlueTooth would extend the range to 100 meters. IEEE 802.11x normally has a transmission range around 15 to 150 meters indoors and 300 meters outdoors. I already pointed you at some factors that can reduce data transfer speeds, and also, these very same factors can limit the range too. To give you an idea of the power consumption: BlueTooth uses 1 mW, compared to 1 W in Americas and 100 mW in Europe for IEEE 802.11x. One small note here: a Wireless Access Point (more information later on), a box with one or more antennas has sometimes NOT a range that reaches/covers some area in the form of a circle, but in an oval. Most WAPs come with two antennas, that each cover an area in the form of a circle, and you could just accept that it covers an oval instead of circle as range area. 1.3.3. Security issues. So I can explain this aspect thoroughly, you should first be familiar with the OSI model. OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model. It's a seven-layered theoretical model that summarizes networking protocols, and helps to facilitate the development of new ones. Now, the first layer, and immediately the base for the whole, is the physical layer. This layer establishes, maintains and terminates point-to-point data links. The second layer that lies on top of the first one, is the data link layer. This layer is used for the logical link and medium access control. The third layer lies again on top of its previous layer (as is always the case) and establishes, maintains and terminates end-to-end network links. That's why it's called the network layer. The fourth layer is the transport layer; it ensures reliable end-to-end networking. Next, the session layer establishes, maintains and terminates node-to-node communication (in other words: it makes computers branched to a network chat to each other). The presentation layer provides network communication services, e.g. translations, encryption, and compression. And the upper layer, the application layer provides user services for applications. Thus, the lower layers are hardware, technically enabled, the upper ones are all software related. Now, for BlueTooth, the security setup is done in the software/application layer. This means that software is required for security. For IEEE 802.11 networks, they are based on the absence of privacy, since the access point of data and information is a wire in the office, and the data can't go out of the wire, unless at either two ends of the wire. IEEE 802.11 standard includes an optional encryption feature called WEP (Wired Equivalent Policy), which can be implemented by embedding RSA's RC4 security algorithm in the MAC (Media Access Controller), thus implemented in an OSI level BELOW the application layer. The passwords are stored in the access points and on each mobile computer. It encrypts the transmissions between the access point and the mobile devices. All the devices are using the same password in a network. Obviously, the encryption doesn't give much security in public networks, since they would have to publish the password. WEP uses a 64-bit encryption key, though other bit rates can be used (e.g. 40, 128, and even 256). Now, who is the most secure? I'd say BlueTooth, since it has a very limited range, and thus the waves can't go far from the destination, thus limiting the possibilities for others to "find the data in the air". Nevertheless, technically seen, BlueTooth is not secure at all; configuration of the security software only begins in the upper layer of the OS, which is not good at all. 1.3.4. Conclusion. All in all, IEEE 802.11 standard is better suited for wireless local area network applications. It is much faster and gives a wider range of use. On the other hand, BlueTooth's natural ad hoc connectivity makes it fewer configurations, and gives it good usability in many new applications. Security can't be said to be better or worse on either of the two technologies. There are advantages and disadvantages. We could say that they are equal. In fact, BlueTooth is a great technology to be used in wireless mice et cetera, while the WLAN alternatives are great solutions for networked connectivity, like hot spots. Nevertheless, on OS/2, you'll only get IEEE 802.11b going (for now). 1.4. Some Common Terminology Besides WiFi and BlueTooth there exist still other similar technologies. Some of them have already been introduced in previous sections, but there still exist others. This table will briefly introduce them: Wifilogo.jpg IEEE 802.11b, also known as WiFi and AirPort, 802.11b is a popular wireless transmission protocol. 802.11b uses radio frequency technology to communicate through solid objects at a rate of 11Mb/s and a distance of several hundred feet. It is primarily used for TCP/IP, but can also handle other forms of networking traffic including file sharing. The operating distance is much greater, at distances of up to 150 feet vs. Bluetooth's 7-10. Power consumption is much higher for 802.11b than Bluetooth. This is an issue for low-powered and battery-operated devices. Image007.jpg HomeRF is a low-cost wireless networking solution, which operates on the 2.4Ghz band over distances of up to 150 feet. HomeRF is designed to occupy a middle ground between 802.11b and quasi-networking protocols such as Infra-Red and Bluetooth. HomeRF's power is that it supports voice and audio transmissions natively. Even though it draws more power than Bluetooth, the operation speed is only 1.6Mb/s, 2.0 standard at 10Mb/s is not widely adopted. Image010.gif Infrared (IR) is the electromagnetic spectrum situated exactly between radio waves and visible light. It can be used to communicate between two or more devices equipped with IR ports. Some of IR's advantages are the extreme low prices, the tremendous bit rates (up to 2 Gbps!). The short distance and inability to pass through walls, while also disadvantages, are advantages by decreasing the ability of hackers to access your data, and therefore increasing security. IR requires a clear line of sight between devices, versus the larger area available over an entire radius. Current IR protocols operate at up to 4Mb/s, which is four times the bandwidth of Bluetooth. Image013.jpg Ethernet is a local area network (LAN) technology that transmits information between computers at speeds of 10 and 100 million bits per second. Currently the most widely used version of Ethernet technology is the 10Mbps twisted-pair variety. The name Ethernet is derived from the word ether as a means of indicating the directions in which data can travel. Ethernet is an established, robust standard that scales well, from two machines to thousands. Because of its wide-spreading, Ethernet is cheaper than cheap; more to say, the network cards are almost for free. However, Ethernet requires physical cables to connect devices, negating any benefits of a wireless solution, and cabling costs can quickly outweigh any cost savings over a wireless solution. Image004.gif Bluetooth is the industry name given to a royalty-free wireless communication specification for home and office connectivity. Bluetooth uses low-power transmitters and short-range radio links to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth was developed in 1994 by L. M. Ericsson of Sweden. The technology was originally envisioned as a cable replacement technology linking multiple devices wirelessly for synchronization, data transmission and file transfer. In recent years, applications have developed from linking cellular phones with computers to connecting microwaves with refrigerators. BlueTooth is as popular as WiFi IEEE 802.11b. 2. IEEE 802.11b supported devices. 2.1. Chipsets and drivers At this moment, there is good support for the most important chipsets used in IEEE 802.11b WLAN products available today. The Orinoco chipset by Lucent/Agere (in fact just a PRISM chipset with enhanced firmware by Lucent/Agere) is supported fabulously! There are several specific drivers available for specific products (e.g. the Artem ComCards, the IBM High Rate PC Card 128, Bintec X-Air, ...) and there are also modified drivers available that allow you to use (any) card equipped with that chipset. There are also two business driver for the CISCO 340 Series of WLAN products, which will also work with the 350 Series. The oldest driver is available from IBM under business contracts, or - perhaps - it still remains somewhere on the Internet. The newer driver is still in beta phase and offers support for both 340 and 350 series PCMCIA devices. These CISCO devices use the AiroNet chipset, which is also a spin-off of the PRISM chipset (with CISCO-specific firmware). The older device driver works only with these devices, and not with other similar devices from other brands that use the same chipset :( The new CISCO driver for the 340-350 series supports the specification of manufacturer and device IDs, so it's kind of a generic device driver for the AiroNet chipset. And then, there's the PRISM series of chipsets. Although the Orinoco and CISCO chipsets offer weigh better performance than the PRISM chipsets due to improved firmware, these chips are used in a lot of products due to their low price. There is a specific driver for the IBM miniPCI Wireless adapter, and a spin-off of this driver enables you to use (any) PRISM2, PRISM2.5 and PRISM3 card! Of course, we must be careful to say "any"! There are some remarks, though. Devices that use a mixture of chipsets won't work correctly. When using the Generic PRISMx beta driver, you must make sure your device has a PRISM chipset from the Intersil brand, thus being equipped with Intersil firmware, that is required for the drivers to work correctly. Most DLink products use an Intersil PRISM chip, but use TI firmware, thus causing instabilities when using the device, and lockups during large file transfers. However, with the Release Candidate of the Generic PRISM device driver, you can also use PRISM chips with Lucent/Agere firmware (= Orinoco chips). For some WLAN cards, you'll need two hexadecimal numbers: the manufacturer ID and the device ID. These IDs are used by the driver during initialization of the driver; it searches for the device by polling these two numbers (only the beta generic drivers require these IDs). For Orinoco chip, these are respectively 0x0156 and 0x0002 most of the time (though other variants can occur). With PRISM chipsets, these numbers can vary greatly. Thus, for simplicity, there are made especially adapted device drivers for the NetGear MA-401, and the Linksys Instant Wireless Adapter WPC-11 V3. I'll give more information about these IDs later in this article. There are also interesting PCI adapters available, like the NetGear MA-301, who allow to serve as a PCMCIA slot in your desktop computer or server. Notice that these boards do NOT include the wireless device itself! This must be purchased separately. If these boards are using a PLX 9052 chipset, they too should work, since another driver is available for them. In some cases PCI wireless cards will also work, using the specific PLX driver, plus the driver for the chipset. Unfortunately, this rarely happens :( Other chipsets like TI solutions, Atmel, or ISA to PCMCIA board using the Omega chipset are not supported at the moment. However, development of an Atmel driver is planned for the future. One last thing: most of these drivers mentioned here are not available to the public yet. The Artem OS/2 driver has been available for some two years now. This driver only works on Artem hardware, and on hardware sold by some daughter companies (BinTec, SteinKeuhler). Also, IBM has published its miniPCI driver and High Rate 128 PC Card driver on Device Driver Pak website, but all the others are still in development or IBM internal beta testing and/or only available via IBM business contracts. The Generic PRISMx device driver should be published via SoftWare Choice really soon. There is one dangerous remark however: IEEE 802.11b has maximum transfer rates of 11Mbps. Now, some companies like DLink claim that their b-standard cards can get to 22Mbps. 22Mbps is the so-called IEEE 802.11b Enhanced standard. These devices won't work on OS/2, since they use an additional chip (the TI ACX-100) to "over clock", as a matter of speaking. Meanwhile, TI has also launched a new chipset for the IEEE 802.11g standard that increases the speeds up to 100Mbps, which - of course - won't work neither. And then, of course, there are also plenty of wireless access points, like the LinkSys WAP11 v2.2 which can be attached to a computer, work as DHCP servers, and who offer built-in web based configuration pages. Unsupported Supported AtherOS Intersil PRISM1 (ltd functionality) Atmel (p.e. AT76C50x) Intersil PRISM2 AMDtek Intersil PRISM2.5 PrismGT Intersil PRISM3 Prism Duette* AiroNet 340 Realtek RTL8181* AiroNet 350 TI (p.e. ACX100) Lucent/Agere ORiNOCO (WaveLAN) BroadCom PCMxxxx PLX9052 PCI** "": Development for driver is planned. "*": Not a real WiFi chipset; chipset used for special PCI-to-PCMCIA bridges. 2.2. List of OS/2 CHL tested devices For maintenance reasons, we decided to host this information on a different page. Please visit [1] for the most up-to-date listing of approved OS/2 tested WiFi hardware devices. You can also get technical hardware support there. 3. What you should think of when choosing a WiFi card. For use with OS/2, pick out PC Card NICs according to the IEEE 802.11b standard. For a wireless access point (WAP) go for a web-based configuration utility and a router that is according to the IEEE 802.11g standard, since the g-standard is backwards compatible with the b one, and since it offers considerable greater bandwidth that is shared amongst the devices in the WLAN than a traditional 11Mbps Wireless Access Point. If you know the details about the chipset, choose the AiroNet (CISCO) or the Orinoco (Lucent, Agere) chipsets, which are great enhancements over the Prism2/2.5 chips, or PRISM3. Generally, the greater the range, the better? But caution is required here: the higher the transfer rates at far distances, the better the quality of the card is. Normally, you should be able to get 350 m with a data transfer rate at 1Mbps. Actually, the requirements do vary for each person. If you are an exigent user like me, someone who is prepared to spend a lot on hardware so to get the best, some hardware freak, then you best pick out CISCO or LinkSys. CISCO is the most expensive, but combines flexibility of use, professionalism, great range, and 128-bit WEP. Drivers are available from IBM under business contracts. LinkSys has even greater range, but less good performance (though also extremely well). LinkSys also is a lot cheaper then CISCO. If you want real support for OS/2 and eCS, so if you want to play safe, pick Artem. Good price/quality ratio, and fabulous OS/2 support. They also have a great free driver which they are supporting for out-of-the-box for OS/2(!). If you want a good home connectivity for low price, with good support (no OS/2 support though, but internal device details), pick out NetGear. If you're a network administrator, pick out CISCO, or choose the cards with WEP encryption at the highest bit stream. Also buy a book about wireless networking security issues, or spend some days studying CISCO's white papers related to the issue. Before investing in WiFi, you should be well-informed about the security issues, so I really recommend you read the paragraphs about this subject later on in this document. For an access point (AP), you must make sure it has a web-based configuration interface. No software at all! Please remember this, since everything must be configurable from within your web browser. For these devices, you can opt for IEEE 802.11g, since it is backwards compatible with IEEE 802.11b. This won't increase the speed between g and b but the regular 11Mbps. Please note that this article attaches more importance to PC Card WiFi devices than APs (Access Points; most APs come with good documentation, and needn't have drivers installed, thus every working of an AP is vendor dependent). You can buy IEEE 802.11b enhanced WAPs to connect OS/2 IEEE 802.11b PC Cards to, together with enhanced cards running on Linux, or Windows.
What does willingness learning mean? 04/26/2021 Off By admin What does willingness learning mean? Willingness to learn is defined as a desire, wish or readiness to acquire new knowledge and develop. It means that a person does not want to stand in one place, wishes to be more qualified and keep up with the modern trends and tendencies. It refers to both professional competence and general education. How do you develop willingness? Let’s see which are the best tips that will help you to improve your willingness to learn skills:Always remember that desire to learn is the path for making your dreams reality. Meet inspiring people. Be open to taking advice! Read stories for successful people. Don’t be scared of the failure. What is a willingness and action plan? When we are setting goals and making plans for the future, for what kind of person we wish to be, and what values we wish to live by, psychological barriers can threaten to get in way of taking effective action. What is willingness to change? When it comes to behavior change, it usually means being ready to engage in an action or series of actions that leads to the desired outcome and includes the ability or willingness to work towards the goal even though the process may not be fun, or rewarding, or enjoyable. What determines one’s willingness to be open to change? A person’s ultimate willingness for change is largely based on one’s ability to envision the future. Because when life seems bleak, the hope for a better tomorrow is ultimately what will keep someone going. What is your willingness? The quality or state of being prepared to do something; readiness. ‘The proof of true moral worth is the ability, and the willingness, to attempt that negotiation. ‘ What is an example of willingness? For example: The doctor’s willingness to do more tests even though experts said there wasn’t any point, saved the patients life. In interviews, it is advised that applicants demonstrate their willingness to work within the team and accept their new role in the company. How do you use willingness? Willingness sentence examplesThe next step was informing Mr. It also expressed willingness that the companies should have rights of way in the streets. She more than once expressed her willingness to confer with the daughter Presbyterian churches, with a view to their sharing with her the benefits of her position. Is willing to meaning? The phrase “be willing to” gets its meaning from the adjective “willing.” The adjective “willing” means to be ready, eager or prepared to do something. How do I write a willingness letter for a job? Express your gratitude and appreciation for the job offer being presented. Clearly indicate your desire and willingness to accept the offer being given. Include the starting date and duration of employment or contract, if applicable. Include the terms and conditions of the salary and benefits that were offered to you. What does willingness to help mean? 1 : inclined or favorably disposed in mind : ready willing and eager to help. 2 : prompt to act or respond lending a willing hand. What is certainty? 1 : something that is certain. 2 : the quality or state of being certain especially on the basis of evidence. What does humility mean? What is Humility? humility, n. the state or quality of being humble: lowliness of mind: modesty. humble, adj. low: lowly: modest: unpretentious: having a low opinion of oneself.
Scoliosis in children Updated: Nov 10, 2020 If your children have scoliosis then the treatment plan that they have will be tailored around their age, the severity of the curve and the rate at which it is getting worse. In most cases they will not need treatment, however, a small number of patients will have to have surgery to correct the abnormal curve in their spine. Doctors will always suggest a more conservative (less invasive) method of treatment before they considering offering surgery, as this is always the last option. This includes: Monitoring- for young children with scoliosis, they will often be left to grow, in the hope that the curve will correct itself naturally, however if it does not correct itself then there is a that there will not be enough space for organs. If this is the case, then regular examinations and scans can be done to monitor any changes and decide if any treatment needs to be done to correct the curve. Monitoring can also be recommended for older patients as it can be used to assess whether the curve is changing over time. Wearing a cast- this is a treatment that can be used to help straighten the spine of young toddlers or babies as they grow. This often involves wearing a plaster cast that is made to specifically fit their back. Once the cast is fitted it cannot be removed and is changed every few months to ensure that the child has enough space to grow. As the child gets older, they may change to a back brace, however, most parents say that a cast is easier as it cannot be removed. Back brace- if the curve on the spine is getting noticeably worse, it may be recommended for your child to wear a back brace while they are still growing. Although this will not correct the curve, it can help to slow down the progression of the curve. Some scoliosis specialists do not recommend the use of a back brace as some people are still uncertain as to the benefits that the brace has. If your child is given a brace it will usually be made with a hard plastic that is custom made to specifically fit your child, they will be expected to wear it around 23 hours a day usually only have to remove it when washing. When your child reaches the age of 16 or 17, they will have stopped growing, so a back brace will not be necessary anymore. Exercise and physical therapies- by taking part in regular exercise, it can help to improve the muscle strength, which can help to reduce back pain that is caused by scoliosis. It is important to check that you are fit for all exercise, to ensure that you do not do any further damage; so always check with your specialist first. It is not clear if physical therapies such physiotherapy are beneficial to a patient with scoliosis, so it is not recommended by everyone. Surgery- Surgery may be suggested if your condition react well to the more conservative methods of treatments that have been highlighted above. The surgery option that your child is offers will depend on their age. For children, usually under the age of ten, they will have a procedure that involves having a metal rod inserted along their spine, that will help to stop the curve getting worse as they grow. Once your child has had this surgery, they will have to have regular follow up appointments to lengthen the rode. This can either be done during the procedure, where a small incision is made to extend the rod. This can also be done using a remote that activities magnets in the rod; meaning no surgery is required. For teenagers or young adults that have stopped growing, they will have a major operation to straighten their back, which can be left in place for life. This is done using rods, screws, hooks and wires as well as bits of bone that are taken from other parts of the body like the hips. As this is major surgery, it often means that your child will have to stay in the hospital for around a week after the surgery and spend a few weeks off from school to ensure that it is healed to a good level. After both of these surgeries, it may still be recommended that your child wears a back brace to ensure that it is protected while it is still healing. Like any surgery, there are risks that are associated with this, however, in most cases the benefits will outweigh the risks. All of this information will be discussed with your doctor before you go ahead with the surgery. Some of the most common risks include: · Bleeding · Infection · Movement of the rod or metalworking, meaning that the surgery may have to be repeated · In very rare cases nerve damage to the spine may happen 58 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
General Motors and Honda Partner Up to Develop Battery Tech The two automakers are already collaborating on fuel cells. General Motors and Honda are teaming up to develop batteries for electric cars. The two automakers will collaborate on both individual battery cells and the modules that allow those cells to be grouped together in battery packs. The new batteries will be used in future products from both automakers, primarily in the North American market. GM and Honda are aiming for greater energy density, meaning batteries can store more energy in a given volume. This will allow for smaller battery packs that are easier to package without sacrificing range. The two automakers want the new batteries to charge faster as well. These are basically the same goals every other company is looking to achieve with battery research, in order to make electric cars more attractive to consumers. The two automakers also hope that economies of scale will help lower costs. Under the agreement, development work will focus on GM's next-generation battery system, and Honda will then source battery modules from GM. Batteries will be used in both automakers' cars, but the partners did not offer a production timeline. GM had been more aggressive than Honda in developing electric cars up to this point. The Chevrolet Bolt EV was the first mass-market electric car to combine a range of over 200 miles with a price of under $40,000. The American automaker plans to launch 20 new electric cars globally by 2023 and expects to be building one million EVs per year by 2026. Honda currently sells the Clarity Electric, which has a much shorter range (89 miles) than most other electric cars in its category and seems like a sideshow to Honda's hybrid and hydrogen fuel-cell efforts. However, Honda's Urban EV and Sports EV concepts were well received on the auto-show circuit. Honda expects electrified cars to make up two-thirds of its global sales by 2030, but that total includes hybrids and hydrogen fuel-cell cars, as well as battery-electrics. This isn't the first time GM and Honda have partnered on green technology. Last year, the two automakers announced a joint venture to construct a fuel-cell manufacturing facility in Michigan, promising an "advanced hydrogen fuel-cell system" around 2020.
Sample Article Critique - Ashford University. Critique Essay Writing Examples, Prompts and List of Topics. 4.6 out of 5. Views: 1399. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article How to Write a Critique in Five Paragraphs (with Pictures). Article Critique Example. Article critique samples and examples are a good opportunity to make the writing process faster and simpler. With so many websites providing academic help, you can easily find some solid paper examples as the background for your own work. Do not simply copy those papers. Use them as a guide for your work. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article Article critiques sample essay - LinkedIn SlideShare. Introduce your reader to the title of the article, I. nclude a thesis statement. Provide a brief summary. of the article in your own words. Begin the critique. This can be multiple paragraphs, but follow any specific guidelines from your instructor. Use specific examples to strengthen your critique. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article Words used in critique writing: how to express your opinion. To enable the critique of this article the Caldwell critiquing tool (2005) will be utilized. (Appendix 2) Research critiquing is a valuable skill, to gain as it enables student nurses to develop and improve knowledge and skills and also adheres to the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008). How to Write an Article Critique in Five Simple Steps. How to Write an Article Review Free Essay Example. Characteristics of a Critical Essay. Students are made to write critical essays on a variety of topics. These may include poetry, novels, films, paintings, even video games, newspaper or magazine articles, and speeches. But irregardless of the subject it handles, a critical essay shares the same characteristics. 1. A critical essay has a. How to critique a journal article - UIS. Critique writing is a major part of any discipline. It includes analyzing and evaluating an author's work to provide a clear and comprehensive assessment of the text (which may be in the form of books, essays, journal articles etc.). The Critique When most people think about how to critique an article, they think about discussing its strengths and weaknesses, and that is a good place to start, but you need to critique the text and its writer. For example, you can critique the point being made by the writer, and you may also critique the way in which the writer made the point. Essay Sample: Writing an article review, which is also sometimes referred to as an article critique, is a special type of writing that involves reading an article and. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article Quantitative Research Article Critique Essay example. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article The Critique Essay - Bowling Green State University. Article Review Examples: Write It the Right Way. What is an article review? It’s a thorough evaluation of the text of an article. This means that the writer should analyze, compare, summarize, and classify the information presented in the text of the article. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article How to Write an Article Critique - Elite Editing. An article critique is a genre of academic writing that provides critical evaluation through intensive analysis of an article, which involves giving a brief summary of the article. Reading an article critique helps an audience to understand the key points of the article, and the author’s ideas and intentions. It indicates the perceived success of an article and analyses its strengths and. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article Nursing Research Article Critique Essay Example Paper. The purpose of this assignment is to critique and evaluate the chosen article in terms of strengths and weaknesses, to demonstrate an understanding of the research process. According to Polit and Beck (2004) the aim of critically appraising an article is an attempt to determine its strengths and limitations. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article Critique Nursing Essay Sample - New York Essays. Example Of A Critique Essay An Article How to Write an Article Review (with Sample Reviews) - wikiHow.
Skylights featured on Astronomy Picture of the Day Scout Report Selection Webivore Selection SpaceCareers Selection Photo of the Week. AS fogbow, or white rainbow, caused by the diffraction of light, the bending of sunlight through fine droplets, which makes the rainbow colors smear together and come out white. But here not completely: note the slight reddish tinge at the upper edge. Astronomy news for the week starting Friday, October 8, 2010. The Moon, having gone through its new phase on Thursday, October 7, arises in its waxing crescent, first seen the evening of Friday the 8th as an ultrathin sliver in bright twilight. It's better-seen the following night, when it splits the difference between Mars and Venus, the red one above, the bright one below, though the two planets are, if anything, now hard to see. The crescent then grows, approaching first quarter, that phase reached on Thursday the 14th, after which it enters the waxing gibbous phase. Low in the sky, the waxing crescent swings through Scorpius (to the right of Antares the evening of Sunday the 10th, to the other side the following night), then past Sagittarius, finally winding up at first quarter between the classical figures of the Archer and Capricornus. Though Venus and Mars are still technically there, they are nearly invisible in western twilight. As they set early, the western evening sky is finally pretty much bereft of the planets it once so gloriously held. So instead as twilight ends, look east to bright Jupiter. The giant of the planetary system, 11 times the diameter of Earth, crosses the meridian to the south ever-earlier, now around 11:30 PM Daylight Time, setting as dawn begins to light the morning sky. Still gracing western Pisces to the southeast of the Fishes' "Circlet," Jupiter lies just barely north of the Aquarius-Pisces border about four degrees southwest of the Vernal Equinox. To the northeast of Jupiter, with binoculars you might spot Uranus, which has been hanging out with its much brighter planetary companion for some time now. Much farther east, as the week begins, Mercury and Saturn invisibly rise together in growing dawn. But then they quickly split apart, Mercury descending toward conjunction with the Sun next week, Saturn slowly climbing out of the morning murk. By the end of the month, it will have cleared the horizon before dawn commences, launching itself into yet another round of visibility. With the Dipper descending the evening's northwestern sky, Cassiopeia's "W" is making its entrance in the northeast, with the graceful curves of Andromeda to the south of it. With the sky now dark, you might spot the north-south squiggle of stars that makes the obscure modern constellation Lacerta, the Lizard, which lies between the celestial Queen and Cygnus's tail, great Deneb. At the Swan's other end, southwest of Albireo (which marks the Swan's head) lies the vastly fainter "W" that makes part of modern Vulpecula, the Fox. Valid HTML 4.0!
c#m7 piano chord The definition of c-command given here is taken from Haegeman (1994:147). Identifiers with block scope are local to their block, Identifiers declared in function prototype are visible within the prototype, Function scope begins at the opening of the function and ends with the closing of it. The book was based on a set of radio talks from 1958 which had been criticised in the U.S. at the time for their frankness about sex. Reuland, E. (2007). (Y â T + TR) is disposable income whereas (Y â T + TR â C) is private saving. The USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was published by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and was finalized in August 2014. Function scope is applicable to labels only. [8] In most cases, c-command correlates with precedence (linear order); that is, if node A c-commands node B, it is usually the case that node A also precedes node B. Concerning the latter, some theories of syntax take a hierarchy of syntactic functions to be primitive. Furthermore, basic S(V)O (subject-verb-object) word order in English correlates positively with a hierarchy of syntactic functions, subjects precede (and c-command) objects. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam. The term c-command was introduced by Tanya Reinhart in her 1976 dissertation and is a shortened form of constituent command. close, link that Reinhart thanked Clements for suggesting the term. Basically these are local to the blocks in which the variables are defined and are not accessible outside. Precede-and-command revisited. Now on C-SPAN 1 California Governor Newsom Coronavirus News Conference. (2014;2013, p. 24). I 2 C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), pronounced I-squared-C, is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave, packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors).It is widely used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication. Alternative notations include C(n, k), n C k, n C k, C k n, C n k, and C n,k in all of which the C stands for combinations or choices. Scope of an identifier is the part of the program where the identifier may directly be accessible. This article challenges the validity of c-command on more than one front. of N2. Cédric Patrice Thierry Villani (French: [se.dÊik pa.tÊis ti.Êi vi.la.ni]; born 5 October 1973) is a French politician and mathematician working primarily on partial differential equations, Riemannian geometry and mathematical physics.He was awarded the Fields Medal in 2010 and he was the director of Sorbonne University's Institut Henri Poincaré from 2009 to 2017. In J. If an inner block declares a variable with the same name as the variable declared by the outer block, then the visibility of the outer block variable ends at the point of the declaration by inner block. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the nervous system which prevents the feeling of pain or temperature, and prevents a person from sweating. Writing code in comment? Bruening, B. It is given intravenously to treat upper gastro-intestinal cancers (e.g. D: to Z: â Other disk partitions get labeled here. A label declared is used as a target to go to the statement and both goto and label statement must be in the same function. C-command relations have served as the basis for many explorations and explanations of phenomena within the field of syntax. Block Scope: A Block is a set of statements enclosed within left and right braces i.e. Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene. C.H. C-SPAN Radio 90.1 WCSP-FM in Washington, DC offers commercial-free public affairs programming 24 hours a day. For most file systems, a program initializes access to a file in a file system using the open system call.This allocates resources associated to the file (the file descriptor), and returns a handle that the process will use to refer to that file. ã§ã³, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha ShÄ«suteishon) is a Japanese animation studio established in 2009 as an extension of Bee Train Production and chaired by Ryoji Maru, a former producer and production manager for Bee Train. Radford (2004:75) and Carnie (2013:127). Public saving, also known as the budget surplus, is the term (T â G â TR), which is government revenue through taxes, minus government expenditures on goods and services, minus transfers. The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in the proinsulin molecule. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (eds.). A number of variations of the c-command relationship have been proposed, a prominent one being m-command, which is used in defining the notion of government. A text editor should be in place to start your C++ programming. Binding Theory. In M. Everaert and H. van Riemsdijk (eds.). Many calculators use variants of the C notation because they can represent it on a single-line display. He also wrote as Carroll J. Clem. Reinhart thanks Nick Clements for suggesting both the term and its abbreviation. Richard West (born 2 January 1965), predominantly known by the stage name Mr. C, is an English DJ, musician, actor and rapper. Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++, C program to count frequency of each element in an array, Brief Overview & Comparison of Object-Oriented Programming from C to Java, Left Shift and Right Shift Operators in C/C++, Write Interview Reinhart, T. (1981). Get hold of all the important DSA concepts with the DSA Self Paced Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready. C scope rules can be covered under the following two categories. In 1910, C. L. Best left Holt Manufacturing Company and formed his own company, C. L. Best Gas Traction Company, to â¦ Negation in English. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Terms to represent the relationships between nodes is taken from Sportiche et al. These are also called the global scope variables as they can be globally accessed. See Bresnan (2001:198). The company offers freight transportation, transportation management, brokerage and warehousing. Vivian resided in Atlanta, Georgia, and founded the It has been taken to be the basic configurational relation underlying binding, and has played a central role in the analysis of diverse syntactic mechanisms, such as parasitic gaps and the scope of quantifiers. If A c-commands B but B does not c-command A, then A asymmetrically c-commands B. Based upon this definition of dominance, node N1 c-commands node N2 if and only if: For example, according to the standard definition, in the tree at the right. He is also a house music DJ and was co-owner/co-founder of London's The End nightclub with Layo Paskin (of â¦ C.J. The park is open during all daylight hours. For a node (N1) to c-command another node (N2) the parent of N1 must establish dominance over N2. The scope of the these variables begins right after the declaration in the function prototype and runs to the end of the declarations list. [7] However, the concept Reinhart was developing was not new to syntax. In C, all identifiers are lexically(or statically) scoped. For example, the following program produces a compiler error. Mitomycin C is a mitomycin that is used as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour activity. File Scope: These variables are usually declared outside of all of the functions and blocks, at the top of the program and can be accessed from any portion of the program. Dark N Lovely Berry Burgundy, Water Background Hd, How Far Can You Go Into The Forest, Most Accurate Comic Book Price Guide, Total Quality Management By Mahajan Pdf, Stihl Cf3 Pro Trimmer Line For Sale,
Why is problem solving important By \| April 15, 2021 Solving why is problem solving important problems why is problem solving important is important because many years of academic research and practical experience have shown. but it sample apa research papers takes years to develop the right frame of mind in order to come up with creative solutions to complex problems that don’t have obvious resolutions what is problem-solving? Watch the video to learn why problem solving is the most important skill to learn in why is problem solving important 20. a critical skill for problem-solving is the ability to formal essay outline collaborate. lesson progress 0% complete in this learning topic we will cover the top of essay sample for college the practical problem solving how to write a nice resignation letter teach poster download the 8 step practical problem solving teachread more ». math word problems are an important aspect of mathematics and that is why they appear in every stage of learning math. a frequent speaker at state ap lang argument essay artifice and national conferences, she shares her love for math with a worldwide audience through her website, math coach’s corner as important as problem-solving is to success, not all approaches are titling an essay created equal. here’s our guide to demonstrating, and improving, your problem-solving skills why do we need problem-solving how to reference a short story in an essay skills? Teenagers must be succinctly trained using effective problem-solving activities built from their why is problem solving important everyday life challenges. whether you're a student, a parent, a businessperson, project management research paper topics or the president of the business plan products and services united writing an introduction about yourself states, you face problems every day that need solving. because it is such a valuable skill for every knowledge worker out there. that value will be the solution you write a research paper for me offer your clients, as well as the solutions you indesign business plan template create for yourself. Leave a Reply
Sunday, August 23, 2009 TTL Flash FAQ for digital cameras Updated: May 8, 2010 Number of times updated: 9 (mainly to #14 - mixing ambient and flash) This FAQ guide is a super-simplified intro to flash. It assumes no knowledge about flash but requires that you already have some understanding of exposure. 1. Why use a flash? Properly used, a flash is another way to control the image and improve the lighting of your image. 2. What do you mean by proper way? Don't you just turn it on? No. Proper use of flash requires understanding how flash metering and controls work in relation to your exposure metering and controls. Just as with exposure for existing light, if the power of the flash is incorrectly set, then your image will be over- or underexposed. In addition, flash can serve a variety of functions (as the main or key light, fill, background, hair, rim light, etc.) and the ideal flash exposure differs depending on the function of the flash. 3. Isn't your flash exposure simply determined by your exposure settings? Ambient exposure and flash exposure are two different concepts. (Ambient exposure is the amount of light recorded on the image if you had not used the flash. Flash exposure is the amount of flash recorded in the image.) Your exposure settings for the ambient light (aperture, shutter speed, ISO) may or may not affect your flash exposure. In manual mode, ambient exposure controls do affect your flash exposure. In TTL mode (see #4 below), ambient exposure controls generally don't affect flash exposure. In either case, learning to control your flash exposure is a separate skill. 4. How is flash exposure controlled? It depends on your flash mode (manual, auto, or TTL). Let's get something straight: flash output (the amount of light from the flash) and flash exposure (the amount of flash that is recorded in the picture) are two related but different concepts. Mostly, what we care about is flash exposure. There are several ways a flash exposure is determined. Generally, they are: a. Manual - user controls flash exposure by specifying the flash output (usually on the flash itself). With manual flash, there is no built-in metering (unlike switching the camera to manual exposure mode, which at least gives you a light meter). With manual flash exposure, you either use the guide number (the flash power rating), a handheld incident light meter, or trial and error to determine the correct flash exposure. Using manual flash is outside the scope of this FAQ. FYI manual flash power is sometimes expressed as an f/stop which is an indication of the aperture required for a correct exposure (according to a light meter). So, setting the flash at f/8.0 means putting out twice as much power as setting it for f/5.6. Sometimes expressed as a fraction, e.g., 1/2 power, 1/4 power, etc. Usually in full stops. The latter is less informative because different flashes have different light outputs for the same amount of power. b. Auto - You don't control flash output per se. Instead the flash (not the camera) uses its own sensor to control flash exposure. You initially specify on the flash the aperture and the ISO you're using. When you press the shutter, the flash fires and detects its reflection through a sensor on the flash. (On more advanced flashes made for your particular camera, the camera automatically communicates the aperture and ISO to the flash.) When the flash sensor detects that there's "enough light" based on the aperture, the ISO, and the reflection, it cuts off the power. c. TTL ("through the lens") - You also don't control flash output per se. Instead you use the camera to control flash exposure. When you press the shutter, the camera tells the flash to fire a test flash. The camera (not the flash) detects the reflection from the test flash coming in though the lens. Based on the amount of reflected light, aperture, and ISO, the camera tells the flash how much power to put out. All this happens in a split second before the shutter even opens. When your shutter opens, the flash power has already been set by the TTL system. 5. In 4b and 4c, you didn't mention shutter speed as affecting the amount of flash. Why? The flash only lasts 1/1000 to 1/20,000 of a second, so changing the shutter speed generally doesn't affect the amount of flash. Note 1: shutter speed becomes relevant if the shutter speed is so high that the shutter starts to close before the flash is fired. That maximum speed before this issue occurs varies from camera-to-camera and is called the "sync speed." Some cameras have X-sync exposure mode. That is a shortcut way of choosing shutter priority exposure at the sync speed. Note 2: although shutter speed doesn't affect the amount of flash, it is relevant for controlling the ratio of existing light to flash. See #14 below. Note 3: Modern flashes have a way of increasing the sync speed at the expense of power/distance through high speed sync. 6. I'm using a filter (e.g. a neutral density filter). Will that affect the flash metering results? With Auto, yes because there's no way for the flash to know whether you're using a filter or other accessory. With TTL, no (because the test light comes in through the lens). 6b. I'm using a large diffuser that's blocking part of my external flash. Will that affect the flash metering? If you have a diffuser or accessory attached to your external flash, and it's large enough to block the sensor of your external flash, Auto won't work correctly. However, TTL will generally function without problems because the flash metering is done through the camera's lens, not a sensor on the external flash. However, TTL may screw up if your accessory directs some of the flash into the lens (instead of bouncing off from the subject). 6c. My flash is off-camera (i.e., removed from the camera) and positioned closer to or farther from the subject than is the camera. Will that affect the flash metering? If you are using TTL, then the flash metering should not be affected by any difference between the flash-to-subject and camera-to-subject distance. If you are using Auto, then the flash metering will likely not be accurate. If the flash is closer to the subject than the camera (e.g., the flash is 3 feet away from the subject while the camera is 10 feet away from subject), then the flash exposure will likely be underexposed and vice-versa. 7. Do my ambient exposure controls (aperture, shutter, ISO) affect the TTL flash exposure? What about exposure compensation? With TTL, generally no. Within a wide range of ambient exposure settings, the flash exposure should be the same regardless of ambient exposure controls. For example, if you're using f/5.6 @ 100 ISO a TTL flash will put out more flash power than if you had used f/2.8 @ 400 ISO, so that the flash exposure in both cases is about the same. Exposure can start affecting the flash exposure if the exposure settings force the flash to exceed its maximum or minimum power. If you're at f/64 and ISO 100 and 30 feet away from your subject, your flash is not going to put out enough power for the 'correct' amount of flash exposure. If you're at ISO 1600, f/1.4, and 5 feet from your subject, you will have way too much flash exposure. In addition, although ambient exposure settings in many cases don't affect flash exposure itself, you have to balance ambient and flash properly for the photo to look nice. See balancing ambient and flash in #14 below. Using exposure compensation may or may not affect your flash exposure. With Canon, the flash exposure ignores the exposure compensation and is unaffected. With Nikon, exposure compensation will affect flash exposure. For example -1 stop EC will reduce the ambient exposure by 1 stop and the flash exposure by 1 stop as well. There are advantages to both approaches. 7b. How do I know if I will exceed the minimum or maximum power from the flash? What can I do about it? One way to tell is through the distance range displayed on the backs of some flashes. Some flashes will show you the minimum and maximum range in TTL mode for any given exposure setting. Note however that those ranges work only if you are using the flash directly. If you are bouncing the flash, the distance range won't be reliable. Knowing that there is a maximum and minimum power, what can you do about it? If you want the highest maximum range, set the shutter at your camera's maximum sync speed or less, use a wider aperture, and/or use a higher ISO. Note: using a wider aperture and higher ISO will of course affect your ambient exposure. If you want to decrease the shortest minimum range, you can either decrease your aperture, decrease your ISO, or if your camera has high speed sync enabled, choose a shutter speed above the sync speed (which will rapidly decrease the effective power of your flash). 8. TTL sounds like a reasonable way to set flash exposure. What could go wrong? A number of things can cause TTL to set the wrong exposure: • If the reflectiveness of your subject is not average, then you can get over- or under-exposure. For example, if your subject is wearing black velvet, then your camera will try to put out as much flash as it can to try to bring the velvet to gray, and the subject will be overexposed. If your subject is wearing a reflective vest, then the camera will cut off the power very early because of the efficient reflection of the vest, and the subject will be underexposed. Those are extreme cases, but there are more common situations that are analogous, such as having a shiny object near the middle of the image. • In some flash systems (e.g. Nikon), the camera measures the preflash reflection toward the middle of the image. If your subject is off-center, the TTL system doesn't know that and will try to set the flash exposure for whatever's in the middle of the image, usually resulting in overexposure of the subject if the object in the middle is further away. One solution for this kind of situation is to frame the subject in the middle, lock the flash exposure (in Nikon cameras, with the FV Lock), recompose, and take the shot. • If there is a reflective object in the foreground, it can cause overexposure of that object and underexposure of your subject. Sample: One solution for this kind of situation is to zoom in to the subject until the problematic foreground image is out of the frame, then use FV Lock. • In addition, as discussed above, the correct amount of flash differs depending on the purpose of the flash (as key/main, fill, hair, rim, or background, etc.). 9. If the flash is overexposed or underexposed, what can I do to adjust flash exposure? With TTL, you use flash exposure compensation ("FEC"). If there's not enough flash, you increase FEC, and vice-versa. With TTL, changing your aperture, shutter or ISO won't change your flash exposure (unless your exposure settings are such that they exceed the minimum or maximum power for the flash). 10. OK I understand how to set the flash exposure. Am I good to go? In addition to the amount of power from the flash, the basic variables include quality (hard vs. soft), color, shape, ratio to existing light, and direction. More advanced techniques (not covered in this FAQ) include: adding more than 1 flash, and adjusting those variables for each flash, using a stroboscopic (repeating flash), and more. 11. Why and how do I change the quality of the light from the flash (hard vs. soft)? Hard light (with hard, well-defined, high contrast shadows) is more dramatic but potentially unflattering if not used correctly. Softer light is generally more flattering for people and makes it easier to achieve an acceptable image. To soften light, increase the apparent size of the light source. To increase the apparent size of your flash, you can bring it closer or use bounce techniques or use a flash modifier such as a softbox, umbrella, or any number of flash modifiers out there. The larger the apparent size of the light source compared to the subject, the softer the light will be. • Using bounce techniques: instead of directing your flash at the subject, you direct it at a large surface such as a wall or ceiling, and use the reflection to light your subject. Note: this will eat up much of your flash's power because of the extra distance the light has to travel and because the surface is likely not a perfect reflector. Thus, you usually have to select a higher ISO like 800 or more. • Using umbrellas: to attach a flash to an umbrella, you’ll need an umbrella holder (aka umbrella swivel). An umbrella holder is equipped with: 1) a hole to insert a photographic umbrella, 2) a shoe for the flash, and 3) a way to insert a 5/8 stud, which is the standard size for lightstands. Some brackets use a tripod 1/4-20 mount instead. • Using softboxes: there are a variety of softboxes out there – some made for studio lights and others made for hotshoe flashes. To use the ones made for studio lights, you'll probably need some sort of adapter. The ones for hotshoe flashes use different ways of attaching the softbox such as velcro. • Using flash modifiers: there are a myriad of flash modifiers that are supposed to soften the light from the flash. If you’re concerned about softening your flash, just ask yourself whether the flash modifier is making the light from the flash larger or not. If it’s not, it doesn’t soften the light. For example, some people think the sto-fen omni-bounce diffuser softens the flash. Actually it doesn’t because it doesn’t change the size of the light. It does help bounce the light around indoors, so the softening effect of the sto-fen diffuser is from the bounced light, not the diffusion. Outdoors, where there’s nothing to bounce from, there won’t be a softening effect. 12. Why and how do I change the color of the light from the flash? Three reasons: to correct existing light conditions, to change the emotion of the image, or to use color as an element of your composition. If existing light is not neutral and you want to make it neutral, you need to change the color of the flash to match the existing light so that when you correct for white balance, both flash and existing light will have the same color. Second, you can use colored flash to change the emotion of the image (e.g., red is hot, blue is cool, green is sickly etc.). Third, you can use colored flash to actively control the color of the subject, shadow, and/or background for composition purposes. Three ways: 1. through gels; 2. through your white balance; 3. add or subtract colored lights. • Gels: Gels are colored sheets of plastic (like colored transparencies), velcroed or taped or somehow attached to the flash, like this. • White balance: You can gel the flash for a particular color, use white balance to ‘correct’ that color, and the existing light will become the complimentary color. For example, if you gel your flash orange (with a CTO gel) and adjust your WB for incandescent light, the flash will look neutral while the existing light will look blue. • Mixing colored lights: Another way to change color is to add or subtract lights. For example, if you have a red light and a green light, the areas where they are both shining on will look yellow. More on adding and subtracting colored here: Color addition: and Color substraction: 13. Why and how do I change the shape of the light from the flash? Why: changing the shape of the light changes the shape of shadows and highlights from the flash. Shadows can add three-dimensionality to an image and can add drama or become an element of composition. How: Diffusers, snoots, grids, gobos, cookies, and other similar devices. Homemade or store-bought. • Diffusers spread out the light from the flash. Some flashes have built-in diffusers. There are also a number of flash modifiers out there that act as diffusers. See #11. • Snoots are like tubes that you attach to the flash to make the light beam narrower. Longer snoots = narrower beams. • Grids have a similar function to snoots but they composed of many smaller tubes (e.g., in a honeycomb or grid pattern). Generally, the resulting light is even narrower than snoots. Longer and smaller-tubed grids have tighter beams. Louvers are similar to grids but they channel light in one axis but not the other. • Gobos or flags: something placed to partially block the light beam from the flash. For example, gobos are used to reduce lens flare. • Cucoloris or "cookie": a surface with a pattern of holes to let the light beam shine through with a particular pattern (e.g., to simulate shadows of foliage). • Found objects: many objects around us, whether opaque, translucent or transparent, can be placed in between the flash and the subject to shape the shadow and or highlights from the flash. For example, a common technique is to shine the flash through a glass of water to project an ethereal highlight on the background. 14. Why and how do I change the ratio of ambient light to flash? Why: allowing enough ambient light to appear in the image preserves the atmosphere of the scene you’re shooting. Conversely, having no ambient light (as in a background that is turned black) can direct the attention to the subject or simplify the composition. How: With TTL, you adjust the ratio of ambient light to flash by: 1) adjusting the ambient light exposure: To adjust ambient light exposure, just change the exposure controls (aperture, shutter, ISO). As discussed above in #7, changing those controls generally doesn’t change the flash exposure in TTL mode but doing so will change the amount of ambient light exposure on the image. 2) adjusting the flash exposure: You can also change the ratio by adjusting the flash exposure (which for TTL is done by adjusting FEC). 3) controlling the amount of flash that reaches the background (lighting depth of field): other than through controlling the direction of the flash (toward or away from the background) or using flags, this can be done by controlling the distance between the flash, subject, and background. If the flash to subject distance is much shorter than the subject to background distance, then the flash exposure of the subject will be much greater than the flash exposure of the background due to the inverse square law. Example of this technique here. (Note: usually depth of field means the part of the image that is in focus. In lighting terms, however, depth of field means the part of the image that is illuminated. See this Strobist lesson) 15. Why and how do I change the direction of the light from the flash? Why: changing the direction also changes the shadows. See #14. Changing the direction also allows selectively highlighting parts of the image. How: You need an external flash. With your pop-up flash alone, you basically can't change direction unless you use reflectors or mirrors. Changing light direction with an external flash depends on how the external flash is connected to the camera: the camera’s hot shoe (“on-camera flash”), with a cord, or use a wireless connection. a. On-camera flash: to change direction, you need an external flash with bounce and/or swivel (ideally both). b. TTL cord: look for a TTL cord specifically made for your camera brand. One end attaches to your camera’s hotshoe. The other end attaches to your flash’s hotshoe. Then you put the external flash on a lightstand, flashbracket, or hold it with your hand. c. Wireless TTL connections: i. optical – each major camera maker has its own way of implementing wireless TTL via optical preflashes (like morse code), although some flash systems allow more sophisticated control than others. Generally, you’ll need a commander, and a flash that is capable of acting as a receiver for such systems. ii. Radio – wireless TTL via radio is relatively new. To date, wireless TTL via radio are featured in products available from quantum (freexwire system), pocketwizard (control TL), radiopopper (PX system). 16. How do I choose an external flash? Can I get just any flash for my camera? You’ll maximize the features of the flash if you pick one that’s specifically designed by your camera maker (or a third party version of such a flash). For example, if you have a Canon DSLR, search for “Canon flash.” To be really sure, confirm that the flash is compatible with your specific camera model. For example, the SB-900 is not fully compatible with Nikon film bodies or Nikon cameras not compatible with Nikon's CLS (Creative Lighting System). The features you’ll probably want are: a. power – flash power is rated by guide number. The higher the better, especially if you intend to bounce the light. b. wireless mode – to allow wireless TTL assuming you have a compatible commander. c. bounce and swivel – bounce means the flash head can be tilted upward to bounce the beam from the ceiling to the subject (to soften the light). Swivel means the flash head can be rotated (to bounce the beam from walls). Note the maximum swivel angles. d. high speed sync – allows you to exceed the sync speed at the expense of flash power. e. optical slave mode – this is different from optical wireless TTL. With this feature, some flashes can be triggered when they sense the camera’s popup flash (or other flashes) being fired (usually, it's limited to manual mode). Useful when you don’t have other wireless connections available but the disadvantage is that there's no TTL and your flash can be triggered by other cameras or flashes or pre-flashes from a TTL type pop-up flash. f. zoom head – some flashes have beams that can be zoomed. This is useful for controlling the shape of the beam. Zooming the flash makes the beam narrower and maximizes the flash’s power and vice-versa. If you want to choose some non-dedicated flash, then at a minimum: a. Assuming you’re connecting the flash to the camera, you have to check the voltage of the flash. Older flashes have very high voltages that can fry your digital camera. b. Next you should make sure the flash’s hotshoe can fit on your camera. Sony/Minolta use a different sized hotshoe from other brands. Other than Sony/Minolta, I’m not aware of any other uniquely-sized hotshoes. c. Check whether the flash is advertised as being compatible with your camera brand. 17. Where do I go from here? To try out some of the ideas here, check out the TTL Flash Tutorial. For another tutorial on TTL techniques, check out or the book On-Camera Flash. For technical explanations of how TTL works exactly, read the Nikon CLS Practical Guide and Flash Photography with Canon EOS Cameras. For aesthetics and lighting ideas, I look at parenting magazines, movies, movie posters, high-budget TV shows and ads, and the work of skilled photographers. 1. Mic, this is amazing I don’t know how I missed this positing till now ….Thx for the info. 2. You should double check item 6c. For an auto-thyristor flash, the flash power is set by the sensor on the front of the flash. If the sensor on the front of the flash is getting f/8 at 100 ISO that's all you need to know. Flash to subject distance is important but the camera to subject distance doesn't matter. As long as the flash still covers the subject properly you can put the camera closer or farther away. 1. Thanks Nick. One of these days I'll try it out and see. Thanks again. Best regards,
Decisions are sometimes are hard to make, but sometimes you could make a decision carelessly. In the book Percy Jackson and the Lighting Thief, he makes decisions that could impact him later. For example, when he snapped at his teacher, blurting out a question, and pushing his classmate into a fountain. In chapter 1, page 17, Percy had snapped at his teacher which made a very big deal. “Finally, when our English teacher, Mr. Nicoll, asked me for the millionth time why I was too lazy to study for spelling tests, I snapped. I called him an old sot.” This may impact him on his grades, or might even get expelled, which could possibly change his whole life. This also could affect his level of respect. Topic 2, article 1 states that “Be open and accept what’s going on around you.” This would help Percy to make a different decision that time, and maybe he could pick up English” In the beginning of chapter 2, page 23, Percy couldn’t stand his friend Grover anymore “Finally I couldn’t stand it anymore. I said, ‘Looking for Kindly Ones?’” This plays a big role in the book, but this also might affect the relation between him and Grover. It also could impact his life and the other world. “Healthy relationships are a vital component of health and wellbeing.” Stated the second article in topic 3. Percy could have asked in another way, and then work out what is happening. In chapter 1, page 9, Percy had some anger issues and “pushed” his classmate into a fountain. I tried to stay cool. The school counselor had told me a million times, “Count to ten, get control of your temper.” But I was so mad my mind went blank. A wave roared in my ears. I don’t remember touching her, but the next thing I knew, Nancy was sitting on her butt in the fountain, screaming, Percy pushed me!” This behavior will impact his learning because detentions from Mrs. Dodds. “The best decisions are made using both logic and emotion.” Stated in Topic 2, article 2. If he had done what he was trying to do; count to 10, then he would not “push” Nancy. To summaries, Percy Jackson had made a lot of choices like calling his teacher an old sot, or asking something he’s not supposed to ask, to pushing a classmate into a fountain. Percy could make different decisions and improved them, or he could not do anything. Decisions are sometimes are hard to make, but sometimes you could make a decision carelessly.
What do bold words mean? What do bold words mean? Bolded word means a word that is bolded. Bold words are words that are made darker usually thicker letters. Is Bold a positive word? Bold can have the connotation “brave” but can also mean “very confident” and (as you suggest) “impudent.” It can have a negative connotation, but it need not be negative. How many words are in a marker? 36 words How do you make your text bold on your phone? MonospaceAndroid: Tap and hold the text you’re entering in the text field, then choose Bold, Italic, or More . Tap More to choose Strikethrough or Monospace.iPhone: Tap the text you’re entering in the text field > Select or Select All > B_I_U. Then, choose Bold, Italic, Strikethrough, or Monospace. How do you write in bold? Begin typing a message. Step 3. If you’d like your text to appear in bold, simply add an asterix (also known as star) “*” before and after your text. Can you underline in text messages? You can now italicize, underline, and bold text, as well as change the color of the text and background. Just highlight the text you want to change, then hit the underlined A icon up top to bring up the formatting options. What is the shortcut to underline text? Underline text: Ctrl + U — “U” is for “underline.” This shortcut works for new text you type after using the shortcut, or you can highlight existing text and then add an underline via the shortcut. How do I underline text on iPhone? So is underline:Select the text you want to be bold.Tap the arrow on the menu bar.Tap on the BIU button.Tap on the Underline button. How do you type an underline? How do you extend an underline in Word? Blank Space MethodPlace the insertion point where you want the ruling line (underlining).On the Format menu, click Font. In the Underline style box, select the line style you want, and then click OK.For every blank space you want to underline, press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR. What is this sign _? An underscore, also called an underline, low line, or low dash, is a line drawn under a segment of text. The underscore character, _, originally appeared on the typewriter and was primarily used to underscore (or underline) words. How do I get rid of the underline in word when typing? Originally Answered: How do I remove the underline feature while typing in Android keyboard ? Goto settings > Language & input > Android Keyboard settings > auto correction > off. Why is everything I type underlined in red? All of a sudden almost everything I type is being underlined in red as if the spelling is incorrect. You have the Track Changes feature turned on – red underlining is the default markup used to identify Insertions. Go to the Review tab, turn Track Changes OFF, then Accept all changes in the document & save the file. How do you underline text on WhatsApp? Note: it is not possible to underline text in WhatsApp….Formatting text for Android and iPhoneOpen WhatsApp on your Android or iPhone smartphone.Open the conversation where you would like to type in bold, italics, monospace or strikethrough.Enter the text you want to send.Tap and hold the text to select it. How do I get rid of the red underline in Word on my phone? Remove All Red and Green Underlines from Word DocumentOpen the document.Go to File > Options.A box will appear. In the “Exceptions for” section, select the document in which you don’t want to see spell mistakes.Check either or both of the following check boxes as per your need: Click OK. What does Blue underline mean in Word? Wavy blue lines that appear under text in a Word document indicate that the Format Consistency Checker is turned on and is functioning in the background as you type. The lines indicate that the Format Consistency Checker has detected an inconsistency that you may want to look at and to correct. What does the green wavy line mean in Word? grammatical error How do I get rid of green alignment in Word? It really doesn’t have anything to do with the inability to move the picture up beyond the bottom of the header area. If you don’t want to see alignment guides, select a picture; on the Picture Tools ribbon tab, click the Align button, and click “Use Alignment Guides” to uncheck it. How do you get rid of green lines? Slightly dampen a soft cloth and apply gentle pressure to the stuck pixel line. Don’t press too hard or you may make the problem worse. The idea is to gently flex the screen material and encourage the pixels inside to shift out of the permanent “on” position. Work slowly, applying gentle pressure along the whole line. What are alignment guides in Word? Microsoft Word is equipped with live layout and alignment guides to help you align, resize, and move objects. The example below draws a shape and lines it up using the alignment tool. 1. In the “Insert” tab, click “Shape” and select a shape to draw.
Building a Snake game in Python using Turtle For those of you who have started learning Python, it can be awesome to start a project. Let’s build a game in Python. Remember the good old days when everybody used to play the snake game? We will be building a simple GUI-based Snake game using Python. So, let’s start. A bit of history Blockade — arcade snake game Later the game became viral and everyone loved it because in the Nokia phone this snake game was pre-installed. In the age of modern technology, that time cell phone was the greatest innovation, and that innovation came with another pre-installed game. Nowadays almost every platform has the Snake game with some cool interface. Main module: Turtle What we will build Snake Game I’d recommend using any Python IDE(i,e VSCode, Pycharm, Spyder, etc). You are good to go with Jupyter Notebook also. You can find resource files on github, go to and clone the repository. Let’s jump ahead. Rules of the game 1. The game screen has a fixed size(i.e width = 600px, height = 600px) 2. In the beginning, the game starts with the initial snake and apple at certain positions. 3. The user has control of the snake by presses specific arrow keys (i,e. ⬅️ = Move to Left, ⬆️ = Move to Upward, ➡️ = Move to Right and ⬇️ = Move to Downward). 4. Once the user presses a key, the snake keeps moving and waiting for the next direction otherwise it will move in the direction that the user has pressed previously. 5. The initial score is zero, and it will increase as the snake grab the apple. 6. Once the snake hits the wall or his own body, the game will be over at that point. Importing the libraries Turtle: This is a pre-installed python graphical library that enables users to create pictures and shapes by providing them with a virtual canvas. With this library, you can draw and create various types of shapes and images. Time: This library helps us with time-related functions. Random: Random helps us to generate randomize position for spawning the apple. Setting the Graphics Now we need some graphical items to visualize the snake body and the apple. 1. head.gif 2. tail.gif 3. apple.gif I’ve put all the source files in the github repository. You can clone the repository to access them all. We need a GIF(.gif) image for graphical use because another format of the image is unsupported in the turtle. So we must use gif images for avoiding any error. Defining the variables At the beginning of the game, the initial score is zero. It will increase when the snake grabs an apple. Now initial the scoring view. Controls and Helpers Let's write down the code for controls our snake. After all of this, we need a helper function to use all of this code. So here need another function to move our snake. When a user presses the desired control key to control the snake, the snake will move according to the command and reach a new position. The position will change according to the X or the Y coordinate. After moving out snake successfully now we have to spawn the apple. If the snake grabs the current apple, after a minimum of delays there will be another spawn of another apple at another random position. If the snake grabs an apple then the score will be increased. Every apple is counted as a 10 point. When the snake grabs an apple, its size will increase. After eating an apple the snake size will be incremented by tail size and so on. So we have just made the basic python snake game using turtle. But there are some issues. The snake takes input with keys to change its direction accordingly. It doesn’t change its direction to the opposite side. If the snake is moving upward and the user wants to change the direction of the snake downward then he/she can not. He/she can only change the direction either left or right but not downwards. In any case, the user presses the wrong direction and the snake touches its own body, there will be a collision that means GAME OVER. So, we have completed our snake game. If you need source files for this project, go to . Thanks, happy coding! Get the Medium app
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Catallaxy or catallactics is an alternative expression for the word "economy". Whereas the word economy suggests that people in a community possess a common and congruent set of values and goals, catallaxy suggests that the emergent properties of a market (prices, division of labor, growth, etc.) are the outgrowths of the diverse and disparate goals of the individuals in a community. Aristotle was the first person to define the word "economy" as ‘the art of household management’.[1] As is still a common method of explanation today, Aristotle tried to explain complex market phenomena through an analogy between a household and a state, take for example the modern analogy between the national debt of a country's government and a simple consumer's credit card debt. Aristotle used a common Greek word 'oikonomia' that meant "to direct a single household," and used it to mean the management of an entire city-state.[2] The word catallaxy aims to provide a more accurate and inclusive word for the market phenomenon of groups of households, in which participants are free to pursue diverse ends of their own. After being discussed by Ludwig von Mises the term catallaxy was later made popular by Friedrich Hayek who defines it as "the order brought about by the mutual adjustment of many individual economies in a market".[3] Catallaxy may also be used to refer to a marketplace of ideas, especially a place where people holding diverse political ideologies come together to gain deeper understanding of a wide range of political orientations.[citation needed] Catallaxy also becomes a new dimension in software design and network architecture.[4] See also[edit] 1. ^ Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1141b.32 2. ^ Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1140b.10 3. ^ Hayek, F. A. (1978), Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Vol. 2, pp. 108–09. 4. ^ Eymann, T., Padovan, B.and Schoder, D. in a Conference Paper at the 16th IFIP World Computer Congress, Conference on Intelligent Information Processing, Beijing/ PR China, August 21-25, 2000
Good Savings, Good Education and supporting Good Causes. Revolutionary LED Lamp Helps Minimize Effects of Dyslexia Dyslexia manifests in roughly 20% of the population worldwide and is known as one of the most common learning disorders, presenting in up to 90% of all people with any kind of learning disorder to speak of. It affects one’s ability to read, write, spell, and speak, causing difficulty for sufferers to connect the words and letters they see to the sounds they make. As such, people affected by dyslexia experience symptoms related to slow reading, trouble spelling, and mixing up words, and many have reported a sensation that the words and letters move or jump around on the page as they attempt to decipher them. The Lexilight LED lamp adjusts its light wave by acting on the pulsation and modulation of the beam produced, allowing users to customize the light to a frequency that works best on an individual level. People with dyslexia are no less intelligent than their peers, and more often than not have normal vision. They are generally quick and creative individuals with strong higher reasoning skills, which makes the disorder that much more frustrating to overcome. While dyslexia is not something that can be cured, there are techniques and therapies that have proven quite successful in helping those who suffer from it to better manage their symptoms. In an attempt to aid these tried and true therapies, Lexilife, a company based out of France, has developed a revolutionary LED lamp designed to alleviate some of the effects of dyslexia with great success. The Lexilight purports to allow users to read more easily, much quicker, and with a lot less effort. Combining customizable speeds for pulsed and modulated light, the technology of this lamp “erases” the mirrored effect of letters on a page that a dyslexic person sees as a result of their condition. According to Lexilife, research conducted by French physicists Albert Le Floch and Guy Ropars “proved that non-dyslexics have a dominant eye, which is essential for good reading.” Their research went on to show that dyslexics have two dominant eyes which work against each other to create the issues inherent to the disorder, such as mirroring. The technology of the Lexilight relieves those effects and “allows the brain to process information as if it came from a single dominant eye.” The developers of this lamp tested its efficiency on 300 people affected by the disorder, and 90% of those participants reported an improvement, stating that they could “effortlessly read a text illuminated by the lamp.” While there may not be any drugs to combat it or even a hint of a cure on the horizon, I am willing to be that anyone who suffers from dyslexia would welcome the relief offered by this LED technology if given the chance. The Lexilight is currently only being sold in France, and at a steep cost of more than €549, the developers are hoping to make it more accessible and drop the retail cost by funding further research into the causes of dyslexia, and the possible applications that their LED lamp technology might offer in combating the disorder as a whole. “Lexilife will therefore be a committed company that, not only with the Lexilight lamp, but also through many actions (Research and Development, institutional awareness, etc.) will work to improve the lives of dyslexics.” Watch the Lexilight lamp work its magic below! (Image by Lexilife)
Counting directed acyclic and elementary digraphs 17 Apr 2020 · de Panafieu Élie, Dovgal Sergey · Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) can be characterised as directed graphs whose strongly connected components are isolated vertices. Using this restriction on the strong components, we discover that when $m = cn$, where $m$ is the number of directed edges, $n$ is the number of vertices, and $c < 1$, the asymptotic probability that a random digraph is acyclic is an explicit function $p(c)$, such that $p(0) = 1$ and $p(1) = 0$... When $m = n(1 + \mu n^{-1/3})$, the asymptotic behaviour changes, and the probability that a digraph is acyclic becomes $n^{-1/3} C(\mu)$, where $C(\mu)$ is an explicit function of $\mu$. {\L}uczak and Seierstad (2009, Random Structures & Algorithms, 35(3), 271--293) showed that, as $\mu \to -\infty$, the strongly connected components of a random digraph with $n$ vertices and $m = n(1 + \mu n^{-1/3})$ directed edges are, with high probability, only isolated vertices and cycles. We call such digraphs elementary digraphs. We express the probability that a random digraph is elementary as a function of $\mu$. Those results are obtained using techniques from analytic combinatorics, developed in particular to study random graphs. read more PDF Abstract No code implementations yet. Submit your code now Combinatorics Data Structures and Algorithms Probability
You asked: How does estrogen affect human behavior? Estrogen signaling affects aggressive interactions, as well as several behaviors that are closely linked with aggression, including sexual behavior, communication, and learning and memory. How does estrogen affect personality? Estrogen plays a role in emotional well-being, and the loss of estrogen around menopause is often associated with mood swings, anxiety, and depression. How does estrogen affect emotions? Does taking estrogen make you moody? Neurological effects Estradiol medication can cause depression, mood swings, irritability, anger, dizziness and headaches. How does estrogen affect a man? Estrogen may stimulate breast tissue growth. Men with too much estrogen may develop gynecomastia, a condition which leads to larger breasts. Erectile dysfunction (ED). Men with high levels of estrogen may have difficulty getting or maintaining an erection. IT IS INTERESTING: What is mental health and wellbeing explain? What happens when you have no estrogen in your body? Low estrogen levels can interfere with sexual development and sexual functions. They can also increase your risk of obesity, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Treatments have evolved over the years and become more effective. How does estrogen affect anxiety? Estrogen helps to stimulate the production and transportation of serotonin around the body, and prevents its break down. Therefore, when estrogen levels are low serotonin is low and an unstable mood and anxiety can develop. What hormone makes you feel loved? Does low estrogen make you cry? Estrogen deficiency may cause a decline in serotonin that contributes to mood swings or depression. Increase in urinary tract infections: Increased urinary tract infections may occur due to the thinning of the tissue in the urethra, which can develop with decreased estrogen. Does estrogen make you aggressive? How does lack of estrogen make you feel? These lower hormone levels cause a number of health issues throughout your body: Brain and nervous system – You experience a mix of physical and emotional symptoms like mood swings, memory loss, irritability, hot flashes, fatigue, night sweats, anxiety, and depression. IT IS INTERESTING: What do police psychologists do? Can low estrogen make you feel crazy? Estrogen imbalance can lead to unpredictable mood swings. These mood swings can make women feel like they no longer have control over their emotions. Often, an emotional imbalance is directly related to hormone deficiency. What happens when you start taking estrogen? Does estrogen make you more attractive? Study: Women’s physical attractiveness is not related to hormone levels. New research has found no compelling evidence that more physically attractive young adult women have higher levels of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone. Does taking estrogen make you more feminine? Does coffee raise estrogen? A new study of women ages 18 to 44 found that drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages can alter levels of estrogen. But the impact varies by race. In white women, for example, coffee appears to lower estrogen, while in Asian women it has the reverse effect, raising levels of the hormone. Kind psychologist
On the Trail - Waterfowl Published May 8th 2015 in Wildlife, Birds, Pond Life, Waterfowl The waterfowl (Order Anseriformes) are diversified, yet as a group are very homogenous. All members are swimming birds with relatively short legs and webbed front toes.They have rather long necks and broad bills.All are heavily feathered, and most are strong fliers. Most are highly gregarious, migrating in large flocks. Despite their homogeneity, waterfowl have given avian taxonomists great difficulty in arranging them into natural groups. Based on their anatomy, distribution, habits, and behavior, waterfowl are grouped into a single family, the Anatidae. The family is further divided into several subfamilies, which are further broken into a number of tribes. Diving ducks run and patter along the surface of the water when taking flight. They all dive under water when feeding. The hind toe is lobed, or flap-like. The legs of diving ducks are located further back on the body close to the tail. Because of this rearward leg placement, the bodies of diving ducks are usually held more upright when walking on land. Diving ducks normally float low in the water with their tails held parallel to the water’s surface. Their wings are relatively small, but their wing beat is rapid.Diving ducks have a strong, direct, and fast flight. Dabbling ducks are surface feeders commonly found in the shallower waters of creeks, ponds, marshes, and playas. They feed by dabbling or “upending” rather than by diving. Occasionally, they also feed on land.When taking flight, they spring directly into the air instead of pattering over the water’s surface. Most birds in this group have an iridescent speculum on the trailing edge of the wing. Dabbling ducks normally swim with their tails held high out of the water. Their legs are located more anteriorly giving them a more horizontal posture when walking on land. Classification of the Waterfowl Observed in Midland County, Texas Order Anseriformes---Waterfowl Family Anatidae---Ducks, Geese, and Swans Subfamily Anserinae Tribe Cygnini---Swans Tundra Swan---Cygnus columbianus Tribe Anserini-----Geese Greater White-fronted Goose---Anser albifrons Snow Goose---Chen caerulescens Ross’ Goose---Chen rossii Canada Goose---Branta canadensis Subfamily Dendrocygninae Tribe Dendrocygnini---Whistling-Ducks Fulvous Whistling-Duck---Dendrocygna bicolor Black-bellied Whistling-Duck---Dendrocygna autumnalis Subfamily Cairininae Tribe Cairinini---Perching Ducks Wood Duck---Aix sponsa Subfamily Anatinae Tribe Anatini---Dabbling Ducks Mallard---Anas platyrhynchos Gadwall---Anas strepera American Wigeon---Anas americana Northern Pintail---Anas acuta Northern Shoveler---Anas clypeata Green-winged Teal---Anas crecca Blue-winged Teal---Anas discors Cinnamon Teal---Anas cyanoptera Subfamily Aythyinae Tribe Aythyini---Bay Ducks or Pochards Canvasback---Aythya valisineria Redhead---Aythya americana Ring-necked Duck---Aytha collaris Lesser Scaup---Aythya affenis Subfamily Merginae Tribe Mergini---Sea Ducks and Mergansers Common Goldeneye---Bucephala clangula Bufflehead---Bucephala albeola Black Scoter---Melanitta americana Surf Scoter---Melanitta perspicillata White-winged Scoter---Melanitta deglandi Common Merganser---Mergus merganser Red-breasted Merganser---Mergus serrator Hooded Merganser---Lophodytes cucullatus Subfamily Oxyurinae Tribe Oxyurini---Stiff-tailed Ducks Ruddy Duck---Oxyura jamaicensis
Quick Answer: What Are The 2 Types Of System Software? What are the 2 types of software? Operating systems manage the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user.. Is Google considered software? Effectively, if the user is interacting directly with a piece of software it is application software. For example, Microsoft Word or Excel are application software, as are common web browsers such as Firefox or Google Chrome. Which is not an example of system software? What is difference between hardware and software? What are the three basic components of system software? What type of software is used to control a computer? operating systemThe principal system software is the operating system. It manages the hardware, data and program files, and other system resources and provides means for the user to control the computer, generally via a graphical user interface (GUI). What are the 10 examples of software? Examples of Application SoftwareMicrosoft suite of products (Office, Excel, Word, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.)Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.Mobile pieces of software such as Pandora (for music appreciation), Skype (for real-time online communication), and Slack (for team collaboration) Is your body an open or closed system? Is Earth an open or closed system? What are the 5 types of software? What is an example of software? Is Microsoft Word a software? What are the types of system software? System software includes:Operating systems.Device drivers.Middleware.Utility software.Shells and windowing systems. What is a software and its types? Software Types The term ‘software’ refers to the set of electronic program instructions or data a computer processor reads in order to perform a task or operation. … Software can be categorized according to what it is designed to accomplish. There are two main types of software: systems software and application software. What are the major types of system? What are the 3 main types of software? What are the 4 types of systems? What is general purpose software? General purpose application software is a type of application that can be used for a variety of tasks. It is not limited to one particular function. … Examples of General purpose application software include: Word processors, Spreadsheet and Presentation software. Whatever you do, do not use brand names!
The Argument is a feature dedicated to promoting dialogue and deeper understanding of contentious issues by introducing various viewpoints. The issue of what to do with the treated radioactive water being stored at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant is nearing its boiling point. Despite plans to install more tanks by the end of the year, the plant’s operator is projected to run out of space around summer 2022. The estimate by the plant’s manager, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc., underscores the fast approaching deadline for the tanks, which now number 1,000. For three years, an industry ministry panel has been examining five disposal methods for the treated water. In December the number of options was reduced to three: diluting it and dumping it into the sea; letting it evaporate; or a combination of both. In a report to the government on Feb. 10, the panel recommended releasing the water into the ocean as a more “reliable” method than evaporation, given the practice is common at nuclear power plants here and around the world, and said radiation monitoring would be easier. One of the major concerns, however, is whether it is safe to discharge the water, which is contaminated mainly with tritium that cannot be removed by ALPS, the advanced liquid processing system installed after the triple-core meltdown in March 2011. Proponents insist dumping will be safe, arguing that tritium emits beta radiation so weak that the health risks posed will be minimal. The industry ministry estimates that even if all the stored water were to be released into the environment over a one-year period, the resulting radiation exposure would be less than a thousandth of that received from natural background radiation. Both methods have track records. Since both volume and radiation levels can be regulated, ocean discharge of tritiated water is a method routinely practiced at nuclear power plants around the world. Despite scientists’ emphasis on safety, however, opponents argue that either method will again hurt Fukushima’s image, damaging the agriculture, fishing and tourism industries that were just starting to recover from the disaster. The panel noted that risk in its report. Among Fukushima’s hardest-hit sectors since the disaster is the fisheries industry, which is vehemently opposed to ocean release. They fear the water dumps will ruin a nearly decadelong effort to restore the once-thriving industry, which was forced to halt or restrict operations in waters near the plant. For the past nine years, fishermen have been conducting operations on a trial basis and measuring catches for radiation before shipping. Amid signs of a recovery, they are now talking about full resumption of fishing. Because of deep-seated negative perceptions, however, some people still avoid buying fish from Fukushima. The government is facing a difficult decision balancing the interests of the industries with the shortage of storage space. Releasing radioactive water would further damage Fukushima’s reputation by Yuhei Sato It’s time to release tainted Fukushima water just like other coastal nuclear plants do by Goshi Hosono By subscribing, you can help us get the story right.
Fort Bard, an Italian peaceful place The main word you will learn in this article is: forte learn a new Italian word, forte The Forte di Bard is in the Aosta Valley, an Italian region in the northwest, near Piedmont. The fort was built in the 19th century by the House of Savoy on a mountain above the town. In January 2006 it has been opened to visitors and now it hosts art and photography exhibitions. In the Fort there are three permanent itineraries: the Museum of the Alps, The Children Alps and The Prisons. In March 2014 the Fort has been the set of some parts of the film “ The Avengers: Age of Ultron”. Every summer in the internal courtyard there are musical and theatrical performaces. There are also sports events such as the “Monterosa Walser Ultra Trail” and the “Forteight”. Fort Bard has a lot of offers for schools, there are a lot of workshops and educational activities for children of all ages. In the Fort there are a coffee bar, a restaurant, a hotel, some multimedial conference halls and bookshops. The most important word you have learnt is: Forte: it has two meanings, one is the adjective “strong” (a strong person= una persona forte) and the other is the noun “fort” which means a fortified place (Fort Bard = il forte di Bard). Alessandra Martinetto Leave a Reply
Categories Birds FAQ: What Do Emperor Penguin Look Like? What do penguins look like facts? Its body is fusiform (tapered at both ends) and streamlined. A penguin has a large head, short neck, and elongated body. The tail is short, stiff, and wedge-shaped. The legs and webbed feet are set far back on the body, which gives penguins their upright posture on land. What special features do emperor penguins have? Emperors are uniquely adapted to survive these harsh conditions when temperatures can drop down to a bone chilling -50°C and with winds of up to 200km/hr. They have two layers of feathers, a good reserve of fat and proportionally smaller beaks and flippers than other penguins to prevent heat loss. What are 5 interesting facts about emperor penguins? Seven essential emperor penguin facts • Emperor penguins are the largest penguins in the world. • They can dive deeper than any other bird, including other penguins. • Emperor penguins do not build nests. • Like other penguins, emperors leap into the air while swimming, which is called porpoising. Can penguins cry? As far as we know, penguins don’t cry, at least not like people do. But they do something else that is really cool and is a little like crying. Well penguins also need fresh water to drink. When they are on land that is easy, they eat snow or drink from puddles. You might be interested: When Will American Eagle Have A Sale On Jeans? What do penguins hate? Can we eat penguins? Are Penguins dangerous? Penguins are the most loved and adorable birds in the marine. They are not dangerous to humans but yes, they become aggressive to their counterparts and predators depending on the situation and necessity. Penguins lie between the bird family and the fish family. What happens if a penguin egg is dropped? This penguin is the only species that nests during the winter, and its nesting cycle is fascinating. Even if the egg survives being dropped, it will quickly freeze to death, as the penguins have little means to pick it back up. As soon as the egg is safely with the male, the female heads to the open ocean to feed. How big is an emperor penguin compared to a human? Emperor penguins can grow to about four feet tall while the average human male is five feet and ten inches tall. What eats a penguin? Penguin – Natural Threats The main threats for penguins in water are leopard seals, fur seals, sea lions, sharks and killer whales. On land, foxes, snakes, lizards, dogs and some other animals are a threat for eggs and chicks in the case of species not in the Antarctic regions, like the Galapagos penguin among others. You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Happens When You Swallow A Tooth? Can emperor penguins live in shallow water? Emperor penguins can dive below the sea ice for up to 20 minutes at a time. To stay underwater that long, they have developed the ability to control how and when their muscles use oxygen. Do penguins sleep? Do penguins have teeth? Like other birds, penguins don’t have teeth. Instead, they have backward-facing fleshy spines that line the inside of their mouths. Penguins are carnivores: they feed on fish, squid, crabs, krill and other seafood they catch while swimming. Do penguins really dance? Penguins really do sing and dance–although not as well as portrayed in the movie Happy Feet. To attract their mates, Emperor penguins make unique trumpeting sounds while male Adelie penguins do dance-like movements with their head and flippers. 1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (нет голосов) Leave a Reply
Health & Nutrition Share your food with the hungry Food Security • Clean Water • Sanitation • Sustainable Agriculture The Challenge The Global Health and Nutrition initiative is a complex humanitarian issue linked to health through malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic development, environment stewardship, and trade. Agriculture remains the largest employment sector in most developing countries and international agriculture agreements are crucial to a country’s food security. However many farmers produce barely enough food to feed their families. Unable to generate a surplus, they have no income to buy the inputs that can enhance their crop yields — even though it would take only modest investments and improvements in farming practices to triple or quadruple their current levels of production. Furthermore, the lack of food security, clean water, and functional sanitation infrastructure systems contributes to the death of several thousands of children each year. Scaling up effective nutrition solutions will cost an estimated US$11 billion annually, according to the World Bank. This includes US$6 billion annually for high-quality food to treat malnourished children. Donor and developing-country commitments to nutrition programs currently fall far short of this mark, but the global community is coming together in the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement to raise awareness, increase resources, and improve the capacity and accountability of programs. The Strategy BMA seeks to support organizations that help with immediate food security needs, like food banks and cooperatives that can leverage a city-wide network of collaborators to meet the overall need of lack of food security, including food deserts. BMA seeks to also fund groups that improve sanitation issues through waste treatment and resource recovery. BMA adopts the strategy of building global demand for better sanitation, which also includes efforts to end open defecation in rural areas and to implement improved measures for collecting waste, removing pathogens from waste streams, and recovering valuable resources and energy. Because the innovations we support can be most immediately valuable in densely populated areas, the main focus is on urban sanitation and the public policies that can support new sanitation delivery models in cities. Our priorities include identifying and testing delivery models that governments and the private sector can use to extend quality service to all residents of a city, not just those in wealthier neighborhoods. Ultimately, improved sanitation will be a key to ensuring healthy, sustainable cities in the developing world, and the approaches that prove successful can then be adapted and extended to rural communities.
Get our free mobile app One of the major functions of the once-a-decade U.S. Census is to determine Congressional apportionment for the 435 members of the U.S. House. Monday afternoon, the U.S. Census Bureau announced the results of the 2022 congressional reapportionment, based off of the 2020 Census. For the eighth consecutive reapportionment, Texas has gained seats in the U.S. House. In 2022, Texas will gain two seats, bringing its number of representatives up to 38 and its number of electoral college votes up to 40. In fact, Texas is the only state to gain two seats for the 2022 reapportionment. Other states gaining one congressional seat are: Colorado, Florida, North Carolina, Montana, and Oregon. States losing one congressional seat are: California, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, West Virginia, Michigan and Ohio. All other states are unchanged. Other interesting facts to come out of Monday's U.S. Census announcement: Utah is the fastest growing state in the country over the past 10 years. Their population has grown more than 18%. Washington, D.C.'s population continues grow too. It increased by 14.6% to a population of 689,545. By virtue of the 23rd Amendment, Washington, D.C. currently receives three votes in the Electoral College. Puerto Rico, which has a non-voting member in Congress, saw its population decrease over the past decade. Puerto Rico's population loss amounted to 11.8%. The smallest state in the country is Wyoming. The census tabulated their population to be 576,851. Overall, the U.S. population has grown to 331,449,281 as of April 2020. That's a 7.4% increase over the previous census figures in 2010. However, the 7.4% increase is the second-slowest rise in U.S. history, behind only the decade of the 1930s.
Brave as a Mountain Lion Brave as a Mountain Lion Spider, a contemporary Shoshone boy, is worried. He has a note from school saying he qualifies for the school-wide spelling bee, but he knows that he will be too afraid to walk onto the stage or utter a sound. His loving family encourages him to overcome his fear by thinking about the good qualities of various animals. Only when the boy sees a spider courageously fall into space and begin weaving a web does he find the inspiration he needs. Coalson's expressive watercolor and pastel artwork beautifully portrays the snow-covered outdoors and the warm interior and perfectly illustrates Spider's anxiety and the close relationship the family enjoys. This warm, sensitive story is valuable for a child facing a fearful situation and also as a representation of contemporary Native American life on the reservation. A treasure for children who have advanced beyond the picture-book crowd. 32 pages. Ages 6-10 Recommended by Barbara Karp,Librarian. User reviews Already have an account? or Create an account
Question: What Is The Most Rich Language? Which language has the smallest vocabulary? What is the hardest language to learn? Which is the mother of all languages? SanskritSanskrit is the Holy and Divine language of India, written in Devanagari script which is also known for its clarity and beauty. Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European languages family. Is there a perfect language? All languages are capable of expressing all concepts that can be expressed in language at all, so there is no perfect language. Any grammar can accommodate any thought that can be expressed. … The vocabularies tend to reflect the culture that the language was created for, but a language can easily adopt vocabulary. Which language has the most words? Counting the Words in the DictionaryLanguageWords in the DictionaryEnglish171,476Russian150,000Spanish93,000Chinese85,5683 more rows•Mar 7, 2018 Is Arabic the richest language? While English may be today’s lingua franca, Arabic remains one of the richest languages in the world in terms of vocabulary. It includes over 12.3 million words that have also been adopted by other languages such as Farsi, Turkish, Spanish and even English. Which language is the most powerful? EnglishEnglish is by far the most powerful language. It is the dominant language of three G7 nations (USA, UK and Canada), and British legacy has given it a global footprint. It is the world’s lingua franca. Mandarin, which ranks second, is only half as potent. What is the longest word in the Arabic language? أفاستسقيناكموهاThe longest word in Arabic is “أفاستسقيناكموها”. This word consists of 15 alphabetical letters, but if written with the proper diacritics, the count becomes 26 characters (letters and diacritics). What is the world’s first language? Which language has the richest vocabulary? EnglishThe biggest vocabulary? [English] certainly has the largest vocabulary … by a long, long, long long, way. Rather as China is to the rest of the world in population, English is in the population of its words. Which language is the easiest to learn? What is the longest word in the world?
Students sit round a table in a small room concentrating on a problem. Problem-based learning August 9, 2019 Mira Vogel 0 What is it? Tutorial groups of eight to twelve students address realistic, ill-structured scenarios in complex, interdisciplinary domains, through a defined sequence of steps facilitated by a tutor. PBL is a curriculum approach – a […] August 5, 2019 Mary Seabrook 0 What is it? Brainstorming is a method used to generate multiple answers or ideas. It encourages creativity and divergent thinking which can be used to solve problems or answer questions. It was popularised by Alex […]
Since the use of sunscreens has been on the rise, they have gained many advocates as well as many opponents. Opponents of sunscreens claim that they block the synthesis of vitamin D, which is essential for our health. There are also extreme opponents who claim that using sunscreens is more harmful than unprotected sun exposure. However, is it true that sunscreens block vitamin D synthesis? Basic information on vitamin D Vitamin D acts as a hormone in the body and is synthetized by UV light. Vitamin D comes in two forms (D₂, D₃). Vitamin D₂ is obtained from plant nutrition and oral supplements. Vitamin D₃ is mainly obtained by exposing the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in sunlight and consuming foods such as oily fish. Vitamin D₂ and D₃ are metabolised in the liver and kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol, which is a biologically active form. Calcitriol plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of calcium, phosphate for maintaining metabolic functions and for skeletal health. How can one get vitamin D? Vitamin D is also found in mushrooms, wheat germ oil, egg yolk, liver and fish oil. Vitamin D content in most foods ranges from 50 to 200 units per serving. Therefore, food cannot provide enough vitamin D, which is why most people synthetize it after sun exposure. Sun-induced vitamin D synthesis is strongly influenced by season, time of day, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigmentation, use of sunscreens, passage through glass and plastic, and age. Interesting fact: Even when older people are regularly exposed to sunlight, they produce 75% less vitamin D3 than young people. Inadequate vitamin D intake can lead to postmenopausal osteoporosis and reduced bone density. Low vitamin D intake is also associated with heart and vascular diseases, depression, dementia and other conditions. How is vitamin D synthesized after sun exposure? Vitamin D3 can be produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB), so it is possible to increase vitamin D3 levels by exposure to UVB rays. During exposure to sunlight, radiation with a wavelength of 290–315 nm penetrates the skin. Most of this UVB radiation is absorbed in the epidermis, so when exposed to sunlight, most of the vitamin D3 is produced in the skin, in the living cells of the epidermis. A quick recap on UV radiation As we already know, exposure to UV radiation is not safe. Namely, we divide the UV spectrum into ozone-retained UVC rays, UVB rays that cause sunburns, UVA rays that cause photoaging. Unnecessarily prolonged exposure to UV light without protection can lead to skin cancer. For a reason, sunscreens have been developed to protect us from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Sun creams are designed to absorb and partially repel UVB radiation. All The Ordinary and NIOD products can be purchased at, where you can use code COSMEDOC10. If sunscreen blocks UVB rays does it block vitamin D synthesis as well? Well, here we are. Where scientists from different disciplines are arguing with each other. Last time, I heard from a colleague that one dermatologist claimed that reduced vitamin D synthesis from sunscreens is more harmful than unprotected sun exposure. To put it mildly, I was almost hit by a stroke, but let’s go down the line. Sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) 30 absorbs approximately 96% of UVB radiation. So, by adding 2 + 2, topical application of sunscreen with SPF 30 reduces the skin’s ability to produce vitamin D3 by the same amount, ie 96%. In principle, we calculated that only 4% of UVB radiation can access our skin with SPF 30, which is a very low chance for vitamin D synthesis, right? But this is where you need to ask yourself how much sunscreen you really apply to your skin. In order to achieve the protection stated on the packaging – so in our case SPF 30 we need to apply 2mg / cm2 of skin. For the whole face, this means two full fingers of the cream. A short calculation to back up my claims The average surface area of all skin in an adult is 1.5-2.0 m². So if we need to apply 2mg / cm² the calculation is as follows. The result is 32 g per coat. Therefore, 1/3 of the entire 100 ml tube of sunscreen should be used to properly protect the entire body. Of course, we did not take into account that the sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 hours. Let’s be real, we apply such a small amount of sunscreen to the body that the question is if we have an SPF protection factor of 5. So with SPF 5, we are about 70% protected against UVB radiation. This may sound like a lot, but this time it can pass as much as 30% of UVB radiation to the skin! Not to mention some body parts that are not usually protected at all. Or maybe we are in the shade and don’t put sunscreen on because the UVB rays can’t reach us. All of these unprotected parts allow 100% passage of UVB radiation and thus synthesis of Vitamin D, but also increased chances of skin cancer. UVA protection is beneficial for Vitamin D A number of studies investigating the influence of sunscreen on vitamin D synthesis have found that the use of sunscreen is likely to have minimal impact on vitamin D. UVA rays have no effect on vitamin D synthesis, although one in vitro study showed that UVA2 (315–340 nm) can cause vitamin D to break down, in which case protection against UVA may be beneficial for vitamin D production. Controlled field studies with true sun exposure are the best way to determine the effect of sunscreen on vitamin D synthesis. The results of such studies report that no change in serum 25 (OH) D3 vitamin concentration occurs despite the use of sunscreen. In fact, most studies published to date have shown no association between the use of sunscreens and vitamin D deficiency, nor with regular use of SPF> 15. In general, other protective methods (eg, shading, wearing protective clothing and long sleeves) ) affect vitamin D status more than using sunscreens. UV radiation is more dangerous than sunscreens Daily skin protection is recommended for all skin phototypes. This includes staying in the shade, wearing headgear and clothing, wearing sunglasses, and applying broad-spectrum sunscreen. These strategies will help prevent sunburn and skin cancer. The use of sunscreen for daily sun protection does not compromise the synthesis of skin vitamin D synthesis, even when the sunscreen is used in the predicted amounts (2mg / cm2). Increasing UVA-PF in sunscreens, however, even improves vitamin D3 production. In case of reduced vitamin D level, this should be replaced. Oral supplementation is easy and does not pose significant risks. The risk-benefit calculation shows that, instead of sunbathing, it is better to take nutritional supplements with this vitamin to increase vitamin D3 levels. 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! Leave a Reply
Maintaining good communication with teammates is critical in any work environment. And when we talk about good communication, we are not just talking about how to relate, but the ability to send and receive messages clearly and objectively. The larger the team, the greater the difficulty of communicating. This is because in places where there are a large number of people working, often some information can be lost during its transmission, or even become what we call a cordless phone. You have certainly heard of it or maybe you have even played the cordless phone in your childhood, right? This game consists of speaking a phrase in the ear of a colleague, and that colleague passes what he heard to another, and so the message goes through several people. The last person to receive the message must speak out loud what they heard, and most of the time it ends up being something very different from the original message. Unfortunately, in the workplace, this happens very often. The problem with this is that work is no joke, so information passed in the wrong way can harm not only the team but other outsiders who are involved. In clinics, for example, these injured people can be patient. Good communication takes place when the message sent is received and understood by the interlocutor. For this to happen, it is important to align some points. With that in mind, here are some tips on how you can improve communication in the clinic, whether you are the manager, health professional, secretary, or receptionist. Be clear in the words This point is fundamental not only when it comes to teamwork in clinics but in any work environment. A message to be understood must have a beginning, middle, and end. If you want the team to carry out an activity, be clear and direct, do not go around. Don't expect people on your team to guess what you have in mind, being objective streamlines processes and everyone wins. Know the right time to listen and speak You certainly know that phrase "don't mess with the bed that isn't yours", right? It says a lot about situations experienced in work environments. Although it doesn't seem like it, abstaining from words is also part of the cycle that favors good communication. Good communication takes place when both parties know when to listen and when to speak. Do not run over other people with your words is essential because before giving an opinion or talking about any subject, it is important to know what the other has to say. This leads us to another point: to understand a situation before giving an opinion on it. Think about it. Establish different means of communication There are different means of communication in society, and they can be written, sound, audiovisual, multimedia, and hypermedia. Some of the best known and most used today are letter (for formal matters), telephone, radio, TV, printed newspaper, news sites, e-mail, in short, everything that can bring news to people, even in different places. Within work environments, including clinics, there must also be different ways of passing on information, because the more alternatives, the greater the chances of communication being effective. For this, you can use several methods: message board in places with easy access for everyone involved, periodic meetings to announce important decisions, a system for sending quick messages, among others. Use management software Management software can bring benefits in different sectors of the clinic, and with it, the communication between the team also becomes more efficient. Imagine that someone sent a message to the secretary, and the secretary in turn wrote it down on a post-it note that was pasted on the computer monitor. Hours passed and the paper went flying, and along with it, that information also left. With software, this would not happen. Ninsaúde Apolo is a management software that brings several tools that help in the communication between the team in the clinic. Do you know the example above, about putting a piece of paper and it flying away? With Ninsaúde Apolo you would not have this problem, because on your home screen there is a wall of tasks. Activating the tool through a card, it is possible to write a message and direct it to a user. Whenever the user enters the system, on their home screen the task will be visible for them, and when they perform it, they can mark it as completed, delete it or add a comment. At Ninsaúde Apolo users can also communicate more directly using the software's internal chat. This chat resembles instant messaging apps, like WhatsApp or Messenger, and unlike the task card, messages are private, meaning only the users involved have access to them. In the chat, it is also possible to use emojis, which makes the conversation lighter and more pleasant. In the patient's registration, there is also the possibility to insert observations or warnings. These fields are important so that both the secretary and the health professional can record information that can be shared so that nothing will go unnoticed. Recalling that, Ninsaúde Apolo complies with the LGPD, therefore, confidential information that concerns only the patient is restricted only to the health professional, as mandated by law. Another way to maintain good communication within Ninsaúde Apolo is through email marketing. In addition to being able to send messages to patients, it is also possible to program e-mails for users of the clinic's software or health professionals, simply by adding a sending filter. This tool can be used to send internal newsletters for example. Did you like the tips? Keep following the blog to stay on top of more content like this. And if you are not yet a Ninsaúde Apolo user, contact us through the official website and request a product demonstration.
Stem Cell Therapy For Diabetes Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose is too high, your blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin to help the glucose from food to get into your cells to use it for energy. Sometimes your body can’t make enough or any insulin at all, when this happens the glucose stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells. Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can create health problems. There are a variety of factors to the evolution of diabetes, such as genetics, unhealthy eating habits, living a sedentary life and more increases the chances of developing this disorder. There are 2 common types of diabetes: • Type 1 Diabetes: Your body doesn’t produce insulin as your immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas. • Type 2 Diabetes: Your body doesn’t produce or use insulin well, and you can develop this type of diabetes at any age, even during childhood. Approximately one in 10 Americans suffer from diabetes, with nearly 200,000 cases affecting people under the age of 20. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for diabetes may offer an alternative for treating Type 2 Diabetes, as mesenchymal stem cells have proven to improve the function of the pancreas, prevent cell death and reduce insulin resistance. Mesenchymal stem cells may also generate new insulin-producing cells. The intravenous (IV) application of stem cells has shown to regenerate beta cells of the pancreas.
Skip to main content Statistics, data and test instruments: Stats basics Locate test instruments and critiques of measures Banner image source: Pixabay 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 licensed under a CC0 Public Domain licence. Contact for support Email your questions to our friendly library staff. HDR Students UWA Staff More contact options are available on the Library Contact us page. Statistical methods Statistics explained online Wolfram Math World Statistics at Square One book cover Wolfram MathWorld provides links to probability and statistics web resources. The online textbook Statistics at Square One is a useful resource, particularly the chapter "Study design and choosing a statistical test". Stats basics There are two main types of statistics. 1. Descriptive statistics such as "The median number of friends on Facebook is 342" which describe a population Graph distribution of number of facebook friends. High peak around 300, trails down to almost 0 around 2000 Image source: 2. Inferential statistics which seek to answer questions about set of data, such as "Does X Brand of anaesthetic cause less complications than Y Brand?" In simple terms, this is done by mathematically comparing groups within the data (eg; XBrand or YBrand) and seeing if the Effect (statistical difference between groups of data) is larger than the Error (differences through random chance). Business, Medicine, Psychology, and Math/Statistics students all use data and statistics in their studies. In almost all cases data is only gathered from a sample population. How large and representative that sample is affects if statistics can be used to make statements or even predictions beyond the sample. Good statistics can significantly empower an argument or decision. Statistics can be used to : • Predict an outcome • Test a hypothesis • Compare information • Provide information in a structured way Types of statistics in health and medical sciences There are a number of different types of statistics: • Incidence The number of specified new events e.g., persons falling ill with a specified disease • Mortality An estimate of the proportion of the population that dies during a specified period • Survival The proportion of the population that is alive at a specific period in time despite the diagnosis of their disease/condition • Prevalence The number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a specific period of time (period prevalence) (all definitions taken from Stedman's Medical Dictionary)
85.92 kg to lbs - 85.92 kilograms to pounds Do you need to know how much is 85.92 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 85.92 kg to lbs? You are in the right place. You will find in this article everything you need to make kilogram to pound conversion - theoretical and also practical. It is also needed/We also want to underline that whole this article is dedicated to a specific number of kilograms - this is one kilogram. So if you want to learn more about 85.92 kg to pound conversion - keep reading. Before we move on to the practice - that is 85.92 kg how much lbs conversion - we will tell you some theoretical information about these two units - kilograms and pounds. So let’s start. How to convert 85.92 kg to lbs? 85.92 kilograms it is equal 189.4211755104 pounds, so 85.92 kg is equal 189.4211755104 lbs. 85.92 kgs in pounds 85.92 kilogram to pounds You know some facts about kilogram, so now we can go to the pound. The pound is also a unit of mass. It is needed to highlight that there are more than one kind of pound. What are we talking about? For instance, there are also pound-force. In this article we want to focus only on pound-mass. The international avoirdupois pound has no descriptive definition. It is exactly 0.45359237 kilograms. One avoirdupois pound is divided to 16 avoirdupois ounces or 7000 grains. How many lbs is 85.92 kg? 85.92 kilogram is equal to 189.4211755104 pounds. If You want convert kilograms to pounds, multiply the kilogram value by 2.2046226218. 85.92 kg in lbs Theoretical part is already behind us. In next section we are going to tell you how much is 85.92 kg to lbs. Now you learned that 85.92 kg = x lbs. So it is time to get the answer. Just look: 85.92 kilogram = 189.4211755104 pounds. It is a correct outcome of how much 85.92 kg to pound. You may also round off this result. After rounding off your outcome is exactly: 85.92 kg = 189.024 lbs. You learned 85.92 kg is how many lbs, so let’s see how many kg 85.92 lbs: 85.92 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms. Naturally, this time you can also round it off. After rounding off your result is as following: 85.92 lb = 0.45 kgs. We are also going to show you 85.92 kg to how many pounds and 85.92 pound how many kg outcomes in tables. Have a look: We are going to begin with a chart for how much is 85.92 kg equal to pound. 85.92 Kilograms to Pounds conversion table 85.92 189.4211755104 189.0240 Now see a chart for how many kilograms 85.92 pounds. Pounds Kilograms Kilograms (rounded off to two decimal places 85.92 0.45359237 0.45 Now you learned how many 85.92 kg to lbs and how many kilograms 85.92 pound, so we can move on to the 85.92 kg to lbs formula. 85.92 kg to pounds Amount of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the 189.4211755104 outcome in pounds The first formula give you the most correct result. In some situations even the smallest difference could be significant. So if you need an accurate result - this version of a formula will be the best for you/option to know how many pounds are equivalent to 85.92 kilogram. So move on to the another version of a formula, which also enables calculations to learn how much 85.92 kilogram in pounds. The shorter formula is as following, see: Amount of kilograms * 2.2 = the result in pounds As you see, the second formula is simpler. It can be better solution if you want to make a conversion of 85.92 kilogram to pounds in quick way, for example, during shopping. You only need to remember that final outcome will be not so exact. Now we are going to show you these two formulas in practice. But before we are going to make a conversion of 85.92 kg to lbs we are going to show you easier way to know 85.92 kg to how many lbs totally effortless. 85.92 kg to lbs converter An easier way to know what is 85.92 kilogram equal to in pounds is to use 85.92 kg lbs calculator. What is a kg to lb converter? Converter is an application. It is based on first formula which we gave you in the previous part of this article. Thanks to 85.92 kg pound calculator you can easily convert 85.92 kg to lbs. Just enter number of kilograms which you need to convert and click ‘convert’ button. The result will be shown in a second. So try to calculate 85.92 kg into lbs with use of 85.92 kg vs pound converter. We entered 85.92 as an amount of kilograms. Here is the result: 85.92 kilogram = 189.4211755104 pounds. As you see, this 85.92 kg vs lbs calculator is user friendly. Now we can go to our main topic - how to convert 85.92 kilograms to pounds on your own. 85.92 kg to lbs conversion We will begin 85.92 kilogram equals to how many pounds conversion with the first formula to get the most exact result. A quick reminder of a formula: Amount of kilograms * 2.20462262 = 189.4211755104 the outcome in pounds So what need you do to check how many pounds equal to 85.92 kilogram? Just multiply number of kilograms, this time 85.92, by 2.20462262. It is equal 189.4211755104. So 85.92 kilogram is 189.4211755104. You can also round it off, for example, to two decimal places. It gives 2.20. So 85.92 kilogram = 189.0240 pounds. It is time for an example from everyday life. Let’s convert 85.92 kg gold in pounds. So 85.92 kg equal to how many lbs? And again - multiply 85.92 by 2.20462262. It is equal 189.4211755104. So equivalent of 85.92 kilograms to pounds, when it comes to gold, is exactly 189.4211755104. In this case it is also possible to round off the result. This is the outcome after rounding off, in this case to one decimal place - 85.92 kilogram 189.024 pounds. Now we can move on to examples converted with short formula. How many 85.92 kg to lbs Amount of kilograms * 2.2 = 189.024 the result in pounds So 85.92 kg equal to how much lbs? As in the previous example you need to multiply amount of kilogram, this time 85.92, by 2.2. Let’s see: 85.92 * 2.2 = 189.024. So 85.92 kilogram is 2.2 pounds. Let’s make another conversion using shorer formula. Now convert something from everyday life, for instance, 85.92 kg to lbs weight of strawberries. So convert - 85.92 kilogram of strawberries * 2.2 = 189.024 pounds of strawberries. So 85.92 kg to pound mass is 189.024. If you know how much is 85.92 kilogram weight in pounds and can convert it with use of two different versions of a formula, we can move on. Now we want to show you all results in tables. Convert 85.92 kilogram to pounds We realize that outcomes shown in tables are so much clearer for most of you. We understand it, so we gathered all these results in charts for your convenience. Thanks to this you can easily make a comparison 85.92 kg equivalent to lbs results. Start with a 85.92 kg equals lbs table for the first formula: Kilograms Pounds Pounds (after rounding off to two decimal places) 85.92 189.4211755104 189.0240 And now let’s see 85.92 kg equal pound table for the second formula: Kilograms Pounds 85.92 189.024 As you see, after rounding off, when it comes to how much 85.92 kilogram equals pounds, the outcomes are the same. The bigger number the more significant difference. Please note it when you want to make bigger amount than 85.92 kilograms pounds conversion. How many kilograms 85.92 pound Now you learned how to calculate 85.92 kilograms how much pounds but we want to show you something more. Do you want to know what it is? What do you say about 85.92 kilogram to pounds and ounces conversion? We are going to show you how you can calculate it step by step. Begin. How much is 85.92 kg in lbs and oz? First thing you need to do is multiply amount of kilograms, in this case 85.92, by 2.20462262. So 85.92 * 2.20462262 = 189.4211755104. One kilogram is 2.20462262 pounds. To convert how much 85.92 kilogram is equal to pounds and ounces you need to multiply fraction part by 16. So multiply 20462262 by 16. It is exactly 327396192 ounces. As you see, conversion 85.92 kilogram in pounds and ounces easy. The last calculation which we will show you is calculation of 85.92 foot pounds to kilograms meters. Both of them are units of work. To calculate foot pounds to kilogram meters it is needed another formula. Before we give you it, look: • 85.92 kilograms meters = 7.23301385 foot pounds, • 85.92 foot pounds = 0.13825495 kilograms meters. Now look at a formula: So to convert 85.92 foot pounds to kilograms meters you need to multiply 85.92 by 0.13825495. It is equal 0.13825495. So 85.92 foot pounds is equal 0.13825495 kilogram meters. You can also round off this result, for instance, to two decimal places. Then 85.92 foot pounds will be equal 0.14 kilogram meters. We hope that this calculation was as easy as 85.92 kilogram into pounds calculations. This article is a big compendium about kilogram, pound and 85.92 kg to lbs in calculation. Thanks to this conversion you learned 85.92 kilogram is equivalent to how many pounds. We showed you not only how to do a conversion 85.92 kilogram to metric pounds but also two other calculations - to know how many 85.92 kg in pounds and ounces and how many 85.92 foot pounds to kilograms meters. We showed you also another solution to do 85.92 kilogram how many pounds conversions, that is using 85.92 kg en pound converter. It is the best solution for those of you who do not like calculating on your own at all or this time do not want to make @baseAmountStr kg how lbs calculations on your own. We hope that now all of you are able to do 85.92 kilogram equal to how many pounds calculation - on your own or using our 85.92 kgs to pounds calculator. It is time to make your move! Let’s convert 85.92 kilogram mass to pounds in the way you like. Do you need to make other than 85.92 kilogram as pounds calculation? For example, for 5 kilograms? Check our other articles! We guarantee that conversions for other numbers of kilograms are so easy as for 85.92 kilogram equal many pounds. How much is 85.92 kg in pounds To quickly sum up this topic, that is how much is 85.92 kg in pounds , we gathered answers to the most frequently asked questions. Here you can see all you need to remember about how much is 85.92 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 85.92 kg to lbs . Let’s see. How does the kilogram to pound conversion look? To make the kg to lb conversion it is needed to multiply 2 numbers. Let’s see 85.92 kg to pound conversion formula . See it down below: The number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the result in pounds See the result of the conversion of 85.92 kilogram to pounds. The correct answer is 189.4211755104 lb. There is also another way to calculate how much 85.92 kilogram is equal to pounds with another, shortened version of the equation. Let’s see. The number of kilograms * 2.2 = the result in pounds So in this case, 85.92 kg equal to how much lbs ? The result is 189.4211755104 lb. How to convert 85.92 kg to lbs in a few seconds? It is possible to use the 85.92 kg to lbs converter , which will do the rest for you and give you a correct result . Kilograms [kg] Pounds [lbs] 85.01 kg to lbs = 187.41497 85.02 kg to lbs = 187.43702 85.03 kg to lbs = 187.45906 85.04 kg to lbs = 187.48111 85.05 kg to lbs = 187.50315 85.06 kg to lbs = 187.52520 85.07 kg to lbs = 187.54725 85.08 kg to lbs = 187.56929 85.09 kg to lbs = 187.59134 85.1 kg to lbs = 187.61338 85.11 kg to lbs = 187.63543 85.12 kg to lbs = 187.65748 85.13 kg to lbs = 187.67952 85.14 kg to lbs = 187.70157 85.15 kg to lbs = 187.72362 85.16 kg to lbs = 187.74566 85.17 kg to lbs = 187.76771 85.18 kg to lbs = 187.78975 85.19 kg to lbs = 187.81180 85.2 kg to lbs = 187.83385 85.21 kg to lbs = 187.85589 85.22 kg to lbs = 187.87794 85.23 kg to lbs = 187.89999 85.24 kg to lbs = 187.92203 85.25 kg to lbs = 187.94408 85.26 kg to lbs = 187.96612 85.27 kg to lbs = 187.98817 85.28 kg to lbs = 188.01022 85.29 kg to lbs = 188.03226 85.3 kg to lbs = 188.05431 85.31 kg to lbs = 188.07636 85.32 kg to lbs = 188.09840 85.33 kg to lbs = 188.12045 85.34 kg to lbs = 188.14249 85.35 kg to lbs = 188.16454 85.36 kg to lbs = 188.18659 85.37 kg to lbs = 188.20863 85.38 kg to lbs = 188.23068 85.39 kg to lbs = 188.25273 85.4 kg to lbs = 188.27477 85.41 kg to lbs = 188.29682 85.42 kg to lbs = 188.31886 85.43 kg to lbs = 188.34091 85.44 kg to lbs = 188.36296 85.45 kg to lbs = 188.38500 85.46 kg to lbs = 188.40705 85.47 kg to lbs = 188.42910 85.48 kg to lbs = 188.45114 85.49 kg to lbs = 188.47319 85.5 kg to lbs = 188.49523 85.51 kg to lbs = 188.51728 85.52 kg to lbs = 188.53933 85.53 kg to lbs = 188.56137 85.54 kg to lbs = 188.58342 85.55 kg to lbs = 188.60547 85.56 kg to lbs = 188.62751 85.57 kg to lbs = 188.64956 85.58 kg to lbs = 188.67160 85.59 kg to lbs = 188.69365 85.6 kg to lbs = 188.71570 85.61 kg to lbs = 188.73774 85.62 kg to lbs = 188.75979 85.63 kg to lbs = 188.78183 85.64 kg to lbs = 188.80388 85.65 kg to lbs = 188.82593 85.66 kg to lbs = 188.84797 85.67 kg to lbs = 188.87002 85.68 kg to lbs = 188.89207 85.69 kg to lbs = 188.91411 85.7 kg to lbs = 188.93616 85.71 kg to lbs = 188.95820 85.72 kg to lbs = 188.98025 85.73 kg to lbs = 189.00230 85.74 kg to lbs = 189.02434 85.75 kg to lbs = 189.04639 85.76 kg to lbs = 189.06844 85.77 kg to lbs = 189.09048 85.78 kg to lbs = 189.11253 85.79 kg to lbs = 189.13457 85.8 kg to lbs = 189.15662 85.81 kg to lbs = 189.17867 85.82 kg to lbs = 189.20071 85.83 kg to lbs = 189.22276 85.84 kg to lbs = 189.24481 85.85 kg to lbs = 189.26685 85.86 kg to lbs = 189.28890 85.87 kg to lbs = 189.31094 85.88 kg to lbs = 189.33299 85.89 kg to lbs = 189.35504 85.9 kg to lbs = 189.37708 85.91 kg to lbs = 189.39913 85.92 kg to lbs = 189.42118 85.93 kg to lbs = 189.44322 85.94 kg to lbs = 189.46527 85.95 kg to lbs = 189.48731 85.96 kg to lbs = 189.50936 85.97 kg to lbs = 189.53141 85.98 kg to lbs = 189.55345 85.99 kg to lbs = 189.57550 86 kg to lbs = 189.59755
Top Facts About Blockchain Technology Blockchain Technology Blockchain Technology is an arrangement of recording data such that makes it troublesome or difficult to change, hack, or cheat the framework. A blockchain is basically an advanced record of exchanges that is copied and conveyed over the whole organization of PC frameworks on the blockchain. Each square in the chain contains various exchanges, and each time another exchange happens on the blockchain, a record of that exchange is added to each member’s record. The decentralized information base oversaw by numerous members is known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Blockchain technology is a sort of DLT in which exchanges are recorded with a changeless cryptographic mark called a hash. This implies on the off chance that one square in one chain was transformed, it would be quickly evident it had been messed with. In the event that programmers needed to degenerate a blockchain technology framework, they would need to change each obstruct in the chain, over the entirety of the conveyed adaptations of the chain. Blockchains, for example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are continually and persistently developing as squares are being added to the chain, which essentially adds to the security of the record. There have been numerous endeavors to make advanced cash previously, however they have consistently fizzled. The common issue is trust. In the event that somebody makes another money called the X dollar, how might we believe that they won’t give themselves 1,000,000 X dollars, or take your X dollars for themselves? Bitcoin was intended to tackle this issue by utilizing a particular sort of information base called a blockchain. Most typical information bases, for example, a SQL information base, have somebody in control who can change the passages (for example giving themselves 1,000,000 X dollars). Blockchain technology is diverse on the grounds that no one is in control; it’s controlled by the individuals who use it. Likewise, bitcoins can’t be faked, hacked or twofold spent – so individuals that own this cash can believe that it has some worth. Blockchain technology can possibly develop to be a bedrock of the overall record-keeping frameworks, yet was dispatched only 10 years prior. It was made by the obscure people behind the online money cash bitcoin, under the nom de plume Satoshi Nakamoto. Different blockchains incorporate those that run the few hundred “altcoins” – other comparative cash ventures with various guidelines – just as really various applications, for example : • Ethereum: the second biggest blockchain execution after bitcoin. Ethereum appropriates a money called ether, yet in addition takes into consideration the capacity and activity of PC code, taking into account savvy contracts. • Ripple: an ongoing gross settlement framework, money trade and settlement organization, in view of a public record. Leave a Reply
The Chronicles of Windows Antivirus Distinct types of antivirus tend to be found in this industry, although Norton Anti virus holds a specialized position. You're told that Just anti-virus isn't enough'' to safeguard your laptop and even then requested to acquire full on the web security version'' where commonly you will find a good firewall, anti-spam features, and even lots regarding distinct factors. So greatly that it's at this point the antivirus of different intended for many users around that no more time go through the requirement for thirdparty protection the fact that typically provides a fee. Windows Antivirus Options If an individual don't learn how to update your antivirus method, consult the company's home-page. Also, be certain to confirm often the memory and even other requirements of the software in order to ensure this antivirus applications will do typically the job for your personal PC. Featuring an up-to-date antivirus process is required to discover and remove the modern computer system viruses. Windows Antivirus Fundamentals Explained The pc program isn't intending to complete the career like well should it not have Internet access, but one presumes you may have Web protection in case you are usually looking for malware and adware and spyware protection. Uniform though this may mix up you in the best way to make use of the technology, is actually worrisome certainly not to own proper anti-virus protection. From time to time you may find the antivirus software program can get used while using operating system of the personal computer but still will not seem to execute efficiently. There usually are thousands connected with antivirus software program in the marketplace which often support all form of programs, however just simply a couple of anti-virus computer software are robust enough to shield your process. The Start of Windows Antivirus Generally there are tons of means your computer system could easily get infected with Windows Antivirus Master. As well as modifying your password, you have to make sure your personal computer is without viruses along with your electronic mail settings haven't been transformed. Your laptop or computer may well be infected with viruses an anti virus program isn't very likely to diagnose. In the event you consider that MSE slows lower computer, have got a glance at the device requirements and find out whether they will match your own computer setting. The final thing you should do can be ensure your own computer's SPONSOR file is definitely repaired, while it's generally damaged by way of svchost. exe. Windows personal computers are renowned for their very own security defects and weaknesses so disease protection entirely paramount! Choosing Good Windows Antivirus While generally there could be situations in which may possibly need in order to disable the particular antivirus, it's never inspired to find your device without viruses protection. Should your prior antivirus security software was a little something besides AVG, check the Program Records folder for you to determine if the folder for that prior anti-virus is still present. Help to make certain an individual obtain a honest antivirus fitted on your computer. mcelhinneys.com.blog.magibiz.net The Number One Question You Must Ask for Windows Antivirus This software will consequently urge someone to offer your credit card to acquire a complete treatment. A quantity of often the anti virus software includes built-in firewalls even so the the vast majority of options just no- virus defense. Additionally a anti pathogen software including Immunet as well provides cloud protection which can help you to help secure your own personal network in addition to friends from the actual time when working with very small resources. In several different scenarios, but the program remains lively and consumes an excellent deal connected with resources. Ahead of you accomplish this, make sure that there exists simply 1 anti virus applications are mounted on any system. What a person will need is the very best anti-virus software probable on the PC.
display \| more... A weak acid. It's chemical formula is HF. That's one atom of hydrogen, and one atom of flourine. Like all acids, hydrofluoric acid is a molecule. Like all weak acids, hydrofluoric acid only partially dissociates in water to form hydronium ion and flouride ion. Hydrofluoric acid has the unique property of being able to etch glass. This is the chemical used to make pretty glass! This stuff is great. It is used extensively in IC fabrication, especially for photolithography steps as well as in RCA clean procedures. Being a weak acid, and having no smell, this stuff is really dangerous in the lab. If it comes in contact with you, there is no burning or discoloration of the skin. But the HF continues to diffuse through your skin until it hits something that it can react with. Unfortunately for you (if you spilled this on yourself) that something happens to be the calcium in your bones. This is supposed to be an extremely painful experience, as the hydrofluoric acid literally dissolves your bone. The more concentrated the acid, the more severe the effect. Also, these symptoms can take up to 8 hours after you've spilled this stuff on you. That means you could be in the middle of having sex with some hottie when the HF decides to take its' revenge. I had a lab instructor once that told us a story about a bad HF experience. She was working in a lab for a small company prototyping ICs, and one of the company execs actually took a tour group of investors through the lab. They had many unmarked beakers underneath a fume hood (since there were only a few technicians working in there), one of which got knocked over by a Japanese gentleman. Well, he picked it up and set it back down, never mentioning it to anyone in the lab. Unfortunately for him, the beaker had contained dilute HF. This poor guy left and called the next day admitting that he had knocked over a beaker, and the hospital was wondering what the hell it was. The HF destroyed the nail beds of his right hand, and the fingernails never grew back. Effective treatments for topical HF exposure include a calcium cream, which can be used as a primary treatment, usually followed by injections of a liquid calcium solution all throughout the affected area. If you ingest this stuff, you're pretty much done for.
Deep-reinforcement learning aims to make robots learn faster than ever Newsroom24x7 Desk ronotsSan Francisco : A new artificial intelligence startup called Osaro aims to give industrial robots super speed turbocharge that would enable the machines to buck up on their learning speeds and make it faster than ever. All this would be possible due to claims made by Osaro, with $3.3 million in investments from the likes of Peter Thiel and Jerry Yang, which states that it has perfected the algorithm for taking deep-reinforcement learning to the next level, delivering the same superhuman AI performance but over 100 times as fast. Deep-reinforcement learning is an offshoot of the technique more familiar to us, as deep learning — a method of using multiple layers of neural networks to efficiently process and organize mountains of raw data. Deep learning now underlies many of the best facial recognition, video classification, and text or speech recognition systems from Google, Microsoft, and IBM Watson. Deep-reinforcement learning adds control to the mix, using deep learning’s ability to accurately classify inputs. These learning systems train themselves automatically by repeating a task over and over again until they reach their goal. The power of deep reinforcement lies in the premise that the system would be able to discover behaviors that a human would not have guessed or thought to hand code. Training a new AI system from a blank slate, however, could well take a long time. Osaro says a robot is a physically embodied system that takes time to move through space, and if one wants to use basic deep-reinforcement learning to teach a robot to pick up a cup from scratch, it would literally take a year or more. To accelerate that training process, Osaro has based its data collection technique from human mechanics — so as to say, from the way people learn most activities — by watching other people. Its program functions on this module — it starts by observing a human play several games; it then uses those behaviors as a jumping-off point for its own training efforts. It doesn’t copy a human and one doesn’t has to play precisely or very well. One just has to give it a reasonable idea of what to do. Osaro’s first application for its deep-reinforcement learning technology is likely to be high-volume manufacturing, where reprogramming assembly line robots can currently take weeks of effort from highly skilled (and highly paid) professionals. In the future, the plan is to be able to give a robot three buckets of parts, show it a finished product, and simply say, ‘Make something like this.’ However, that is a far cry presently, yet the team is moving in the direction where presently its next step is to run simulated robotic demos in a virtual environment called Gazebo before launching with industrial robot manufacturers and their customers in 2017. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Question: What Is An Upside Down Yield Sign? What do you do when you see a yield sign? Yield means let other road users go first. A yield sign assigns the right-of-way to traffic in certain intersections. If you see a yield sign ahead, be prepared to let other drivers crossing your road take the right-of-way. And don’t forget about bicycles and pedestrians!. Is yield a warning sign? Warning signs give drivers advance notice of actions required, or potentially hazardous conditions on or near a road. Some of these signs warn of: a traffic regulation, such as stop or yield. features or physical conditions of the road. Why is a yield sign a triangle? Yield signs are used to assign right of way and instruct drivers when they need to stop and slow down. … In 1971, the MUTCD stipulated that yield signs should be red with a white triangle in the center and red lettering. The signs were changed in color because red is thought to be more attention grabbing. What shape are most warning signs? Many road signs warn you to slow down or watch for hazards or special conditions ahead. Most warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped with black letters or symbols. Some common warning signs are shown on the next slides. This sign warns you that the road ends ahead. How do you treat a yield sign? You must come to a full stop at a yield sign if traffic conditions require it. When you approach a yield sign be prepared to stop. It means that if there are cars coming, then you have to slow down and let them pass before you can merge. You may even have to stop and wait for there to be an opening. Does a yield sign mean stop? A yield sign calls on the driver to do the following: Slow down, defer to oncoming or intersecting traffic, stop when necessary, proceed when safe, and remain aware of oncoming vehicles. A flashing yellow light has the same meaning as a yield sign. When should you yield? when you’re at a yield sign. to pedestrians in a crosswalk. to another vehicle already in an uncontrolled intersection (one that doesn’t have any traffic lights or signs) and when making left-hand turns, you must yield to oncoming traffic or pedestrians. What does a warning sign look like? While warning traffic sign designs vary, they usually take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background and thick red border. … The warning signs usually contain a symbol. Who has the right away at a yield sign? As a general rule, you should yield to cars that are already at the intersection. Whoever arrives at the intersection first gets to go first. And similar to stop sign etiquette, you should yield to the car on your right when in doubt. Do right turns have right way? When turning, rights of way become more complicated. Vehicles turning left must always yield to oncoming traffic unless they have a turn signal. … However, right turning vehicles, in most jurisdictions, can only turn on a red light if they are in the far right lane. What are the 4 types of safety signs? There are FOUR types of safety signs:Prohibition and fire.Mandatory.Caution.Safe Condition. What color is the wrong way sign? The WRONG WAY sign may accompany the DO NOT ENTER sign. This rectangular red and white sign is a traffic regulatory sign. If you see one or both of these signs, drive to the side and stop; you are going against traffic. Which way does a yield sign point up or down? A yield sign is shaped like a downward point ing trian gle. It is red and white with red letters. It means you must slow down and yield the right of way to traf fic in the intersec tion you are crossing or road way you are entering. The road ahead is divided. What is a merge sign? The Merge sign means that lanes from the two separate roadways will come together and become one single traffic lane. Drivers entering from the side road must be prepared to merge with traffic on the main highway. What is the difference between yield and stop? A driver who stops or slows down to let another vehicle through has yielded the right of way to that vehicle. In contrast, a stop sign requires each driver to stop completely before proceeding, whether or not other traffic is present. What does a triangle sign mean? TRIANGLE. The inverted triangle represents our yield sign. Yield means you must give the right of way to other road users. Yield signs also mean that a driver may proceed without stopping – provided that it is safe to do so. … Drivers may see the upside-down yield sign when vehicles break down on the side of a road. What is yield with example? As an example, say an investor has put $100 into a stock that paid $1 as an annual dividend. The yield on cost calculation would look like this: $1/$100 = 0.01 = 1% If the investment made $10 during the year, and its current yield were calculated, it would look like this: $1/$110 = 0.009 = 0.91%
Opinions on Science A newsletter of research on Consciousness, Mind and Life by piero scaruffi \| More news and opinions (See also "Demystifying Machine Intelligence" that contains these and other similar points) Artificial Intelligence and Brute Force In june 2012 a combined Google/Stanford research team, led by the Stanford computer scientist Andrew Ng and the Google fellow Jeff Dean, used an array of 16,000 processors to create a neural network with more than one billion connections and let it loose on the Internet to learn from millions of YouTube videos how to recognize cats. The result is impressive but it was achieved with no major conceptual breakthrough. The discipline of Artificial Intelligence is still using concepts introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, and just tweaking them a bit. The difference between then and now is that now A.I. scientists can use thousands of powerful computers to get what they want. It is just brute force with little or no sophistication. Whether this is how the human mind does it is debatable. Basically, we should be impressed that 16,000 of the fastest computers in the world took a few years to recognize a cat, something that a kitten with a still undeveloped brain can do in a split second... I would be happy if the 16,000 computers could just simulate the 302-neuron brain of the roundworm, no more than 5000 synapses that nonetheless can recognize with incredible accuracy a lot of very interesting things. Over the last two decades there have been virtually no conceptual innovation in the field. Brute force is the paradigm that dominates these days. After all, by indexing millions of webpages Google is capable of providing an answer to the vast majority of questions (even "how to" questions), something that no expert system even came close to achieving. I wonder if slow and cumbersome computers were a gift to the scientific community of the 1960s because it forced computer scientists to come up with creative models instead of just letting computers crunch numbers until they find a solution. For the record (the first part is taken from by book "The Nature of Consciousness"): • In 1982 the US physicist John Hopfield "Neural Networks And Physical Systems With Emergent Collective Computational Abilities") revived the field by proving the second milestone theorem of neural networks. He developed a model inspired by the "spin glass" material, which resembles a one-layer neural network in which: weights are distributed in a symmetrical fashion; the learning rule is "Hebbian" (the rule that the strength of a connection is proportional to how frequently it is used, a rule originally proposed by the Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb); neurons are binary; and each neuron is connected to every other neuron. As they learn, Hopfield's nets develop configurations that are dynamically stable (or "ultrastable"). Their dynamics is dominated by a tendency towards a very high number of locally stable states, or "attractors". Every memory is a local "minimum" for an energy function similar to potential energy. Hopfield's argument, based on Physics, proved that, despite Minsky's critique, neural networks are feasible. • Research on neural networks picked up again. In 1982 Kunihiko Fukushima built the "Neocognitron", based on a model of the visual system. • In 1985 the British computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton and Terrence Sejnowsky ("A Learning Algorithm for Boltzmann Machines") developed an algorithm for the "Boltzmann machine" based on Hopfield's simulated annealing. In that machine, Hopfield's learning rule is replaced with the rule of annealing in metallurgy (start off the system at very high "temperature" and then gradually drop the temperature to zero), which several mathematicians were proposing as a general-purpose optimization rule. In this model, therefore, units update their state based on a stochastic decision rule. The Boltzmann machine turned out to be even more stable than Hopfield's, as it will always ends in a global minimum (the lowest energy state). • The "back-propagation" algorithm devised in 1986 by the US psychologist David Rumelhart and Geoffrey Hinton ("Learning Representations By Back-Propagating Errors"), a "gradient-descent" algorithm that is considerably faster than the Boltzmann machine, quickly became the most popular learning rule. • The generalized "delta rule" was basically an adaptation of the Widrow-Hoff error-correction rule to the case of multi-layered networks, by moving backwards from the output layer to the input layer. This was also the definitive answer to Minsky's critique, as it proved to be able to solve all of the unsolved problems. • Hinton focused on gradient-descent learning procedures. Each connection computes the derivative, with respect to its strength, of a global measure of error in the performance of the network, and then adjusts its strength in the direction that decreases the error. In other words, the network adjusts itself to counter the error it made. Tuning a network to perform a specific task is a matter of stepwise approximation. • The problem with these methods is that they are cumbersome (if plain impossible) when applied to deeply-layered neural networks, precisely the ones needed to mimick what the brain does. • In 1986 Paul Smolensky modified the Boltzmann Machine into what became known as the "Restricted Boltzmann machine", which lends itself to easier computation. This network is restricted to one visible layer and one hidden layer, with units in each layer never connected to units in the same layer. • By the end of the 1980s, neural networks had established themselves as a viable computing technology, and a serious alternative to expert systems as a mechanical approximation of the brain. The probabilistic approach to neural network design had won out. • "Learning" is reduced to the classic statistical problem of finding the best model to fit the data. There are two main ways to go about this. A generative model is a full probabilistic model of the problem, a model of how the data are actually generated (for example, a table of frequencies of English word pairs can be used to generate a "likely" sentence). Discriminative algorithms, instead, classify data without providing a model of how the data are actually generated. Discriminative models are inherently supervised. Traditionally, neural networks were discriminative algorithms. • Further progress had to wait more than a decade: in 2006 Hinton ("A Fast Learning Algorithm For Deep Belief Nets") made Deep Belief Networks the talk of the town, basically a generative algorithm for Restricted Boltzmann Machines which suddenly relaunched neural networks and led to new, sophisticated applications to unsupervised learning. • Deep Belief Networks are layered hierarchical architectures that stack Restricted Boltzmann Machines one on top of the other, each one feeding its output as input to the one immediately higher, with the two top layers forming an associative memory. The features discovered by one RBM become the training data for the next one. • DBNs are still limited in one respect: they are "static classifiers", i.e. they operate at a fixed dimensionality. However, speech or images don't come in a fixed dimensionality, but in a (wildly) variable one. They require "sequence recognition", i.e. dynamic classifiers, that DBNs cannot provide. One method to expand DBNs to sequential patterns is to combine deep learning with a "shallow learning architecture" like the Hidden Markov Model. • Meanwhile, in 2006 Osamu Hasegawa introduced Self-Organising Incremental Neural Network (SOINN), a self-replicating neural network for unsupervised learning, and in 2011 his team created a SOINN-based robot that learned functions it was not programmed to do.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Also known as dual diagnosis, co-occurring disorders describes an individual who has more than one medical issue. Oftentimes the conditions are simultaneous or one comes after the other. Both mental health issues and drug and alcohol addiction have their own symptoms and may get in the way of daily life functioning. Why does this happen? Many underlying mental health issues lead to the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Individuals use these substances to cope with( or mask) a wide variety of emotions and feelings, including anxiety, shame, pain, depression, and guilt. Unfortunately, self-medicating with drugs and alcohol causes side effects which can be harmful and oftentimes life-threatening. Why does this happen? Which came first? It is hard to be certain if the two conditions are related or if one caused the other, or if the condition that’s diagnosed first isn’t necessarily responsible for additional conditions that arise. Mental health disorders that commonly co-occur with addiction include: • Major depressive disorder • Anxiety and mood disorders • Bipolar disorder • Conduct disorder • Schizophrenia • PTSD • ADHD What is Integrated Treatment? Approaches to treating co-occurring disorders involve the integration of treatment modalities. Integrated treatment considers both substance abuse and mental health disorders primary concerns. It treats both simultaneously. Integrating treatment combines mental health and substance counseling and care. It begins with a comprehensive screening and assessments. A care plan is created that focuses on each individuals specific needs and this plan is modified throughout treatment to address changing recovery needs. Talk therapy Talk therapy is an important aspect of both disorders. Cognitive Behavior Therapy addresses emotional and environmental contributors to both. It helps individuals shift self-destructive behaviors and thoughts into positive ones by teaching practical coping skills and increasing self-confidence. Dialectical Behavior Therapy is effective as it focuses on coming to terms with difficult emotions or behaviors. It helps to find a balance between acceptance and change., co In addition to getting professional treatment there are self-help steps one can begin to take to address mental health and substance abuse issues. Getting sober is only the first step. Other steps one can take are to learn to manage stress, know one’s triggers, connecting with family, friends, or groups, staying physically healthy, practice relaxation techniques, and develop new activities and interests. Contact Laila If you would like to make an appointment with me feel free to email, text or call me. Or you can set up an assessment or 15-minute free consultation. Laila Wiechmann, MS, LPC, LADC Laila Wiechmann, MS, LPC, LADC (414) 899-8581
About Developmental Education 1. To preserve and make possible educational opportunities for each post-secondary learner; 2. To develop in each learner the skills and attitudes necessary for the attainment of academic career and life goals; 3. To ensure proper placement by assessing each learner’s level of preparedness for college coursework; 4. To maintain academic standards by enabling learners to acquire competencies needed for success in mainstream college courses; 5. To enhance the retention of students; 6. To promote the continued development and application of cognitive and affective learning theory.
Riddle #546 It was a Pink Island. There were 201 individuals (perfect logicians) lived in the island. Among them 100 people were blue eyed people, 100 were green eyed people and the leader was a black eyed one. Except the leader, nobody knew how many individuals lived in the island. Neither have they known about the color of the eyes. The leader was a very strict person. Those people can never communicate with others. They even cannot make gestures to communicate. They can only talk and communicate with the leader. It was a prison for those 200 individuals. However, the leader provided an opportunity to leave the island forever but on one condition. Every morning he questions the individuals about the color of the eyes! If any of the individuals say the right color, he would be released. Since they were unaware about the color of the eyes, all 200 individuals remained silent. When they say wrong color, they were eaten alive to death. Afraid of punishment, they remained silent. One day, the leader announced that "at least 1 of you has green eyes! If you say you are the one, come and say, I will let you go if you are correct! But only one of you can come and tell me!" How many green eyed individuals leave the island and in how many days? All 100 green eyed individuals will leave on the 100th night. Consider, there is only one green eyed individual lived in the island. He will look at all the remaining individuals who have blue eyes. So, he can get assured that he has green eyes! Now consider 2 people with green eyes. Only reason the other green-eyed person wouldn't leave on the first night is because he sees another person with green eyes. Seeing no one else with green eyes, each of these two people realize it must be them. So both leaves on second night. This is the same for any number. Five people with green eyes would leave on the fifth night and 100 on the 100th, all at once. Search: Monty Hall problem Why it's important for the solution that the leader said the new information "at least 1 of you has green eyes", when they must knew from the beginning, that there are no less than 99 green-eyed people on the island? Because they cannot depart the island without being certain, they cannot begin the process of leaving until the guru speaks, and common knowledge is attained. Search: Common knowledge (logic) 79.24 % 52 votes Similar riddles See also best riddles or new riddles. 84.53 % 682 votes 83.08 % 57 votes 82.56 % 70 votes 82.20 % 54 votes We all know that square root of number 121 is 11. But do you know what si the square root of the number "12345678987654321" ? 111111111 Explanation: It's a maths magical square root series as : Square root of number 121 is 11 Square root of number 12321 is 111 Square root of number 1234321 is 1111 Square root of number 123454321 is 11111 Square root of number 12345654321 is 111111 Square root of number 1234567654321 is 1111111 Square root of number 123456787654321 is 11111111 Square root of number 12345678987654321 is 111111111 (answer) 81.55 % 59 votes You are standing in a pitch-dark room. A friend walks up and hands you a normal deck of 52 cards. He tells you that 13 of the 52 cards are face-up, the rest are face-down. These face-up cards are distributed randomly throughout the deck. Your task is to split up the deck into two piles, using all the cards, such that each pile has the same number of face-up cards. The room is pitch-dark, so you can't see the deck as you do this. How can you accomplish this seemingly impossible task? Take the first 13 cards off the top of the deck and flip them over. This is the first pile. The second pile is just the remaining 39 cards as they started. This works because if there are N face-up cards in within the first 13 cards, then there will be (13 - N) face up cards in the remaining 39 cards. When you flip those first 13 cards, N of which are face-up, there will now be N cards face-down, and therefore (13 - N) cards face-up, which, as stated, is the same number of face-up cards in the second pile. 81.30 % 65 votes A swan sits at the center of a perfectly circular lake. At an edge of the lake stands a ravenous monster waiting to devour the swan. The monster can not enter the water, but it will run around the circumference of the lake to try to catch the swan as soon as it reaches the shore. The monster moves at 4 times the speed of the swan, and it will always move in the direction along the shore that brings it closer to the swan the quickest. Both the swan and the the monster can change directions in an instant. The swan knows that if it can reach the lake's shore without the monster right on top of it, it can instantly escape into the surrounding forest. How can the swan succesfully escape? Assume the radius of the lake is R feet. So the circumference of the lake is (2piR). If the swan swims R/4 feet, (or, put another way, 0.25R feet) straight away from the center of the lake, and then begins swimming in a circle around the center, then it will be able to swim around this circle in the exact same amount of time as the monster will be able to run around the lake's shore (since this inner circle's circumference is 2pi(R/4), which is exactly 4 times shorter than the shore's circumference). From this point, the swan can move a millimeter inward toward the lake's center, and begin swimming around the center in a circle from this distance. It is now going around a very slightly smaller circle than it was a moment ago, and thus will be able to swim around this circle FASTER than the monster can run around the shore. The swan can keep swimming around this way, pulling further away each second, until finally it is on the opposite side of its inner circle from where the monster is on the shore. At this point, the swan aims directly toward the closest shore and begins swimming that way. At this point, the swan has to swim [0.75R feet + 1 millimeter] to get to shore. Meanwhile, the monster will have to run Rpi feet (half the circumference of the lake) to get to where the swan is headed. The monster runs four times as fast as the swan, but you can see that it has more than four times as far to run: [0.75R feet + 1 millimeter] 4 < R*pi [This math could actually be incorrect if R were very very small, but in that case we could just say the swan swam inward even less than a millimeter, and make the math work out correctly.] Because the swan has less than a fourth of the distance to travel as the monster, it will reach the shore before the monster reaches where it is and successfully escape. 81.23 % 51 votes Emily was sitting at her study table, home alone, on a cold and stormy night. Her parents had taken a flight earlier in the morning to Australia as her grandmother had passed away. She had wanted to follow her parents but she had an important English examination the next day which she could not miss. The storm was getting heavier by the minute and the wind was howling outside. All this noise made it very hard for her to concentrate. She was on the verge of dozing off when she was shaken alert by a sudden "THUD!" She dismissed it as a window which had been slammed shut by the wind. She tried to concentrate on her books when she heard faint footsteps. Emily got out of her room and looked around when suddenly, without warning, she was grabbed by the neck. She tried to scream but it came out as a mere whimper as the intruder was pressing hard against her throat with his arm. She tried to free herself from his grip but to no avail. "Give me all your money!" growled the man who had grabbed her from behind. "Th-there is none h-here! Please ll-let me go!" cried Emily. "Don't LIE TO ME!" screamed the increasingly agitated man. She felt the man strengthen his grip around her neck. She said nothing and a few seconds passed by in silence. Suddenly the phone rang which alerted both of them. "People will get suspicious if I don't answer the phone," said Emily, with a controlled voice. The intruder let her go. "Alright, but NO funny business, or ELSE!" said the nervous intruder. Emily walked toward the phone. She took a deep breath and calmed herself. She picked up the phone. "Hey Em! How's the revision going?" said the caller. "Hey Anna. Thanks for the call. Hey you know those Science notes I lent you last week? Well I really need them back. It would be a great help to me. It's an emergency, so if you could give me them tomorrow it would be great. Please hurry in finding the notes. I need to get back to my books now. Bye," Emily said. She hung up the phone. "It was wise of you not to say anything," said the intruder, although he was more than a bit confused by her conversation. "Now TELL ME WHERE THE MONEY IS KEPT!" screamed the thief. "It...it's...in my dad's room. The first room on the right. Third drawer," said Emily. "SHOW me!" said the man, and removed his grip around her neck. She took a big gulp of air and nearly fell. She swallowed hard and said a silent prayer. She walked slowly, in silence, toward her father's room. All of a sudden, they heard police sirens. The intruder froze in his footsteps. He ran to the nearest window and jumped out of it. Emily ran outside in time to see the intruder being escorted into the car. She saw Anna and she ran toward her and hugged her. "Smart kids," said the policeman. What had happened? Emily had used the mute button during her conversation with Anna so that all Anna heard was: "call...help...emergency...please hurry". Anna, sensing something was wrong, called the police and told them Emily's address. The police were able to come to Emily's house in time to catch the perpetrator. 80.99 % 109 votes You have just purchased a small company called Company X. Company X has N employees, and everyone is either an engineer or a manager. You know for sure that there are more engineers than managers at the company. Everyone at Company X knows everyone else's position, and you are able to ask any employee about the position of any other employee. For example, you could approach employee A and ask "Is employee B an engineer or a manager?" You can only direct your question to one employee at a time, and can only ask about one other employee at a time. You're allowed to ask the same employee multiple questions if you want. Your goal is to find at least one engineer to solve a huge problem that has just hit the company's factory. The problem is so urgent that you only have time to ask N-1 total questions. The major problem with questioning the employees, however, is that while the engineers will always tell you the truth about other employees' roles, the managers may lie to you if they like. You can assume that the managers will do their best to confuse you. How can you find at least one engineer by asking at most N-1 questions? You can find at least one engineer using the following process: Put all of the employees in a conference room. If there happen to be an even number of employees, pick one at random and send him home for the day so that we start with an odd number of employees. Note that there will still be more engineers than managers after we send this employee home. Then call them out one at a time in any order. You will be forming them into a line as follows: If there is nobody currently in the line, put the employee you just called out in the line. Otherwise, if there is anybody in the line, then we do the following. Let's call the employee currently at the front of the line Employee_Front, and call the employee who we just called out of the conference room Employee_Next. So ask Employee_Front if Employee_Next is a manager or an engineer. If Employee_Front says "manager", then send both Employee_Front and Employee_Next home for the day. However, if Employee_Front says "engineer", then put Employee_Next at the front of the line. Keep doing this until you've called everyone out of the conference room. Notice that at this point, you'll have asked N-1 or less questions (you asked at most one question each time you called an employee out except for the first employee, when you didn't ask a question, so that's at most N-1 questions). When you're done calling everyone out of the conference room, the person at the front of the line is an engineer. So you've found your engineer! But the real question: how does this work? We can prove this works by showing a few things. First, let's show that if there are any engineers in the line, then they must be in front of any managers. We'll show this with a proof by contradiction. Assume that there is a manager in front of an engineer somewhere in the line. Then it must have been the case that at some point, that engineer was Employee_Front and that manager was Employee_Next. But then Employee_Front would have said "manager" (since he is an engineer and always tells the truth), and we would have sent them both home. This contradicts their being in the line at all, and thus we know that there can never be a manager in front of an engineer in the line. So now we know that after the process is done, if there are any engineers in the line, then they will be at the front of the line. That means that all we have to prove now is that there will be at least one engineer in the line at the end of the process, and we'll know that there will be an engineer at the front. So let's show that there will be at least one engineer in the line. To see why, consider what happens when we ask Employee_Front about Employee_Next, and Employee_Front says "manager". We know for sure that in this case, Employee_Front and Employee_Next are not both engineers, because if this were the case, then Employee_Front would have definitely says "engineer". Put another way, at least one of Employee_Front and Employee_Next is a manager. So by sending them both home, we know we are sending home at least one manager, and thus, we are keeping the balance in the remaining employees that there are more engineers than managers. Thus, once the process is over, there will be more engineers than managers in the line (this is also sufficient to show that there will be at least one person in the line once the process is over). And so, there must be at least one engineer in the line. Put altogether, we proved that at the end of the process, there will be at least one engineer in the line and that any engineers in the line must be in front of any managers, and so we know that the person at the front of the line will be an engineer. 80.94 % 57 votes
Enzymes Lab Essay 429 Words2 Pages Lab: Enzymes Experiment 1: Effect of pH on Enzyme activity Date Objective: To study the effect of pH on enzymatic activity. Material Required: 1. Catalase enzyme 2. H2O2 3. Scaled Beaker 4. Dropper 5. Acidic solution 6. Basic solution Hypothesis “Does change in pH affects an enzymatic activity”? Testing of Hypothesis Enzyme may get affected by various factors. pH is also one out of these? It could be analyzed via induction of change in pH condition via addition of different acid and base in reaction mixture. For instance, in the reaction mixture of catalase with its substrate such as; H2O2. The reaction of Catalase enzyme on its substrate might be represented as follows: H2O2=H2O+1/2O2 If pH will affect its activity then due to change in O2 production the level of foam would also change. Data Collection Data might be collected via measurement of the level of foam in the scaled beaker. Table 1: Effect of pH on Enzyme activity Tube \| pH \| Level of foam (in mm.) \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 4 \| \| \| 2 \| 14 \| 1 \| \| \| 3 \| 8 \| 102 \| \| \| Data Analysis Data analysis may be done via finding a relation between changed pH condition and level of O2 produced in this way. Result According to the data, there is reduction in activity of enzyme in acidic (pH = 2) and highly basic condition (pH = 14) due to less foam (means less O2) production. But, at slightly basic condition (pH=8) the activity of enzyme is highest. Graphical Representation Enzyme activity (y axis) depends on value of pH (x-axis) hence, there might be observed a point in graph where the value of enzymatic activity is maximum. O 8 Discussion The impact of pH on enzymatic activity might be due to change in the ionization of amino acid residues and disruption in the More about Enzymes Lab Essay Open Document
Saturday, June 7, 2014 Between 1519 to 1533, the white Christian man discovered and destroyed in a most foul manner, 3 glorious civilizations - the Aztecs of Mexico, Maya of Yuacatan and Guatemala and Inca of Peru. Historians have time and again tried to decode these civilizations, but have been unsuccessful. Recently we found a 600000 year old human skull in the Narmada valley Gongwana. Narmada river is the fountain head of ALL evolution. Meteorites holding DNA ( Shiva lingams ) rained from the sky. Maya, Inca and Aztec civilizations were founded by ancient Indians. The Mayan calendar , which everybody knows about , is nothing but a Vedic calendar made by Maya Danava. The Mayan calendar began with the Fifth Great Cycle in 3114 BC and will end on 21 December 2012 AD. In Surya Siddhantam, Maya described how eclipses were caused.. Both the Hindus and S Americans used similar items in their worship rituals. They both maintained the concept of four Yuga cycles, or cosmological seasons, extending over thousands of years, and conceived of twelve constellations with reference to the sun as indicated by the Vedic-Incan sun calendar. The ancient Hindus mainly used lunar calendars but also used solar calendars. In the ancient days Indians were the first to do astronomy and astrology. Every other civilization just copied and mirrored , several thousands of years later. The Indus Valley inhabitants followed a calendar based on the movements of Jupiter Brihaspathi , and the Mayans followed one based on the Venus Shukra . The Mayan calendar was made by the Asura Maya Danava, who ran away to Palala . Palata is Vedic lore is the nether world--underneath the ground. For a global earth this translated to the area of these 3 civilizations. Maya Danava went to Peru on his own Vimana which was a spacecraft. He had designed several of these spacecrafts for Kubera. Lord Kubera, the brother of King Ravana had several Vimanas, and he had gifted him one in return for services rendered. Maya was an architect and a metallurgist par excellence-- he was a magician literally with palaces. He was the architect of Tripura ( Atlantis ) and the Lanka palace of Kubera which was usurped by his half brother Ravana along with the Pushpaka Vimana. After the Ramayana war in 4300 BC, this vimana ( flying saucer with mercury plasma gyroscope vortex ) was returned back to its rightful owner Kubera by Lord Rama. Maya was arm twisted by Arjuna in a foul manner, to build the amazing Indraprasta Mahasabha for Yuddhisthira. In the ancient days having the best palace among all kings had its own glory and held the awe factor for respect. Mayasabha was a palace of illusions. Maya means illusion in Sanskrit. Guest king Duryodhana was circumspect while walking thorough, unable to figure out which is solid and which is liquid, causing Draupadi to laugh loudly in sarcasm from the balcony. Then King Duryodhana to preserve his honour, walked with less caution and fell headlong into a pool of water, and Draupadi laughed again in sarcasm--this time louder. Duryodhana came out of the pool dripping wet and shouted at her " This laugher will cost you dear!". This was the root cause for the Mahabharata war in 4000 BC. Maya Danava was a descendant of Danu, one of Kasyapa‘s 13 wives and a daughter of Dakhsa Prajapati. Maya’s grandson ( Mandodari’s son) Meghanada, defeated Indra and was called Indrajit.Maya’s sons Dundhubi and Mayavi were killed by the Vanara, Vali. Maya’s son-in-law Ravana was defeated by Lord Rama in the Ramayana war. Maya is the author of Surya Siddhantam, which he learnt directly from an Amsa of Surya Deva, where he describes the Heliocentric model . Maya had accurately arrived at the orbital periods of visible planets, their distance from Earth and their diameters. In the Surya Siddhanta, a work dealing with astronomy he had described about the results of his analysis. 'Surya' means 'Sun' and 'Siddhanta' means 'theory'. The British made a big hue and cry when German Jew Sir Frederick William Herschel ( 1738-1822 ) "discovered " Uranus on March 13th 1781-- hi hi the stupid Indians never knew all this. . Indian Vedic astrology does NOT use Uranus (Shweta ) Neptune ( Shyama) Pluto ( Teevra )- as named in 7000 year old Vedas Vyasa Muni , just because they are too far away to affect your DNA and they stay in one single rashi for too long. Ptolemy came to India in 155 AD, and he stole from the astronomical data from Surya Siddhanta (12.85-90) , the most significant being the diameters of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn . You must understand that these diameters were calculated more thas 6 millenniums ago when even the atmospheric refraction of earth was different. Much before Pythagoras came to India and stole his theorem. Maya is mentioned 23 times in the Ramayana, and 61 times in the Mahabharata. A unique reason for glory and legacy indeed. He was the acharya of all the Mayavis ( sorcerers ). Maya Danava was in the Khandava forest, at the outskirts of New Delhi, to build for Takshaka the Naga king. This was the opportunity Arjuna in collusion with Lord Krishna looked for. They set fire to the mighty forest which was reputed to hold every specimen of flora and fauna. In this gruesome deliberate fire everything died except Takshaka's Aswasena son and 4 sarnagaka birds. Maya was conveniently saved by Lord Krishna. Out of sheer gratitude Asura Maya Danava asked , how he can ever repay Arjuna. Immediately Lord Krishna trapped him. "Let a palatial Sabha (meeting hall) as thou choosest, be built by thee, if thou, O son of Diti, who art the foremost of all artists, desirest to do good to Yudhishthira the just (Mbh.2.1)". Krishna told Arjuna "Your city has been constructed by Vishwakarma and is truly beautiful. However, the Indraprastha palace is much too plain for such a wonderful city. Let a palatial meeting hall be constructed for Yudhishtra the just. Maya Danava is the best person to construct it, being the architect of the Asuras."Maya measured out a plot of land five thousand cubits square and began the construction. Soon the peerless palace of great beauty encrusted with diamonds was completed. The columns of this palace were made of gold. Maya appointed 8000 asuras called Kinkaras to guard this palace. Inside the palace, there were many amazing devices. It took the Maya just fourteen months to complete this building. Everything was made as per the principles of Vaastu. In Indian history, Mayan appears several times, most significantly as the author of Mayamatam, "Concept of Mayan" which is a Vastu Shastra, a text on art, architecture and town planning. Narada on hearing of this palace hall came to visit , and he cried "O Child, I have never seen nor heard ever before, neither among men, nor among the gods, any assembly room built of gems and precious stones like this hall of thine. I have been to the hall of Indra, it is not equal to yours. I have been to the hall of Yama that shines like burnished gold, but it is inferior to this hall in beauty. I have visited Pushakaramalini, the hall of Varuna, floating in the waters, but it is not equal to yours. The hall of Kubera certainly displays his immense wealth, but is not as beautiful as yours. I have been to the hall of Lord Brahma, the grandsire of all beings, where the Prajapatis offer him worship, but its splendor is nothing to yours. I have seen all these assembly halls O King, but without question, your hall is the best that ever was." In India, even modern architects learn Maya Danava's Vaastu as part of their syllabus. They perceive existence in terms of two dimensions: first the infinite spiritual realm and second the finite accommodating space for insentient material objects. This concept of a superior plane of existence, where the original form of things exist eternally, is the basis of India's sacred architecture. Vaastu shastra prescribes desirable characteristics for sites and buildings based on flow of energy called Vaastu Purusha. Vaastu Shastra which is considered a conduit between man and nature is based on the infinite powers of the five elements – fire, water, earth, and air and space. It essentially deals with two energy sources – the solar energy flux and the geomagnetic energy flux. This science aims at controlling the flow of these two energies by selecting proper directions and alignments for the vaastu. Vaastu is basically aimed at harnessing the higher energy levels within the self and can help in various aspects of life. Buildings not constructed as per Vaastu see their decline to ruins much faster than those built otherwise. I will get back to the science of Vaastu later on. Vaastu is an Indian thing. You have to be VERY surprised when the intricate mathematical and geometrical principles are Vaastu are followed in arhitecture abroad, when all civilizations were wide apart. Now let me get back to the surprising similarities between Indian civilisations and these South and Central American civilizations. This first Indian contact happened 11000 years ago. The ancient Mexican game of Patolli is similar in details to the game of Panchisi played in India. The mathematical probability of two games invented separately agreeing by chance in so many specific intricate features, is zilch. Mexican call a potter "Kumbhar", as Sanskrit word. There are several other similarities. After Vedic people the Mayas of Yucatan were the first people to use a zero sign in Mathematics. This knowledge came from India, as we had this knowledge thousand of years before them. All over Mayan civilization you find stone sculptures of Indian Vimanas and people in space suits. They just sculpted what they saw. The Kundalini snake of Lord Shiva is also depicted. The elephant on a sculptured pillar at Copan, which he referred to as an “idol”. Is an animal unknown in that country. It is an Indian elephant and NOT an African elephant. Indian elephants are found in Indian elephants as they are conscious creatures. They can see their image in the mirror, which only humans can do. Animals and birds cant see themselves in the mirror. Few like Bonobos and Chimps can see partially. Archaeologists found many Hindu deities like Shiva, black meteorite Shiva linga, Lord Ganesha, Goddess Kali, Sun god Surya , Buddha etc. (in similar or slightly different forms) which were worshiped in ancient America. Images of Ganesha have been excavated in plenty in Mexico. This god with the elephant's trunk is frequently depicted in Mexican manuscripts . Lord Ganesha 'Ekadant Ganesh' was found in the temple at Kopan . The image of Hanuman called by the name 'Wilka Huemana' and measuring 50 feet in height and 12 feet in breadth was found in Guatemala. Similar one was found during an excavation of an Aztec temple in Mexico City and was known as 'Euhectal', a wind God, a monkey God. In the jungles of Honduras idols sit in Hindu mudra meditation pose . The Hindu doctrine of the ages is found on a massive stone monolith popularly known as the Aztec calendar. This amazing piece of stone disc is 12 feet in diameter and weights more than 20 tons. A festival called Sita-Ram (Situa - Raimi) was celebrated in Mexico during Nav-Ratri or Dussehra period which has been described on page 5867 in the book 'Hamsworth History of the World'. Both in Central and South America, there are found Sati cremation, priesthood, gurukul system, yajna, birth, marriage and death ceremonies to some extent similar to the Hindus. When Pizarro killed Peruvian King Atahualpa his 4 wives committed Sati—or self sacrifice. Same with Hindu concepts of cataclysm, rebirth, four yugas and the concept of two planets like Rahu and Ketu causing solar eclipse The ancient American's dresses (male and female) were simple and similar to those of Hindu dresses. You can mistake a Mexican woman with a Indian woman, with narrow waist , wide feminine hip bones long black hair and same facial features. Ayar Inoa King used to wear a turban, earring and a trishul type trident in his hand. Vegetarianism exists in these areas as well as Hindu India. They wore cotton which is India's gift to this planet. Indian maize is used in Mexican Tortillas --a form of Chapati.They love their food spicy, like Indians. Baron Alexander Von Humboldt, did extensive studies and found similarities between Asian and Mexican astrology. In 1866, the French architect, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, noted striking resemblances between ancient Mexican temples and and those of South India. There is amazing similarity between the Hindu Trinity - Brahma- Vishnu- Shiva and the Mexican Trinity Ho- Huitzilopochtli- Tlaloc . The idols were represented with serpents round their heads, as for Lord Shiva.-basically raised Kundalini. The Swastika sign of this area , seen on a "huaco" pot had with four dots inside. This is a Vedic sign that you can see on the top of the gates of ancient temples, and even in my home. A flying monkey wearing a helmet , holding a mountain in one hand and a club in the other is the same as Hanuman of Ramayana 4300 BC. In Bolivia and south of Peru, you can see the "La Diablada" ("Demoniac Dance"). This famous festival depicts a very ancient Indian story: two angel-like warriors fight ( Rama and Lakshmana ) against a ten-headed demon ( Ravana of Sri Lanka ) . This demon has a army and the angelical warriors are being helped by animal armies, especially by a society of well organized monkeys., who built the Ram Sethu bridge. Yet our Italian waitress who rules India and her “not so bright” son, thinks this is fanstasy. INCA OF PERU is “ Child of the sun” in Quechua . In Sanskrit Dinaka has same meaning. Dinakar is a common name in India. AZTEC OF MEXICO is derived from "worshipper of Ashtabhuja or Ashtak ( 8 armed ) " , the eight armed God- found in Mexican temples. No where in the word are multi-armed idols found, except in India. Trilokinath, the Hindu ruler of the three worlds, was known to the Mexicans by the name, until the Spanish conquerors mistakenly changed the name into Tloque Nahuaque. William MacLeod had written about the similarity between the Mexican volador ritual and the Indian rite of hook-swinging. Above: Aztec Ganesha ( elephant god ) MAYANS OF GUATEMALA and Yuacatan call Kundalini, as kultunlilni. Kultunlilni is the vital life force empowering all human growth and development. This crucial life-force is the same as what is known in Hindu cosmology as the serpent power: Kundalini. In a temple in Guatemala is a statue of an incarnation of Vishnu as Kurma, the tortoise. The sculpture is richly and finely detailed and strongly suggests that it can only be done by a pure Hindu Indian. A wall panel (Panel No. 3 of Temple 0-13, at Piedras Negras, Guatemala; reproduced as Plate 69, page 343 of 'The Ancient Maya' by S.G. Morley) belonging to the Later Classic Stage of Mexican history, associated with the peaking of Maya architecture and sculpture. It depicts the Ramayana. The artistic design and postures of the figures carved can be compared to those found at Ajanta and Ellora caves in India. The Mexicans throne is same as the Hindu Simhasan (Lion throne). The Kings wore turbans and travelled in Indian palanquins. US Ambassador Miles Poindexter, to Mexico, in his two-volume 1930s treatise The Ayar-Incas called the Mayan civilization "unquestionably Hindu." He said that that primitive Aryan words and people came to South merica across the Pacific ocean . Poindexter gives a long list of words of the Quichua languages and their analogous forms in Indian Sanskrit. He also detailed the similarities between the hymns of the Inca rulers of Peru and Vedic hymns Betel-chewing with lime and coca-whew and tobacco, as well as the gourd-container for the lime are common to both people. The Peruvian substitute for tobacco, which was used for medicinal purposes, was a shrub, called cuca (coca). Mexican temples and idols, as in India, were lavishly decorated with gold and precious stones. Mayan gods Xiuhtechutli and Xipe Totec have their Vedic counterparts in Indra and Agni. Indra or Xiuhtechutli, is the rain god and guardian of the Eastern Quadrant, and Agni, or Xipe Totec, is the god of sacrificial fire, born in wood and the life force of trees and plants. Mayas had ceremonies like Namakaranam, Punyaha vachana and Gurukula. They put their offerings to gods in water tanks like Hindus. The ships made in Kerala never hugged the coast like European ships. These ships which could hold more than thousand people did cross-ocean from South India to West coast of South America. Chinese traveller Fa Hein had written that he himself travelled cross-ocean with 500 others. These ships were made with aged Teak and Rosewood, the best for shipbuilding. Our ancient Jataka stories wrote about large Indian ships carrying seven hundred people. Brahmanda Purana provides the best and most detailed description of world map drawn on a flat surface using an accurate scale. When Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut ( my hometown ) in 1498, the King Zamorin, had whipped out a world map and asked him where he came from,much to his surprise Lord Ganesha is seen with his vehicle rat in Inca mythology in Peru. Lord Ganesha was found in temple of Diego Riviera in Mexico City. Hanuman and Lord Shiva can be seen in the Guatemala Museum. Shiva Lingam was found in Vera Cruz and in Mexico City. The Mexican Vishnu holds the traditional Gadha or mace and his Chakra. The image of Vishnu’s tortoise Kurma avatar incarnation is preserved by the United Fruit Line in the museum at Quiragua, Guatemala. They have named this image , the Turtle Stone. Indra and the Vamana (midget Brahmin ) avatar who did in Kerala ( my home state ) Asura King Mahabali can be seen in the Mexican National Museum . The Maya Codex Tro-Cortesianus shows a tortoise, a central churning rod and a serpent being used as a rope by figures of dark and light shade, which is the Hindu Samudhra Manthan. The tortoise, is, however, on the summit of the mountain pestle instead of being beneath it, and the other form of the serpent god appears above his avatar. Round the mountain-pestle is twisted a snake. Two dark gods, evidently demonic forms of deities, like the Indian Asuras, hold one end of the snake-rope while the other end is grasped by the elephant god Ganesha. The largest temple in Mexico City was the temple of Lord Shiva, the War God of the Mexican whom the Spanish invaders found entwined by golden snakes. The Mexican temple had the Gopuram South Indian temple MERU style. Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raflles or the father of Singapore wrote,”The great Hindu temple of Borobudur might readily be mistaken for a Central American Temple. Every page of Peruvian poetry bears the imprint of Ramayana and Mahabharata.” Mayan crystal skulls could have been carved in ancient times without instruments and tools of today. The most amazing thing was that the ancient skull weighing 5.13 kg, 203.4 mm long and 125.4 mm wide had been made of a whole crystal. This fact contradicted the laws of physics. The research by Hewlett-Packard in 1964 in a special laboratory revealed that the skull had been made long before the first civilizations appeared in that part of America where the skull was found. In addition, rock crystal of such perfect quality could not be found in that area. Crystal quartz is the same material used in microchips that can hold billions of bits of information. Given that, imagine the amount of info a whole skull can hold. These 13 Crystal Skulls are linked to the “Year Zero” or December 21, 2012, the date at which the Mayan Calendar ends. The rock crystal has a hardness that is slightly lower than that of topaz, corundum, and diamond; it can be cut with diamonds only. It is astonishing, but the ancient Mayans managed to cut it somehow, and even made a lower jaw with the joints. Diamonds were found only in India till 1886. Now let me get back to Vaastu. Mayans like Hindus worshiped the very concept of space, specifically a space made according to the modular system. There is a sacred room in the center of the Chidambaram Siva Temple in South India, where space or akasha ( ether ) is worshiped- there is no idol. The temple structure at the top is exactly 1/4th of the base according to Vastu Vedic principles of Mayan. The name of the structure is chilambalam, meaning a sacred space. Mayan chilambalam refers to a sacred space, as does Tamil Chidambaram. Yok'hah in Mayan means "on top of truth," is what is yoga in Sanskrit. Machu Picchu temples and structures follows the Indian Vaastu. The layout of these structures, locations for doors, windows, proportions of width to length, roof styles, degree of slopes for roofs, column sizes, wall thicknesses, etc., all conform completely to the principles and guidelines as prescribed in the Vastu Shastras of Maya Danava in India. Residential layouts are identical to those found in Mohenjodaro. The temple layouts are identical to those that he is building today and that can be found all over India.Maya Danava advocated the use of an eight-by-eight square, for a total of 64 units, which is known as the Vastu Purusha Mandala. The buildings were oriented toward certain points of the compass, also a principle of Maya, rather than randomly placed. Also the lengths of buildings were never more than twice their width, as Maya Danava stipulated. The sculptures were similar or identical to India, such as the earrings, ear plugs, teeth, head dresses, even buckles around the waist. There are bas reliefs of priests sitting in lotus posture meditating. As in Mayan buildings, Indians have been using lime mortar for all of their stone and brick buildings. This can been seen in the monumental creations in Mahabalipuram and also in the South Indian temples.. The outer surfaces were plastered, embellishments worked out in lime mortar, then painted. The size of plots, position of doors and windows, proportions, form of roofs, inclination angles of roofs, diameter of columns, width of walls etc. are perfectly in accordance with the rules of Vaastu. As per Vaastu , the best location to build a temple is at a tirtha(holy place), which is a ford or crossing place from this world to the above-a point of marriage between transcendence and the mundane. A tirtha provides a crossing place for the upward journey of the soul and a place for the downward crossing-for the crossing of higher entities who sometimes descend to this world for the good of mankind. In Indian architecture, the dwelling is itself a shrine. A home is called manushyalaya, literally, "human temple". It is not merely a shelter for human beings in which to rest and eat. The concept behind house design is the same as for temple design, so sacred and spiritual are the two spaces. The "open courtyard" system of house design was the national pattern in India before Western models were introduced. The s is called Brahmasthanam, meaning the "nuclear energy field". It should be kept unbuilt and open to the sky so as to have contact with the outer space (akasha). The northeast quarter is called Isanya, the southeast Agni, the southwest Niruthi and northwest Vayu. These are said to possess the qualities of four respective devatas or gods—Isa, Agni, Niruthi and Vayu. Accordingly—with due respect to ecological friendliness with the subtle forces of the spirit—those spaces (quarters) are assigned as follows: northeast for the home shrine, southeast for the kitchen, southwest for the master bedroom and northwest for the storage of grains. Energy is primarily considered as emanating from the center of the building. It originates from subtle earth energy called Vaastu Purusha and subtle cosmic energy (Unified Field) called Vastu Purusha which meet in the center of the building and then spread outward in all directions. these two energies unite and form the five elements which then distribute in the for corner zones. This energy is a mixture of Vaastu energy, which is subtle energy from the earth, and Vastu energy which is subtle energy from Consciousness itself. Even my home is made as per principles of Vaastu. Let me quote a few among hundreds of rules. Only new material should be used for the construction of the building. Dig a well in N-E direction and use this ground water for the construction of the house. One must paint his/her house in light colors avoiding red and black for bringing prosperity. Doors must be opened at inner side of the house not at outer side as it brings luck and positive energy in the house. The guest room should be at the North-West side of the house and closer to the living room and at the front side of the house. While placing the bed make sure that you do not sleep with your head to the north side as that will create a repelling magnetic force in your blood stream that will cause disruption in sleep. You can sleep with you head towards any other side, but the best side to keep your head while sleeping is south. The safe should be placed in south west side and it should be opened in the north direction. You need to keep the north east side empty. The NE side of the plot ( kanni moola ) must be raised and kept free of garbage. It must be noted that the Spanish grossly magnified and exaggerated the bad points of these great cultures (like human sacrifices). It was selective reporting and vested interpretation to paint them in bad light and to show that Christianity did them a great favour in converting them from uncouth pariahs to cultured humans. After the Spanish conquest, the first Bishop of Mexico, Juan de Zumarraga, burned all the records of the Library of Texcoco in Tlateloco market square as "the work of the Devil," and religious fanatics destroyed temples and statues. Fray Diego de Landa, the second Bishop of Yucatan, following the pattern, reduced the Maya Library in Yucatan to ashes in 1562. Bishop Diego da Landa burnt a huge bonfire of valuable documents and nothing but the three codices of 'Chilam Balam' could survive the holocaust.... "We found a large number of their books of these letters, and because they did not have anything in which there was not superstition and falsehoods of the devil, we burned them all, which they felt very sorry for and which caused them grief." It was Landa that gave the orders for all the Mayans to bring all manuscripts to the public squares in Mani to be burned. All these books contained what would now be priceless information on astronomy, medicine, religion, and philosophy. The burning of manuscripts continued for decades. Soldiers were encouraged to ransack palaces, public buildings, and private houses to find manuscripts. Pablo Jose de Arriaga, the head of the Jesuit College in Peru, in almost unparalleled fanaticism, caused the systematic and wholesale destruction of all state archives, customs records, royal and imperial archives, codes of laws, temple archives, and historical records. Less than a score of manuscripts escaped annihilation. These libraries contained records of ancient Vedic history, medicine, astronomy, science, religion, and philosophy. Below: The ancient Mayan had seen Indian Vimanas and recorded it on stone. A German linguist Kurt Schildmann, a native of Heiderhof, says his study of ancient inscriptions discovered in the caves of Peru and the United States shows that they are similar to ancient Indus Valley Sanskrit, suggesting that Indians in Vimanas reached the Americas thousands of years ago. He describes the Indus civilization as a forerunner of all other world civilizations. While doing "epigraphic research" on the Crespi collection of Cuenca, Peru, Schildmann discovered Sanskrit in inscriptions found in Peru and in the Burrows cave in southern Illinois. He also deciphered an icon found in the Burrows' cave, on which he said many details depicted the "wisdom of the Indus culture". Schildmann was struck by the drawing of an elephant on top of a "Pyramid", with three lines of a legend. He deciphered the legend as "PIL", that was 6000 years old ancient Sanskrit word for an elephant. He concluded, the ancient Indian engraved texts on gold plates and hid them to honor the gods and address the succeeding generations. Elephants are not found in Peru and USA. In 1821 a man Joseph Smith found these plates , considered himself the chosen one and founded the Mormon religion.. Reproduced from CAPT AJIT VADAKAYILoriginal article NASA: DNA Found on Meteorites Indicates Life ? Originated in Space NASA researchers have found the building blocks for life in meteorites, indicating that the components for life on Earth may have originated in outer space. DNAResearchers from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greebelt, Md., report evidence that ready-made DNA parts could have crashed to the surface on objects like meteorites, and then assembled under Earth's early conditions to create the first DNA. The discovery was made using samples from 12 carbon-rich meteorites, nine of them from Antarctica. The team extracted small fragments of the meteorite and ran them through a process to determine their structure. What they found was adenine and guanine. These are two of the nucleobases needed to make the rungs of DNA's spiral ladder (in addition to thymine and cytosine, which were not present in the sample). The team also found hypoxathine and xanthine, which are not part of DNA but are used in various biological processes. "People have been discovering components of DNA in meteorites since the 1960s, but researchers were unsure whether they were really created in space or if instead they came from contamination by terrestrial life," said Dr. Michael Callahan, lead researcher of the discovery. "For the first time, we have three lines of evidence that together give us confidence these DNA building blocks actually were created in space." The team all but ruled out the possibility that the compounds were contaminated on Earth because the nucleobases they found do not naturally occur on this planet. Furthermore, the samples, predominately found in Antarctic ice, did not have the chemical makeup to support terrestrial contamination. They studied both terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples to make the comparisons. Opponents of the idea that DNA particles came from space typically point to contamination of samples to question the theory. What is particularly significant about the new research is that the scientists were able to effectively prove there was no contamination and that the biological parts were created in space and carried to Earth. The research has even greater implications than first meets the eye. If the ingredients for life were brought here from some external source, there's always the possibility that the same thing has happened elsewhere in the universe -- possibly many times over. This would give credence to the theory that life exists on other planets. Though the findings are likely to undergo a lot more scientific scrutiny, if meteorites are truly bringing in the ingredients for life, it could forever change our picture of life in the universe. For more information, watch the video below: Is This Proof That The Soul Exists? Watch more here: Original Journal Article can be found here: Thursday, June 5, 2014 Value of Pi, written in Sanskrit by Arya Bhata, long before any European even thought of it Photo: Value of Pi, written in Sanskrit by Arya Bhata, long before any European even thought of it. Brahmastra' is heard as a buzzword in almost every historical tale of Hindu History/Mythology. Have we ever wondered how is it invoked and fired? Like normal weapons it is not held in hands nor is usually kept in quiver like an ordinary arrow. When need arises to release this weapon, it is summonned by casting a divine spell (chanting a mantra). So, what's that secret code/mantra to fire this highly devastating missile? It is said that Brahmastra is released by a mantra derived from gayatri mantram. Some also believe that Gayatri mantram itself is used to release Brahmastra. Then a question arises- why can't everyone who knows Gayatri mantra release Brahmastra? I'm a twice born (Brahmin) and since the day of my thread ceremony (Upanayanam), as a tradition i should chant Gayatri mantram daily, and i do. So can i release Brahmastra? Definitely NOT!! Then what's the difernce between me and Dronacharya (another Brahmin) who could release Brahastra? The answer being a simple fact which is detailed below:- All Mantras have great potency.One has to gain siddhi on a particular mantra before it works miracles for him. Now what is siddhi? Every mantra needs a particular no. of repeatation after which it becomes 'Siddh'. Siddhi is nothing but when a sadhaka chants with full concentration a particular mantra for a particular no. of times (no. varies and is either in thousands or lakhs or crores for each type), it gives him siddhi in that. Siddhi is nothing but that particular person himself becomes charged with that mighty energy. In the case of Brahmastra, when a person is trained how to chant Gayatri mantra for Missile purpose, a person has to gain siddhi on it, and when he acquires it, he gets energized. With that energy when he releases even a grass blade by chanting that Gayatri mantra it turns into Brahma Missille due to his own charged energy and the missile inturn derives it's power from Lord Brahma. This siddhi concept is not only limited to Astras, but it's all about a human being turning divine...We have seen many examples in our scriptures. Kapila muni had destroyed 1000 sons of Sagar just within a moment. Did he use any weapon? NO..he used his enerygy. How did he gain his energy? He should definitely have worked on some divine mantra and got energized himself. We have also observed in the scriptures that sages usually refrain from giving curse. Only when there is no way they give curse. Why? Why can't they freely donate curses to anyone whom they see as sinners? Reason is, when a siddh yogi (Energized human body) gives a curse, it decreases his aura (Teja/Energy) to a large extent, since curse also works by deriving enerygy from the Yogi's energy pool. However it wastes the energy to a great extent. so, usually saints refrain from wasting the energy since they always believe it should be used constructively. The same thing holds good for releasing the Brahmastra kind of Maha Weapons, sinc ethey also consume lot of energy and hence should be used when there is no other go. Now coming back to Brahmastra again:- Brahmastra is released by Chanting Gayatri in a specific manner, the syllable sounds and pitch may differ from normally what we chant during our puja. So, a question arises, what's the diference between those two chants? Let me tell you that Sonic energy (Sound) is extremely powerful, since it's afterall energy!! Any noise made at a particular frequency can destroy objects. We have examples where sound made in a particular high pitch destroys glass (metals and other objects as well). In Stephen Knapp’s article “Frequencies that can kill, heal and transcend” he states, “The science of vibrations and frequencies and how they effect people is something that has been around for thousands of years. We can still find evidence of this in the ancient Vedic texts of India. These explain not only the results of using the frequencies of words and mantras, but also supply instructions in some cases. The sages of ancient India used it to produce various results in the rituals they performed, and from the mantras they would recite. If the mantras were recited in particular ways, certain amazing results would take place, including changing the weather, producing certain types of living beings, or even palaces. Others used it to produce weapons, like the Brahmashtra weapon, which was equal to the modern nuclear bombs. Specific mantras could be attached to arrows, with the sound causing powerful explosions when the arrow reached its target. Others used the science of vibrations to bring their consciousness to higher levels of perception, or to enter spiritual reality.” (This paragraph referred from Now another question arises; if that is the case for Brahmastra, when a person chants gayatri at a very shrill sound, wouldn't that effect the listeners? Well, it's not the sound which we hear. There are two types of sounds, before describing them let's know what is sound. Sound is referred to as the “Nada Brahma” or the divine sound, that is to say, in abstraction too there is a connection with the divine. There are two types of sound: un-struck/un-heard sound and struck/heard sound. Un-struck sound is a vibration of ether, the upper or purer air near the celestial realm. The enlightened yogis seek the unstruck sound called “Anaahata Nada”, and only they can hear it. The struck sound or “Aahata Nada”, is the vibration of air in the lower atmosphere closer to the earth. It is any sound that we hear in nature or man-made sounds, musical, and non-musical. So to release Brahmastra it's the Anahata sound which is used to chant Gayatri and not the normal Aahata sound which we use for puja. Also, since it's a person's divine energy which is used to propel the Brahma missile which in turn derives further energy from Lord Brahma, the destruction effect varies. It's not like if Drona releases Brahmastra, whatever effect/destruction it caused, would be the same if Lord Brahma himself releases the astra. In former case destruction would be massive, but in latter case it would be an annihilation in an astronomical range...!! The sum and substance of this article is- Gayatri Mantra chanted in normal way can have healing and good benefits on a human, but when particularly chanted in a different/varying pitch (Anahata Sound), can turn a Darbha (Grass Blade) into a Brahmastra! Only the Guru teaches the right desciple the way to invoke Gayatri into running a Brahma missile. Otherwise any tom dick and harry who knows Gayatri mantra could have played with Brahmastra. Thank God for not disclosing the key to everyone, otherwise the world would have become a grave yard long back!! Brahmastra in Metaphysical plane:- Till now we have discussed about Brahmastra in it's real and true form. But let's correlate this to our inner self and see what ebenfit we achieve if we release the Brahmastra present in our own body. There are two planes, 1. Physical 2. Meta-Physical In physical plane if we understand Brahmastra then it's a weapon of mass destruction. We have discussed this above. In Meta-Physical plane we can assume Brahmastra as the Kundalini Serpent power. This Brahmastra is located within the 'Mooladhara Chakra/Base shell' of our body situated near the Anus. When a sadhaka (Warrior) meditates and raises his Kundalini, his kundalini (Read Brahmastra here in this context), derives energy from his base chakra (Mooladhara) and propels upwards. On its way, it penetrates through 5 other chakras deriving energies from them at every stage. Finally it hits the target-Crown chakra (Sahasrara) and explodes there with a brilliance. That explosion annihilates all "Illusion/Maya", and leaves the sadhaka with the debris called as "Aham Brahmasmi" feeling. So, everyone should yearn for pocessing and releasing one's inner Brahmastra but the Brahmastra in physical world should always be in the hands of right people! from dhyatmikasampada
3D printing Difference Engine: Making it Is personal manufacturing set to follow in personal computing’s footsteps? Science and technology JAY Leno, the most popular talk-show host on American television, has one of the best collections of old cars and motorbikes in the United States. He keeps them in a large garage in the San Fernando Valley, down the road from the NBC studios in Burbank, California, where “The Tonight Show” is taped. Mr Leno is an admirable collector. His vehicles are not trophies for show, but curious examples that he likes to put in running order—so he can drive or ride them himself and enjoy the essence of a bygone age. A crew of professional mechanics is on hand to help restore and maintain the vehicles. Parts that have become obsolete are fabricated on the premises, using a battery of computerised tools that any machine shop would be proud to possess. In a monthly column he writes about his motoring passion for Popular Mechanics, Mr Leno recently described how his “Big Dog Garage Team” fabricated a feedwater heater for his 1907 White Steamer. The aluminium part had become so porous with age that steam could be seen seeping through. Being heavily impregnated with oil, patching it up by welding a plate in place was impossible. The answer was to fabricate the part anew. First, they used a 3D scanner to create a detailed digital model of the part at 160,000 dots per inch. Next, they fed that model to a 3D printer, which used the file to print, layer by layer, an exact copy of the part in plastic. Finally, the replica part made of plastic was used to make a mould for casting the finished component in aluminium. The scanning was a breeze, but printing the part took 33 hours. Still, having the item sent out for drawings to be made and then the part machined from solid metal would have taken weeks. As might be expected, Mr Leno's tools are among the best available—a $3,000 scanner from NextEngine and a $15,000 printer from Dimension, not to mention a Fadel CNC machining centre, which must have cost upwards of $100,000. Apart from a hydraulic lift and a plentiful supply of compressed air, your correspondent's humble workshop has nothing to compare. But his three old cars present similar problems. The good news is that the kind of rapid-prototyping technology used in the motor, aerospace and medical industries (not to mention Mr Leno's garage) has fallen in price dramatically over the past few years. While an industrial 3D printer (also known as a fabricator or a rapid prototyper) would once have cost over $100,000, a perfectly adequate machine for home use can now be had for less than $2,000. Those prepared to assemble their own can buy kits for $500 or so. There are drawbacks, of course. The size of products that can be made using a desktop 3D printer is usually limited to something that can fit within a five-inch (12.7cm) cube. Industrial fabrication machines can make parts six times larger. Even so, a desktop 3D printer will suffice for a surprising number of components used in cars and around the home. As a manufacturing process, 3D printing is what is known as an “additive” technology. Instead of removing material wastefully (by milling, boring, grinding and cutting), 3D printing uses what is effectively a modified ink-jet printer to deposit successive layers of material until the three-dimensional object is built up completely, with very little scrap. The material used is usually a thermoplastic such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), polylactic acid or polycarbonate, though metallic powders, clays and even living cells can be employed, depending on the application. While some hobbyists download ready-made designs to fabricate, many users create their own engineering drawings by taking advantage of free software like Google's SketchUp or Blender from the Blender Foundation in the Netherlands. For a price, professional packages can be had from Alibre Design, Autodesk and SolidWorks. Once the drawing is finished, the file is saved in a format the 3D printer recognises. On being loaded into the printer, the device's built in software analyses the digital design and works out the optimal way to trace the successive layers of the product being fabricated. The grandaddy of all desktop 3D-printers is the open-source RepRap project conceived in 2005 by Adrian Bowyer and colleagues at the University of Bath, in Britain. The RepRap (short for Replicating Rapid Prototyper) concept's main purpose is to make a machine that can replicate itself and evolve in the process. To date, three generations of reference designs have been released into the wild, each named after a famous biologist (Darwin, Mendel and Huxley). RepRaps are now reproducing around the world like rabbits. The aim is to enable people—especially those in poorer parts of the planet—to make complex products for themselves without the need for industrial infrastructure and heavy capital investment. As an open-source project, anyone is free to use the design and improve it, so long as they make their additions freely available to others. The personal-manufacturing movement—exemplified by Thingiverse for sharing user-created 3D files and [email protected] to exchange ideas about hardware and software—resembles nothing so much as the era when the MITS Altair 8800 kit, with its eight-bit Intel processor and S-100 bus, prepared the ground for the PC revolution that was to follow. Bre Pettis, one of the founders of MakerBot Industries, which runs Thingiverse on the side, believes personal manufacturing is currently going through much the same phase as personal computing did in the 1970s. In many ways, that makes MakerBot the MITS of today. It has sold over 5,000 of its Thing-O-Matic 3D printers, which retail for $2,500 fully assembled or $1,299 in kit-form. Meanwhile, a newcomer from the Netherlands called Ultimaker, which costs $1,700 as a kit, is winning fans for its raw speed and ability to handle larger jobs. Some wonder whether the Ultimaker could be personal manufacturing's Apple II. Over the past week, Brook Drumm, an internet entrepreneur and workshop tinkerer in Lincoln, California, raised more than $155,000 in “kickstarter" funding on the internet from people who pledged money in exchange for one of his clever little Printrbot machines. Mr Drumm offers everything needed to assemble his basic 3D-printer for $500. Could that be today's equivalent of the Sinclair ZX81, the world's most popular PC in the early 1980s? Two recent developments make your correspondent believe that personal manufacturing is about to go mainstream. One is the arrival of much cheaper printing goop. Thermoplastics like ABS and polylactic acid cost around $30 a pound. Metal powders can cost even more. Now a group at the University of Washington, in Seattle, has come up with a concoction based on artists' ceramic powder blended with sugar and maltodextrin. The material costs less than $1 a pound. The other encouraging sign is how 3D design software is becoming much easier to use. Autodesk, the maker of professional software for architects and industrial designers, is offering a free PC program, called 123D Catch, that turns 50 or so digital photographs taken of an object from various angles into a 3D printing file. Preparing a 3D product for fabrication cannot get much easier than that. As much as your correspondent would prefer a 3D scanner like Mr Leno's NextEngine, software such as 123D Catch could do a pretty good job in the meantime. But it surely cannot be long before Japanese camera-makers add features to their pocket-sized products that let them digitise 3D objects photographically. Then, personal manufacturing will literally become point, shoot, upload and print solid objects in three dimensions. And many an old car or lawn mower will run sweeter as a result. Reuse this contentThe Trust Project The Economist Today Hand-picked stories, in your inbox A daily email with the best of our journalism
Menopause: Stages, symptoms, treatment and recommendations 22 September 2019 \| Category: Women's Health Menopause is the period in a woman’s life when menstruation ceases, and it is characterized by lack of menstruation for one year. Technically speaking, it refers to a woman’s last menstrual period. Menopause is a very significant stage in a woman’s life, and brings in a number of changes both mentally and health-wise. Menopause is a completely natural transition. Through tailored menopause treatment, every woman can get through this experience comfortably and healthily. Genetic history and the age at natural maternal menopause are also crucial for women with regards to their menopause. What is menopause? Menopause is when a woman’s periods stop and her ovaries stop functioning. At this stage, the ovaries slow down the production of estrogen and progesterone before they stop functioning completely. Menopause is diagnosed when a woman has gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period and it usually occurs in a woman’s 5th decade. A woman is considered to have entered into early menopause in mid 40s and late menopause in mid 50s. There is no reliable laboratory test to predict when a woman will enter into menopause. The age for onset of first menstrual period is not associated with the age for onset of menopause. Menopause is a natural biological process. What is the function of estrogen? Causes and symptoms of high level Although your fertility ceased, you can still live healthy, vibrant and a sexually active life. Some women even see menopause as an opportunity to live their sexual life with an ease of mind since they no longer have to worry about unwanted pregnancy. Stages of menopause There are 3 stages to menopause: 1. Perimenopause (the time around menopause) 2. Menopause 3. Postmenopause (the time after menopause) Perimenopause (the time before menopause) stage Perimenopause describes the time when a woman may begin to experience some of the symptoms that can occur with menopause. Changes and symptoms usually begin with perimenopause. Symptoms of this stage may begin a few years before your last menstrual period. Perimenopause lasts an average of 4 years but may vary in some women. If you have not had a period for 12 months, this means that perimenopause stage is over and you are in menopause. Your ovaries will continue to function during this stage, but their function will begin to decline. Even if you are experiencing perimenopausal symptoms, you can still become pregnant because your ovaries can still function, though slowly. Continued contraception is advised in order to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Menopause stage If you have not had a period for 12 months, then you are in menopause. Menopause is a very natural process in which a woman experiences a transition from one phase to another. During this stage, the ovaries lose their ability to function and fertility ceased. What is a Pap smear test? Procedure, results and frequency Postmenopause stage The term “postmenopause” describes the years following menopause. During this stage, menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, can ease for many women. But, due to a lower level of estrogen, postmenopausal women are at increased risk for a number of health conditions, such as osteoporosis and heart disease. Urinary incontinence in women: Causes, symptoms and treatment This risk may be reduced by hormone therapy and/or healthy lifestyle changes. Since every woman is affected differently by hormonal changes, talk to your doctor to learn what steps you can take to reduce your individual risk. Menopause symptoms • Menstrual irregularities • Frequent hot flushes • Night sweats • Rapid weight changes • Fatigue and tiredness • Frequent urination • Vaginal dryness • Tenderness in breasts • Lack of interest in sex • Urinary incontinence when coughing or sneezing • Sudden mood swings • Sleep disturbances Symptoms of perimenopause, menopause and postmenopausal stages are similar. The symptoms at this stage is different and of varying duration in every woman. The symptoms usually resolve within 5 years; however, if these symptoms reduce your quality of life, consult your doctor. The following is a list of common symptoms: Hot flushes in menopause Hot flushes are sudden feelings of heat felt on face, upper body and throughout body. It may start with menstrual irregularities and continue up to 10 years, but 80% of women are free of this symptom after five years. It usually lasts between 30 seconds to 10 minutes. What is the prolactin? Symptoms and treatment of high PRL levels Although the exact etiology of hot flushes is unknown, they are likely to be caused by hormonal and biochemical changes due to decreased estrogen levels. The severity of hot flushes may vary among women depending on how fast estrogen levels fall. Women can alleviate their hot flushes by dressing lightly and in layers, doing regular exercises, carrying a fan to use, applying stress management and avoiding spicy foods. Night sweats in menopause It is a common symptom that is experienced during menopause. While sleeping, hot flush, followed by an intense sweating occur. As is the case with hot flushes, the intensity of sweating may also vary depending on the room temperature and how fast the hormones are changing. Night sweats may disrupt your sleeping patterns. Although these sweats are considered normal for menopause, they can be a sign of a different health problem. You can contact your doctor to make sure. What causes stress? Symptoms, management and related diseases Weight gain in menopause The most important problem of many women is the weight gain during menopause. This symptom can be due to decreased thyroid activity. However, the main reason for weight gain during menopause is decreased physical activity and increased eating behaviors. Weight gain can be prevented by regular exercise and a balanced diet. Loss of libido in menopause Another consequence of hormonal changes is lack of sexual interest. This may get better or worse, but other factors other than menopause may also play a role in the lack of interest in sex. Stress, sleep disturbances, medications and anxiety can affect sexual experience. Your doctor can help you deal with this problem with your partner. Fatigue in menopause You may experience fatigue and tiredness during menopause. Sometimes sudden feeling of tiredness makes you leave things halfway done. This happens when hormones fail to regulate cellular energy in the body. Sometimes short temper and distraction can be added up to these issues. Frequent urination in menopause The urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body) shows signs of drying out and thinning and loses its elasticity with the decreased level of estrogen. This increases the risk for urinary tract infection and creates the need to urinate more frequently. Vaginal dryness in menopause Decreased estrogen levels during menopause decreases blood flow to the vagina, causing vaginal dryness. This may result in pain and discomfort during sexual intercourse. This problem can be overcome by water-soluble lubricants. What is Cortisol? The meaning of high and low level If the lubricants don’t provide a solution, you can get advice from your doctor. Prescription vaginal creams and suppositories can help reduce dryness. What is early menopause? Early menopause is when a woman’s periods stop before the age of 40 naturally or as a result of a disorder and interventions. In this rare case, the ovaries no longer function. Women in early menopause experience symptoms such as hot flushes, emotional changes, vaginal dryness and decreased sex drive. Some women may experience these symptoms more severely. Furthermore, women who go through early menopause become more predisposed to bone diseases compared to those with normal menopause. This increases the risk for osteoporosis. Therefore, treatment is crucial in early menopause. Cessation of menstrual bleeding (amenorrhea) in women’s lives during these ages can also be seen due to sudden weight loss, excessive exercise, stress, adhesions in uterus following abortion or other surgical interventions. Since amenorrhea can cause bone loss due to decreased estrogen hormone, it is absolutely necessary to seek medical attention. Causes of early menopause • Chromosome defects such as Turner Syndrome • Genetic factors such as family history of early menopause • Autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis • Surgical removal of ovaries • Previous chemotherapy or pelvic radiation therapy What is late menopause? There is no definite age for the onset of menopause, but most women enter into menopause in their mid-40s to mid-50s. If you are still having periods past age 51, you may be experiencing late menopause. If you are sexually active and do not wish to get pregnant it is important to use contraceptive methods, even if your menstrual cycles are irregular. There may be several reasons why a woman has not entered into menopause but you should see a doctor immediately in such circumstances. The doctor first checks family history, then conducts physical examination and may also request some tests. Causes of late menopause • Thyroid • Obesity • High estrogen level • Genetic factors such as family history of late menopause • Pregnancy in the 50s Menopause treatment Menopausal symptoms may occasionally cause distress and disrupt everyday life. In this case, there are many different treatment options that can make your life easier. In this section we will take a look at these options: Hormone replacement treatment (HRT) HRT or hormone therapy (HT), also called postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), consists of estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone (progestin). What is Cortisone? Benefits, Uses, Dosage and Side Effects Hormone therapy is used to control menopausal symptoms associated with decreased estrogen levels, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, and HT represents the most effective way of treating these symptoms. Bioidentical hormone therapy In recent years, there has been an increased interest favoring the use of “bioidentical” hormone therapy in perimenopausal women. Bioavailable hormone preparations contain hormones that have the same chemical formula as those produced naturally in our bodies Hormones are derived by modifying compounds extracted from naturally occurring plants in the laboratory. Some of these bioidentical hormone preparations have been approved by the FDA in the United States and manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, while others are prepared in pharmacies by specifically tailoring them to each patient’s needs. Oral contraceptives (Birth control pills) Women in transition to menopause tend to experience a significant amount of bleeding when treated with estrogen. Oral contraceptive pills are another hormone therapy usually prescribed for perimenopausal women to treat their irregular vaginal bleeding. Local (vaginal) hormone and non-hormonal treatments There are hormonal treatments that are applied locally (ie., directly to the vagina) to relieve the symptoms of vaginal estrogen deficiency. Local therapies include vaginal estrogen ring (Estring), vaginal estrogen cream or vaginal estrogen tablets. In some cases, local and oral estrogen treatments are combined. The use of vaginal moisturizers and lubricants, such as creams or lotions during sexual intercourse, are non-hormonal options that can be used to prevent the discomfort of vaginal dryness. Antidepressants have been found to be effective in about 60% of women suffering from hot flashes and mood swings. However, antidepressants should be used with caution due to their side effects, such as decreased libido or sexual dysfunction. What are antidepressants used for? Uses, types and Side effects Life-style changes A healthy diet and regular exercise can be very helpful in relieving menopausal symptoms. It may also be a good idea to kick any old, unhealthy habits like smoking or drinking too much alcohol. Other life style changes may involve dressing lightly and in layers as well as avoiding potential triggers like caffeine and spicy foods. Plant estrogens (phytoestrogens, isoflavones) Isoflavones are chemical compounds found in estrogens of soy and plant origin. They have a chemical structure similar to estrogens that are naturally produced by body; however their efficacy as an estrogen is estimated to be much lower than that of the actual estrogens. Two types of isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, are found in soybeans, chickpeas and lentils and are considered to be most potent estrogens of phytoestrogens. Breast reduction surgery: Procedure, recovery, risks, and exercises Studies have shown that these compounds can help alleviate hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. In particular, women who have had breast cancer and do not want to receive hormone therapy (HT) with estrogen sometimes use soy products to alleviate menopausal symptoms. There is a perception among many women that plant estrogens are “natural” and therefore safer than HT, but this has not been scientifically proven. Further research is needed to fully establish the safety and potential risks of phytoestrogens. Vitamin E Some women take vitamin E supplements to alleviate symptoms of hot flashes. However, taking too many of them is thought to increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin E for health: Benefits, uses, deficiency and side effects Black cohosh Black cohosh is a popular herbal product for alleviating hot flashes in Europe. This herb has become increasingly popular in the US, and its use is supported by the North American Menopause Society for up to six months to treat menopausal symptoms. However, scientific studies that prove the benefits and safety of this product are limited. The studies measuring the effectiveness of herbs as menopause treatment found no significant difference. Recommendations for menopause • Whenever you experience hot flushes drink a glass of cold water or go to somewhere cool. Dress in layers. Try to identify what triggers the hot flushes. This may include hot drinks, caffeine, spicy foods, alcohol, stress, hot weather and a hot room. • For vaginal dryness use over-the-counter, water-based vaginal lubricants (Astroglide, K-Y jelly, etc.), silicone-based lubricants or moisturizers (Replenes etc.). Choose glycerin-free products. Glycerin can cause burning sensations or irritation in women who are sensitive to chemicals. Being sexually active also helps as it increases blood flow to the vagina. • Get enough sleep. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can make sleeping harder. If you experience night sweats, use cotton linens, use a fan in the bedroom, wear thin, cotton pajamas or nightgowns, use a damp cloth to cool your face and keep your head on the edge of the bed. • Techniques such as deep breathing, brisk breathing, massaging, and progressive muscle relaxation can help alleviate menopausal symptoms. • Strengthen your pelvic muscles by doing kegel exercises. This can help you overcome urinary incontinence. • Follow a diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit your intake of saturated fats and sugar. Consult your doctor if you need daily supplementation of calcium or vitamin D. • Quit smoking. Smoking increases the risk for heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, cancer, among other health problems. Furthermore, it may contribute to hot flushes and cause early menopause. • Do regular exercise. Do regular exercise to help protect against heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and other diseases associated with aging. References: 1- Menopause / Change of life 2- Symptoms of menopause 3- Menopause 4- What causes menopause What is your comment? Skip to toolbar
When Blacks Voted 80 Percent Dem, Malcolm X Called Them "Chumps" Story Stream recent articles When blacks gave 80 percent of their vote to the Democratic Party in 1964, black activist Malcolm X called them "political chumps." White voters, X said, "are so evenly divided that every time they vote, the race is so close they have to go back and count the votes all over again. Which means that any bloc, any minority that has a bloc that sticks together is in a strategic position. Either way you go, that's who gets it." What would Malcolm X say about today's 95 percent black vote? Did the Democratic Party keep its promises to promote family stability, push education and encourage job creation? The black community, over the last 50 years, has suffered an unparalleled breakdown in family unity. Even during slavery when marriage was illegal, a black child was more likely than today to be raised under a roof with his or her biological mother and father. According to census data, from 1890 to 1940, said economist Walter Williams, a black child was slightly more likely to grow up with married parents than a white child. What happened? When President Lyndon Johnson launched the War on Poverty in 1965, 24 percent of black babies were born to unmarried mothers. Today that number is 72 percent. Then-presidential candidate Barack Obama said in 2008: "Children who grow up without a father are five times more likely to live in poverty and commit crime; nine times more likely to drop out of schools and 20 times more likely to end up in prison. They are more likely to have behavioral problems, or run away from home, or become teenage parents themselves." Not only has family breakdown coincided with increased government spending, but the money has not done much to reduce the rate of poverty. From 1965 until now, the government has spent $15-20 trillion to fight poverty. In 1949, the poverty rate stood at 34 percent. By 1965, it was cut in half, to 17 percent -- all before the so-called War on Poverty. But after the war began in 1965, poverty began to flat line. It appears that the generous welfare system allowed women to, in essence, marry the government -- and it allowed men to abandon their financial and moral responsibility, while surrendering the dignity that comes from being a good provider. Psychologists call dependency "learned helplessness." About the importance of education, Malcolm X once said, "My alma mater was books, a good library. ... I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity." What would he say about the Democratic opposition to school vouchers -- where the money would follow the student rather than the other way around? Urban schools, where students are disproportionately black and brown, are simply not producing children who can read, write and compute at grade level. The dropout rate can approach 50 percent in some urban districts. Nationwide, 10 percent of parents send their kids to private school. But in cities like Philadelphia and Chicago, 40 percent or more of teachers send their own kids to private schools. Democrats don't do blacks any favor by supporting "race-based preferences" in admissions to colleges and universities. Turns out, the more a school lowers standards to achieve "diversity," the greater the chance the "diverse" student drops out. More than that, Democrats have convinced blacks that but for race-based preferences, black growth would suffer. Nonsense. Respected researchers Stephan and Abigail Thernstrom wrote: "The growth of the black middle class long predates the adoption of race-conscious social policies. In some ways, indeed, the black middle class was expanding more rapidly before 1970 than after." Finally, as to the economy, then-chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, Emanuel Cleaver, D-Mo., admitted: "With 14 percent (black) unemployment, if we had a white president we'd be marching around the White House. ...The President knows we are going to act in deference to him in a way we wouldn't to someone white." Democratic policies have contributed to family breakdown, maintained underperforming urban schools -- with no opt out for parents -- and have promoted tax-spend-and-regulate economic policies that have resulted in a level of unemployment described as "unconscionable" by Rep. Maxine Waters, D-Calif., a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. So would Malcolm X call today's black voter a political "chump" -- or a political "traitor"? In conclusion... Show commentsHide Comments
derivation of laws Asked by \| 29th Jul, 2008, 04:46: PM Expert Answer: We cannot entertain multiple question of this type, please post each question individually and let us know where you are getting stuck so that we would be able to explain things better. Second law mathematically ., F = ma now F= 0 ( 1st law implies in absence of external force ) so , m a = 0 but mass cannot be zero ; so acceleration is zero which is possible only under foll. two conditions: (i) body is at rest (ii) body is in uniform motion which establishes , Newton's 1st law of motion : A body continues in the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line until acted uponby an external force. Answered by \| 30th Jul, 2008, 01:23: AM
I write a lot about animal bites, and for good reason since they are common and can be very severe. Usually, it’s dog bites. Sometimes it’s cat bites, or more rarely injuries from birds or other critters. Monkey bites not so much, but they happen. I had an email question about rabies exposure from a monkey bite the other day, and there was a paper in the October edition of Emerging Infectious Diseases about monkey bites amongst US military personnel in Afghanistan. Some highlights of that paper: From 2001-2010, 643 animal bites were reported by US military personnel. • More probably occurred since bites are often underreported. Dogs accounted for 50% of bites, but many other animals were also involved, including rhesus macaques, a type of primate that is present in the wild and also kept as pets in Afghanistan. • Macaque bites are even more of a concern than dog bites. In addition to the ever-present risk of rabies exposure, these animals can also transmit Macacine herpesvirus B, which is a very serious pathogen that can kill people. Like any animal, macaques also have a wide array of bacteria in their mouths that can cause infections after a bite. 10 monkey bites were reported in this series. • Most people who were bitten were young (less than 30 years of age) and male. All were junior enlisted personnel or non-commissioned officers. • Eight of the monkeys that bit were pets, including one that somehow belonged to US military members (despite orders that US military personnel not adopt or interact with local animals or pets). • Appropriate wound care was provided following only six of the bites. So, there are deficiencies in understanding basic first aid following bites. • Only five people received appropriate treatment for herpes B exposure. That’s a concern because of how serious this infection can be. • Eight received antibiotics. Antibiotics are only indicated in a subset of bites, mainly based on what part of the body is bitten, so it’s not clear whether this was really needed (while more concerning issues went unchecked). • Eight received treatment for rabies exposure. • No one got sick, fortunately. Monkey bites aren’t something that most people need to be concerned about in their daily lives, but they are a concern for people living in areas where there are monkeys, as well as those who visit such areas. (I have a vivid memory of swinging a camera case at a monkey in Barbados that for some reason seemed to be less than impressed with my existence). Bites happen, but some are avoidable. Common sense can reduce the risk. If common sense isn’t enough and you’re bitten, don’t panic, but you also can’t ignore it. After thoroughly cleaning the wound, it’s important to get medical advice about what diseases are of concern and whether anything else can or needs to be done. Physicians working in foreign countries also need to be trained on geographically-relevant risks. Monkey-associated infections are not high on the curriculum of US medical schools, so geographically-relevant training is required for people heading elsewhere to work.
Mushrooms & Your Health The Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms By: Jennifer Molnar (M.Sc. Human Health and Nutritional Sciences) As a scientist, nature freak and self-proclaimed foodie, I find it difficult to imagine a world without mushrooms. Call me a nerd, sure, but fungi have had an enormous impact on humankind in ways we just don’t appreciate in our day-to-day lives. I am not referring to the necessity of fungi in just about every ecosystem on Earth, nor to their contribution to our food supply in the form of baked goods, fermented foods and certain alcoholic beverages. What could be more important to human civilization than beer, you ask? Simply put, fungi have played an uncontested role in the maintenance of human health and wellness for thousands of years. In fact, they were the original wonder drug. The Chinese called them ‘the elixir of life,’ (1) and a blue mould was the source of the antibiotic that revolutionized medicine (2). Even Ötzi, the 5300-year-old Iceman found frozen in the Alps, carried a collection of therapeutic fungi in his pack (3). Medicinal mushrooms are clearly not new, but recent research into their bioactive compounds has drawn attention to the impact of mushrooms on immune function (4). With cancer being one of the leading causes of death in North America, this crucial finding has made mushrooms—and the anti-cancer drugs derived from them—seem fresh again. Could medicinal mushrooms prove to be a miracle drug once more? You’ll have to keep reading to find out. An Introduction to Mushrooms Before I convert you into a fellow fungi fanatic, it is important to understand the biology of these interesting yet misunderstood organisms. The kingdom Fungi are an extraordinarily diverse group that range from microscopic unicellular yeasts to multicellular macrofungi. The two main groups, or phyla, of fungi are the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota (5). The former category encompasses some of the more well-known fungi like toadstools, bracket fungi and puffballs, while the latter includes truffles, morels, yeasts and moulds. When we think of a mushroom, the classic umbrella-shaped fungus automatically comes to mind. But not all fungi have mushrooms, and not all mushrooms look like the ones we’re familiar with. The word ‘mushroom’ is a loosely-used term that actually refers to the macroscopic fruiting body of a fungus (6). According to Brittany Stager, Marketing Manager at Mushrooms Canada, “the fruiting body is the structure that bears the spores, or reproductive material.” If you imagine the anatomy of a plant, the fruiting body would be roughly equivalent to the plant’s fruit or flower, while the spores would be akin to the seeds. Some experts take the definition further and consider only fruiting bodies large enough to be picked by hand to be true mushrooms. Fruiting bodies are extremely diverse in form; some look like amorphous globs of jelly, while others are reminiscent of coral, birds’ eggs or starfish. When we refer to mushrooms in cuisine, we are talking about the fruiting body of an edible fungus that can be sliced, diced, simmered or eaten whole. “Among the most popular mushrooms used in cooking are white, portabella, shiitake and oyster mushrooms,” explains Stager. But the ‘lower’ fungi are still important to the food industry even though they do not produce mushrooms. Moulds and yeasts are used as ingredients or processing aids to make a variety of foodstuffs like blue cheese, soft drinks and leavened baked goods (7). The vast majority of mushrooms, whether edible or not, contain a host of bioactive compounds (6). The fruiting body houses antioxidants like the amino acid ergothioneine (8), the fatty acid conjugated linoleic acid (9) and various phenolic compounds (10). But the most heavily researched active constituents found in mushrooms are the polysaccharides, a group of carbohydrate compounds that include proteoglycans (1). But more on those later. Mushrooms: The Original Miracle Drug Like so many other foods known to behave like drugs in the body, the science has only recently begun to reveal what ancient cultures have known about mushrooms for millennia (1, 6). Mushrooms have been used in traditional Eastern medicines to treat conditions ranging from heart disease, stomach upset and diabetes to infections, liver problems and cancer (1, 4, 6). Although more than 270 species of mushrooms are thought to have drug-like properties (4), the main medicinal species used historically are the reiishi (Gandoderma lucidum), shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and maitake (Grifola frondosa) (6). We have since found ways to transform the pharmacological elements of mushrooms into modern drugs thanks to advancements in technology. Many of today’s most important pharmaceuticals—immunosuppressors, statins, antibiotics and more—were originally derived from fungi (11). In fact, one of the most significant contributions to medicine was all thanks to some stubborn mould. In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming left a dish of bacteria he had been working with unattended while on holiday. When he returned after a few weeks, he was irked to find pesky mould growing on his specimens. But like any good scientist, Fleming was intrigued by the odd bacteria-free halo surrounding the blue mould. What was it was that made the pathogenic organisms unable to grow there? The mould turned out to be the fungus Penicillium, and the antibiotic penicillin was officially born (2). Penicillin proved to be a saving grace for humankind as the years went on, helping us treat fatal bacterial infections that were previously impossible to cure (11). The following decades brought increased lifespan and improved quality of life for the majority, shifting the need for a cure away from acute infections and toward chronic disease. So while the problem today is different, the story remains the same: cancer is now a major cause of death for which we have no cure. Could fungi again be our key to survival? A surprisingly consistent body of evidence says yes. The earliest study showcasing the anti-cancer powers of mushrooms was published several decades ago. Extracts of the common porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis) inhibited tumour progression in mice implanted with human cancer cells (12). Promising to be sure, but could the same benefits be achieved in humans? To put these findings into a real-life context, researchers studied the cancer death rates of more than 100 000 Japanese mushroom farmers over a span of 15 years. The study was based on the assumption that the farmers would eat at least some of the edible enokitake (Flammuline velutipes) they farmed more than those who did not grow mushrooms. The research proved fruitful: the rates of death from cancer were roughly 165% higher in people who did not regularly consume mushrooms (13, 14). But the observational nature of this investigation still left questions unanswered. Do mushrooms cure cancer or simply prevent it? How much do you have to eat to obtain the benefits? Mushroom Immunoceuticals and Cancer Many of the active substances found in mushrooms—particulary proteoglycans—act as immunomodulators. An immunomodulator is a substance that influences the functioning of the immune system when introduced into the body (15). Mushroom compounds that are immunologically active when eaten have been dubbed ‘immunoceuticals,’ a subcategory of nutraceuticals (15, 16, 17). Dozens of mushroom species contain immunoceuticals, yet only six of these have been tested in humans (15, 16). Why is immunomodulation important? For one, the immune system plays a critical role in our ability to fight diseases such as cancer. A healthy immune system is made up of different types of white blood cells that work together to defend the body (18). The main job of the immune system is to recognize these foreign or harmful substances and eliminate them (18). Sounds simple enough, but cancer cells have found a way around our natural defences. Even though the immune system is supposed to recognize the cells as invasive, cancer cells have mechanisms that make them especially good at evading this response (15). This is why cancer is so difficult to cure, even with potent treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Surgery is somewhat effective at removing tumours, but chemo and radiation are usually employed to make sure any remaining cells are destroyed. And while conventional therapies may seem like a good option, they can severely weaken a patient’s immune system and cause debilitating side effects (4). This is where mushrooms shine: the six immunoceuticals extracted from certain fungi have shown huge potential as valuable cancer therapies. Interestingly, the following compounds that have displayed the most promising anti-cancer effects are derived from seemingly ordinary mushrooms: • Lentinan – an extract of the popular and delicious shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes); • Schizophyllan – derived from the world’s most common and widespread mushroom, the Split Gill (Schizophyllum commune); • AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound) – a proprietary blend of extracts from several mushrooms, namely shiitake; • Maitake D-Fraction – a preparation from another widely-used Japanese mushroom, the maitake (Grifola frondosa); • PSK (Polysaccharide-K, also known as krestin) – an extract from the multi-hued Turkey Tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor); • PSP (Polysaccharide-peptide) – also derived from the Turkey Tail (4). Of these six cancer-thwarting substances, PSK and PSP have undergone the most testing in humans. PSK and PSP are large molecules called proteoglycans that are made up of small proteins and repeating sugar units. Proteoglycans have a branched centipede-like shape, with the long protein backbone as the body and the shorter sugar chains as the legs. This pronged configuration allows the compounds to interact with human cells in a complex way. This is an especially important attribute when it comes to carrying and transmitting information from one cell to another (6). In this way, PSK sends a message to stimulate a sluggish immune system, strengthening the body’s defences against cancerous cells (4). There is now more than fifty years’ worth of clinical evidence supporting PSK’s activity against esophageal, stomach, colorectal, nasopharyngeal and lung cancers in humans (4, 15). PSP has shown similar hopeful results in human studies, mostly against cancers of the stomach, esophagus and lung (15). And unlike toxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PSK and PSP have shown virtually no negative side effects in patients (1, 15). In most studies the mushroom-derived substances were used in conjunction with conventional therapies to improve patients’ overall quality of life (1, 4, 15). The most remarkable finding of all? The ability of both PSK and PSP to increase survival rates in patients with certain types of cancer (1, 15). Now that’s impressive, even for the already remarkable fungi. Despite the solid body of evidence to date, more research is needed to determine how exactly mushroom proteoglycans behave in the body, how they are metabolized and what dose, frequency and route of administration is most effective (4). It is also important that any interactions between mushroom compounds and chemotherapy are identified and understood, since herbal remedies can influence how the body processes the chemicals (4). Still, certain mushroom compounds have already been approved as prescription drugs in Japan, China and Korea (1). The next step toward getting these promising agents into routine use in North America is the completion of more well-designed clinical trials. Until then, we can only hope mushrooms will live up to their reputation as ‘the elixir of life’ and help improve the health of humankind for centuries to come. How to Incorporate Mushrooms Into Your Diet One option is mushroom supplements. While mushroom tonics, powders and extracts have been popular in Asian countries for a while now (4), Canada is catching up: there are already a handful of licensed natural health products containing reiishi and shiitake extracts for immune system support (18). 1) Smith, J.E., Rowan, N.J. and Sullivan, R. “Medicinal mushrooms: a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities.” Biotechnology Letters 24 (2002): 1839-1845. 2) De la Bédoyère, G. (2005). The Discovery of Penicillin. London: Evans Brothers Limited. 3) Lindequist, U., Niedermeyer, T.H.J., and Julich, W-D. “The pharmacological potential of mushrooms.” Evidence-Based Complimentary and Alternative Medicine 2 no.3 (2005): 285-299. 4) Sullivan, R., Smith, J.E. and Rowan, N.J. “Medicinal mushrooms and cancer therapy.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49 no.2 (2006): 159-170. 5) Hibbett, D.S., et al. “A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi.” Mycological Research 111 no.5 (2007): 509–547. 6) Wasser, S.P. “Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 60 (2002): 258-274. 7) Hesseltine, C.W. “A millennium of fungi, food and fermentation.” Mycologia 57 no.2 (1965): 149-197. 8) Dubost, N.J., Ou, B., and Beelman, R.B. “Quantification of polyphenols and ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms and correlation to total antioxidant capacity.” Food Chemistry 105 no.2 (2007): 727-735. 9) Chen, S., Oh, S-R., Phung, S., Hur, G., Ye, J.J., Kwok, S.L., Shrode, G.E., Belury, M., Adams, L.S. and Williams, D. “Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).” Cancer Research 66 no.24 (2006): 12026-12034. 10) Ajith, T.A. and Janardhanan, K.K. “Indian medicinal mushrooms as a source of antioxidant and antitumor agents.” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 40 (2007): 157-162. 11) Nicolaou, K.C., Chen, J.S., Edmonds, D.J. and Estrada, A.A. “Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 no.4 (2009): 660-719. 12) Lucas, E.H., Montesano, R., Pepper, M.S., Hafner, M. and Sablon, E. “Tumor inhibitors in Boletus edulis and other holobasidiomycetes.” Antibiotics Chemotherapy 7 (1957): 1-4. 13) Monro, J.A. “Treatment of cancer with mushroom products.” Archives of Environmental Health 58 no.8 (2003): 533-537. 14) Ikekawa, T. “Beneficial effects of edible and medicinal mushrooms on health care.” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2 (2001): 291-298. 15) Kidd, P.M. “The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment.” Alternative Medicine Review 5 no. 1(2001): 4-27. 16) Daba, A.S., and Ezeronye, O.U. “Anti-cancer effect of polysaccharides isolated from higher basidiomycetes mushrooms.” African Journal of Biotechnology 2 no.12 (2003): 672-687. 17) Chang, S.T. and Buswell, J.A. “Mushroom nutraceuticals.” World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 12 no.5 (1996): 473-476. 18) Zaidman, B-.A., Yassin, M., Mahajna, J. and Wasser, S.P. “Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67 no.4 (2005): 453-468. 19) NHPD (Natural Health Products Directorate). “Licenced Natural Health Products Database.” Health Canada. (2009). Accessed on: September 25, 2010. Available at: 20) Mattila, P.H., Piironen, V.I., Uusi-Rauva, E.J. and Koivistoinen, P.E. “Vitamin D contents in edible mushrooms.” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 42 no.11 (1994): 2449-2453.
Ask questions, increase awareness! All good things come to an end, and so does this course. During the course we have had excellent lecturers and interesting perspectives on social justice and diversities. Last monday we heard interesting presentations by the groups and learned that social justice can’t be separated from context but the issues and challenges extend to all parts of life. About two weeks ago, the 20th of February was the World Day of Social Justice. United Nations seeks to remind its member countries that social justice is part of the core development objectives of the Organization’s message. United Nations defines the meaning of social justice as follows: “people’s opportunity to achieve their full potential in society”. According to the UN, Social justice is “an underlying principle, which guarantees a peaceful and successful coexistence in the world.” Like the previous UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has stated, social justice is more than a moral obligation – social justice is the foundation for national stability and global prosperity. Wise words that hardly anyone can deny. But what social justice really means in our everyday life and how do we define it? From the perspective that we gained through the course, we could state that social justice is both; a goal and a process. The goal of social justice is an equitable participation of people from all social identity groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs. The process for achieving the goal of social justice should also be democratic and participatory – something that everyone in the society understands and where anyone can affect on by his or her own acts. For achieving social justice, the process should be respectful of human diversity and group differences. That is something we shouldn’t forget in any field; in political discussion, in school, in work or anywhere. We have been lucky to hear different perspectives on social justice and diversities on this course. We have been taught to not only understand the definition of social justice, but also to recognize what it is and how we can estimate our society and environment through it. Social justice isn’t only something that we can evaluate in they way of people are treated, it is also a place or an environment that supports and encourages open-mindedness, respect and both physical and mental safety. With all these topics that were discussed in course and through the presentations, we got perspectives and tools that drove us forward in understanding of social justice. Still, social justice isn’t only constructed by explicit determinations and norms, but also by our tacit knowledge and understanding. Our tacit knowledge is bound by our experiences, which is why our understanding of social justice is always individual. In our everyday life, we should keep this on our mind and learn to understand the other perspectives – even though those are not the same as ours. However, during this course, and some others before on the same subject, one question has occasionally risen in mind. How is it possible to achieve social justice? We have come a long way and many many things have changed over the years, making the world a better and fairer place to live, but still there is so much more to do. For example if you think about economics. Or business world in general, or making new technology. Many countries have the kind of economy, or companies, which base their business on actions that exploit nature or deprive people’s rights. When making decisions about future, how much people in those fields think about that social justice needs to take place? Are they ready to change, or even stop, their operations so that things would work the way that everything is equitable for as many people as possible. Then another question related to money as well, is that do we have enough money to make all the changes needed? All the actions, different programs, researches and so on require a lot of finance to make those happen. There can be a risk that when giving finance to something that improves situation in one place, it takes money away from another place. So can we afford social justice? Could justice take over money? Some how that feels more like a dream. Of course hopefully a dream that comes true. Maybe with a right kind of education and increasing awareness on things, some day it will happen. Actually, writing this last blogpost of the series felt quite challenging. That is because the very last part of a university course is often dedicated to summarizing and drawing together the learnings and conclusions of the past months. Listening to the groups’ presentations during our last lecture underlined the fact that there is a plethora of cases or situations where social justice is lacking (and we naturally only had resources to scratch the surface). It seems difficult to summarize these in any meaningful way that would respect the context boundness of the cases that were brought up. We can only say that the course has functioned as an eye-opener to the many dimensions of social justice and even more the global quest for it. Unlike many other courses we have participated in as part of our degrees, this course probably has left us with more questions than answers. As there are no right answers to the challenges to the social justice issues, this is probably the best outcome that we could have asked for. Hopefully we all move on chasing our education career dreams with more awareness for the challenges with inequality that we will face (and hopefully tackle as well!) on our way. Ryhmä B. Finnish UN Association Wrapping it all up! We decided to write our second blog as following; each of our group members wrote a few thoughts on one of the final presentations from Monday that were held in the lecture hall 302. Should girls and boys have separate PE classes at school or not? During the presentation I would have liked to hear their own opinion on which they prefer as more just. That is why I asked the question from myself afterwards. Boys will always be better at sports for a reason and it is juvenile to pretend otherwise. I think the separation is a safety question also for playing sports is always risky and injuries can happen both physically (not enough skills or physical strength) and mentally (can you handle defeat and failure). If the classes should be combined, maybe pupils could choose from two to three skill levels. The ones, girls or boys who are more advanced could be in one group and so on. This would make it more enjoyable and safe in all levels for the pupils to play for sure and boys would see the girls “playing on the same level” as equal and vice versa. But then again, some people would surely complain that this would be discriminating for the ones in the less advanced groups. And why shouldn’t these skill levels be used in other subjects like maths or languages then too? If we choose to let go of the division by the gender is it going to be replaced by the division of the advanced and “weak”? More on the subject: Safer places Safer places are physical places that are discrimination free. In Finland there are institutions and transportation vehicles which show these places by labels. Everybody is accepted as they are in these areas. The question is do we really need labels to show areas that are safe for everybody? In an idealistic world we do not need labels to show that discrimination is not allowed but we don’t live in an idealistic world. Discrimination is everywhere and the most frightening discrimination form appears in an invisible mode. In a mode that is silent, accepted and has become general norm behaviour. We do need labels to notice this kind of action and discuss about it and step by step move our unnoticed action toward action that is accepting all people as they are. Soldiers of justice This presentation was very much concerning the “burning question” regarding teachers’ job demands and challenges. Many teachers feel already overloaded with teaching basic curriculum in classes with diverse students and learners. Social justice is of course one of the most important things in the school environment to teach to students but the issue how it could be included in teaching shouldn’t be only the teachers’ responsibility. Principles and norms concerning social justice should concern the whole society so that they would be easy to implement in education. When the general attitudinal atmosphere, that is supported also by the highest politicians recognizes that social justice belongs to every human regardless of one’s characteristics, socio-economic status, cultural background, religion etc, then the job educators do when including social justice in their teaching would be facilitated. The term NEET stands for Not in Employment, Education or Training. It is an administrative classification, which was first used in the UK, but is nowadays used in other countries such as Japan, China and Korea as well. In Finland the term “syrjäytynyt”= marginalized is more commonly used for a NEET person but does indeed have a more negative implication as a “drop out” of the society. I see the comprehensive school’s position as very important in working preventatively with young people at risk of becoming NEET but at the same time feel like it is ok to try to find ones place for a while and have for example a “gap year” and figure things out. It is even controversial that young mothers become classified as NEET even though they have only decided to have a family first and probably later in life want to get an education or start working. I guess the main thing is that it is a threat for the society if many young people end up as NEET but that it is important to stress out that it is often about a short period of an average of 5 years and that most people in the end find their place in work, education or training. What we frequently forget in the matter is that the group of NEET people is not an unambiguous group but very heterogeneous and therefore one should avoid generalization and try to treat every young person as a unique individual with their own background and history that you know little about. KiVa Koulu One of the presentations discussed the KiVa Koulu project which is aiming towards reducing school bullying and used as a preventive measure programme based on information from research. According to prior research results, the KiVa programme reduces bullying significantly at the same time as it increases the school satisfaction and school motivation and reduces depression and anxiety. I became more interested about the programme from the point of view of the outsider. Does it operate really in action, can it be considered as a miracle cure for school bullying? How is the programme linked to the idea of safe places and discrimination free zones in schools? However, the school must be a safe place for every pupil, mentally and physically as well as socially. Every student must feel that it is nice to go to school and feel that they are all equal among themselves. The teachers are not any wonder people who could totally remove the bullying from the school but every teacher tries to make their best to guarantee a safe place for every student. The teacher cannot notice all bullying situations, but maybe there could be an adult team at school which can take the bullying cases immediately and they have enough time to also clarify matters. I think that the time limitation is one of the biggest problems so that it would be possible to carry out KiVa effectively. However, the parents have the greatest responsibility for the children’s attitudes while growing up. I see lots of potential in the KiVa programme, but is it enough that there is an idea of a bully-free school just by using the KiVa programme and that it can remove all of the bullying from schools. This seems more like closing one’s eyes from the problem. It is an utopian idea that there would not be any bullying in any school but maybe someday it would be possible and I think that KiVa programme has done its share for the matter. Social justice is a diverse and plural concept and faces many tensions when issues concerning equality are discussed and implemented in all practices in society. The overall feeling in our group after the presentations and the course is positive and we feel that we have learned a lot and gotten new perspectives on the width of the term social justice and how it crosses through education on so many different levels. We have also learned that instead of giving “critique above” of socially injustice practices for example in schools we should also aim at solving problems why social justice isn’t happening and what could be done to change that situation. Best regards, group G
Southern Cassowary scientific name Phascolarctos cinereus conservation status 30 - 60 Kilograms Southern Cassowaries feed mainly on fruits, but will also eat fungi, insects, flowers, leaves and small ground dwelling animals. Found in tropical rain-forest areas. Southern Cassowaries belong to the family of flightless birds called Ratites, which includes the Ostrich, Emu, and the South American Rhea. The casque or helmet situated on the top of cassowaries head grows throughout their life and can reach 20 cm tall. There are many theories about what the casques are used for including being used as a stack hat when crashing through the forest, for fighting and for sexual selection; the casque also helps the cassowary transmit its call throughout the rainforest. When it comes to breeding the male cassowary have the responsibilities of egg incubation and raising the young, incubating the eggs for 50 days, and raising the young until they are independent at 1 year of age.
Taiwan’s mountainous areas feature rich wildlife TAIPEI (The China Post) – The Tengjhih National Forest Recreation Area in Kaohsiung is located between 1,500 and 1,800 meters above sea level. Covered by broad-leaved trees and coniferous forests, the area boasts rich wildlife. Among the species living in the area, you can see mammals such as the Formosan black bear, Reeves’s muntjac, and macaque, rare birds such as Swinhoe’s pheasant, mountain hawk-eagle, and black eagle, and a wide variety of beautiful insects. All of which have contributed to Taiwan’s popular mid-altitude biodiversity. In 1995, the Endemic Species Research Institute started to carry out long-term monitoring and investigating of insect resources in the area. Over the past 20 years, the research has recorded more than a thousand species, many of which are rare and endemic species in Taiwan. Species such as the Atrophaneura horishana, Loepa formosensis, and the Atlas moth, to name just a few, attract domestic and foreign research enthusiasts visiting every year. The area is known as insects’ treasure house in Southern Taiwan. As a well-known scenic spot for summer recreation, bird watching, and cherry blossom viewing, it is even dubbed as “the back garden of Kaohsiung.” Unfortunately, in 2009, Typhoon Morakot hit the mountainous area, causing large-scale landslide and forest roads to collapse. Now, vehicles and tourists are forbidden to enter, an important decision which has left a great impact on local tribal tourism.
Are you curious about what sustainable product is right for you? With all of the chatter about sustainable living efforts these days, it can be tough to know where to begin. Have you noticed the influx of eco-brand ads on your social media feeds? Try this unique, sustainable product, they say. It’s made from sustainable materials, they say. But what does that even mean? Aluminum, silicone, bamboo: what’s the best sustainable material for you? The fact is that each of these elements is a sustainable and healthy option to substitute non-reusable products with. As far as which sustainable material is best suited to your lifestyle, well, that all depends on personal preference. Please welcome guest author, Bag Lady, Meredith San Diego, who is living life as a permenant eco tourist. Stick around until the end to read more ways you can connect and follow along on her eco adventures. First, let’s break down some facts about each element. As a low-impact (or green) material, aluminum is highly trusted. Arguably the most sustainable element of them all, aluminum is lightweight, strong, and highly recyclable. It requires fewer amounts of energy to recycle, 95% less, to be exact. Why is that? When melted at high temperatures, the metal’s properties do not fluctuate, which is to say that it can be recycled indefinitely. aluminum cans with a message asking whats the deal with aluminum Eco-fun fact, the more aluminum is recycled, the better it is for the environment. Aluminum is also chief among sustainable products because of its versatility. The material can be used for various products across various industries. Not to be confused with stainless steel. Stainless steel incorporates chromium, which adds a protective layer to fight against corrosion. The more popular sustainable aluminum products on the market are straws. But it is also constructed into decorative pieces, such as end tables, panels, even picture frames. And, of course, most pots and pans are made from aluminum. Speaking of kitchens, the quest to create a low-waste space will likely introduce you to additional materials, such as silicone. As another low-waste material, silicone can also withstand extremely high and low temperatures. This makes it ideal for kitchenware products. Consider replacing anything plastic in the kitchen with one made from silicone instead. Whether it’s for storing leftovers or baking a mini feast, silicone can get it done. The important thing to know is that silicone doesn’t contain bisphenol A (BPA). Nor does it contain phthalates, both of which are found in plastic. Its durability means it can be safely used for longer than any plastic item can allow. It also means it needs to be replaced far less frequently. What’s more, it’s recyclable! Granted, not every recycling facility accepts it, so don’t chuck it in the recycling bin without checking first. display of various silicone products Additionally, silicone is non-toxic to human, plant, or ocean life. That earns this material two giant green thumbs way up in the sustainable living community. Having made the transition to sustainability myself, I can testify that it’s not as difficult as one might assume. In fact, it was fun and empowering to do. Leaning on eco-conscious brands such as EcoInnova to do it also made it affordable. Items come in bulk on the website. Try teaming up with a friend or loved one to share the expense. Together you can push the movement from one household to another. Join the Curious Animal Pack Sign Up Bamboo has quickly become the most popular material for sustainable product development. Considering that bamboo is durable, flexible, compostable, stylistic, and bacteria-resistant, it’s easy to understand why. Additionally, bamboo is a renewable resource; meaning it can be replenished quickly. As a plant, bamboo grows to astounding heights and fast all while requiring minimal amounts of water. Bamboo has begun to be used as a substitute for more than just plastic. It has been used to replace both metal and fabric, too. Making this a great time to mention the importance of being an educated and conscious consumer. Bamboo is a sustainable product when it is grown and harvested sustainably. bamboo speaker amplifier with phone Greenwashing, a term worth becoming more familiar with, has become a trending method to disguise sustainable efforts. This speaks to the marketing spin used by big brands to mask the truth of the sourced materials used. This is also where terms like ‘fast-fashion’ come into play. These brands will label items as sustainable, vegan, or as made from reusable materials when they were in fact not. What Else is Out There? Now that aluminum, silicone, and bamboo have been broken down, are there other options out there? Absolutely! Recycled paper products are also an option. Innovative and sustainable (or green) products are taking off on a global scale. As evident from the increase of products made with raw sustainable materials. For example, in places like the Philippines, bioplastics are being created from mango peels and seaweed. Additionally, banana leaves (and other bioplastics) have begun to be substituted for styrofoam in packaging. As entire countries begin to ban single-use items, the time to adapt to a sustainable existence is here and now. Luckily, sustainable products and corporate social responsibility therein are on the rise. Making it that much easier to slide right into a sustainable life quickly and affordably. Just don’t forget to do so consciously as well. Just because something says it is sustainable, doesn’t mean it actually is. Discuss and Share • Now that you know more about sustainable materials and plastic alternatives, which option above can you adapt to your sustainable living quest? • What is the go-to eco-product that you swear by that’s always in your kitchen, bathroom, or travel bag? Let us know in the comments so we can all discover new ways to cut our plastic waste with sustainable products and materials.
View instructions The school bus endorsement applies to applicants who wish to drive a school bus in any Class A or B CDL. To add an S endorsement to your CLP/CDL, you must pass the Alabama school bus test, and you must also pass skills tests in a school bus. The AL CDL bus test consists of 20 questions, and you'll need at least 16 correct answers to pass (80%). The knowledge test covers the following sections of the Alabama CDL Manual: School Buses, Vehicle Inspection Test, Basic Control Skills Test and Road Test. After studying, take this AL CDL practice test to prepare for the actual bus test! 1. When stopping at drawbridges that do not have a signal light or traffic control attendant, you must stop at least _____ before the draw of the bridge. 150 feet 25 feet 100 feet 50 feet 2. When driving in a construction zone, if a construction worker is near the road, you should: maintain a constant speed. speed up. come to a complete stop. further reduce your speed. 3. If a rider wants to board the bus with a car battery, the bus driver should: call the police. not allow the rider to carry on the battery. inspect the battery before allowing the rider to carry it on board. instruct the rider to sit next to the exit doors. 4. If a student is believed to have suffered a neck or spinal injury, you should: move the student as far away from the bus as possible. stay as far away from the student as possible. move the student off the bus. not move the student. 5. Backing a school bus is: always safe if you use caution. strongly discouraged. strongly encouraged. usually encouraged. 6. Drivers should adjust their mirrors: before driving. while driving. after driving. None of the above. 7. Rims with welding repairs: are acceptable only when carrying a heavy load. can be used for tires in the rear of the vehicle. can be used for tires in the front of the vehicle. are not safe. you will be restricted from operating vehicles with air brakes. you will be required to operate vehicles with air brakes. you will be required to take the tank vehicle test. you will be required to operate a CMV without hydraulic brakes. 9. If a worker is close to the roadway in a work zone, you should: drive at the posted speed limit. drive on the shoulder. pull off the road and stop. reduce your speed below the posted speed limit. 10. ______are mounted on the front corners of the bus. Warning devices Outside left and right side cross view mirrors Outside left and right side rearview mirrors Emergency doors Page 1 of 2 Next page Rate This Free Test 4.5 out of 5 based on 108 votes AL School Bus Test Number of questions: 20 Correct answers to pass:16 Passing score:80% Number of questions: 20 Correct answers to pass:16 Passing score:80% Share This Online CDL Test
Tobacco Industry Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia. Tobacco Industry the branch of the food-processing industry that procures raw tobacco, ferments tobacco, and manufactures tobacco products (see). The first tobacco factories were built in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. The origins of the tobacco industry in Russia date back to the first quarter of the 18th century, when tobacco factories were established in St. Petersburg and the Ukrainian village of Akhtyrka. By 1860 the number of enterprises reached 551. A new type of tobacco product— papirosy (Russian-type cigarettes with a long cardboard mouthpiece)—was developed in Russia. By the end of the 19th century the concentration of production had increased; the number of enterprises had been reduced by half, but the output of papirosy and other products had risen by a factor of several tens. At the same time, the foundations were laid for standardization, that is, the manufacture of products in conformity with standard models. Cigarette-making machines, machines for filling papirosy, and mechanized shredders were developed and introduced into production. In 1914 a large monopoly known as the St. Petersburg Export-trade Joint-stock Company was organized; it owned 13 tobacco factories in St. Petersberg, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, and Feodosia. The enterprises of this company manufactured 56 percent of the tobacco products, including 75 percent of the papirosy, made in Russia. In prerevolutionary Russia the tobacco industry manufactured products made primarily from makhorka, or Indian tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), and production was characterized by a low level of mechanization and the widespread use of manual labor. After the October Revolution of 1917 the tobacco factories were nationalized. During the Civil War of 1918–20 the output of tobacco products was temporarily reduced. The manufacture of products made from makhorka attained the prerevolutionary level in 1926, and that of products made from common tobacco (N. tabacum) reached the prerevolutionary level in 1928. In the late 1920’s mechanization was intensified; machines for packaging papirosy and makhorka were introduced, and a tobacco fermentation industry was organized. In 1927 the world’s first tobacco fermentation plant was constructed in Krasnodar. The production of cigarettes was also begun in this period. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45, factories were established in the Volga region, the Urals, and Siberia on the basis of evacuated enterprises, and the enterprises in Middle Asia were expanded. By the early 1950’s tobacco enterprises that had been destroyed were rebuilt on a new technological basis. The tobacco industry adopted production-line methods to manufacture tobacco products, and mechanized production lines for the manufacture of papirosy and the preparation of cigarette tobacco were established. Automatic programmed control of air-curing processes, production lines for processing before fermentation, and facilities for the continuous fermentation of tobacco were introduced at tobacco fermentation plants. The production of cigarettes, including filter-tip cigarettes, increased. Many factories producing makhorka, which is not used in manufactured papirosy and cigarettes, were reequipped for the manufacture of these products. The output of various tobacco products in the USSR is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Output of tobacco products in the USSR 1 Common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Papirosyand cigarettes (billion units) ...............24.5102.5364.3 Smoking tobacco1 (thousand tons) ...............11.926.11.2 Smoking makhorka (thousand tons) ...............87.392.115.5 As of 1975 the USSR was the third largest producer of tobacco products in the world. Enterprises that manufacture papirosy and cigarettes are located in nearly all the Union republics, and tobacco fermentation plants are found in the southern regions of the USSR. Among the largest tobacco enterprises are the Uritskii Leningrad Factory, the Don State Tobacco Factory in Rostov, the lava and Dukat factories in Moscow, and the Krasnodar and Kishinev combines. From 1951 to 1975 the annual output of the average tobacco factory increased from 2.9 billion to 7.9 billion papirosy and cigarettes. Large plants accounted for more than 72 percent of the output in tobacco fermentation. Labor productivity increased by 36.4 percent from 1971 to 1975. In 1975 the number of employees in the industry was 46,300. In 1975, 286,700 tons of raw tobacco were procured in the USSR. From 1965 to 1975 the amount of tobacco procured in the USSR increased by 103,000 tons, and the area under cultivation increased by 45,000 hectares. The world production of cigarettes in 1973 was 3.570 trillion. About 70 percent of the cigarettes were produced in 11 countries: the USA, the People’s Republic of China, the USSR, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Brazil, France, Poland, Italy, and India. Among the socialist countries, the tobacco industry of Bulgaria has developed especially rapidly; between 1960 and 1975 cigarette production in that country increased from 10 billion to 71.4 billion. For other socialist countries cigarette production in 1975 was as follows: 83.6 billion in Poland, 28.8 billion in Rumania, 24.5 billion in Hungary, 23.0 billion in Czechoslovakia, and 19.9 billion in the German Democratic Republic. Of the capitalist countries the USA has the most highly developed tobacco industry. Cigarette production in 1973 was 616 billion, of which 99 percent were manufactured by the six leading companies. The USA also produced 25,000 tons of smoking tobacco, 33,000 tons of chewing tobacco, 11,000 tons of snuff, and 11.4 billion cigars. Liubimenko, V. Tabachnaia promyshlennost’ v Rossii. Petrograd, 1916. Rudnev, M. M., and V. I. Kopylov. Ekonomika, organizatsiia i planirovanie tabachnogo proizvodstva. Moscow, 1971. Sivolap, N. K. Uroveni proizvodstva i tekhnika tabachnoi promyshlennosti v SSSR i za rubezhom. Moscow, 1972. References in periodicals archive ? The tobacco industry has bumped up prices for its products beyond that required by tax changes, even when tax rises were large and unexpected, reveal the findings of research published in the BMJ journal Tobacco Control funded by the National Institute for Health Research. Moreover, the committee has suggested that the tobacco industry should be given representation in the parliamentary committee. He said to achieve this target Pakistan needed to develop a long term price mechanism for sustainability and predictability of the policy to attract investment in the tobacco industry. "Every year, the tobacco industry kills six million people, including 170,000 Filipinos. As a result of government's policies, a decline in the sales of illegal cigarette was seen and tax collected from the tobacco industry was increased due to the third slab policy and in FY 2017-18, 91 billion rupees was collected in terms of taxes. What makes this effort by the tobacco industry more sinister is that they will give almost any ground to achieve this objective. Officials said that imposition of Health Tax on tobacco and other beverages will help in collecting huge amount of tax by multinational companies, but will benefit the local tobacco industry. In Pakistan, the tobacco industry is allegedly in connivance with top bureaucracy, and politicians keep influencing policymakers to never let the government and the FBR increase taxes on cigarettes beyond a certain limit. Tobacco Industry has been ousted form all Committees formed for tobacco control. Thankfully, the global tobacco treaty has FCTC Article 19 to power governments with policies to hold tobacco industry liable - financially and legally - for the catastrophe it unleashes. The ILO is the only UN agency that continues to receive money from the tobacco industry. Full browser ?
Question: What Casts A Shadow On The Moon? Why do shadows change? A shape of an object always determines the shape of its shadow. However, the size and shape of the shadow can change. These changes are caused by the position of the light source. When the Sun makes long and short shadows outdoors, it is the Earth, not the light source (Sun), that moves.. Does the moon cast a shadow on Earth? During a solar eclipse, the Moon actually casts two shadows toward Earth. One shadow is called the umbra which becomes smaller as it reaches the Earth. This is the dark center of the Moon’s shadow. The second shadow is called the penumbra. Can a shadow have a shadow? What light up the moon? The Moon gets its light from the Sun. In the same way that the Sun illuminates Earth, the Moon reflects the Sun’s light, making it appear bright in our sky. Is a shadow 2d or 3d? A shadow is just an area that is surrounded by areas of brighter light, caused by an object blocking incident light rays. In this sense yeah a shadow is just a 2d shape or area. … So a shadow is just like a 2d sheet (of infinitely small thickness) that can be placed on 3d objects therefore making the shadow exist in 3d. Why do shadows kiss? Why do shadows “kiss”? When you move a shadow close to another there is a certain point at which another shadow forms between them. … Because of this, there is an area called the penumbra, where the shadowing object creates a partial shadow. When two penumbras meet, it makes the “kissing” darker shadow. What is the Earth’s shadow on the moon called? umbraAs the Moon passes into the central part of the Earth’s shadow, called the umbra, it darkens dramatically. Are there shadow in space? Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the sky above you. No light means no heat. That’s why nights are almost always cooler than days. Shadows exist in space, too. What causes shadow? What would happen if you didn’t have a shadow? Originally Answered: Would anything changed if we didn’t have a shadow? … If you are completely transparent, so the light went right through you, you wouldn’t cast a shadow. Obviously if that was the case, you would not be human and a lot of things would be different. If there was no light, nothing would cast a shadow. What causes shadow on the moon? When the sun, the Earth and the moon are aligned in space (nearly or perfectly), with the Earth between the sun and moon, then Earth’s shadow falls on the moon’s face. … During a lunar eclipse, a very small amount of light from the sun filters through Earth’s atmosphere onto Earth’s shadow on the moon. Can we see shadow on moon? “It is very easy to see in the shadows after you adapt for a while,” noted Armstrong. … Truly, moon shadows aren’t absolutely black. Sunlight reflected from the moon’s gently rounded terrain provides some feeble illumination, as does the Earth itself, which is a secondary source of light in lunar skies. What are the dark spots on the moon? Those spots are called maria, from the Latin word for sea, because early astronomers mistakenly thought they were lunar seas (they’re actually volcanic plains). The smooth and dark maria cover 17 percent of the surface of the moon. Almost all of them are visible from Earth. Why doesn’t the earth cast a shadow on the moon? It’s true that the moon goes around Earth every month, but it doesn’t always get in Earth’s shadow. The moon’s path around Earth is tilted compared to Earth’s orbit around the sun. The moon can be behind Earth but still get hit by light from the sun. … Unlike solar eclipses, lots of people get to see each lunar eclipse. What has no shadow? What occurs when the Earth casts a shadow on the moon? When Earth passes directly between Sun and Moon, its shadow creates a lunar eclipse. … Lunar eclipses are more widely visible because Earth casts a much larger shadow on the Moon during a lunar eclipse than the Moon casts on Earth during a solar eclipse. How big is the Earth’s shadow on the moon? Since Earth’s diameter is 3.7 times the Moon’s, the length of the planet’s umbra is correspondingly 3.7 times that of the lunar umbra: roughly 1,400,000 km (870,000 mi). Why our shadow is black? In one place, the object blocks the light coming from the green bulb, leaving a blue shadow; in the other location it blocks the light from the blue bulb, leaving a green shadow. When you move the object close to the screen, the shadows overlap, leaving a very dark (black) shadow where the object blocks both lights. What are the two types of shadows? A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an “umbra”. For a non-point or “extended” source of light, the shadow is divided into the umbra, penumbra and antumbra. The wider the light source, the more blurred the shadow becomes. If two penumbras overlap, the shadows appear to attract and merge. Does the sun have a shadow? Technically, like any non-transparent object, the Sun would cast a shadow on another object. However, since the Sun emits light itself, it would only result in a true shadow if there were a stronger level of illumination on that object coming from a source behind the Sun.
How to Grow a Bare-Root Staghorn Fern Long, hanging fronds paired with a tree trunk growing habit make a staghorn fern (Platycerium spp.) an interesting addition to a garden. A staghorn fern doesn't produce roots in the usual sense. Instead of true roots, it has wide basal, or base, leaves that anchor it to its host, allowing it to grow as an epiphyte on trees. The fern receives most of its nutrients from rainwater and falling leaf debris. Several species, varieties and hybrids are staghorn ferns. They are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 12, depending on the variety. Mounting a bare-root staghorn fern onto a wooden slab allows you to display it anywhere in a garden or home. Set a 12-by-12 inch wooden plaque or slab facing upward on a work surface. Cedar works well for the plaque or slab because it resists rot. Place two or three handfuls of compost or potting soil just below the center of the plaque or slab, and form the compost or potting soil into a low mound. Sprinkle the compost or potting soil, which is the potting medium, with water until it's barely moistened. Arrange a staghorn fern on top of the potting medium mound, and spread the fern's large, basal leaves over the top of the mound. The basal leaves must touch the potting medium. Wrap non-copper wire or nylon strips around the wooden plaque or slab and over the basal leaves to secure the fern to the mount. Wrap both vertically and horizontally so the fern doesn't come loose, and then twist the wire or tie the strips to keep them in place. Hang the mounted staghorn fern in a location that receives indirect, partially shaded or dappled light. Protect the plant from freezing temperatures by taking it indoors during cold weather. Water the potting medium behind the fern's basal fronds only when the potting medium dries out completely, about every one to two weeks. Fill a large container with water, and soak the mount, potting medium and fern's basal fronds for 30 minutes while keeping the remaining fronds dry. Water the fern with a water-soluble, 10-10-10 fertilizer once monthly during summer when it grows actively. Prepare the fertilizer by mixing it with water as directed in the fertilizer package's instructions.
Прикольная мысль, кмк. What is Artemis? Artemis simulates a spaceship bridge by networking several computers together. One computer runs the simulation and the «main screen», while the others serve as workstations for the normal jobs a bridge officer might do, like Helm, Communication, Engineering, and Weapon Control. Artemis is a social game where several players are together in one room («bridge»), and while they all work together, one player plays the Captain, a person who sits in the middle, doesn't have a workstation, and tells everyone what to do. 0 комментариев Только зарегистрированные и авторизованные пользователи могут оставлять комментарии.
Majorca is the biggest island of the Balearic islands. Like the other Balearic islands Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, Mallorca is an important touristic site. With 3,630.11 km2 and 862,397 habitants according to the 2009 census (population density: 257.85 people/km2). For its quiet atmosphere, it's also known as the island of calm. LANGUAGE: The oficial languages of the Majorcan island are Catalan as its own language and Spanish. According to the "Estatuto de Autonomía" of the Balearic islands of 2007, Catalan, the language of the Balearic islands will be the official language as well as Spanish. HISTORY OF MALLORCA: The earliest objects found in Mallorca date back to 3500 B.C. in the Neolithic time, period of the transition of the bronze age, when the first copper objects had appeared. The first known residents of the island (of debatable provenance), were the balearic slingers. In the municipality of Calvia, in Santa Ponsa, a small mountain called Puig de sa Morisca that contains an archeologic park with remains of burial caves and navetas that goes on for hectares. Around 1300 B.C. crucial changes took place that resulted in the emergence of the talayorica cultura. This warrior cultura lasted until after Quinto Cecilio Metelo (that would later be receiving the sobriquet Balearicus), conquisted the island for the roman republic during the year 123 A.C. Due to the frequent pirate incursions to the islands, Rome decided to take over these islands. When the legend of the roman general had to protect its boats with animal skin, because the slingers who shot with their slings wouldn´t allow them to land. The roman legions took two years to submit the islands. After the conquest, the slingers began to take part of the auxiliar roman troops fighting prominently with Julio Cesar in the conquest of Galia. During the year 425 Mallorca suffered the invasion and the looting of the vandals, in which Podgorico Walka, a german village that lande don the island until year 534, when the bizantine general Belisario ordered to conquest the balearic islands. In year 707, the first muslim landing took place. Two centuries of permanent anxiety went by until year 903, when Mallorca was left under the power of the muslim dynasty of the Omeyas. The castle of Alaro resisted for 8 years, according to chronicles, and it was the last resistence refuge for christians during the muslim conquest. The Mallorcan Proto-Romance is then replaced by the arabic. After this, a flowering stage came, during which Madina Mayurqa, the actual Palma, was a great cultural centre. In 1115 a pisano-catalan squad attacked Mallorca during an expedition of punishment for pirate activity that used to take place in the island. Medina Mayurqa was looted and destroyed for the first time, and in absentia of Ramon Berenguer III, his men and allies ran away when they saw the almorávide squad, who attacked the Christian ships. Later, in 1203, the almohades took over Mallorca. In 1208, the almohades appointed Abu Yahya as the governator, who formed a semi-independent principality, with barely any formal submission to the emir almohade. The aragonese tropos of Jaime I the conqueror, who arrived from Salou in 1229, conquested the island for the christians. After defeating Abu Yahya in the battle of Portopi (1229) and take and pass a knife to Madina Mayurqa (1230), the resistence ceased in 1231. Jaime I created the kingdom of Mallorca in his testament, understanding not only Mallorca, but the rest of the Balearic islands- Menorca (still under the power of a sovereign muslim), Ibiza and Formentera-; the counties of Rosellon and Cerdaña; and the territories that Jaime I conserved in Occitania (the señorio of Montpellier, the vizcondado of Carlades and the baronia of the Omelas. At his death (1276), his son Jaime II of Mallorca assumed the throne after the promise of the letter of the franchises. The independence of the kingdom was short. In 1349 it was reincorporated to the Crown of Aragon. King Jaime II´s death in the battle of Lluchmayor was the end of the kingdom of Mallorca. Although until his death in 1404 his daughter Isabel, established in the castle of Gallargues close to Montpellier, that was granted to the king of France Carlos VI, was claimed Queen of Mallorca. During the time of Carlos I, in 1521, an uprising started similar to the ones from the Valencia kingdom (insurrection of the forans), arriving to Alcudia, where the nobility of the island hid. During the XVI century, the island, like the rest of the Balearic islands and the Spanish Levante, suffered the attacks and looting of the Turkish pirates and barbarians. During the Spanish war of succession, the island was owned by the Archiduqye Carlos de Austria, against Felipe de Anjou. El Tiempo en Mallorca
Verticles: the basic processing units of Vert.x From Vert.x in Action by Julien Ponge This article talks about what verticles are and delves a bit into how they work and how to write them. Take 37% off Vert.x in Action. Just enter fccponge into the discount code box at checkout at Relevant source code for this article can be found here: A verticle is the fundamental processing unit in Vert.x. The role of a verticle is to encapsulate a technical functional unit for processing events such as exposing an HTTP API and responding to requests, providing a repository interface on top of a database, or issuing requests to a third-party system. Much like components in other technologies such as Enterprise Java Beans, verticles can be deployed and they have a life-cycle. Readers familiar with the actor concurrency model will find similarities between Vert.x verticles and actors. Actors are a model where autonomous entities (the actors) exclusively communicate with other entities by sending and responding to messages. The similarities between Vert.x verticles and actors isn’t fortuitous coincidence: verticles have a private state that may be updated when receiving events, they can deploy other verticles, and they can communicate via message-passing. Verticles don’t necessarily follow the orthodox modern definition of actors, but it’s fair to consider Vert.x at least as being inspired by actors. Let’s now dive into writing verticles. Writing a verticle Because verticles are a key concept in Vert.x, we’ll look into how they work. Before that, let’s write a small verticle that processes two types of events: periodic timers and HTTP requests. Preparing the project We’ll use a common project for all samples in this article, using the Gradle project descriptor of listing 1. Listing 1. Gradle for the samples plugins { repositories { dependencies { implementation("io.vertx:vertx-core:3.8.0") ❶ implementation("ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.3") ❷ tasks.create<JavaExec>("run") { ❸ main ="mainClass", "chapter2.hello.HelloVerticle") as String classpath = sourceSets["main"].runtimeClasspath systemProperties["vertx.logger-delegate-factory-class-name"] = "io.vertx.core.logging.SLF4JLogDelegateFactory" ❹ java { sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8 ❶ This is the Vert.x core library dependency. ❷ The dependency provides the logger API and the implementation. ❸ This allows running samples with Gradle from the command line. ❹ This ensures that Vert.x itself also uses logging. The Gradle build is a simple one for a Java project. Because we have several examples to run, we don’t rely on the Gradle plugin but define our own custom task where we can pass the name of the class to execute. We also take advantage of it to ensure that logging is properly configured and unified to SLF4J. Listing 2. Logback configuration to reduce Netty verbosity <pattern>%level [%thread] %logger{0} - %msg%n</pattern> ❷ <logger name="io.netty" level="warn"/> ❸ <root level="debug"> <appender-ref ref="STDOUT"/> ❶ This defines an appender to send events to the console. ❷ The pattern defines how the log events look like. ❸ We drop Netty log events which are more verbose than warnings. Vert.x uses Netty and logging in Netty is quite verbose with the default Logback configuration. We can reduce the amount of log entries by creating a file and adding the configuration as in listing 2. To make the log samples shorter in this article we also removed event dates and shortened logger class names (). Please refer to the Logback documentation to understand how to configure it [LogbackDoc]. The verticle class The whole verticle and application fits in the Java class of listing 3. Listing 3. A sample verticle package chapter2.hello; import io.vertx.core.AbstractVerticle; import io.vertx.core.Vertx; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; public class HelloVerticle extends AbstractVerticle { private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloVerticle.class); private long counter = 1; public void start() { vertx.setPeriodic(5000, id -> { ❶"tick"); .requestHandler(req -> { ❷"Request #{} from {}", counter++, req.remoteAddress().host()); .listen(8080);"Open http://localhost:8080/"); public static void main(String[] args) { Vertx vertx = Vertx.vertx(); ❸ vertx.deployVerticle(new HelloVerticle()); ❹ ❶ This defines a periodic task every five seconds. ❷ The HTTP server calls this handler on every request. ❸ We need a global Vert.x instance. ❹ This is the simplest way to deploy a verticle. This verticle defines two event handlers: one for periodic tasks every five seconds, and one for processing HTTP requests in a HTTP server. The method instantiates a global Vert.x instance, and deploys an instance of the verticle. Defining a verticle code in Java is typically done by specializing the class. There exists a interface that one could in theory implement, but provides all the event processing, configuration and execution plumbing that Vert.x users need. Because Vert.x is a library and not a framework, you can create a Vert.x instance from a method, or from any other class and then deploy verticles. The life-cycle of a verticle is made of start and stop events. The class provides and methods that can be overridden. By default, these methods do nothing. 1. The method typically contains setup and handlers’ initialization, like setting a periodic task handler and starting a HTTP server in listing 3. 2. The method is implemented when housekeeping tasks are required, such as closing open database connections. Running and first observations The application can be launched as a regular Java application by running the method either from an integrated development environment or from the command-line. To run on the command line using Gradle, you can use the following command: gradle run -PmainClass=chapter2.hello.HelloVerticle In some of the remaining samples we shortened class definitions. We removed package definitions, imports, and methods which are similar to that of listing 3. When in doubt, please consult the full source code of the samples. Once the application runs, we can perform a few HTTP requests at http://localhost:8080/ with a web browser or by using command-line tools such as and . The logs shall be similar to that of listing 4. Listing 4. Sample log output when running INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle - Open http://localhost:8080/ INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle – tick ❷ INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle - Request #1 from 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ❸ INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle - Request #2 from 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle - Request #3 from 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 INFO [vert.x-eventloop-thread-0] HelloVerticle - Request #4 from 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ❶ The HTTP server is now ready. ❷ A periodic task event log. ❸ A HTTP request event log. The Logback configuration that we use shows the name of the thread associated with an event. We can already check an important property of Vert.x verticles in log entries: event processing happens on a single event-loop thread. Both the periodic tasks and HTTP requests processing happen on a thread that appears as in the logs. An obvious benefit with this design is that a verticle instance is always executing event processing on the same thread, and there’s no need for using thread synchronization primitives. In a multi-threaded design updating the field requires either a block or the usage of . No such issues here and a plain field can be safely used. Preparation methods such as or may be called from a non-Vert.x thread. This may happen when directly using a object without a verticle, or when writing unit tests. This isn’t a problem as usage of the class methods is thread-safe. Figure 1. Execution of listing 3 Figure 1 shows the (simplified) interactions between the verticle, the handlers, Vert.x and the event sources. Each arrow represents a method call between the participants. For instance, creates a periodic task handler by calling on the object, which in turns creates a periodic task using a Vert.x-internal timer. In turn, the timer periodically calls back the handler in . Note that we represented the calls to and as being to the object as a shortcut, but in reality they’re on an object that implements the interface. The class is internal to Vert.x, and because it doesn’t serve the diagram to add another participant we merged it into . That’s all for this article. Follow Manning Publications on Medium for free content and exclusive discounts. Get the Medium app
Tag: financial objectives Financial Skills How To Use Your Financial Skills To Make Informed Decisions Financial literacy refers to comprehending and applying various economic concepts, such as personal financial management, budgeting, and investing. It includes both conceptual and procedural financial knowledge, as well as applied financial understanding. Financial illiteracy refers to the lack of these…. BY Arina Smith
Ram Navami celebrates the birth of Lord Ram, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He was born on the ninth day of Chaitra month at 12 o’clock in the noon. This day coincides with the ninth day of Chaitra Navratri (not to be confused with the autumn navratri). Lord Ram appeared in Ayodhya as the son of King Dasharath and Queen Kaushalya in the Raghukul (Solar Dynasty). Raghukul is a legendary Indian Kshatriya dynasty in the Itihasa-Purana mythology, considered an offshoot of the Suryavansha or the Ikshvaku dynasty lineage of kings tracing its ancestry to the sun deity Surya. Any king who belongs to Raghuvansha, as a result also belongs to Suryavansh.The dynasty is named after Raghu, a legendary king who protected the sacrificial horse of Ashwamedha from Indra. On hearing the news of the Birth of lord Ram entire city of Ayodhya was jubilant. Such was the beauty and aura of this child that even the celestial beings from heaven descended on earth to have a glimpse of the Lord. Lord surya bhagwan too was not to be left behind. He was so enchanted by the beauty of this child god that he kept on taking darshan for 30 days. It was Lord rams grace that these 30 days passed in a single day so that life on earth was not disturbed. During this delay of 30 days, Chandra (moon) was getting impatient as he was not getting his turn to take darshan. Moon complained to Lord Ram “My Lord what sin I have done that everyone else enjoyed your arrival except me, you are Karunasindhu and equal to all, then why sun got opportunity to have your darshan and why not me? At this Lord ram consoled moon and said “since you had to wait, I hereby bless you that the world will always remember you whenever they take my name” and hence the suffix of Chandra, in Ram Chandra ( though suryavanshi) became a permanent fixture as an ode to glorify moon. Not only that lord Ram said “In my this birth since you had to wait for my darshan, I hereby grant you the wish that in my next incarnation, you will be the first to take my Blessings. Lord Krishna, his next avatar was born at 12 o’clock, on a full moon night. Lord Ram was born as a suryavanshi, and Lord Krishna as a chandravanshi. Isn’t the leela of bhagwan Great? May Lord Ram always bless you. Dear friends, please comment “Jai shree Ram”. Pay Anything You Like Avatar of manish vyas Total Amount: $0.00
My Cart Benefits of Bananas for Gaining Weight: How Many & When to EAT? When a child learns the names of fruits, the very first fruit is banana. It is because of its unique appearance and a sweet taste that everyone loves eating bananas. It is especially fed to growing children so they don’t suffer from malnutrition. They’re a great source of nourishment to our bodies. When it comes to gaining weight, bananas are very popular out of all fruits. It is all about the carbohydrates, fibres, vitamins and minerals in them that make bananas a superfruit for gaining weight. Let us understand the science behind how bananas can help us gain weight. What is the Nutritional Value of a Banana? When consumed ripe, bananas have the best taste and nutritional value. They’re a great source of following nutrients and help us gain weight. • Vitamin B6: This vitamin increases our appetite hence leading to a good amount of weight gain. • Fibre: Fibre helps to cleanse our system so you never have to worry about IBS. • Potassium: Potassium is said to help circulate the fluids in and around our cells and promote weight-gain mechanism. • Magnesium: Magnesium deficiency could keep you underweight for a long time. The high amount of magnesium in bananas will help you overcome such deficiencies. • Vitamin C: It helps your bones remain stronger and muscles remain leaner, so whatever weight you gain will always be in shape. • Manganese: Manganese is an important mineral for healthy weight gain too. • Carbohydrate: Carbs and calories lead to weight gain directly if consumed in a given quantity every day. • Protein: Healthy protein intake from bananas will help you maintain a good BMI. • Sugar: The sugar content in a banana is quite natural and safe to consume even if you’re ill. • Water content: It ensures your digestive system works well. Since these nutrients in bananas are directly related to weight gain, it can’t be denied that bananas can actually be helpful in gaining a healthy amount of weight. How many bananas will make you gain weight? Usually, people eat one banana a day in their breakfast. They make a smoothie or eat them raw. But if you want to gain weight, eating one banana a day will not help. A banana a day will only give your body a certain amount of nutrients and calories that normally all people require. For you to gain weight, you must eat 3-4 bananas every day. You must have seen people who workout a lot eat a dozen bananas sometimes. They do this because bananas reduce stress and boost fat and calories in our body. This helps us gain weight very easily. What recipes can we make with bananas for weight gain? Any recipe containing bananas is naturally a high-calorie, carb and sugary food or drink. The most common one is a banana smoothie as it is full of nutrients and fats. You need an orange and two bananas. Peel them and put them in a blender. Add some fresh yoghurt, milk or cream, some honey and top it with some banana chops. Blend and relish this amazing smoothie. You can also add some cocoa powder, oats or other ingredients as per your taste and preference. The smoothies should be consumed after a light meal so your body gets enough calories and stamina too. When should you consume bananas? Some people eat bananas with meals, some consume it during the day time. It is a thing of choice. Impact of eating a banana can be different when consumed at a specific time. • Night: Bananas should not be consumed at night as they can cause cold and cough. The sugar content may irritate your throat and form mucus. • After workout: Yes, you can consume bananas after working out as you gain the lost energy and build leaner and healthier muscle mass. • Morning and Afternoon: You can consume bananas during these times as they can make you feel heavy, give you the necessary carbs and fats. Bananas can be digested well in these hours and your body can absorb its nutrients well too. • Before Meal: If you plan to gain weight, please don’t consume bananas before you eat. This will decrease your appetite and may lead to weight loss. • After Meal: It is advised you eat bananas after meal for gaining weight as you will double the number of calories and carbs. Will eating bananas lead to weight gain in all individuals? The fact is NO! Not all people can gain weight by eating bananas. Some people are even allergic to eating so many bananas, while some simply have weaker digestion. Depending on your body’s condition, you must consult a doctor before you choose to eat additional bananas every day to gain weight. People with a physical condition should not eat more than one banana, or it may cause harm to their condition. For example, if you have an IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) and eat so many bananas at once, you might suffer from Vayu or Pitta too. So please take care of your health and consult a specialist in health or a doctor before making any decisions. Eating one banana a day is highly recommended to maintain healthy body weight. What can be the surest way of gaining weight? Well, the only surest way of gaining weight is a dietary supplement that is fit for your body type and condition and does no harm to you in any way. I’d suggest you look up on the internet and see there are so many options. One option that I would suggest is the best: Prorganiq’s Weight Gainer. Weight Gainer by Prorganiq This is the only all-natural dietary supplement that you will find today. It is rare and unique because of its special combination of ingredients such as Ashwagandha, Yasti, Vidarikand, Kapikacchu, Gokshura, and Shatavari. This pure and potent supplement has helped more than thousands of people already and is gaining huge popularity in the market today. You’ll be shocked to know that there are no side-effects on consuming this supplement. It boosts energy, metabolism, gives strength and endurance and doesn’t make you lethargic. Fatigue will never happen! You will notice a very healthy weight gain within just a month’s time. All you have to do is take 2 capsules a day and experience the change in you. The best thing is that Prorganiq has a 60-day 100% money-back guarantee for its Weight Gainer. Would you want to try? PLOS Medicine: Inspired Taste: MSN Lifestyle: Glam World: NDTV Food: Medical News Today: You May Also Like Copyright 2018 Prorganiq \| All Rights Reserved
Sunteți pe pagina 1din 3 Rise of the Novel English Summer Vacation Project Sairath Das, Class XII, Section R, DPS Ruby Park, Kolkata. The dominant genre in world literature - the novel, is actually relatively young form of imaginative writing. Only about 250 years old in England and embattled from the start - its rise to preeminence has been striking. After sparse beginning since 17th Century England, the novel grew exponentially in production by the 18th Century and in the 19th Century, became the primary form of popular entertainment. The rise of the novel as an important genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England. The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719), though John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress (1678) and Aphra Behns Oroonoko (1688) are also contenders. Another important early novel is Gullivers Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift. Novelists of the late 17th Century rejected Behn and other popular novelists and idealised the realism of Bunyans works. Three of the foremost Richardson. In the work of these three writers, the realism and drama of individual consciousness that we most associate with the novel took precedence over external drama. A number of profound social and economic changes affecting British culture from the Renaissance through the eighteenth century brought the novel quickly into popular prominence. The broadest of these was probably the advancement in the technology of printing in the 16th and 17th centuries. Written texts - once the province of the elite - were now available to a growing population of readers. Authors became free agents dependent on popular sales for their success and sustenance. The demand for reading material allowed a great number of writers to make a living from poetry and fiction. Eminent Novelists of different Genre Horace Walpoles 1764 novel, The Castle of Otranto, invented the Gothic fiction genre. This genre combined the macabre fantastic, supernatural and usually involved haunted castles and grave-yards. Later novelists Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein (1818) is another important Gothic novel as well as early example of science fiction. Jane Austins (1775 - 1817) works are part of the transition to 19th century realism. Her plots though fundamentally comic, highlight dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Some of her important works are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility and Emma. An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novel of Thomas Hardy (1840 1928). He gained fame as an author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) and Tess of the Important development occurred in the 19th century. Although predated by John Ruskins The King of the Golden River (1841), the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George McDonald, the influential author of The Princess and the Goblet. H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like The Time Machine (1895) and The War of the Worlds (1898). Some of the major novelists writing in Britain at the start of the 20th century were an Irishman James Joyce (1882 - 1941), and two immigrants, American Henry James (1843 - 1916) and Pole Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924). Another significant modernist in the 1920s was Virginia Woolf (1882 1941) who was an influential feminist and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream of consciousness technique. Her novels include Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves and To the Lighthouse. Among popular novelist Daphne Du Maurier wrote Rebecca, a mystery novel, in 1938 and W. Somerset Maugham (1874 - 1965) of Human Bondage (1915) a strongly autobiographical novel, is generally agreed to be his masterpiece. In genre fiction Agatha Christie was an important writer of crime novels, short stories and plays, best remembered fro her eighty detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers, while Georgette Heyer created the historical romance It can thus be rightly concluded that the novel should not be solely considered in terms of great art but also as an all-purpose medium that caters to different strata of literacy. The novel as a genre will continue to thrive and there would be many more eminent novelists who would enrich our mentalspace.
Succulent soil types Succulent soil types-SC Succulent Soil: IG@satori.rd To grow succulents’ plants, you need different soil from other plants. Several variables decide the right soil for safe, beautiful plants indoors or out. Using the wrong soil form, and you will find yourself endlessly solving problems with care. Succulents are pretty and lively, but often they can be very picky. Succulents are very selective with their soil, unlike your typical indoor vine, and that’s possibly what makes them so unique. If you’re an old succulent veteran or a new kid on the succulent block, it will take a long way to get the preliminaries right the first time in your succulent adventures. And nothing more than the form of soil used affects growing succulents. Succulents, these beautiful, lush, little aliens, don’t get along with the mundane, traditional soil of gardening too well. It’s overrated and a little dull, they think, at least in its pure form. What type of soil do succulents need? Succulent is a plant that mostly has dense, fleshy stems and leaves. It tends to store water as an adaptation. In other words, succulents are desert-denizens. Therefore, they have recently been tamed by their peculiar yet stunning looks to spice up the living room décor, using minimalistic planters. These plants are native to Africa, Central America, Mexico, and some of Europe’s desert regions. They have lived all their lives in the hot and dry desert and thus have a few survival hacks to fight a desert life. Their ability to store water is one of these special adaptations. You see, in the mountains, it rarely rains. And it pours as it does, very literally. In the subsequent weeks, succulents store this water in their leaves and stem for use until it rains again. So their roots don’t suck up water all the time for succulents since they’ve always got plenty tucked away in their leaves. This backs up the type of soil found in the desert. It is sandy, and the hot weather helps drain the water quickly, so with excessive water, succulents do not stay on the soil. Not only is damp, unnecessary soil is also harmful because it can lead to root rot and a host of pests, not to mention the fungal diseases that follow wet soil. So what kind of succulent soil is cool? Succulent soil types-Succulent Soil should be Well-Draining-SC Use of Pumice in soil: IG@natural.gas Succulent Soil should be Well-Draining It sure had to be at the top of the list. (We discuss this lot because of how important it is if you’ve been reading our recent articles). There is just a catastrophic mixture of succulents and moist soil. You want to end up with soil that will drain well and rapidly while creating your succulent potting mix. The best substrate for growing succulents is loose and grainy soil. Your Succulent Soil Needs to Have Good Aeration It is necessary to have some room for the roots to breathe. Not only would this make the absorption of soil and nutrients easier, but it will also create a sustainable atmosphere for beneficial soil microorganisms. Non-Compacting and Breathable Succulent Soil Sticky and compact soil for succulents is awful. The roots dislike it because it holds moisture for long periods and makes it impossible for the plant to breathe. Succulent soil types-Excessive Nutrients in Succulent Soil-SC Use of Coffee Grounds in Soil Excessive Nutrients in Succulent Soil It sounds pretty crazy, but it’s real. Soil that contains too many nutrients, especially nitrogen, can lead to skinny, frail, and nasty plants. No one ever likes goofy-looking plants of this kind, do they? What makes a good soil for succulents? When we choose the best soil for succulents, our primary objective is to ensure that it has good drainage. That means we’re based on the ‘humidity’ portion of the above list. What is soil drainage, first of all? Simply put, that’s how easily water leaves the ground. Some of the water should come out of the bottom of the pot. This should be after you water a plant, but most of it will remain in the soil. The water must either be taken up or evaporated into the air by the plant. Succulents and cacti, as it turns out, need different soil than ordinary houseplants. Many houseplants are tropical plants. They’re originally from a region with a lot of rain and humidity in the atmosphere, presumably. Their soil is often naturally rich in nutrients. Succulents, on the other hand, are known to be from deserts. They grow in dry regions with low rain and poor soil quality. The soil is possibly coarse and rough there and lacks nutrients. Undoubtedly, recreating their natural situations as closely as possible is typically best. However, you might be shocked that an essential thing to copy is not the number of nutrients they receive; it’s the water amount. Criteria for choosing the best succulent soil In the succulent soil, let’s start by talking about what you should be looking for. The best soil in pots for succulents can retain ample water to absorb what they need, but it also dries out quickly so that the roots do not rot. Water from the air around them is absorbed by succulents, not by direct touch. Sitting in moist soil continuously causes their roots to rot because they get too much water. The cells in the roots and leaves gradually break apart, allowing the plant to die. Soil may be dried out by many environmental factors, so different soil types would be better suited for different growing areas. In deciding what kind of soil your succulents’ need, the region where you live, as well as the place where you hold your succulents, will play a role. Succulent soil types-How do you know if the drainage of the soil is adequate?-SC Image by: IG@canadiansucculentguy Since we understand that soil drainage is an essential aspect of succulents, we know how to make it happen. But how much drainage is sufficient? Your succulent soil needs to be dry in a day or two after irrigation as a rule of thumb. And I’m staying dry—dry bone. There is an easy way of measuring how dry the soil is. Stick your finger one or two inches into the soil in the cup. Not only does it feel dry but warm as well. If it feels “cool,” it is probably merely slightly damp, and you misunderstand the feeling. If the pot has been filled out by your succulent, it can be challenging to verify soil dampness and could use more space for the mass of roots. You would have to consider repotting the succulent one. Succulent soil types-Choosing the right soil for succulents-SC Perfect Soil mix for succulent: IG@crayons_n_spices_decor Choosing the right soil for succulents That might sound awful, but it isn’t that difficult to select the right soil for the succulents. Only decrease the quantity of organic matter and use the effective watering techniques that we discussed. Each succulent species seems to have its own unique needs and wants, but 99 percent of them are cool with almost the same soil. To be sure, after being placed into the new soil, watch how a plant responds and change your treatment accordingly. It can be challenging to grow unique succulent plants, but the Fat Plants can be magical if you get the best soil type. A well-drained and nutrient-rich eco-system that succulents need to grow and thrive is all a succulent plant need. You will be proud of growing sound root systems, healthy fleshy green stems, and lovely colorful blooms for your succulents when you choose your soil wisely.
Gospels As Historical Sources: How Literary Criticism Changes Everything Creative Commons License by Neil Godfrey Owens1This post is best read in the context of the earlier posts on Clarke Owens’ Son of Yahweh: The Gospels as Novels, in particular Jesus Is Not “As Historical As Anyone Else in the Ancient World”. This post considers the different genres qualities (verbal categories, discourse types) between Gospels and historical writings and concludes the Gospels are characterized by language typical of make-believe narratives. One would expect that it would go without saying that one must first understand what one is reading before one knows how to assess its value as a historical source. But the field of historical Jesus research is graced with many exceptions and methods found in no other field of historical inquiry. One of these is the belief that literary analysis has no relevance to the study of the historical Jesus. James McGrath even publishes a diagram to show why literary analysis is irrelevant for historical inquiry. It is assumed that the literary approach does nothing more than explain the literary qualities and narrative structure of the work. It appears in The Burial of Jesus: History and Faith: McGrath is not alone in this understanding of the difference between literary and historical studies of the Gospels, which is to say that a good number of Christian history scholars do not really understand the nature of historical source material or the fundamentals of how to undertake historical research. I am not saying all biblical scholars fall into this trap, nor that all other types of historians avoid it, since there are indeed a few biblical scholars more critical than their peers and some sloppy historians in other fields who build upon unexamined assumptions. miles1Jack Miles (born 1942) is an American author and winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the MacArthur Fellowship. His work on religion, politics, and culture has appeared in numerous national publications . . . . Miles treats his biblical subjects neither as transcendent deities or historical figures, but as literary protagonists. His first book, God: A Biography, won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1996 . . . . (Wikipedia) What is wrong with the above model? Jack Miles, another scholar discussed by Clarke Owens in Son of Yahweh: The Gospels as Novels, strongly disagrees with the notion that one can validly “see through” the Gospel narratives to history below. He draws the analogy of the text as a stained-glass window: not to be looked through but looked at. According to Clarke Owens this is only “half right”. Owens identifies the flaw in Jack Miles’ analogy: Miles is embracing as a universal what “literary critics would recognize as [only] a theory” of literature — that of “autotelic literature“. That is, the idea that literature can and must be interpreted only within its own boundaries is only one theory among a number of valid ways of reading and understanding literature. According to Owens, while it is correct that we cannot “look through” a text on the assumption that it is some sort of window to a real world of past persons and events, it must be recognized that there are ways literature can serve as historical sources — only not in the way biblical scholars too often assume. The message of the stained glass window Clarke Owens, writing as a literature scholar, reminds us that there are certain types of literature (e.g. allegory) acknowledged as taking their meaning and intended interpretations from reference points outside themselves. (One might call this type heterotelic, referring to something outside itself, as opposed to autotelic.) So Owens disputes the idea of Jack Miles that literature must be read exclusively “as literature” and without reference to history. Continue reading “Gospels As Historical Sources: How Literary Criticism Changes Everything”
final class making websites in the world! Wow, you did it! You’re all (of course) well within your rights to leave this class and promptly forget everything you learned. However! You all now hold more than all of the tools that you need to make anything on the web. The things I’m going to cover (briefly) today could all have their own classes dedicated to them, and are intended as starting points! One of the hardest things in making things for the web is not knowing about the tools at your disposal: this is to give you an overview of those. how do I buy a domain name So, you want to make a website with the domain name (sick) Let’s look at the domain I use for my personal website. I bought my domain from GoDaddy, which is not the most ethical of hosting websites (they were involved in some shady anti-net-freedom stuff a while back), so you might also want to try something like Google Domains. Wherever you buy your domain from, the processes will be pretty similar. Like your websites, my personal website is hosted on GitHub pages, though it used to be hosted somewhere else. Domain names are used to point to the location of something on the web. What’s cool about them is that you can change the location of the thing (in this case, when I changed the server that my site was hosted on), and so long as you tell the people managing the domain name where you moved your site to, the name will still work. This process is called ‘managing DNS’, where DNS stands for ‘Domain Name Services’. There’s a really sweet cartoon that explains DNS in detail, but in essence it’s a big list that maps IP addresses (the location of a server on the internet) to domain names. (you don’t need to know this to add a domain name to your site, but it’s pretty sweet and a great bit of crazy-scale internet bureacracy that somehow keeps the world turning) ok but like, what do I actually do If you want to add a domain to a GitHub pages site, then take a look at the following tutorials: You want the ‘configuring an Apex domain’ part of this tutorial: this is instructions for how to configure custom domains on GH Pages specifically. For services like GitHub pages, where there are many sites on the same server, you need to tell GitHub about your domain name to successfully link it. Once you get to step 4 in the first tutorial, follow this guide for how to configure Apex domains on GoDaddy specifically. This will show you how to add what’s called a ‘DNS record’ that will tell browsers that go to your URL where to look for all your files. In this part, you add in the IP address of GitHub’s servers, and ‘point’ your domain at it. are there other ways to make websites than github pages? Yes! GitHub pages is actually a very recent service in the grand scheme of things. We chose it for this class because it’s 1) free, 2) involves you learning about git (sorry), and 3) actually, relatively convenient. Some of you have used Glitch, others of you have used Cyberduck to upload files to a server. You might also have heard about Netlify, which is similar to GitHub pages but has a bunch more features. All that you’re doing, in all of these cases, is putting some files on a server, somewhere. Before it was on GitHub pages, my website was on a server that I rented for around $100/year from a company called JustHost. what is a server? The problem with the word ‘server’ is that people use it to mean a lot of different things. You can make a server right now, on your computer (if you want to, check out these notes from my other class). And this really will make a web server! But only as long as your computer is running, and people know which IP address to go to. (it is, however, very fun and very do-able to get an old computer and set it up as a web-server) Servers are just other people’s computers set up to return files whenever anyone asks for them! Your websites exist on a server as ‘static sites’: that means that the server serves them, but the sites themselves don’t change anything about the information on the server. If you wanted to link a website with a database, or a CMS (that wasn’t airtable), then you would need to use a server to do it. There’s plenty of services that set this up for you, but at their core they’re just computers with files on. what is a HTTP request? HTTP requests are the backbone of the web. Whenever anyone types a URL into a browser, that browser is going to make a HTTP request to that URL. In return (if the page exists), the server sends a response and dumps a bunch of HTML back in the browser. Browsers are set up to handle HTTP requests by displaying files: when you load these files you see them as a website. But you can make a HTTP request in other places, like in code or from your command line. Let’s try getting a website in a HTTP request, using curl. Curl is a command-line application, and it’s great for testing requests out. Let’s try getting the wikipedia page for ‘egg as food’ The url for ‘egg as food is’:, and so we type in: curl "" Now, that’s a big mess, but we can put it into a file and have a look at it: curl "" > egg.html what’s an API? APIs are special services you can make HTTP requests to, that instead of giving you a big mess of HTML will give you an object, that you can do things to! has an api which cab mentioned yesterday, which allows you to use in other places on the web. Gary and I did this for a website we made for the Sakiya foundation, where we load in an channel into their website. In this case, we just add links to a number of pdfs, but we could also do stuff like: Let’s see what that request looks like in curl: curl "" oof! It’s not HTML, but it’s still pretty messy. Let’s have a go at ‘pretty-printing’, for which we’ll use a tool called jq curl "" \| jq And what about in Javascript itself? Curl only works on the command line, so here we can use something called fetch. fetch("").then(result => result.json()).then(data => console.log(data)) So – could you make a website out of text that you put in Yes! People have! People do! They’re very nice! what is a CMS? In a broader sense, what these sites are doing is using as a content management system, or CMS. These are services that allow people to edit a website without writing code: like how xianyu wanted a tool to add emojis to her object without having to edit them directly. Most CMSs (and you can buy them, and you can even write them!) require you to use a server, which costs money! If you’re making a website for a client, this can be something you get them to pay for (especially if they want to edit the site in the future). If you want to do it for free, however, you can use things like, or Airtable (which we use as the CMS for our studio site). what are frameworks? This is quite a big question, and really just to make you aware of them. I know lots of really good professional web developers who don’t use frameworks, and some that do but don’t use them for everything. ‘Javascript Frameworks’ are ways of writing Javascript applications. Though it’s not really thought of as a ‘framework’ per se, jQuery is a good example: it’s a library that allows you to write Javascript in a special syntax. If you try and get a job as a front-end web developer, you might see particular frameworks requested as particular skills. A really common one right now is ReactJS, which was first written by developers at Facebook. solving code problems by yourself (you are never truly by yourself!) Stack Overflow This site is the shit. It’s so so good. I love it so much. There is no knowledge that it can not impart to you, you simply need to know how to ask. A key advantage to the web being so big, and having so many websites is that there is a near 100% chance that someone has tried to solve the same, or similar problem as you (or got the same errors). For example, when looking at the last assignment, you might have been wondering the best way to filter an array of objects. If you google ‘how to filter an object array js’ (the ‘js’ part tells the search engine it’s javascript), check out the first answer. You can also ask questions on StackOverflow if you can’t find an answer (though do make sure they haven’t been asked already, first). life advice 1. Make things for your friends, and for your mum. (this also applies to non-web work). If you leave this class with any feeling that you’d want to make websites, then text 3 friends now, and ask them if they’d like a website for their birthday. The best way to learn to code is to put yourself in a position where you have to write code. Friend websites are a wonderful opportunity to experiment, and explore new ideas, with a very forgiving but honest audience. 2. Nothing ever works first time, nobody really knows what they’re doing, it’s amazing that anything on the internet works at all because 80% of it has been copy-pasted from StackOverflow. The possibilities are endless! You know more than enough to make great websites! You have all already made great websites! The more you make, the better they’ll get! 3. A lot of ‘being good at code’ is really ‘knowing what’s possible with code’. It’s really easy to learn to code if you’re surrounded by developers, partly because they’ll help you but mostly because you get a feel for what can be done with just a few lines! While most of you might not be in that kind of environment, you should all remember that anything that websites do, you can do too with a little JS! 4. The other bit of ‘being good at code’ is ‘knowing how to ask good questions’. This comes from practice, but the Stack Overflow Good Question Guide is a great place to start. 5. If you’re into it, try finding work with people who have been coding for a long time. You’ll learn so much by working on projects with people that know more than you do. Ask them questions! They were you once, and they will help! At some point, it becomes such a pleasure to read someone else’s good solution to a problem…
how does hume s account of causation apply to berkeley s conclusion that god is the ultimate cause of our ideas 1. Please construct grammatical, cohesive, and carefully worded sentences in response to the question below. 2. Be sure not to quote the text. Instead, make references to the relevant sentences or passages you will discuss. 3. Do not paraphrase or quote outside sources.* If you consult any, it is important that you work through them, just as you work through the primary source material. *This does not mean that you should simply use another’s work as your own, as that is plagiarism. Instead, rather than paraphrase or quote a secondary source, which you then explain, you must focus your efforts on recapitulating, expositing, and explicating ideas and arguments in your own words. 4. Write your essay in a Word or similar program, and save it as a backup. 5. Copy and paste your essay into the space provided. Be sure your copy and paste preserves formatting, e.g. paragraph breaks. 6. Your essay should be no shorter than 500 words, and no longer than 750.
Essay: History Of Panties 8 Nov Essay: History Of Panties Sample Essay Around the middle ages/Renaissance period research has shown that underwear was worn but in form of leggings. Around 1800, chemise made of a cane and steel backbone was introduced with a big-waist and tended to flatten the bust. You can all imagine the discomfort! The small pants were only worn by men as a sign of authority. I have delved deeper to find the correlation between small pants and authority with no success. If any person can clear that up for me, then my soul can rest and maybe I may understand the thinking capacity of medieval people. In 1900, there were public awareness campaigns aiming at women to stop wearing the leggings since they were unhealthy. The material of the leggings was uncomfortable and retained a lot of heat so most women began having vaginal disorders. Moreover, there was mass production of panties from different producers who came up with several designs to curb competition. It is then that the corset was reintroduced but under the name girdle. The girdle was comfortable since it did not have the weird backbone. At this point there was large scale advertising which emphasized on durable, comfortable and appealing material.
Category: Vajrayana Hits: 2282 The Sangha is the group of people who, have decided to dedicate their lives to attaining liberation. Within the Tibetan tradition, this includes dedicating one's life to the liberation of all the beings suffering in cyclic existence (samsara). This is known as the path of the Bodhisattva. Sangha is a sanskrit word which literally means "group." Early Tibetan translators translated the term as dge'dun. Dge means "virtue" and dun means "motivation" or "attitute." So Sangha can mean "A gathering with virtuous motivation." The ultimate Sangha is "the persons, lay or ordained, who have realized emptiness." and those with temporary vows. accompanying them on the path to liberation. powerful distractions and attain enlightenment. Wherever a Sangha can be found, the teachings are alive and the Buddha's presence can be felt. This text on this page was written with inspiration of teachings from: © Khenchen Tsewang Gyatso Rinpoche
The Real Health Benefits Of Kale Kale is a dark leafy vegetable that has gained popularity in recent years. Its rise to fame makes sense considering all the health benefits this superfood packs in each leaf. Here's a breakdown of why you should consider adding kale into your diet. To begin, kale is extremely nutrient-dense. This means it contains a high amount of vitamins and minerals in relation to its weight. According to Healthline, kale is one of the most nutrient-dense foods on the planet. One cup of this vegetable contains a long list of vitamins and minerals with very little fat and only 33 calories. What are those nutrients? When you eat kale, you are getting vitamins A, K, C, and B6. Your body also enjoys a dose of manganese, calcium, copper, potassium, and magnesium. This veggie stores a small amount of a few other nutrients as well, including vitamins B1, B2, iron, and phosphorus. Vegetables don't typically contain much fat, and kale is no exception. The small amount it does house is alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid essential for human growth. Finally, it's high in antioxidants to help your body fight against diseases. Kale can keep you healthy and ward off health problems Because of its vitamin, mineral, and antioxidant content, kale may help you ward off various diseases. According to Medical News Today, this vegetable has been shown to fight against diabetes, heart disease, and even cancer when included in a well-rounded diet. It can also improve digestion, and skin, hair, and eye health. There are many ways to add kale to your diet. It can be eaten raw as part of a salad, although many people find it bitter and slightly tough. Removing the stems and massaging the leaves before eating can make it more palatable. Kale holds its shape when cooked, making it an easy addition to soups and sauces because it won't wilt. Incorporating it into recipes with many other ingredients will mask some of the earthy flavor if you don't enjoy the taste. A fun way to enjoy the health benefits of kale is to make kale chips, according to The Spruce Eats. Simply drizzle them with some olive oil and cook in the oven until they are crispy. There is no reason not to enjoy this versatile superfood as part of your overall diet.
A sea lion sits outside a Galapagos Islands hotel that is closed because of the coronavirus crisis. (Adrian Vasquez / Associated Press) The island chain’s famous isolation is now heightening its hardship. For seven weeks now, not a single tourist has arrived at the UNESCO World Heritage site that inspired Charles Darwin. Studies of the archipelago’s unique marine and avian wildlife have halted. And residents are making urgent changes, such as growing carrots, peppers and tomatoes at home so they don’t go hungry. “Galapagos is the land of evolution,” said Joseline Cardoso, whose small family-run hotel on Santa Cruz island is empty. “The animals have adapted, and we humans cannot be the exception.” Images of corpses in Ecuador stoked fear of the coronavirus’ effect on developing nations. Infections have yet to peak elsewhere in Latin America. The storied islands have been relatively shielded by what happens 600 miles away on the mainland. A financial crisis two decades ago left many Ecuadorians penniless, but steady international tourism kept the Galapagos afloat. Last year, more than 275,000 people came to see the swimming iguanas, giant tortoises and birds with webbed feet the color of blue cotton candy. Islanders rely on military aircraft to ferry the critically ill to Quito, the Ecuadorean capital, or Guayaquil. Many go to the mainland for appointments, and some hire doctors to fly in for major events such as childbirth. Locals like to joke that, “in the Galapagos, it is prohibited to get sick.” But the coronavirus has upended any sense of island immunity. Authorities have scrambled to equip hospitals, where there are only four ICU beds — about one for every 7,500 residents — and a lab to do virus tests. The Charles Darwin Foundation donated two of the new ventilators. In addition to military transports, a police aircraft is being mobilized. The president has offered one of his two planes, said Juan Sebastián Roldán, his Cabinet secretary. Cities and attractions in countries around the world are too well-loved by tourists. Here’s what some are doing about it. The bigger blow has been to tourism: At least 800 visitors usually arrive daily, and officials estimate that the islands already have lost at least $50 million, a quarter of the expected annual income. The islands have a rich history of scientific investigation and discovery since Darwin arrived aboard the Beagle in 1835, noting that species on the relatively new volcanic islands bore key differences from those in continental South America. Humans have caused the islands irreparable harm, wiping out thousands of whales and tortoises, introducing invasive species such as insects, wild pigs and goats, and damaging the delicate vegetation. The flies threaten 20 bird species, and scientists have been collecting data on them for more than five years, but there will be blank spaces for 2020 that “we will not be able to recover,” said María José Barragán, the foundation’s chief executive and science director. Stay-at-home requirements have upended the field work of researchers, including that of scientists and volunteers who track migrating gray whales.
Showing posts from October, 2013 The Fall of Meremere, 31 October-1 November 1863 Following the invasion of Waikato by British imperial troops in July 1863, local Maori sought to slow their advance south through the construction of a series of defensive pa (fortifications), of which Meremere was among the most impressive. Its construction was first observed by General Cameron on 15 August, when he noted that Maori had assembled there in considerable numbers and occupied a commanding post on the right bank of the Waikato River, about two miles beyond the junction with the Whangamarino River. Rifle pits were being thrown up in all directions and one observer estimated that there were already about 1100 men there by the end of August. Construction of the pa soaked up a considerable proportion of the total number of defenders available to the Kingitanga. But with British troop numbers continuing to surge, and the Waikato River now commanded by armed steamers that were capable of causing enormous damage, continuing occupation of Meremere was becoming increasingly untena The Origins of the Maori King Movement - An Insider's Account There are multiple accounts as to the origins of the Kingitanga, or Maori King Movement, which came to prominence with the instalment of Potatau Te Wherowhero as the first Maori King in 1858. Much less common is a detailed insider’s description of the emergence of the movement and its aims and objectives. Honana Te Maioha belonged to Ngati Mahuta and was a cousin of Matutaera, better known as King Tawhiao, the second Maori King. He was intimately involved in the Kingitanga and had been active in its formation. In 1882 he gave a detailed description of how the movement had come about. It emerged at a time when the Kingitanga was at the forefront of public attention. The year before King Tawhiao had laid down his arms at Alexandra (Pirongia) and declared an end to the war fought in the 1860s. Subsequent to this he travelled to a number of European settlements, includiing, in January 1881, to Auckland. There, Tawhiao and his entourage, including Honana Te Maioha, were feted by a grat
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What if we gardened with the moon? The moon in a blue sky influcencing hazy tree leaves in the foreground. Gardening with the moon, sure! But how? Gardeners have always observed with fascination the impact of the moon on plants they were growing. Vigor, strength, appeal: fruits, flowers and vegetables are much nicer depending on the phases of the moon. So how can we learn to use the influence of such a faraway celestial body? What makes full moon days so special? Follow a few statements that moon gardeners have offered for thought. What’s best for moon gardening, waxing or waning? The phenomenon of waxing moon and waning moon is quite easy to understand and to apply to the garden. Harvest-boosting waxing moon is the span of time between new moon and full moon. It lasts about a fortnight. In the northern hemisphere, the waxing moon looks like an upside-down letter C. During this phase, plants resist diseases much better. For the gardener, time to splurge: pruning plants, harvesting fruits and flowers will let the plant grow back more vigorously. Fruits will ripen over a longer period and flowers cut during a waxing moon will hold for much longer in a vase. To define the waning moon, simply look at the lit portion of the celestial body. If the “C” letter is upright, in the northern hemisphere, then it’s the last moon quarter. At this exact moment, plants send their sap to the tips of branches. It’s the ideal time to fertilize the soil. Vegetables and plants tend to be a bit more tired at this time, and fruits are more tasty and have a stronger fragrance. Barren or bad gardening days and “flower” days Eclipse of the moon, taken 2019-01-21Every gardener who pays attention to the moon knows that there are days on which to avoid gardening. These are called barren days. Actually, it is a time given for the soil to rest. There are 4 days every month for which the moon doesn’t have any influence, or even possibly a bad influence: these are the 4 special days when the Earth and Moon are closest or furthest apart, or when the orbit of the earth meets the orbit of the moon. Simply let your gardens rest on those days. As for full moon days, don’t expect too much of them. That is the best day to plant your root crops (turnip, radish, carrot….) but that’s all. Your harvests will also be more tasty, but don’t go expecting a miracle: your tomatoes won’t double in size! Flower days are the days best suited for planting flowers. You can plant bulb flowers, repot new plants, etc… Thus, the month shows root days, leaf days, flower days and fruit days as days wear on. You can check the perfect time to start your organic vegetable patch with a lunar calendar that will help you set up your timing to fit into the moon’s long cycle! Example: moon phase gardening for February The first two weeks of February are waxing moon days, and from February 1st to 3rd, you can start sowing, in seed trays indoors (around 68°F or 20°C), eggplant, tomato, bell pepper and chili. It’s also time to sow pickle, cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash (like red kuri squash) and zucchini. Those first few days are fruit days. Around Saint Valentine’s day, from February 13th to 15th, root days indicate that time has come to sow carrot, radish, onion, root celery and to start germinating potato. On February 19th and 20th, perfect time to prune your apple and pear trees. Also prune every apricot tree and peach tree, and generally remove all fruit that has shriveled up while still on the branches. Use Bordeaux mixture to eradicate fungus before spring takes off. At the end of the month, on February 26th and 27th, come two leaf days. Transplant lettuce that you might have sown under cover mid-January. Sow new seeds directly in the ground. If it doesn’t freeze, these are perfect days to plant fruit trees and prune most deciduous trees. Remove moss from the lawn since grass will take off without harm. Prune boxwood tree hedges and topiary. Shrub growing with the moon by Jiří Rotrekl under Pixabay license Lunar eclipse, January 21st, 2019 by Gaspard Lorthiois (own work)
The complex physics behind bending it like a World Cup player Fluid dynamics experts weigh in on how Ronaldo and Pavard score seemingly impossible goals. The gems of every World Cup are the impossible goals. Cristiano Ronaldo bending it in over the wall against Spain in the group stage. Benjamin Pavard bending a cross to pull France over Argentina in the group of 16. Takashi Inui sweeping in a perfectly spin-less goal to bring Japan up over Belgium, if only temporarily. It’s breathtaking to watch. Every spin of the ball moves air across the surface, pushing it into a bend. For a player at this level, bending the ball is an intuitive motion, just a kick to the edge of the ball to arc it in the right direction. For a physicist, modeling air flow around a bending soccer ball is a complex blend of forces all tied to the way the air moves across the surface. “The physics is rather complicated honestly, but there are simple ways to explain it,” says John Bush, an applied mathematician at MIT. “The reason it looks mysterious is because you can’t see what the surrounding fluid, in this case air, is doing.” When a soccer ball flies, the air forms a layer around the surface of the ball. As the ball spins, it deflects the air off to one side, Bush says. This deflection of air pushes the ball in the opposite direction. Benjamin Pavard’s cross (above) starts with a strike on the out side of his right foot, which hits the left side of the ball, initiating a clockwise spin. That rotation flings the air off to the left, and the force created by the air leaving the ball pushes it to the right, explains Bush. Thus, a ball spinning to the right (that’s clockwise) will also arc towards the right. This force is called the Magnus Effect. “With a soccer ball, that’s how Bekham can bend it,” says Tom Benson, a retired NASA aerospace engineer who designed software to model this problem. One of the tricks in the World Cup is that the Magnus Effect is predictable. A soccer ball with a counterclockwise spin will always bend left, one with a backspin that goes under the ball gives it a bit more upward movement, and topspin causes a drop. “It helps the goalies, because the goalies then see uniform curvature when guys are bending it taking shots at them,” Benson says. “If he can pick up the spin right, it’s going to be the same amount of curvature, and he knows where to put his hands.” This is in part why players are much more likely to take bending shots during free kicks when goalies can’t see their kicks quite as well because of the wall of defenders, says Bush. There a player is trying to get the ball over the wall and down, like the gorgeous shot from Cristiano Ronaldo in Portugal’s group stage game in the first round of the World Cup against Spain. A player can change how the ball spins by kicking with the inside or outside edge of their foot to place the spin, says Bush. In the shot pictured above, Ronaldo kicks with the instep of his right foot, and the ball bends back around to his left, because of the counterclockwise spin he put on the ball. Between the lift on the ball, which is necessary to get over the wall, and the sweeping curve, the goalie didn’t even have a chance to move before the ball hit the upper corner of the net. It’s the texture and design of the soccer ball that keeps the air moving across the surface of the ball in a predictable way, and keeps the Magnus effect from reversing. “If you have a perfectly smooth ball, the ball can bend the wrong way so to speak,” says Bush. “I was playing soccer on the beach in Nice, and we were playing with a beach ball and it was bending the wrong way. I was going—oh my god, my world was collapsing here!” During the World Cup in South Africa in 2010, the ball was essentially too smooth and the Magnus effect would flip, bending the ball counter to the way players expected. “If you hit two balls exactly the same, one rough and one smooth, they will bend in opposite ways,” says Bush, who demonstrated the phenomenon in a 2013 paper. This flipping of the Magnus Effect is partly why that World Cup continues to be so memorable. Back in 2010, the 10 World Cup arenas were at very different altitudes from sea level in Cape Town to just over a mile above sea level in Johannesburg. It meant that games were played with different densities of air. This is partially why NASA and Benson got involved in modeling what was happening with the ball that year. At the different air densities the ball was traveling at very different speeds, Benson says. It’s much harder to get bend on a ball if the air is less dense because there is less pressure to push the ball in one direction or another. Since the 2018 World Cup is all played at the same altitude that isn’t impacting this World Cup, but Benson says you can see this effect in action in baseball stadiums at higher altitudes. “Denver’s a mile high, and at a mile-high you’ll lose 25 to 30 percent of the air density,” he explains, “therefore you lose an inch or two off your curve ball.” If a ball isn’t spinning, it does something called knuckling, where the air peels off the ball in random directions, causing it to bob and weave in the air unpredictably, says Taketo Mizota, a fluid engineer at the Fukuoka Institute of Technology in Japan. The constant Magnus Effect is no longer in play, and instead the vortexes of air move around the ball’s surface. This movement pushes the ball irregularly, creating the bobbles, Mizota says. This knuckling motion only happens when the ball moves without spin, and is usually achieved when a player manages a sharp, fast touch of the ball, typically right on the air valve where the ball is most firm, says Bush. This prevents as much spin from transferring during the kick as possible. Takashi Inui managed to get a perfect spin-less goal when Japan played Belgium in the round of 16 on June 2nd this year. When you watch it in slow motion, you can see that the pattern on the ball barely moves at all as it floats into the goal. Its lack of spin kept the goalie, Thibaut Courtois, from being able to predict where it was going until it was too late. “All the goal keepers quiver before the kicker who can shoot these slow spinning soccer balls,” says Mizota. (Although this year it wasn’t enough to put Japan through to the quarterfinals.) But a World Cup soccer player isn’t slowing down to think about fluid dynamics before they make these elegant touches. “There’s the physics and then there is the skill of shooting. You won’t see an engineer or a physicist step on the field and dazzle with its shots,” says Bush with a laugh. “The skill is developed through practice, rather than a knowledge of the physics.”
Rebutia formerly included a large number of species. In recent years studies of DNA have shown that the original genus was derived from different evolutionary lines, and the group has now been split into Rebutia and Aylostera. One of the obvious differences between the two is that on the flowers, the stalk is hairless (naked) on Rebutia whereas on Aylostera it has hairs or bristles. The genus Rebutia currently comprises twelve species according to Mosti et al. (2011): Look through the Rebutia gallery.
Rants Of The Raven The Goddess Ma'at The goddess Ma'at was the goddess of harmony, order, and truth represented as a young woman, sitting or standing, holding a scepter in one hand and an ankh in the other. Sometimes she is depicted with wings on each arm or as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head. Because it also was the pharaoh's duty to ensure truth and justice, many of them were referred to as Meri-Ma'at (Beloved of Ma'at). Since she was considered as merely the concept of order and truth, it was thought that she came into existence at the moment of creation, having no creator and made the order of the entire universe from the pandemonium. When beliefs about Thoth arose in the Egyptian pantheon and started to consume the earlier beliefs at Hermopolis about the Ogdoad, it was said that she was the mother of the Ogdoad and Thoth the father. In Duat, the Egyptian underworld, the hearts of the dead were said to be weighed against her single Shu feather, symbolically representing the concept of Ma'at, in the Hall of Two Truths. A heart which was unworthy was devoured by the goddess Ammit and its owner condemned to remain in Duat. The heart was considered the location of the soul by ancient Egyptians. Those people with good, (and pure), hearts were sent on to Aaru. Osiris came to be seen as the guardian of the gates of Aaru after he became part of the Egyptian pantheon and displaced Anubis in the Ogdoad tradition. Blessed Be 12 views0 comments Recent Posts See All Imbolc/ St Brigid's Day
Entries with tag soft power . South Korea’s soft power strategies to deal with North Korea’s threat Kim Jung-un and Moon Jae-in met for the first time in April, 2018 [South Korea Gov.] North Korea has always utilized its nuclear power as a leverage for negotiation in world politics. Nuclear weapons, asymmetric power, are the last measure for North Korea which lacks absolute military and economic power. Although North Korea lags behind the United States and South Korea in military/economic power, its possession of nuclear weapons renders it a significant threat to other countries. Recently, however, they have continued to develop their nuclear power in disregard of international regulations. In other words, they have not used nuclear issue as a leverage for negotiation to induce economic support. They have rather concentrated on completing nuclear development, not considering persuasion from peripheral countries. This attitude can be attributed to the fact that the development of their nuclear power is almost complete. Many experts say that North Korea judges the recognition of their nation with nuclear power to be a more powerful negotiation tool (Korea times, 2016). In this situation, South Korea has been trying many different kinds of strategies to resolve the nuclear crisis because security is their main goal: United States-South Korea joint military exercises and United Nations sanctions against North Korea are some of those strategies. Despite these oppressive methods using hard power, North Korea has refused to participate in negotiations. Most recently, however, North Korea has discarded its previous stance for a more peaceful and amicable position following the PyeongChang Olympics. Discussions about nuclear power are proceeding and the nation has even declared that they will stop developing nuclear power. Diverse causes such as international relations or economic needs influence their transition. This essay would argue that the soft power strategies of South Korea are substantially influencing North Korea. Therefore, an analysis of South Korea’s soft power strategies is necessary in order to figure out the successful way to resolve the nuclear crisis. Importance of soft-power strategies in policies against North Korea North Korea has justified its dictatorship through the development of its ‘Juche’ ideology which is very unique. This ideology is established on the theory of ‘rule by class’ which stems from Marxism-Leninism. In addition, the regime has combined it with Confucianism that portrays a dictator as a father of family (Jung Seong Jang, 1999). Through this justification, a dictator is located at the top of class, which would complete the communist ideal. People are taught this ideology thoroughly and anyone who violates the ideology is punished. To open up this society which has formerly been ideologically closed, their ideology should be undermined by other attractive ideology, culture, and symbol. However, North Korea has effectively blocked it. For example, recently, many people in North Korea have covertly shared TV shows and music from South Korea. People who are caught enjoying this culture are severely punished by the government. In these types of societies, oppression through hard power strategies doesn’t affect making any kind of change in internal society. It rather could be used to enhance internal solidarity because the potential offenders such as United States or South Korea are postulated as certain enemies to North Korea, which requires internal solidarity to people. North Korea has actually depicted capitalism, United States and South Korea as the main enemies in media. It intends to induce loyalty from people. As a result, the regime have developed nuclear weapons successfully under strong censorship. Nuclear power is the main key to maintain the dictatorship. The declaration of ‘Nuclear-Economy parallel development’ from the start of Kim Jung-Eun’s government implies that the regime would ensure nuclear weapon as a measure to maintain its system. In this situation, sending the message that its system can coordinately survive alongside South Korea in world politics is important. Not only oppressive strategies but also appropriate strategies which attract North Korea to negotiate are needed. Analysis of South Korea Soft Power Strategies In this analysis, I will employ a different concept of soft power compared from the one given by Joseph Nye. Nye’s original concept of soft power focuses on types of behavior. In terms of his concept, co-optive power such as attraction and persuasion also constitutes soft power regardless of the type of resource (Joseph Nye, 2013). However, the concept of soft power I will use focuses on what types of resources users use regardless of the type of behaviors. Therefore, any kinds of power exerted by only soft resources such as images, diplomacy, agenda-setting and so on could be soft power. It is a resource-based concept compared to Nye’s concept which is behavior based (Geun Lee, 2011). I use this concept because using hard resources such as military power and economic regulation to resolve the nuclear problem in North Korea has been ineffective so far. Therefore, using the concept of soft power which is based on soft resources makes it possible to analyze different kinds of soft power and find ways to improve it. According to the thesis by Geun Lee (2011: p.9) who used the concept I mentioned above, there are 4 categories of Soft Power. I will use these categories to analyze the soft power strategies of South Korea. 1. Application of soft resources – Fear – Coercive power (or resistance) 2. Application of soft resources – Attractiveness, Safety, Comfort, Respect – Co-optive power 3. Application of soft resources (theories, interpretative frameworks) – New ways of thinking and calculating – Co-optive power 4. Socialization of the co-optive power in the recipients – Long term soft power in the form of “social habit” 1. Oppression through diplomacy: Two-track diplomacy South Korea takes advantage of soft power strategies that request a global mutual-assistance system in order to oppress North Korea. Based on diplomatic capabilities, South Korea has tried to make it clear that all countries in world politics are demanding a solution to the North Korean nuclear crisis. Through these strategies, it wants to provoke fear in North Korea that it would be impossible to restore its relationship with the world. These strategies have been influential because they are harmonized with United Nations’ Security Council resolutions. Especially, the two-track diplomacy conducted by the president Moon-jae-in in the United Nations general assembly in 2017 is evaluated to be successful. He gave North Korea two options in order to attract them to negotiate (The fact, 2017). The president Moon-jae-in stressed the importance of cooperation about nuclear crisis among countries in his address to the general assembly. Moreover, he discussed the issue with the presidents of United States and Japan and pushed for a firm stance against the North Korea nuclear problem. However, at the same time, he declared that South Korea is ready for peaceful negotiation and discussion if North Korea wish to negotiate and stop developing its nuclear power. By offering two options, South Korea not only aimed to incite fear in North Korea but also left room for North Korea to appear at the negotiation tables. Strategies using diplomatic capabilities are valuable because they can induce coercive power through soft resources. However, it would be difficult to judge the effectiveness if North Korea didn’t show any reaction to these strategies. Moreover, the cooperation with Russia and China is very important to persuade North Korea because they are maintaining amicable relationships with North Korea against United States and Japan. In the situation that North Korea has aimed to complete development of nuclear weapons for negotiation, diplomatic oppression is not effective itself for making change. Joint statement by the leaders of North and South Korea, in April 2018 [South Korea Gov.] 2. Sports and culture: Peaceful gesture The attempt to converse through sports and culture is one of the soft power strategies used by South Korea in order to solve the nuclear crisis. This strategy intends to obtain North Korea’s cooperation in non-political areas which could then spread to political negotiations. As a result of this strategy, South Korea and North Korea formed a unified team during the last Olympics and Asian games (Yonhapnews, 2018). However, for it to be a success, their cooperation should not be limited to the non-political area, but instead should lead to a constructive conversation in politics. In these terms, South Korea’s peaceful gesture in the Pyeong-Chang winter Olympic is seen to have brought about positive change. Before the Olympics, many politicians and experts were skeptical to the gesture because North Korea conducted the 6th nuclear test in 2017, ignoring South Korea’s message (Korea times, 2018). In extension of the two-track diplomacy strategy, nevertheless, the South Korea government has continually shown a desire to cooperate with North Korea. These strategies focus on cooperation only in soft power domains such as sports, culture, and music rather than domains that expose serious political intension. In the United Nations general assembly which adopted a truce for the Pyeong-Chang Olympics, gold medalist Kim-yun-a required North Korea to participate in Olympics on her address (Chungang, 2017). Moreover, in the event for praying successful Olympics, the president Moon-jae-in sent another peaceful gesture mentioning that South Korea would wait for the participation of North Korea until the beginning of Olympics (Voakorea, 2017). This strategy ended up having successfully attracted North Korea. As a result, they composed a unified ice hockey team and diplomats were dispatched from North Korea during the Olympics to watch the game with South Korean government officials. And then, they exchanged cultural performances in Pyeong-Chang and Pyeong-yang. Finally, the efforts led to the summit meeting between South-North Korea, and North Korea even declared that it would stop developing nuclear power and establish cooperation with South Korea. It is too early to judge whether North Korea will stop developing their nuclear influence. However, it is a success in the sense that South Korea has attracted North Korea into conversations. Especially, South Korea has effectively taken advantage of the situation that all countries in international relations pay attention to the nuclear crisis of North Korea. They continuously pull North Korea into the center of world politics and leave North Korea without alternative option. Continuous agenda-setting and issue making has finally attracted North Korea. 3. Agenda-setting and framing It is important to continuously set agendas about issues which are related to North Korea’s violations concerning the nuclear crisis and human rights. Although North Korea is isolated from world politics, it can’t operate its system if it refuses to cooperate or trade with other countries. As a result, it do not want to be in constant conflict with world politics. Therefore, the focal point of agenda-setting South Korea should impress is the negative effects of nuclear policies and dictatorship of North Korea. Moreover, South Korea should recognize that the goal of developing nuclear influence of North Korea is not to declare war but to ensure protection for their political system. South Korea needs to continuously stress that political system of North Korea would be insured after nuclear dismantlement. These strategies change thoughts of North Korea and induce it to participate in negotiations. However, South Korea has not been effectively employing this strategy. Agenda-setting which might arouse direct conflict with North Korea could aggravate their relationship. This explains its unwillingness to resort to this strategy. On the other hand, the United States show effective agenda-setting which relates to the nuclear crisis mentioning Iran as a positive example of a successful negotiation. South Korea needs to set and frame the agenda about similar issues closely related to North Korea. For example, the rebellion against the dictatorship in Syria and the resulting death of the dictator in Yemen which stem from tyrannical politics could be a negative precedent. Also, the agreement with Iran that acquired economic support by abandoning nuclear development could be a positive precedent. Through this agenda setting, South Korea should change the thought of North Korea about their nuclear policies. If this strategy succeeds, North Korea will obtain a new interpretative framework, which could lead them to negotiate. 4. Competition of system: North Korea defector and Korean wave The last type of soft power strategy is a fundamental solution to provoke change. While the strategies I mentioned above directly targets the North Korea government, this strategy mainly targets the people and the society of North Korea. Promoting economic, cultural superiority could influence the North Korean people and then it could lead to movements which would require a transition from the current society. There are many different kinds of way to conduct this strategy and it is abstract in that we can’t measure how much it could influence society. However, it could also be a strategy which North Korea fears the most in the sense that it could provoke change from the bottom of the society. In addition to this, it could arouse fundamental doubt about the ‘Juche’ ideology or nuclear development which is maintained by an exploitative system. One of these strategies is the policy concerning defectors. South Korea has been implementing policies which accept defectors and help them adjust to the South Korea society. These defectors get a chance to be independent through re-socialization. And then, some of them carry out activities which denounce the horrible reality of the internal society of North Korea. If their voice became influential in world politics, it could become a greater threat to the North Korea system. In 2012, some defectors testified against the internal violation of human rights in UNCHR to gain attention from the world (Newsis, 2016). In addition, recently, Korean dramas and music are covertly shared within the North Korea society (Daily NK, 2018). It could also provoke a social movement to call for change. Because the contents reflect a much higher standard of living, it triggers curiosity and admiration from North Korean people. These strategies lead society of North Korea to socialize with the co-optive power in the recipients. Ultimately, long term soft power could threaten North Korea itself. Limits and conclusion This essay has analyzed the strategies South Korea has used in order to resolve the North Korean nuclear crisis. South Korea threatens North Korea utilizing consensus among countries. Strategies its government has shown such as the speech of the president Moon-jae-in in the United Nations general assembly, the winter Olympics which reflected a desire for peace and the two-track diplomacy are totally different from the consistently conservative policies that the previous governments showed during the last ten years. In addition, the declaration of the Trump’s administration that they would continuously pressure North Korea about nuclear issues offered the opportunity to react to North Korea’s nuclear policies. In this process, active joint response among South Korea, United States and Japan is also necessary. However, it is true that there are some drawbacks. In order for North Korea to eventually accept nuclear disarmament, South Korea absolutely needs to cooperate with Russia and China which are not only in a good relationship with North Korea but also in a comparatively competitive relationship with the United States and Japan. If South Korea will succeed in gaining their support, the process of reaching an agreement concerning nuclear issues would be much easier. Eventually, in contrast with the hard power strategies with hard resources, soft power strategies with soft resources can only be effective when South Korea offers the second attractive option. The options are diverse. The main point is that North Korea should recognize the positive effects of abandoning nuclear. Also, South Korea should recognize that the effect of soft power strategies is maximized when it coexists with economic / military oppression through hard power. In other words, South Korea must take into account Joseph Nye’s smart power to solve the nuclear crisis. In this process, the most important thing is to persuade North Korea by offering an attractive choice. The reason why North Korea desires to have a summit meeting with South Korea and the United States is because they judge that the choice would be more profitable. Therefore, the South Korean government needs to reflect upon what objectives North Korea has when they accept to negotiate. For example, China’s economic opening is an example of a good precedent that North Korea could follow. South Korea needs to give North Korea a blue print such as the example of China and lead the agreement about the nuclear problem. Lastly, it is difficult to apprehend the effectiveness of soft power strategies with soft resources, mentioned by Geun Lee, in the sense that the data and the figures about this strategy are not easy to measure in contrast with hard power strategies. Also, many causes exist concerning change of North Korea. Therefore, further research needs to establish a system to get concrete and scientific data in order to apprehend the complex causes and effects of this strategy such as that stem from smart power strategies. Geun Lee (2009) A theory of soft power and Korea's soft power strategy, Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 21:2, 205-218, DOI: 10.1080/10163270902913962 Joseph S. Nye. JR. (2013) HARD, SOFT, AND SMART POWER. In: Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur(eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, pp.559-574 Jung Seong Jang. (1999) Theoretical Structure and Characteristics of the Juche Ideology. 북한연구학회보, 3:2, 251-273 Chungang ilbo, (2017) 김연아, 평화올림픽 위해 UN에서 4분 영어연설 [Online] Available. DAILY NK. (2018) 어쩔 수 없이 인도영화를 처벌강화에 南드라마 시청 주춤 [Online] Available. Korea Times. (2018) 북한, 평창올림픽 참가 놓고 정치권 장외설전 가열 [Online] Available. Korean Times. (2016) 왜 북한은 핵개발을 멈추지 않는가? [Online] Available. Newsis. (2016) 탈북자들, 유엔 인권위에서 강제낙태와 고문 등 증언 [Online] Available. The Fact. (2017) 文대통령’데뷔전’ UN본부 입성… ‘북핵 파문’ NYPD ’긴장’ [Online] Available. Voakorea. (2017) 문재인 한국 대통령 “북한 평창올림픽 참가 끝까지 기다릴 것” [Online] Available. Yonhapnews. (2018) 27년 만에 ‘남북 단일팀’ 출범 임박… 올림픽은 사상 최초 [Online] Available. The European Union's soft power: Image branding or neo-colonialism? WORKING PAPER / N. Moreno, A. Puigrefagut, I. Yárnoz The fundamental characteristic of the external action of the European Union (EU) in recent years has been the use of the so-called soft power. This soft power has made the Union a key actor for the development of a large part of the world’s regions. The last decades the EU has participated in a considerable amount of projects in the economic, cultural and political fields in order to fulfil the article 2 of its founding Treaty and thus promote their values and interests and contribute to peace, security and sustainable development of the globe through solidarity and respect for all peoples. Nevertheless, EU’s interventions in different regions of the world have not been free of objections that have placed in the spotlight a possible direct attack by the Union to the external States’ national sovereignties, thus creating a principle of neo-colonialism by the EU. The European Union's soft power: Image branding or neo-colonialism Download the document [pdf. 548K] EU's New Cultural Diplomacy Platform: A means for 'Soft Power' in a multipolar world ESSAYMarianna McMillan [Spanish version] I. Introduction On the 31st of March 2016, Federica Mogherini, the High Representative for Foreign affairs and Security Policy of the European Commission, launched a Cultural Diplomacy Platform to enhance the visibility and understanding of the Union through intercultural dialogue and engagement. By engaging all stakeholders from a bottom-up perspective, the platform forces us to reconsider the context in which it operates, the internal constraints it wishes to address, and lastly, the foreign policy objective it aspires to. However, in order to export a European cultural image abroad with a single, coherent voice, the Union must first address its ‘unity in diversity’ of national cultures without threatening the national identities of the individual Member States. Therefore, the EU as an international actor and regional organization, based on unity in diversity, has an internal need for intercultural dialogue and negotiation of shared identities (European External Action Service, 2017). Not only to establish conditions favorable to Brussels policies but as an instrument for the EU to counter external, non-traditional security threats - terrorism, populist narratives, cyber insecurity, energy insecurity and identity ambiguity. This understanding of culture as a potential instrument or means for Europe’s soft power is the basis for the analysis of this paper. In doing so, the purpose of the article is to explore the significance of culture relative to soft power and foreign policy as theoretical foundations for understanding the logic of the EU’s New Cultural Diplomacy Platform. II. Unity in diversity through the New Cultural Diplomacy Platform If the European Union aspires to a “rules based” liberal order founded on cooperation, then to what extent can the EU obtain global influence and domestic unity by preserving its interests and upholding its values, if it lacks both a single voice and a common external policy? The lack of a single voice is symptomatic of a history of integration based on diversity rather than equality. And the incoherent common external policy refers to the coordination problem, in which the cultural relations remains a competence of the individual Member States and the Common Foreign and Security Policy remains a supranational competence of the EU since the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 (Banus, 2015:103-105 and Art 6, TFEU). With the acceleration of globalization, non-traditional security challenges such as cyber warfare, climate change, radicalization, refugee and economic migration and energy insecurity test the EU’s idea of a common Foreign Policy between the EU institutions and the individual member states. These threats not only demand a new security paradigm but a new coexistence paradigm, in which security is directed towards radicalization reduction and coexistence is directed towards civil societies based on democratic order and rule of law (European Commission, 2016). For example, regarding the regional integration process, the process sustains itself by promoting narratives of shared cultural heritage. However, growing skepticism towards immigrants following the refugee crisis fosters a conflicting narrative with the wider societal and communitarian narrative projected by the EU – The European Commission (EC), the European External Action Service (EEAS), the European Parliament (EP), and the Council of the European Union. The Union’s failure to address the pervasive divisions between member states in issues pertaining to the Brexit negotiation, the financial crisis or international terrorism, further fuel populist narratives and solidify nationalist prejudices against the EU These institutional and structural constraints – diversity and shared competences – reflect the dynamics of the cultural landscape and its unintended consequences on the European Union as a political entity (institutional), the European project as an integration process (unity in diversity) and the European identity as a single voice (social). In response to a blurring of the distinction between internal constraints and external threats – radicalization, energy and cyber insecurity and populist regimes –, EU High Representative Federica Mogherini established the New Cultural Diplomacy Platform (NCP hereafter) in 2016. In order to eliminate terminological ambiguity, cultural diplomacy is understood from both a realist “balance of power” approach and a conceptual “reflexive” approach (Triandafyllidou and Szucs, 2017). Whereas the prior refers to an art of dialogue to advance and protect the nation’s interest abroad (ex. joint EU cultural events – film festivals, bilateral programs – Supporting the Strengthening of Tunisia’s Cultural Sector, creation of European Cultural Houses, Culture and Creativity Programme, Media and culture for development in the Southern Mediterranean region, and the NCP). The latter, a more reflexive approach, is a policy in itself, promoting sustainable social and economic development through people-to-people diplomacy (e.g. cultural exchanges – like Erasmus Plus, the Development and Cooperation Instrument and its sub-programmes, the Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), the ENI Cross Border Cooperation, the Civil Society Facility). By applying it to the EU; on one hand, it contributes to global visibility and influence of the EU through soft power and, on the other hand, it seeks to promote economic growth and social cohesion through civil societies (Trobbiani, 2017: 3-5). Despite being financed by the Partnership Instrument (PI), which has for its objective the enhancement of the “widespread understanding and visibility of the Union”, the EU’s NCP is a balance of both the realist and conceptual approach to cultural diplomacy (European Commission, 2016b). As such it is a strategy of resilience that responds to a new reality in which the emergence of non-traditional security threats and a shift in citizens from independent observers to active participants demands a constructive dialogue that engages all the concerned stakeholders – national governments, international organizations and civil societies (Higgot, 2017: 6-8 and European Union, 2016). As a strategy of societal or cultural resilience, resilience is understood in terms of the society’s inclusiveness, prosperity and security. According to the Global Strategy of 2016, it aims for pluralism, coexistence and respect by “deepening work on education, culture and youth” (European Union, 2016). In other words, it invests in creative industries, such as Think Tanks, Cultural Institutes or local artists, to preserve a cultural identity, further economic prosperity and enhance soft power. By seeking global understanding and visibility, the EU’s recent interest in International Cultural Relations (ICR) and Culture Diplomacy (CD) reflect the entity’s ongoing need for a single voice and a single common external policy. This effort demonstrates the significance of culture in soft politics by highlighting the relationship between culture and foreign policy. Perhaps the more appropriate question is to what extent can Mogherini’s NCP convert culture in a tool of soft power? And is such a strategy – ICR and NCP – an effective communication and coordination model before the current internal and external security threats, or will it undermine its narrative? III. Culture and Soft Power The shift in the concept of security demands a revisiting of the concept of soft power. In this case, cultural diplomacy must be understood in terms of soft power and soft power must be understood in terms of capacity - capacity to attract and influence. Soft power according to Joseph Nye’s notion of persuasion grows out of “intangible power resources”: “such as culture, ideology and institutions” (Nye, 1992: 150-170). The EU as a product of cultural dialogues is a civilian power, a normative power and a soft power. The power of persuasion of the EU relies on its legitimacy and credibility in its institutions (European Union, 2016a and Michalski, 2005: 124-141). For this reason, the consistency between the identity the EU wishes to portray and the practices it should pursue is fundamental to the projection of itself as a credible international actor. This consistency will be necessary if the EU is to fulfill its goal to “enhance unity in diversity”. To do otherwise, would contradict its liberal values and solidify the populist prejudices against the EU. Thus, internal legitimacy and credibility as sources of soft power are ultimately dependent on the consistence between the EU’s identity narrative and democratic values reflected in its practices (European Union, 2016). Cultural diplomacy responds to the inconsistency by demanding reflection on one hand and enhancing that identity on the other hand. For example, the positive images of Europe through the OPEN Neighborhood communication program helps advance specific geopolitical interests by creating better lasting conditions for cooperation with countries like Algeria, Libya and Syria to the south and Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine to the East. This is relevant to what Nye coined soft power or “co-optive power”: “The ability of a country to structure a situation so that other countries develop preferences or define their interests in consistence with its own” (see Nye, 1990: 168). Soft power applied to culture can work both indirectly or directly. It works indirectly when it is independent of government control (e.g. Popular culture) and directly via cultural diplomacy (e.g. NCP). Foreign policy actors - can act as advocates of a certain domestic culture both consciously – e.g. politicians – and unconsciously – e.g. local artists. By doing so they serve as agents for other countries or channels for their soft power. V. Culture and foreign policy If soft power grows out of the EU’s culture, domestic values and policies then culture is both a foundation and resource of foreign policy (Liland, 1993: 8). First, as a foundation, foreign policy operates within the cultural framework of any given society or society in which it wishes to interact. Thus, necessitating a domestic cultural context capable of being influenced (e.g. the difference in the accession negotiations between Croatia and Turkey and the appeal of economic integration, on one hand, and the ability to adjust human rights policies, on the other hand). And secondly, as a resource, the cultural interchange yields power to the EU. This ability of attitudes, feelings and popular images to influence foreign policy, domestic politics and social life demonstrates culture’s ability to be a power resource of its own (Liland, 1993: 9-14 and Walt, 1998). This is significant because cultural interchange will increase as the acceleration of globalization makes communication faster, cheaper and more accessible. And lastly, as part of foreign policy, it diffuses information and obtains favorable opinions in the nation at the receiving end (Liland, 1993:12-13). Therefore, Cultural Diplomacy at the forefront of European Foreign Policy does not signify the use of culture to substitute the traditional foreign policy goals – geography, power, security, political and economic – but the use of culture to support and legitimize them. In other words, culture is not the primary agent in the process to foreign policy rather the foundation that reinforces, contradicts or explains its content (e.g. Wilsonian idealism in the 1920s can be traced to a domestic culture of “manifest destiny” at the time) (Liland, 1993 and Kim, 2011: 6). V. Conclusions The purpose of the article has been to highlight the significance of culture relative to soft power and foreign policy as theoretical foundations for understanding the logic of the EU’s New Cultural Diplomacy Platform. By identifying culture as playing an integral role in contributing to social cohesion within the EU and strengthening its influence as a global actor outside the EU, we can deduct culture as a source of soft power and an instrument of foreign policy. But the sources of soft power – culture, political values and foreign policy – are dependent on three conditions: (1) a favorable context; (2) credibility in values and practice; and (3) a perception of legitimacy and moral authority (see Nye, 2006). The EU must first legitimize itself as a coherent actor and moral authority so as to be able to effectively deal with its existential crises (European Union, 2016a: 9 and Tuomioja, 2009). To do so, it must overcome its institutional and structural constraints by collectively confronting its external non-traditional security threats. This demands a strategy of resilience in which the EU is not a threat to national identity as a cultural, economic and legislative entity (Higgot, 2017: 11-13 and La Porte, 2016). Various themes relating to culture and soft power, culture and foreign policy and the EU and its internal dynamics are covered in this article, however little has been said on the impact of a “uniform cultural system” and how foreign policy can influence the culture of a society. Culture is not an end in itself nor are the intercultural dialogues and the development on cultural diplomacy. The Union must be cautious to evolving into a dehumanizing bureaucratic structure that favors a standard culture to counter both its internal constraints and external, non-traditional security threats. If democracy is one of the prevailing values of the EU and democracy is a system based on trust in human responsibility, then the EU cultural diplomacy must foster trust rather than impose a standard culture. According to Vaclav Havel, it can do so by supporting cultural institutions respective of the plurality and freedom of culture, such as those fundamental to one’s national identity and traditions of the land. In other words, culture must be subsidized to best suit its plurality and freedom as is the case with heritage sites, libraries, museums and public archives – or witnesses to our past (Havel, 1992). By incentivizing historical reflection, cultural diplomacy promotes shared narratives of cultural identities. To do otherwise does not only solidify the populist rhetoric and internal prejudices against the Union but is endemic to cultural totalitarianism, or worse, cultural relativism. To aspire to a “uniform culture system” through an agreed European narrative would be to trade off pluralism and freedom and consequently contradict, first the nature of culture and secondly, the liberal values in which the Union was founded on. Banus E. (2015). Culture and Foreign Policy, 103-118. Arndt, R. T. (2013). ¿Cultura o propaganda? Reflexiones sobre medio siglo de diplomacia cultural de Estados Unidos. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 29-54. Cull, N. J. (2013). Diplomacia pública: Consideraciones teóricas. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 55-92. Cummings, Milton C. (2003) Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Washingotn, D.C. Center for Arts and Culture. European Commission. (2016). A new strategy to put culture at the heart of EU international relations. Press reléase. European Commission. (2016b). Towards an EU strategy for international cultural relations. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. 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Vaclav Havel’s Critique of the West. The Atlantic. Kim, Hwajung. (2011) Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. La Porte and Cross. (2016). The European Union and Image Resilience during Times of Crisis: The Role of Public Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 1-26. Liland, Frode. (1993). Culture and Foreign Policy: An Introduction to Approaches and Theory. Institutt for Forsvarstudier, 3-30. Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 3-30). Basinggstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. Michalski, Anna. (2005). The EU as a Soft Power: The Force of Persuasion. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 124-141). New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Oublic Affairs. Nye, Joseph S., (1992) Soft Power, Foreign Policy, Fall, X, pp. 150-170 1990. Nye, Joseph. S. (2006) Think Again: Soft Power, Foreign Policy. Richard Higgot and Virgina Proud. (2017). Populist Nationalism and Foreign Policy: Cultural Diplomacy and Resilience. Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen. Rasmussen, S. B. (n.d.). Discourse Analysis of EU Public Diplomacy: Messages and Practices. Triandafyllidou, Anna and Tamas Szucs. (2017). EU Cultural Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunitites. European University Institute. Trobbiani, Riccardo. (2017). EU Cultural Diplomacy: time to define strategies, means and complementarity with Member States. Institute for European Studies. Tuomioja, Erkki. (2009) The Role of Soft Power in EU Common Foreign Policy. International Symposium on Cultural Diplomacy. Berlin. Walt, Stephen M. (1998) International relations: One world, many theories. Foreign Policy. Washington; Spring, pp. 29-35.
Play Live Radio Next Up: Available On Air Stations Health & Science How To Spot Misinformation In An Election Year And as you just heard, it's another presidential election year. Over the next 11 months, it might feel like you're getting information overload - TV ads, stump speeches, news organization fact checks, social media posts about those fact checks. At the same time, there's more bad information, fake or incorrect information floating around than ever before. All hope is not lost, however. NPR's Miles Parks from our Life Kit podcast says there are tried and true methods to finding good, true information, even online. MILES PARKS, BYLINE: Caitlin Dickerson covers immigration issues for The New York Times. It's a topic that is flooded with false information. CAITLIN DICKERSON: It's frustrating. You know, it's something that both Democratic and Republican politicians do. PARKS: So I wanted to hear Caitlin's No. 1 tip for seeing through all this wrong and fake stuff - the thing you should bring with you every time you go online or pick up something to read. After all, it's her job to sift through all this junk and come out with the truth. DICKERSON: I think the most important thing when you pick up a news story is to read it with skepticism. And I don't view that as a judgment of the reporter who wrote the story or of the outlet that published the story. I just think that's a smart way to read the news. It's the way that I've always done it. It's the way that I hope people do it, including when they're reading my stories. PARKS: But some topics - like immigration, for instance - seem to attract more misinformation than others. Why is that? Caitlin's clearly thought about that question a lot, and she breaks it down into two key factors. DICKERSON: One is that immigration is incredibly complicated. You know, lawyers who study it compare it to the tax code. People don't have time. You know, people have lives. They have jobs. They don't have time to familiarize themselves with the nuances of immigration law, and I don't begrudge that. But I think it's - becomes easy then for activists to capitalize on the lack of information and boil it down in ways that aren't fully accurate. PARKS: This is broader than just immigration, too. It's true for any topic with complicated policies. Voting, for instance, is something that's a little different in every single state, so it leaves open the door for lots of misinformation. DICKERSON: The other thing is that immigration is just this incredibly emotional issue. It relates to race. It relates to demographics. It relates to religion. It relates to people's feelings about the national identity as well as their personal identity. And so it's this emotional hot-button issue that people get really excited about on every side of the political spectrum. PARKS: And that emotional response should be a red flag. I talked about that with Peter Adams. He's the senior vice president of the News Literacy Project, and he says anger should be a signal to check the information, not to share it. PETER ADAMS: A lot of misinformation exploits our values. It exploits our patriotism. It exploits our religious faith. It exploits our dedication to ideals like equality. PARKS: This sort of outrage content spreads like wildfire on social media, says the University of Washington's Carl Bergstrom. He teaches a class called Calling BS, and he says platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are driven by a desire to keep people on their platforms, not by any sort of obligation to the truth. CARL BERGSTROM: The content that we're delivered is - has been curated and selected by a set of machine learning algorithms that are basically running large-scale experiments on all of the users of the platform to see what keeps people clicking, what keeps people on the site. PARKS: So this election year, one resolution might be double-checking the memes you see before you share them, especially if they make you angry or upset and especially if they're about complicated subjects. Another might be just cutting back on your social media usage altogether. Miles Parks, NPR News, Washington. MARTIN: For more useful information on topics ranging from health to budgeting to parenting and more, search for NPR Life Kit, where you will find helpful podcasts and news stories.
Imagine doing your regular one ahead routine but you write your predictions down in three different coloured pens. Prediction one in RED . Prediction two in GREEN.. And Prediction three in BLUE. At the end of the routine ……. Prediction one is correct and is written in Prediction two is correct and is written in GREEN Prediction three is correct and is written in BLUE What is it? OAP stands for One Ahead Pens. Most mentalists are familiar with the One Ahead principle..... Now take it to another level! These instructions will explain how to prepare as set of innocent Sharpies or Stabilo pens to be able to achieve the effect described above. What you get O.A.P. comes in the form of a PDF. (you will need to supply your own sharpies in three different colours) Each O.A.P. PDF contains a series of routines using this principle, and instructions on how to gaff your pens. Once you have done the one-time preparation, these pens will enable a very clean handling of a one ahead routine with the convincer of the colours matching the appropriate predictions. O. A. P. O. A. P. thought illusions thought illusions E mail: All content on this site is protected under copyright 2020 Stephen Eric Young
Improve Your Chances of Having Grandchildren with this One Easy Trick! Tired of your parents pressuring you to have children? These tables will let people know how many children they’d need to have to reasonably expect grandchildren. That doesn’t mean they can blame their kids if they don’t get any grandchildren. They can blame the fates if they had a 99% chance but still didn’t end up with any grandchildren. What’s more important is that they can stop bothering you! Nothing’s guaranteed, but the following table shows the probabilities of having grandchildren based on how many children you have. If you have one child, you have an 80% chance of having one or more grandchildren and only a 10% chance of having three or more grandchildren. If you have three children, you have a 99% chance of having one or more grandchildren. I’m not saying that people should have more children than they originally intended, but this table should give them some more reasonable expectations than they’ve previously had. And here’s a simplified table showing how many children you need to have for 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence that you’ll have one or more grandchildren. For 90% or 95% confidence that you’ll have one or more grandchildren, you need to have two children. For 99% confidence, you’d have to have three children. You could have seven children and still wouldn’t have a 99% probability of having three or more grandchildren. Input Data Set It was assumed that 20% of people won’t have children. For those with children, it was assumed that 22% will have one child, 41% will have two children, 24% will have three children, and just under 13% will have between four and 10 children, each number between four and ten being less likely than the previous number. It would not have changed the results of the simulation for families with greater than ten children to be possible. The table below shows the exact probabilities that were used. A Monte Carlo simulation was run with 10,000 rows for 10 iterations. The number of grandchildren per number of children was counted for each simulation and then averaged across iterations. The dataset for children was generated based on the above probability distribution. Then, data for the number of grandchildren were generated using the same probability distribution and a similar methodology. For families of three or fewer children, each child was assigned his or her number of children based on the same methodology as above. For families of four or more children, the average of three formulas was calculated and multiplied by the number of children, then rounded, to get the number of grandchildren. This is allowable for larger families such as these because, by the central limit theorem, the total fertility rate for large families should approach a normal distribution with the same mean as the total fertility rate for the entire simulation. That is, if the first generation of the simulation was a family with ten children, one could fairly reasonably say that the fertility rate of those children would be close to 1.84, which is the total fertility rate in the U.S., or in this case 1.93, which was what the total fertility ended up being for these simulations. I hope you’ve found this information useful. Feel free to ask me about modeling & simulation, genetic genealogy, or genealogical research. And make sure to check out these ranges of shared DNA percentages or shared centiMorgans, which are the only published values that match peer-reviewed standard deviations. That model was also used to make a very accurate relationship prediction tool. Or, try a calculator that lets you find the amount of an ancestor’s DNA you have when combining multiple kits. Get the Medium app
Are usually E-Cigarettes Really Better For You Than Traditional Tobacco Cigarettes? DescriptionAn electronic cigarettes is a small digital camera which replicates the take action of smoking tobacco. It usually consists of a battery, a power power source just like a rechargeable battery power, and a reusable tank such as a cartridge or shell. Rather than smoke, an individual ingests nicotine. As such, utilizing an e-cigarette is frequently described as “smoking” instead of smoking tobacco. You can find two forms of e-cigarette: moist and dry. A moist e-smoke resembles a bottle of water with an open top. A dry out e-cigarette resembles an average pack of cigarettes. To utilize the device, one must insert the moist section of the atomizer into the mouthpiece, and then take a puff of the e-smoke. Several health officials have urged smokers to avoid smoking using electronic cigarettes. Electric cigarettes do not contain nicotine, tar or any other harmful chemicals found in traditional cigarettes. Additionally, these smokes usually do not cause cancer or other health issues like regular tobacco cigarettes carry out. The substance an e-cigarette vapor may contain may also vary from one brand to some other. Most e-cigarette suppliers use nicotine, but some use a selection of other chemicals, flavoring brokers and synthetic ingredients. Some chemicals that can be found in e-cigarette vapor incorporate nicotine, propylene glycol (a detergent and antifreeze), glycerine, fruit enzymes, veggie glycerin, saccharin, and a variety of synthetic chemicals. In addition, some e-cigarette liquids contain organic extracts, flavorings, and other chemical substances. These chemicals can sometimes mask the flavour of tobacco smoke or provide a distinctive flavor. Nevertheless, because there are no real health risks associated with vaporizing e cigarettes does not mean that there are no real brain risks involved. Nicotine is a poison that damages and kills the mind. Nicotine is the chemical that makes cigarettes addictive. Damage to the brain ‘s the reason that smokers continue to smoke cigarettes. Vaping allows visitors to avoid the negative health effects which come from secondhand smoke. But, several experts say that while e-cigs are a safer alternative to smoking, they still aren’t as good. They declare that vaporizing doesn’t completely take away the threat of cancer and other serious long-term conditions. The FDA even warns that young children should not be subjected to secondhand smoke at all. There are some health risks associated with e-juices aswell. Nicotine liquid is acidic and may irritate the lungs. Nicotine is also a poison that may cause stomach ulcers, diarrhea, and other complications. But, there are various e-cigs in the marketplace that don’t contain any nicotine at all. For teenagers just getting started off with their nicotine addiction, this can be the best choice. Even with all of these potential side effects, there are still e-cigs available that are healthier than normal smoking cigarettes. These newer liquids feature flavors such as fruit flavors, ice cold types, and chocolate flavors. Lots of people say that these liquids interest their sense of flavor and don’t cause reactions that often bring about smokers. They are designed to be significantly less harmful than normal cigarettes, however they might not be a good choice for young people who are just getting started. Having less nicotine in e-cigarette products likewise really helps to cut down on the amount of harmful chemicals like tar, which is one of many ingredients in regular cigarettes. A number of the newer liquids don’t have tar at all. Customers can select from a variety of different flavors. It is important to select one that is similar to traditional cigarettes but supplies a healthier option. There are so multiple reasons why e-cigs are better for you than tobacco cigarettes. It is probably a good idea to give them a try should you be trying to quit or reduce the level of cigarettes you smoke each day. If you are not a fan of the preference of vapor, then you probably will have to try out one of the other types of products that are less harmful than traditional tobacco cigarettes. Regardless of what type of e-cigarette you select, you will be performing a great deal to help yourself and others stay healthier. With so numerous potential health effects to take into account, it may be smart to see what all of the fuss is about. Posted in Uncategorized
Introduction to Computer Science (CS2124.01) Justin Vasselli In this class, students will be exposed to the main problems and questions related to computer science, while beginning their journey towards becoming skilled coders. Students will learn how to write their own small computer programs. A large part of this process will include learning basic programming skills, computational thinking and algorithm design. In addition, students will also formulate and explore questions of their own related to computer science. Prerequisites: None. Credits: 4 T/F 10:30-12:20 Maximum Enrollment: 16 Course Frequency: Once a year This course is categorized as All courses, Computer Science.
The translation industry has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as the global movement of people and goods increases. When people choose to live and work in a country where their native language is not spoken, then all documents required by immigration authorities need to be translated so the host country can understand them. Similarly with businesses, translations are required when goods are exported overseas or branches of a business are set up in another country. As a result, the demand for global translation services has increased, covering many languages. Meeting this increase in demand has been helped by the presence of the internet which accelerates the communication between translation services and their clients. Also, the development of apps and software help translators to improve the quality of translations but there is no indication in the near future that humans are going to be replaced by machine translations. They are not sophisticated enough to translate complex structures like colloquialisms and idioms that are commonly used in languages around the world. Here are the Top 5 Popular Dammann Translation Articles 1. What’s the Difference Between a National and an Official Language for Translation Purposes? When a translator is asked to do a translation he or she needs to know who the recipient is going to be as this affects the targeted language. Some countries have speakers of several different languages so translators will need to be able to translate into and from all the official languages. For example, a German business communicating with a Belgian government department will need to use a translation service that has translators who can translate from German to both Flemish and French, the two official languages in Belgium. Some countries have what they call a national language, which is the language spoken by most of its original inhabitants like, for example, English in Britain. Singapore has 4 official languages: English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil but only one national language which is Malay, This is the language that would have been spoken before the colonisation of Singapore by the British. To read more visit 2. Is German an Ugly Language? The characteristics of any language may be viewed differently by those who don’t speak the language, but often hear it spoken. For German, as an example, those who speak the language as their native tongue can’t do much about how it sounds. However, the beginning and end of many German words seem to have built up a reputation for the language sounding ugly. Auslautverhärtung is a German word where soft-voiced consonants become pronounced as hard consonants if they come at the end of a word. The softer ‘b’ for instance is pronounced as a harder ‘p’ in words such as ‘lieb’ (German for lovely). The soft-sounding ‘d’ becomes the harder sounding and more explosive ‘t’ while the ‘g’ is pronounced as a ‘k’. This may account for the reputation that German has constructed for itself. To read more visit 3. What 2018 Is Likely to Offer the Translation Industry ● Translating e-learning courses into many different languages is becoming very popular. ● Machine translation is taking over more and more and many organizations are in the process of initiating the use of translation tools’ ● The future of the translation industry is certainly seeing the greater use of online videos and there is the likelihood that translations of video content will become more prominent. ● An increase in the translating of apps. ● The translation of social media. To read more visit 4. Seven Clear Personality Traits of Germans Almost every culture falls into stereotyping and Germans are no different and some of the well-known personality traits of Germans are as follows: ● Hardworking ● Disciplined and efficient ● They love a joke and will laugh and smile when one is told; ● Traditional, as traditions are important to Germans ● Creative, as Germans are well known for their abilities to create new things. ● Well organised ● Punctual. To read more visit 5. Tips for Translating English to German or Vice Versa A good German translator, whether he/she is translating German into English or from English into German, should be able to come up with a translation that doesn’t sound as if it has been translated. Before this can take place there are a number of tips that a translator needs to follow as indicated below. ● Read the Entire Document Through First ● Paraphrase Rather than Translate Word for Word Text ● Adopt the Same Style as the Original ● Use Formal and Informal German to Match the Context ● Proofread Once, Twice and Then Once Again! If you have ever tried to cut corners and miss out on a proofread, you might be surprised just how many small mistakes you probably made. It just isn’t worth it and is likely to mean you lose the chance of getting repeat work. To read more visit Chris Dammann has always tried to bring the most informative and useful information to his readers. As his native language is German he, of course, knows more about his own language than any other. He and his translation services are dedicated to providing the best translation available in a great number of languages. On top of that, he is dedicated to keeping his clients informed about points of interest in the translation industry as well as any recent trends that have an effect on translation quality.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peru (Indiana) PERU, a city and the county-seat of Miami county, Indiana, U. S. A., about 75 m. N. of Indianapolis, on the Wabash River. Pop. (1910 U.S. census), 10,910. Peru is served by the Chicago Cincinnati & Louisville, the Lake Erie & Western and the Wabash railways (each of which maintains shops here), and by electric lines to Indianapolis, Warsaw and other cities. The city has a Carnegie library, a railway Young Men's Christian Association, and a hospital for the employés of the Wabash railroad. There is a city park on the river, and 9 m. east of the city is Boyd park, an amusement resort. Peru is an important grain and produce market, and has various manufactures. In 1905 the value of the factory products was $1,703,417 (27.3% more than in 1900). Petroleum is found in the vicinity. Peru was settled in 1834 and was chartered as a city in 1867.
92 / 100 The seventh-largest leading cause of death— Diabetes. Did you know? Most of the diabetic patients are from low-and middle-income countries. There are a lot of other facts that you are not aware of. So, we try to discuss the quick facts about diabetes along with its types, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, diet plan, and prevention. Moreover, we also discuss a special case of pregnancy and diabetes. Before jumping directly into the causes and prevention, let’s first discuss what actually is diabetes. What is Diabetes? What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the blood sugar level is higher than the normal due to the dysfunction of metabolic disorders. Medically, this condition is called Diabetes Mellitus (DM). So, when the normal metabolic of a hormone— insulin abruptly, it causes increases in blood sugar level. However, there is no common cause of diabetic disease. This is because it differs from type to type of diabetes. Moreover, insulin helps the body to use sugar from food. So, when insulin level drops in the body, the body is unable to use sugar. Hence, there is a condition — hyperglycemia, too high blood sugar level. And as time passes, these over-saturated high levels of sugar can cause too many health problems. But the saddest thing for a diabetic patient is that there is not a cure for it. Hence, you have to manage it. People Also Read: Types of Diabetes types of diabetes There are, in general, three types of diabetic diseases which are as follows: 1. Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 Diabetes 3. Gestational Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes It is the common form of diabetes which is also known as juvenile diabetes. The word ‘juvenile’ is used because type 1 diabetes is common in young and children. The cause of this diabetic condition is when the body fails to produce insulin. In addition, the cause of dysfunction of insulin production is due to some sort of pancreatic injury. In general, people eventually take shorts of artificial insulin for the normal function of their bodies. What are the Causes of Type 1 Diabetes? What are the Causes of Type 1 Diabetic condition? Generally, they are caused either by an autoimmune response or by some injuries in the pancreatic region of the body. In the first scenario, the immune system starts destroying the pancreatic cells that are responsible to produce insulin. And these cells are called beta cells. On the other hand, another cause of this condition is the pancreatic injury that can cause infection in the pancreas. Although there are no specific causes that are responsible for all sorts of diabetic 1 type conditions. But some are the causes that trigger autoimmune responses are: 1. Infection— can be viral, fungal or bacterial 2. Due to chemical toxins within food 3. Unidentified components can also trigger the autoimmune reaction 4. Genetic causes— in most cases Sign and Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetic Condition While talking about the signs and symptoms, they usually have complex signs that may also correlate to other diseases. And the symptoms might be mild and severe based on various factors. However, these are the following common signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes. • Dry mouth and feeling thirsty • Facilitate obesity— due to increased hunger • Blurry vision • Frequent urination • In some case, unexplained weight loss • Fatigue • Upset stomach and vomiting • Frequent infections of your skin and urinary tract • Mood changes • In children, bedwetting is common. Emergency Signs • Shaking, tremors and confusion • Rapid breathing • Fruity smell to your breath • Abdomen and belly pain • In rare cases, loss of consciousness Treatment For Type 1 Diabetic Condition In general, type 1 diabetes treatment usually means the daily shorts of insulin. Therefore, insulin is the main treatment— majorly the only treatment—for type 1 diabetic patients. So, with the use of these artificial insulin hormones, your sugar level goes down. In addition, in the market, there are four types of insulin which are differing by their effective time period and how fast they start working. 1. Rapid-acting Insulin: Starts within 15 minutes and lasts for 3 to 4 hours. 2. Short-acting Insulin: Starts within 30 minutes and lasts for 6 to 8 hours. 3. Intermediate-acting Insulin: Starts within 1 to 2 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours. 4. Long-acting Insulin: Starts within 2-3 hours but lasts for 24 hours or more. Diet Plan For Type 1 Diabetic Patient While taking dietary supplements, one should limit themselves to any food that changes the sugar level to a high sugar level. There are certain foods and diet plans that help type 1 diabetic patients. • Avoid starchy or sugary foods because they rapidly increase blood sugar levels. • Also, avoid too much protein and fat-rich food. • Limit yourself with the recommended carbohydrate intake. Other foods to avoid • Sodas • Processed/refined sugars such as white bread, pastries, chips, etc. • Trans-fat— usually labeled with hydrogenated food. • High-fat animal products. Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes In Type 2 diabetic condition, the body resists the response to the insulin— a case of insulin resistance. This eventually builds up an uncountable sugar level. As per the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, it is the most common type of diabetes. In addition, NIDDK also states that there is a strong relationship between this type and obesity. Therefore, about 90% of cases type 2 diabetic patients are obese. In general, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are in their 40s or more, that’s why the term— adult-onset diabetes. However, kids, teenagers, and young people can also have type 2 diabetic conditions. What are the Causes of Type 2 Diabetes? In type 2 diabetic condition, in general, there are more than one causes. That’s why they usually are multifactorial – more than one diabetes cause. Yet, in most cases, the cause of type 2 diabetes is genetic. However, there are some causes that might increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes. The following are the conditions that facilitate this type: • Obesity • Inactive lifestyle— lack of general exercising • Increasing age • Unappropriate diet plan • In some cases, pregnancy can also be the risk factor Sign and Symptoms Unlike type 1 diabetes, when you have type 2 diabetes, in the majority of cases, patients have mild symptoms that are equivalent to common diseases. Hence, it remains concealed. However, there are some signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetic condition: • Often Urination • Blurry vision • Mood Disorder • Being hungry and very thirsty • Numbness in hands or feet • Tiredness • Wounds heal slowly • Regular yeast infections • Getting more infections— usually dark rashes around the neck or armpits region— most common type 2 diabetic condition. Treatment For Type 2 Diabetes For instance, type 2 diabetes could be managed solely by diet but medications also help in decreasing the blood sugar level, these are: 1. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Slows down the breakdown process of sugar, carb, and starchy food. Common medications: Acarboseand Miglitol. 2. Biguanides: It reduces glucose production by the liver. Common medication: Metformin (Glucophage). 3. Glucagon-Like Peptides: It changes the mechanism of producing insulin. Common medications: Dulaglutide, Exenatide, and Victoza. 4. Meglitinides: It stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin. Common medications: Nateglinide and Prandin. 5. SGLT2 Inhibitors: It helps to filter more sugar into the urine. Common medications: Canagliflozin and Farxiga. 6. Sulfonylureas: It also stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin. Common medications are Glyburide, Glipizide, and Glimepiride. 7. Thiazolidinediones: It facilitates the effective working of insulin. Common medications: Pioglitazone and Avandia. In general cases, the doctor usually prescribes more than one type of drug. And in some cases, people also have to take insulin shots. Diet Plan For Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diet Plan For Type 2 Diabetic Patients When you eat food as per the normal range of carbs value, it would control the blood sugar level. Additionally, when you coupled a low-carb diet with a low-fat diet with half an hour of exercise, then you are more prone to lose excess weight. So, you should consult a dietitian to help you to manage your crab’s count and in planning your dietary plans. However, you can also try to eat small frequent meals i.e. 4 times a day. These are the same foods that you should include in your diet when you have type 2 diabetes. • Fruits such as apple, blueberry, cherry, grapes, orange, etc. • Green vegetables such as asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, green beans, etc. • Lean protein such as poultry and fish. • Whole grains • Healthy fats such as olive oil and nuts. Prevention From Type 2 Diabetes As there is no prevention for type 1 diabetes because the autoimmune response is an unsolved story. However, there are some prevention measures that lower the risk of getting type 2 diabetes. 1. Lose weight: As stated earlier, there is a clear link between obesity and diabetes. So, losing weight to 10% can lower the chances of getting type 2 diabetes by 50%. 2. Cut Sugar and Refined Carbs: Both are responsible for the rapid rise of blood sugar levels. And refined or processed carbohydrates also add a large number of trans saturated fats to your system. Hence, more devastating. 3. Use water as the primary beverage: You should avoid any carbonated drinks and soda as they are not good for your pancreatic glands. While drinking water helps to flushes out the raised sugar levels. 4. Exercising Daily: Everybody should exercise at least 30 minutes a day. And exercising 30 minutes, even small running and speedy walking, can cut the risk by 30%. 5. Quit Smoking: It is necessary because smoking not only slowly kills your lungs but also makes you obese which finally increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it’s better to quit smoking. Gestational Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes have some similar symptoms. But the major factor that differs both of them is the pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is seen in women who are pregnant. Moreover, about 2 to 10% of pregnant women can develop this diabetic condition. In general, there are two classes of gestational diabetic conditions. These are • Class A1: Can be managed by a strict diet plan and exercising. • Class A2: Requires insulin or other medications to manage their high sugar levels. In addition, in the majority of cases, women after pregnancy can get their normal sugar level back. However, elevated blood sugar levels can increase the risk of getting type 2 diabetes in babies. Unlike both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes is fully treatable. However, a proper diet and regular sugar monitoring should be taken throughout the pregnancy. What are the Causes of Gestational Diabetes? While talking about its causes, the exact cause is not known but many researchers believe that it is due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. The responsible hormone that causes this diabetic condition is the placenta. The placenta hormones reduce the cell’s sensitivity to the action of insulin. That’s the reason why there is a high blood sugar level during pregnancy. Additionally, obese women or who gain too much weight during pregnancy are more likely to get this diabetic condition. However, there are other factors that can cause gestational diabetic conditions in pregnant women. These are the following causes: • Family history • Overweight • Some symptoms like polycystic ovary syndrome • Larger baby weight over 9lb • Some ethnic groups Sign and Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes The symptoms are not that viable or might be covered up by the pregnancy. And in the majority of cases, diabetes is brought by the medical examination or routine screenings. However, a pregnant woman may feel: • Thirstier • Hungrier and eat more than usual. • Often Urination Treatment for Gestational Diabetes The patient should go through regular routine check-ups for the blood sugar level. In the case of high glucose levels in the blood, dietary changes and exercise may be recommended as per the doctor’s advice. And sometimes artificial insulin, if necessary, is also administered to protect the baby from the complications of high sugar levels. Prevention and Diet Plan for Gestational Diabetes During pregnancy, one thing is most important, eating a well-balanced diet. And when you have a baby along with diabetes then you should stick to the balanced diet. You can also take advice from a pediatrician to manage a perfect diet for yourself and also for your baby. At any cost, you should limit your sugar and salt intake. And don’t even try to touch any type of fast food. And you control your sugar then your future child has less chance of building type 2 diabetes. Therefore, for a nine-month period, you should eat as healthily as possible. And also have regular sugar checkups. And adding a little exercise is also good for the mother and baby. But you should not try any intense workout at that period. Related Post: Common Diagnosis Test for Diabetes Common Diagnosis Test for Diabetes These are the following test that is generally used to diagnosis of diabetes: Glycated Hemoglobin A1C Test To determine the average blood sugar level, A1C is a common test. For A1C, you don’t have to fast and it indicates the blood sugar level for the past two-three months. The test is based on the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin. The normal level for A1C Test is 5.7% and below. And 6.5% or more is an indication of diabetes. While, if the values are between 5.7 and 6.4%, it indicates prediabetes. Random Blood Sugar Test At Random time (anytime) blood samples are taken for the analysis of blood sugar level. The samples are total random i.e. whether you are on fast or just ate your heavy dinner. The normal level in random blood sugar is less than 200 mg/dL, and higher values suggest the case of diabetes. Fasting Blood Sugar Test The person has to fast, usually has to skip breakfast. The normal fasting blood sugar level is 100 mg/dL or less. If the value is between 100 and 125mg/dL, then the person has prediabetes. While all the values above 126mg/dL state the person has diabetes. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test This is a periodical test that measures the blood sugar level before and after a meal. For instance, the patient has to take overnight fasting, and before the breakfast blood sample is taken and after eating some sugar meal, about after 2 hours, blood sugar levels are again taken. The normal sugar level is 140 mg/dL while higher reading indicates prediabetes (140 to 199 mg/dL). However, if value surpasses 200mg/dL then the person has diabetes. General FAQ What is the main cause of type 1 diabetes? Ans. The main cause is the abnormal immune response that starts killing the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. Can Type 1 diabetes kill you? Ans. It depends upon the severity. If you exercise daily and have a balanced diet then there is no way this disease can kill you. But avoiding exercise and limited carbs intake can worsen your diabetes which generates other medical conditions like heart disease, kidney failure, etc. What is prediabetes? Ans. It is a special case where blood sugar is high which is close to type 2 diabetes. Can diabetes go away? Ans. Some diabetic conditions like gestational diabetes can go away as the pregnancy is over. However, for type 1 and type 2 diabetes there is no back button. In addition, until now, diabetes has no cure. Is banana good for diabetics? Ans. Yes, you can eat bananas without any thought. And majorly, all types of fresh fruit are good for getting fibers which improve the diabetic conditions. Should diabetics eat oranges? Ans. All types of citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, etc. are rich in fibers, vitamin C, folate, and potassium which is good for diabetic patients. 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