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Anonymous asked in HealthDiseases & ConditionsInfectious Diseases · 3 weeks ago Where do pinworms/threadworms come from? I've been reading up but all I can find is "they their eggs around the anus" but surely they don't always live there or a person would always be infected. Where would someone pick up a pinworm infection? 4 Answers • 2 weeks ago Favorite Answer Some believe they came from monkeys or chimpanzees • 3 weeks ago Nope, that's literally the only place they live. They make your butt itchy at night, so you scratch and get eggs under your fingernails and you spread it by touching other people's food without washing your hands or you reinfect yourself by putting your hand in or around your mouth. Their principal host is humans, they don't live anywhere else but in someone's butt. People mostly get it from children, because they don't wash their hands and always have their hands on their butts or their mouths. • k w Lv 7 3 weeks ago pork, and other scavengers.... • 3 weeks ago Pinworm eggs are passed from person to person in all manner of ways. Kids with pinworms scratch their butts and collect the eggs under their fingernails which they then transfer to someone else. The eggs can be transferred on clothing, towels, furniture, sheets, etc. Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now.
Spiral Galaxies Part 2 Astronomers estimate there are over one hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe. Many of these are shaped in beautiful spirals. They have dense clusters of stars in the center. Their arms spiral outwards. Now, the outer stars of a spiral take longer to complete their orbit than the stars on the inside. So, after a few rotations, the spirals should disappear. And yet we still see beautiful spirals. You see, if the universe is billions of years old, we shouldn’t see spiral galaxies—and yet we do! That’s because the universe is only thousands of years old, and the incredible order we see in the heavens was put there by God. Dig Deeper About Ken Ham Ken Ham’s Daily Email Email me with Ken’s daily email: Learn more • Customer Service 800.778.3390
The following sermon from Ali ibn Abi Talib can be found in Nahj-ul-Balagha as well as in Tarikh al-Tabari. فإِنَّ الغَايَةَ أَمَامَكُمْ، وَإِنَّ وَرَاءَكُمُ السَّاعَةَ تَحْدُوكُمْ تَخَفَّفُوا تَلْحَقوا، فَإنَّمَا يُنْتَظَرُ بِأوَّلِكُمْ آخِرُكُمْ . It is said that Ali's saying "Keep light and overtake" in this sermon is the shortest expression with the deepest meaning. As I understand the first part of it - "keep light" - obviously refering to reduce attachment to material world and restrain from accumulating items/wealth, I am not sure about the second part -"overtake"- and the last sentence of the sermon. Answer with references would be much appreciated. salaam alaykum, The statement "Keep light and overtake" references two factors in relevance to one subject. In the prior sentence Imam Ali is informing you about the journey you're on. The aim of reward/punishment is ahead in this journey and there is no going backwards or any other direction because of the driving force that limits your choices of where you can go (the day of judgement) Keep light and overtake is a description then of how you should proceed towards the direction you're being forced to go on this journey. Keeping light, refers to not letting the affairs of this world, burden you. Whether those be difficulties, and trials. Or pleasures and material temptations. Let nothing slow you down and keep you from being able to move forward with ease. Over take, refers to the reality that everyone is moving on this journey together, our goal is to move ahead and progress more than those around us. Our goal should always be that if we are aware of our journey, and our goal, and we have access to resources to guide us and lead us we should be more successful in this journey. We should be the ones attain greater reward than everyone else. We should be the ones by the attachment to good examples to be entitled to the divine pleasure more than others. In Keeping light we are understanding how to execute the journey. In Overtake we are being commanded to be the best of all those who will reach the end of our journey. • This explanation makes sense. Thank you. Giving a reference would be great. But I know it is not easy to find references for the interpretations of Imam Ali's sayings. – Noor Apr 23 '17 at 13:01 He means make yourself light by keeping away from the "Burduns" of the human desires (Source). These attire sins and sinful acts however these are regarded to be "light" on the scale when compared to good deeds they can let you lose your aim or at least lose to track them (for a while)! In this article which seems to contradict the major understanding of nahj al-Balagha (and opposed to religion adn belief) being a book that shows up the fasaha of Ali ibn Abi Talib the author quoted contradictory meanings of each part of this sermon and after quoting the statement of as-Sharif Radi: As-Sayyid ar-Radi says: If this utterance of 'Ali (p.b.u.h.) is weighed with any other utterance except the word of Allah or of the Holy Prophet, it would prove heavier and superior in every respect. For example, `Ali's saying "Keep light and overtake" is the shortest expression ever heard with the greatest sense conveyed by it. How wide is its meaning and how clear its spring of wisdom! We have pointed out the greatness and meaningfulness of this phrase in our book al-Khasa'is. (Source) (My own translation take it with the necessary care!) - - - ... the last two sentenses or expressions of this quote make the meaning of the whole sattement too ambiguous. At the beginning he tells his audiance that they are about to take a path (travel) with a specific goal or destination but then The commentators had differences in explaining: الغَايَةَ (the goal or aim) and he further told them that there's something pushing them (or which should be a reason for hasting) towards this destination or aim. But then he asks the audiance to keep light because the first who reaches the aim will be waiting for the last to come and join the "caravan". Now the commentators quoted that the goal or aim or destination is paradise and hell while the hour refers to death or the day of resuraction, but the 3rd and 4th statement are too vague and the comments are contrdictory so some said that "keep light and overtake تخففوا تلحقوا" means that the human being should keep light from sins so that his burdon would be a lot easier and this isn't a good interpretation because anybody has his sins and good deeds and needs to carry them with him and it's important to do many good deeds to reach the goal this means he would need to keep more and more burdons of these deeds which would mean they would become heavy and make his movement slow. So the advice of keeping light sounds like it is going against the guidlines of shari'a which ask as to do more good deeds. Others explained it meaning the allowed desires of this life not the sins but this again seems wrong as he asks the people who love this life (dunya) to leave their desires to access hell earlier! They dont even want to reach it so how does he advise them to hurry? And the last statement destroys the whole meaning because what is the purpose of hurryng if the "caravan" would wait for those who come late! So we can conclude that "keep light" has been explained as the burdon of human desires (even if they are allowed) or as leaving sinful acts! • 1 Thank you for answering and taking the trouble to translate. But it seems that the article you chose is not the best one to explain the meaning of Ali's saying. I find it more confusing and unclear. – Noor Dec 2 '16 at 20:20 • 1 When I read the sentence Takhafafo TalHaQo I get the feeling it means something like; Be patient you will arrive. Or keep your (bad deeds) light, you will arrive! But of course I haven't read about the whole context which could change the meaning – Kilise Dec 3 '16 at 9:47 Your Answer
beautiful legs in pink high heels Roughly half of all adults in the United States are sensitive to poison oak and poison ivy. This year alone, 40 to 60 million people will suffer at least one bout of the rash these plants cause. Poison oak and poison ivy are botanically and chemically related. Poison ivy tends to grow east of the Rockies, and poison oak tends to grow in the western states, although there is some crossover. And a person sensitive to poison ivy will also react to poison oak. Where It Grows Poison oak ranges from southern Canada all the way to Baja, Mexico. It grows nicely at the ocean shore and flourishes along streams and in foothills where it is hot in summer and wet in winter. It grows poorly above 4,000 feet, in rain forests, and in the desert. Its leaves vary from bright green to red; in winter, it looks dead. But beware: the poisonous oil is always there. What It Looks Like It is vital to know what the plant looks like. The common saying “leaves three, leave it be” is only partially correct. Poison oak leaves cluster in groups of three, five, seven, or nine. To make matters worse, the plant’s appearance differs in different parts of the West. Poison oak in Northern California doesn’t resemble the plant in Southern California. The poisonous oil, called urushiol, is a light, almost colorless substance found throughout the plant in leaves, berries, stalks and roots. It oozes out whenever these fragile structures are traumatized. The oil, which cannot be seen easily, settles onto skin and quickly penetrates. Once out of the plant, the oil rapidly oxidizes and forms a polymer that resembles Japanese black lacquer. During the summer, along dusty and well-traveled roads, or in areas of high wind, the black lacquer of urushiol can be seen on many trees. It is still active and a little-recognized source of poison oak exposure. Pets are another unexpected source. The oil attaches to the fur of dogs and cats, who generally aren’t bothered by it but promptly transmit it to their owners. Acquiring Sensitivity We’re not born sensitive to poison oak; we acquire sensitivity through exposure. The first exposure generally occurs in childhood, causing little or no reaction. However, it sets in motion the immunologic machinery called “contact sensitization.” On the next exposure-perhaps a year or more later-a horrendous rash may appear within two days of a brush with poison oak. Often the rash is so severe it’s remembered for life. Severe Reactions Not all adults are equally sensitive. Of the estimated 125 million sensitive people in the U.S., about 15 to 20 percent are exquisitely sensitive. They get a severe, explosive eruption that arises within hours to a day after exposure. Inflammation, swelling and blisters spread throughout the skin. This type of reaction is a medical emergency and requires treatment by a doctor. Mild to Moderate Reactions Most adults are mildly to moderately sensitive. After exposure, a rash appears within two to four days. While annoying, the rash heals spontaneously in seven to ten days, with or without treatment. Most sufferers don’t seek a physician’s help but go to the local drugstore for over-the-counter medications. Minimal Reactions Of the fortunate 50 percent of American adults who consider themselves insensitive to poison oak or ivy, most are actually “subclinically” sensitive. They react, but only if they get a massive exposure or are tested with large amounts of purified urushiol. They are not immune, and may spontaneously become sensitive in middle age. Only about 10 to 15 percent of the U.S. population is truly immune or tolerant to poison oak. Sensitivity Can Change An individual’s level of sensitivity varies over a lifetime; it doesn’t change quickly, but a person who is very sensitive as a child may be just moderately sensitive as an adult. A lucky few lose their sensitivity altogether as they age, probably through lack of exposure. Barrier Preparations Avoiding the plant is the best way to prevent poison oak dermatitis. Wearing protective clothing is a must. Barrier preparations can be helpful as well; the best one on the market is called Stokogard Outdoor Creme. Ask your pharmacist to order it from Stockhausen in North Carolina. It is an oily substance that binds specifically to urushiol and holds it from the skin. However, it is an inelegant, oily, greasy preparation which smells like dead fish for the first minute or so after application, although it’s not noticeable after that. After four to eight hours, it must be washed off. Otherwise, it begins to release bound urushiol, which gradually penetrates the skin. Removing the Oil If you do have a brush with poison oak, solvents such as acetone, rubbing alcohol, gasoline, or paint thinner can remove the oil. Apply liberal amounts of isopropyl alcohol to the skin, including the face and hands. Rinse with large amounts of water. (If the alcohol evaporates on the skin, the oil is transported to another area rather than removed.) Since alcohol also removes protective oils from the skin, a new exposure before the oils are replenished will cause even more trouble. Water not only flushes the alcohol from the skin but tends to slowly oxidize (inactivate) urushiol. This oxidizing effect can be enhanced by adding bleach, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite. Clean all poison oak-contaminated objects, such as golf clubs, hunting gear, shovels, or picks, before packing up. At home, clothes, including shoes, should be taken off and washed. If urushiol is on the seat of your pants and you sit down in a chair, the oil will be in the chair, waiting for the next person to sit down. Treatment varies with the rash’s severity. The most sensitive individuals, who rapidly develop a severe eruption, must immediately go to their physician or dermatologist. The inflammation can be reduced with systemic corticosteroids. The sooner treatment starts, the more effective it will be nikotinoff forum. Unfortunately, mildly to moderately sensitive individuals don’t respond well to any treatment. Systemic corticosteroids aren’t useful, and topical over-the-counter corticosteroids-even potent ones-have relatively little effect. To help relieve the itching, take cool soaks in a tub containing Aveeno, bicarbonate of soda, or vinegar. Applying calamine lotion may help. Additives such as Benadryl or lidocaine add little to calamine except cost. Histamine release is a minor component of poison oak inflammation, so antihistamines generally don’t help. In children, antihistamines may be useful if given at bedtime since their sedative properties help reduce scratching at night. Can you become desensitized by taking urushiol by mouth? In a word, no. In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration forced a recall of all such products on the market. However, a small company in San Mateo, California, is working on a preventive vaccine they expect to market in three to four years. Until then, your best course is to stay out of harm’s way-or quickly decontaminate yourself if you do encounter the aggravating weed. Rate this post
2015 Annual Science Report Astrobiology Roadmap Objective 4.2 Reports Reporting \| JAN 2015 – DEC 2015 Project Reports • Project 1: The Origin of Homochirality Small biological molecules are frequently chiral, meaning that they can exist in both right-handed and left-handed forms. The two forms are identical except for the mirror symmetry that they break, and so would be expected to participate in chemical reactions in a way that does not depend on their chirality. When assembled into polymers, the resulting chains would therefore be expected to consist of a mixture of right and left-handed forms of the small molecules, a so-called racemic state. The surprise is that this is not true for the molecules of life. All chiral amino acids used by biology are left-handed and all chiral sugars are right-handed. That is, they are homochiral. This project is concerned with trying to find an explanation for this ubiquitous phenomenon, a universal aspect of all life on Earth. The specific question that is addressed is whether homochirality is a generic phenomenon of living systems, one that would be anticipated to arise if life were found elsewhere in the universe. Or is it instead some frozen accident related to the specific way that life arose on Earth? This question has been hotly debated in one form or other for over a hundred years, certainly since the time that Lord Kelvin coined the term “homochirality”. It is important for the Illinois NASA Astrobiology Institute for Universal Biology, because it is one of the two most evident universal phenomena of all life on Earth, the other being the universal genetic code. The phenomenon is important for another reason. The magnitude of the homochirality is 100%. It is not a slight imbalance in the abundance of right-handed vs. left-handed molecules. Thus, it is an unambiguous signal to measure, either from biological samples or remotely due to the effects of homochirality on the scattering of light waves. Specifically, homochiral solutions or suspensions will affect the polarization plane of electromagnetic waves, and so can readily be detected through optical means. The most exciting possibility in this regard is that if homochirality can be firmly established as a biological phenomenon, then its presence can be used as a biosignature of non-terrestrial life. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 1.2 3.2 3.4 4.1 4.2 7.1 7.2 • Understanding Past Environments on Earth and Mars In this task we performed research to understand the evolution of habitable environments on Earth and Mars, both of which serve as potential analogs for habitable environments on extrasolar planets. We are expanding this line of work from past reports to span the entire histories of both planets. On Earth, we have sought to understand environments and time periods spanning the origins of life to the effects of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions on modern-day climate cycles. On Mars, we focus on the ancient conditions that could have allowed liquid water to be stable at the surface; on modern Mars, we focus on the debate on the presence, amount, and variability of methane in the Martian atmosphere. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 1.1 1.2 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.1 • Project 2: Function by Reduction: Do Extant Symbiont Enzymes Recapitulate Ancient Metabolic Generalists The origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are two of the great unsolved mysteries in biology. It is now clear that these organelles used to be bacteria, but the evolutionary paths taken as they transitioned from bacteria to organelle are not well understood because they happened more than 1.5 billion years ago. Some insect endosymbionts have symbioses with bacteria which resemble organelles in many ways. We use these more recent symbioses as models to better understand the origins of organelles, one of the most critical events in the evolution of complex life. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.2 5.2 6.2 • Inv 3 – Planetary Disequilibria: Characterizing Ocean Worlds and Implications for Habitability INV 3 looks at how, where, and for how long might disequilibria exist in icy worlds, and what that may imply in terms of habitability. A major interest for this work is how ocean composition affects habitability. We are investigating chemistry behaves under conditions of pressure, temperature, and composition not found on Earth. Our simulations of deep ocean world chemistry couple with models for ocean dynamics, ocean ice interaction, and tectonics within the ice. We are examining each of these, how they interact, and how they relate to what future missions may discover. Members of our team are involved in missions to Mars, Jupiter’s moon Europa, Saturn, and Pluto. We are also involved in studies of exoplanets, and are working to understand how ocean worlds like Ganymede and Europa might provide analogues for more distant watery super-earths. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 1.1 1.2 2.2 3.1 4.2 6.2 7.1 7.2 • Project 3: Theory for the Darwinian Transition One of the key puzzles of astrobiology concerns the precision, uniqueness and rapidity of early evolution. In order for life to have evolved the main components of the modern cell as early 3.8 billion years ago, with a unique genetic code that is virtually optimal in terms of minimizing translational errors, the mode of evolution would have had to be different from the current vertical transmission of genes. We had shown in 2006 that the collective mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the only one capable of solving the puzzle of early evolution. The HGT means that the evolutionary process before LUCA can be thought of as a network of interactions rather than a tree, as would be the case in vertical gene transfer. The multiple connectivity of the network accelerates the evolution and allows rapid convergence to a unique, near-optimal genetic code. With all these advantages of HGT, why would it ever stop? Our project uses computer simulation of digital organisms in order to address these generic questions about the exit of life from the collective, progenote phase to the current era of vertically dominated evolution. This project is potentially important for understanding biosignatures of life. Even on Earth, we are familiar with the tree-like structure of individual organismal lineages. If life were a network, as we believe that it once was, the usual phylogenetic pattern of individuality and species would not apply. If we encounter life on other planets, we cannot be sure if it will be in the collective (progenote) phase or the vertical-dominated phase. Thus it is interesting to understand better the inexorability and timing of the Darwinian Transition. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 3.4 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.2 • ALTERNATIVE EARTH 3 – Oxygen Stasis and the Rise of Eukaryotes The importance of a full understanding of the controls on ocean-atmosphere O2 levels during the mid-Proterozoic is difficult to overstate. The evolution of O2 levels in the mid-Proterozoic ocean-atmosphere system forms the backdrop for the initial emergence and subsequent evolutionary stasis of eukaryotic life. Furthermore, it provides the possibility of a remarkably long period of Earth’s history during which many of the links among tectonics, climate, and life may have been short-circuited and/or amplified in unusual ways. Finally, it provides the preface that is essential reading for any story about the proximate causes of the subsequent emergence of complex life in the late Neoproterozoic. The central question in this regard is whether ocean-atmosphere O2 levels were low enough to inhibit the evolution and ecological emergence of complex multicellular life, or must we seek mechanisms strictly associated with internal biology to explain this event—or both? Our developing framework for very low oxygen levels during the mid-Proterozoic in the deep ocean, shallow ocean, and atmosphere is the baseline against which the dramatic environmental, climatic, and biotic events and triggers of the later Proterozoic should be assessed. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 7.2 • Project 3: Consequences of recA Duplication for Recombination, Genome Stability and Fitness Homologous recombination (HR) – the exchange of genetic information between similar DNA molecules – is an ancient process that is central to the emergence of biological complexity, diversity and stability. Yet, it must be tightly regulated, as it is likewise an important source of destabilizing genomic rearrangements. Despite the importance of HR, we still have a poor understanding of the balance of these creative, stabilizing and destabilizing contributions to organismal fitness, complexity and genome evolution. We are using the extraordinary genome evolutionary dynamics and duplicated copies of the HR gene recA in the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris as a model to gain novel insights on the fitness consequences that emerge from the interplay between HR-mediated maintenance of genome stability, selectively favored gene duplications and non-adaptive genomic rearrangements. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.2 5.1 5.3 6.1 6.2 • Project 4: Experiment on Darwinian Transition Carl Woese proposed that life started as semi-autonomous subcellular forms named progenotes. The progenotes lacked cell membranes and readily exchanged information, suggesting that aspects of information processing had already been developed. Woese further hypothesized that certain early life processes crossed a Darwinian threshold, where incorporation of new components of a processes was not tolerated. We aim at determining whether translation, transcription, and replication have crossed the Darwinian threshold. To determine whether DNA replication has crossed the Darwinian Threshold, interchangeability of the DNA replication processivity factor known as the sliding clamp is being examined. It is only in the presence of the sliding clamp that DNA polymerases in extant organisms can gain the speed required to replicate their genomes. In Bacteria, the sliding clamp is the -subunit of Pol-III and in Archaea and Eukarya the functional homolog is proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We have, therefore, expressed and purified a sliding clamp from each of the three domains of life (E. coli -subunit, M. acetivorans PCNA, and human PCNA). Sliding clamps are loaded in a clamp loader dependent manner; therefore, we have cloned, expressed and purified an archaeal clamp loader from M. acetivorans. Our next step is to determine whether an archaeal clamp loader can interact with each of the sliding clamps from the three domains of life and whether any of the interactions leads to loading of the sliding clamps onto DNA to orchestrate processive DNA synthesis. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 3.4 4.2 • Early Animals: Lipid Biosignatures We established the structures of two unusual steroid-related molecules that appear to be characteristic of Neoproterozoic ecosystems. We responded to an 2013 critique of the sponge biomarker hypothesis with a detailed rebutal. Currently, the most parsimonious interpretation of the presence of the unusual steroid, 24-isopropylcholestane, in Neoproterozoic sediments is that represents a molecular fossil of demosponges. We devolped a new approach to evaluating the diets of early hominins based on analyese of fecal sterols. We studied the fecal sterols of great apes and determined that they were distinct from the fecal sterols of Neandethals and modern humans (Sistiaga et al., 2015). • ALTERNATIVE EARTH 4 – the Rise of Complexity Amid Environmental Turmoil Climatic turmoil and major upheavals in global biogeochemical cycles characterize the latter part of the Proterozoic Eon, during the so-called Neoproterozoic (1,000–541 million years ago). The Neoproterozoic was marked by pronounced shifts in atmospheric composition—especially increased oxygen levels. This environmental instability provided the backdrop for the rise of complex life, including animals; however, limited empirical constraints have hindered attempts to untangle the cause-and-effect relationships among biological innovations, shifts in ecosystem complexity, and biogeochemical evolution. Likewise, still sparse coupled geochemical and paleontological records make it difficult to gauge whether the Neoproterozoic unfolded as a unidirectional march toward greater organismal complexity and higher oxygen levels, as traditionally envisioned, or whether dramatic swings in surface oxygen levels accompanied non-unidirectional ecological shifts. To resolve this debate, we are producing extensive, high-resolution records of oxygen levels and tracking the distribution, abundance, and impact of eukaryotic phytoplankton over this critical interval. Our central goal is to work synergistically with the Origins of Complexity NAI Team to better understand how the rise of complex life shaped planetary-scale biosignatures. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 7.2 • Project 5: Adaptation, Mutation Supply, and Evolution of Synergy in Biofilm Communities We will quantify the dynamics of adaptation and identify the mutational causes in evolving biofilms with high precision, and therefore illustrate how microbes colonizing a new surface can transform their environment and set the stage for primitive multicellularity. Biofilms resemble tissues in their subdivided labor, varied physical structure and shared metabolism. We predict that the stability of this ecological cooperation rests on population-genetic controls on selfish lineages associated with mutators, much as tissues are liable to selfish invasion by cancers. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 • Evolution of Precambrian Life and Primary Producers Life on Earth is sustained by photosynthesis, both on land and in the sea. New research provides novel perspectives on the evolution of diatoms, responsible for 25% of all photosynthesis in today’s oceans. Also, new fossils from Russia strengthen the relationship between early eukaryotes and environmental conditions in Proterozoic oceans. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 6.1 • Project 6: Life’s Diversity This project is on the theoretical modeling of life’s complexity and diversity, where we are modeling evolvability, diversity, and complexity in mathematical terms. Since these models are of high complexity, we are employing asymptotic and other approximate methods for their solution. • Early Animals: Evolution of Complex Multicellularity Oxygen availability has long been viewed as a principal deriver of Ediacaran-Cambrian animal diversification, yet quantitative constraints on oxygen history and physiological constraints on animal function at low pO2 have been limited. New statistical analyses of iron-sepciation data for Proterozoic and Paleozoic shales indicate that end-Proterozoic oxygen increase was limited, but physiologial insights from present day oxygen minimum zones indicate that oxygen levels may well have crossed the theshold reuqired from large diverse animals that include carnivores. • Project 6: The Evolution of Complexity via Multicellularity and Cellular Differentiation The evolution of multicellular organisms from single-celled ancestors set the stage for unprecedented increases in complexity, especially in land plants and animals. We have used the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to generate de novo origins of simple (undifferentiated) multicellularity in two separate experiments. Using these experimentally evolved algae, we will ascertain the genetic bases underlying the evolution of multicellularity, evaluate the role of genetic assimilation in the evolution of multicellularity, and observe the evolutionary origin of multicellular development in real time. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.2 5.1 6.2 • Project 7: Error Rate and the Origin and Early Evolution of Life Our project investigates the evolutionary relationship between rates of genetic mutation and genetic recombination. It addresses very general questions about the stability of heredity and the implications of that stability for adaptation and persistence of organisms. Such questions are likely to apply wherever and whenever life evolves. In prior theory work we have shown that the mutation rate of a population will tend towards ever-higher values in the absence of genetic recombination. Because mutation is the ultimate source of the variation required for the evolution of a population, it might be thought that a high mutation rate would enable more rapid evolutionary adaptation. We and others have shown, however, that too high a mutation rate can cause extinction of a population. Because early life probably had very high mutation rates, early life would have been at considerable risk of evolving a lethal mutation rate. This should have produced strong pressure for genetic recombination to evolve. In our project we are using experimental evolution, analytical theory, and computer simulations to test the effect that recombination has on mutation rate evolution, the effect that high mutation rates have on population adaptation and persistence, and the effect of mutation on the evolution of cooperation among life forms. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.2 5.2 6.2 • Early Animals: Taphonomic Controls on Fossil Record This project has focused on Neoproterozoic life with an emphasis on factors influencing fossil preservation. A combination of field and experimental approaches has been used to study preservation of Ediacara-type fossils and to test the prevailing ‘death-mask’ hypothesis that considers iron sulfides to have been a primary agent. Results so far indicate that ferruginization was a late-stage process and not consistent with this model suggesting an important role for early silicification. Initial experimental results show that microbial mats are prone to silicification and that their presence in association with invertebrate carcasses inhibits decay and enhances the preservation of soft-bodied organisms. An investigation of factors controlling the preservation of eukaryotic microfossils in Proterozoic rocks is also underway. Experimental data indicate that certain clays inhibit the growth of decay bacteria such as Pseudoaltermonas. New fossil assemblages from grey shales and cherts have been discovered from this same interval – a significant development because very few fossils have been described from rocks between the two Snowball Earth ice ages. The preponderance of exceptional preservations in the Cambrian and subsequent early Paleozoic may be explained in part by a delay in intense mixing of marine shelf sediments by bioturbators, which did not develop until the Devonian. This slow onset of thorough mixing may also have contributed to the late rise of sulfate in the oceans and a mid-Paleozoic drop in oxygen levels. • Project 8: The Evolution of the Eukaryote-Archaea Common Ancestor The goals of our lab with respect to the NAI project are to describe early evolutionary via genomic and cellular comparisons of diverse eukaryotes to diverse archaea. We are interested in comparing genomes from diverse free-living eukaryotes to investigate the origins and evolution of eukaryotic complexity. Evolutionary reconstructions of early eukaryotes are challenged by a lack of sufficient taxonomic sampling. Few genomes of free-living microbial eukaryotes are sequenced, despite their critical importance in ecology, evolution, and basic cellular biology. The real challenge to protistan genomics is actually quite mundane; it concerns the lack of available and cultivatable free-living protists (mainly heterotrophs) in the laboratory. Yet, a better understanding of the genomic content diverse eukaryotes facilitates the evolutionary analysis of archaeal genomes. To address these issues of poor taxonomic sampling of eukaryotic genomes, my lab has developed a molecular method to separate eukaryotic DNA from bacterial DNA. We have demonstrated conclusively that we can separate eukaryotic chromatin from a mixture of eukaryotic and bacterial genomic DNA. This method will be widely applicable to the study of protistan genomics. Currently, our lab is in the process of assembling and annotating ten eukaryotic genomes from my lab’s culture collection of over 100 amoeboid protists from diverse phylogenetic groups. Many of these amoeba represent novel phyla-level lineages of eukaryotes. One amoebal genome is form is Nuclearia sp., which is an amoeboid protist closely and a member of a primary “supergroup” of eukaryotes – the Optisthokonts. This supergroup includes all animals, fungi, and several types of unicellular or colonial protists including choanoflagllates. Thus, genomic analyses of Nuclearia will inform the evolution of complexity and multicelllularity in both Fungi and Animals. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 3.4 4.2 6.2 • Theoretical Integration: Evolutionary Dynamics of Ecosystems Controlled by Multiple Autonomous Genomes The work of Co-I Smith during 2015 centered on two aspects of the role of ecosystem feedback in determining the relations among fitness functions and the co-evolutionary dynamics of multiple genomes. The first task concerns the optimal degree of genomic autonomy to carry out the aggregate metabolic functions of an ecosystem: when is it preferable to combine the control of multiple pathways within a single genome, and when is splitting the control among multiple autonomous genomes more stable under coevolution? The second task concerns the stochastic dynamics and the descriptive statistics of populations evolving under the control of feedbacks from potentially-complex ecological stoichiometric constraints. It incorporates recent methods in computational chemistry to produce exactly solvable, and biologically relevant, models of complex stoichiometric constraint that couple multiple evolving lineages. • Rock Powered Life: Education and Communications The central theme of the Rock Powered Life research effort is to define how, where and when water/rock interactions release energy and how this energy is harvested to support microbial communities. These studies are of fundamental importance for improving understanding of how microbial life was supported on early Earth. Moreover, since similar reactions can be expected on any rocky planet with liquid water, these studies provide new constraints for predicting the distribution of life on other planetary bodies. The focus of our team – rock-hosted microbial ecosystems that are dependent on chemical rather than light energy – provides novel avenues to engage the next generation of astrobiologists and to disseminate knowledge to the broader public. Here we describe current and ongoing efforts by members of Rock Powered Life that are aimed at improving engagement and training in astrobiology. Of particular relevance are efforts to provide opportunities to provide underrepresented high school and undergraduate students hands on training opportnities in astrobiology-focused studies. We also describe advancements in Rock Powered Life’s digital-based information sharing technologies. Through these integrated team efforts we aim to attract and train future generations of astrobiologists and to provide greater access to the current knowledge base with which to understand the potential for life elsewhere on other planetary bodies. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 • The Long Wavelength Limit of Oxygenic Photosynthesis Oxygenic photosynthesis (OP) produces the strongest known biosignatures at the planetary scale on Earth: atmospheric oxygen and the spectral reflectance of vegetation. The pigment chlorophyll a was long considered the unique controller of both of these biosignatures, in its capability to enable water splitting to obtain electrons and thus produce oxygen as a biogenic gas, through spectral absorbance of light from the blue to 680 nm in the red. Then the discovery in 1996 of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina shattered this conventional wisdom. A. marina was found to have replaced 93-97% of Chl a with Chl d, which enables it to perform oxygenic photosynthesis with much lower energy photons in the far-red/near-infrared. Since that first discovery in 1996, more far-red oxygenic phototrophs have been discovered, revealing a previously unsuspected diversity in the photosystems of oxygenic phototrophs. We seek to determine the long wavelength limit at which OP might remain viable and what factors affect the selection of that wavelength limit. This would clarify whether and how to look for OP adapted to the light from stars with a difference radiance spectrum from our Sun. Under this project in previous years and with other co-investigators, we spectrally quantified the thermodynamic efficiency of photon energy use in Acaryochloris marina str. MBIC11017, determined that its water-splitting wavelength is in the range 710-723 nm, and that it is more efficient than a Chl a cyanobacterium. The current focus of the project is to understand the adaptations of far-red/near-infrared (NIR) oxygenic photosynthetic organisms in general: in which environments they are competitive against chlorophyll a organisms, and what energetic shifts have been made in their photosynthetic reactions centers to enable their use of far-red/NIR photons. We are conducting field sampling and measurements to isolate new strains of far-red-utilizing oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, to quantify the spectral and temporal light regime in which they (and previously discovered strains) live in nature, and to use these light measurements to drive kinetic models of photon energy use to determine efficiency thresholds of survival. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 4.2 5.1 5.3 6.2 7.2 • Mars Analog Studies: Ice Covered Lakes on Earth and Mars Ice-covered lakes in Antarctica provide models for sedimentary processes on ancient Mars and microbial ecosystems for early Earth. Ice affects sedimentation because sand grains can be blown onto the ice, where they can eventually go through the ice into the lake below. Understanding the details of these processes and resulting sediments will allow us to better reconstruct details of lake environments and their implications for climate on early Mars. Early Earth ecosystems, and those on early Mars if life ever existed there, consist exclusively of microorganisms, which is also true for many Antarctic lakes. Thus, these lakes provide the opportunities to investigate ecological principles for early ecosystems. Data from the microbial mats in these lakes are providing insights into the growth of stromatolite, the geochemical impacts of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, and environments that may have promoted the early diversification of animals. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 2.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.1 • Project 9: Metapopulation Structure Although often modeled as a single well mixed populations, microbes in terrestrial systems likely exist as metapopulations, isolated but connected by infrequent migration. This can change the evolution of complexity, increasing the effect of genetic drift and decreasing the effect of selection. It can increase diversity and the rate at which complexity evolves. We have argued that metapopulation structure may have existed in early life and been responsible for the rapid evolution of LUCA and diversification across the tree of life. We investigate microbial genome evolution in metapopulations in Yellowstone National Park. We find that indeed they represent evidence for both natural selection and genetic drift shaping these populations. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 3.4 4.2 6.2 • Project 3A: Apatitic Latest Precambrian and Early Cambrian Fossils Provide Direct Evidence of Concentrations of Environmental Oxygen Means are not currently available to asses either quantitatively or semi-quantitatively the concentration of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere over geological time. Despite this, the environmental availability of O2 has been repeatedly postulated to be a cause of major changes in Earth’s biota, most particularly at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary-defining “Cambrian Explosion of Life,” a time in Earth history when large deposits of phosphate-rich apatite were deposited in shallow basins worldwide. This study shows that substitution of Sm+3 in the Ca I and Ca II sites of fossil-permineralizing, -infilling, and -encrusting apatite can differentiate between oxic, dysoxic, an anoxic settings of apatite formation. Further studies are underway to date such apatite and establish its REE-substitution as a quantitative O2 paleobarometer. • Eva Stüeken NPP Postdoc Report I study the non-marine sedimentary rock record to determine if lakes and rivers could have been important habitats for the early evolution of life on Earth. Our results suggest that the greater environmental diversity found in non-marine settings may enhance biological diversity. However, we cannot confirm previous conclusions that lakes were particularly suited for eukaryotic life. These findings may provide clues about potential biodiversity of other worlds that are characterized by smaller lake basins (e.g. early Mars) versus a global ocean (e.g. Europa). ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 6.1 • Fullerenes and Mass Extinctions? A re-examination of past reports of the occurrence of fullerenes at mass extinction horizons, using proven extraction and analysis approaches, has failed to detect them. We conclude that fullerene cannot be used as a proxy for bolide impacts or mass extinction events. • Progress in the Elucidation of Microbial Biosignatures A number of discrete individual investigations have contributed to improved knowledge about the occurrence and interpretation of microbial molecular biosignatures across all geological timescales. A new analytical approach enabled a revised geologic distributions of fossilized biomarkers for anoxygenic sulfur bacteria. The prevalence of okenane and chlorobactane suggests that marine photic zone euxinia (PZE) was more intense and frequent in the geologic past. However, the presence of these compounds in some sediments and oils may also be a signature for basin restriction rather than one indicating more widespread marine anoxia. In a related work, pervasive photic zone euxinia and disruption of biogeochemical cycles was demonstrated for a sequence of rocks deposited on the northeastern Panthalassic Ocean during the end-Triassic extinction. A study of lipids and their isotopic compositions, combined with stable isotope probing experiments, demonstrated that streamer biofilm communities, which are a present in the high temperature zones of hydrothermal features of the Lower Geyser Basin of Yelowstone National Park, can alternate their metabolism between autotrophy and heterotrophy depending on substrate availability. Other collaborations with numerous colleagues resulted in documentation of lipid and isotopic biosignatures in cultured bacteria. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 3.2 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 • Early Animals: Modeling the Biotic-Abiotic Interface in the Early Evolution of Multicellular Form Multicellular organisms in the sea modify their local hydraulic environment. Modeling of the earliest-known multicellular communities of frond-like forms demonstrated that they were large enough and closely spaced enough to generate a distinctive canopy flow-regime. In this context diffusion at the surface of organism was limiting and height and attendant velocity exposure permitted escape from these limits (Ghisalberti et al. 2014). Building on these results, we are developing models of abiotic/biotic interactions at organismal surfaces, relevant to the morphology, development and orientation of other Neoproterozoic fossils. A subset of these are flat-lying forms such as Dickinsonia. These may interact with the sediment modifying redox gradients. Ultimately, this work will help illuminate how forms initially dependent on passive diffusion became more trophically, morphologically and behaviorally complex, during the diversification of animals. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 5.2 6.1 • Early Animals: Sensory Systems and Combinatorial Codes Understanding the evolution of integrated sensory organs—such as the eyes, ears and nose that develop in concert on our heads—is fundamental to understanding animal complexity. These are the features that permit movement and the environmental responses that characterize animals. We examine understudied early branches of the animal family tree, with a focus on the jellyfish Aurelia, to understand how the genetic regulation of sensory organs is conserved in some cases and evolves in others. Comparison of developmental regulation reveals how similar gene networks can be differentially modified and deployed, permitting the evolution of complex sensory systems. Jellyfish provide an ideal study system for the examination of the evolution of such sensory systems in animal evolution, as they are the most basal branch of the animal tree with multiple sensory modes, and these develop at multiple stages in a complex life history. This provides us the ability to compare and contrast within the broader cnidarian group to which jellyfish belong, and to the bilaterians, the broad group containing humans and most other animals. The application of genomic methods greatly enhances our ability to pursue these questions. • Taphonomy of Microbial Ecosystems We perform experiments to understand shapes, molecules and isotopic signals of microbial processes in modern and old sediments. Experimental studies of microbial interactions with sediments, ions in the solution and the flow help us elucidate mechanisms that may have shaped sandy surfaces and preserved fossils on these surfaces at the dawn of animal life. Culture-based studies of isotopic fractionations produced by microbial processes and microbial membrane lipids help us interpret corresponding signals in the rock record and modern environments. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 2.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.1 7.1 7.2 • Early Animals: The Origins of Biological Complexity We seek to understand the interactions of ecological, environmental and developmental processes that generate biological novelty and innovation, with particular emphasis on the events associated with the origin and early evolution of animals. The larger goal is to develop a general model of novelty (the origin of new organismal characters) and innovation (the ecological and evolutionary success of these novelties) and determine whether it applies through the history of life. Alternatively episodes of novelty and innovation may be dominated by historical contingency so that no general model can be developed. • Earth’s Evolving Nitrogen Cycle – Implications for Community Complexity and Stability This project examines nitrogen isotope patterns in Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks, as part of a broader effort to understand the co-evolution of Earth’s redox cycles and marine ecosystems. The results are being incorporated into a growing framework of data and models that have as their primary objective to show how planetary geochemical cycles evolve with and/or help to record signatures of living systems – both microbial and complex. The project aims to yield a better understanding of the transition from primarily anoxic to primarily oxic deep oceans, and how that transition is mirrored in nutrient budgets (i.e., nitrogen) and the marine ecosystems that depend on the stability of these cycles. Understanding N-cycling throughout Earth’s history has critical implications for the evolution of complex marine ecosystems on geologic timescales. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 5.2 5.3 6.1 • Paleontological, Sedimentological, and Geochemical Investigations of the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic Transition As we learn more about the earliest evolutionary history of animals and other complex multicellular organisms, it becomes clearer that a satisfactory understanding of these events have to be set within the broader context of late Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic biological and environmental change. To this end, several labs within our team have focused research effort of Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic sedimentary successions. Over the reporting period, this has included stratigraphic and sedimentological fieldwork on rocks of this age in northwestern Canada, Death Valley, Mongolia, Peru, and anaylsis of drill cores from Russia, Congo and Zambia. Progress has also been made in new techniques for the discovery, description, and interpretation of Proterozoic microfossils, and several-fold improvements in the precision of oxygen-17 measurements, which can record the balance of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide. ROADMAP OBJECTIVES: 4.1 4.2 5.2 6.1 • Early Animals: The Genomic Origins of Morphological Complexity Understanding the origins of life’s complexity here on Earth is paramount to finding it else-where in the universe. The fossil record indicates that complexity on Earth arose in a near geological moment – the famous Cambrian explosion – about 525 million years ago. However, molecular sequence analyses indicate that complex animals actually arose nearly 200 million years before they make their first appearance in the fossil record. This disparity between the advent of morphological complexity and its appearance in the fossil record motivates an interesting question – why is it that we cannot detect complex life here on Earth for nearly 200 million years? And if we cannot detect it on Earth, what hope would we have on an-other distant Earth-like planet? Our research is focused on addressing this question by trying to obtain a better understanding of what encodes morphological complexity in the genome. Our research suggests that a group of non-coding RNA genes – microRNAs – might be instrumental for the advent and maintenance of complexity in animals, and therefore sequencing the genomes and the transcriptomes (the ex-pressed component of the genome) from carefully chosen taxa might allow us to better under-stand the biology of animals that predated the Cambrian explosion.
Search our Repository Order a high quality custom written paper Price $13 Pay with paypal Download Paper Advanced Horticultural Societies Describes the primary components of social stratification that define advanced horticultural societies, Explains how the structure of the society maintains the ranking system, Compares the relationship of these components to the subsistence strategy and economic distribution and Explains the role played by religion and belief in establishing and maintaining stratification. Title: Advanced Horticultural Societies Length: 6 pages (1213 Words) Style: APA Advanced Horticultural Societies According to Gorlinski, (2013) social stratification is a system of ranking individuals according to their wealth endowment, prestige, social status, and authority. It is a hierarchical structure of the society. Gorlinski further states that an individual’s position in a stratification system influences each and every part of his/her/family life in the society. In advanced horticultural societies, stratification system was the order of the day as societies advanced by improving farming system and techniques (Angle, 2011). According to Angle, the stratification system increases as societies grow in terms of wealth; and more complex social structures arise. In advanced horticultural societies, the farming techniques were much more efficient and the division of labor was more prominent. The art of metallurgy was a major landmark and breakthrough for many societies as they shifted from simple horticulture to advanced horticulture by making weapons and tools. During that period, the population increased and people started to vary according to social characteristics they possessed. Do you need an affordable high quality custom written paper? Order a high quality custom written paper Plagiarism Free Excellent Quality
What Is the Resistance of an Instek GDM 396 Current Meter? Last week, we looked at the resistance of a voltage sensor by using the discharge of a capacitor, getting a value that was a bit high, but not wildly out of line with the specs. This time out, we're going to look at the resistance of a current meter, because some students asked about it during Wednesday's exam review session. The question came up because one of the things I have on the standards for the circuit portion of the class is knowing how to hook up a current meter and a voltage meter in the appropriate ways. This is strangely confusing for a lot of students, which gets annoying, as hooking them up wrong leads to blown fuses in the meters, and the fuses are a pain in the ass to change. So I made it one of the items to be assessed, in hopes that would provide some incentive to get it right. One of the useful facts I mentioned that can help students remember the correct connection is that current meters ideally have very low resistance, so as not to perturb the current flowing through the circuit (voltage meters, on the other hand, have very high resistance, so as to prevent current from flowing, and keep from perturbing the voltages). One of the students noted that real meters must have some finite resistance, and I mentioned last week's silly experiment. Whereupon it occurred to me that I could also measure the resistance of a current meter, to confirm that it is, indeed, small. The method here is dead simple, and used the highly sophisticated apparatus shown above. I set up a DC power supply producing 10V in series with a 470Ω resistor, to provide a small amount of current. Then I added as many identical current meters as I could round up, which turned out to be eight of the Instek GDM 396 multimeters on the milli-amp setting. Each time I added a meter, I recorded the current on all of the meters in the circuit, producing the following graph: The current vs. the number of meters, as measured by each of the eight meters used. The current vs. the number of meters, as measured by each of the eight meters used. You can see that there's a bit of scatter in the readings, some showing slightly higher values, and other slightly lower. I attribute this to the calibration of the meters-- the total difference between the highest and lowest readings with all eight in the circuit is under 2% of the current being measured. You can also clearly see a trend: as the number of meters increases, the current decreases. All of the meters for which there are enough readings to show a trend show the same downward trend, decreasing by about the same amount each time. These current readings are easily converted to resistances for each step. Then, just because overkill is fun, I did a linear fit to the data for each meter (well, for each of the six that had more than two points) to find the resistance change per meter: Resistance data with a best-fit line. Resistance data with a best-fit line. (That graph is for the data from the first meter in the chain, which provides the most points; I did fits for all six of the meters with three or more measurements, but only made the one graph, because I'm lazy.) Putting those measurements together gives a resistance for a single meter of 1.45&pm;0.02 Ω. Which is, indeed, a small resistance, given that the lowest resistance you usually work with in real circuits is around 50Ω. Instek doesn't offer a spec for this, so I can't compare to the "official" value. This doesn't seem unreasonable, though. Now, you might be thinking that this is a needlessly complicated way of doing things-- after all, a single meter produces a measurable change in the current, so why not just use that? Or, for that matter, take the second meter, set it to measure resistance, and put it across the terminals of the first one, then use that number? For one thing, doing just a single measurement wouldn't be very much fun. But more than that, there are a couple of benefits to doing this more complicated procedure. The main benefit is that chaining several meters together gives a total resistance that's much larger than the value for a single meter. The uncertainty in a given measurement is usually some percentage of the value being measured-- Instek claims a couple of percent of the current for these meters-- so if you're trying to measure a change in some value, you want to make that change as large as possible to be sure that your measurement is bigger than the uncertainty. If you take the spread in current measurements as indicative of the uncertainty, even all seven extra meters barely get to that point. But if you're going to chain a bunch of things together, you may as well also measure each step. This provides a useful sanity check to make sure there isn't something wacky going on with the meters-- the trend is clearly linear, showing that each one has about the same resistance. And combining a bunch of measurements together can give you an overall uncertainty that's lower than you would get from a single measurement. Or even from measuring each of the resistances individually and averaging those. Now, that's not really essential for something silly like this, but if you were doing a real measurement of something of genuine physical interest, you'd be better served by measuring trends than just recording a single value and calling it a day. And that's this week's episode of "Overthinking simple problems in introductory physics..." More like this Recently I bought a plug-in power meter, along these lines: It's a nice little invention to have. You can measure both instantaneous power consumption as well as total energy used. Given that and your power bill, you can see how much it costs to run a particular appliance in real time. The… For the latest in our ongoing series of post where I overthink simple questions, I'd like to present the longest single continuous experiment in Uncertain Principles history, which took six and a half hours yesterday. All to answer the question in the post title. This may seem like a waste, given… The third category in our look at lab apparatus, after vacuum hardware and lasers and optics is the huge collection of electronic gear that we use to control the experiments. I'll borrow the sales term "test and measurement" as a catch-all description, though this is really broader than what you'll… SteelyKid is spending a couple of days this week at "Nerf Camp" at the school where she does taekwondo. This basically consists of a bunch of hyped-up kids in a big room doing martial activities-- taekwondo class, board breaking, and "Nerf war" where they build an obstacle course and then shoot… For the record, if I plug one meter into another using the resistance setting, it says the resistance of the current meter is 1.2 ohms. Chad,how would you build an Irony Meter that can withstand 11 Hams or 22,000 Egnors ? Can you use a hunt ? An irony overload shunt ? The 1.45 Ohm reading includes some contact potential from the lest lead plugs and the sockets on the meters. The wire leads also contribute some R. Leads are usually 18ga, which is 6 mOhms/foot, so basically negligible. You'd be surprised how many techs don't know the operating principles of their tools. You can tell which ones because they'll measure voltage without switching out of the current setting. Poof. By Ultraviolet Thunder (not verified) on 02 Mar 2014 #permalink A few questions: Why didn't you ask the students to design this experiment? Why is one of the meters hooked up wrong in your picture? Don't you dock them a point for blowing a fuse? By CCPhysicist (not verified) on 04 Mar 2014 #permalink Why didn’t you ask the students to design this experiment? It was an exam review session, and their heads would've exploded. I had disconnected one to do a direct resistance measurement, and hastily reconnected it to take the picture. Don’t you dock them a point for blowing a fuse? I jokingly threaten to add the cost to their tuition bill. I mention that because I have learned that students will go to great lengths to earn or avoid losing even a nanopoint. The only reason I don't is it would require editting my syllabus. But I do remind them that one toasted meter DID come out of their collective tuition. By CCPhysicist (not verified) on 04 Mar 2014 #permalink
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Backstroke is a form of swimming stroke where a person lies on his or her back.[1] The first backstroke competition at the Olympics was at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.[1] References[change \| change source] 1. 1.0 1.1 Lohn, John (2010). Historical Dictionary of Competitive Swimming. Scarecrow Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8108-6775-8.
Ship's Hardpoint From Traveller Wiki - Science-Fiction Adventure in the Far future (Redirected from Hard point) Jump to: navigation, search A Ship's Hardpoint is a semi-standardized ship mounting, generally intended for mission important equipment such as weaponry, defensive devices, or other important equipment. • Different kinds of turrets are typically emplaced on a hardpoint mounting. • And weaponry is typically emplaced within turrets, which are in turn located on a hardpoint mounting. • It is a kind of Ship Equipment. Library Data Referral Tree[edit] Please refer to the following AAB Library Data for more information: Description (Specifications)[edit] Dedicated Antenna Semiotic.jpg Armaments: Any ship may have one hardpoint per 100 tons of ship. Designation of a hardpoint requires no tonnage, and costs Cr100,000. Hardpoints may be left unused if desired. [1] Selected Hardpoint Equipment[edit] Some of the most commonly employed hardpoint equipment includes: This equipment is typically mounted in a Ship’s Turret. History & Background (Dossier)[edit] The first ship’s, generally spaceships, created in the TL:7-9 epoch largely carried custom-mounted, mission-specific equipment in fixed mounts. As a true intrasystem and later interstellar economy grew, the need for flexible ships, equipment, and ease of construction and maintenance led to various kinds of standardized hardpoints being developed. These were accompanied by semi-standardized, yet customizable, jump drives, maneuver drives, ship’s computers, and other equipment. This approach to manufacturing made ship maintenance and servicing far less complex. Most shipwrights use standardized components, and standardized ship designs as much as possible. There is an economy of scale involved with these design philosophies. References & Contributors (Sources)[edit] 1. Marc Miller. Starships (Game Designers Workshop, 1977), 15. 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Marc Miller. Starships (Game Designers Workshop, 1977), 16.
Maurits Cornelis Escher (1898–1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. He was the master of illusion. Mark Veldhuysen made the following remarks about the town of Atrani's architecture which helps explain why Escher's perceptual distortions were in fact based on reality. Streets look like dead end streets but continue when climbing some stairs, at a completely different level. The roof of one house is the first floor of the next. What looks like someone's front door can actually be the entrance to a square with various side streets ... M.C. Escher in Italy: The Trail Back" by Mark Veldhuysen published in M.C. Escher's Legacy: A Centennial Celebration Relativity(1955) is very well known and here the normal laws of gravity don’t apply. It was his only major print to be created in both woodcut and lithograph format. In fact it makes me dizzy just looking at it! Tomorrow we will be off to Spain to visit this glorious monument to Moorish architecture and craftsmanship. And then we will return to see what Escher made of it all and how it influenced his works.
Blog June 27, 2013 Cyber Attacks are a Hot Topic…for a Reason In a recent article by Anthony Munns and Lawrence Newell in the St. Louis Business Journal, cyber attacks are described as a “matter of ‘when’ not ‘if’”. A few recent security breaches at local businesses in our hometown of St. Louis have brought this topic front and center. Six steps are mentioned for organizations to address cyber security: 1. Aside from credit card data, there are other actions hackers may take such as denial of service attacks which can quickly bring down entire websites. The variety of threats is constantly changing and it is important to step back and evaluate any data that may be at risk. 2. Identify where that data is located and how it is process and transmitted. Appropriate security measures and protocols have to be put in place to reduce unauthorized access or other potential threats. 3. External and internal penetration testing is becoming increasingly important to reduce potential risks. This is a form of “ethical hacking” which helps determine potential vulnerabilities by the “good guys” going in and trying to crack through the system. 4. Raise awareness and provide periodic training to employees. This should help reduce employees becoming victims of phishing attacks which can rapidly spread throughout an organization’s network. 5. Look into cyber risk insurance which may be appropriate in some cases 6. If a security breach does occur, be prepared to respond quickly. According to the article, there are studies that show that there’s a close relationship between the time it takes to contain an attack and the costs involved in doing so. Ensuring you have an incidence plan in advance can not save some costs, but can potentially save the entire organization. I got a chance to catch up with Steve Gryzbinski, our Director of Security. He gave me a quick overview of Connectria’s Cyber Security measures and policies: “Connectria excels in assisting customers on the road to addressing cyber security. Connectria will work with all customers to determine the level of protection that is needed for their environments, from assisting in protecting from DDoS attack to managing an IDS. We have a knowledgeable staff to help in understanding the risk associated with the maintaining private data and to be able to wrap the proper controls and safe guards around the systems that host the data. In addition to assisting with implementing systems that protect a customer’s data, we will work with third party vendors to make sure that all compliance needs are met and implemented. Finally, Connectria maintains a formal and documented Incident Response Plan for handling security incidents that addresses incident management responsibilities, evidence preservation, and chain-of-custody procedures including customer notification procedures.” I have to add that Connectria has never had a large scale security breach since its inception and provides a 100% secure guarantee on all managed hosting plans. A plan like this may have saved our local businesses the huge financial hit associated with the cost, along with angry customers and a damaged reputation. Does your organization have a response plan? – Mike Related Resources What is HITRUST Certification, and why does it matter? Whitepaper December 5, 2019 GDPR’s Impact on US-Based Companies
Posted on Market Rate Of Interest The market for synthetic biology is witnessing a potential growth rate during the previous years and is expected. in providing quantitative and qualitative insights on your area of interest by. Definition of market interest rate: The prevailing rate of interest offered on cash deposits, determined by demand and supply of deposits and based on the. Bank account interest rates. Bank Account Interest Rates and APYs. please wait while the page loads. Consumer & Small business interest rates. Select View PDF to access checking, savings, CD and IRA account rates and APYs specific to your area. The effective interest method involves preparing a bond amortization schedule to calculate the interest expense based on the market rate at the time the bond was issued and the bonds book value. This interest expense is then compared to the actual interest payment based on the face value of the bond and the bond rate, and the difference gives. Market rate of return – an interest crediting rate is not in excess of a market rate of return if: it is always less than a particular interest crediting rate that meets the market rate of return limitation; or ; it always equals the lesser of two or more rates when at least one of. Definition: Market rate or the going rate is the rate of interest that is readily accepted by borrows and lenders based on the risk level of the transaction. In other words, the market rate is the standard interest accepted in an industry for a specific type of transaction. Although interest rates are very competitive, they aren’t the same. A bank will charge higher interest rates if it thinks there’s a lower chance the debt will get repaid. For that reason, banks will always assign a higher interest rate to revolving loans, like credit cards. These types of loans are more expensive to manage.
Despite the crises facing the swine industry, still many people are venturing in this enterprise. This manual hopes to bring appropriate technology to the interested farmers and would-be swine producers in order that they may realize profitable production and improve their quality of life. There are many imported breeds in the country today and its sometimes difficult to determine the best breed most suited to our conditions. Here is a guide to help you select the breed to raise depending on your purpose, money and experience. Yorkshires are entirely white with medium, erect ears. Sows have superior mothering ability, farrow and wean large litters and are excellent milkers. They adapt well to confinement but not to rugged conditions. Slaughter animals yield a high dressing percentage, produce fine quality meat and compare favorably with other breeds in growth and economy of gains. Landrace are white, have short legs and medium to large drooping ears. The sows are noted for their excellence in mothering ability and litter size. They are heavy milkers and produce pigs with superior rate of growth and efficiency in feed utilization. When crossed with other breeds, they produce pigs of highly acceptable carcass quality. They are however, weak on the feet and legs and have problems adapting to rugged conditions. Such defects should be corrected by proper selection and breeding. The Duroc color is of varying shades of red. The sows are prolific and are good mothers. They produce pigs that are superior in growth rate, feed conversion, and “their performance under rugged conditions is better than any of the white breeds. Hampshires are black with a white belt around the shoulder and body. They are generally short legged and lack body thickness. The sows have a reputation of weaning a high percentage of the pigs farrowed and are able to adapt to very rugged conditions. The growth rate, however has generally been average or below. Berkshires are black with six white points -four white feet, some white in the face and tail. The ears are erect and inclined forward as the animal grows older. They are known for their style, meatiness and good adaptability to rugged conditions. They have desirable length, depth and balance ofbody but lack good growth and efficiency in converting feed to weigh gain. The sows are not as prolific as the other breeds. The Pietrain is a very meaty type of pig with spotted black and white color. It has well-shaped hams, loin and shoulders. Ears are erect, The carcass has a high lean meat percentage, but it has a poor body constitution. Feed efficiency is not really good and they are a little bit slow grower. This breed is also highly susceptible to stress. Thus, Pietrain is only worthwhile in crosses but not as purebreeds. Download the Complete Manual on Swine Raising Guide to learn more on how to select a good breeder sow, how to construct hog houses, swine breeding management, swine feeding management, swine/hog record keeping, swine raising health management, swine common diseases and parasites, swine/ hog raising operation expenses and more.. For further information, please contact: Tel.: (02)920-3991 E-mail: livestock@netasia.net Source: ldc.da.gov.ph
© H. H. Nininger (1941) Aerial view of the Crestone Crater looking eastward from an altitude of about 500 feet. Is the hole in the ground south of Crestone a meteor crater or not, and if not, what is it? Well it sure looks like one, and many geologists believe it is, but a few others say they aren't sure. It's a Crestone mystery that's not completely solved. Known as the "Crestone Crater" to most, this striking feature lies inside of the Great Sand Dunes National Park, one mile from the Liberty Gate entrance in the Baca, and 6 miles from downtown Crestone. This crater measures 355 feet by 246 feet with a mean depth of 23 feet. The crater was first discovered by Crestone resident V.M. King in 1934. He and many others around the San Luis Valley had witnessed a fireball crash in the same area back in 1892. It was first studied in 1941 by Denver geologist Dr. H.H. Nininger, an expert in this line of research. His initial study suggested that it could be a true meteor crater, or perhaps an impact from a comet. Two scientists who studied the crater in 1963, Ursula Marvin and T. C Marvin, claimed otherwise, in part since they only found traces of nickel-iron spherules, with no rock flour, impact glass or other telltale signs of a meteorite at the site. Therefore they concluded that it was likely not created by a meteoric impact. They felt it more likely was of aeolian origin, or in layman's words, they felt it was formed by the wind. However, they did not use any kind of geophysical methods to validate their hypothesis, and geologists who have studied the crater since have challenged this. Standing at rim of crater, looking in. Zach is walking in the low part of the crater's depression. Richard Madole, who studied the crater in 2004, doesn't believe wind played a role in its creation, as he notes: "The raised rim and circular form make that seem less likely because it would be difficult to form such a circular rim so close to the mountain front". The newest study made at the crater, which was conducted from this past February through May, agrees with this line of thought. It states: "The Crestone crater has a unique geophysical signature that cannot be explained from an aeolian process and can mostly be explained through impact events. Conducted by students from the Colorado School of Mines, this new study found no evidence that rules out impact origins, but it also found no hard evidence that completely confirmed it's from a meteor, either. What all geologists who have studied the crater agree on is that more studies are needed. But the problem today lies in funding such studies. © Zach Bartley is in photo Taken outside of the Rim: as seen approaching crater from the east, looking west Of the 178 confirmed meteor craters on Earth, most have been around for millions of years, and there are few as small as the Crestone Crater, with even fewer located in sand, as most are found in rock. The facts that this crater is both small in size, and located in sand, are the main reasons it's hard to determine its origin. The fact it is also a relativity new find is the other reason why nothing official has been declared one way or the other. But the 1963 study claims the crater should have been deeper if it was impacted by a meteor. Its diameter was found to be disproportionately large compared to the shallowness of the crater, especially when compared to other meteor craters of comparable diameter. But the fact this is located in sand changes everything. Anya Reitz, a student working on her masters in geophysicists, and who took part in the latest study, points out that windblown sand could have made the crater's depth shallower than it once was. Reitz also points out that sand makes for more erosion on what might be left of the meteorite today, than had it crashed into rock. She also pointed out, along with Madole, that the 1963 study, or any of the studies conducted so far, have not gone down deep enough to find any possible meteorite. So could this crater have been formed by a comet? Yes, but according to a few geologists that's not likely. Impacts from comets on Earth are very rare. However, the materials left behind on impact by a comet would be more in line with what has been found to date at the Crestone Crater, that being, comet impacts leave little behind because of their icy makeup. But if the Crestone Crater wasn't formed by wind, or a meteor, how did it get there? Scientists have noted it likely was formed by one of those two things. But states Reitz, "The anomalies we found down below make me think this is a meteor crater". The students' faculty advisor for the study, Dr. Jeff Andrews-Hanna, didn't feel the crater was formed by a meteor before the study was conducted; however, since, he has officially changed his mind and has gone down today as saying he isn't sure anymore. Then the question that keeps coming up is what exactly did locals all over the San Luis Valley see in the sky crashing to the ground in that same area back in 1892? Reitz points out that witnesses noted the fireball came from the east, and the shape of the crater indicates that if something indeed crash-landed there, it had to have come in from an easterly direction. In time it will be up to the Park Service to declare if this is a true meteor crater or not. The heads over at the Great Sand Dunes National Park all feel that this crater is from a meteor, but they still don't have enough proof it is yet, and without more research and studies, finding that proof could still be years off. But because of its small size, if the Crestone Crater is found to be an impact crater, this will be important news, and it should lead to future research and better understanding of smaller craters around the globe, and that alone excites scientists. Looking for something interesting to do while visiting Crestone? Take a hike out to the crater and see for yourself our mysterious Crestone crater.
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Idioms, Encyclopedia. (măn-dĕl′ə), Nelson Rolihlahla 1918-2013. South African president (1994-1999) and political leader imprisoned for nearly 30 years for his antiapartheid activities. Released in 1990, he led the African National Congress in negotiating an end to apartheid. In 1993 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize. His former wife, Winnie (born c. 1936), also played a key role as a leader of the ANC. 1. (Biography) Nelson (Rolihlahla). 1918–2013, Black South African statesman: president of South Africa (1994–99). Jailed in 1962 for 5 years and, in 1964, for life, he was released in 1990 after a long international campaign; deputy president of the African National Congress (1990–91) and president (1991–97); elected president of South Africa in 1994; Nobel peace prize jointly with F. W. de Klerk in 1993 2. (Biography) (Numzano) Winnie. born 1934, Black South African political activist: campaigned for the release of her husband Nelson Mandela; they divorced in 1996 (mænˈdɛl ə) Nelson (Rolihlahla), born 1918, president of South Africa 1994–99: Nobel peace prize 1993. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.Mandela - South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) References in periodicals archive ? He said this while addressing a seminar in the federal capital to mark 'Nelson Mandela Day'. Islamabad -- South African Acting Higher Commissioner to Pakistan Christo Janse Van Noordwyk on Thursday said 'Nelson Mandela Day' is a global call to action for people to change the world. July 18 every year, which the United Nations set aside as Mandela Day, is an opportunity to not just think of the anti-apartheid icon and his legacy for a prosperous world.We should also remember Nelson Mandela as a human being who passionately advocated peace, inclusivity and stability, further deepening understanding between different peoples. In May 1994, Nelson Mandela, once South Africa's most famous political prisoner, became the country's first democratically elected president. NELSON MANDELA'S daughter called for people to fight for unity as she arrived in the city to deliver a talk tonight. IT'S 100 years since the birth of iconic political leader Nelson Mandela and to celebrate the occasion - as well as Black History Month - a major exhibition is opening in Cardiff. The international community is missing Nelson Mandela. The path he crossed in his lifetime is something beyond imagination. ISLAMABAD -- 'It is in your hands to make the world a better place', said Nelson Mandela . The event is in observance of programs marking the Centennial birth anniversary of late former South African President Nelson Mandela. A release says the 2018 Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, in partnership with the Motsepe Foundation is delivered by former U.S. Amman, July 17 (Petra)--Ambassador of South Africa to Jordan John Andrew Davies said the embassy and South Africans living in Jordan will carry out humanitarian activities in the Kingdom on Wednesday marking the centenary of the birth of Nelson Mandela. A statement released by the embassy on Tuesday said the embassy and South Africans living in Jordan will be painting walls and classrooms at an UNRWA school in Amman for Palestinian refugees.
Definition - What does Ghee mean? Originating in ancient India, ghee is a type of clarified butter in which impurities and water have been removed through the simmering of the butter until the curds separate. Ghee is considered a sattvic food and is used in Ayurvedic medicine, cooking and even some religious rituals. Yogis may wish to use ghee as their primary source of fat due to its sattvic qualities and health benefits. Some yogis also believe it promotes flexibility by lubricating connective muscle tissue. Yogapedia explains Ghee The process to make traditional ghee includes cooking down the butter to caramelize the fat, giving it a unique taste. In Ayurvedic medicine, traditional ghee is made with raw milk and Indian yogurt cultures. Within a yoga and Ayurvedic health practice, ghee is thought to be the most beneficial fat to cook with and is even used to heal ailments relating to issues such as digestion, muscle and joint health, blood alkalization, and eye and skin health. Share this:
Author Topic: Plotting Direction Fields, Phase Portraits, and Contour Maps (Read 30770 times) Alexander Jankowski • Full Member • *** • Posts: 23 • Karma: 19 • View Profile Plotting Direction Fields, Phase Portraits, and Contour Maps « on: April 06, 2013, 11:17:45 AM » In this tutorial, you will learn how to create a graph like the following one, which is the phase portrait for the system \left\{ \begin{array}{l} x'(t) = x\ln{(y^2)}, \\ y'(t) = y\ln{(x^2)}. \end{array} \right. Note that the right-hand expressions are not continuously differentiable at $(0,0)$ and there is no linearization at this point, which explains that while stable, the point $(0,0)$ does not look (after close examination) like a standard node. In order to create such plots, you need computational software and the ability to write expressions that the software can interpret. There are three popular programs for this purpose: Waterloo Maple, MATLAB, and Wolfram Mathematica. However, I should caution you that these programs are expensive, even if you are buying a student license. There are a lot of open-source alternatives: Mathics, Sage, GNU Octave (similar to MATLAB), and Scilab, to name a few. Each software has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, it is commonly agreed that Mathematica is good for symbolic manipulation of expressions (e.g. integration, solving differential equations, etc.) whereas MATLAB is more appropriate for working with large sets of data. This is a decision that I will leave to you. This guide is concerned with Mathematica. A direction field for a first-order linear ordinary differential equation can be created using the VectorPlot function. For our purposes, the basic form is Code: [Select] VectorPlot[{1, <function>}, {x, <xmin>, <xmax>}, {y, <ymin>, <ymax>}] Here, <function> is the differential equation in the form $y'(x) = f(x,y)$. By default, the direction field that you get will be a coloured vector field. If you want to get a classic direction field, you'll need to add the option VectorStyle -> Arrowheads[0]. Often, the colour unnecessarily increases image size, and if you intend the plot your solution on the direction field, then it is better to keep the direction field in black and the solution in colour. To do this, you can add the VectorStyle -> Black option. To see how these options are used, see the following example for the differential equation $y' = xy$. Code: [Select] VectorPlot[{1, xy}, {x, -1, 1}, {y, -1, 1}, VectorStyle -> {Arrowheads[0], Black}] A phase portrait for a two-dimensional autonomous system of ordinary differential equations can be created using the StreamPlot function. The generic form of what you will type will look like this: Code: [Select] StreamPlot[{<function1>, <function2>}, {x, <xmin>, <xmax>}, {y, <ymin>, <ymax>}] Here, <function1> and <function2> correspond to $x'(t)$ and $y'(t)$, respectively. As with VectorPlot, you can add some options after these arguments. I often use only StreamStyle -> Black since the default colour is unnecessary. To exemplify this function, I will show you how to plot the phase portrait for case $(d)$ of the system in the third semester-end challenge. Code: [Select] StreamPlot[{-y + x(-(Sin[PiSqrt[x^2 + y^2]])^2), x + y(-(Sin[PiSqrt[x^2 + y^2]])^2)}, {x, -5, 5}, {y, -5, 5}, StreamStyle -> Black] You can see that the integral curves on this phase portrait are not very long. To increase the length, you can make use of the StreamScale -> <size> option, where <size> is a real number in $[0,1]$. The length that you specify depends on the phase plane and on your intentions. Applying the StreamScale option not only scales the length of the curves but also the arrowheads. This is not what we want, and we can add the Arrowheads[<size>] option to avoid this. It is usually sufficient to use a size of Tiny or Small. In the following example, you can see a phase portrait of the very first system in this tutorial. The main difference is that the integral curves are much longer. Code: [Select] StreamPlot[{xLog[y^2], y*Log[x^2]}, {x, -1, 1}, {y, -1, 1}, StreamScale -> 1, StreamStyle -> {Arrowheads[Small], Black}] A contour map for a system is made with the ContourPlot function. Its form is not very different from the above functions: Code: [Select] ContourPlot[{<implicitfunction>}, {x, <xmin>, <xmax>}, {y, <ymin>, <ymax>}] Note that <implicitfunction> is simply a function in the form $H(x,y)=C$. Thus, ContourPlot is useful only if we can find $H$. For example, it was possible in the Easter challenge to determine $H$ for system $(a)$ to be $H(x,y) = \cos{x}+\cos{y}$. We can plot this with the expression Code: [Select] ContourPlot[{Cos[x] + Cos[y]}, {x, -2Pi, 2Pi}, {y, -2Pi, 2Pi}, ColorFunction -> "BlueGreenYellow"] Note that, out of personal preference, I have added the option ColorFunction -> "BlueGreenYellow". The most important advice that I can give anyone who is willing to pursue this kind of work is to read the program documentation. The documentation for Mathematica is located below, but you can also access it from within the program. You can learn a lot by simply looking at the examples that are given. Sometimes, reading documentation is not good enough because you may not directly make a connection between a problem and a function. Then, you should search for tutorials. Many nice tutorials can be found on university websites. Here is an example. Last, but not least, is a technical comparison of Maple, MATHLAB, and Mathematica. Maplesoft's Maple MathWorks' MATLAB Wolfram Mathematica GNU Octave 06.04.13: First version published. 09.04.13: Updated Section 2 with StreamScale option and new example. « Last Edit: April 09, 2013, 08:18:37 AM by Alexander Jankowski »
Skip to main content A Narrative Inquiry: The Experience of First-Generation College Students +- LessMore information Search form No results Not Found Download Case PDF First-generation college students are viewed as a group of at-risk individuals simply because their parents did not attend college. As a result, these students are at a higher risk of dropping out than other college students if their needs are not met. A number of researchers have conducted studies of first-generation college students in order to assess their needs. However, a majority of these studies are quantitative and ask the first-generation student to answer multiple closed-ended questions. Such restrictive questions allow students to express their feelings only about previously provided prompts. As a result, the voice of the first-generation college student is silenced. This case study uses a narrative inquiry approach to give a voice to the at-risk population of first-generation college students. This approach provides researchers with insight into the participants' world by tapping into their lived experiences through storytelling. Meeting the needs of first-generation college students by revealing their personal issues can help lower their dropout rates, foster persistence, and contribute to success. The participants were a group of six first-generation college students in their freshman year. This case study addresses specific components of a narrative inquiry, such as developing appropriate research questions, constructing a semi-structured interview guide, memo writing, and snowball sampling. Looks like you do not have access to this content. Copy and paste the following HTML into your website
English to Tajik Meaning :: convict маҳкум карданмаҳкумкунӣ Convict : маҳкум кардан - маҳкум карданмаҳкумшудамазамматмаҳкумшудагон Show English Meaning Noun(1) a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison(2) a person who has been convicted of a criminal offense Verb(1) find or declare guilty Show Examples (1) He stayed there for a moment and took it all in, feeling like a convict making an escape in one of those prison movies.(2) Do you have any idea how much it costs to keep a convict in prison?(3) Williams was also convicted of the theft of two cars and an unrelated burglary.(4) But the jury rejected his account, convicting him of murder by a majority verdict.(5) But there was no real private population here to provide support; he was as much a prisoner here as the convicts .(6) He knew that the cheque would bounce, and at first instance he was convicted of theft.(7) The prosecution's use of such evidence to stampede a jury into convicting him of multiple felonies flies in the face of the First Amendment.(8) Two convicts escape while handcuffed together, and are pursued by police and the press while attempting to track down their former associates.(9) Suspended death sentences in China often are commuted to life in prison if the convicts are deemed reformed.(10) Her most recent trial ended last week with the jury split 8 to 4 in favor of convicting her of second-degree murder after six days of deliberations.(11) If so, Morrison wants to know whether the judge who convicted him was aware of this fact.(12) First, he criticised judges for not convicting criminals often enough when prosecutors bring cases before them.(13) One day when Chris was at work and the kids were at school, two convicts who had escaped from jail broke into the Rodgers home in an attempt to hide from the police.(14) For a long time in Australia, probably the main industry was the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom.(15) The rest of us are aware how low the chances are of actually arresting and convicting anyone for an offence in the first place.(16) The jury convicted you on the basis of observations, phone calls and books on that basis. Related Words (1) ex-convict :: собиқ мањкумшуда 1. prisoner :: 2. inmate :: 3. criminal :: 5. lawbreaker :: 6. felon :: 7. jailbird :: 8. con :: 9. crook :: 10. lifer :: 11. yardbird :: 12. find guilty :: пайдо кардани гунаҳкор 13. sentence :: ҳукми суд Different Forms convict, convicted, convicting, convicts English to Tajik Dictionary: convict Meaning and definitions of convict, translation in Tajik language for convict with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of convict in Tajik and in English language. Tags for the entry "convict" What convict means in Tajik, convict meaning in Tajik, convict definition, examples and pronunciation of convict in Tajik language. English to Tajik Dictionary commonly confused words form of verbs Words by Category Topic Wise Words Learn 3000+ Common Words Learn Common GRE Words Learn Words Everyday Most Searched Words Word of the day ● Signatory Your Favorite Words
Manganese, also called the “brain mineral”, is important in the utilization of all mental facilities/functions. It aids memory and other brain and nerve faculties. Though only found in trace amounts in the body, good health is impossible without it. (±100 parts per million) Manganese increases resistance and recuperative ability and like iron aids in oxygen transfer from lungs to cells. Manganese strengthens tendons, tissues, ligaments, and linings in and outside of organs...”If the human body is well supplied with it, (manganese) various tissues, cells and nerves become more tensile and elastic” – The Chemistry of Man by Bernard Jensen. Manganese makes up part of a molecule known as muco-polysaccharides, which are used to form collagen, the strong fibrous connective material that builds tissue, bone and cartilage. This mesh of collagen is the framework on which calcium, magnesium, and other bone hardening minerals are deposited. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, a painful condition in which arm tendons are weak or damaged, is a sign of a manganese deficiency. Deafness, if due to damage of the cartilage of the ear, can be attributed partially to a deficiency in manganese. Manganese has a positive effect on the libido by increasing energy levels and the brain’s ability to receive and send messages. It also helps the reproductive organs to work properly because of its effect on tissues and nerves. Production of sex hormones is aided by manganese. It can help reduce menstrual cramps and PMS. Manganese is stored half in the bones and the remainder in the liver, pancreas, pituitary gland, and kidneys.
Darren Ranco talks environmental issues on Native American reservations By Sarah Frazer \|\| Staff Writer This past Thursday, Darren Ranco, a Professor of Anthropology and the Coordinator of Native American Research at the University of Maine, came to speak to F&M for this week’s Common Hour. His presentation focused on the ways in which Native Americans deal with environmental issues, particularly in the context of working with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other government agencies. Ranco explained that indigenous tribes have special research methods that are in line with and respect their respective cultural beliefs. Ranco began his talk by identifying the severe impact colonization has had on the health of Native American tribes as well as the land on which they live. Indigenous communities have specific scientific and cultural concerns regarding the environmental degradation that has occurred since colonization, and there are numerous statistics that highlight negative health effects indigenous communities have experienced. It is true, as Ranco pointed out, that native people come from some of the poorest and sickest communities in the country. Moreover, Native Americans have the lowest life expectancy of all races. Fortunately, Ranco said, there are things Indigenous people can and are doing to “reorient [themselves] after colonization,” which undoubtedly includes rejuvenating and restoring the environment. In terms of decolonization, “there’s definitely a process to reaching it,” according to Ranco, but it is difficult because of forced integration. Ranco stressed that it is more than simply reversing the effects of colonialism, as how the indigenous people respond to environmental deterioration now “marks how [they] want to do so culturally.” Indigenous peoples have largely responded by using their own methods. Ranco surmised that “you’d think people who have been researched as much as native people would have their lives be better.” Since this is not the case, native research methods are preferable, since “it is about helping them.” Ranco spoke in particular about his Native tribe, the Penobscot Indian Nation, who live in Maine. He explained that they were a unique tribe in that they had not been forced to relocate, like many other remaining Native American tribes. Yet, the Penobscot still were not protected, as a paper company was discharging toxins into a nearby river, which hurt the health of the fish population. While the Native people felt the health effects of the pollution, the EPA was unaware because they had been tracking the community’s environmental impact based on a suburban lifestyle, where people typically ate food from the supermarket. This way of calculating risk assessment is problematic to say the least, Ranco said. This is because the environmental risk can be over 100 times greater, depending on how one lives in and interacts with the environment. For instance, Ranco demonstrated, indigenous researchers knew that “most Native hunters use traditional means of hunting,” rather than new ones, so they studied the change in a hunter’s air inhalation rate, as he hunted, to measure the effects of air pollution. In this case, younger hunters’ breathing rates increased when they were about to shoot a deer; whereas, older, more experienced hunters became calm and their rates went down. This example shows just how complicated studying the environmental impacts on indigenous communities is, since the EPA study always defaults to the suburban model. Ranco underscored that the goal was to protect everybody, not only the average, since those whose fish consumption is above average are those who probably are also Native language speakers. And protecting those people is essential to protecting the values of the indigenous population. Luckily, Ranco reported, the indigenous researchers and EPA “really [found] a way to work together.” They established a “health and well being paradigm,” which allowed them to redefine health from a Native perspective, in a way that respected the values and beliefs of the Native tribe. Ranco, and those with whom he worked, were able to leave a positive legacy, so that many tribes have been able to address these sorts of issues and talk about the health of their own communities. Ranco concluded that the values they used to work together and find solutions are “the kinds of values you get in kindergarten,” and that most everyone he worked with, scientists and policy makers, had an open mind and was not defensive. Ranco observed, partially reflecting on the current political climate of the country, that “maybe bringing together different perspectives can help us to heal.” Sophomore Sarah Frazer is a staff writer. Her email is sfrazer@fandm.edu. Leave a Reply
Noel asked in 社會及文化語言 · 1 decade ago 如ｋｅｅｐ　ｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇ＝保持清潔。 -Creole错的模式估計和chinglish一樣, 都係受自己mother tongue的思考模式影響二是for fun，如addoil=加油／black face=黑面請不要只copy creole和chinglish的解釋給我, 我想要見解和分析, 謝謝=D 2 Answers • 1 decade ago Favorite Answer No, I don't think so. I don't think Chinglish is Creole. Creole is referred to locally-born people with foreign ancestry due to whatever reason. It's a matter of geographic change or barrier to the people who just brought up with different cultures than their ancestors. They may have different thinkings, languages or spirits. Those people will complement those features and see which one can be dominant to others. Chinglish is a mismatch of grammatical and logical thinking. The presentation of local stereotype in foreign language. The twist of thinking will affect the actual meaning for the communication and widen the gap of misunderstanding in return. • Baggio Lv 7 1 decade ago Creole in a sense is a kind of dialect, originated from French, used by French living in southern part of USA. In this case I would refer it as a local dialect instead of a modification of language due to change in environment and culture. Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now.
The Largest void in universe Discovered Hubble image of MACS J0717 (1 Light Years ~ 9 Trillion Kilometer) Source : Forbes The world’s biggest and most expensive scientific experiment is ready to re-start cut dipole tunnel (0-00-00-00) Underneath some nondescript farmland near Geneva, on the border of France and Switzerland, the world’s biggest and most expensive scientific experiment is ready to re-start. Physicists hope it could lead to discoveries that could potentially represent the biggest revolution in physics since Einstein’s theories of relativity. Among them is Prof Jordan Nash from Imperial College London, who is working on the CMS experiment at the LHC. “We are opening a new window on the Universe and looking forward to seeing what’s there,” he said. “As much as we have a lot of theories of what might be out there we don’t know. We’d love to find something completely unexpected and we might, and that’s the exciting bit.” Why are scientists doubling the LHC’s energy? They want a glimpse into a world never seen before. By smashing atoms harder than they have been smashed before physicists hope to see peel back another veil of reality. The aim of the various theories of physics is to explain how the Universe was formed and how the bits that make it up work. One of the most successful of these theories is called the “Standard Model“. It explains how the world of the very, very small works. Just as the world became very strange when Alice shrunk after drinking a potion in the children’s book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, physicists have found things are quite different when they study the goings on at scales that are even smaller than the size of an atom. By doubling the energy of the LHC, it will enable them to discover new characters in the wonderful and mysterious tale of how the Universe works and came to be. What is the Standard Model? The Standard Model describes how the basic building blocks that make up atoms and govern the forces of nature interact. And just as in Alice’s stories it features some eccentric characters, notably a family of 17 elementary particles. Some are familiar from school physics lessons, household names if you like. The biggest celebrity in the sub-atomic world is perhaps the electron, which orbits the atom and is involved in electricity and magnetism. Another flashy A-lister is the photon, which is a particle of light. But most particles from the Standard Model family are more niche, a little more art house if you like, and have strange names. With the discovery of the sub-atomic world’s biggest celeb of all, the Higgs boson, scientists have now detected all the particles predicted by the Standard Model: a theory that beautifully explains how the Universe works in intricate detail. What’s next? Who knows, but possibly one of the biggest changes in thinking in physics for 100 years. The sub-atomic world is set to become “curiouser and curiouser”. Source : ITV , BBC What Is Dark Matter? Colliding Galaxy Clusters May Help Find Answer Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of matter that cannot be seen with telescopes but accounts for most of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is estimated to constitute 84.5% of the total matter in the universe. It has not been detected directly, making it one of the greatest mysteries in modern astrophysics. Hubble Image of Galactic Collision A study of 72 large cluster collisions shows how dark matter in galaxy clusters behaves when they collide. Image Showing How two Galaxies Collides Astronomers have used data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory to find that dark matter interacts with itself less than previously thought. In an effort to learn more about dark matter, astronomers observed how galaxy clusters collide with each other — an event that could hold clues about the mysterious invisible matter that makes up most of the mass of the universe. As part of a new study, published in the journal Science on Thursday, researchers used the Hubble telescope to map the distribution of stars and dark matter after a collision. They also used the Chandra observatory to detect the X-ray emission from colliding gas clouds. “Dark matter is an enigma we have long sought to unravel,” John Grunsfeld, assistant administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, said in a statement. “With the combined capabilities of these great observatories, both in extended mission, we are ever closer to understanding this cosmic phenomenon.” Featured Image -- 838 According to scientists, galaxy clusters are made of three main components — galaxies, gas clouds and dark matter. During collisions, the gas clouds bump into each other and gradually slow down. Galaxies, on the other hand, are much less affected by this process, and because of the huge gaps between the stars within them, galaxies do not slow each other down. “We know how gas and stars react to these cosmic crashes and where they emerge from the wreckage,” David Harvey of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, and the study’s lead author, said in the statement. “Comparing how dark matter behaves can help us to narrow down what it actually is.” The researchers studied 72 large galaxy cluster collisions and found that, like galaxies, the dark matter continued straight through the collisions without slowing down much, meaning that dark matter do not interact with visible particles. Source : IBT times Hubble Captures ‘Happy Face’ of Universe A smiling lens Hubble Takes a Amazing Picture which seems like Happy Face in the Space. Of course, this is neither a miracle nor a edited picture. The reason behind this ‘Happy face’ is very Complex Phenomena called Gravitational Lensing. The Eyes of the face are two Galaxies but Face’s smile is due to gravity. Gravitational lensing is one of the most fascinating thing in Physics and astronomy. This picture shows the true power of gravity. The gravity of these massive galaxies are so intense that they even distort the space-time create this amazing lens effect. The light itself distorted and gives the magnified view of galaxies. Some astronomer believes that it is because of Dark matter, an unknown matter which is yet to be discover. These images are the strong evidence of dark matter but further research and experiments are needed to entirely prove their existence. Hubble takes many images which shows gravitational lensing New 3D Map of Supernova Cassiopeia A Reveals Bubbly Interior The findings are published in the journal Science. Source : Scienceworldreport Wormhole to another galaxy may exist in Milky Way (Click Image to Download) A giant doorway to another galaxy may exist at the centre of the Milky Way, a study suggests. Scientists believe that dark matter at the centre of our galaxy could sustain a wormhole that we could travel through. Wormholes are areas where space and time are being bent so that distant points are now closer together. Einstein predicted them in his theory of General Relativity but nobody knows how they could be held open so that someone could travel through. Most scientists believe that It is extremely unlikely they could exist naturally in the universe. It would take a huge mass, like a Neutron star, to create a bend in time which could bend space time enough to meet another tunnel on the other side. No natural examples have ever been detected. “But there’s more. We could even travel through this tunnel, since, based on our calculations, it could be navigable. Just like the one we’ve all seen in the recent film ‘Interstellar“‘. He said the research was surprisingly close to what was depicted in director Christopher Nolan’s movie, for which theoretical physicist Kip Thorne provided technical assistance. “What we tried to do in our study was to solve the very equation that the astrophysicist ‘Murph’ was working on,” said Prof Salucci. “Clearly we did it long before the film came out.” Wormhole, conceptual artwork Wormholes bend space-time to allow distant regions to meet Any wormholes existing in nature have previously been assumed to be microscopic pinpricks in the fabric of space-time. But the one possibly lying at the centre of the Milky Way would be large enough to swallow up a spaceship and its crew. Theoretically it might be possible to test the idea by comparing the Milky Way with a different type of nearby galaxy, such as one of the irregular Magellanic Clouds. In their paper, the scientists write: “Our result is very important because it confirms the possible existence of wormholes in most of the spiral galaxies .. The theory was published in the journal Annals of Physics. Source : Telegraph Is Dark Energy Evaporating Dark Matter? Follow us on Google+ , Twitter and Facebook (Click Image to Download) cientists at the University of Rome and Portsmouth recently published a paper which describes dark matter slowly being engulfed by dark energy. Dark matter is almost completely undetectable matter that astronomers and cosmologists have calculated to exist within our universe, hence the name “dark”. Whereas dark energy is an accepted model of energy that permeates all matter and space, and is responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe (to find out more about the two, click on the links above) Why are they of interest now? In the paper, the cosmologists discuss how recent astronomical data favours the idea that dark energy grows as it interacts with dark matter, which can help explain the mechanics of the expansion of the universe. “If the dark energy is growing and dark matter is evaporating we will end up with a big, empty, boring universe with almost nothing in it,” said the Director of Portsmouth’s Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Professor David Wands. Professor Wands continues by stating that “Dark matter provides a framework for structures to grow in the Universe. The galaxies we see are built on that scaffolding and what we are seeing here, in these findings, suggests that dark matter is evaporating, slowing that growth of structure,”. How does this play a role in the understanding of our universe? As our understanding of the universe changes, so does our approach in pursuing more knowledge about its every aspect. In 1998, researchers observing distant supernovae found that they were fainter than expected. The most accepted explanation for the variance is that the light emitted from the supernovae traveled a greater distance than theorists had predicted. This observation lead to the conclusion that space must have expanded at an accelerating rate as it traveled. The phenomenon was later attributed to the existence of dark energy, which completely revolutionized the scientific community’s way of looking at the structure of the universe, and in essence, the very foundation of our existence. If dark energy continues its dominance in the Universe, every galaxy beyond our neighborhood will one day no longer be visible Now, researchers believe that it is the evaporation of dark matter that can explain why the growth of cosmic structures, such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies, seems to be slower than expected. The availability of more data allows researchers such as Professor Wands, to examine the mechanics and interactions of various cosmic phenomena more precisely. “Much more data is available now than was available in 1998 and it appears that the standard model is no longer sufficient to describe all of the data. We think we’ve found a better model of dark energy,” Wands continues, “However there is growing evidence that this simple model cannot explain the full range of astronomical data researchers now have access to; in particular the growth of cosmic structure, galaxies and clusters of galaxies, seems to be slower than expected”. The paper itself was published by the American Physical Society, and although it looks very interesting, one must keep in mind that dark energy and dark matter is a subject in which very little is understood. As more data becomes available, a finer structure of our universe can be developed, which cannot be possible without the researchers such as Prof. Wands, Dr. Marco Bruni and their research students. Source : from quarks to quasars Universe may face a darker future Artist’s impression of exocomets around Beta Pictoris Researchers in Portsmouth and Rome have found hints that dark matter, the cosmic scaffolding on which our Universe is built, is being slowly erased, swallowed up by dark energy. The findings appear in the journal Physical Review Letters, published by the American Physical Society. In the journal cosmologists at the Universities of Portsmouth and Rome, argue that the latest astronomical data favours a dark energy that grows as it interacts with dark matter, and this appears to be slowing the growth of structure in the cosmos. Professor David Wands, Director of Portsmouth’s Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, is one of the research team. He said: “This study is about the fundamental properties of space-time. On a cosmic scale, this is about our Universe and its fate. Cosmology underwent a paradigm shift in 1998 when researchers announced that the rate at which the Universe was expanding was accelerating. The idea of a constant dark energy throughout space-time (the “cosmological constant”) became the standard model of cosmology, but now the Portsmouth and Rome researchers believe they have found a better description, including energy transfer between dark energy and dark matter. Research students Valentina Salvatelli and Najla Said from the University of Rome worked in Portsmouth with Dr Marco Bruni and Professor Wands, and with Professor Alessandro Melchiorri in Rome. They examined data from a number of astronomical surveys, including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and used the growth of structure revealed by these surveys to test different models of dark energy. Professor Wands said: “Valentina and Najla spent several months here over the summer looking at the consequences of the latest observations. Much more data is available now than was available in 1998 and it appears that the standard model is no longer sufficient to describe all of the data. We think we’ve found a better model of dark energy. “Since the late 1990s astronomers have been convinced that something is causing the expansion of our Universe to accelerate. The simplest explanation was that empty space – the vacuum – had an energy density that was a cosmological constant. However there is growing evidence that this simple model cannot explain the full range of astronomical data researchers now have access to; in particular the growth of cosmic structure, galaxies and clusters of galaxies, seems to be slower than expected.” Evidence Builds for Dark Matter Explosions at the Milky Way’s Core dark matter This Fermi map of the Milky Way center shows an overabundance of gamma-rays (red indicates the greatest number) that cannot be explained by conventional sources. So far, dark matter has evaded scientists’ best attempts to find it. Astronomers know the invisible stuff dominates our universe and tugs gravitationally on regular matter, but they do not know what it is made of. Since 2009, however, suspicious gamma–ray light radiating from the Milky Way’s core—where dark matter is thought to be especially dense—has intrigued researchers. Some wonder if the rays might have been emitted in explosions caused by colliding particles of dark matter. Now a new gamma-ray signal, in combination with those already detected, offers further evidence that this might be the case. One possible explanation for dark matter is that it is made of theorized “weakly interacting massive particles,” or WIMPs. Every WIMP is thought to be both matter and antimatter, so when two of them meet they should annihilate on contact, as matter and antimatter do. These blasts would create gamma-ray light, which is what astronomers see in abundance at the center of our galaxy in data from the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. The explosions could also create cosmic-ray particles—high-energy electrons and positrons (the antimatter counterparts of electrons)—which would then speed out from the heart of the Milky Way and sometimes collide with particles of starlight, giving them a boost of energy that would bump them up into the gamma-ray range. For the first time scientists have now detected light that matches predictions for this second process, called inverse Compton scattering, which should produce gamma rays that are more spread out over space and come in a different range of energies than those released directly by dark matter annihilation. “It looks pretty clear from their work that an additional inverse Compton component of gamma rays is present,” says Dan Hooper, an astrophysicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory who was not involved in the study, but who originally pointed out that a dark matter signal might be present in the Fermi telescope data. “Such a component could come from the same dark matter that makes the primary gamma-ray signal we’ve been talking about all of these years.” University of California, Irvine scientists Anna Kwa and Kevork Abazajian presented the new study October 23 at the Fifth International Fermi Symposium in Nagoya, Japan and submitted their paper to Physical Review Letters. None of the intriguing gamma-ray light is a smoking gun for dark matter. Other astrophysical processes, such as spinning stars called pulsars, can create both types of signal. “You can make models that replicate all this with astrophysics,” Abazajian says. “But the case for dark matter is the easiest, and there’s more and more evidence that keeps piling up.” The official Fermi telescope team has long been cautious about drawing conclusions on dark matter from their data. But at last week’s symposium, the group presented its own analysis of the unexplained gamma-ray light and concluded that although multiple hypotheses fit the data, dark matter fits best. “That’s huge news because it’s the first time they’ve acknowledged that,” Abazajian says. Simona Murgia, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Irvine and a member of the Fermi collaboration’s galactic-center analysis team, presented the team’s findings. She says the complexity of the galactic center makes it difficult to know for sure how the excess of gamma rays arose and whether or not the light could come from mundane “background” sources. “It is a very interesting claim,” she says of Abazajian’s analysis. “However, detection of extended excesses in this region of the sky is complicated by our incomplete understanding of the background.” The dark matter interpretation would look more likely if astronomers could find similar evidence of WIMP annihilation in other galaxies, such as the two dozen or so dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way. “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and I think a convincing claim of discovery would probably require a corresponding signal in another location—or by a non-astrophysical experiment—as well as the galactic center,” says Massachusetts Institute of Technology astrophysicist Tracy Slatyer, who has also studied the Fermi data from the Milky Way’s center. Non-astrophysical experiments include the handful of so-called direct-detection experiments on Earth, which aim to catch WIMPs on the extremely rare occasions when they bump into atoms of normal matter. So far, however, none of these has found any evidence for dark matter. Instead they have steadily whittled away at the tally of possible types of WIMPs that could exist. Other orbiting experiments, such as the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station, which detects cosmic rays, have also failed to find convincing proof of dark matter. In fact, the AMS results seem to conflict with the most basic explanations linking dark matter to the Fermi observations. “Most people would agree that there is something rather unexpected happening at the galactic center, and it would be tremendously exciting if it turns out to be a dark matter annihilation signal,” says Christoph Weniger of the University of Amsterdam, another astrophysicist who has studied the Milky Way’s core. “But we have to confirm this interpretation by finding corroborating evidence in other independent observations first. Much more work needs to be done.” Source : scientificamerican Source : Science World Report
I want to implement Hough transform on image without using inbuilt function. Some papers say that the image is first flipped before applying Hough transform. I do not understand how Matlab is doing it. I have written the code below, but the H matrix by Matlab and houghMatrix generated by me are not same. I have used default values of rhoResolution as 0.5 and thetaResolution as 0.5 also. I tried to do it without rotating image but then also not getting same matrices. RGB = imread('gantrycrane.png'); I = rgb2gray(RGB); % convert to intensity BW = edge(I,'canny'); % extract edges BW = BW(end:-1:1,1:1:end); theta = -90:0.5:(90-0.5); D = sqrt((size(BW,1) - 1)^2 + (size(BW,2) - 1)^2); rho = -ceil(D):0.5:ceil(D); houghMatrix = zeros(size(rho,2),size(theta,2)); for i=1:size(BW,1) for j=1:size(BW,2) for ii=1:size(theta,2) rho1 = icosd(theta(1,ii)) + jsind(theta(1,ii)); rhotemp = rho1 - floor(rho1); rho1 = ceil(rho1); rho1 = floor(rho1) + 0.5; rho1 = floor(rho1); position = (rho1 - rho(1,1))/0.5; houghMatrix(position+1,ii) = houghMatrix(position+1,ii) + 1; [H,T,R] = hough(BW,'RhoResolution',0.5,'Theta',-90:0.5:89.5); I need to implement this in C code after that, and the functionality should be same as Matlab code. So I need to have a similar matrix like Matlab (if error of +-5 then it is acceptable but this is two totally different matrices). Check this out. It is an easy to follow implementation. You can compare your implementation against this. Here is a no loop version. Another advice is to add comments in the code above so that it could be understood better. Your Answer
Codifying Our Worst Impulses: The Ideas that Started World War II Yesterday was the 80th anniversary of the start of World War II, the deadliest violent conflict in human history. Death tolls vary, but often reach 80 million souls. What caused it? Lists of proximate causes never end, but the only credible “root cause” is simply: ideas. Three countries started World War II: Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union. While popular summaries rarely list the Soviets as initiators because Hitler double-crossed Stalin two years later, Molotov and Ribbentrop’s so-called Treaty of Non-Aggression Between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Treaty of Aggression Against Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Romania. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise. What ideas led the leaders of Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union to war? The obvious answer is extreme nationalism – the view any action is morally praiseworthy if it advances the interests of your nation-state. Heinrich Himmler said it best: For the SS Man, one principle must apply absolutely: we must be honest, decent, loyal, and comradely to members of our own blood, and to no one else. What happens to the Russians, the Czechs, is totally indifferent to me… Whether other races live well or die of hunger is only of interest to me insofar as we need them as slaves for our culture; otherwise that doesn’t interest me. Whether 10,000 Russian women fall down from exhaustion in building a tank ditch is of interest to me only insofar as the tank ditches are finished for Germany. …When somebody comes to me and says, I can’t build tank ditches with children or women. That’s inhumane, they’ll die doing it. Then I must say: You are a murderer of your own blood, since, if the tank ditches are not built, then German soldiers will die, and they are the sons of German mothers. That is our blood. That is how I would like to indoctrinate this SS, and, I believe, have indoctrinated, as one of the holiest laws of the future: our concern, our duty, is to our Folk, and to our blood. That is what we must care for and think about, work for and fight for, and nothing else. Everything else can be indifferent to us. Almost everyone understands that Japan and Germany grew extremely nationalistic during the 1930s. Few realize that the same holds for the Soviet Union as well. Under Stalinism, anything that advanced the interests of the Soviet Union was the moral imperative – starting with the reabsorption of all the breakaway territories of the Russian Empire. By itself, however, extreme nationalism need not generate war. Rationally speaking, the best way to advance the national interest is with peace and consumerism. The leadership of Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union, however, all angrily rejected this bourgeois, “shopkeepers’” perspective. Instead, they equated the national interest with the power and glory of the government – and angrily denounced Western “plutocracies.” This was most obvious in the USSR, which deliberately eradicated the rich, business, and private property itself in order to build a totalitarian militarized society. But Germany’s National Socialists had a similar vision. Their goal was not to build an idyllic consumer society, but a mighty war machine. Unlike the Soviets, however, the Nazis had the common-sense to harness the rich, business, and private property rather than destroy them. As Hitler told Nazi defector Hermann Rauschning: He had no intention, like Russia, of “liquidating” the possessing class. On the contrary, he would compel it to contribute by its abilities towards the building up of the new order. He could not afford to allow Germany to vegetate for years, as Russia had done, in famine and misery. Besides, the present owners of property would be grateful that their lives had been spared. They would be dependent and in a condition of permanent fear of worse things to come. The same holds for Japan: Its leaders equated the national interest with the power and glory of the Japanese government, not the safety and prosperity of the Japanese people. So while the Japanese government happily used the domestic rich and domestic business, it truly bled them dry during the war. As Walter Scheidel explains in The Great Leveler: However rapid and massive these shifts in the distribution of income, they pale in comparison to the even more dramatic destruction of the elite’s wealth. The declared real value of the largest 1 percent of estates in Japan fell by 90 percent between 1936 and 1945 and by almost 97 percent between 1936 and 1949. The top 0.1 percent of all estates lost even more—93 percent and more than 98 percent, respectively. In real terms, the amount of wealth required to count a household among the richest 0.01 percent (or one in 10,000) in 1949 would have put it in only the top 5 percent back in 1936. Fortunes had shrunk so much that what used to count as mere affluence was now out of reach for all but a very few. What’s the right word for “equating the national interest with the power and glory of the government rather than peace and consumerism”? There are many candidate labels – “statism,” “romanticism,” “populism,” “communitarianism,” “anti-capitalism.” But none is quite right, so we might as well stick with the label that activists who equated the national interest with the power and glory of the government have preferred throughout the 20th century: socialism. Obviously, there are many kinds of self-identified socialists – including socialists who unequivocally seek a peaceful, consumerist society. Historically, however, these are rare – and since I’m not a socialist, I say that “real socialism” equals “what most self-styled socialists do when they have power.” Whatever label you prefer, the key point is that all the regimes that started World War II praised the power and glory of the government to the skies – and brought traditional elites – the rich and business – to their knees. Or their graves. Before you join me in blaming World War II on nationalism and socialism, though, there’s an obvious objection: These ideas have been ubiquitous for ages. My response: The emotional impulses behind nationalism and socialism – impulses like xenophobia and anti-market bias – are indeed long-lived and widespread. Far more children dream of being warriors than merchants. But the initiators of World War II turned these knee-jerk feelings into bodies of thought. They codified humanity’s worst impulses into explicit, militant, self-conscious ideologies. And they took their ideologies seriously enough to kill for them – and often to die for them. Does this mean that every latter-day nationalist and socialist is morally comparable to the architects of World War II? No; that’s absurd. The reason for this moral non-comparability, though, is disturbing. The rhetoric of modern nationalism and socialism remains grotesque. Anyone who says “By any means necessary” is, by implication, saying, “If it takes 80 million deaths for us to win, then so be it.” The saving grace of latter-day nationalists and socialists is that almost all of them are hypocrites. They may say, “By any means necessary,” but thankfully few have the stomach for it. As I’ve said before, if your ideas are bad, hypocrisy makes them less bad. Still, I am dismayed by the renewed popularity of nationalism and socialism. I don’t think World War III is coming this century. If it does come, however, I will blame the nationalists and socialists who take their scary slogans to heart. Open This Content Education Needs Separation From State Once again we approach that saddest time of the year: when the majority of parents send their kids back to school; back into the local government concentration day-camps. If you’re someone who mistakes schooling for education you probably believe this is good. School is a socialist babysitting system funded by your neighbors. If you’re OK with forcing others to fund things you want, then go ahead and support the government schools. I can’t support socialism. Schooling is also a system where organized bullying is cheered while the freelance competition, provided by the victims’ peers, is officially frowned upon. I oppose all bullying. I’m not saying education doesn’t happen in schools, but when it does it’s in spite of the schooling, not because of it. Kids are automatic learning machines and it’s almost impossible to short-circuit their hunger to learn. They’ll usually manage to learn everything they need to know, and more, even under the worst conditions. The fact that many people still believe schools educate — because kids come out knowing more than they knew when they went in — is evidence of this. The real goal of schooling is to train kids to be useful, and not too dangerous, to politicians. Don’t question too much, and only within approved boundaries. Sit down, be quiet, obey the bells, and be force-fed authoritarian propaganda. This style of training — called the Prussian Model, after the country America copied — creates adults who are unlikely to break free from this early indoctrination and will largely comply with arbitrary orders from politicians and their attack dogs. This is useful to governments and is why governments everywhere want to control schooling. They use the unsupportable claim “it’s for the children;” if they can also fool the adult population into believing it’s about education it works even better. This isn’t to say the teachers are bad. Most have good intentions, they are just saddled with a toxic system. A system that shouldn’t exist. The teachers are victims almost as much as the under-aged inmates, but at least they get paid. There are good teachers, but there are no good schools. If this claim angers you, congratulations — you are showing symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome, where captives (and former captives) begin to relate to their captors, even taking their side, defending them from criticism. Stockholm Syndrome makes people loyal to “their” school. My appreciation for education explains my opposition to schooling. It is essential to separate education from the state before the damage is irreversible. Open This Content “España Es Como Una Madre” Open This Content Don’t Fall For The Borderists’ Dishonest Trap I recently encountered a question asked by a borderist. He wants to trick you into falling for his trap. I’ll spare him the embarrassment of mentioning his name. Here’s the dishonest setup followed by the dishonest question: “The question that no open-borders advocate has ever answered is, How many illegals should be allowed into the United States?” He’s a liar. The question is phrased dishonestly so as to manipulate his audience. have answered a similar question. Many times. I’ve seen several people answer such a question in excellent ways. It’s just that the correct and honest answer to a more honest version of the question doesn’t serve his agenda so he’ll never acknowledge it, no matter who answers. But I’ll answer the “question” again. I’m not an “open borders advocate”, I’m simply against government “borders” and for property rights. Those two things are completely at odds with one another, and the borderists should know it. They just pretend they can have it both ways. All I know is I’m opposed to his position of maximum statism. But call my position “open borders” if it makes you happy. Second, there can be no such thing as an “illegal” if you are referring to people deemed so because they ignored unconstitutional and unethical statist “laws” against crossing an imaginary line. Just like there’s no such thing as an “illegal gun” regardless of the unethical and unconstitutional “laws” the anti-gun bigots have made up. Counterfeit “laws” are without foundation no matter what they pretend to address. Again, he’s using a lie to trap you into answering the wrong question. Third, “should be allowed”? “Should” in this context is a word calculated to trip you up. No one “should” be dictating numbers of visitors to other people’s property. And government “borders”? Who has the “authority” to “allow” or forbid people to cross these imaginary lines? The criminal gang known as government? Make another joke. The only ones with the right to allow or forbid entry onto their private property are the property owners making this decision for their own property. Period. Government doesn’t qualify. This is why I can’t take borderists seriously. Not even when they are reasonably principled on other issues. They can’t even ask an honest question where government “borders” are concerned but have to pile lies on top of lies to get the narrative they hunger for. Borderists simply aren’t credible, and they’ve done it to themselves. Open This Content School Will be Remembered Like Leeches and Cigarettes We humans have little knowledge of the past or imagination for the future. Present bias makes us dumb, accepting creatures. We assume what is is what must be. People think schooling and education are the same thing. This is revealed in the way statistics are presented. “Educational level” is measured by years spent in institutional schooling. Yet school as we know it is only about 150 years old. Wait, what? How did humans learn stuff the other several thousand years of civilization? How were 80% of colonial Americans literate with no standardized institutional schooling, and when books were rare and costly and most jobs didn’t even require reading? How did people invent stuff, start businesses, write books, create great art, and expand the corpus of human knowledge for thousands of years without certified teachers and grades and degrees? Really we should ask the opposite. How does anyone retain any of the natural, insatiable human hunger for learning after years in compulsory academic prison cells? Schooling is a blip on the learning radar in human history. It will die, then we’ll look back on it like other blips. Remember when smoking cigarettes was good for your health? Remember when leeches were needed to suck out the bad blood and cure disease? Remember when people all the sudden thought, despite thousands of years of evidence to the contrary, that nobody would learn anything without being stuck in cinder block cells for 50 minute segments and forced to turn the wonders of the universe into horrible tedium? Weird epochs in human history. Open This Content Could Such a Man Care? Nicolas Maduro now rules a land of chronic hunger, horrific crime, terrible fear, and mass exodus. How does he maintain his dictatorship? With a pact of steel between his ruling party, the military, the secret police, and on-site foreign allies – especially Cubans. You would have to be mad to think that Maduro’s doing all this for the good of his people, or the good of the world. His only credible motivation is power-lust gone wild. Maduro is a pervert for power. He’ll never admit this, of course. He still claims he’s doing it all for the people and the higher good. Here’s Maduro in an interview this February: Venezuela is a country with dignity. We are patriots, revolutionaries. We have an ideology, that of Simon Bolivar. Our movement came from the depths from the Venezuelan people. We’ve been governing democratically for 20 years. Everything that we are, everything that we have, we have because of the popular vote. Which raises a deeper question. Namely: Deep in his soul, when did Maduro stray from the path of decency? For Maduro’s former fans, it’s tempting to sigh, “Power corrupts.” Power turns a good man bad. He – like his mentor Chavez – started out as an idealist. Yet ironically, he ended up a tyrant. On reflection, however, this “ironic” account is absurd. Think about the nicest, sweetest person you personally know. Can you seriously imagine that this person, given power, would forge a brutal police state, destroy the economy, and cling to power with fire and blood? I can’t. Indeed, think about the average person you know. You can probably imagine that this person would go along with great evil out of cowardice. Still, would the average person you know take the initiative to commit these horrors? That doesn’t make sense to me. The lesson: Maduro was never an idealist. Indeed, he was never an average person. The average person in his shoes would have done far less evil, and relinquished power long ago. What Maduro has done reveals what Maduro has always been: insatiably hunger for power. So what? Well, while this is all clear in hindsight, Maduro used to have millions of fans all around the world. Millions of fans who took his rhetoric at face value. Millions of fans who thought he was a noble man. And these fans would have called me paranoid and unfair for calling their idol a power-luster. The fans’ error would have been understandable if Maduro were the first politician to start with idealistic rhetoric and end in savagery. In fact, however, history provides countless examples of this pattern. Which means two things. First, while extreme power-lusters are a small fraction of humanity, they are a large fraction of successful politicians. Second, regular human beings are awful at the detection of extreme power-lusters. When humans hear flowery words, their impulse is to take them at face value, instead of reminding themselves, “That’s just what a power-luster would say – and politics is packed with power-lusters.” You could object, “Well, popular gullibility is for the best. If the man in the street assessed politicians realistically, political progress would be almost impossible.” The tempting reply is, “Yes, but political disaster would be almost impossible too.” This reply, however, gives gullibility too much credit. Imagine a world where people were ever-mindful of politicians’ proclivity for power-lust. What would happen? Politicians would compete for popularity by promising and doing things that power-lusters hate to do. Things like: Respecting individual freedom, welcoming dissent, defining crime narrowly, heeding international criticism, avoiding even the appearance of demagoguery, and yes – shrinking government and cutting regulation. And given the documented dangers of politicians’ power-lust, that is just what anyone who cares about human welfare should be hoping for. Open This Content
Medicinal Uses of Seaweeds Medicinal Uses of Seaweed - Yerba Mansa - anemopsis By Dr. Ryan Drum About the Author Ryan Drum, PhD, AHG, has a BS in Chemical Technology and a PhD in Botany (Phycology) from Iowa State University. Dr. Drum is the author of over 30 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Learn more at Seaweed Harvest Paddling In Seaweeds offer a wide range of therapeutic possibilities both internally and externally. The term Seaweeds in this case refers only to macrophytic marine algae, both wild and cultivated, growing in saltwater. Botanically, seaweeds are classified as Green, Brown, or Red. A particular seaweed’s placement in one of these groups is determined first by its photosynthetic pigments, then its reproductive mode, then its micro and macro morphologies, and finally by its phycopolymers. The obvious visual color of a particular seaweed species may not match its taxonomic color, which can be confusing to the beginner. Persevere. Here I will discuss seaweed’s primary and secondary metabolites and some of their respective peculiarities and therapeutic uses. References are provided for further information. Seaweed Consumption Simply eating unprocessed dried seaweeds can yield many healing benefits. Many physical ailments in both humans and their companion animals can be regularly resolved with the simple addition of seaweeds to their respective diets. Although therapeutic seaweed constituents can be extracted singly or in clusters, in cases of chronic conditions, I usually recommend patients eat seaweeds, not extracts. I prefer the seaweeds to be eaten uncooked in most cases. The digestive flora in a particular person may take up to 4 months to agree to produce dedicated enzymes to thoroughly digest dietary seaweeds. Often the individual’s enteric flora must commit resources to recognizing the molecular structures on and in seaweeds and subsequently use them as food. This is the basis for the recommendation that it is far more productive to eat a small amount of seaweed daily rather than larger amounts occasionally. The key to bacterial dietary adaptation is continual exposure to the new food material. Consequently, positive therapeutic changes caused by eating seaweeds regularly may take several weeks to several months to become obvious. Resistance to Eating Seaweeds When patients are oral adverse to the tastes, smells, and/or textures of seaweeds, I urge them to add seaweeds as small pieces or powder(s) to foods strongly flavored with spices such as: cayenne, fried onions, raw garlic, chili powder, curry, or vinegar. Seaweeds as Medicine Seaweeds as the Best Dietary Sources of Essential Minerals Dietary seaweeds provide all essential minerals. No land plant even remotely approaches seaweeds as sources of metabolically required minerals (See Bergner1997). Seaweeds can provide minerals often absent from freshwater and food crops grown on mineral-depleted soils. In addition to eating seaweeds regularly, those gardening for food can use copious amounts of seaweeds for mulch and fertilizer (Traditional Irish fertilizer, see: Man of Aran, and The Field), add seaweeds abundantly to compost, and even make seaweed tea sprayed directly onto leaves for foliar feeding through the stomata, as ways to therapeutically get trace elements into patients a trifle covertly. Seaweeds are 20-50% dry weight mineral (Kazutosi, 2002). This figure is obtained by burning off seaweed’s organic material and weighing the remaining ash. The elements abundant in seaweeds include: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, chloride, sulfur, phosphorous, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, selenium, bromine, iodine, arsenic, iron, and fluorine. The large Brown seaweeds (Laminaria species (known collectively as Kombu), various kelps (Icelandic kelp, Norwegian kelp, Bullwhip kelp, Sugar kelp, Giant Pacific kelp, and Hijiki), Bladderwrack, Rockweed, Sargassum, Wakame, and Sea Palm, tend to contain more minerals per unit weight than the Red seaweeds (Nori, Irish Moss, Dulse, Grapestone, and Euchemia). Many human body substances require particular mineral elements as part(s) of their respective structure. Examples are iron for hemoglobin and iodine for thyroxine. For our bodies to function, we use proteins called enzymes. Most enzymes require one or more coenzymatic factors; these coenzymatic factors are usually one or more metal cations. Chronic dietary shortages or disease-related mineral depletions can produce both specific and general disease conditions: Iodine shortage results in varying degrees of thyroid dysfunction; poor absorption of dietary calcium can result in osteoporosis. Adequate residential body mineral supplies are critical for optimal body system functioning. My personal observations support the notion that non-specific disease categories such as Chronic Fatigue, lack of energy, subclinical depression and depressed immunity are probably due to inadequate minerals either in the diet and /or in the body. Many times I have seen chronically exhausted patients exhibit complete symptom resolution after several weeks of adding 5-10 grams of seaweeds to their daily diets. In the hydrated seaweeds, raw or cooked, minerals are mostly in aqueous solution and readily available for intestinal absorption in humans. These accumulated minerals can be loosely considered primary metabolites. Though they are not manufactured by the seaweeds, they are concentrated against the osmotic gradient to cause a much higher concentration of each mineral inside seaweed cells and intercellular spaces than in the surrounding seawater. This enables seaweeds to use water equilibrium mechanics to move materials in and out of their cells. It is no accident that seaweeds concentrate metal cations and other elements many times their respective concentrations in seawater. They have almost unlimited access to mineral resources unavailable to most land plants and animals. Celtic Sea Salt and other designer so-called natural or raw, evaporated seawater sea salt products are not good sources of some trace elements, particularly iodine, iron, copper, and selenium. This is unfortunate since just plain sea salt is basically healthier than the modified commercial table salts. The single most important element provided by seaweeds, is Iodine. It is more abundant in seaweeds, any seaweed, than any plants or animals. Land plants, vascular plants in particular, seem to have no detectable iodine requirement. ALL VERTEBRATE ANIMALS REQUIRE IODINE. This iodine is used in thyroid hormones, T4, thyroxine, and T3, tri-iodothyronine to control all fetal development, postnatal growth, and ongoing daily body metabolism. No iodine, no vertebrate life. The choice of iodine seems to have been its isotopic stability: there is only one known natural iodine isotope, iodine 127. It is reliable, not subject to radioactive decay. When vertebrates lived in the sea, even at about 60ppb, there was a constant reliable source of iodine. Since some vertebrates left the sea, obtaining enough iodine has been a challenge to their descendants, including ourselves. Since no land plants have a need for iodine, their taking it in from roots or leaves may be just incidental. That has meant that few land plants are reliable or even adequate iodine sources unless consumed in large quantities as by large herbivores. Plants grown proximal to the marine environment and those deliberately fertilized with seaweeds can accumulate enough iodine to provide adequate dietary supplies for herbivores and humans. Potatoes, garlic and other root crops are the best accumulators and dietary sources of plant-based iodine supplies. Eating 3-5 grams of most dried, unrinsed seaweeds will provide the RDA of 100-150 micrograms. Lack of iodine can cause developmental structural and neural fetal abnormalities collectively called cretinism. This condition, directly as a result of low maternal iodine supplies, is difficult to correct postpartum, if at all. The treatment is adequate maternal iodine consumption from the mother’s initial beginning as an egg in her maternal grandmother. That means treating the problem 2 generations before a particular pregnancy. In the moment, maternal iodine supplies can be monitored by maternal urine testing and any deficiencies immediately corrected by adding dietary iodine. Mammalian fetal iodine need is about three times per unit body weight of the mother. In adult humans, chronic low iodine consumption often results from iodine deficient soils and water, and consequently low iodine food. The human consequence is: first, goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, deliberately generated by TSH (thyroid-stimulating Hormone) to increase thyroid gland cell surface area and more “iodine traps”, and secondly, various manifestations of hypothyroidism. The treatment is often simply more dietary iodine for both conditions and this can be easily accomplished with dietary seaweeds. Chronic pernicious human iodine deficiency developed during 7000 of continuous extractive agriculture in the interior of China resulting in tens of millions of near-cretin us citizens by the mid-1900’s. For treatment, the Chinese developed warm-water Laminaria kelp varieties which they now cultivate in great quantity with entire villages growing and processing up to 650,000 metric tons each year to provide more than enough dietary iodine for 1.5 billion Chinese (Druehl, 2000). This is a most curious successful marvel; nearly 5000 years ago, in an herbal attributed to the Emperor Shen Nung, goiter was described, and the treatment was seaweed, apparently Fucus. Nori seaweed was also touted as the most wonderful elixir (Katzutosi). Some individuals are extremely sensitive to iodine. A little bit too much in their diets and they begin to exhibit hyperthyroid signs and symptoms: nervousness, heart palpitations, sleeplessness, irritability and even iodine-induced goiter. If these symptoms appear, first inquire about seaweed/iodine consumption (from any source, including dairy and baked goods). Individuals with “seafood allergy” seem especially sensitive to iodine. Contrary to some practitioners and their believing patients, nobody has “iodine allergy”. No iodine, no life. Seaweed Iodine Content Icelandic kelp, 8000ppm, Norwegian kelp 4000ppm, Atlantic kelp 1500-2000ppm, Pacific kelps 500-1200ppm, Fucus spp. 200-500ppm, Wakame 50-150ppm, Sargassum 35ppm, and Nori 15 ppm. These are all approximate and will vary considerably by season, location, age, and harvest practices. The Japanese and other Asians apparently usually soak their Kombu and other seaweeds in freshwater for 10-30 minutes prior to using in miso broth and other cooking, which removes about 60% of the iodine (Hazutosi). Curiously, Japanese nationals told me that the kombu was left in the miso broth for 10-20 minutes and then discarded. The soaking or prolonged rinsing of high-iodine content seaweeds may reduce the risks for excess iodine-induced disease. For some interesting views on iodine and health, please see Guy Abraham MD’s website, Iodine Protection The iodine story as related to human health took an interesting turn when Uranium was used to cause nuclear fission: one of the decay products of nuclear explosions is iodine-131. The problem is not only nuclear weapons, bombs, but all of the controlled nuclear events in nuclear reactor fuel rods. ALL NUCLEAR FACILITIES release radioactive iodine-131 into the atmosphere. Hundreds of them are licensed to do so. This means that we are all continually and erratically dusted with iodine-131 every day of every year. As shown by reliable research for over 50 years, nuclear power plant stack gases circle the earth in 3-5 days, continuously dusting us all until all settled. Additionally, there are nuclear disasters, such as Three-mile Island in USA and Chernobyl in Ukraine. The Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986 released enormous quantities of iodine-131 into the atmosphere. Since then, millions of iodine131-induced thyroid disease patients have been reported worldwide starting shortly after the event and continuing today. Relatively rare 20 years ago and unknown prior to 1945, thyroid cancer is now the number one cancer in children in USA. Thyroid cancer is one of the fastest increasing cancers in both adult men and women. Iodine-131 is hazardous because our bodies will happily take it in if we need iodine. Since prior to the human atomic age there was no iodine-131, we have no defense against it if we need iodine, and no way to selectively excrete it. IF we have sufficient iodine in our bodies, iodine-127, the only natural iodine isotope, our bodies will not take in the heavier iodine-131. How the weighing is done is an interesting question to be considered elsewhere. The critical information is: if we continually take in 150 micrograms of iodine-127 daily, we will most likely be protected from iodine-deficiency “iodine aggressive uptake”. We can do this by eating 5-10 grams of seaweeds daily. If we are worried about iodine-131 in the seaweed, which might reasonably be expected, we can let the seaweed iodine-131, if any, decay for 8 weeks. How do we know and expect this seaweed iodine to be protective against iodine-131 fallout and decay? The Polish example. Within hours after the onset of the Chernobyl disaster, Polish authorities acted to get iodine solutions, potassium and sodium iodide tablets, even seaweed tablets and capsules into as many of their citizens as possible to protect them from the nearby huge amounts of iodine-131 coming their way. Over the intervening 20 years, the Polish people treated with iodine-127 have almost 1000 times less thyroid disease than neighboring countries even further than Poland from the Chernobyl disaster site. Unfortunately, ALL Nuclear Power Plants are nuclear disasters waiting to happen. Not because of evil intent (we hope) but because of mechanical and materials deterioration and human error. Hundreds more nuclear power plants are planned, especially by developing countries anxious to reduce their energy dependencies on fossil fuels. Of course, that will mean increasingly huge amounts of radioactive iodine-131 being released into the atmosphere and huge quantities of nuclear waste begging for safe disposal. Simpler, of course, would be to boil water with solar mirrors. All nuclear power plants so far are just fancy water boilers. Strange. Eat your seaweeds. Iodine passes readily through the epidermis and alveolar cell walls into the body, in addition to intestinal absorption. This means that any iodine-13l we breathe or get on our skins is likely to be absorbed if we are the least bit iodine-127 deficient. How is iodine-131 hazardous? It radioactively decays with a half-life of about 8 days. This means in 8 weeks, there is probably not much left in a particular sample, and not enough to cause radiation damage. As iodine-131 decays, it releases high-energy radiation (Beta and Gamma particles, which crash ionizingly through adjacent tissues). There is no safe exposure to radioactive-decay sourced ionizing radiation (Shannon, 1995) All living cells, and that means all of our cells, need potassium all of the time to function and stay alive. There are no exceptions. Our bodies have no innate potassium conservation mechanisms. The human evolutionary assumption seems to be that we will always have plenty of potassium available in our wild and live food diets, since all living cells require potassium. This is in contrast to sodium, also an essential element, for which we have a very rigorous sodium conservation mechanism. The human tongue, like the average beginning analytical chemistry student, seems to have difficulty distinguishing potassium from sodium: both taste salty. In fact, potassium is up to 8 times saltier than sodium. Often, overweight patients will complain of constant “salt cravings” even though they eat a lot of salty foods.” I just can’t seem to get enough salt” is a common statement. These people are often overweight, puffy (edemic), and complain of exhaustion. I suggest high-potassium powdered seaweed (almost any seaweed, although the kelps tend to have more potassium than other seaweeds) up to 10 grams daily until symptoms resolve. So far, I have not encountered any indications of potassium toxicity, which might have been caused by excessive consumption of high-potassium seaweeds, although such poisoning may be possible. If practitioners are concerned, prescribe less seaweed consumption at any one time. I believe that almost any craving for salt in our dietary times of heavily salted, with sodium chloride, home-cooking, restaurant meals, and preserved foods is a strong indication of potassium deficiency, especially in pregnancy. Potassium is essential for even minimal nerve and muscle functioning, and as a cross-membrane transporter ion for neurotransmitters and hormones. I have observed that adding high-potassium foods, especially seaweeds, to the diets of ADD children (instead of Ritalin) and adults can significantly improve behavior and mental functioning. Similarly, fibromyalgia patients, the exhausted, the forgetful, the moody, the agitated, anxiety disorders, and depression are all favorably improved with high-potassium diets and seaweeds. YES! Before grabbing the herbal nerviness and muscle analgesics, try feeding the nerves and muscles their essential mineral foods: potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium The last three, are all abundant in all seaweeds: sodium, 2-4%, calcium 0.5-1.0%, magnesium 0.2-1.0%. In addition to optimal nerve and muscle functioning, these four elements are important in transporting many substances along the intercellular integrin network. Many women patients eating seaweeds to reduce PMS symptom severity report a distinct cyclical waxing and waning of seaweed cravings. Selenium is present in all seaweeds in physiologically significant amounts. Selenium, like its partner in thyroid hormone metabolism, is apparently not required by any land plants although some do concentrate it (Brazil nuts are the usual culprit). No selenium, no thyroid hormone production and conversion of T4 to T3. Selenium is present in all edible animals, and is easily absorbed from eggs in the diet. Selenium is required for many critical metabolic actions besides the selenodeiodinases. Men usually have a much higher selenium demand than women because, like zinc, it is secreted in the male reproductive ejaculate, and must be replaced to maintain ejaculate production and sperm fertility. Check for selenium deficiency in males with fertility issues. All seaweeds contain a large proportion (25-40%) of mucopolysaccharides, collectively referred to as Phycopolymers. The brown algal phycopolymers are algin and fucoidan, both sulfated galactans. Algin has great therapeutic value as a heavy metal detoxifying agent. When added to the diet as a component of edible brown seaweed, algin powder, or sodium alginate, it can bind heavy metals present in the food stream and carry them out with the stool, since algin is generally not digestible (Schecter.1997). Excretory algin tends to bind metal ions presented in the small intestine from distal body locations. A complex diffusion gradient transport system will move poisonous metal atoms a few at a time to the intestine for probable binding to insoluble dietary fiber. Apparently this is a way of removing hazardous metals in a way, which avoids damaging the kidneys. Regular eating of even small amounts of brown algae can be an ongoing metal detoxification practice, which can reduce the quenching of enzymes by heavy metals. Hair analysis can be a better predictor of excess metal poisoning than blood or urine analysis because the body seems to use the sulfhydral groups in hair proteins as an excretory mechanism, which also protects the kidneys. If a patient presents with relatively high levels of toxic metals in hair, blood, or urine, the addition of 3-5 grams brown seaweed to the daily diet will help remove those metals from the body, but not the hair, of course. Using brown algae as part of an aggressive metal removal treatment plan is recommended for both acute and chronic exposures and actual poisoning. Reducing further exposure to heavy metals is of course essential for a metal removal plan to succeed. I usually recommend a lot of rolled oats in the diet (every morning) to aid the seaweeds in metal removal. For some persons, adding the seaweed to the oatmeal seems to hasten metal removal. This combination will tend to bulk the stool and reduce transit time. I also encourage intake of at least 2 liters of water daily (just water, not drinks), as well as frequent hot baths and saunas with vigorous dry skin brushing before and after each bath or sauna. Chronic Passive Heavy Metal Poisoning Industrial activities, mining, and nuclear power activities release relatively large amounts of usually unseen toxic metals into our air, water, and unfortunately onto our food crops. We are all being continually poisoned. We are exposed to radioactive isotopes released into the air by way of gaseous emissions and radioactive substances released into cooling water from all nuclear facilities (radioactive medical wastes are increasingly a source of radioactive metal poisoning). Since most of these exposures are probably going to continue for the foreseeable future, we are advised to do what we can to reduce their negative health effects. The best action may be to eat a diet that is continually detoxifying our bodies. Regular seaweed consumption should be a part of that diet. I predict that age-related dementia and perhaps Alzheimer’s can be prevented or suppressed by regular consumption of algin-rich brown seaweeds, to slow the bioaccumulation of neurotoxic metals. The kelps and popular dietary brown seaweeds can do this. Some of the salts of alginic acid present in aqueous solutions in ingested brown algae, such as potassium and sodium alginates, are digestible by intestinal flora. The metals they contain are released into the food stream and tend to be bound up by the undigested algal fibers. Fucoidan can be easily cooked out of most edible brown algae by simmering 20-40 minutes in water (alone or in food). When consumed, it seems to reduce the intensity of the inflammatory response and promote more rapid tissue healing after wound trauma and surgical trauma. This means that brown seaweed broth is recommended after auto collision, sports injuries, bruising falls, muscle and joint damage, and deep tissue cuts, including voluntary surgery. I recommend that patients anticipating surgery eat 3-5 grams brown seaweed cooked as a vegetable broth daily for a week or two prior to surgery. Fucoidan in the pre-surgical patient diet seems to reduce the intensity of blood loss and vascular bed collapse shock during and after surgery. The mechanism for this positive effect is unclear. We can all statistically expect major surgery sometime in our individual lives. We are the only animal that voluntarily submits to surgery. I believe this may cause some body integrity sanctity problems internally, which may negatively affect the wound response and subsequent healing. Fucoidan may help the body decide to heal after voluntary surgery and other wounding such as radiation and chemotherapy. Patients undergoing radiation or chemotherapy seem to benefit from regular fucoidan consumption via brown seaweed broth before, during, and after treatments. They report fewer and less intense adverse reactions, better recovery and sense of well-being. Antiviral Action Fucoidan interferes with every stage of viral attack, cell attachment, cell penetration, and intracellular virion production by stimulating the production of antiviral cytokines. There may be some viral suppression in virus-infested patients but results are difficult to verify or measure. Research continues into using fucoidan or its derivatives to combat common viral infestations: HIV, HPV, and Herpes. A curious aspect of fucoidan is that its terminal sugar is Fucose. All human cells studied have very precise Fucose receptor sites on their surfaces. Perhaps this results in stronger therapeutic responses. Red Algal Polymers The main red algal polymers are agar and carrageenan, and mainly porphyran in nori. All of these polymers are sulfated galactans. They are modestly water-soluble, partially digestible and easily extracted from red seaweeds by boiling. Carrageenan was originally isolated by simply boiling red seaweeds for an hour or more, discarding the seaweed mass, and saving the usually thick mucilaginous liquid. It was used for soups, hot gruels when mixed with grains, seafood, and peas. It was drunk as a soothing treatment for sore mouths and throats and for constipation relief. It was used by the poor starving Irish during the oppressive British occupation of Ireland for 800 years as an emergency food, filling if not totally nutritious. Today, carrageenan is used in over ten thousand proprietary industrial, food, and health and beauty products as a thickener, gelling agent, meat and sugar extender, medicines, and paints. Red seaweeds containing carrageenan have been overharvested in many places, including the intertidal zones of the Canadian Maritime Provinces and many of the Caribbean Islands. Now, to meet demand, the world’s largest aquaculture farms are located in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, where the red alga Euchemia is grown on nets. Historically, it has been used as a sexual lubricant in China, Korea, and Japan for millennia. Carrageenan eaten as red seaweeds such as dulse, Irish moss, and Euchemia, is partially digested and absorbed as small globular gel masses into the lymph and blood stream. It can provide sugar molecules for glycoproteins secreted by mucous membranes and for cell surface aminoglycan labeling. Respiratory Treatment Until 1935, pneumonia was the leading recorded cause human death in the USA. 100 years ago, five of the top ten causes of death in men were respiratory diseases. Today, asthma is the leading cause of juvenile school absenteeism and is increasingly an affliction of adults. Red algae containing carrageenan have been used for millennia as treatments for respiratory ailments, especially intractable sinus infections and lingering pneumonias. Asthma was not separated out as such in the old literature. I use plain boiled- out carrageenan singly or in combination with strong antimicrobial herbs for all respiratory ailments. The process is simple: Place an ounce of carrageenan-containing red seaweed in a food-grade mesh bag. Place the bag in a stainless steel boiler or ceramic “crock pot” containing up to 1 liter of water. Bring to a boil and simmer for 4 hours. The bag of seaweed can be left in the crock pot, setting at LOW, for 8-12 hours, which means overnight for breakfast readiness. Stir or otherwise pump the gel out of the mesh bag while simmering; this will move the dissolved gel out of the bag and allow more extraction. If this step is omitted, the gel may just thicken, clog the mesh pores, and remain a mess in the mesh bag. Pour off the fluid gel while hot. If only one extraction is enough, hang the bag from something over a container and let more gel drip out. The red seaweed mass remaining in the mesh bag can be simmered and the gel fluid poured off again and again, up to 4-5 times with more gel extracted each time. The gel can be consumed as soon as cool. It can be flavored with anything suitable from honey, fruit juice, cinnamon, cayenne, vanilla, maple syrup, cocoa powder, to various distilled spirits, herbal tinctures and milk. The extracted gel will keep cold without spoiling for only about two days. It is an excellent growth medium for microbes. Do not leave gel unused for more than two days in a refrigerator without boiling again briefly to sterilize it. I recommend consuming at least a pint a day for children and a quart or more per day for adults up to a week or until respiratory symptoms resolve. In cases of obvious microbial infection, add strong herbs such as Elecampane, Osha, Lomatium, even garlic in the extraction bag, or as a separately prepared tea mixture; tinctures can also be added to the gel after removing from boiler. The herbal-enhanced gels are usually good expectorants and can improve cough productivity. The first gel extracted is often very strongly seaweed- flavored and unpalatable to children and those with a resistant sensitive nature. The flavorings listed above can mask the strong seaweed flavors. Those flavors are usually not present in the gel produced in second and more extraction episodes of the same bag of red seaweed. I think that cases of respiratory mycoplasma (often presenting as adult-onset asthma in people over 35) are helped by the gel with the addition of strong herbs, especially elecampane. A soothing carrageenan gel variant is to use 5 parts red seaweed, and one part each: Usnea lichen, Fennel seeds, Marshmallow root (powdered) and Hawthorn berries. This is very helpful for throats sore from excessive coughing. Cautions for Red Seaweed Gel Use Small amounts of carrageenan gel can help heal ulcers including ulcerative colitis. Large amounts may worsen alimentary ulcers and erosive bowel diseases, especially in the bowel if carrageenan successfully competes with the bowel membranes for water from the stool. Antiviral Red Seaweeds In vitro tests in the 1950’s and 1960’s showed that some red algae are strongly antiviral. The ideas were developed by Robert Ellis and Natasha Calvin, who used scuba gear in SE Alaska to harvest three species of subtidal red algae to produce a mixture called Alaska Dulse. This was taken internally as a very effective treatment for SHINGLES. Natasha has passed and Robert is no longer providing the Alaska Dulse. From Blue Moon Marine, Kim and Mark Donovan are test-marketing antiherpetic crèmes and lotions for cold sores, shingles and hopefully genital herpes. I have tried their products on recurring shingles with some lessening of lesion severity but not a great improvement. Clinical trials are underway in cooperation with the Bastyr University Clinic. Strong antiviral activity has been observed in a variety of heavily modified carrageenans and research continues on how to use this in commercial medications. I do not know if occasional consumption of red seaweed gels will be antiviral. One carrageenan derivative showed strong anti-HIV activity when delivered as a contraceptive vaginal foam. Erectile Dysfunction On a very memorable visit to Caye Caulker in the Belizean Caribbean, I had an interesting seaweed encounter. Whilst strolling along the unpaved path of the mercantile zone, we came upon a little juice stand where fresh tropical juices were made and sold. The children were thirsty as usual and so we got some watermelon banana pineapple slurries for them. I NOTICEd a couple of recycled whiskey bottles with hand-printed tape labels that read “SEAWEED DRINK”. I inquired about it. It was the most expensive item on display. The young woman in charge said she did not know much about its manufacture, but I could talk with the owner tomorrow at a time designated. I bought a bottle and she recommended that I flavor it with rum or whiskey, since it did not have any alcohol in it and it would spoil quickly in the tropical heat. “It make you strong, mon!” she assured me with a BIG smile. I did not add any alcohol and drank it over an hour or two. It tasted just like the red seaweed gel I make at home. It took several days before I was able to meet with the owner and seaweed drink maker. He was extremely reluctant to talk about the product. Eventually I told him about my own production of seaweed drinks back in Washington State and he eased up a bit. He told me that the process had been the same for thousands of years, used by the Ancient Maya and the Arawaks and Caribs. Using stone-weighted poles with hooks, the seaweed was spun off the seafloor and loaded into canoes or now small sailboats and brought to shore where it was laid out in the sun to be washed by rains and bleached by sun until a yellowish white color and no seaweedy flavors remained. The mass looked like distressed pasta noodles when he gave me a big handful of dried seaweed. He told me that just like grapestone, it could be boiled many times and thick gel came out each time, up to 12 times. Impressive. He was especially reluctant to take me out to witness the harvest or do some myself. The Rastafarians had the Seaweed Drink monopoly and perhaps he feared my setting up a little drink stand. I bought several bottles of it during three weeks on Caye Caulker. Eventually the salespeople asked “How you doin, mon?” I had to be educated as to the intended purpose of the Seaweed Drink. It was a renowned local treatment for erectile dysfunction and my otherwise recreational excessive purchases and assumed consumption was cause for much laughter and smirking stares. I really could not detect any positive therapeutic effect or behavioral changes. Eight years later I get an inquiry from some patients who are looking for Sea Moss. I checked in with some of my physiological colleagues, notably Dr. Mel Goldstein of U. Victoria in BC. He had been in charge of the Sea Moss recovery program in Santa Lucia, Virgin Islands. The popularity of Sea Moss as a virility drink had led to its extermination from all of the larger Caribbean islands and locals were continually asking him during his research years there, where he had seen any Sea Moss. It was very rare and occurred only on tiny dangerous uninhabited rocky islands. He decided to try and use basic seaweed mariculture techniques to grow Sea Moss using starts from wild patches. It worked eventually and many bays on the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad, and other islands have ropes and poles growing Sea Moss to meet an expanding market demand. The red seaweeds, species of Euchemia, Gracillaria and Hydroputia were originally harvested to make a traditional pre-contact breakfast gruel, and to thicken jellies as well as make soothing drinks. Now, Sea Moss is sold in tourist shops, featured in local jams and jellies, and served as a special ethnic gruel to tourists. The Maya apparently used the gel with ground cacao, vanilla bean, and honey to make a treat. I have no information about erectile dysfunction amongst the ancient Maya. I make the assumption that the Sea Moss drink must have had some positive effects on male libido or erectile dysfunction. What the actual effects in terms of tissue changes might be, I can only speculate that circulation may be improved and mucous membranes more productive. There are many causes of erectile dysfunction and most of these are behavioral, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, chronic dehydration, obesity, medications, and sociology. I doubt if seaweed drink alone will overcome these causes. We will keep trying, however. Hormones in Seaweeds Melatonin is abundant in many seaweeds, up to 1000 times the amounts found in land plants such as Feverfew and St. Johnswort. This may explain some of the calming effects of eating seaweeds. Nighttime harvested seaweed has much more melatonin content than daytime-harvested seaweed of the same species. There may be some useful therapeutic opportunities using seaweed-sourced melatonin. Thyroid Hormones in Seaweeds Brown seaweeds are the only known non-animal sources of thyroid hormones. The presence of organically bound iodine in brown seaweeds as thyroid hormones may explain some of the effects of eating some brown seaweeds. Di-iodothyronine (DIT) Fucus spp of brown seaweeds have been used as treatment for thyroid disorders. The thyroid hormone present in Fucus is di-Iodothyronine (DIT); it is weakly active if al all as a thyroid hormone in the mammalian body. Two DIT molecules are condensed in an elegant esterification reaction to produce tetraiodotyrosine (T4, Thyroxine). The organically bound iodine in Fucus may enhance T4 production by providing some prefabricated portions of T4. I have not seen any studies tracing Fucus-sourced DIT to either the thyroid gland or circulating T4. The therapeutic effects of using powdered Fucus, 3-5 grams daily resemble the therapeutic effects of thyroxine medications: shrinking of goiters, weight loss, resolution of symptomatic non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, return of vim and vigor, lessening of psychiatric disruptions, and resolution of eczemas. This is especially true of women enduring postpartum physiological depression after several years of being pregnant and nursing one or more children. I have seen no reports of thyrotoxicity from Fucus consumption. Women with low thyroid function, according to thyroid panel blood tests, report improved test results. Any similar results from using Fucus teas will be due to inorganic iodine supply increase and probably not from DIT. DIT is not very water soluble. Fucus is used to wean mildly hypothyroid patients off thyroid hormone medication. This can work only if the patient has a thyroid gland mass capable of making T4 and T3 in sufficient quantities to supply body needs. Those without a thyroid gland may be helped by the iodine from Fucus, alleviating the need to mine thyroid medications for iodine. This may also explain in part the alleged weight loss results from ingesting Fucus; to wit, upregulation of basal body metabolic rate from iodine alone. Thyroxine and Tri-iodothyronine in Brown Seaweeds T4 and T3 have been found as the main organically bound iodine compounds in several brown seaweeds, notably Laminaria spp. (Kombu) and Sargassum spp. Up to 10% of the iodine in Laminaria may be in the form of MIT, DIT, T3, and/or T4; even more in the less commonly available Sargassum (less commercially available; it is a rapidly expanding invasive of all temperate coasts; this may be good news for thyroid sufferers) (Kazutosi 2002). Kombu is one of the top 5 most consumed seaweeds in Japan and USA. The physiological effects of regular Kombu consumption can be the resolution of coronary artery disease, healthier liver function, higher metabolic rate, faster food transit time, lower LDL cholesterol, higher HDL cholesterol blood levels. If the thyroid hormones in kombu and Sargassum are available from food, this could turn out to be an effective treatment to replace both synthetic thyroxines and animal-thyroid medications. I assume at least some T4 and T3 get into the human body from dietary Kombu and stimulate more rapid clearing of fatty wastes from the liver, enabling more rapid removal of blood borne fatty wastes. T4 and T3 are biphenols and are not water soluble. Oil extractions of Kombu may provide T4 and T3 as well as DIT and MIT (Mono-iodotyrosine) and be an effective thyrosupportive medicine. Powdered Fucus is mixed with olive oil as a vegan replacement for cod liver oil and seems to work as well or better than cod liver oil. Essential Fat and Vitamins in Seaweed Most seaweeds are rich in vitamins, especially the B vitamins, including B12. They also have significant amounts (1-3%)of Omega-3 fatty acids. Nori, in particular, has 3% omega-3 fatty acids and large amounts of vitamins A and C. Interestingly, eating lots of nor is the Japanese prescription for boys who may have inherited male pattern baldness. In Scandinavia, the eating of refined sugars is discouraged for the same condition. Perhaps a combination could treat both hair loss and slow the progression of pattern baldness in both men and women? External Seaweed Treatments Ireland, the Pacific Northwest, and other coastal areas have long histories of using seaweed baths for relief from muscle and joint pains, eczema, ectoparasites, and prostate swelling. A Case of the Knees A 50-year old woman presented with terribly painful knees. She was told her cartilage had severely deteriorated. She was using a cane or walker all of the time and was expecting the wheelchair soon. She had been a very active herb grower and weekend clown for over 20 years. The combination of working on her knees and clowning around had been very bad for her knees. I told her I could fix her knees if she was completely compliant. Here was the treatment: I told her she would need to soak her legs in a hot Fucus (Bladderwrack) bath for four hours each day for up to a year. When she categorically refused, I could only remind her of the painful alternatives. We agreed on a compromise: tall (l6 inches) rubber boots, several sizes too large. Hot Fucus slurry, made from DRIED FUCUS, was poured into the boots and her feet placed in them, with about 2 inches between the top of the Fucus slurry and the top of the boot. That way she could sit at her shop, walk around, and keep the boots on for four hours. Heat was a problem – keeping the boots and slurries warm. A hot pad applied externally to the boots worked well. I provided both the boots and all of the Fucus she would use without charge. All she had to do was comply And that included no more clowning around, at work or home. She did and after almost a year, all symptoms were resolved, she could walk without either pain or cane. I checked her every year for a decade and no return of symptoms Now, 15 years later she is still symptom free. I had perhaps excessive confidence in the treatment based on local and traditional First Nations folklore about the use of prolonged hot Fucus mush soaking by mostly elderly women to relieve aching leg and foot joints. The Invader Gets Soaked Traditionally, English Victorians took long holidays to the impoverished West Coast of Ireland. There they steamed and soaked luxuriously in very hot baths filled with seawater and at least 10 gallons of fresh Fucus serratus, a particularly mucoidal brown seaweed. This treatment performed very thorough exfoliation of old dead skin squamous debris, stimulated peripheral circulation, and imparted comfort to many aches and pains. Swollen prostate glands seemed to shrink. The most exciting part was the amazing increase in skin sensitivity and touchability. Seaweed bathing became a must for newlyweds and those seeking romantic revivals in fading libido relationships. Nearly 100 years ago, scores of seaweed bathhouses existed. Only a handful survives from those times. Dozens of new seaweed baths have been built in the past decade in response to both renewed interest in the healthy effects of seaweed bathing, and the entry of the Irish Republic into the European Union and a great influx of European immigrants and tourists. My favorite therapeutic traditional use of seaweed is as a parlor floor shock absorber. In Hildene, the palatial home of Robert Todd Lincoln in Manchester, Vermont, a thick layer of dried seaweed, (probably stiff fronds of Chondrus crispus) is underneath the parlor dance floor to reduce impact trauma to dancing couples’ feet. I was not able to obtain a sample. Bergner, P.1997. The Healing Power of Minerals Druehl, L. 2000. Pacific Seaweeds Drum, R. 2000. Sea Vegetables. In Planting Our Future. Gladstar &Hirsch, eds. Pp 277-284. Erhart, S. and Cerier, L. 2001. Sea Vegetable Celebration Flaherty, R. Man of Aran. Documentary film with scenes of Aran farmers making soil from rocks and seaweeds. Kazutosi, Nisizawa.2002. Seaweeds Kaiso: Bountiful Harvest from the Seas. Sustenance for Health and Wellbeing Kingsbury, J. and Sze, P. 1997. Seaweeds of Cape Cod and the Islands. 2ndED McConnaughey, E. 1985. Sea Vegetables. O’Clair, R. and Lindstrom, S. 2001. North Pacific Seaweeds. Schecter, S. 1997. Fighting Radiation and Pollution Shannon, S. 1993. Diet for the Atomic Age. Did you find this article helpful? Please consider sharing it with a friend! Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email Share on linkedin About The Author For 10 years Dr. Drum taught Botany and related subjects at Universities (UMASS/Amherst, UCLA, WWU). He studied Herbal Medicine with Ella Birzneck, founder of Dominion Herbal College in British Columbia for 12 years, and taught at their summer seminars for 25 years. He has been an adjunct faculty at Bastyr University since 1984, and he lectures at major herbal conferences and herbal schools. He specializes in Seaweed Therapies, Thyroid issues, and Men’s Health. Dr. Drum believes in true patient autonomy: the freedom and right to choose one’s caregivers, independent of their official certification. You can contact Ryan at his website Read These Next: Thyroid Function and Dysfunction - Maidenhair Fern - adiantum_pedatum Thyroid Function and Dysfunction Thyroid dysfunction is epidemic in North America. One in ten adult American women have been diagnosed with thyroid disorders and some endocrinologists suggest that as many as 25% of adult American women are presenting with clinically detectable thyroid dysfunction. What factors are at play here, and what can be done about it? Seaweed Facts - Milkweed - asclepias_erosa Seaweed 101 What are sea vegetables and what are they good for? Why would you consider adding seaweeds to your diet? Learn some seaweed facts that might surprise you. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email Share on linkedin
The methods of processes and techniques that are used to resolve disputes or disagreement Mediators are generally highly experienced in the area of the dispute, and may even by TCC judges. dispute resolution methods Dispute resolution processes have several advantages. Adjudication Adjudication is a process in which a neutral third party will give a decision on a dispute. Some disputants will not reach agreement through a collaborative process. Any claims below this sum will be dealt with at the County Court. Dispute resolution process steps Rather than imposing a solution, a professional mediator works with the conflicting sides to explore the interests underlying their positions. Not all disputes, even those in which skilled intervention occurs, end in resolution. Such intractable disputes form a special area in dispute resolution studies. Adjudication is less expensive than court proceedings. There are limited appeal rights available during arbitration. Expert Determination Expert determination is often used to resolve issues or disputes of a specialist nature, such as construction, and is one of the most informal systems of dispute resolution. It is likely to be the most expensive way of resolving a dispute. Mediation can be effective at allowing parties to vent their feelings and fully explore their grievances. Here are brief descriptions of the most common dispute resolution processes:. Dispute resolution processes fall into two major types: Adjudicative processes, such as litigation or arbitration, in which a judge, jury or arbitrator determines the outcome. Adjudication is a quick process, which is designed to ensure that cash flow is maintained during the construction process. This guide is for general information and interest only and should not be relied upon as providing specific legal advice. methods of conflict resolution pdf Dispute resolution takes a number of different forms. Disadvantages of adjudication The dispute needs to have been aired between the parties before adjudication can be commenced. Conflict resolution methods Arbitration In arbitration, a neutral third party serves as a judge who is responsible for resolving the dispute. Complex issues can be dealt with. Dispute resolution may also be referred to as alternative dispute resolution, appropriate dispute resolution, or ADR for short. The most common form of judicial dispute resolution is litigation. The possible ADR processes available to construction disputes are: mediation; adjudication; arbitration; expert determination and court proceedings. In addition, dispute resolution processes are less formal and have more flexible rules than the trial court. The disputants can negotiate virtually any aspect of the arbitration process, including whether lawyers will be present at the time and which standards of evidence will be used. Disputes are resolved on the basis of material facts, documents and relevant principles of law. Costs can be similar to litigation at court. Although it is still possible to go to the Court, in most cases the decision of the adjudicator decides the dispute. Here are brief descriptions of the most common dispute resolution processes:. In cases where the court or judge has referred the case to a dispute resolution process, attorneys often participate. The Technology and Construction Court Guide provides guidance on the conduct of litigation within the construction industry and states that the court should encourage parties to use alternative dispute resolution ADR , which in most cases, will be mediation. It is less expensive and a quicker and a less formal method of dispute resolution. Extrajudicial dispute resolution[ edit ] Some use the term dispute resolution to refer only to alternative dispute resolution ADR , that is, extrajudicial processes such as arbitration, collaborative law, and mediation used to resolve conflict and potential conflict between and among individuals, business entities, governmental agencies, and in the public international law context states. Rated 7/10 based on 9 review Different methods of dispute resolution in construction disputes
Adhering to Cultural Norms Can Help Immigrants Elicit Acceptance, Study Finds New research finds Germans are less likely to help a hijab-wearing Muslim woman, but this bias fades if she demonstrates agreement with the national consensus that littering is bad. Publish date: A man waves a German flag. Is a cohesive multicultural society really possible? The racist reaction to the increased immigration to both the United States and Europe indicates the question may be more open than previously thought. Research shows the human mind reflexively divides people into "us" and "them," and many people instinctively categorize those of a different race, culture, or religion as dangerously foreign. What will it take for citizens to accept immigrants as fully integrated members of society? New research points to a promising if partial solution: A shared commitment to national norms. A large study finds Germans display more friendliness and compassion to a hijab-wearing Muslim woman if she has behaved in a way that signals assimilation into the culture. In cleanliness-obsessed Germany, that means she has called out someone who litters. For Muslim immigrants, "good citizenship has some benefits," University of Pennsylvania political scientist Nicholas Sambanis, the study's senior author, said in announcing the findings. "The degree of discrimination toward Muslims goes down if they signal that they care about the host society." The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was conducted on train platforms in 28 German cities. The basic experiment, with variations, was repeated more than 1,600 times in front of a total of more than 7,000 bystanders. Bystanders watched a German man, an actor, drop an empty coffee cup on the platform. A nearby woman, also an actor, who was observing him, then either ignored the action or admonished him to pick up his trash. Although clearly irritated, the man did so and walked away. The woman then received a phone call, and, while talking, she "accidentally" dropped a bag of oranges, which began to roll to various parts of the platform. The researchers noted whether any of the bystanders assisted her by helping her retrieve the pieces of fruit. Three-quarters of the time, the female was a young immigrant with Middle Eastern features. For some rounds, she wore common street clothes; for others, she wore a Christian cross around her neck; for still others, she wore a traditional hijab. An ethnic German woman played the role for the final one-quarter of the rounds. The researchers found the ethnic German woman received unsolicited help more than three quarters of the time. So did the immigrant woman when dressed in street clothes (the cross had no impact whatsoever). However, the woman in the hijab got assistance in only 66 percent of the trials. Surprisingly, further analysis found this difference was driven by increased indifference among women bystanders. Sambanis hypothesizes that many may have viewed her hijab, and the cultural practices it symbolizes, "as threatening to hard-won advances in women's rights." The authors' main finding, however, was that the woman in the hijab was more likely to get help if she had admonished the litterer a few moments earlier. She received help just over 60 percent of the time if she had ignored the littering, but that figure went up to nearly 73 percent if she had called the man out. Those figures followed the same pattern when the German woman played that role. She got help 73 percent of the time if she ignored the litterer, and 84 percent if she had said something to him. "The majority of the subjects in our experiment do behave in a cooperative manner towards both Germans and immigrants," the researchers conclude. "While religious differences increase social distance between native and immigrant population ... our findings suggest that norms can form the basis for the reduction in discrimination and improved cooperation." Given that U.S. culture is heavily individualistic, it's difficult to immediately come up with some equivalent norm that would signal Americanness. A cynic might point to carrying a gun. Sambanis and his colleagues plan to conduct a similar experiment in the less-rigid society of Greece, which may provide some clues. So let's not outlaw single-use coffee cups just yet. They may help people look past superficial differences and bond over shared values.
Putting New Performance Ratings to Use Teacher-evaluation systems can show which teachers have the biggest impact. How can we use those insights to improve learning for students? The challenge: In Pittsburgh, the “Empowering Effective Teachers” initiative and evaluation system had created a lot of data about individual teachers’ performance—but not yet a detailed plan for how to use it to improve student outcomes across the district. The intervention: Using SDP diagnostic analyses, SDP Fellows Tara Tucci and Ashley Varrato dove deep into effectiveness ratings, placement data, and test scores to assess the impact of highly effective teachers, determine where and with whom they were working, and unveil key predictors of teacher effectiveness—and then designed a secure way to get that information to school leaders. The impact: Among their findings: the highest-need students were most likely to be taught by a low-rated teacher, and low-rated teachers were the most likely to have switched class and school assignments from the previous year. They designed a secure data system to share this information with district leaders and principals, to inform conversations about improving classroom practice and more equitably distributing high-performing teachers across all Pittsburgh schools. The Challenge: Putting New Performance Ratings to Use States and school districts across the country have revamped their teacher-evaluation systems in recent years, creating a wealth of new data about individual educators’ effectiveness. But these performance reports and ratings can’t do much on their own. They need to be portable and actionable, especially at the school level, so school leaders can select appropriate professional development opportunities based on individual needs and ensure effective teachers share their practice with others. In Pittsburgh, the district and local teachers’ union had collaborated to create the “Empowering Effective Teachers” initiative, which included a new multiple-measures evaluation system. After its first year, teachers were rated in terms of their effectiveness, including small groups at the very top and very bottom of the scale. Because individual teachers can have very different impacts on their students based on their relative skill in the classroom, it was important for officials in Pittsburgh to not merely identify very high- and low-performing teachers, but to apply this information in order to improve teacher performance and student learning across the district. The Intervention: Mapping Effectiveness and Sharing Insights SDP Fellows Tucci and Varrato conducted several analyses in order to learn more about the district’s high- and low-rated teachers, in order to inform an urgent goal: how to maximize the share of students exposed to highly effective teachers. They found that the district was retaining its top-performing teachers, with a 98.7 percent retention rate, and that those teachers were far less likely than their low-performing peers to have switched class or school assignments in the past year. In terms of what characteristics predicted high ratings, the SDP fellows found that National Board Certification was most strongly associated with a top “distinguished” rating in Pittsburgh, and that other factors like education level or years of experience were not. Tucci and Varrato’s analysis also showed the potential of a highly effective teacher to transform student outcomes: students with the highest-rated teachers were twice as likely to progress from “basic” to “proficient” scores on standardized tests compared to students with the lowest-rated teachers. The fellows then applied their technical expertise to ensure this information could be put to use. As district and union leaders references their analyses in goal-setting conversations, school leaders were able to access a new data warehouse in order to review reports. Other technical improvements included launching and improving data-reporting systems for observations and student surveys, and making class rosters more robust in order to give teachers more insight into the student performance that figures into their value-added calculations. The Impact: Lessons Learned The work by the SDP fellows paved the way for on-the-ground improvements in Pittsburgh. Not surprisingly, while their efforts did involve sophisticated statistical analyses, they also involved practical solutions to workaday challenges: keeping data secure and accessible, making data entry a user-friendly experience, and ensuring that the variables weighed in complex analyses are clear and transparent. Performing such analysis within a fast-moving school or district context makes the urgency of these efforts clear. The major recommendations from the SDP fellows involve ensuring that system users can access the information and put it to use. Doing that requires timeliness and buy-in, which are most easily achieved when districts prioritize and focus their goals. Rather than changing many things at once, selecting particular areas for improvement, such as targeted professional development based on evaluation results, is wise. Those goals can inform user-experience design and other decisions, to ensure data isn’t merely generated, but used. SDP Resources: Find the full capstone report by Tucci and Varrato, which includes contributions by other SDP fellows as well.
Apa format biology paper According to American Psychological Association writers, the term simply refers to what methodology is used when citing researched sources or quoted text. Most commonly used within the realm of social sciences and behavioral studies, TermPapers. Apa format biology paper Apa format biology paper You did not waste your time Apa format biology paper dull academic tasks. You were making the most of your college years, giving yourself and other people priceless memories to stay with forever. Glossary of Selected Terms Apa format biology paper Positive, dedicated reviews are surely much appreciated. All to ensure you receive an outstanding grade! Indicate the number of pages; Choose format and citation style; Mark the necessary number of sources; Decide on the topic or let our writer choose one for you; Specify the deadline; Upload additional materials required for successful completion of the order.A complete online environment rooted in APA Style, APA Style CENTRAL is an institutional solution that provides students, instructors, and researchers with an authoritative collection of scholarly learning, research, writing, and publishing tools necessary to master the application of APA Style. In the world of academics and research, there are two major styles of term paper format. They are the MLA format papers, and the APA format monstermanfilm.com MLA format is typically used in writings that include humanities, arts, social sciences, and research. A biology paper has a certain set of guidelines that must be followed for it to be effective. The paper needs to clearly and efficiently show why the scientist carried out an experiment, how it was done, what the results were and the ramifications of the results. Even if it is a developmental biology research paper or evolutionary biology research paper or biology argumentative research paper – the cover will cover everything you are looking for. Our writing company provides 10, 20, 30 pages research papers on bio topics. Case Essays: Writing A Paper In Apa Format list of writers! When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. In b. format apa in a writing paper Moss ed. &. Biology lab supplies. Guinness, os, and louise cowan. References bennett, a. Aligning student attitudes, assessment, and . Q. How should I cite my paper's appendices in-text for APA format? - Ask Us! Answer Service
The Azimuth Project Arctic methane deposits (Rev #6) The cold Arctic regions contain large amounts of the greenhouse gas methane deposited in forms which are currently stable due to the low temperature. It is hypothesized that a small but significant warming of the Arctic regions could destabilize these deposits and lead to large releases of methane into the atmosphere. The Arctic currently (in geological time) has large stores of methane in three dominant forms: 1. Conventional gas deposits (e.g. trapped by shale rock, etc). 3. Locked in permafrost (essentially similar chemistry to methane clathrates above but stored several metres down into frozen soil). The conventional gas deposits have the high stability of gas deposits elsewhere. The last two are believed to be relatively stable at historical Arctic temperatures, but may be destabilised by a small but significant warming of the Arctic regions. It is believed that 0.5 megatonnes of methane is currently being released from the Arctic per year. However it is believed plausible that up to 50 Gt of methane could be released into the atmosphere very quickly should the storage become destabilised: • N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel’cheva, Methane release on the Arctic East Siberian shelf, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9 (2007), 01071. It should be noted that apparently modeling and measurements of methane in the atmosphere is less advanced than modeling carbon dixoide. In addition, there is debate about whether a sudden destabilisation of Arctic methane reserves is possible or only gradual release. Methane clathrates The green thing in the middle is methane, trapped in a cage of water molecules. Click for more details, or see: Increasing atmospheric methane This is a good review of discussion up to 2009 concerning the rise in atmospheric methane, some of which may be caused by the release of methane from the Arctic: Mascarelli writes: However, the rise in methane concentrations continued in 2008 and 2009, as discussed here: (Emphasis ours.) It would be interesting to know the latest figures on atmospheric methane concentrations. This website lists references: Wikipedia has information about Arctic methane: See also: For more on the carbon stored in permafrost, see: category: carbon
How to stop a treadmill belt from slipping The belt of your treadmill is the part that rotates around its base while you run on it. Its movement is supposed to be dictated by the speed settings you input, but occasionally a treadmill belt slips when you run on it, which can be dangerous. It is caused by the loosening of the motor belt drive, which controls the movement of the belt, because the vibrations of the treadmill when it's run on can loosen the bolts holding the motor in place. Most companies that make treadmills sell replacement belts, though depending on how worn your belt is, tightening the motor belt drive yourself will stop it from slipping. no power left image by Olga Sapegina from Switch off your treadmill and unplug it. tournevis 2 image by Nathalie P from Remove the piece covering your treadmill's motor by unscrewing any screws. You may need to turn you treadmill on its side. Look for any fragments of black rubber plastic in the motor. This tells you the motor drive belt is worn. If the rubber plastic is completely fragmented, you know the motor drive belt is totally worn down and you need to buy a new belt. Tighten the motor drive belt by unscrewing the bolts holding the motor down. You may need the help of someone else to push the loosened motor down deeper into where it's sitting. bolt image by Petr Gnuskin from Screw the bolts back in to keep the motor in. Plug your treadmill back in and turn it on. Test out the belt at a low speed without stepping onto it and slowly increase the speed. If the belt is rotating normally, test it by walking on it. Slowly increase the speed to make sure it's not slipping even when you run. Most recent
Skip to 0 minutes and 2 secondsI'm the grower here at the Kwekerij van den Bosch. It's very diverse especially with a crop as blackberry. We're working on artificial lighting, we're working on new research of how to fertilise our crop, how to steer the crop. A lot of new challenges are here. And that's what I'm working on. Skip to 0 minutes and 22 secondsIn this greenhouse, we only use beneficiaries during the crop like here in blackberry. Yeah, we practically only clean the greenhouse, but we do not spray during cultivation. When you do that very well, then it's possible to finish your crop with only beneficiaries. It's also very challenging to look ahead. I also employ a specific biological crop protection strategy to be well employed for the season. The supermarket wants to develop their assortment, so in blackberry, we are thinking can we produce year round? Can we have a product with less plastics? We also have to take into account the life span of the product in the shelf. Skip to 1 minute and 10 secondsEvery two weeks, we get a visit of someone from Koppert, and together, we discuss our strategy, and then we monitor our strategy. Do we have to change it? And also monitor how the beneficiaries are doing. Eventually, we will only use beneficiaries, so no chemical spraying at all. For some crops, it's in a hand reach, but in other crops, it's very difficult. But you see there is a lot of movement towards more natural crop protection. Skip to 1 minute and 46 secondsUnfortunately, we have to throw away quite some product. That's something we are working on very hard at the moment to minimise it, but up to now, that's quite a challenge. Skip to 1 minute and 59 secondsOptimal result is that you have very limited damage by pests, but there is nothing more beautiful than seeing a crop grow and producing beautiful fruits that make other people happy. A farmer's perspective of technology In this video blackberry farmer, Wouter van den Bosch, discusses some of the diverse challenges of a natural approach to growing soft fruits, such as the use of bumblebees for pollination and other beneficial insects (which he refers to as beneficiaries) for crop protection as opposed to chemical pesticides. Measures are also taken on this farm to prevent issues such as food waste. Based on the information shared in the video, in what ways do the three pillars of sustainability apply to the approaches taken on this blackberry farm? 1. Social (People): Ensuring food security (enough food for all) by following practices that guarantee human access to food and improvement of their welfare, and do not exploit workers. 2. Environmental (Planet): Efficient use of resources and integrated approaches that minimise waste and negative impacts on both the natural and physical environment. 3. Economic (Profit): Protecting the financial viability of farms and supporting the longevity of their business, including the ability to re-invest. Share your thoughts in the comments area, below. How do your responses compare to those of other Learners? Share this video: This video is from the free online course: Explore How Farmers Produce Food Sustainably EIT Food
Investigating the Oil Spill at Horn Island, Mississippi October 28, 2010 Camping on Horn Island, Mississippi, I am struck by the healing power of nature. Horn Island is a thin strip of sand surrounded by ocean where Monarch butterflies migrating to the cloud forests of Mexico flit about pine-topped dunes on this last bit of terra firma before continuing the long flight. The full force of Hurricane Katrina devastated the island in 2005. The dunes were leveled and the litter of buildings and ships spread out over the vast expanse of sand. Poles of dead pines still poke the sky like a vast fleet of sailboats. Yet in that sun scoured desert life returns. Tufts of sea grass anchor hillocks of sand. Tidal lagoons dammed by blowing sand capture rainwater and become fecund habitat. Up on the interior dunes of the island, healthy pine groves shelter a different ecosystem. Flowers and young trees dot the white expanse. The tracks of herons, raccoons, rabbits and lots of other creatures wind hither and tither through the brush. The burrows of ghost crabs dot the space. Five years after the deadliest of storms nearly wiped this narrow strip of island from the map, life is returning. Yet in this hopeful process a new devastation arrived this spring on the warming waters of the Gulf. Some 70 miles from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, Horn Island and the waters surrounding it were full of oil. Six months after the beginning of the spill, contract crews are still out there every day sifting sand, filling buckets, bags and boxes with oily sand, but still a layer of tarballs litters the surface like gravel. Below the surface there are oil layers in the sand that look like layers of chocolate on a vanilla cake. There’s still a lot of oil. Oil that will still be there decades and perhaps generations from now. How it will impact generations of birds, crustaceans and fish remains to be seen. Does nature have the power to overcome this dark and deadly disaster? Not much is known, and even after hundreds of oil spills have plagued the earth, oil companies continue to probe into deeper waters and riskier places in pursuit of the last deposits of fossil fuel. When will we realize it’s not worth the ruin of amazing places like Horn Island and loss of the once healthy bounty of Gulf waters? What will it take to give up and pursue renewable energy with the same kind of energy and investment as we are laying out for oil? We Need Your Voice. Join Us! Donate now!
Your ancestors were very likely undocumented immigrants, too. Every time policies and practices against undocumented immigrants dominate the news a vast array of memes and messages circulate from Americans who believe that their immigrant ancestors have nothing in common with today's undocumented immigrants. Why? Because their ancestors came to the US legally and, as is often claimed, "waited their turn," "didn't ask for any handouts." Take the following, for example: It's a popular argument, but a quick look at the history of immigration history in the US reveals that it does not make any sense. Annie Moore, first immigrant to arrive at Ellis Island, with her little brothers, Anthony and Philip. She was 17, welcomed with much fanfare, and immediately reunited with the rest of her family.#KeepFamiliesTogether #WhereAreTheGirls — Megan Smolenyak🕵️‍♀️ (@megansmolenyak) June 19, 2018 As noted in a Philadelphia Inquirer article on the same topic: "Responding to the nation’s large number of undocumented immigrants, the federal government implemented the 1929 Registry Act, which allowed them to register as permanent residents for $20 if they could prove they had lived in the country since 1921 and were of “good moral character.” More than 115,000 registered from 1930 to 1940, at least 200,000 more after that." In short, comparing what it meant to immigrate to the US back in the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s to the requirements for immigration today is comparing apples and oranges - or maybe even apples and a porcelain orange figurine from the Edwardian era. If your family has been in America for generations, your original immigrant ancestor was essentially crossing an open border, had a more than 98% chance of being admitted to the US, and an easy enough pathway to becoming a naturalized citizen. What was your ancestor's immigration story? Tell us in the comment section. * Originally published in 2018. Annie Moore statue in Cobh, Co. CorkCatherine Crowley
Other Lunar Folk Celebrations - South-Korea - korea4expats About Korea > Holiday Celebrations Other Lunar Folk Celebrations Other Lunar Folk Celebrations Over and above the major Lunar Holidays, Korea has many more folk celebrations determined by the lunar calendar. However, many of them are not as widely marked as they once were. Ipchunbang (2nd lunar month) From around Feb. 4 by the solar calendar, when the sun is at 315 degrees celestial longitude, the Ipchun or "beginning of spring" period begins. It is the first of the 24 seasonal divisions according to the lunar calendar. Although it is said spring begins from that day, the weather is still quite cold. On this day, people used to post signs reading "Good luck in the coming of spring." Hansik (2nd lunar month) Hansik, which means "Cold Food" day, falls on the 105th day after the winter solstice or about early April. Once there was a man named Gaejachu from the Jin kingdom in ancient China. A villainous retainer intrigued against him, so Gaejachu hid in the slopes of Mt. Myeonsan. Jinmungong finally found him and asked him to return. However, Gaejachu refused to come out. Jinmungong started a fire on the mountain to force him to come out, but Gaejachu did not come out and burned to death. People began eating cold food to remember the loyalty of Gaejachu on Hansik day. Koreans mark the day by going to their family graveyard, perform an ancestral rites ceremony, kiji and plant trees or clean up the gravesite. Samwol Samjinnal (3rd lunar month) The third day of the third month by the lunar calendar, "Samwol Samjitnal" is the traditional day on which to celebrate spring, the day when the swallows returned from warm southern climes. People would prepare various foods to be used in traditional fertility rites. Chopail (4th lunar month) The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is Buddha`s birthday. At the spectacular feast of the lanterns, the bright glow of thousands of lanterns is seen by Koreans as an auspicious sign. In Seoul, the day is marked by a must-see paper lantern parade near Jogye-sa Temple, one of Korea`s busiest Buddhist temples. Temples across Korea are decorated with colorful paper lanterns. Dano /Tano (5th lunar month) The fifth day of the fifth lunar month has traditionally been called "Dano," "Suri," or "Cheonjungjeol," the day when Koreans pray for a bumper crop. In times past, girls would wash their hair in water boiled with iris, and would go out to play on the swings, swooping back and forth, like spring swallows. Boys would participate in ssireum, traditional Korean wrestling, matches. Yudu (6th lunar month) On the fifteenth day of the sixth month by the lunar calendar, people went to streams to bathe and to wash their hair, which they believed would prevent them from suffering from the summer heat. Sambok (begins in 6th lunar month) Sambok refers to the supposed three hottest days of summer, usually in July and August by the solar calendar. To beat the heat, people still eat samgyetang, or chicken-and-ginseng soup. These are also traditional days for eating dog meat, which is said to have a 'cooling' effect. Chilseok (7th lunar month) Chilseok is the seventh day of the seventh month by the lunar calendar. According to an old Korean legend, the two lovers` stars "Gyeonu" and "Jiknyeo" are separated by the Milky Way. As there is no bridge over the Milky Way "stream", they cannot meet each other, but on the seventh night of the seventh Moon, all the magpies and crows on earth fly up to heaven to form a bridge across the Milky Way so that the two lovers can meet. Baekjung (7th lunar month) Baekjung is the fifteenth day of the seventh month by the lunar calendar, which comes after the busiest season of the year for farmers. It marks a day of rest before the busy harvest season that lies ahead. Junggu (9th lunar month) Junggu, which literally means "double nine," is the ninth day of the Ninth month by the lunar calendar. People eat chrysanthemum cakes, a special dumpling, and drink chrysanthemum wine. Packing a picnic meal of wine and food, they hike up to view the crimson maple leaves in the mountains and valleys. Sangdal-gosa (10th lunar month) In the tenth lunar month, called "Sangdal" in Korean, people hold an ancestral veneration ritual to pray for the well-being of their families. Koreans, having just completed their harvest by the tenth month, make offerings of the newly harvested fruits and grains both to the heavenly deity and to their ancestors. Dongji (Winter solstice) Dongji, or the day of the winter solstice, is the longest night of the year. In the past, Koreans believed that it was an auspicious day, marking the sun`s resurrection. A favorite food on Dongji was red bean porridge (pictured above). Jaeyaui jong (New Year's Eve) The last night of the year is called "Jeseok" or "Jeya," both of which mean "New Year's Eve." Young men and children bow in respect to their older relatives in a formal ritual called "old year farewells." People stay up all night, playing Yutnori or talking, mindful of the old saying, "If you fall asleep tonight, tomorrow your eyebrows will be snow-white." Last Updated on 2012-07-27 In the same header Chuseok Events and Activities Daeboreum - First Full Moon Festival Dongji – Winter Solstice Other Lunar Folk Celebrations Soellal, Lunar New Year, Customs Translation - Chuseok Expressions JZ Associate TCIS Taejon Christian International School,1 Nov 2017 A Plus Dental I want to convert Helpul telephone numbers seoul korea Cocoonfice, Business Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul
Online Courses for Youth The youth is always hopeful. It is always craving for new adventures and new knowledge that may make a difference in the path it will take in the future. Believing in the potential of youth, some institutions have designed an education program that will help the youth realize its full potential. That’s how online courses for youth were developed. Ambitious Goals There are many amazing goals that educators who designed online course programs for the youth or for high school and elementary students have. For one, they want the youth to aim high so as to realize their full potential. They are presented with a convenient way of receiving education so they will be able to reach their career goals no matter how high they may be. For another they also want to refine argumentation skills, foster analytical reasoning and cultivate creativity among the talented or gifted youth. They also intend to provide students the opportunity to pursue their intellectual passions and engage in a philosophical reflection through their rigorous training that is armed by the technological advances we have in modern-day. Enrolling in online courses for youth, no matter what that may be, is a good way of building strong foundations for someone’s success in all aspects of life. Such course programs that are intended for the young generation are basically stimulating and challenging. They are also quite flexible so no one will have any reason not to accommodate their study in their routines. One popular institution that has a firm goal at empowering the youth via education is Stanford University. Its Education Program for Gifted Youth is flexible so they can pursue their interests as well as their exceptional talents. Since the education program is in an online instruction method, there is no need for the student to go out of their comfort zones to receive their education. They will not have to travel to-and-from a traditional campus or report in a traditional classroom at specific times of a the day in specific days of the week. Lectures, textbooks, and lesson plans are sent electronically. Communication between the student and his instructor or professors is via the Internet tools such as e-mail, forums, discussion boards, and Instant Messengers. There is no need for face-to-face interactions because everything is done via the virtual world. But in the course of the program, no matter how modernized it may be, all the regular requirements such as homework, assignment, projects, and examinations are also facilitated.
Italian and English Lyrics of O Mio Babbino Sometimes, music can play a much-needed role in your life. It can help to understand things which simple words cannot. O Mio Babbino Caro lyrics, whose meaning is "Oh my dear daddy”, is the most popular soprano arias to date. O Mio Babbino Caro lyrics was written by Giacomo Puccini to control the tensions between her family and the family of her love. Introduction & Context This is one act comic opera written by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Forzano. This was composed back in 1917-18. The libretto is actually based on an incident of Dante's Divine comedy. This opera is the 3rd and final part of the Puccini Il Trittico. The opera is a three one-act opera which has different themes and was originally written to be performed together. These days The opera is mostly staged alone or with short operas from other renowned composers. The O Mio Babbino Caro lyrics is the best work of Puccini's and most popular one in opera as well. In this opera, Schicchi is sent to hell for pretending to be another person in order to steal all of his fortunes. "O Mio Babbino Caro" is sung at the start when relatives of wealthy Buoso Donati gather around him to mourn his death, but actually they are there to figure out about his great fortune. A rumor spread out that instead of leaving all his wealth for his family, he donated it to a church. The family panicks and starts looking for his will. Finally, Rinuccio found it, whose mother is the cousin of Buoso Donati, but keeps it with him and avoid sharing it with the family. Rinuccio now wants to marry Laurette who is the love of his life and also the daughter of Gianni Schicchi. However, his aunts tell him that they will only allow him to marry her if she receives an inheritance. Rinuccio happily sends a message and invites Lauretta and Gianni Schicchi to visit Donati's house. Rinuccio then starts reading the will. Rinuccio discovers that all of his fortunes are bequeathed to a monastery. He becomes distraught because he won't be able to marry Lauretta the love of his life. When Gianni and Lauretta arrive, he begs Gianni to help him regain the fortune so that he could marry Lauretta. On the other hand, the family of Rinuccio hates the idea and begins to argue with Gianni Schicchi. Schicchi then decides that they are not worth helping but Lauretta begs her father to change his decision by singing O Mio Babbino Caro lyrics and says that if she cannot be with Rinuccio then she prefers to drown herself in Arno River. Different Versions 1. Italian version Here are the O Mio Babbino Caro lyrics in original italic version. O mio babbino caro, mi piace, è bello bello, voâ? andare in Porta Rossa a comperar lâ? anello! Si, si, ci Voglio andare! E se lâ? amassi indarno, andrei sul Ponte Vecchio ma per buttarmi in Arno! Mi struggo e mi tormento, O Dio! Vorrei morir! Babbo, pietà, pietà! Babbo, pietà, pietà! 2. English Translation O Mio Babbino Caro translation in English is also available. You can read the lyrics below. Oh my dear father, I like him, he is very handsome. I want to go to Porta Rossa to buy the ring! Yes, yes, I want to go there! And if my love were in vain, I would go to Ponte Vecchio and throw myself in the Arno! I am pining and I am tormented, Oh God! I would want to die! This opera is the best example of classical music and how it can play its role in explaining the desires of your heart. Even today, both Italian and English versions are played all over the world and people love to watch it. Watch this video of O Mio Babbino Caro with English translation. Top Reading
Do Your Part to Keep Your Workplace Safe Last Updated: Preventing injury and illness on the job is something all employees should take seriously. The health of workers and their families is at stake. An on-the-job-accident or infection could very easily disable a worker. 12 Tips to Prevent Workplace Accidents and Illnesses 1. ‍Do not engage in horseplay in the facility at any time - stay focused on the task at hand. 2. Allow your co-workers to stay focused at all times by refraining from distracting actions. 3. Always wear the required personal protective equipment (PPE), especially when working with needles, toxic chemicals, and patients with highly communicable diseases and illnesses. 4. Watch your footing at all times. Wear slip-resistant shoes, and do not run. If children or patients are running, ask them to stop. 5. Remember that sanitation is key: Keep yourself and your work area clean and free from debris. 6. Know your limits - if you feel fatigued or as though you cannot complete your work safely, stop and decide what you need to do to stay out of harm's way. 7. Never perform work that you are unauthorized to do. 8. Know what to do in case of emergency, whether it's an on-the-job injury, infectious disease outbreak or natural disaster. 9. Pay attention to your health. If you are experiencing any symptoms of contagious illness, contact a supervisor about staying home. 10. If you come into contact with any bodily fluid or are the victim of an accidental needle stick - immediately report to the supervisor on duty. 11. Wash your hands when you enter the facility, before interacting with each patient, after handling toxic materials, before eating or applying cosmetics, after using the bathroom or sneezing and before leaving the facility. 12. Check your clothes as you leave for the day to ensure you are not bringing infections materials home with you. Don't miss these posts:
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Don't know remaining cards Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards Normal Size Small Size show me how science test notes 1 What is matter? Anything that takes up space and has mass. What is the particle theory of matter? An explination of what matter is made of and how it behaves;the particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving,that attract each other and have space between them. What is chemistry? The study of matter and its changes. What is a solid? A state of matter with a definite volume and a definite shape. What is a liquid? A state of matter with a definite volume,but no definate shape;a liquid takes the shape of its container. What is a gas? A state of matter that does not have a definite volume or a definite shape;a gas takes the shape and volume of its container. What is a pure substance? Matter that contains one type of particle. What is a mixture? Matter that contains more than one particle. What is distilled water? Water that has all the non-water particles removed.Distiled water is pure water. What is a mechanical mixture/heterogeneous? A mixture with different parts that you can see. What is a solution/homogeneous? A mixture that looks like a pure substance. What remains the same and what changes when a sample of matter changes state? When a sample of matter changes state, particles either move faster or slower,closer or farther,and hotter or cooler,but the particles and number of particles stay the same. Explain the difference between a pure substance and mixture. The difference between a pure substance and mixture is that a pure substance contains only one type of particle in it,but a mixture contains two or more type of particles in it. Explain why apple juice and tap water are mixtures, not pure substances. Apple juice an tap water are mixtures because they both have more than one type of particle in them. Apple juice has water particles,sugar particles,flavour particles,and vitamin particles.Tap water contains small amounts of minerals and other chemical Describe the difference between the arrangement of the different particles of a mechanical mixture and the arrangement of different particals of a solution. In a solution different particles are mixed together evenly.Individual particles are too small to see,so when you look at a solution it looks like one kind of matter.In a mechanical mixture ,the particles are opposite of a solution. Created by: rabbitman
Chester A. Arthur From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium Jump to: navigation, search This article is developing and not approved. Main Article Related Articles [?] Bibliography [?] External Links [?] Citable Version [?] Chester Alan Arthur. Chester Alan Arthur was the 21st president of the United States. Arthur was born on October 5, 1829 in Fairfield, Vermont to a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from the north of Ireland. He graduated from Union College in 1848, taught school, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in New York City. Early in the Civil War he served as Quartermaster General of the State of New York. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him Collector of the Port of New York. Arthur effectively marshalled the thousand Customs House employees under his supervision on behalf of Roscoe Conkling's Stalwart Republican machine. Honorable in his personal life and his public career, Arthur nevertheless was a firm believer in the spoils system when it came under vehement attack from reformers. He insisted upon honest administration of the Customs House, but staffed it with more employees than it needed, retaining them for their merit as party workers rather than as government officials. In 1878 President Rutherford B. Hayes, attempting to reform the Customs House, ousted Arthur. Conkling and his followers tried unsuccessfully to win redress by fighting for Grant's renomination at the 1880 Republican Convention. They reluctantly accepted the nomination of Arthur for the vice presidency. During his brief tenure as vice president, Arthur stood firmly beside Conkling in his patronage struggle against President James Garfield. But when Arthur succeeded to the presidency, he was eager to prove himself above machine politics. Avoiding old political friends, he became a man of fashion in his garb and associates, and often was seen with the elite of Washington, New York, and Newport. To the indignation of the Stalwart Republicans, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as president, a champion of civil service reform. Public pressure, heightened by Garfield's assassination, forced an unwieldy Congress to heed the President. In 1883, Congress passed the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission, forbade levying political assessments against officeholders, and provided for a "classified system" that made certain Government positions obtainable only through competitive written examinations. The system protected employees against removal for political reasons. Acting independently of party dogma, Arthur also tried to lower tariff rates so that the government would not be embarrassed by annual surpluses of revenue. Congress raised about as many rates as it trimmed, but Arthur signed the Tariff Act of 1883. Aggrieved Westerners and Southerners looked to the Democratic Party for redress, and the tariff began to emerge as a major political issue between the two parties. The Arthur administration enacted the first general federal immigration law. In 1882, Arthur approved a measure excluding paupers, criminals, and lunatics. Congress also suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, later making the restriction permanent. Arthur demonstrated as president that he was above faction within the Republican Party, if indeed not above the party itself. Perhaps in part his reason was the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from a fatal kidney disease. He kept himself in the running for the presidential nomination in 1884 in order not to appear that he feared defeat, but was not renominated and died on November 18,1886 in New York City. Publisher Alexander K. McClure recalled, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected." Concerns about Arthur's Presidential eligibility Editor's note: Due to newly found sources on the issue this paragraph should be substantially rewritten soon. During Chester Arthur's Vice-Presidential campaign alongside James A. Garfield, Arthur P. Hinman, an attorney who had apparently been hired by the members of the Democratic party, explored the "rumors that Arthur had been born in a foreign country, was not a natural-born citizen of the United States, and was thus, by the Constitution, ineligible for the vice-presidency."[1] When Hinman's initial claim of a birth in Ireland failed to gain traction, he maintained instead that Arthur was born in Canada and lobbied the press for support while searching for Arthur's birth records, eventually in vain. After Arthur had become President due to Garfield's assassination, Hinman published a pamphlet aimed to cast doubt on Arthur's presidential eligibility.[2] William Arthur's certificate of naturalization However, due to the focus on Hinman's unfounded allegations regarding Chester Arthur's foreign place of birth,[3] it remained unknown during the Garfield campaign that Arthur was nevertheless a natural-born subject of the British crown,[4] because his British-Irish father William Arthur had not naturalized as a U.S. citizen until August 1843, fourteen years after Chester Arthur's birth,[5] and was at best a denizen of the State of Vermont.[6] Neither the law nor any federal court ruling in the United States has ever determined whether a natural-born British subject like Chester Arthur can at the same time also be a natural born citizen of the United States,[7] which is one of the constitutional requirements for the offices of President and Vice-President.[8] It is equally unclear whether Arthur was even a U.S. citizen at birth, because until the Civil Rights Act of 1866 there had been no federal citizenship rule for U.S. territory. He may have been born a subject of Vermont with British citizenship under the common law of the state,[9] but the Fourteenth Amendment, which introduced ius soli into the United States Constitution, was ratified and adopted not until forty years after Arthur's birth. Even if applied retroactively, the 14th Amendment only covers born and naturalized citizens under complete U.S. jurisdiction,[10] whereas Arthur's status at birth was governed by British common law. In 1882 Chester Arthur nominated Horace Gray as U.S. Supreme Court Justice, whose seminal decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark extended the right of 14th Amendment citizenship to children born on U.S. territory of foreign parents, who have permanent residence and domicile in the United States.[11] If Arthur, by appointing Gray, ever intended to sanitize his problematic status with regard to natural born citizenship, he failed posthumously, because the court only ruled that Wong Kim Ark was a citizen, while Gray in fact indicated that Wong Kim Ark was not natural born.[12] Arthur himself continuously gave false information on his family's history, thereby obscuring the circumstances and chronology of his own birth. Arthur knew of Hinman and his allegations and defended himself against the original claim that he was not a native-born citizen[13] by stating that his father "came to this country when he was eighteen years of age, and resided here several years before he was married",[14] whereas in reality his father William emigrated from Ireland to Canada at the age of 22 or 23. Arthur further claimed that "his mother was a New Englander who had never left her native country—a statement every member of the Arthur family knew was untrue."[15] In a second interview he repeated some of the historical revisions and further stated that his father had been forty years of age at the time of his birth,[16] which was revealed by Hinman to be a lie.[17] Somewhere between 1870 and 1880 Chester Arthur had caused additional confusion by creating 1830 as a false year of his birth,[18] which was quoted in several publications[19] and was also engraved on his tombstone. Shortly before his death Arthur caused several Presidential materials, which had been in his private possession, to be destroyed,[20] while other historical documents pertaining to Arthur's life and presidency were lost for unknown reasons.[21] 1. Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur, Newtown 1991, p. 202 sq. 2. Arthur P. Hinman, How a British Subject Became President of the United States, New York 1884. 3. There are no official records of Arthur's birth in Vermont because neither the state nor the town of Fairfield began receiving and archiving birth records before 1857 (cf. statements by Vermont State Archivist Gregory Sanford and Fairfield Town Clerk Amanda Forbes in: John Curran with Rhonda Shafner, "Obama birthplace flap evokes Chester Arthur debate", Associated Press, 2009-08-17). Due to the records in the Arthurs' family bible, it is however regarded as certain that Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, and none of his biographers has ever argued or assumed otherwise (cf. i.a. Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur, Newtown 1991; Gregory J. Dehler, Chester Alan Arthur. The Life of a Gilded Age Politician and President, Hauppauge 2006; "Chester A. Arthur. 21st President", in: William A. DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, New York 1993, p. 307–18), although some early biographers used Arthur's forged year of birth (v.i.). 4. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England I.10 ("Of People, Whether Aliens, Denizens or Natives"), Oxford 1765-1769: British common law with regard to patrilineal ius sanguinis and natural-born subjects of foreign birth was later codified in the British National and Status of Aliens Act of 1914. 5. Cf. William Arthur's certificate of naturalization (v.s.), State of New York, 08-31-1843, in: The Chester A. Arthur Papers, Library of Congress, Washington; first noted in: Leo C. Donofrio, "Supplemental Brief in Support of Application for Emergency Stay and/or Injunction", Wrotnowski v. Bysiewicz (Supreme Court of the United States), 08A469, 11-25-2008, based on research by Leo C. Donofrio (supervising attorney), Gregory J. Dehler (author of Chester Alan Arthur. The Life of a Gilded Age Politician and President, Hauppauge 2006) et al. 6. At the time of Chester Arthur's birth, his father William would have been a denizen, if the family acquired permanent residence in Vermont one year prior; cf. The Constitution of the State of Vermont (1786), XXXVI: 7. The concepts of natural-born subject and natural born citizen were however specifically differentiated in United States v. Rhodes (27 Fed. Cas. 785, 1866). This distinction was later reiterated in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (v.i.): 8. However, in Minor v. Happersett the Supreme Court stated that there were doubts that a child is a natural born citizen, if he is born on U.S. territory of foreign parentage, i.e. with additional non-U.S. allegiance while born under U.S. jurisdiction (Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162, 1874): 9. See above: Constitution of Vermont XXXVI. 10. Cf. Lyman Trumbull & Jacob M. Howard in: Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 39th Congress, pt. 4, pp. 2893–95: Cf. the ruling in 14 Op. U.S. Attorney General, 300: 12. Justice Gray distinguished between natural born citizens and citizens like Wong Kim Ark: The foregoing considerations and authorities irresistibly lead us to these conclusions: The fourteenth amendment affirms the ancient and fundamental rule of citizenship by birth within the territory, in the allegiance and under the protection of the country, including all children here born of resident aliens… Every citizen or subject of another country, while domiciled here, is within the allegiance and the protection, and consequently subject to the jurisdiction, of the United States. His allegiance to the United States is direct and immediate… and his child, as said by Mr. Binney in his essay before quoted, 'If born in the country, is as much a citizen as the natural-born child of a citizen…' 13. Arthur P. Hinman, Letter to the Editor: "Is Mr. Chester Arthur an Irishman by Birth?", Brooklyn Eagle, 08-11-1880, reprinted in: "Revived. The Question of President Arthur's Birthplace", in: Brooklyn Eagle, 09-21-1881, p. 2; Hinman's claims were known nation-wide due to several publications including e.g. the New York Tribune and The New York Times in June 1880. 14. "Is Mr. Chester A. Arthur a Native Born Citizen?", in: Brooklyn Eagle, 08-13-1880, p. 2. 16. "Eligible. Mr. Chester A. Arthur to the Office of Vice President", in: Brooklyn Eagle, 08-15-1880, p. 4. 17. Arthur Hinman, "The Contest: Mr. Hinman Replies to General Arthur", in: Brooklyn Eagle, 08-19-1880, p. 4. 18. Thomas C. Reeves, Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur, Newtown 1991, p. 5; Reeves however assumes that the one-year change from 1829 to 1830 was made out of vanity. It is unknown if Arthur changed his year of birth as a symbolic act connected to the required one-year residence period until his father's denization. 19. E.g. in an early biography of Presidents Garfield and Arthur (Burton T. Doyle & Homer H. Swaney, Lives of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur with a Brief Sketch of the Assassin, Washington D.C. 1881, p. 183, or "The Ex-President's Life. How Chester Alan Arthur Became Famous, The New York Times, 11-19-1886 20. Miriam A. Drake, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Lib-Pub, New York 2003, p. 2365; cp. Chester A. Arthur III, personal letter, in: The Chester A. Arthur Papers, Introduction to the Index, Library of Congress, Washington, p. i: You may be sure that I am as interested as you are in having the Arthur papers finally come to rest in the Library of Congress. The ones that I have in my possession have traveled a good deal—over to Europe, back to Colorado, California, and now here. During his lifetime, my father would never let anyone see them—not even me. When they finally came into my possession I was amazed that there were so few… Charles E. McElroy, the son of Mary Arthur McElroy who was my grandfather’s First Lady, tells me that the day before he died, my grandfather caused to be burned three large garbage cans, each at least four feet high, full of papers which I am sure would have thrown much light on history. 21. Cf. The Chester A. Arthur Papers, Introduction to the Index, Library of Congress, Washington: For many years President Arthur was represented in the Manuscript Division by a single document… Beginning in 1910 and continuing to the present, successive chiefs of the division have done what they could do to assemble surviving Arthur manuscripts. For the first of these chiefs, Gaillard Hunt, who in that year initiated the search for the main body of Arthur Papers, there was little but discouragement as a result of his inquiries. However, his persistence and what he was able to learn were to encourage his successors. He wrote first to Col. William G. Rice and learned the address of Mrs. John E. McElroy, Arthur’s sister and official hostess during his administration. Mr. Hunt wrote to her and learned from her that Chester A. Arthur, Jr., controlled the papers. After several attempts, Mr. Hunt learned Mr. Arthur’s address and wrote to him. The reply—written on March 13, 1915, five years after the search began—provided the first concrete but frustrating evidence: "I beg you will excuse my tardiness in replying to your letter of November 4th [1914]. The question of my father’s papers is a very sore subject with me. These papers were supposed to be in certain chests which were stored on their receipt from Washington, in the cellar of 123 Lexington Avenue. After my father’s death, they were removed, I believe, by direction of the executors to a store house recommended by Mr. McElroy at Albany. Several years ago on making my residence in Colorado, I sent for these chests of papers and found in them nothing but custom house records of no particular value or importance. Where the papers they were supposed to contain have vanished, is a mystery." Parts of this article were sourced originally from Biography of Chester Arthur, White House, accessed January 6, 2008.
Corporatism Explained Corporatism is a political ideology which advocates the organization of society by corporate groups, such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations on the basis of their common interests.[1] [2] [3] The idea is that when each group performs its designated function, society will function harmoniously — like a human body (corpus) from which its name derives. Corporatist ideas have been expressed since Ancient Greek and Roman societies, with integration into Catholic social teaching and Christian democracy political parties. They have been paired by various advocates and implemented in various societies with a wide variety of political systems, including authoritarianism, absolutism, fascism, liberalism and socialism.[4] Corporatism may also refer to economic tripartism involving negotiations between labour and business interest groups and the government to establish economic policy.[5] This is sometimes also referred to as neo-corporatism and is associated with social democracy.[6] Kinship corporatism Kinship-based corporatism emphasizing clan, ethnic and family identification has been a common phenomenon in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Confucian societies based upon families and clans in East Asia and Southeast Asia have been considered types of corporatism. China has strong elements of clan corporatism in its society involving legal norms concerning family relations.[7] Islamic societies often feature strong clans which form the basis for a community-based corporatist society. Family businesses are common worldwide in capitalist societies. Corporatism in the Roman Catholic Church In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church sponsored the creation of various institutions including brotherhoods, monasteries, religious orders and military associations, especially during the Crusades. In Italy, various function-based groups and institutions were created, including universities, guilds for artisans and craftspeople and other professional associations.[8] The creation of the guild system is a particularly important aspect of the history of corporatism because it involved the allocation of power to regulate trade and prices to guilds, which is an important aspect of corporatist economic models of economic management and class collaboration. In 1881, Pope Leo XIII commissioned theologians and social thinkers to study corporatism and provide a definition for it. In 1884 in Freiburg, the commission declared that corporatism was a "system of social organization that has at its base the grouping of men according to the community of their natural interests and social functions, and as true and proper organs of the state they direct and coordinate labor and capital in matters of common interest". Corporatism is related to the sociological concept of structural functionalism.[9] [10] [11] [12] Corporatism's popularity increased in the late 19th century and a corporatist internationale was formed in 1890, followed by the publishing of Rerum novarum by the Catholic Church that for the first time declared the Church's blessing to trade unions and recommended for organized labour to be recognized by politicians.[13] Many corporatist unions in Europe were endorsed by the Catholic Church to challenge the anarchist, Marxist and other radical unions, with the corporatist unions being fairly conservative in comparison to their radical rivals.[14] Some Catholic corporatist states include Austria under the leadership of Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and Ecuador under the leadership of Garcia Moreno. The economic vision outlined in Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno also influenced the regime of Juan Perón and Justicialism.[15] [16] [17] In response to the Roman Catholic corporatism of the 1890s, Protestant corporatism was developed, especially in Germany, the Netherlands and Scandinavia.[18] However, Protestant corporatism has been much less successful in obtaining assistance from governments than its Roman Catholic counterpart.[19] Politics and political economy Communitarian corporatism In Politics, Aristotle also described society as being divided along natural classes and functional purposes that were priests, rulers, slaves and warriors.[20] Ancient Rome adopted Greek concepts of corporatism into their own version of corporatism but also added the concept of political representation on the basis of function that divided representatives into military, professional and religious groups and created institutions for each group known as colegios[20] (Latin: [[wikt#Latin:collegium\|collegia]]). See collegium (ancient Rome). Absolutist corporatism After the French Revolution, the existing absolutist corporatist system was abolished due to its endorsement of social hierarchy and special "corporate privilege" for the Roman Catholic Church. The new French government considered corporatism's emphasis on group rights as inconsistent with the government's promotion of individual rights. Subsequently corporatist systems and corporate privilege throughout Europe were abolished in response to the French Revolution.[21] From 1789 to the 1850s, most supporters of corporatism were reactionaries.[22] A number of reactionary corporatists favoured corporatism in order to end liberal capitalism and restore the feudal system.[23] Progressive corporatism From the 1850s onward, progressive corporatism developed in response to classical liberalism and Marxism.[22] These corporatists supported providing group rights to members of the middle classes and working classes in order to secure cooperation among the classes. This was in opposition to the Marxist conception of class conflict. By the 1870s and 1880s, corporatism experienced a revival in Europe with the creation of workers' unions that were committed to negotiations with employers.[22] In his work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft ("Community and Society") of 1887, Ferdinand Tönnies began a major revival of corporatist philosophy associated with the development of neo-medievalism and increased promotion of guild socialism and causing major changes of theoretical sociology. Tönnies claims that organic communities based upon clans, communes, families and professional groups are disrupted by the mechanical society of economic classes imposed by capitalism.[24] The National Socialists used Tönnies' theory to promote their notion of Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community").[25] However, Tönnies opposed Nazism and joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1932 to oppose fascism in Germany and was deprived of his honorary professorship by Adolf Hitler in 1933.[26] Corporate solidarism Sociologist Émile Durkheim advocated a form of corporatism termed "solidarism" that advocated creating an organic social solidarity of society through functional representation.[27] Solidarism was based upon Durkheim's view that the dynamic of human society as a collective is distinct from that of an individual, in that society is what places upon individuals their cultural and social attributes.[28] Durkheim posited that in the economy solidarism would alter the division of labour by changing it from the mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. He believed that the existing industrial capitalist division of labour caused "juridical and moral anomie", which had no norms or agreed procedures to resolve conflicts, resulting in chronic confrontation between employers and trade unions.[27] Durkheim believed that this anomie caused social dislocation and felt that by this "[i]t is the law of the strongest which rules, and there is inevitably a chronic state of war, latent or acute".[27] As a result, Durkheim believed it is a moral obligation of the members of society to end this situation by creating a moral organic solidarity based upon professions as organized into a single public institution.[29] Liberal corporatism The idea of liberal corporatism has also been attributed to English liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill who discussed corporatist-like economic associations as needing to "predominate" in society to create equality for labourers and give them influence with management by economic democracy.[30] Unlike some other types of corporatism, liberal corporatism does not reject capitalism or individualism, but believes that the capitalist companies are social institutions that should require their managers to do more than maximize net income by recognizing the needs of their employees.[31] This liberal corporatist ethic is similar to Taylorism, but endorses democratization of capitalist companies. Liberal corporatists believe that inclusion of all members in the election of management in effect reconciles "ethics and efficiency, freedom and order, liberty and rationality".[31] Liberal corporatism began to gain disciples in the United States during the late 19th century.[22] Liberal corporatism was an influential component of the progressivism in the United States that has been referred to as "interest group liberalism".[32] In the United States, economic corporatism involving capital-labour cooperation was influential in the New Deal economic program of the United States in the 1930s as well as in Keynesianism and even Fordism.[23] Fascist corporatism See also: Preussentum und Sozialismus. Fascism's theory of economic corporatism involved management of sectors of the economy by government or privately-controlled organizations (corporations). Each trade union or employer corporation would theoretically represent its professional concerns, especially by negotiation of labour contracts and the like. It was theorized that this method could result in harmony amongst social classes.[33] However, authors have noted that historically de facto economic corporatism was also used to reduce opposition and reward political loyalty.[34] In Italy from 1922 until 1943, corporatism became influential amongst Italian nationalists led by Benito Mussolini. The Charter of Carnaro gained much popularity as the prototype of a "corporative state", having displayed much within its tenets as a guild system combining the concepts of autonomy and authority in a special synthesis.[35] Alfredo Rocco spoke of a corporative state and declared corporatist ideology in detail. Rocco would later become a member of the Italian fascist regime.[36] Italian Fascism involved a corporatist political system in which the economy was collectively managed by employers, workers and state officials by formal mechanisms at the national level.[37] Its supporters claimed that corporatism could better recognize or "incorporate" every divergent interest into the state organically, unlike majority-rules democracy which they said could marginalize specific interests. This total consideration was the inspiration for their use of the term "totalitarian", described without coercion (which is connotated in the modern meaning) in the 1932 Doctrine of Fascism as thus: A popular slogan of the Italian Fascists under Mussolini was "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("everything for the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state"). This prospect of Italian fascist corporatism claimed to be the direct heir of Georges Sorel's revolutionary syndicalism, such that each interest was to form as its own entity with separate organizing parameters according to their own standards, but only within the corporative model of Italian fascism each was supposed to be incorporated through the auspices and organizing ability of a statist construct. This was by their reasoning the only possible way to achieve such a function, i.e. when resolved in the capability of an indissoluble state. Much of the corporatist influence upon Italian Fascism was partly due to the Fascists' attempts to gain endorsement by the Roman Catholic Church that itself sponsored corporatism.[38] However, fascism's corporatism was a top-down model of state control over the economy while the Roman Catholic Church's corporatism favoured a bottom-up corporatism, whereby groups such as families and professional groups would voluntarily work together.[39] The fascist state corporatism (of Roman Catholic Italy) influenced the governments and economies of a not only other Roman Catholic-majority countries, such as the governments of Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal, but also Konstantin Päts and Kārlis Ulmanis in non-Catholic Estonia and Latvia. Fascists in non-Catholic countries also supported Italian Fascist corporatism, including Oswald Mosley of the British Union of Fascists, who commended corporatism and said that "it means a nation organized as the human body, with each organ performing its individual function but working in harmony with the whole".[40] Mosley also considered corporatism as an attack on laissez-faire economics and "international finance". The corporatist state Salazar established in Portugal was not associated with Mussolini; Portugal during Salazar's reign was considered Catholic corporatism. Portugal remained neutral throughout World War II. Salazar also had a strong dislike of Marxism and liberalism. During the post-World War II reconstruction period in Europe, corporatism was favoured by Christian democrats (often under the influence of Catholic social teaching), national conservatives and social democrats in opposition to liberal capitalism. This type of corporatism became unfashionable but revived again in the 1960s and 1970s as "neo-corporatism" in response to the new economic threat of recession-inflation. Neo-corporatism favoured economic tripartism, which involved strong labour unions, employers' associations and governments that cooperated as "social partners" to negotiate and manage a national economy. Social corporatist systems instituted in Europe after World War II include the ordoliberal system of the social market economy in Germany, the social partnership in Ireland, the polder model in the Netherlands (although arguably the polder model already was present at the end of World War I, it was not until after World War II that a social service system gained foothold there), the concertation system in Italy, the Rhine model in Switzerland and the Benelux countries and the Nordic model in Scandinavia. Attempts in the United States to create neo-corporatist capital-labor arrangements were unsuccessfully advocated by Gary Hart and Michael Dukakis in the 1980s. As secretary of labor during the Clinton administration, Robert Reich promoted neo-corporatist reforms.[42] Chinese corporatism Chinese corporatism, as described by Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan in their essay China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model, is the following:[43] The use of corporatism as a framework to understand the central state's behaviour in China has been criticized by authors such as Bruce Gilley and William Hurst.[44] [45] Russian corporatism Post-Soviet Russia has been described as an oligarchy, a kleptocracy, The process of this state evolving into a new corporativist [''sic''] model reached its completion in 2005. [...] The strengthening of the corporativist state model and setting up favorable conditions for quasi-state monopolies by the state itself hurt the economy. ... Cabinet members or key Presidential Staff executives chairing corporation boards or serving on those boards are the order of the day in Russia. In what Western country—except in the corporativist state that lasted for 20 years in Italy—is such a phenomenon possible? Which, actually, proves that the term 'corporativist' properly applies to Russia today.[47] According to some researchers, all political powers and most important economic assets in the country are controlled by former state security officials ("siloviks"). The takeover of Russian state and economic assets has been allegedly accomplished by a clique of Putin's close associates and friends[48] who gradually became a leading group of Russian oligarchs and who "seized control over the financial, media and administrative resources of the Russian state"[49] and restricted democratic freedoms and human rights[50] Illarionov described the present situation in Russia as a new socio-political order, "distinct from any seen in our country before". In this model, members of the Corporation of Intelligence Service Collaborators (KSSS) took over the entire body of state power, follow an omerta-like behavior code and "are given instruments conferring power over others – membership "perks", such as the right to carry and use weapons". According to Illarionov, the "Corporation has seized key government agencies – the Tax Service, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Parliament, and the government-controlled mass media – which are now used to advance the interests of KSSS members. Through these agencies, every significant resource of the country – security/intelligence, political, economic, informational and financial – is being monopolized in the hands of Corporation members".[51] Analyst Andrei Piontkovsky also considers the present situation as "the highest and culminating stage of bandit capitalism in Russia".[52] He believes that "Russia is not corrupt. Corruption is what happens in all countries when businessmen offer officials large bribes for favors. Today’s Russia is unique. The businessmen, the politicians, and the bureaucrats are the same people".[53] See also Further reading On Italian corporatism On fascist corporatism and its ramifications On neo-corporatism External links Notes and References 1. Book: Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great Ism. M.E. Sharpe. . Wiarda, Howard J. 1996. 0765633671. 22–23. 978-0765633675. 2. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 27. 4. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 31-38, 44, 111, 124, 140. 8. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 31. 10. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 10. 12. Conwy Lloyd Morgan, Conwy Lloyd. Animal Behaviour. Bibliolife, LLC, 2009. Pp. 14. 13. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 37. 14. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 38. 15. Book: Bethell . Leslie . Argentina Since Independence . 1993 . Cambridge University Press . 229. 16. Book: Rein . Monica . Politics and Education in Argentina, 1946-1962 . 2016 . Routledge . The Church's social concept presented an alternative to the Marxist and capitalist positions, both of which it saw as misguided. Justicialism sought to extend this line of thinking.. 17. Book: Aasmundsen . Hans Geir . Pentecostals, Politics, and Religious Equality in Argentina . 2016 . BRILL . 33. 18. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 39. 19. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 41. 20. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 29. 21. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 33. 22. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 35. 26. Ferdinand Tönnies, José Harris. Community and civil society. Cambridge University Press, 2001 (first edition in 1887 as Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). Pp. xxxii-xxxiii. 27. Antony Black, pp. 226. 28. Antony Black, pp. 223. 29. Antony Black, pp. 226, 228. 32. Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 134. 33. [Mark Mazower] 35. Book: Parlato, Giuseppe. La sinistra fascista. Il Mulino. 2000. Bologna. 88. Italian. 36. Payne, Stanley G. 1996. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Routledge. Pp. 64;q=Alfredo+Rocco#search . 37. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right (2002) by Peter Jonathan Davies and Derek Lynch, Routledge (UK), p.143. 38. Morgan, Philip. Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. Routledge, 2003. P. 170. 41. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review Vol. 92, No. 368, Winter, 2003 43. "China，Corporatism，and the East Asian Model" 47.,8599,1145192,00.html "Q&A: Putin's Critical Adviser" 48. The Essence of Putinism: The Strengthening of the Privatized State 49. What is ‘Putinism’? 50. The Chekist Takeover of the Russian State 51. Andrei Illarionov: Approaching Zimbabwe (Russian) 52. Putinism: highest stage of robber capitalism 53. Web site: 1 April 2007. Review of Andrei's Pionkovsky's Another Look Into Putin's Soul. Rodric . Braithwaite. yes. . 2007-09-27. Hoover Institute.
The Consequences Of Plastic Mold Trapping - May 20, 2019- Plastic molds are trapped, which can have adverse effects on the quality of plastic products and the entire injection molding process. 1. The quality of plastic products will cause a lot of influences, and defects such as flow marks, gas lines and weld lines will be formed on the surface of the products. 2. The injection molding process is difficult, and it is easy to form a partial edge. The gas cannot be discharged in time, and the injection pressure will be increased, resulting in insufficient cavity mold clamping to form a flash. 3. When the melt is filled, the gas in the plastic mold is compressed to generate high temperature, which is likely to cause local carbonization and charring of the plastic product. 4. The gas is entrained by the injection melt to form bubbles, which leads to loose structure of the plastic products, reduced strength, and affects the quality of the plastic parts. 5. The trapped gas will make the internal residual stress of the plastic product high, and it is easy to form a weld line, which not only affects the appearance, but also affects the trace of the weld. 6. The gas cannot be discharged in time, which will reduce the melt filling speed and form a longer molding cycle. Due to the consequences of the trapped air, the injection molding problem can only be solved by improving the exhaust system, and it cannot be solved by adjusting the injection molding parameters.
Preparing for measles outbreak across the U.S. Measles has been in the news recently thanks to outbreaks in Washington state, New York, Japan, and other countries around the world. But what exactly is measles, and are these outbreaks a big deal? Measles is a disease that causes a rash and a high fever. According to the CDC, approximately 0.2%, or 1 out of 500 people who contract the virus eventually die from it’s effects. While the measles virus is mostly found in the developing world due to lower vaccination rates, outbreaks are beginning to occur in the western world at an increasing rate. The MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) is the most common form of inoculation against the measles virus. As more and more parents refuse to vaccinate their children ranging from religious concerns to the ludicrous idea vaccines cause autism, more and more measles outbreaks are occurring. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, measles killed millions of people around the world, while cases in the US were in the hundreds of thousands per year. By the 1980s, measles cases in the US had dropped to the thousands, and in 2000 the virus was considered eliminated in the US by the CDC thanks to the US’s high MMR vaccination rate. The US’s high vaccination rate would eventually begin to drop as a 1998 medical paper falsely linked autism with the MMR vaccine. While the paper has since been redacted and the lead doctor has lost his medical license, many parents still don’t vaccinate their children due to the concern that vaccines cause autism. Since 2000, there has been increased outbreaks of measles, especially in communities with low vaccination rates. In 2014, Amish communities in Ohio had a large outbreak of around 383 cases. This past fall, New York experienced a large outbreak of at least 225 people, and the ongoing case in Vancouver, WA is somewhere above 50 people. Most of these outbreaks can be traced to people traveling to other countries where measles is still not uncommon, and coming back without realizing they’re sick. Of course most if not all of these outbreaks could have been avoided if the infected people had been vaccinated or the people they were in contact with after returning to the US were vaccinated as well. So what are the chances that an outbreak will occur here in Colorado, or even in the Mines community? A study from the CDC found Colorado had the second lowest MMR vaccination rate of kindergarteners out of every state and Washington DC. A large reason is due to Colorado’s philosophical exemption policy, which allows for vaccine exemptions for just about any reason. This philosophical or personal exemption also applies to the Mines Campus, along with the usual medical and religious exemptions that nearly every other state has. That being said, the school does reserve the right to quarantine or exclude any unvaccinated students in the event of a measles outbreak. Measles outbreaks are becoming more and more common as parents refuse to vaccinate their children. If you have not received your MMR vaccine, the student health center provides this service for an additional fee. 'Preparing for measles outbreak across the U.S.' has no comments Be the first to comment this post! Would you like to share your thoughts? Your email address will not be published. Copyright © 2019 The Oredigger Newspaper. All Rights Reserved.
New breeding technologies for a climate resilient and eco-friendly agriculture 25 February 2020 Atelier 210 Dirk Inzé Molecular biologist and professor at Ghent University. His research interest is on the molecular networks underpinning yield and organ growth in plants. He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). He was recipient of the 1994 Körber European Science Prize. In 2005, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Biological and Medical Sciences for his research on plant systems biology. In 2017, he received the prestigious World Agriculture Prize. Dirk Inzé is Research Director of the VIB (Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie). Website How can we feed the world? Will we be able to feed 9.8 billion people in 2050? How will climate change affect global food security? Can agriculture become more eco-friendly while maintaining high productivity? Professor of plant biology Dirk Inzé will kick off the first Science and cocktails in 2020 with his insights on the future of agriculture. How do new precision breeding technologies work and why are they pivotal for our future food security? Should we help improve agricultural productivity in less developed countries? It seems obvious that we all have access to plenty of food, but at the world level this is a different story. Last year, less food was produced then is needed to feed the world population and this trend will continue in the coming years. After all, our world population will rise from 7.7 billion to 9.8 billion in 2050, while global warming negatively affects crop productivity, as witnessed in Belgium in 2018. New approaches in food supply are a necessity. Not only do we need to spill less food and consume less meat, at the same time, we need to use novel technologies – among which the CRISPR breeding technique – to increase agricultural productivity. Europe better not miss this incredible opportunity for an eco-friendly, climate resilient and productive agriculture. Professor Dirk Inzé, one of the world's leading experts on plant biology, explains how scientific innovations can safeguard worldwide food supply. After the talk, we dip our roots in homemade smoking cocktails and shake our leaves to live music! Entrance fee is 7 euros and includes a free cocktail (or any other drink from the bar). Entry to the concert is free after the talk (~21:30). The event is held in English.
6 Brain Training Exercises To Train Your Brain Brain training includes all brain exercises that you can do to train and develop your brain. Some people make it a real sport to continuously train and practice their brains. That is not surprising, because you can benefit a lot. Consider, for example, old people who can still get along well with society because they have a great ability to think … Many young people often say that they want to be very old, if they can think well. Good news for everyone who thinks so: you can achieve a lot with brain training or training your brain! According to wethebrainys you probably know him from Oprah, there are 6 specific ways to train your brain and keep it in top condition. Below you will find 6 brain training exercises and tips for training your brain … 1. Look for new, uncomfortable situations for brain training The older you get, the greater the chance that you are mainly in comfortable situations. This will relax the ability of your brain. Therefore, take care of new people around you, make sure you keep traveling a lot and try to maintain many social contacts. This is a very good workout for your brain! 2. Challenging games are excellent brain training Word games such as crossword puzzles are a good way to train your brain. For optimal brain training do not do puzzles that are too easy, but push your limits by making increasingly difficult puzzles and game challenges. It also helps to play strategic games such as chess and strategic computer games. 3. Exercise and exercise regularly for healthy brains Sports and other physical exercises bring with them the great advantage that they improve the quality of your blood vessels. This optimizes the blood supply to your brain. Your brain can therefore continue to do their job better, even as you get older. By training your general body, you train your brain directly! 4. An aspirin every day Aspirin ensures that your blood remains thin, making it easier to flow to the small blood vessels of your brain. In this way you ensure better memory and better general functioning of your brain. Also a glass of wine per day is therefore recommended for brain training. Note: this tip only relates to brain training. Of course there are also plenty of drawbacks to painkillers and alcohol, so never take aspirin without medical grounds. 5. Eat enough omega 3 fatty acids Omega 3 fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids) act as a lubricant for your veins. There are many studies that show that these fatty acids are therefore very important for your thinking ability. Omega 3 fatty acids can be found in fish, but you can also buy them as a supplement . In short: do not forget to pay attention to your omega 3 intake if you want to practice and optimize your brain. 6. Deal well with stress Try to close the past and look optimistic towards the future. Take the time for yourself and keep on dreaming. This setting is good for preventing stress , and this is good for brain training and the condition of your brain. Brain training for optimal brains – Finally These 6 brain training tips work best of course if you start young and make it a permanent habit. So start today with brain training exercises, and you will benefit from it for the rest of your life. Remember, moreover, that you can do a lot for your brain with healthy food and the right lifestyle! In this way, for example, you prevent the veins from silting up due to proper nutrition , which in turn prevents a loss of thinking capacity. So take care of your body so that your brain can continue to take good care of you! for more details about brain training visit – what causes brain fog Web Page
This conspicuous bird has mainly whitish underparts and head, grey upperparts, long tails, and a long and curved red bill which lacks a casque. The sexes are similar, but the female has a smaller bill. They are generally large, at 42 centimetres (17 in) long, but are considered as one of the smaller hornbills. Habitat and Distribution Found in savanna and woodland of sub-Saharan Africa. They are omnivorous, taking insects, fruit and seeds. They feed mainly on the ground and will form flocks outside the breeding season. During incubation, the female lays three to six white eggs in a tree hole, which is blocked off with a plaster of mud, droppings and fruit pulp. There is only one narrow aperture, just big enough for the male to transfer food to the mother and the chicks. When the chicks and the female are too big for the nest, the mother breaks out and rebuilds the wall. Then both parents feed the chicks.
你的位置:首頁 >拼購商城 >蠅王英文讀后感　　First and foremost, as far as I am concerned, in exploring the breakdown into savagery of a group of boys free from the imposed moral constraints of civilization and society, Lord of the Flies dramatizes a fundamental human struggle: the conflict between the impulse to behave morally and the impulse to indulge in violence. The first set of impulses might be thought of as the “civilizing instinct”， which encourages people to work together toward common goals and behave peacefully; the second set of impulses might be thought of as the “barbarizing instinct”， or the instinct toward savagery, which urges people to rebel against civilization and instead seek anarchy, chaos, despotism, and violence. 　　What is more, I will present my opinion about the two main characters: Ralph and Jack. 　　Ralph is the athletic, charismatic protagonist of Lord of the Flies. Elected the leader of the boys at the beginning of the novel, Ralph is the primary representative of order, civilization, and productive leadership in the novel. Ralph’s power and influence over the other boys are extremely secure at first. However, as the book progresses and the group succumbs to savage instincts, Ralph’s position declines precipitously as Jack’s station rises. Ralph’s commitment to civilization and morality is strong, and his main wish is to be rescued and returned to the society of adults. For much of the novel, Ralph is simply unable to understand why the other boys would give in to base instincts of bloodlust and barbarism. The sight of the hunters chanting and dancing is baffling and distasteful to him. 　　Jack, the strong-willed, egomaniacal boy who is the novel’s prime representative of the instinct of savagery, violence, and power, is the antithesis of Ralph. From the beginning of the novel, Jack desires power above all other things. The first time he encounters a pig, he is unable to kill it. But Jack soon becomes obsessed with hunting and devotes himself to the task, painting his face like a barbarian and giving himself over to bloodlust. The more savage Jack becomes, the more he is able to control the rest of the group. By the end of the novel, Jack has learned to use the boys’ fear of the beast to control their behavior, giving Golding a chance to explore how religion and superstition can be used as instruments of power. Jack’s love of authority and violence are intimately connected, as each enables him to feel powerful and exalted. 　　Furthermore, I will tell you two themes I have found in this novel. 　　The important theme of the novel is the conflict between two competing impulses that exist within all human beings: the instinct to live by rules and to value the good of the group on the one hand; and the instinct to gratify one’s immediate desires, to act violently to obtain supremacy over others, and to enforce one’s will on the other hand. The conflict might also be expressed as order vs. chaos, reason vs. impulse, law vs. anarchy, or in any number of other ways, including the more generalized good vs. evil. Throughout the novel, the instinct of civilization is associated with goodness, while the instinct of savagery is associated with evil. Generally, the novel portrays the instinct of savagery as far more primal and fundamental to the human psyche than the instinct of civilization. Moral behavior, in Golding’s view, is often merely a forced imposition of civilization, rather than a natural expression of human individuality. When left to their own devices, the novel seems to argue, people will become cruel, wild, and barbaric. This idea of innate human evil is central to Lord of the Flies. 　　Another theme is loss of innocence. As the boys on the island progress from well-behaved, orderly children who hope to be researched to cruel, bloodthirsty hunters who have no desire to return to civilization, they naturally lose the sense of innocence that they possessed at the beginning of the novel. The painted savages in Chapter 12 who have hunted, tortured, and killed animals and human beings are a far cry from the simple children swimming in the lagoon in Chapter 3.But Golding does not portray this loss of innocence as something that is done to the children; rather, it results naturally from their increasing contact with the innate evil and savagery within themselves. 　　Last but not least, I also find out plenty of symbols from this novel. The conch shell is the first important discovery Piggy and Ralph make on the island, and they use it to summon the boys together after they are separated by the crash. As a result, it becomes a powerful symbol of civilization and order. The signal fire burns on the mountain, and later on the beach, to attract the notice of passing ships that might be able to rescue the boys. So it becomes a symbol for the boy’s connection to civilization. The beast, which frightens all the boys, stands for the primary instinct of savagery that exists within all human beings. Piggy is the most intelligent, rational boy in the group, and his glasses represent the power of science and intellectual endeavor in society. 　　As people always could not face their own evil, so they made the tragedy happen again and again. The boys’ awareness of modern democracy in the cultivation of civil society has undergone a process of rapid decline of time. Its root lies in the degeneration of human nature and the separation of rational judgments and moral conscience. 平特心水报图 15选5中4个号码多少钱吉林快三开奖结果是陕西十一选五开奖结果查询结果江苏快三预测和推荐甘肃11选5开奖结果走势图体彩p3图谜总汇河南22选5走势图尾数重庆幸运农场走-彩票控大赢彩票苹果新疆18选7的玩法
Fibromyalgia Common symptoms, treatments and Conditions Pain, fatigue, fibroblast & More By Adrienne Dellwo \| Reviewed by a doctor certified by the board The question “What is fibromyalgia?” Is a complicated one that doctors and patients have been trying for decades to answer. Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that causes intense pain throughout the body, as well as a host of other symptoms. It affects more than 6 million people in the United States. Doctors classify fibromyalgia as a syndrome, which means that it has a group of signs, symptoms and characteristics that occur together. To make a diagnosis, doctors usually rely on the signs and symptoms. To complicate the matter, the symptoms vary widely from one person to another, as does their intensity. The symptoms People with fibromyalgia often hurt the whole body and feel exhausted all the time. Those symptoms often force you to severely limit your physical activity. It is also common to have problems concentrating and remembering things. A lot of people with fibromyalgia have symptoms so severe that they have to quit smoking or modify their jobs. Because fibromyalgia is often misunderstood, family, friends, co-workers and even health care providers can not believe that the person is really sick. A proper diagnosis often takes months. Adding to these considerable frustrations, it can be difficult or impossible to qualify for disability benefits from Social Security. That’s largely because of what used to be commonplace for doctors to mislabel any chronic pain of unknown origin such as fibromyalgia, and the diagnosis is still misused so much nowadays. Keep in mind that the signs and symptoms vary widely from one person to another. Some people have only a few, while others have many. The intensity of the symptoms is different in each person, as well, ranging from moderate to very debilitating discomfort. Common symptoms include: generalized pain Morning stiffness not restful sleep Cognitive or memory impairment (“fibro fog”) Abdominal complaints, including irritable bowel syndrome Frequently, people with undiagnosed fibromyalgia do not realize that a series of secondary symptoms are related to pain, fatigue and other primary symptoms. Maintaining a detailed list of symptoms can help the doctor make a diagnosis. Additional symptoms of fibromyalgia include: painful menstrual cramps Eye sight problems Nausea and dizziness Weight gain Chronic headaches skin, hair and nail problems muscle spasms and feeling of weakness These lists include the most common symptoms. For a complete list of symptoms, see the list of Monster symptoms of fibromyalgia. While a lot of treatments for fibromyalgia are available, you may have to experiment with different options before finding what works best for you. Fibromyalgia treatment options include: Prescription medications / Alternative complementary treatments, including massage and physical therapy, chiropractic and acupuncture Vitamins and supplements Moderate exercise, but only if done correctly Lifestyle changes, including diet, control of stress and rhythm You will probably have to work closely with your doctor to tailor customized a treatment regimen that helps you become more functional. Many people benefit from a multidisciplinary approach, which involves several health professionals. the prognosis Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition. While some people experience long remissions, no one who has had fibromyalgia can really say they do not have it anymore. As for the progression of the disease, it is difficult to tell if your symptoms improve or worsen over time. Because fibromyalgia is not degenerative, its course has not been clearly established as it is for many diseases. Some experts say that about a third of us will get worse, a third will improve significantly, and the remaining third will remain on it. Some studies have linked diagnosis and early treatment for better long-term outcomes, but apart from this it is not clear what role it plays in the progression of treatment, or lack of it, of fibromyalgia. Overlapping conditions As if all this were not enough, several other conditions frequently go along with fibromyalgia. The researchers they are not sure if one condition leads to the other, or if they have been linked to underlying causes. Becoming familiar with the symptoms of these disorders can help you determine if you have more than one. Overlapping conditions include: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ) Multiple chemical sensitivity myofascial pain syndrome Restless Leg Syndrome Costochondritis (chest pain) The doctors coined the term fibromyalgia (fibro = fibrous tissue, mis = means muscle, pain = pain) in 1976, but it was not until 1990 that the American College of Rheumatology developed diagnostic criteria. While muscle pain is the main symptom, the research found that there is nothing wrong with the muscles themselves. For a time, the researchers believed that it could be an autoimmune disease, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. It is now widely believed in the medical community that a malfunction of the central nervous system (called central sensitization) causes fibromyalgia, leading to new research on treatments and a new hope that fibromyalgia will not only be more treatable, but maybe even curable. To date, three drugs – Lyrica (pregabalin), Cymbalta (duloxetine), and Savella (milnacipran) – are approved by the FDA for the treatment of fibromyalgia, but many other drugs are prescribed off the label. Learn more: The history of Fibromyalgia Common Fibromyalgia Terms Click on the following terms to learn more about them: The central sensitization Asthma attacks Substance P The sensitive points For more terms related to fibromyalgia, see Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Glossary Leave a Reply
Chandra dynasty From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Candra dynasty) Jump to navigation Jump to search The Chandra kingdom was one of the last Buddhist strongholds in the Indian subcontinent. The kingdom flourished as a center of the Tantric schools of Buddhism. It played a role in the diffusion of Mahayana Buddhism to Southeast Asia.[1] The dynasty was founded by Traillokyachandra, who was a descendant of landlords in the Lalmai region between Comilla and Tripura. The second ruler Srichandra led invasions into Kamarupa. The Chandras played an important role in the regional politics and military history of erstwhile Bengal. The Chandras supported the Pala Empire in the west against North Indian and South Indian invasions.[2] The Chandras were eventually overthrown during an invasion of the South Indian Chola dynasty.[2] Maritime relations[edit] The coastal kingdom had trade networks with states in what is now Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. 10th century shipwrecks around the coast of Java provide evidence of maritime links between southeastern Bengal and Southeast Asia. Bronze sculptures may have been imported by the Javanese from the Chandra kingdom in southeastern Bengal. Arab merchants also traded with the kingdom.[1] There are numerous inscriptions dating from the period of the Chandra dynasty. The three archaeological sites associated with the dynasty include Bikrampur and Mainamati in Bangladesh and Waithali in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). List of kings[edit] The five Chandra king are listed in the following. 1. ^ a b Ghosh, Suchandra (2013). "Locating South Eastern Bengal in the Buddhist Network of Bay of Bengal (C. 7th Century CE-13th Century CE)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 74: 148–153. JSTOR 44158810. 2. ^ a b,_The
The Uses of Teflon Teflon is a common name that many people may have come across. It is an important element or material used to make nonstick cookware and utensils. Teflon is produced from a chemical compound known as polytetraflouroethylene, a synthetic flouropolymer used for many different applications. It is produced when tetraflouroethylene undergoes free radical polymerization. The compound produced during the reaction, Teflon, is used as a coating for nonstick pans since they are hydrophobic and has a high resistance to heat. These properties have made it one of the most fascinating compounds in the world of science and it is going to remain so for the foreseeable future. The circumstances surrounding its discovery also remain a fascinating element in the existence of the material. Being one of the most slippery materials that exist currently, Teflon has found a wide range of applications. Features such as its high resistance to heat, reduced stress crackling, and low reaction to chemicals make it an even better choice for many different applications. This website provides you with all you need to know about the different uses of Teflon. Read on FEP sheet It is used in the production of cookware. As you may have read before, Teflon is highly resistant to heat and has a very slippery texture. This makes it a suitable material for making cookware coating. Most of the available brands produce cookware coated with Teflon to prevent food from sticking on the pots and pans. As a result, the need for cooking oil is reduced since the pots and pans have a surface which does not allow food to stick. Teflon has a wide application in the production if nail polish. When nail polish is applied, it forms a smooth surface that does not crack even when subjected to harsh conditions. This is a feature that may not be available in the low-end nail polish brands. It is achieved through the use of Teflon, also known as PTFE or polytetraflouroethylene. View What is FEP teflon Some hairstyling tools also make use of Teflon. Most of the hairstyling tools produce or use high temperatures to achieve the desired effect. If not handled properly, they may stick onto the hair causing it to burn. When Teflon is used on hairstyling tools, it reduces the chances of your hair getting burned since it is highly resistant to high temperatures. Teflon is also a common product in the production of fabric and carpets. If not well protected, fabrics and carpets are likely going to stain. Teflon is used a treatment in the fabrics and carpets to ensure that stains do not stick onto the products. Learn more on
non gmo project Why “No” to GMO GMO is one of those acronyms everyone recognizes, but few people understand what it really means and why we should be concerned about eating them. GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. An example regarding our food supply; GMO crops are those plants that scientists have changed their genetic makeup so they can withstand direct applications of herbicides and/or produce insecticides in order to control invasive weeds and insects that threaten certain crops. Supporters for GMO crops claim that genetically engineered plants are the way of the future. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the potential benefits of GMO plant foods are: • Better resistance to pests • Require the use of less pesticides • More nutritious • Higher crop yields • Longer shelf life • Cheaper to produce On the surface it all sounds great, a win-win for agriculture, society and the environment. However, many concerns continue to surface. It can be difficult to find the facts when there have been so few scientific studies providing hard evidence proving its safety and widely conflicting opinions. As we await more studies to bring clarity, we must consider what little we know so far: Read More garbanzo bean ingredients Understanding the ingredients list on food labels Congratulations! You are on the path to a healthier lifestyle. But how do you eat healthy when all you have time for is quick convenience foods? Avoid products like this with sugar and white flour… Understanding the ingredients list on food labels of prepackaged foods is an important part of learning to make healthy choices. Some foods contain ingredients with complicated names that sound like they belong in a chemistry lab, not on your plate. To make matters even more confusing, the advertising of some products can be misleading, making you think their product is healthy when, in reality, it is laced with sugar, preservatives and/or trans fats. Tools to deciphering the ingredient list: Read More
How do Planet's get their Colors? By ella Imagine you are looking through a telescope and you see a planet. Sure that is boring, but look closer. You see the beautiful, stunning color of the planet, making you gaze at it for many minutes. Then you look at another. You find blue, red and the yellow! The colors stunning, making your eye cling on to the telescope. Later on you ask yourself, “How did that planet get it’s color anyway?” Today modern science can solve many mysteries about our world, and we have already unlocked one of the coolest ones, how our planets get their spectacular colors. The Planet’s Colors The planet’s actual colors are simple. Mercury is gray; Venus is a pale yellow; Jupiter is yellow with white bands; Mars is a reddish brown; Saturn is a pale gold; and Uranus and Neptune are both a pale blue. This means that some planets can get the same color, with the same substance or not. It is interesting to know these facts, but knowing how they get these stunning colors is a whole different story. How the planets get their color Planets can get their real color form rocks, clouds, and even gas. In this article, (Cool Cosmos ask an Astronomer) Cosmos states, “Planets get their amazing color from what they are made of, or what is around their atmospheres.” That tells us that things that are around their atmospheres can also cause their color. Atmospheres are what is surrounding the planet. Mars gets it’s color from the rusty rocks and dust that are on its surface. ( Planet’s surface material). Uranus and Neptune get their color from the methane gas. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas. Because those two planets both have the same color, the gas must be in both of their areas. Mercury gets the plain color gray from the rocks and dust that are on its surfaces. Jupiter and Saturn both get their color from the ammonia clouds, a colorless gas with a bad smell, that hang around their atmospheres, and those clouds cause planets to have the colors white or pale yellow. This shows that there are many gases in space, for instance methane and ammonia. This is Neptune Venus’s clouds are not ammonia, but they also give the planet it’s yellowish color, meaning that there are many other different clouds that give the same colors. For example, if another planet had a bunch of clouds surrounding it, and the planet was yellow, that would suggest that the clouds might have the same materials that the ammonia clouds do. According to Curios Astro, “The assignment of colors is somewhat subjective.” That tells us that some people might see the planet's colors differently. Even though that is true, we can still get the general idea of what the planet’s colors are. This is Saturn All those materials mentioned (gases, clouds, rocks, and dust) Make a huge impact on our planets. This is important because if they were not there, our planets would not be colored, they would all be a standard color. All those substances make colors, visible, to the human eye. Fun Facts! • Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. • Jupiter is the largest planet. • Venus is the hottest planet. • It takes Mercury 88 days to orbit the sun, but Neptune 164 years! Made with Adobe Slate Make your words and images move. Get Slate Report Abuse
Disorders of the pituitary gland Flashcards Preview Exam 1 > Disorders of the pituitary gland > Flashcards Flashcards in Disorders of the pituitary gland Deck (16): List the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland What is the function of growth hormone (GH)? acts on every cell of the body stimulated by GHRH, inhibited by somatostatin for skeletal growth, metabolsim (quicker), cardiac function, bone density, quality of life, muscle strength highest during night, too much = acromegly GH deficiency: short stature (kids), subtle changes in adults What is the function of ACTH? CRH (cortisol releasing hormone) & ACTH: secreted in pulses CRH: positive control (hypothalamic) ACTH: released when STRESSED, peak in morning, reduced in evening (stimulates cortisol) What is the function of LH/FSH? GnRH stimulates pituitary gland (positive) FEMALES: LH cause oestrogen release (follicular phase) - cause progesterone release, LH/FSH surge - positive feedback (ovulation) MALES: LH drives testosterone secretion, FSH drives sperm production What is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)? stimulate pituitary to release TSH to circulation TSH activates follicular cells of thyroid to produce T3 & T4 Hypothalamus --> TRH --> pituitary (secondary gland) --> TSH --> thyroid (primary gland) --> T3/T4 T3/T4 neg feedback hypothalamus & pituitary (suppress) What happens in primary gland failure in pituitary thyroid release? what is it called? primary gland = thyroid releasing T3/T4 1. end organ hormone low (T3/T4) 2. pituitary hormone high (TSH) - lack of negative feedback e.g. primary hypothyroidism - lowered thyroid function What happens in secondary gland failure of pituitary thyroid? secondary gland = pituitary gland releasing TSH end organ hormone (T3/T4) & pituitary hormone low (TSH) What is primary hyperthyroidism? excess T4 production by thyroid, suppressed TSH & TRH What is the function of prolactin? initiates & maintain lactation acts on peripheral tissues - no target gland high levels = lactation & menstrual disturbance (women) What inhibits and stimulates prolactin levels? inhibit: dopamine stimulate: minor +ve control by TRH, increased by oestrogen slightly increased at night Cause of high prolactin levels? 1. physiological 2. pregnancy 3. pharmacological 4. pituitary (+ve control from TRH from hypothalamus) 5. Polycystic ovaries - hormone imbalance in women Describe in general terms, the structure of the steroid hormones 1. number of C-atoms (C27, 21,19,18) 2. presence of functional groups 3. distribution of C=C How is the pituitary the master of endocrine glands? pituitary releases number of trophic hormones TSH --> thyroid ACTH --> adrenal GH --> liver production of somatomedins LH --> ovary & testis hormone production FSH --> ovary & testis function Describe the role of hypothalamus in control of pituitary function hypothalamus release: releasing / inhibiting hormones on anterior pituitary cells e.g. TRH inhibiting hormones travel via hypophyseal portal vessels to pituitary releasing / inhibiting hormones allow brain to control pituitary hormone secretion Examples of hypothalamus in the control of pituitary function TRH --> stimulates TSH release CRT --> stimulates ACTH release SRH --> stimulates GH release somatostatin --> inhibits GH release List the hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland and their functions ADH: reabsorb water in kidneys - prevent dehydration oxytocin: cause lactation & contraction
“The lord said to Abram: Now raise your eyes and look from where you stand northward, southward, eastward and westward, for all the land you are viewing I will give you and your offspring forever” (Gen. 13:14, 15). When God spoke those words Abraham was standing at Bethel, which is nearly 2,900 feet above sea level. From that elevation he must have had a magnificent view of the land that would play such an important role in history. Most of us know little about the physical features of Palestine. Yet an understanding of Bible geography contributes to an understanding of the teachings of Scripture. For example, in Matthew 20:18 Jesus said to the Twelve, “We are going up to Jerusalem.” Why up? Because Jerusalem is located in a mountain range at an elevation of about 2,600 feet. Just down the mountain from Jerusalem is the Dead Sea, the lowest spot on earth, 1,300 feet below sea level. As a child I always pictured the “wilderness” in which the children of Israel wandered in terms of the forests around me in the Pacific Northwest—lush green trees and underbrush, almost jungle-like in spots. I don’t recall ever seeing a picture of the Sinai wilderness as it really is—a bleak, barren, but beautiful desert. Once I discovered this, the wilderness wanderings took on new meaning. God’s provision of food for forty years in a barren wasteland is much more of a miracle than it would have been had they been traveling in a forest. And how vital it was that the Israelites’ shoes not wear out, since they had to walk on scorching sand. “ ‘Come on! Let us mold bricks and thoroughly bake them,’ ” said the people about to build the Tower of Babel; “so they had brick for stone and asphalt for mortar” (Gen. 11:3). Why brick instead of wood or stone? ... Subscriber access only You have reached the end of this Article Preview
Generally, a problem in wisdom teeth occurs for most of us especially emerge in adolescent age. Some people get these issues in later stages. Wisdom teeth create problems when the jaw is already occupied by other teeth so they can protrude sideways into the adjacent tooth. It leads to impaction and ends in surgery to get rid of infection, inflammation or pain. The only solution to wisdom tooth removal is done by surgical extraction. One portion of the teeth may extend beyond the gum line whereas other part stays under by forming a flap around it. Mostly, food substances gets trap in the flap and lead to bacterial infection causing damage to nearby teeth. Pain may also occur during biting or chewing, so the only permanent solution is to undergo surgery by removing them. After consulting with the dentist, prepare yourself to undergo treatment. An oral doctor has to prepare for necessary steps like examining the position of roots, teeth through x-rays. So that it will make a simple extraction without any complications during surgery. After this process, your experts would inject to deaden in that area where they will be working. The normal process involves applying a numbing agent and then injected with a local anesthetic. In the case of more nervousness, there might be some inhale of nitrous oxide to keep calm. Removing of wisdom teeth require more care to extract resembling a type of pliers. This extraction is there to grip that tooth so that the professional dentist can pull or break it out from the mouth. While pulling it out there would be great pressure along with the turning and twisting of a tooth to break those roots completely. Stitches occur when there is heavy complication were it get dissolved over time or within a few days. Healing process The concern is usually focused on the recovery period because of its complication and responsibility of patients to prevent infections. Professionals will instruct on how to manage after removing for reducing the risk of complications. To stop bleeding from the wound, a cotton gauze pad is been placed over it. There will be an occurrence of blood because of food or other objects make contact on the affected area, rinsing with water and spiting too much will open sockets of the operated portion over a swelling face so to prevent this there must not be any intake of hot, hard beverages for a day. Non-toxic methods to hold a cold pack would gain effective numbing results. Bruising takes longer to heal though the ice pack will remain as trusty first aid. Drinking lots of cold water would help to wash away food particles if it stuck in the affected area. It also plays an important role in preventing infection also promotes to heal effectively. Leave a Reply
SSL Basics What are SSL Certificates? SSL stand for Secure Soccket Layer and encrypts any information sent between a website and the users browser. This prevents it from being read as it is sent across the internet. It is commonly used when a website is dealing with sensitive data like passwords or credit card details. You will have probably used SSL if you have ever purchased anything online. Which browsers do SSL work with? All our SSL certificates work with 99% of browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Apple Safari. There are a very small number of browsers that are not compatible but this is the same across the SSL industry with all our certificates complying with industry standards. How can I use an SSL SSL will encrypt any data you want to protect between your website and your visitors browser. There are usually used for ecommerce sites. Uses included for example Can I just buy an SSL Certificate from you without web hosting? Yes. SSL certificates are separate from web hosting and can be applied to any web server. After you buy the SSL certificate you will be asked which web server is is for.
Sign In Forgot Password Create Account Stock# 41083 Scarce map of the town of Sale, Morocco, immediately north of Rabat, which appeared in Francois de Belleforest's Cosmographie Universelle De Tout le Monde. Sale dates back at least to Carthaginian times (around 7th century BC). The Romans called the place Sala Colonia, part of their province of Mauritania Tingitane. Pliny the Elder mentions it as a desert town infested with elephants!. The Vandals captured the area in the 5th century AD and left behind a number of blonde, blue-eyed Berbers. The Arabs (7th century) kept the old name and believed it derived from "Sala" (sic., his name is actually Salah), son of Ham, son of Noah; they said that Salé was the first city ever built by the Berbers Howgego, Printed Maps Of London 3; Pastoureau, M. Belleforest I-1, 4.
Weather News Shannon Corvo, Friday November 15, 2019 - 17:24 EDT Audience submitted image Vets across Australia are noticing pregnancy rates of cattle are dropping due to the drought. - Audience submitted For farmer and grazier Scott Richardson, that has meant euthanasing four cows before performing caesareans on each of them at his recently deceased father's property, 100 kilometres south-west of Dubbo in central-west New South Wales. He said he had performed the caesareans to try and save the unborn calves. "In the beginning they [pregnant cows] were going down and we were trying to water them, feed them, and keep them alive and we were losing the battle," Mr Richardson said. "We've tried going down there with a crane on the back of the truck, lifting them up, getting some circulation back into their legs but they won't do it because they're just essentially too weak [to deliver]. "I'm not trained in anything like this; I just figure [after seeing] somebody do it on TV â€” if they can do it, I can do it. "You're there to try and preserve the life of the calf." In all four instances, the calves were already dead or died shortly after birth. Mr Richardson's Pinegrove property is about 1,400 hectares of mixed farming, cropping, wheat, sheep, cattle, and oats. Due to the lack of rain, there is no topsoil or plant mass, which means his cattle are not getting the nutrients like calcium and magnesium that they need. He said this made it incredibly difficult for cows to fall pregnant, give birth, or survive in general. "We had 204 head of cattle 18 months ago [and] we're now down to 25 cows and calves," he said. C-section success rate dependent on health University of Adelaide Veterinarian and member of the Australian Cattle Veterinarians, Mandi Carr, has been working with cattle for more than 20 years. She has performed about 1,000 caesareans across the country and said the survival rate for calves delivered by caesarean depended on the health of the mother. "If you have a really healthy animal that hasn't been calving for too long, your survival rates are very good," she said. "We're talking well above 80 per cent survival rate of cow and calf. "The longer the animal is calving, and if they're a little bit unhealthy, your survival rates are going to go down fairly significantly on the cow, particularly if the calf is dead or if it has a malformation. "Those cows do it pretty tough, so their survival rates will drop pretty significantly to well below 50 per cent if you try to do a caesarean on a poor choice of animal." Welfare of animal primary concern Dr Carr said deciding to euthanase and perform a caesarean on a weak cow was an incredibly difficult decision for a farmer. "That is a really mentally and emotionally taxing decision for them to have to make, a decision to euthanase their livelihood," she said. "But they've got the welfare of the animal at the forefront of their mind and they'll always do what's best for the animal. "A lot of them are very good with performing a c-section or opening the cow up and taking samples for us in terms of a post-mortem when we have a disease outbreak, so I would think that [farmers are] more than competent." Preventative measures Australian Cattle Veterinarians has 1,100 cattle vets stationed across Australia, based predominantly in rural and remote areas. Executive officer Ellen Buckle said vets had told her the drought had caused pregnancy rates to fall. "They estimate [pregnancy rates] are down somewhere in the order of 10 to 40 per cent," she said. Ms Buckle said more information should be provided to farmers before they had to euthanase their stock because their animals were too weak to give birth. "I think the aim needs to be to help producers getting caught in these bad welfare situations in the first place," she said. "By the time they're in the situation where the cow is so weak that it is going to have to be euthanased, that's a terrible situation for the cow and it's a terrible situation for the farmer. "Whether that is euthanasing early or destocking much earlier, these are all things that need to be looked at." © ABC 2019 More breaking news Sydney Morning Herald ABC News National Nine News News Limited Display Your Local Weather Weather News 06:28 EDT Queensland weather stokes bushfires, leading to emergency warning north of Lowood 00:20 EDT 19:05 EDT
Muster (military) - Wikiwand For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Muster (military). Muster (military) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The term muster means the process or event of accounting for members in a military unit. This practice of inspections led to the coining of the English idiom pass muster, meaning being sufficient. When a unit is created, it is "mustered in" and when it is disbanded, it is "mustered out". A muster roll is the list of members of a military unit, often including their rank and the dates they joined or left. A roll call is the reading aloud of the names on the muster roll and the responses, to determine who is present.[1] Musters (in the sense of gatherings with roll calls) also take place in prisons.[2] United Kingdom In Tudor England, musters were periodic assessments of the availability of local militia to act as a defence force.[3] To some extent, the system was an outdated remnant of the feudal system where local lords had their own armies, which they provided for the King as required. United States Within the United States Army National Guard and the Army Reserve, muster is an annual event used for screening purposes of soldiers not otherwise required to perform any duties.[4] 1. ^ Roll Call 2. ^ For example:Carlton, Bree (2007). "2". Imprisoning Resistance: Life and Death in an Australian Supermax. Institute of Criminology monograph series. Sydney: Institute of Criminology Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780975196755. Retrieved 10 September 2017. When the prison officers did the morning muster, they demanded to know why the prisoner was still in bed and despite his explanation he was recorded in the black book for breaching muster regulations. 4. ^ Army Regulation 135–200, Active Duty for Missions, Projects, and Training for Reserve Component Soldiers, para. 3–6, Muster Drill, 13 June 1999 {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} Muster (military) Listen to this article
Romans 1 Luke 11 Luke 11: Jesus is Angry As Jesus prayed, one of the Apostles came to Him and asked Him to teach them to pray. So Jesus tells them; “…When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.” (Luke 11:2-4) A few things to remember… Jesus showed them HOW to pray, and NOT how to REPEAT and MEMORIZE. Let’s recall Matthew 6, where Jesus also spoke about prayer. He said; “…when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men… But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.” (Matthew 6:5, 7) I think it is clear that Jesus has taught us that we are NOT to use VAIN REPETITIONS, which literally means: VAIN: ‘excessively proud, empty of substance, devoid of meaning.’ REPETITION: ‘repeating of something, something the same as before.’ So, when WE PRAY, we need to follow the OUTLINE Jesus has given us, but we are not to repeat what He said, word for word. So what is the outline Jesus gave us? Let’s break up what Jesus said… 1. Address our Heavenly Father; “…When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven…” (Luke 11:2) 2. Show respect by using the formal in whatever language you are speaking. For example, in English, we should us “thou, thee, thine… etc.” instead of “you and your” Jesus shows this respect; “…Hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come….” (Luke 11:2) 3. We need to remember that when addressing our Heavenly Father that were are to THANK HIM for what we have, and accept HIS WILL in all things. “…Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth…” (Luke 11:2) 4. After having addressed our Heavenly Father with respect, thanking Him for what we have been blessed with, we can then ask for the desires of our heart; “…Give us day by day our daily bread…” (Luke 11:3) 5. Finally we can ask for forgiveness and ask that we might not be lead into temptation; “…And forgive our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil.” (Luke 11:2-4) Finally to end the prayer, we close “In the name of Jesus Christ, amen.” Jesus did not include this part, because he would have no need to close in His own name. Jesus explains that our prayers should not be limited to simple, or any sort of memorized repetition, but rather a heart-felt conversation with God, our Father in Heaven. He explains; “…Ask, and it shall be given to you; seek and ye shall find; knock and it shall be opened unto you. For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.” (Luke 11:9-10) A man comes to Jesus that is possessed of a devil, and Jesus casts the devil out. However, some that witnessed this event say; “…He casteth out devils through Beelzebub the chief of the devils.” (Luke 11:15) Jesus of course heard these comments and explains that a “…house dived against a house falleth.” (Luke 11:17) He asks; “If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand?” (Luke 11:18) Essentially Jesus is saying that it makes no sense for Satan to be casting out devils, which he had placed there in the first place. If Satan were to allow this, he would be going against himself, and a house divided against itself cannot stand. Some still argued against him, but one woman suggests that the mother of Jesus was a blessed woman (Luke 11:27), while I think Jesus believes that, and agrees with the woman, Jesus tells her and the crowd; “…Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God and keep it.” (Luke 11:28) Jesus explains to them that He is greater than both Jonas and Solomon, and that He is the only sign the evil generation would receive. Jesus explains that “The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness.” (Luke 11:34) This can easily be applied to not only the time Jesus was on the earth, but also in our own day. We see that the internet has brought the evils of Sodom and Gomorrah to our own home. This tidal wave of evil comes in many forms, but Pornography is one of the most rampant. If our eye beholds this evil, we WILL lose LIGHT, and our body will be filled with filth and darkness. Jesus goes on to scold the Scribes, Pharisees and Lawyers, saying “Woe unto you…” (Luke 11:44,46, 47, and 52) Because of this evil generation, the blood of the righteous will be required. Jesus reminds them that God sent Prophets and Apostles to the earth to lead and guide His children, however He sent them with the knowledge, that “…some of them they shall slay and persecute.” (Luke 11:49) Ezekiel 21-22 Ezekiel 21-22 Chapter 21: Both Righteous & Wicked shall be slain The Lord’s sword is put against Jerusalem. Ezekiel is commanded by the Lord to cry unto the people and sigh as an animal would sigh. He divines to ascertain which to attack first, and Jerusalem is picked. Destruction is also predicted for the Ammonites. Chapter 22: The sins of Jerusalem Ezekiel catalogs the sins of the Jews in Jerusalem “…committed abomination with his neighbor’s wife…lewdly defiled his daughter in law… taken gifts to shed blood… taken usury and increase… dishonest gain…” (Ezekiel 22:11-13) The sin of the Jews includes sexual, worshiping idols, social taboos, murder and dishonest gain. The Lord then asks a question “Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the days that I shall deal with thee? I the Lord have spoken it, and will do it.” (Ezekiel 22:14) Essentially the Lord is saying; “You think you are tough now… but will you be SO TOUGH, BEFORE ME and MY WRATH?” Because of their iniquities they will be destroyed and scattered. Jeremiah 3-4 Jeremiah 3-4 Chapter 3: Gathering of Israel Israel is compared to an adulterous husband. In the days of Josiah, the Lord speaks about the high places in Israel, and about how Israel was punished. Judah, far from taking Israel’s as a cautionary tale, played the harlot also, and pretended to turn to the Lord. It mentions that people “…committed adultery with stones and with stocks [wood].” (Jeremiah 3:9). Essentially people were having sexual relations with objects. These people were abusing the power of procreation for their own pleasure. An appeal is made for Israel to acknowledge transgressions, and be restored. In the last days the Lord shall gather all nations and bring them to Jerusalem. However, we learn that not everyone in a family will be gathered to Zion; “…I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion.” (Jeremiah 3:14) This means that everyone in the family will need to be righteous in order to make it to Zion in the last days. Chapter 4: Repent! The Lord appeals to the men of Judah and Jerusalem to circumcise their hearts. Mourn and repent – an evil is coming from the north. It mentions the people who are not following the Lord as “…foolish, they have not known me, they are sottish [drunken: in the habit of drinking far too much alcohol] children, and they have none understanding: they are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge.” (Jeremiah 4:22) The land will be spoiled. “…all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the Lord…” (Jeremiah 4:26) and the “…heavens above be black…” (Jeremiah 4:38). This will be the state of the world at the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Proverbs 5-6 Proverbs 5-6 Scripture Thought (What I Learned): Both Proverbs 5 and 6 have a very clear message that is directed towards men, but can easily be applied to women. That message is pretty simple; 1: Don’t fornicate or commit adultery; 2: Be careful who you marry or who you trust in general. People can deceive and have lying lips that appear to be sweet as ‘honey’ but once you partake the ‘sweet honey’ turns ‘bitter’; 3: Once you are married is important to stay married and ensure that both partners feel a strong connection on all levels that includes a very healthy sexual intimacy. I believe that all too often (especially in the LDS Church) that sex is talked about as something evil and perverted. Which is true if done outside of marriage, but in marriage it should be something that both husband and wife can have sexual fulfillment that will keep them from lust and sin. Eternal Marriage goes one step beyond traditional marriage in the sense that being married to someone who you can trust with your physical and spiritual life. Husband and wife should be a check and balance system to ensure that both return to our Heavenly Father and dwell in the Celestial Kingdom. God knew that man was weak, so he gave man the woman to keep man in check and ensure that we will return to live with him. Mankind in general is weak, and men and women sin. But if man and woman are bound together in Holy Matrimony they become ONE, just like God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are ONE, one in purpose. Chapter 5: Don’t Divorce In this proverb we learn a lot about the importance of marriage to the right person. We also learn about the evils of the world and the ways that man can be tricked into evil ways. “…the lips of a strange woman drop as an honeycomb, and her mouth is smoother than oil:” (Proverbs 5:3) Essentially this is a warning to men who may get caught in the trap of lusting after a woman who may appear to have “lips of honey” and someone who is a “smooth” talker. She may appear to be sweet, but… “…her end is bitter… sharp as a twoedged sword… her steps take hold on hell… her ways are moveable, that thou canst not know them.” (Proverbs 5:4-6) The counsel given in this proverb is very clear: “Remove thy way far from her…” (Proverbs 5:8) But the proverb continues to tell us who we should marry “Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of thy youth. Let her be as the loving hind and pleasant roe; let her breasts satisfy thee at all times; and be thou ravished always with her love.” (Proverbs 5:18-19) Something very important to remember and take away from this Proverb… sex is not evil. Sex outside of marriage is evil. Those who are married should enjoy sexual intimacy between one another and if a healthy sexual relationship is balanced with all other activities of being married, spending time together, working through problems together, having children etc… then the marriage will be successful and filled with love. God does not want us engaging in sexual relations before marriage and wants to make sure that once we are married, WE STAY married. God does not like divorce. Chapter 6: Seven things the Lord Hates This proverb lists seven things that the Lord hates (in my version of the Bible, which is the King James Version it tells me that there are ‘6’ things the Lord hates, I like to classify them as 7. 1. 1. “A proud look…” (Proverbs 6:17) 2. 2. “…a lying tongue…” (Proverbs 6:17) 3. 3. “…hands that shed innocent blood.” (Proverbs 6:17) 4. 4. “An heart that deviseth wicked imaginations…” (Proverbs 6:18) 5. 5. “…feet that be swift in running to mischief.” (Proverbs 6:18) 6. 6. “A false witness that speaketh lies…” (Proverbs 6:19) 7. 7. “…he that soweth discord among brethren.” (Proverbs 6:19) God does not like sin, period. The laws don’t change, we either choose to follow them or we don’t. “For the commandment is a lamp; and the law is light; and reproofs of instruction are the way of life:” (Proverbs 6:23) Essentially the law is light, we can choose how much light we want in our lives by adjusting the amount we follow the commandments (our lantern), if we chose to not follow the commandments it is like not putting any oil (or batteries) in our lamp. If we chose to follow the commandments and fill our lantern with fresh oil or batteries then we can have more of the light. If we go against this WE WILL be left in the dark. We also have to understand that criticism and even chastisement is part of life and it occurs for our own learning. This proverbs ends by re-addressing what we learned from Proverbs 5; that is “…whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh understanding: he that doeth it destroyeth his own soul.” (Proverbs 6:32) Committing adultery, or fornication (sex outside of the bonds of marriage) will be wounded and dishourned and will carry that sin for life (Proverbs 6:33) We must remember that “…jealousy is the rage of a man…” (Proverbs 6:34) 2 Samuel 13-14 2 Samuel 13-14 Chapter 13: Ammon Rapes his Sister Tamar Chapter 14: Absalom Sees the King after Years Leviticus 19-20 Leviticus 19-20 Chapter 19: Commandments/ Laws of God • Be holy as God is holy. (Leviticus 19:2) • Keep the Sabbath day holy. (Leviticus 19:3) • Do not worship idols or other gods. (Leviticus 19:4) • When you make a sacrifice of peace offerings, it must be done under your own will. The meat from the offering must be eaten within two days or it is abominable before the Lord. (Leviticus 19:5-7) • What we can learn here, is that sacrifices in the days of Moses meant sacrificing animals for Atonement of your sins. Today, after Jesus Christ took upon him our sins through Atonement we must confess our sins and do what we can to make a restitution of our sins. But if we do not do it with the right hear then it truly is abominable before the Lord. • When you collect your harvest of grapes or any other harvest, you must collect most of them, but still leaving behind some that are not picked for the poor and the strangers passing through the land. (Leviticus 19:8-10) • What we can learn here, is that since the days of Moses the Lord has put in some sort of Welfare program to help those in need. • Do not steal. (Leviticus 19:11) • Do not lie. (Leviticus 19:11) • Do not swear by the name of God falsely. (Leviticus 19:12) • Do not defraud your neighbor. (Leviticus 19:13) • Do not curse the deaf. (Leviticus 19:14) • Do not put a stumbling block before the blind. (Leviticus 19:14) • Do not judge someone who is poor by disrespecting him. Do not honor someone just because they are rich or mighty. But with righteous judgment will you judge people. (Leviticus 19:15) • It is not our place to judge, especially if we do not know someone. We might learn that someone who is poor, is a good person that fell into hard times and find that someone who is actually a respected individual has a closet full of dark secrets. • Do not gossip. (Leviticus 19:16) • Do not avenge nor bear any grudge against someone. (Leviticus 19:18) • Do not eat anything with blood. (Leviticus 19:26) • Do not cut or print on your skin. (Leviticus 19:28) • Piercings and Tattoos. Think of it this way, your body is a temple, right? So therefore we should not modify it or put things on it that were not intended. • Do not prostitute out your daughter, that she may become a whore. (Leviticus 19:29) Chapter 20: Sexual Sins The first 9 verses of Chapter 20 talk about not sacrificing children of the congregation of Israel to a superstitious man named Molech. The Lord is warning Israel once again about the dangers of worshiping false gods. The remainder of the chapter talks about Sexual Sins. • If a man commit adultery he and the woman shall be put to death. • If a man or woman commit incest in any form, those participating shall be put to death. • If a man lie with another man; homosexuality in general both men shall be put to death. • If a man or woman lie with an animal; bestiality in general then both the man and the beast shall be put to death.
Tapping the brain orchestra Researchers at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) and Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany have developed a new method for detailed analyses of electrical activity in the brain. The method, recently published in Neuron, can help doctors and researchers to better interpret brain cell signals. In turn, this may lead to considerable steps forward in terms of interpreting for example EEG measurements, making diagnoses and treatment of various brain illnesses. A forest of neurons [Credit: Hermann Cuntz] Researchers and doctors have been measuring and interpreting electrical activity generated by brain cells since 1875. Doctors have over the years acquired considerable practical skills in relating signal shapes to different brain illnesses such as epilepsy. However, doctors have so far had little knowledge on how these signals are formed in the network of nerve cells. "Based on methods from physics, mathematics and informatics, as well as computational power from the Stallo supercomputer in Tromsø, we have developed detailed mathematical models revealing the connection between nerve cell activity and the electrical signal recorded by an electrode," says Professor Gaute Einevoll at the Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (IMT) at UMB. Microphone in a crowd The problem of interpreting electrical signals measured by electrodes in the brain is similar to that of interpreting sound signals measures by a microphone in a crowd of people. Just like people sometimes all talk at once, nerve cells are also sending signals "on top of each other". The electrode records the sounds from the whole orchestra of nerve cells surrounding it and there are numerous contributors. One cubic millimetre can contain as many as 100,000 nerve cells. Treble and bass Similar to bass and treble in a soundtrack, high and low frequency electrical signals are distinguished in the brain. "This project has focused on the bass - the low frequency signals called "local field potential" or simply LFP. We have found that if nerve cells are babbling randomly on top of each other and out of sync, the electrode's reach is narrow so that it can only receive signals from nerve cells less than about 0.3 millimetres away. However, when nerve cells are speaking simultaneously and in sync, the range can be much wider," Einevoll says. Large treatment potential "A similar technique is being used on many Parkinson's patients, who have had electrodes surgically implanted to prevent trembling," Researcher Klas Pettersen at UMB adds. The Computational Neuroscience Group at UMB has already established contacts with clinical research groups in the USA and Europe for further research on using the approach in patient treatment. Author: Torunn Moe \| Source: Norwegian University of Life Sciences [December 08, 2011] Post a Comment Blog Archive Twitter Delicious Facebook Digg Stumbleupon Favorites More
Arts & Entertainment::Celebrities What Drives Entrepreneurs to Create Something Out of Nothing? How important are small to the U.S. economic system? Represent 99.7% of all employer people. Employ more than half of all private sector employees. Pay 44% of total U.S. private payroll. Generate 64% (net) newest jobs this past 20 years. Create over what 50% of the nonfarm private gross domestic product (GDP). Hire 40% of advanced workers, for example scientists, engineers, and software engineers. Are 52% home-based and a percent franchises. Produce 13 times more patents per employee than large patenting firms. Since companies have this important impact on the business cycle, what drives entrepreneurs to create something, associated with your nothing? For the matter, will be an entrepreneur, and there are lots of him or her tick? Consider Sam Walton, one of several greatest entrepreneur’s of the 20th century who once said, “I will always been driven to buck the system, to innovate, and to take things beyond a place where to remain.” What is an entrepreneur? The French word, entrepreneur, means an enterpriser. An enterpriser is person who undertakes an enterprise or business, with the possibility of profit or elimination. An entrepreneur is a man or woman who uses venture capital to start and finance a new enterprise, and who assumes the financial risks connected with owning, operating, and operating a enterprise. Entrepreneurs include many varieties and very often develop innovations and create jobs. As the result, much like the SBA, they are vital to a well balanced and robust American weather. While many consider entrepreneurs to be visionaries, dreamers, and charismatic leaders, not all entrepreneurs share these character. Most entrepreneurs are individuals who march on their own drums, and possess the drive, determination, and perseverance to obtain ideas and opportunities to reality. Entrepreneurs usually have a clear, communicable vision, a passion for their areas of interest, the motivation to their vision to market, and the perseverance to keep in spite of obstacles and drawbacks. The entrepreneurs are, your doubt, horses of one other breed. Entrepreneurs are mavericks with vision and determination to build a company that takes the vision to market. Entrepreneurs, as being a group, to help architect and control their own destinies. They are inspired to file for their own home office ventures are generally driven to identify and exploit high-potential, john spencer ellis online entrepreneur training business offerings. They are typically obsessed almost all aspects associated with their chosen specialization. Entrepreneurs the itch create a a new life, be their own boss, follow their own path, and shed the restrictions of the 9-to-5 work world. Entrepreneurs get over it ideas-ideas that happen to be often generated by a flash of inspiration and that are frequently overlooked by others. Entrepreneurs are capable to change directions quickly as conditions grow. They can navigate transitions, tolerate uncertainty, and can balance continuity with alteration. Most importantly, they are tenacious! To follow projects through to completion along with give up easily, even in the toughest of time intervals.
By any other name Mindfulness practice can at first seem like an esoteric pursuit. In truth, mindfulness involves little mysticism and has direct tie-ins with the real world. Though usually seen as a tool for Buddhist spiritual practice, mindfulness practice extends beyond the spiritual realm readily maps into experiences in the mundane world. Mindfulness is simply bringing one’s attention to the here and now. No doubt this skill is useful for everyday life. It is quite easy to lose oneself in the fast paced world and forget to take some time to just live. Forgetting to be in the present is enough of a problem we use a cliché as a reminder to live in the moment: “stop and smell the roses.” While the origins of the phrase are nebulous, this bit of cultural wisdom embodies quintessential mindfulness principle of being conscious of the present moment. You have to slow down and be present to experience of the simple pleasure of smelling flowers. In the working world, slowing down is often not an option. Yet, mindfulness principles still apply. Here, mindfulness ideas are paradoxically used for increasing the speed and quantity of work we do. Outside of work, we often need to slow down and just be, but our business lives require that we stay busy and maintain our productivity. In this case, the concept of non-attachment is the more relevant principle. The idea of attention management centers on improving productivity by focusing on the task at hand and consciously ignoring unimportant distractions. Multitudes of distractions and interruptions take focus away from our work tasks. E-mails, instant messages, random co-worker chit chat, worries about family responsibilities, etc. all vie for our attention and interrupt our work flow. That’s not to say that the distractions are necessarily bad, but they can definitely segment our focus and hinder our ability to get things done. In a similar fashion, distracting thoughts constantly flit through our minds, leading us astray from our mindfulness. Learning to recognize and let go of the distracting thoughts is a crucial first step towards being able to stay aware of the present. As a last example, mindfulness in action can often be witnessed by watching athletes at the top of their games. When we see an athlete make a game look effortless against equally physically talented opponents, we know that they’ve reached the special state of being “in the zone.” It is beautiful and awe-inspiring to watch a quarterback rifle passes through a flustered defense, hockey player easily flip shots past a goalie, point guard read the passing lanes, or a martial artist effortlessly counter an opponent. Given fair match ups, it’s not just physical dominance that makes the athletic performances impressive. Rather, it’s the ability of the athlete to be aware of the moment and flow with the conditions in the game. The athlete has achieved a Zen mind to perceive the game better than the opposition. The above examples illustrate how mindfulness can masquerade under different names. They also illustrate that striving for Zen has value beyond a search for spiritual enlightenment. Mindfulness, under its various guises, has wide applicability to diverse aspects of our lives.
The Role of IP Rights in Green Technologies Innovation The Role of IP Rights in Green Technologies Innovation When it comes to climate change, intellectual property (“IP”) can be a matter of ‘life and death’! In 2013 the World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) joined the fight against global climate change by launching an on-line marketplace for green technology called WIPO GREEN; a platform aimed at accelerating the development and diffusion of green technologies through connecting technology owners and developers with individuals looking to commercialise, license and distribute green technologies to address global environmental challenges. In 2019 WIPO announced that the platform had reached a milestone, 3,000 entries. Once developers have protected their IP there is more incentive to commit the IP to ventures, partnerships, and generally diffuse their potentially-world-changing technologies, while affording them some protection over their own investment. But, can WIPO and the protection of IP rights make a tangible difference in the battle against global climate change? I believe it can and here is why: Patents play a critical role in encouraging innovation and investment of green technologies. Patents provide temporary exclusive rights that enable companies to obtain a part of the added value of their inventions and the investments made, in order to develop and introduce them to market. Additionally, they work as value-signal generators, in particular towards investors and potential partners. Patents underpin several types of technology collaboration and plausible partnerships, which enhance technological diffusion and development. For instance, collaboration between government and startups could help meet the climate challenges while growing small businesses. The University of Cambridge (2019) showed that the patenting activity of new green technology startup companies in the US climbs by over 73% on average every time there is a collaboration with a government agency towards green-tech development. Granted patents also go some way to justifying investment in technology. With every patent published, the recompilation of the patents becomes a library with the most innovative and strong information regarding the newest technologies. It becomes a collection of information and knowledge that can be used by other entities in the regionalization of technologies, as, for example, technology developed in the UK related to solar energy that can be adapted to solar energy-fluent countries like Egypt and Libya. Trade secrets are a key element on green technology diffusion in every country. Trade secrets are comprised of confidential information that is either unsuitable for patenting or is tactically protected as trade secrets as an alternative to patenting. It is invariably commercially valuable. Trade secrets play a key role of safeguarding the channels for know-how exchanges by generating a safe setting for the diffusion of proprietary knowledge. For instance, the US Government has taken action over the appropriation of proprietary trade secrets by Chinese entities from renewable energy companies including SolarWorld and the American Superconductor Corporation. Trade secrets often protect tacit knowledge related to the processes of implanting, improving and adapting patented technologies. Trade secrets relating to green technologies is likely to be crucial for both developed and developing countries that need to adapt green technologies according to their local conditions. Without effective trade secrets protection, companies could find that they are spending significant resources on the physical protection of their secrets, instead of investing in technological innovation. There is a proven existing positive correlation between R&D investment and stronger trade secrets protection. IP works as a source of invention and diffusion through Open Innovation. Green technology often falls within the bracket of “open innovation”; where companies work with external stakeholders and collaborators to enhance innovation. As there is often a high degree of complexity regarding environmental technologies, and due to the global scope of climate change and environmental concerns, open innovation supported by strong IP rights protection is required to amplify the invention and diffusion of these technologies. Collaborative agreements that involve the public and private sector, along with research institutions and organizations, have had success in the stimulation of developments and diffusion of green technologies. WIPO Green is one of these agreements. Another is the Eco-Patents Commons initiative by IBM, Nokia, Sony and Pitney Bowes. Established in 2008, this not-for-profit initiative provides royalty-free access to a range of patents covering environmentally friendly inventions with the purpose of encouraging the diffusion of valuable green technologies; these include energy conservation, pollution prevention, recycling, water conservation, among other technologies. Stronger IP rights on green technologies enable scalability. The Clean Energy Patent Growth Index reported an upwards trend in green patents applications globally since the early 2000’s, with the majority focusing on alternative and renewable energy sources, including wind, sun, geothermal, hybrid vehicles and biofuels. A clear example is related to the newly granted patent of French green chemistry company Carbios: a biotechnological process that enables PET plastic waste recycling. IP protection enables green technology creation, adaptation and distribution. Non-renewable resources are finite, and climate change is a reality. It is necessary to adopt a change towards a more sustainable lifestyle based on green technologies, which is part of the development of new global environmental policies – stronger protection of IP rights is an integral part of this process. What can we do? Metis Partners IP Valuation teams have already seen first-hand how identifying, protecting and valuing core IP has helped green tech companies both invest in further R&D and diffuse their tech through partnerships and co-initiatives. We valued “green IP” to help: • Raise additional finance for a green tech company to bring a prototype to market; • Raise growth finance using core IP as collateral, particularly our experience helping with valuing IP assets of a sustainable urban farming company; • Facilitate a joint green initiative by ring-fencing and valuing IP that was to be committed to the venture; and, • Prevent innovative IP from being lost; by selling IP assets from insolvency to enable the tech to be commercialised rather than losing the investment in green made to date. For example, we valued and sold the IP assets of CatalySystems, an innovative water decontamination technology; and selling the assets of a wind turbine servicing company. Author: Jorge Orendain, Analyst Tel: +44 (0)141 353 3011
Location:Home > news > What can I do to prevent static shock? What can I do to prevent static shock? Time:2016-11-17 02:48Shoes websites Click: What prevent static shock A Staff Report from the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board What can I do to prevent static shock? March 20, 2003 Dear Straight Dope: I am having a very Pavlovian experience. In my office I am constantly getting shocked. My clothes are so full of static they're sticking to me like they're wet. After weeks of this I'm now afraid to touch door knobs and filing cabinets. Coworkers brush past me and get shocked. What's going on here? I wear rubber-soled shoes and everything. I've tried licking my fingers before touching metal and that didn't make a difference. Any advice? — ayelet_hines My first piece of advice is to stop wearing rubber shoes. Rubber has a strong tendency to accumulate charge when rubbed against certain fabrics, and if your office is carpeted, that might be the culprit. You probably thought that rubber would protect you, being an insulator, but a static shock doesn't need to travel through your feet. If your skin is at a different electric potential than, say, the doornob you touch, a current will travel between your hand and the knob without needing to pass through anything else. My second piece of advice is that whenever you're going to be touching anything which might shock you, get a key or coin or similar metal object out of your pocket, and touch it with that first. It's not actually the current which hurts in a typical static shock, it's the arc of current through the air. If you make contact with a key, then the arc won't need to make contact with your skin, so it won't hurt. The final thing to keep in mind is that you don't want to be insulated, you want to be grounded, so that any static charge drains away rather than accumulates. One way to do this is by using an anti-static mat under your computer, assuming you have a computer. The mat has a wire that connects to any handy earth ground (a properly wired three-prong electrical outlet provides such a ground). You can also get anti-static wrist straps, but they're more cumbersome--routine contact with the mat ought to be sufficient to discharge static buildup. You can purchase anti-static mats and straps at a computer store. Comment on this answer Copyright infringement? Click Here!
Kidney transplant The donated kidney may be from: The healthy kidney is transported in a special solution that preserves the organ for up to 48 hours. This gives the health care providers time to perform tests to ensure that the donor's and recipient's blood and tissue match. If you are donating a kidney, you will be placed under general anesthesia before surgery. This means you will be asleep and pain-free. Surgeons today can often use small surgical cuts with laparoscopic techniques to remove the kidney. People receiving a kidney transplant are given general anesthesia before surgery. Kidney transplant surgery takes about 3 hours. People with diabetes may also have a pancreas transplant done at the same time. This can add another 3 hours to the surgery. Why the Procedure Is Performed A kidney transplant may NOT be done if you have: Specific risks related to this procedure include: Before the Procedure You will be evaluated by a team at the transplant center. They will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for a kidney transplant. You will have several visits over a period of several weeks or months. You will need to have blood drawn and x-rays taken. Tests done before the procedure include: For adults, the amount of time you spend on a waiting list is not the most important or main factor in how soon you get a kidney. Most people waiting for a kidney transplant are on dialysis. While you are waiting for a kidney: After the Procedure If you have received a donated kidney, you will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 to 7 days. You will need close follow-up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 to 2 months. Outlook (Prognosis) Almost everyone feels that they have a better quality of life after the transplant. Those who receive a kidney from a living related donor do better than those who receive a kidney from a donor who has died. If you donate a kidney, you can most often live safely without complications with your one remaining kidney. Review Date: 4/2/2019
Four types of fibroids There are four types of fibroids and these are: Subserosal fibroids Submucosal fibroids Cervical fibroids Causes of fibroids Experts cannot come to a common consensus about why fibroids occur. During a woman's reproductive years her estrogen and progesterone levels are high. When estrogen levels are high, especially during pregnancy, fibroids tend to swell. When estrogen levels are low fibroids may shrink, e.g. during a woman's menopause. Heredity may also be a factor. Women whose mothers and/or sisters have/had fibroids have a higher risk of developing them too. Symptoms of uterine fibroids Most women have no symptoms. That is why most patients with fibroids do not know they have them. When symptoms do develop, they may include: Anemia (as a result of heavy periods) Discomfort in the lower abdomen (especially if fibroids are large) Frequent urination Heavy painful periods Pain in the legs Painful sex Swelling in the lower abdomen (especially if fibroids are large) Other possible symptoms of uterine fibroids include : Labor problems Pregnancy problems Fertility problems Repeated miscarriages Diagnosis of fibroids An ultrasound scan can often be used to diagnose fibroids. Trans-vaginal scan Treatments for fibroids If the woman has no symptoms and the fibroids are not affecting her day-to-day life she may receive no treatment at all. Even women who have heavy periods and whose lives are not badly affected by this symptom may also opt for no treatment. During the menopause symptoms will usually become less apparent, or disappear altogether as the fibroids usually shrink at this stage of a woman's life. When treatment is necessary it may be in the form of medication or surgery. Treating fibroids with medication GnRHA (gonadotropin released hormone agonist), administered by injection. GnRHAs make the woman's body produce much lower quantities of estrogen, which makes the fibroids shrink. GnRHA stops the woman's menstrual cycle. It is important to remember that GNRHAs are not contraceptives, and they do not affect a woman's fertility when she stops treatment. GNRHAs are also very helpful for women who have heavy periods and discomfort in their abdomen. GNRHAs may have menopause-like symptoms as their main side-effect, this might include hot flashes (UK: flushes), a tendency to sweat more, and vaginal dryness. Although thinning of the bones ( osteoporosis ) is also a possible side-effect, it is rare. GnRHAs may be administered to the patient before surgery in order to shrink the fibroids. GNRHAs are for short-term, not long-term use. GNRHAs combined with HRT (hormone replacement therapy) are sometimes prescribed to prevent menopause-like symptoms. Other drugs may be used to treat fibroids; however, they are less effective for larger fibroids. These include: Tranexamic acid These are presented in tablet form and are taken by the patient from the day pre menstrual period starts for up to 4 days. This is done each month. If symptoms do not improve within three months the patient should stop taking this medication. Tranexamic acid helps blood in the uterus clot, which reduces bleeding. A woman's fertility will not be affected by this treatment as soon as it is over. Anti-inflammatory drugs These medications are taken for a few days during the patient's menstrual period. They may include such drugs as mefanamic and ibuprofen. Anti-inflammatory medications reduce the amount of prostaglandins the body produces. Prostaglandins are hormones which are associated with heavy periods. These drugs are also painkillers. They do not affect a woman's fertility. The contraceptive pill These are used to stop menstruation from occurring. LNG-IUS (Levonorgestrel intrauterine system) This is a plastic device which is placed inside the uterus. LNH-IUS releases levonorgestrel (progestogen hormone). This hormone stops the lining of the uterus from growing too fast, which effectively reduces bleeding. One of the side-effects of this treatment is irregular bleeding for up to six months, headaches , breast tenderness, and acne . In very rare cases it can stop the woman's periods. Surgery to treat fibroids Hysterectomy - removing the uterus. This is only ever considered if the fibroids are very large, or if the patient is bleeding too much. Hysterectomies are sometimes considered as an option to stop recurrences of fibroids (stop them coming back). Hysterectomies have two possible side-effects: 1. Reduced libido. 2. Early menopause. Myomectomy - the fibroids are surgically removed from the wall of the uterus. This option is more popular for women who want to get pregnant (as opposed to a hysterectomy). Women with large fibroids, as well as those whose fibroids are located in particular parts of the uterus may not be able to benefit from this procedure. UAE (Uterine Artery Embolization) - this treatment stops the fibroid from getting its blood supply. UAE is generally used for women with large fibroids. UAEs effectively shrink the fibroid. A chemical is injected through a catheter into a blood vessel in the leg - it is guided by X-ray scans. Magnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery -" an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan locates the fibroids, and then sound waves are aimed at them. This procedure also shrinks the fibroids. Complications associated with fibroids It is important to stress that in the vast majority of cases fibroids do not result in complications for patients. However, for a tiny minority they do. Complications may include: Menorrhagia (heavy periods) - the most common complication being a disruption of the woman's ability to function normally when periods are present, and also the possibility of depression because of this. In some cases, menorrhagia can lead to anemia and fatigue. Abdominal pains - if the patient's fibroids are large she may experience swelling and discomfort in the lower abdomen. She may also have a sensation of being constipated. Some women with large fibroids say their bowel movements are painful. Premature birth, labor problems, miscarriages - as estrogen levels rise significantly during pregnancy, and as estrogen can speed up fibroid growth, some women may experience early labor, miscarriages or complications during labor. Infertility - in some cases fibroids can make it more difficult for the fertilized egg to attach itself to the lining of the uterus. A fibroid that grows outside the uterus (submucosal fibroid) may change the uterus' shape, making it harder for the woman to get pregnant. Leiomyosarcoma - this is extremely rare. This is a form of cancer, and it can develop inside the fibroids.
Tuesday, February 9, 2016 Absolutely, Holes are Relative This blog is normally about what computer programmers can/should learn from philosophers. Occasionally though, there is a posting like this about what philosophers can learn from programmers... In An Introduction to Ontology[1], there is a discussion about whether holes “exist” (where “exist” has a technical Philosophical meaning). In laying out the pros/cons of defining a hole as a region of space, the (fatal?) flaw with the approach is claimed to be that, when the thing that had the hole in it (say a pair of jeans) moved to the next room, the hole wouldn’t/couldn’t move because it was defined as a particular region of space. I, as a computer programmer, am left dumbfounded that anyone would make the definition of a hole be an absolute region of space, any more than they would define the geometry of each leg in the jeans as being an absolute region of space. As modeled in typical vector drawing logic, the legs and the hole would each simply be a “part” of the jeans entity. Each part typically has attributes defining its contents (often simplified to just its color), so the left leg is denim/blue and the hole is void/transparent. Alternatively, the hole can be thought of as a “subtractive” part which simplifies the description of the geometry of things that have holes. (Beware of saying “that just simplifies the math but it isn’t real” because that's what they said when Copernicus noted that the math was simpler if planets orbited the sun rather than everything orbiting the earth). CAD/CAM systems often model things as having parts known as features[2], which include not only subtractive “passages” (two openings, i.e. holes), but also subtractive “depressions” (one opening, i.e. dents) and subtractive “voids” (zero openings, i.e. completely enclosed). These are in addition to additive “protrusions”, “connectors” and “stand-alone volumes”. Don’t think a protrusion is an entity (or at least a part)? Don’t peninsulas exist? So, just as no one has a problem with saying that the leg part of the jeans is a cylinder whose location is relative to the parent jeans, there should be no problem saying that the hole is passage relative to the parent left leg (just over the knee). After all, isn’t a hole always a hole in something? (yes, I know there is philosophical debate about this, like everything else). The real head-scratcher, for me, is why it is apparently so non-obvious to the philosopher, that the textbook on this stuff simply ends the a-hole-is-a-region-of-space discussion with “this theory gets it thoroughly wrong”. There is no mention of “you know, there is a trivial rebuttal to that objection”. But that is why occasionally this blog has posts about what Philosophers can learn from Programmers. [2] Parametric and Feature-Based CAD/CAM, Shah/Mantyla, 1995, Section 7.3.1 Form Feature Schema
Detoxification is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. Additionally, it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification) • Ethanol is metabolised in liver with ADH, which oxidises ethanol to acetaldehyde. The latter is a toxic substance and can cause tissue damage, therfore, it must be further oxidised by ALDH to form a non-toxic product, acetate. • Ethanol can be an addictive substance. Why is ethanol metabolism catagorized as catabolism? Could it also be detoxification (according to the assumptions above)? Why not? Is ethanol metabolism a catabolic metabolic pathway because it provides NADH and acetate (which can be activated to acetyl-CoA) for anabolic reactions? Or is there another reason? These are somewhat loosely defined terms, but I would say catabolism is any metabolic process that extracts energy from a substrate. Ethanol conversion to acetate (via alcohol dehydrogenase; see this schematic) is an oxidative pathway which extracts energy in the form of NADH, so yes, it is a catabolic pathway. I guess you can also call this process detoxification, since it removes a (mildly) toxic metabolite. Anyway, I think the "classification" of a pathway is less important than understanding the actual biochemistry. Your Answer
Page images and English subjects; the whole thing was said to be engineered by the German Government. lt is believed, notwithstanding the avowed reasons given at the time, that the real object of the undertaking, on the part of its principal promoter, was to test the elasticity of the Monroe doctrine. Germany, it is supposed, wanted to ascertain the possibility of acquiring territory either on the mainland, or, preferably, the rich and fertile island of Maragarita, to satisfy her longings for Colonial expansion. But at this moment the United States became excited and stepped in, claiming that the Monroe doctrine would not allow of any landing of forces, nor of any permanent occupation of territory. The fleets withdrew after a few desultory bombardments of practically defenceless seaports, the sinking of a few obsolete small craft constituting the Venezuelan navy, and the killing of a few helpless Venezuelans on board of the sunken ships and ashore. ln this retrospect one should not forget that a German man-of-war, the "Panther," was prevented from entering the lake of Maracaibo through the plucky action of a Venezuelan captain, who, with a gun of ancient description, but with a most modern aim, induced the courageous German commander, after two fruitless attempts, in each of which his hull received a cannon shot, to turn his course northwards again, to the open sea. in the present instance the Dutch Government—so the ever truthful and well-informed daily newspapers inform us—have received permission from the United States to blockade the Venezuelan ports, but have been forbidden to invade the territory, and consequently to seize any portion of it. This prohibition is as superfluous as might be the injunction to a private individual, on allowing him to walk up and down in front of the lions at the foot of the Nelson monument in Trafalgar Square, not to take them home with him upon his shoulders. And the reason is obvious. The invasion of Venezuela would be no mean task for a great military Power, and as for the Dutch it is absolutely beyond their power. The invasions of small countries, as recent history shows, are apt to become most unpleasant and painfully surprising undertakings to the powerful; the experience of the Americans in the Philippine islands, of England in South Africa, and of the French in Madagascar and Morocco is to the point. in his differences from the United States Castro has scored. Amongst the principal motives of contention was the dispute anent certain asphalt lakes or deposits, in which American citizen* claimed to have been flagrantly defrauded of their rights by the Venezuelan despot. An enterprising American periodical sent a well-known American journalist to Venezuela to make an independent investigation of the questions at issue. Mr. Richard Harding Davis, who was selected for the performance of the task, reported in his articles, which were published in New York, that it was not a quarrel between honest and upright Americans and a rascally Government. According to him rascality, in all possible shapes and forms, was rampant on both sides, and the black pitch of the lake, he said, had besmeared not only the Venezuelan Government and its officials, but many Americans in all walks of life, social and political, merchants, bankers, promoters, members of Congress, and even higher personages. After threats that went as far as the announcement of an ultimatum, the anger of the White House subsided; later on diplomatic relations between the two countries were suspended, and whatever the intentions of Mr. Root and Mr. Roosevelt may be, Castro still reigns unmolested and nndaunted, as the Dutch incident clearly demonstrates. The Venezuelan explanation of the surprising tameness of the American Government in the asphalt disputes with Venezuela, and of a similar spirit of forbearance on the part of the French Government in its dispute about the Franco-Venezuelan cable, is that Castro holds documents that would fix most unsavory responsibilities on influential American and French politicians. Hlnc lllae lacrimae. Some Dutch official has been reported as saying that the time has come to decide whether Castro or the outraged conscience of the civilized world is to prevail. That is the rub. Who is to bell the cat, even in the absence of the pretended damning documents held by Castro? The rivalries and antagonisms of interests and ambitions amongst the Great Powers, and the touchiness of the United States in all matters affecting Latin America, are a bulwark of protection for Castro, who knows wherein his own strength lies, and acts accordingly. As regards his own people it is to be assumed that they are not happy. Castro is a despot, and as irresponsible and unscrupulous as ever despot was. He maintains some semblance of constitutional government in the outward form. The country is divided into federal sections, so-called sovereign states, as is the United States of America; there are State Legislatures and a National Congress, but there is no Governor of a state, nor member of the Legislatures or of the Congress, either in the Upper or the Lower House, who The Saturday Review. dares call his soul his own, and all parliamentary action either in the sections or in the National Assembly is characterized by a most suspicious unanimity. With Castro, as with his various fellow despots in the neighboring countries, the exercise of public power is a personal business for personal ends. All the industries that are susceptible of it are converted into grinding monopolies, which are given to the favorites and accomplices in the work of spoliation, and the rights thus granted are violated whenever it suits Castro's convenience, even though they be held by foreigners, as was proved by the recent repeal of the match and salt monopolies owned in England. The result of all this to the welfare of the people may be easily imagined; yet the people can do nothing: they are absolutely helpless, for Castro has the army with him, and the army is the one decisive element of government in countries like Venezuela. We will mention one more anomaly in this tangle of incomprehensible social and political conditions. lt is true that Castro is hated by the people of Venezuela; it is true that at home the slightest sign of discontent, or of remonstrance, would be heavily punished; it is true that the only newspapers allowed are those that sing exclusively hymns of praise of Castro, of his greatness, of his ability, of his magnanimity; yet, were Venezuela attacked in earnest by a foreign Power, Castro would at once find himself acclaimed as the hero of the national defence. What is to be the end of it all? Some people take a pleasure in waste. it gives them a momentary but distinct sense of happiness to waste something, and the delight of wasting figures largely in youthful dreams of prosperity. "Enough money to throw away!" The phrase expresses literally many men's notion of desirable riches. it is very unreasonable, if one thinks of it, to wish for more money than we desire to use, give, or leave; but human nature is unreasonable, and hoarding and wasting both seem instinctive in many natures. Some children show a love of destruction for which it is impossible to account, and others a keenness in adding to any form of collection, though of the least attractive object, which is equally incomprehensible. We do not, of course, consider that a man takes pleasure in wasting who deliberately calculates that certain economies, though desirable in themselves, are not worth the expenditure of time and thought necessary to carry them out. The majority of English"men, each in his separate sphere, have come to this conclusion. A man may set a very false value upon his own time, and grudge thought to his expenditure which might better be given to it; but neither of these mistakes proves that he is capable of the strange sense of enjoyment which we are discussing.—a sensation common among the low-minded and not unknown among very high-minded people. We have been told that it is not uncommon for casual paupers in the various workhouses to insist upon having the last crumb of bread allowed by the law, though they cannot eat it. it gives them positive pleasure that the food should be wasted. Perhaps a clever "casual" might reply to this accusation that he is merely guarding the rights of future paupers with larger appetites than his own. it is, however, more than unlikely that such esprit de corps explains the frequency of the offence, for this is not the only instance in which the tramping class display their love of waste. They will beg importunately of cottagers who they know cannot afford to give them money, but who often do not like to refuse food, and then when they have got what perhaps the giver can ill spare they throw it away. Whether it gives them a momentary sense of affluence to feel that they have got more than they want, or whether the wasteful act is but an expression of that lawlessness which finds a further and even more repulsive expression in abstinence from the good custom of ablution, it is impossible to say. Wherever ostentation comes in the pleasure derivable from waste is in part explained; but even then it is not altogether comprehensible. That a man should be proud of his wealth we can all understand, and that he should seize upon the readiest method of displaying it is natural enough; but how can we account for the fact that his dependents like to watch him doing it? One could readily believe that the sight of waste should produce bitterness in persons of small means whose work in life obliged them to watch it, but it seems incredible that it should produce admiration. it is undeniable, however, that a great many domestic servants think more of their employers because they waste, and people who would not steal a pin take a pleasure in systematic improvidence. Perhaps it is possible in a roundabout manner to connect this feeling with a good quality. Servants identify themselves with their employers in an admirably loyal manner, and are pleased when the glory of the householder glorifies the household, and the sad thing is that their conception of what reflects honor should be so mistaken. Love of power, and admiration for power in the abstract, are inevitable. Money gives power, and vulgar people enjoy and admire it as displayed in waste, just as wicked people do in cruelty. Possibly, also, the bringing up of servants too often leads them to connect economy with poverty, and poverty with squalor. Sometimes in their delight at being rid of the last they thoughtlessly banish the first. Employers not seldom descant upon the difficulty of persuading servants to care for their masters' goods as they would care for their own. But it has to be remembered that in the eyes of a wasteful servant there is something ideal about the ability to waste. He treats his employer's goods as he thinks he would treat his own if he were as rich as he takes that employer to be. There may be excuses for all the enjoyment of waste which we have been considering, but, take it as a whole, it is a low feeling condemned by the best individuals of every class. Good servants and good workmen intend at least to make the most of everything, and many of them are genuinely scandalized by wanton wastefuiness. Not long ago the present writer observed a respectable working woman having tea in a confectioner's shop. Before pouring out her tea she began to stir the pot, which was half full of tea-leaves. "Why, there's enough for six!" she exclaimed in genuine dismay. "How sinful!" But the really interesting thing about the love of waste is that there are high-minded people who cannot deny that they understand it,—that they can conceive the pleasure, because they have felt it. As a rule, however, the agreeable sensation of which they are conscious only follows upon the wasting of money. To put a loaf of bread upon the fire would give them the keenest pain, but they are tempted to throw away the price of many loaves. The other day the present writer heard a man of the highest character, incapable of contracting debts, who has worked hard all his life, has known the want of money, and has never been extraordinarily rich, admit that, having dropped a sovereign, he had felt the temptation to gratify an instinct by not picking it up. This, no doubt, is an extreme instance; but in a lesser degree we do not think that the feeling is uncommon. About smaller coins have not many of us felt it? ls there not more than one person among our readers who, having dropped some pence in a railway train, has groped after them solely for fear he should appear ostentatious, or should pain some poor person, or set a bad example to some boy, and who, had he been alone, would have experienced a slight sense of pleasure in leaving them where they were? Or, to take a still smaller instance, have not many of us walked through a town after being for some while in the country, and been suddenly astonished, and rather ashamed, to find ourselves gazing into shop-windows, our whole minds set upon buying something,—not longing for the beautiful things we could not afford, not seeking any definite article whatever, but simply desiring to exchange the loose money in our pockets for something—anything—else; in fact, actually bent upon experiencing the pleasure of waste? The most determined self-ridicule is impotent to prevent the constant recurrence of this curious instinct in those in whom it is inherent. What is the origin cf this feeling? is the mind of the man who is thus tempted to waste throwing back to some spendthrift great-grandfather? Possibly; but we think the source of the feeling is further to seek. There is something of the savage in us all. in the men and women who feel strongly this temptation to waste money the connection between coin and commodities is not very close. With their brains they know the worth of money, in abstract questions of finance they often show astonishingly good sense, and in large sums they may even be somewhat close; but in some subconscious region of their minds they are not yet conTlie S[>wtntor. vinced of the representative character of dirty bits of metal. They please that simpler self when they refuse to take the slightest trouble to recover a missing shilling, and they feel a secret gratification, rising to the level of a conscious sensation of pleasure, when they exchange a bit of dull silver or copper for any less unattractive object . It is natural for British opinion to be moved by surprise, at least as much as by pleasure, at the spectacle of the entertainment of the American battle fleet in the great Australian ports, and the unbounded warmth of its reception by the people and the statesmen of the Commonwealth. The demonstration is said to have been more cordial than the greeting to the Prince of Wales at the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament, and is compared with the frenzy of emotion with which Paris received the sailors of the Russian fleet. Mr. Deakin, the head of the Commonwealth Ministry, admits that the visit was arranged, and that it was designed by him to enforce a policy on which he and other Australian statesmen have long been at issue with the Imperial Government, namely, the creation of an Australian Navy. The "Westminster Gazette," indeed, points out that Mr. Deakin did not, as Renter's report indicated, invoke the example of the American Navy as an incitement to Australia to build another such fleet as the only means of securing her against "outside injustice and injury." He only appealed for the building of a Navy "which would rank in time among the real defence forces of the Empire." But even in the modified version the speech strikes us as a somewhat sensational development of the march of colonial self-government. We are on the best terms with the United States; had our relationship been cold and strained, the visit would not have taken place. But it seems to us strong measure for an Australian statesman to use a foreign fleet as a means of forwarding a project which is not approved by the Admiralty, and is regarded by them as an entirely wrong development of Imperial Defence. Mr. Deakin is still fighting his battle for an Australian Navy. The Admiralty support, as they are bound to support, the opposite policy of Colonial aids to the great force which guarantees the safety of Australasian territory, of a unified command, and of concentration on the seas which wash these shores. It is clear that Mr. Deakin rejects these theories, so far as they hamper his view of Australian naval policy. He uses the American fleet—"the last word in the art of naval construction," as he calls it—as a plea for the "creation" of a separate Australian scheme of "naval defence." As we have no real control over Australian policy, it is certain that Mr. Deakin will prevail, especially as Canada cherishes a like ambition for itself. The Australian subsidy of £240,000 to the Imperial Navy will be withdrawn, and a small, and entirely useless, Australian squadron will take its place. « PreviousContinue »
War Of The Worlds Essay 1611 words - 6 pages ISP "But if our hopes are betrayed, if we are forced to resist invasion of our soil, and to defend our threatened homes, this duty however hard it maybe be, will find us armed and resolved upon the greatest sacrifices." (King Albert II) While King Albert was referring to the battle for Belgium's independence against Germans in WWI, this statement could equally apply to War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells. War of the Worlds functions as a warning to mankind. Human civilization is a thin veneer. When humanity is faced with a crisis, human nature devolves and civilization unravels. Human society reverts to primitive survival mentality when social structure fails. The military and law enforcement failed to protect and serve the citizens, the government failed to spread the word of the Martian invasion to their people, and the humans themselves fail to stay civil. In War of the Worlds, by H.G. Wells, the military and law enforcement in the face of a crisis abandoned all their responsibilities in an attempt to protect its citizens and ultimately failed in protecting the people. This led to the eventual collapse of society. When the civilians in London first hear of the arrival of the aliens, panic ensues. In fact, "By ten o'clock the police organization, and by midday even the railway organizations, were losing coherency, losing shape and efficiency, guttering, softening, running at last in that swift liquefaction of the social body" (Wells 191). Human reliance on the military during a crisis is too strong and since the humans relied on the military to destroy the Martians, it ultimately leads to panic and chaos in the city of London. When faced with the danger of the approaching Martians, the citizens of London lost all respect, politeness and courteousness and returned to their survival instincts. When the second cylinder arrives on Earth, the military starts to worry of a possible invasion. The military acts pre-maturely and decides to shell the second cylinder before it opens. This act has shows no prevail. The military then starts to fire their guns on the first Martians. This angers the Martians, which invokes them to start firing back with their heat ray killing many people. This is where the war initially starts. "About three o'clock there began the thud of a gun at measured intervals from Chetsey or Addlestone. I learned that the smouldering pine-wood into which the second cylinder had fallen was being shelled., in the hope of destroying that object before it opened" (Wells 143). This shows how the military starts to act impatiently and recklessly. These acts ultimately lead to the Martian attack and the deaths of millions of innocent people. When faced with a crisis the military acted in a reckless way jeopardizing its citizens. "Failure to prepare. Prepare to fail." (Roy Keane) The governments failure to prepare and to plan set them up for failure right from the start. Their inability to act responsibly and their abandoned reason is what led to... Find Another Essay On War of The Worlds Essay The War of the Worlds Essay 1138 words - 5 pages The War of the Worlds When earth is invaded, what will happen? Great science fiction novels explore many scenarios like this. The likelihood of an Alien invasion is still a highly talked about topic in science fiction today. But none approach the subject of alien invasions like The War of the Worlds. When looking for a science fiction novel a reader has a wide array of books to choose from. One would want to choose a classic science fiction The War of the Worlds Essay 1683 words - 7 pages In H.G. Wells’ works, The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine; these were claimed to be his greatest novels published. 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Introduction to Angular 101 AngularJS is a modern JavaScript framework from Google commonly used to work with Single Page Applications (SPAs). AngularJS is open sourced under MIT license, and the development progress of AngularJS can be followed on its GitHub repository. What is Angular? Angular is a JavaScript framework – a higher-level abstraction of JavaScript functions designed to make writing JavaScript simpler and easier. It’s also its own development pattern, and can change the way you shape and build your applications. While Angular has many abstractions to lower level JavaScript methods, it does not have the sheer number of functions that jQuery does, so you will frequently see them side by side, jQuery within Angular. Instead of being a multipurpose collection of lower-level JavaScript functions, Angular provides a new way of organizing and running your JavaScript by allowing your HTML to be dynamic and react to data. Comparing the workflow environments of vanilla JavaScript (JavaScript with no framework) or a jQuery environment to that of Angular could be described as the difference between carrying water with a bucket or building an irrigation system. Using vanilla JavaScript or jQuery, data and states are carried through from databases or user inputs to be represented by the view. The view is then modified directly with specific, action-based thinking. Angular, by contrast, functions more like building channels by which your data can flow to the view, and the view reacts to the data that it is given instead of needing to be influenced by direct command-based lines of code. So thinking about the root components of Angular can be more easily related to plumbing. • Services are like the initial valves that lead to the water source. They exist primarily to feed data into the pipeline. • Controllers are like the pipes that control the water flow to and from the Services. • View Templates are like the faucets, they exist to consume the data and react accordingly. Why Angular? There are many choices available to you for application development, so you ask yourself – “Do I use MVC (model-view-controller) or MVVM (model-view-viewmodel)? Server-side or client-side rendering?” Even in JavaScript, there are numerous methods of developing applications available, from vanilla JavaScript (JavaScript with no framework) and jQuery to Knockout and React. So why choose Angular? Let’s consider a common use case. You have an application with a database. You want to be able to send updates to the database, and search the database for content. If you use vanilla JavaScript or jQuery, you will have to bind events to send the data, bind the outputs to the DOM, and update the DOM every time the data changes. Angular is essentially a whole new paradigm of JavaScript programming. In the past, DOM updates were performed manually, and data contracts were managed manually. Angular does all of that heavy lifting for you, checking and updating the DOM with each $digest cycle. The $digest cycle is the function to update the DOM that Angular calls whenever the data is updated. This function enables you to construct your application without considering the DOM. For more information, refer to the $digest() section within the documentation for $rootScope.Scope located at, Think of Angular as HTML on steroids. With Angular, you can create your HTML with the data components built in. Once you hook the data components up to controllers and services, the DOM adjusts according to the data (without the need for cumbersome manual updates) as the user interacts with your application. In addition, Angular code is constructed with modules that can be easily injected into each other, so that you can build independently functioning, reusable components. It takes a bit to get used to the Angular way of thinking. If you are a traditional JavaScript programmer, you are used to the workflow of “Get data; change the DOM.” Instead, consider what you want your views to look like, and build them that way, before hooking up the data. It’s a bit different, but in time, many developers have found they prefer this way of working. The Angular workflow separates the data and the views, even though, in essence, Angular completely entwines them. Angular Modules In the most simple terms, an Angular module is nothing more than a container for various parts of your app. Since an Angular app does not have a single point of entry like some environments (such as a Main method in a C application), modules provide the means for defining how the application can be started. Note: Angular uses a Declarative Programming approach to define user interfaces and connect components. In Angular, the word module refers to either an entire Angular application or independent components within that application, such as controllers, services, filters, and directives. The components of Angular modules provide specific functionality via self-contained sections of code. Through the process called Dependency Injection, modules can share variables between one another without having to reuse code. Angular modules are organized by function rather than type. This modular concept helps you better understand the context of the different components, enables more direct access to the modules, and provides more streamlined testing of the modules. Modules provide a number of benefits including: • They may be reused in multiple applications • They can be loaded in any order (or in parallel) • Unit testing need only load the relevant modules, keeping the tests fast Make the switch! Creating Angular Modules This is an example of defining a module in Angular. In this example, the module is assigned to the variable myApp on the left side of the assignment statement. The right side of the assignment is where the module is created, and in this example, is assigned the name "myApp". The empty array [] is where we can inject other modules as necessary. To bootstrap the module, you can use the HTML attribute ng-app='myApp' to bootstrap your app, or you can use the angular.bootstrap('myApp') syntax. You specify the variable name when you bootstrap a module. Note: “Bootstrap” is just a fancy way of saying “configure and start.” To add controllers or other components to the module, reference the variable that you had defined for the module (var myApp in this instance), and then add additional method calls, like so: myApp.controller("myController", [function() {}]); Sometimes in applications, you will see a different following syntax: var myApp = angular.module("myApp", []) .controller("myController", [function() {}]); This syntax is also valid and is often more succinct as you are defining the module rather than chaining that together with the definition of the controller. Dependency Injection Dependency Injection (DI) is a software design pattern that manages how components in a system obtain their dependencies. In Angular, Dependency Injection is responsible for: • Creating components • Maintaining a component’s state • Providing components to other components, as required In Angular, DI allows us to share variables and functions between self-contained modules without having to reuse code, and maintains the state of each component. DI employs the injector, the service object(s) to be used, the client object that is depending on the services it uses, and the interfaces. Note: The Angular injector is used for retrieving services as well as creating the necessary objects for us. The injector introduces the services to the client. Often, it also constructs the client. An injector may connect together a very complex object graph by treating an object like a client, and later, as a service for another client. The injector may actually be many objects working together, but may not be the client. When Angular compiles the HTML, it processes the ng-controller directive, which, in turn, asks the injector to create an instance of the controller and its dependencies. The application code simply declares the dependencies it needs without having to deal with the injector. Angular invokes certain functions, such as service factories and controllers, via the injector. You annotate these functions so that the injector knows what services to inject into the function. These functions are injectable with dependencies, just like the factory functions. The factory methods are registered with the modules. Components such as services, directives, filters, and animations are defined by an injectable factory method or constructor function. These components can be injected with service and value components as dependencies. DI allows a client the flexibility of being configurable. Only the client’s behavior is fixed. The client may act on anything that supports the intrinsic interface the client expects. The client only needs to know about the intrinsic interfaces of the services since these define how the client may use the services. This separates the responsibilities of use and construction. The interfaces are the dependency types that the client expects. You use DI (Dependency Injection) when defining components or when specifying functions to run at configuration and run time for a module by calling the config and run methods. The run method accepts a function, which can be injected with service, value, and constant components as dependencies. Note that you cannot inject providers into run blocks. The config method accepts a function, which can be injected with provider and constant components as dependencies. Note that you cannot inject service or value components into configuration. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. 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Critical Reasoning—on Aggression and Dominance A Question of Definition and Convention Accuracy, Consistency, and Modesty Behavior and emotion are intimately connected, and yet we can only see the former and guess about the latter. Generalizations are troublesome and prone to error. These inherent difficulties combined with poor definitions and sloppy use of the terms can only turn a difficult subject-matter into a nearly impossible one. My suggestion to attempt to remedy this is to formulate accurate definitions, to apply terms consistently, and to be modest in our claims and generalizations, leaving plenty of room for alternative hypothesis and improvement. In all fairness, we must appreciate the problem any author faces when attempting to describe an everyday occurrence, like behavior, accurately while living up to a scientific standard; which we frequently register, and convey in daily language. It’s much more difficult than to write a mathematical sentence. “Between a rock and a hard place,” the author tries not to use too many technical terms, which require definitions on their own, putting him or herself at the mercy of everyday language and colloquialisms bound to a myriad of interpretations and misinterpretations. If you’re the author of one of the analyzed statements below, please regard my analysis as an aid. I’m definitely on your side, fully appreciating the burden of the task you so bravely undertook: to define and to explain. Example 1—A Poor Definition Example 1: “In animal behavior, dominance is defined as a relationship between individuals that is established through force, aggression and submission in order to establish priority access to all desired resources (food, the opposite sex, preferred resting spots, etc.). A relationship is not established until one animal consistently defers to another.” The statement does not tell us explicitly what dominant behavior is, but leaves us guessing that since dominance “is established through force, aggression and submission,” it must be related to these behaviors; but it does not define aggression and submission, which are technical terms. In some cases and for many reasons, most commonly age and experience, it is even the lower ranking (in need of protection) that bestows a higher ranking to the other (it is a “you decide”). Aggressive behavior and dominant behavior are, thus, not the same. A hierarchy maintained employing aggressive behavior tends to be unstable, either because some of the lower-ranking leave the group (estimating that the costs of group membership out-value its benefits), or because they repeatedly challenge the higher ranking. Any hierarchy maintained by dominant behavior tends to be more stable because the lower-ranking individuals have greater benefits at relatively low costs. The sentence “to all desired resources,” is too daring. We would not dare to say ‘all’ and we doubt very much that any individual ever controls ‘all’ desired resources (depending on the number, of course, but ‘all’ suggests many). No hierarchy is ever more consistent than it is regularly subject to changes. Even in established hierarchies, the highest ranking individuals do not always gain access to particular resources on particular encounters. Persistent dominant behavior from one individual toward the same other individual tends to turn their relationship hierarchical, but regular displays of dominant behavior must maintain it. The sentence is not a definition of dominant behavior because to be so we would have to substitute dominance with dominant behavior and aggression with aggressive behavior, and we would get “dominant behavior is established through aggressive behavior,” which does not explain anything. If dominance and aggression are the same, there is no need to call it something else: aggression would do. The term submission seems misplaced: “dominance is established through submission” is a contradiction since one is the antonym of the other. The sentence does not seem to make sense once we begin analyzing it, but we have a hunch of what the problem is: the author is confounding hierarchy with dominance. If we substitute one term by the other, then the sentence makes sense—a relationship can be hierarchical—though, it is still wrong because a hierarchical relationship does not necessarily involve force and aggressive behavior; it can include many other aspects, as we saw. The sentence “A relationship is not established until one animal consistently defers to another,” is misleading. It gives the impression that no relationship at all exists between two individuals unless one consistently defers to the other, which is not true. There are many examples of relationships (most, as a matter of fact), be it between humans, wolves or dogs, where one of the parties does not consistently defer to the other. Quite the contrary, in most stable relationships, both parties consistently defer to one another. In the statement above, and in general, we confound dominance with dominant behavior; we confuse a defining characteristic with an attribute. Likewise, “Bongo is dominant toward Rover (=condition 1) when they find a bone (=condition 2).” More correctly, we should write, “Bongo showed today dominant behavior toward Rover when they found a bone.” We can also say, if it is the case, “Bongo shows, more often than not, dominant behavior toward Rover when they find an edible item.” Bottom line: The statement is not good because: (1) it defies observational data (aggression is not a necessary condition in a dominance relationship). (2) if aggression is a necessary condition, then we do not need to call it dominance, we can directly call it ‘an aggressive relationship’ (or antagonistic if you prefer a nicer name). (3) it is too restrictive (‘all desired resources,’ ‘a relationship is not established,’ ‘consistently defers’). Example 2—A Circular Definition Let us consider another example of a representative sentence, this time about aggression, taken from another article on the Internet. Animals respond to threats (not exclamations), which are aggressive behaviors, by either neutralizing the opponent’s aggressive behavior (pacifying behavior), giving up (displaying active or passive submissive behavior) or fleeing (the most effective energy-saving measure when seriously threatened). When threatened, attacking would be the worst possible strategy. If attacking solves the problem, then the threat was not a threat at all (by definition) because it was not dangerous enough to qualify as such. The only occasion when some animals respond aggressively to threats (not all, some freeze and die) is when pacifying behavior, submissive behavior, and fleeing does not have the desired effect of neutralizing the threatening (aggressive) behavior of an opponent. These are exceptional exceptions. The sentence “Aggression is used to protect the animal through the use of aggressive displays (…)” is circular. Aggression being synonymous with aggressive behavior and display and act with behavior means that the sentence reads, “Aggressive behavior is used to protect the animal through the use of aggressive behavior or protect the animal through aggressive behavior.” Example 3—A Better Definition Let us find out why a third statement, which we also took from the Internet, is much better than the two that we have analyzed above. This statement is not as restrictive as the first one we analyzed. For example, it does not claim aggressive behavior as a necessary condition. It allows for more options. It also says what the defined term is not (“not a personality trait”). Good and Tentative Definitions The art of making a good definition is to find the right balance between too much and too little and to state only the necessary conditions. A too restrictive definition has fewer chances to be adopted than a broader one, and a too broad definition risks losing its defining function. This definition of dominance is more likely to be accepted and adopted by a more significant number of people than the first one. A proper definition defines precisely what it is supposed to define, and nothing else. A good definition gives an if-and-only-if condition for when an object or a term satisfies the definition. It is conclusive and exclusive. A good definition should also involve simpler terms than what we are defining. Sometimes, we are compelled to use working definitions. A working definition is a definition we choose for an occasion and may not fully conform to the final definition. It is a definition at a stage of being developed—a tentative definition that in due time may turn into an established definition. Example 4—A Good Definition It is a good definition because it defines a term including and excluding the necessary conditions. It defines something concrete and observable, not a semantic form (it is easier to define “dominant behavior” than “dominance relationship”). It does not include other terms needing a definition. It contains enough conditions to justify the use of the term—not too few, risking being synonymous with another term, and not too many, risking being too broad and losing its explanatory value. It gives an example of its main characteristics in plain words. It does not presuppose any specialized knowledge of a reader to understand it. It is almost impossible not to agree with this definition unless, of course, one wants the term to describe something completely different (which is another matter altogether). It accepts adjustments and improvements as new data becomes available, the mark of a good definition. In fact, we have modified it numerous times since its inception in the 1980s, thanks to the input of fellow researchers. It’s not the last word on this matter. It is, though, a solid tool to pave our way into increasingly more accurate explanations of a seemingly too complex reality for our brain to grasp. It is not likely that we’ll find the truth, the only truth and nothing but the truth about behavior anytime soon, if ever, but we believe we can come close(r) to it by being meticulous in our observations, strict in our argumentations, modest in our generalizations, and prudent in our conclusions. • Abrantes, R. 2014. Canine Muzzle Grasp Behavior—Advanced Dog Language. • Abrantes, R. 2014. Canine Muzzle Nudge, Muzzle Grasp And Regurgitation Behavior. • Abrantes, R. 2014. Why Do Dogs Like To Lick Our Faces? • Akert, R. M., Aronson, E., & Wilson, T.D. (2010). Social Psychology (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. • Broom, M., Koenig, A., Borries, C. (2009).Variation in dominance hierarchies among group-living animals: modeling stability and the likelihood of coalitions, Behavioral Ecology, Volume 20, Issue 4, 1 July 2009, Pages 844–855, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arp069 • Brown, C. (2015). Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics. Animal cognition, 18(1), 1-17. • Copi, I., et al (2014) Introduction to Logic. Pearson Education Limited. Harlow. • Dawkins, R. (2006) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, USA. • Maynard Smith, J. (1972). Game Theory and The Evolution of Fighting. On Evolution. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-223-9. • Maynard Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. ISBN 0-521-28884-3. • McFarland, D. (1982) The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour. Oxford University Press, Oxford. • McFarland, D. (1998) Animal Behaviour. Benjamin Cummings. 3rd ed.Maynard Smith, J, Harper, D. G. C., Brookfeld, J. F. Y. (1988) The Evolution of Aggression: Can Selection Generate Variability? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 319:557–570. • Nash, J. F. (May 1950). Non-Cooperative Games (PDF). PhD thesis. Princeton University. Retrieved May 24,2015.Nelson, Randy Joe (ed.) (2006). Biology of Aggression. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Yamamoto H, Nagai K, Nakagawa H. (1984). Additional evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the center for regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Brain Res304:237–241. Featured image: Is this head-to-head confrontation a display of aggressive or dominant behavior? We need good definitions to decide correctly for one or the other (photo by unknown). Featured Course of the Week Ethology Ethology studies animal behavior in its natural environment. It is one of the fundamental courses in your curriculum. A reliable knowledge of animal behavior is the basis to create a satisfying relationship with any animal we train. Featured Price: € 168.00 € 89.00 Aggressive Behavior—the Making of a Definition Aggressive and dominant (self-confident) behavior (picture from dogsquad). Aggressive and submissive behavior (not fearful). This is the behavior a cornered dog shows when pacifying, submission and flight don’t work (picture from doggies). Aggressive and submissive behavior (ears down, long mouth, smaller eyes) (picture Cesar’sWay). Growling and snarling are also aggressive behaviors (picture askmen) Contrary to what you might suppose, aggressive behavior is difficult to define. “Lack of agreement regarding definitions of aggressive behavior has been a significant impediment to the progress of research in this area,” writes Nelson in 2005 in his big book ‘Biology of Aggression.’ Why is a good definition necessary? Because only then do we know what we are discussing. I have never been quite satisfied with my own definition, and it nags me, worse than a mosquito bite, when I can’t come up with a good definition. I have often returned to it changing a comma or two to see if it improved. Alas, to no avail, updated versions were marginally better, but not resoundingly so. My original definition, let me remind you, was: “Aggressiveness (or aggressive behavior) is behavior directed toward the elimination of competition. It can range from displays of intent, like growling, roaring and stamping to injuring behavior like biting, staging, kicking.” Not bad, but could be better. I checked many other definitions to analyze their strengths and shortcomings, hoping to get the necessary inspiration to come up with a really good definition. A— “Aggressive behavior is behavior that causes physical or emotional harm to others, or threatens to. It can range from verbal abuse to the destruction of a victim’s personal property.” (www.healthline.com/health/). Not bad, but not precise enough to use in the biological sciences. B— “Aggression is a forceful behavior, action, or attitude that is expressed physically, verbally, or symbolically. It may arise from innate drives or occur as a defense mechanism, often resulting from a threatened ego. It is manifested by either constructive or destructive acts directed toward oneself or against others (Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 8th edition).” Not bad either, though weakened by the passive voice. It recurs to terms needing strong definitions as well, i.e. drive, defense mechanism. Finally, it is a bit too psychological for the evolutionary biologist—what is a threatened ego? C— “Aggression is behavior that is angry and destructive and intended to be injurious, physically or emotionally, and aimed at domination of one animal by another. It may be manifested by overt attacking and destructive behavior or by covert attitudes of hostility and obstructionism. The most common behavioral problem seen in dogs.” (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Aggressive+Behaviour). This one is not good. It is more a list of synonyms (angry, destructive, hostility, obstructionism) than a definition. It mixes concepts together too easily (aggression and domination?). Finally, the most common problem in dogs in our files (over 10,000 of them) is home alone problems, not aggressive (whatever that is) behavior. D— “Aggressive people often uses anger, aggressive body language […] “(http://changingminds.org/techniques/assertiveness/aggressive_behavior.htm). This one, we won’t waste any more time with. A definition that uses the definiendum is not a definition. E— Aggression is a response to something/someone the animal perceives as a threat. Aggression is used to protect the animal through the use of aggressive displays (growling, barking, tooth displays, etc.) or protect the animal through aggressive acts (biting). Aggressive behavior is most frequently caused by fear.” (somewhere on the Internet). This one is not good either. Again, it uses the definiendum in the definition. We miss the definition of threat to be able to analyze the sentence conclusively. More seriously, it states that aggression is caused by fear, which from an evolutionary point of view doesn’t make sense. Fear does not elicit aggressive behavior. It would have been a lethal strategy that natural selection would have eradicated swiftly and once and for all. A cornered animal does not show aggressive behavior because it is fearful. It does so because its natural responses to a fear-eliciting stimulus (pacifying, submission, flight) don’t work. F— “Aggression is defined as behavior which produced or was intended to produce physical injury or pain in another person.” (Nelson, R. .J. 2005. Biology of Aggression. Oxford Univ. Press). This is a much better definition, but it could be more explanatory. So, after yet another round of deliberation, here follows my suggestion. “Aggressive behavior is behavior directed toward the elimination of competition from an opponent, by injuring it, inflicting it pain, or giving it a reliable warning of such impending consequences if it takes no evasive action. It is distinguishable from dominant behavior in as much as the latter does not include harmful behaviors though it may require some degree of forceful measures. Aggressive behavior ranges from reliable warnings of impending damaging behavior such as growling, roaring, and stamping, to injurious behaviors such as biting, staging, and kicking. Predatory behavior is not aggressive behavior.” This is much better than earlier versions, and it complies with all the requirements for a good definition. It defines something concrete and observable. It states a necessary condition to distinguish it from a related technical term, dominant behavior, even explaining a characteristic of the latter. It does not include other terms needing a definition. It includes enough conditions to justify the use of the term, not too few to risk being synonymous with another term, and not too many to risk losing its explanatory value by being too encompassing. It gives examples of what is and is not aggressive behavior. It does not presuppose any special knowledge of the reader to understand it. This is a good definition because it defines the term, including and excluding the necessary conditions. Whether it will be the last word on the matter is another story. I’m sure it won’t. There is always room for improvement. A good definition must also be able to accept reviews imposed by newer discoveries. Until then, I’m happier with this one than with any earlier versions. Aren’t you?
Equipment for Theoretical and Experimental Nuclear Physics Lead Research Organisation: University of Surrey Department Name: Nuclear and Radiation Physics Nuclear physics research is undergoing a transformation. For a hundred years, atomic nuclei have been probed by collisions between stable beams and stable targets, with just a small number of radioactive isotopes being available. Now, building on steady progress over the past 20 years, it is at last becoming possible to generate intense beams of a wide range of short-lived isotopes, so-called "radioactive beams". This enables us vastly to expand the scope of experimental nuclear research. For example, it is now realistic to plan to study in the laboratory a range of nuclear reactions that take place in exploding stars. Thereby, we will be able to understand how the chemical elements that we find on Earth were formed and distributed through the Universe. At the core of our experimental research is our strong participation at leading international radioactive-beam facilities. While we are now contributing, or planning to contribute, to substantial technical developments at these facilities, the present grant request is focused on the exploitation of the capabilities that are now becoming available. Experimental progress is intimately linked with theory, where novel and practical approaches are a hallmark of the Surrey group. An outstanding feature, which is key to our group's research plans and is unique in the UK, is our powerful blend of theoretical and experimental capability. Our science goals are aligned with current STFC strategy for nuclear physics, as expressed in detail through the Nuclear Physics Advisory Panel. We wish to understand the boundaries of nuclear existence, i.e. the limiting conditions that enable neutrons and protons to bind together to form nuclei. Under such conditions, the nuclear system is in a delicate state and shows unusual phenomena. It is very sensitive to the properties of the nuclear force. For example, weakly bound neutrons can orbit their parent nucleus at remarkably large distances. This is already known, and our group made key contributions to this knowledge. What is unknown is whether, and to what extent, the neutrons and protons can show different collective behaviours. Also unknown, for most elements, is how many neutrons can bind to a given number of protons. It is features such as these that determine how stars explode. To tackle these problems, we need a more sophisticated understanding of the nuclear force, and we need experimental information about nuclei with unusual combinations of neutrons and protons to test our theoretical ideas and models. Therefore, theory and experiment go hand-in-hand as we push forward towards the nuclear limits. An overview of nuclear binding reveals that about one half of predicted nuclei have never been observed, and the vast majority of this unknown territory involves nuclei with an excess of neutrons. Much of our activity addresses this "neutron-rich" territory, exploiting the new capabilities with radioactive beams. Our principal motivation is the basic science, and we contribute strongly to the world sum of knowledge and understanding. Nevertheless, there are more-tangible benefits. For example, our radiation-detector advances can be incorporated in medical diagnosis and treatment. In addition, we provide an excellent training environment for our research students and staff, many of whom go on to work in the nuclear power industry, helping to fill the current skills gap. On a more adventurous note, our special interest in nuclear isomers (energy traps) could lead to novel energy applications. Furthermore, we have a keen interest in sharing our specialist knowledge with a wide audience, and we already have an enviable track record with the media. Planned Impact Here we address more specifically the wider community who may benefit from our basic research. A key current topic is that of nuclear security. Here our advanced experimental and theoretical techniques may help to address the needs of the security industry. In this regard we are well connected with AWE plc, including collaborative PhD students. We have recently developed strong links with the National Physical Laboratory, where we enhance their capabilities in radionuclide metrology. Sustainable energy production is another vital issue for society, and nuclear energy has an important role to play. We have made fundamental advances that lead to a better understanding of decay heat in nuclear reactors. Furthermore, our basic studies of both reaction processes and the structure of unstable nuclei may be important for future nuclear energy technologies. Cancer diagnosis and treatment is of great importance. Our radiation-detector advances can lead to improved imaging systems, that benefit cancer and other medical treatments. 10 25 50
Archaeologists rush to save Oregon's Chinese mining sites It was the kind of July day in Eastern Oregon when the dusty air waits for a spark to ignite a fire. In fact, two fires were already burning nearby. Chelsea Rose, clad in black jeans, a black woven cowboy hat and black leather combat boots, was leading a team of U.S. Forest Service employees, archaeologists and volunteers through the backwoods. Two-way radios crackled with fire spotters' updates. Although the fires were still a distance away, another could have started at any minute. Everyone needed to be prepared to evacuate. Rose stepped over felled logs and rutted ground. Piles from a forest thinning operation were scattered throughout the landscape. There was no trail, but Rose didn't need it — she spotted a small, unassuming depression in the ground. "It's a mining ditch, an aqueduct," said Rose, an archaeologist from Southern Oregon University. She turned to follow it after pointing out a large reservoir and a bump in the aqueduct that probably held a gate. Moving water, Rose said, was crucial for gold mining operations. Hand-built aqueducts like this one could stretch for miles, descending steadily across a mountainside. The people who created them are almost certainly dead, but only recently. Many of their children are still alive. Rose works on the Oregon Chinese Diaspora project. She studies the mass immigration of Chinese workers into Oregon, many of who came as miners when Gold Fever hit Oregon in the mid 1800s. At one point, 40% of the residents of Grant County, where Rose is currently excavating, were Chinese. "If you look at the population of Chinese residents (in Grant County), in the 1860s up through the turn of the century, there would be a lot of folks here," Rose said. "There's not now, and there's a reason for that." The reason is the Chinese Exclusion Act, an 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese workers to the United States. It was the first law ever passed that was aimed at blocking a specific ethnic group's entry into the U.S. Their mining claims were taken. Their property was seized and they were prohibited from purchasing new property. Their towns and neighborhoods were torn down. Many moved to urban centers and many more moved back to China. Chinese Americans became a footnote in Oregon's history books. Just because history is recent, doesn't mean it's remembered. But if you know where to look — and Rose does — you can see evidence of Chinese influence all over Oregon. Chinese immigrants built the railroads. Their mines helped prop up the economy of Oregon. They worked in canneries and hop farms. They even changed the shape of the land they lived on, in dramatic ways. "We have very little that comes from Chinese residents themselves," Rose said. "Archaeology is a way to capture that. The artifacts we find in the dirt? They tell stories about choices and opportunities." Eventually, Rose followed the aqueduct to the site of an old mining cabin. A few rotting logs remained in a rough square shape. The site had been disturbed — probably by looters — so artifacts like glass, cans, nails and bits of shovel were strewn throughout the area. This site was just for show. The actual excavation was taking place a quarter-mile away, but here, Rose's volunteers could see snippets of the sorts of things they might find: glass stamped with symbols that link them to companies in China, pieces of pottery, tins of food repurposed as sieves, water filters, and mining tools. When they arrived at the actual site, the excavation began. It was less Indiana Jones and more a meticulous documentation of each and every object in the area. Rose's volunteers spread out, marking the location of every surface artifact with a flag. Then, they took metal detectors and placed a flag everywhere there was a beep. Eventually, the ground was covered with orange and pink flags fluttering in the dry wind. Rose and a collaborator moved from flag to flag, logging the GPS location of each artifact before they ever began excavating. It took all day. The next day, they dug, excavating precisely marked square plots. Anything the team found, they documented, photographing it in the ground before they removed it from the plot. Dirt was carefully scraped and brushed from the plot, layer by meticulous layer, and placed into buckets. Those buckets were then sifted through window screens to reveal even tinier artifacts. Eventually, a portrait of a life revealed itself. Katie Johnson, an archaeologist and GIS specialist on Rose's team at Southern Oregon University, has been documenting pieces of glass bottles found in a hearth. "He had a lot of different oils and sauces," she said. "And some of these, I think, might have had alcohol?" You can learn a lot about a person if you learn how they cooked. Over the course of a week, Rose excavated a number of sites. Each piece, carried thousands of miles across the sea, and from there through inhospitable Oregon desert, can tell a story. "We're looking at the types of things you would bring with you if you left home. Like, they answer, 'What does home mean?'" Rose said, holding up a small piece of blue-green china. "We find these breakable heavy tea pots that are just beautiful things that someone carried with them." It's those fragments of home that tell you who used to live there. They find pieces of bone china: cups and plates and teapots. But not all of these artifacts are eye-catching; some look like trash, something discarded along the road. But the empty cans and food containers from midden piles can tell an archaeologist even more about how someone actually lived. Was the can cut open with a knife or just punctured? That can tell a researcher if it was used to store a liquid, or something large, like pears. The most striking site had a massive stone wall, the remains of a hearth with the bones of animals the residents ate. To the side were a pair of rubber boot soles studded with nails — hob-nails — that Chinese miners would push through the soles of their shoes for traction. These miners came from subtropical areas, Rose said, but they would mine all through the cold Blue Mountain winters, standing knee-deep in frigid water while they worked. The boots kept their feet warm and dry. They were lovingly cared for, probably carried by their owner over hundreds of miles. They were all that stood between the miners and frostbite. There's an urgency to the work Rose and her colleagues are doing in the Malheur National Forest. The threat of wildfire is always present and it's getting worse. The already fire-prone stands of ponderosa pine trees are under threat as human-caused climate change makes wildfires bigger, hotter and more frequent. A grant to the Forest Service aims to mitigate those wildfires by thinning parts of the forests and doing controlled burns. Don Hann, the heritage program manager with Malheur National Forest, said the Forest Service is obligated to protect any archaeological sites on its land. "But we're talking about tiny pieces of clothing, milled wood, pieces of leather and rubber," Hann said. "Any fire, even a small one, can destroy all that history." The race against time is two-fold: These sites need to be documented before they're burned away. And they need to be located before they're destroyed by thinning operations. There's a problem, though. There are no reliable records of the locations of Chinese mines. After the Exclusion Act, many worked off-the-books. But a few years ago, as part of a program to identify areas that are likely to burn in a wildfire, the Forest Service used a low-flying plane to get LIDAR images of the area. LIDAR is an imaging technology that maps the ground with incredible accuracy, catching differences in elevation of just a few inches. For archaeologists, that's all they need. Because the Chinese miners did more than dig for gold: they shaped the landscape. Their aqueducts crisscrossed the mountains for miles. They constructed reservoirs that held and released water in the driest parts of summer. They built streams where there were none, and the massive rock piles left behind after excavations, called tailings, formed mounds as well as deep, miles-long ditches. "Before, we thought we had maybe 1,000 to 2,000 acres of mining area. Now we're looking at 7,000 to 8,000," Hann said. In recent years, a lot of misconceptions about the Chinese in Oregon have been corrected — the extent of the mining operations, who was running the mines. And even when historians began to acknowledge the role the Chinese played in Oregon mining, Hann said many still assumed that Chinese miners were laborers working for white-owned mining companies. But that wasn't the case. They ran their own companies, and as many as 70% of the miners in the area could have been Chinese. "The fact that these populations aren't represented now means that it's even more important for us to understand their historical contribution and acknowledge it," Rose said. "That's how we can start to own up, and make up for the wrongs that were done to these early immigrant populations." Despite all those barriers, though, Chinese people thrived for a time in Oregon. They built infrastructure, established communities and funneled gold into the economy. And then, a suite of policies, targeting one ethnic group, erased much of their history. Racism and animosity did the rest. But it doesn't change their presence. They lived and worked and made friends and built lives, Rose said. "Their stories deserve to be told."
1 Matching Annotations 1. Oct 2019 1. "The Fifteenth Amendment stated that people could not be denied the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This construction allowed states to continue to decide the qualifications of voters as long as those qualifications were ostensibly race-neutral. Thus, while states could not deny African American men the right to vote on the basis of race, they could deny it to women on the basis of sex or to people who could not prove they were literate." Before the 15th amendment women and colored men and women were not allowed to vote but the 15th amendment allowed these privileges and prevented discrimination amongst the rights of someone based on their race and gender and states cannot deny these rights to the people because it is a constitutional law.
Ashcroft, Colorado facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Ashcroft, Colorado Four small old wooden houses seen at some distance with high hills in the background. Houses along Ashcroft's Main Street, 2007 Location Pitkin County, Colorado, United States Nearest city Aspen Area 5 acres (2.0 ha) Built 1879 Governing body United States Forest Service Ashcroft, originally known as Castle Forks City then Chloride until 1882, was a mining town located ten miles (16 km) south of Aspen, Colorado, United States. A few buildings remain standing as a testament to the town's past. Early years In the spring of 1880 two prospectors, Charles B. Culver and W.F. Coxhead left the mining boomtown of Leadville in search of silver deposits in the Castle Creek Valley. Silver was found and Coxhead promoted their discovery with zeal back in Leadville. When he returned to "Castle Forks City," as it had been dubbed, he found that 23 other prospectors had joined "Crazy Culver." Together the men formed a Miners' Protective Association, built a courthouse and laid out the streets in Ashcroft in just two weeks. Each of their association's members paid $5, or one day's work, and $1, to draw for building lots. In all there were 97 members in the Ashcroft Miners' Protective Association. The town was renamed Ashcroft in 1882 after a rich ore strike was uncovered in Montezuma and Tam O'Shanter Mines. The mines were partially owned by H.A.W. Tabor of Leadville mining fame. Reportedly, Tabor and his second wife visited Ashcroft in 1883 and hosted a grand ball and banquet. Tabor also reportedly bought rounds of drinks for everyone in each of the town's 13 saloons. The same year that Tabor visited Ashcroft the town population had risen to around 2,000. Ashcroft was also home to two newspapers, a school, sawmills, a small smelter and 20 saloons. At this point in its history the town was larger than Aspen and closer to the railroad in Crested Butte. By 1885 the town was home to about 3,500 people, had six hotels and 20 saloons. As quickly as the town went boom it went bust. The silver deposits that Culver and Coxhead initially discovered produced 14,000 ounces of silver to the ton at their onset. This production, however, was short-lived as the deposits were shallow. Though there were promises of a rail line to Crested Butte the promises never materialized and investors and workers were lured away to places such as Aspen. In 1884 another rich strike was discovered, this one, however, was in Aspen. This led to the end of the prosperity in Ashcroft as people began moving to Aspen. By 1885 there were only 100 summer residents and $5.60 in the town coffers. By the turn of the 20th century, only a handful of aging, single men lived in Ashcroft. Though they all owned mining claims they spent most of their time fishing and hunting or reading and drinking in a local bar. The men traded stories for drinks and served as an informal employment agency, matching up men with the sporadic remaining work at the mines. Every four years the remaining citizens would hold municipal elections and choose officers from amongst themselves. The town's last resident, Jack Leahy, died in 1939, making Ashcroft an official ghost town. Renewed interest The 1930s saw a new flurry of interest in the village, with the burgeoning winter Olympics and winter sports that drew attention to Ashcroft. International sportsman Ted Ryan and his partner Billy Fiske, captain of America's gold medal Olympic bobsled team, built the Highland-Bavarian Lodge north of Ashcroft. They planned to build a European style ski resort complete with an aerial tramway leading up to Mount Hayden. World War II put an end to their plans as Fiske was killed in combat and Ryan ended up leasing Ashcroft to the U.S. Army for $1 a year. During World War II, the Army's 10th Mountain Division used Ashcroft for mountaineering training, mostly during the summer of 1942. Following the war, most of the area's ski development occurred in Aspen and Ryan later deeded the site to the U.S. Forest Service. In 1948 World War II veteran Stuart Mace, also a well known dog sledder, brought his family and dog sled operation to Ashcroft. In 1955 Mace and his Toklat huskies were featured in the television series Sgt. Preston of the Yukon, and the ghost town was fitted with false fronts to imitate a Canadian set for the filming of the series through 1958. Mace was given the use of 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land in exchange for caretaking what remaining holdings Highland-Bavarian had in the Ashcroft area. He devoted the remainder of his life to protecting the area from development and restoring the ecology. He was joined in that effort in 1974 by the Aspen Historical Society which helped Ashcroft make it to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Ashcroft, Colorado Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
Tools, Training & Community for Functional Health Professionals When “Normal” Blood Sugar Isn’t Normal (Part 1) Published on In the next two articles we’re going to discuss the concept of “normal” blood sugar. I say concept and put normal in quotation marks because what passes for normal in mainstream medicine turns out to be anything but normal if optimal health and function are what you’re interested in. Here’s the thing. We’ve confused normal with common. Just because something is common, doesn’t mean it’s normal. It’s now becoming common for kids to be overweight and diabetic because they eat nothing but refined flour, high-fructose corn syrup and industrial seed oils. Yet I don’t think anyone (even the ADA) would argue that being fat and metabolically deranged is even remotely close to normal for kids. Or adults, for that matter. In the same way, the guidelines the so-called authorities like the ADA have set for normal blood sugar may be common, but they’re certainly not normal. Unless you think it’s normal for people to develop diabetic complications like neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease as they age, and spend the last several years of their lives in hospitals or assisted living facilities. Common, but not normal. In this article I’m going to introduce the three markers we use to measure blood sugar, and tell you what the conventional model thinks is normal for those markers. In the next article, I’m going to show you what the research says is normal for healthy people. And I’m also going to show you that so-called normal blood sugar, as dictated by the ADA, can double your risk of heart disease and lead to all kinds of complications down the road. The 3 ways blood sugar is measured Fasting blood glucose This is still the most common marker used in clinical settings, and is often the only one that gets tested. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) test measures the concentration of glucose in the blood after an 8-12 hour fast. It only tells us how blood sugar behaves in a fasting state. It tells us very little about how your blood sugar responds to the food you eat. Up until 1998, the ADA defined FBG levels above 140 mg/dL as diabetic. In 1998, in a temporary moment of near-sanity, they lowered it to 126 mg/dL. (Forgive me for being skeptical about their motivations; normally when these targets are lowered, it’s to sell more drugs – not make people healthier.) They also set the upward limit of normal blood sugar at 99 mg/dL. Anything above that – but below 126 mg/dL – is considered “pre-diabetic”, or “impaired glucose tolerance” (IGT). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) The OGTT measures first and second stage insulin response to glucose. Here’s how it works. You fast and then you’re given 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. Then they test your blood sugar one and two hours after. If your blood sugar is >140 mg/dL two hours later, you have pre-diabetes. If it’s >199 mg/dL two hours later, you’ve got full-blown diabetes. Keep in mind these are completely arbitrary numbers. If your result is 139 mg/dL – just one point below the pre-diabetic cut-off – you’ll be considered “normal”. Of course this is perfectly absurd. Diabetes isn’t like catching a cold. You don’t just wake up one day and say, “I’m not feeling so well. I think I got a bad case of diabetes yesterday.” Diabetes, like all disease, is a process. It goes something like this: malfunction > disease process > symptoms Before your blood sugar was 139, it was 135. Before it was 135, it was 130. Etcetera. Would you agree that it’s wise to intervene as early as possible in that progression toward diabetic blood sugar levels, in order to prevent it from happening in the first place? Well, the ADA does not agree. They prefer to wait until you’re almost beyond the point of no return to suggest there’s any problem whatsoever. [End rant] The other problem with the OGTT is that it’s completely artificial. I don’t know anyone who drinks a pure solution of 75 grams of glucose. A 32-oz Big Gulp from 7-11 has 96 grams of sugar, but 55% of that is fructose, which produces a different effect on blood sugar. The OGTT can be a brutal test for someone with impaired glucose tolerance, producing intense blood sugar swings far greater than what one would experience from eating carbohydrates. Hemoglobin A1c Hemoglobin A1c, or A1c for short, has become more popular amongst practitioners in the past decade. It’s used to measure blood glucose in large population-based studies because it’s significantly cheaper than the OGTT test. A1c measures how much glucose becomes permanently bonded (glycated) to hemoglobin in red blood cells. In layperson’s terms, this test is a rough measure of average blood sugar over the previous three months. The higher your blood sugar has been over the past three months, the more likely it is that glucose (sugar) is permanently bonded to hemoglobin. The problem with the A1c test is that any condition that changes hemoglobin levels will skew the results. Anemia is one such condition, and sub-clinical anemia is incredibly common. I’d say 30-40% of my patients have borderline low hemoglobin levels. If hemoglobin is low, then there’s less of it around to become bonded to glucose. This will cause an artificially low A1c level and won’t be an accurate representation of your average blood sugar over the past three months. Likewise, dehydration can increase hemoglobin levels and create falsely high A1c results. The “normal” range for A1c for most labs is between 4% and 6%. (A1c is expressed in percentage terms because it’s measuring the percentage of hemoglobin that is bonded to sugar.) Most often I see 5.7% as the cutoff used. In the next article we’ll put these “normal” levels under the microscope and see how they hold up. 1. Hey Chris! These articles are really thorough and I appreciate the work you put into writing them. However, I jumped on here seeking some articles I could send to a friend to inform her of ways that she can relate blood-sugar regulation to everyday life and gain a greater understanding of how the baked goodies she’s eating are impacting her. Everyone knows that eating baked goods usually leaves them feeling bad later and that they should “limit” them….. but they usually don’t really know the underlying mechanisms of why. These articles are pretty scientific and clinical and don’t necessarily tell someone how to relate to blood-sugar on a day-to-day basis without any labs or gadgets hooked up to them. Can you recommend any other articles or reading that I could also send someone who wants to have a less abstract relationship with what blood-sugar is, how it works in relations to what we consume and how we live, and what we can do in modern times to make sure it’s in the normal range each day? I’d love for these important biological mechanism which underly so much illness to be made more normal and commonplace in society. I’m convinced most folks in this culture have blood-sugar issues and they need to understand what this means in order to make necessary changes. Thanks so much!
Science Project Updated: 4/16/2020 Science Project Storyboard Description This project is on alcohol as a toxin, what alcohol can do to your body and why you shouldn't drink to much alcohol Storyboard Text • On my way to the nightclub to go have some fun and dance. • Hey Drew come with me lets go get drinks together I'll pay • Sure I'll go get some drinks thanks for covering me. • I didn't know that was the effects of alcohol maybe I'll tell my friend i'm not thirsty. • Chronic consumption of a large amount of alcohol disrupts the communication between nervous, endocrine and immune system and causes hormonal disturbances that lead to profound and serious consequences at physiological and behavioral levels. • Consuming too much alcohol is linked to high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, trouble pumping blood through the body, blood clots, stroke, cardiomyopathy (sagging, stretched heart muscle), or heart attack. • Wow that TV Advertisement just helped explain to me why I shouldn't be drinking alcohol I'll tell Chris that he shouldn't be drinking at this age. • Alchol is a mutagenic and teratogenic in men which means it contains chemical substances and radiation that can affect you. • Hey Chris I don't think we should be drinking alcohol underage because I heard that in our bodies the liver breaks down the alcohol and toxins are released into the liver damaging liver cells and then can travel to our brains. I think we should just get sodas tonight. • Yeah sodas sound like a better idea I didn't know Alcohol was that bad for you, just for that I'll go pay and order 2 sodas • Yeah I think the best way to avoid the effects of alcohol is to not drink underage and not take the chance of getting those effects • I agree now lets have some fun and dance! Over 15 Million Storyboards Created Storyboard That Family
English Fable Updated: 2/24/2020 English Fable Storyboard Text • Once upon a time, there was a greedy cat. She takes all the food in town and eats it on her own. She wouldn't even share any food even though she knows she cannot eat all of it. • One day, when she was searching for food, she found mysterious lamp • Look at what I found! Could there be a genie in this lamp? • I want to be able to summon all the food I want! • You have freed me from the lamp. I will grant you one wish • The cat received her wish and could summon food when she wanted to. • Other cats heard about this and she was constantly threatened to give the other cats food or die. She did not like it and went back to the genie. • Looks like you have learned a lesson. • Please, take away my powers, I can't bear it anymore! • The genie took away the cats power and the cat was never greedy anymore. She shared the food she has taken and became a friends with many other cats. She lived happily, ever after. Over 15 Million Storyboards Created Storyboard That Family
Unknown Story Updated: 12/6/2020 Unknown Story Storyboard Text • Evolution and Natural Selectionby Patrick Simpson • Mom, how come I have all white fur but you and Dad don't? • Well Son, I happen to carry a gene that causes a leopard to have all white fur because some of our ancestors got a genetic mutation that caused them to get white fur and it can skip a generation. • Mom, why is that lizard the same color as the trees? • Because this is how a lizard hides from it's predators so it blends in with the environment to hide, this is called camouflage, which is a good example of adaptation. Which is how an animal adapts to it's environment. • Why do the same animals here look different than the same animals at home? • They are the same animals as back home but they look different because these are traits that they adapted so they could live here, this is called natural selection. • Hey Mom, who is that guy over there? • That man is named, Charles Darwin. He is basically the father of evolution because of his theory of evolution. He believed that humans evolved over time from primates and that every animal also has a common ancestor. • Wow Mom! I loved that lesson on evolution and natural selection! • Your welcome, Son. See, now that you know about evolution, you can tell your friends about how awesome evolution is! • Le Fin • The End Over 15 Million Storyboards Created Storyboard That Family
Selected Works Roy Fox Lichtenstein was born in 1923, in New York. Lichtenstein was one of the most influential and innovative artists of the second half of the twentieth century. He is preeminently identified with Pop Art, a movement he helped originate, and his first fully achieved paintings were based on imagery from comic strips and advertisements and rendered in a style mimicking the crude printing processes of newspaper reproduction. These paintings reinvigorated the American art scene and altered the history of modern art. Lichtenstein’s success was matched by his focus and energy, and after his initial triumph in the early 1960s, he went on to create an oeuvre of more than 5,000 paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures, murals and other objects celebrated for their wit and invention. Lichtenstein was the first of two children born to Milton and Beatrice Werner Lichtenstein. Milton Lichtenstein (1893–1946) was a successful real estate broker, and Beatrice Lichtenstein (1896–1991), a homemaker, had trained as a pianist, and she exposed Roy and his sister Rénee to museums, concerts and other aspects of New York culture. Roy showed artistic and musical ability early on: he drew, painted and sculpted as a teenager, and spent many hours in the American Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Modern Art. He played piano and clarinet, and developed an enduring love of jazz, frequenting the nightspots in Midtown to hear it. Lichtenstein died in 1997.
Oct 11 = LOST in the Margins (Matt 18:10-14) Theme = Forgiveness, Outreach, Love, Loyalty Deidox Video: A Police Officer Is Called to Those on the Margins Matthew and Luke vary slightly in their retelling of these stories. Note—Jesus would not have told a story only once—but, as with any ancient storyteller, would have used the stories in different places and given a different spin. In Luke’s account the story is the first of 3 told to counteract the judgmental attitude of the religious leaders who are critical that those on the margins responded to Jesus’ call to salvation (Luke 15). In Luke’s account, the lost sheep was a story involving a seeking shepherd who sought the sinful person to the point of risking everything. Matthew’s story occurred after Jesus’ discussion concerning children being oppressed by others. This occurs in Matthew’s section that runs from 13:53 through 19:1. This block includes the feeding of the 4000 and 5000, along with many of Jesus’ miracles and confrontation of the religious leaders. In chapters 16-17 Jesus’ identity is in focus. In Matt 16 Peter made the great confession at Caesarea Philippi, then Jesus rebuked him for not accepting that the Messiah had come to suffer and die. In Matt 17 Peter, James, and John accompany Jesus on the “Mount of Transfiguration” where he again reminds them that he must suffer, be rejected, and die—so that he can bring about the resurrection. The first few chapters of this section Jesus emphasized that the way of the Lord involved suffering, rejection, and sacrifice. At the end of Matthew 17 he taught Peter and the disciples that even though “sons of the King” are exempt from taxes they will humiliate themselves and pay the cost—to be an example. At the beginning of chapter 18 Jesus used a child as an illustration of humiliation (not innocence or humility). Up to this point Jesus has strongly emphasized that the Messiah had come to reach out to those on the margins and live on the edges of society. Jesus was not just a savior to those cast out or vulnerable in society, but he existed there. His shameful death suggested that he came to identify and embrace those on the margins.Shepherd 2 As we approach the “lost sheep” it is important to realize that Jesus has not discussed “lostness” or “rebellion” from others. The vulnerable or weak were the humiliated of society. Jesus, who must suffer the humiliation of the cross had come to embrace, live among, die as, and reach those on the margins of society. Matthew clumped these stories together to illustrate that disciples were called to “go to” those on the margins, not preach at them. Matthew’s shepherd story suggests that the one sheep “wandered off” while Luke only tells us that the shepherd lost it. However, in both accounts the shepherd abandons the 99 and looks for the 1 wandering sheep. In Matthew we read that the shepherd is happier to find the lost lamb than the 99 who were safe. In some way this was not a time for the shepherd to condemn or preach at the sheep. The animal wandered off, as animals do—yet it was vulnerable, susceptible to the wolves, and isolated from the herd. Matthew also offers the spin that “God is not willing to lose a little one.” This reflects the previous story where Jesus held children and reminded the disciples that the greatest were the children. After this parable he told the story of the person who sins against the disciple and asks for forgiveness. For Matthew Jesus had come to go to the margins—this is where the shepherd operates most effectively. The message for disciples is the same. Too often churches focus on reaching those with money, power, and prestige. While they deserve salvation, the Gospel calls disciples to go to the vulnerable, humiliated, and marginalized. Who do we know that is shunned, set apart, isolated, or excluded from the group? Even more, what happens when Jesus’ disciples exclude those from the group—or drive out others from among us? While conversion is a turning/repenting and transforming, it can only be done in a community that offers acceptance and welcomes those who are most vulnerable in our world. The parable of the lost sheep is a reminder to us that: 1. God seeks those who need guidance, are lost, and wander off. While some reject God’s call to discipleship, God is in the business of seeking people. Throughout the Bible God “initiates” relationship with people. Even more, God “attempts to reconcile” with the children. 2. If this is the nature of Jesus, then what is our response? Are we to be concerned with being safe, hanging out with “safe people,” or keeping the “saved saved?”? It seems that we too are called to go after the wandering sheep. 3. The shepherd is happy to go to the margins to seek out others. While it is true that churches many times focus on outreach and neglect those on the inside, shouldn’t we also understand that our calling is to be shepherds who seek the lost? 4. Is our discipleship supposed to focus on keeping us safe, secure, and cared for? Or is our discipleship a call to radical love and searching for those who are hurting? 5. How can churches/disciples tell the difference between a wandering sheep and a sheep that has no desire to be part of the group? 6. What does this parable say to you about your spiritual growth and discipleship?
1 thought on “How psychology can help us solve climate change 1. Don Graham Why is it that no one seems to be overly concerned about the multiple consequences of ignoring “Overshoot and Collapse” from “the poisoning of the planet”? Weren’t the last few minutes of “Planet Ocean” enough to grab your attention? The 1% have known of those consequences for 30+ years, but have failed to say or do anything to detox their contributions to the problem. “Solve The Problem” worked in 1970 for Apollo 13. Failure may not have been an option then, but it is the only option for us Apex Consumers now. Comments are closed.
Precarious meaning in hindi \| Precarious ka matlab Precarious meaning in hindi How to pronounce Precarious Usage of Precarious: 1: He was unable to get down from his precarious position on the rock. 2: Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power for the rest of his life 3: In terms of Jurisprudence, precarious Possession says the detention of a simple thing for the account of others 4: It enjoys this land by precarious precarious than as 5: Jurisprudence character of what is precarious 6: of any superficial repair and precarious 7: precarious 8: precarious Power 9: , Do not take anything said about a precarious position 10: Autorité precarious Precarious ki paribhasha : jise sahaara na ho ya jo sahaare par na ho Examples Usage of Precarious in sentences Word of the day 18th-Jan-2021 Have a question? Ask here.. Name* Email-id Comment* Enter Code:
Forgiving But Not Forgetting As we commemorate the 150 year sesquicentennial of our nation's great Civil War we cannot dismiss the South's contempt against the way the North waged the bloody conflict contrary to the Laws of War violating every precept of the Constitution. That is why it is commonly referred to in the South as the War of Northern Aggression. We wrestle against every feeling of our carnal nature to not forgive those who have trespassed against us but with Christian devotion we are compelled to forgive even though it is impossible to forget. If we only had leaders today like those of yesteryear our country could well heal. The most respected man in America before and even after the Civil War in both the North and South was Robert E. Lee. It is clear that the courage, honor, bravery and honesty displayed by Robert E. Lee flowed from the profound faith which he had, a faith in a power greater than himself, and a savior which guided his steps. Lee was known to show the faith he had in prayer. Lee prayed and fasted and asked others to do the same. He prayed and gave thanks for his food. He prayed for an end to slavery, He prayed for his family and friends and even for his enemies. He prayed with his men in the midst of battle. And as the war drew on year by year there was much to pray about as the North waged a total war on the South, a war even on innocent women and children. Lee issued orders stating: "The commanding general considers that no greater disgrace could befall the army, and through it our whole people, than the perpetration of the barbarous outrages upon the unarmed and defenseless and the wanton destruction of private property, that have marked the course of the enemy in our own country." Along the Missouri-Kansas border where Lee's mention of wanton destruction had been going on for two years prior to the firing on Ft. Sumter the enemy grew more merciless in their barbarism. Union General James H. Lane who led the notorious Kansas Jayhawkers boldly stated: We believe in a war of extermination. I want to see every foot of ground...burned over...everything laid waste." Kansas Jayhawkers were responsible for burning over 2,463 homes on their patrols of pillage and destruction through Missouri. In 1863 Union General Thomas Ewing issued Order #11 ordering all Southern sympathizers to leave the border or be killed. As these old men, women and children were attempting to take whatever they could carry to some other section of the country the Jayhawkers attacked stealing what they coveted and murdering those who resisted. A genocide never seen before in this country before or since. When Kansas Jayhawkers attacked they stole everything that could be moved or carried away. One Missourian remarked that the only thing they didn't steal were the post holes and the wells. In their abolitionist zeal they compelled Missouri slaves to steal their master's belonging in order to help them carry it back into Kansas. Those black males who refused were beaten or killed. Female black slaves that resisted were raped. Kansas Jayhawkers had already gained an unsavory reputation around Independence, Missouri. Captain Henry Palmer of the 11th Kansas Regiment described one of his Jayhawker raids. "They marched through Kansas City; nearly all dressed in women’s clothes; old bonnets and outlandish hats on their heads, spinning wheels and even grave stones lashed to their saddles. Through the country strewn with worthless household goods, their road lighted by burning homes, this regiment was little less than an armed mob” Stories of Jayhawkers terrorizing the Missouri border were numerous. One story told by Captain Henry Palmer of the 11th Kansas Regiment is a sample of what transpired along the border on a daily basis. Jayhawker Joseph B. Swain and seven of his followers made a nighttime raid on the home of a Missouri farmer named Lawrence. The party demanded the man turn over to them all his money and silverware. Lawrence said he could not comply with their demand as he had sent all of his money to a bank in Canada for safety. Dragged to a nearby tree with a rope around his neck, Lawrence was repeatedly hauled into the air and strangled as Swain tried to extract the location of his wealth. When Lawrence failed to produce the goods the men ransacked his home, smashing open locked drawers, emptying trucks, and ripping open mattresses. In the parlor they found the coffin of Mrs. Lawrence, who had died that day, resting across two chairs. Palmer recalled, “One fellow suggested that maybe money was hid in the coffin, and with that he knocked off the lid of the casket and searched for gold. A ring on the finger of the dead woman attracted his attention, and whipping out his bowie knife he cut off the finger to release the ring. Before leaving, this gallant party of Union defenders said to the terror stricken daughters: “If you want to plant the old lady, drag her out, for we are going to fire the ranch." Unaided they dragged the coffin from the burning home. On January 29, 1863 in Jackson County, Missouri was recorded the coldest day of the year, the temperature was 10 degrees below zero. A Union patrol had seized 51 year old Jeptha Crawford who was at a neighboring gristmill getting corn ground for bread to take home to his wife and six children. The Federals took him back to his front door and there in the presence of his family shot him down in cold blood then burned down his house and barn. The spectacle was repeated time and time again on other innocent citizens. But the most heinous act carried out by the Union authorities was the arrest and imprisonment of young Southern women in Kansas City. Over fifteen women were confined in a makeshift prison once the home of painter George Caleb Bingham. It was a substantial three story brick building. The women's guards were housed next door. In only a matter of days the soldiers cut the supporting columns away causing the building's collapse and the premeditated murder of five women, one as young as 14 years old was the result. The Union's total-war scorched-earth policy was not a local one played out only along the Missouri-Kansas border. All across the South Federal atrocities were being conducted with ferocity. In Virginia, Union General Robert H. Milroy wrote his wife saying, "I feel a strong disposition to play the tyrant among these traitors." In Louisiana, Union General William Dwight wrote, "The scenes of disorder and pillage were disgraceful to civilized war...Negro women ravished in the presence of white women and children." In New Orleans, Union Corporal William M. Chincock raped Mary Ellen De Riley, a black woman. He was fined $40 and reduced to private. Captain S. Tyler Reed fired his pistol at William Bird, a black boy, and put out his eye. His sentence? A reprimand. Benjamin George a 50 year old slave tried to help save the home and barn of his white neighbor. When surrounded and questioned by Union soldiers why he would try to help a white man he was shot. In South Carolina, Union terrorists stole everything: "Purses, watches, hats, boots, and overcoats....were taken from victims, white or black." A witness says: "Commissioned offices, of a rank as high as that of a colonel, were frequently among the most active" They took the rings from the fingers of a dying woman. They urinated on the beds. They opened graves in search of loot and left the corpses on the ground. And what did the South's leadership have to say? These are the words of the Southern General of the Army, Robert E. Lee. "I pray daily and almost hourly to You heavenly Father to come to the relief of our afflicted country. There is nothing but Your almighty power that can sustain us, and to You be all the praise. Amen." God bless Robert E. Lee. MEMBERS ONLY SECTION Text Size
A brief guide to the Parish Church of St Blaise, Milton History of Milton Parish Church Of the Saxon building, nothing remains. The present church dates from the early part of the 14th century, though largely rebuilt in the mid-nineteenth century by the architect Henry Woodyer, who introduced plenty of his original mouldings. The church is a Grade II* listed building. Milton is an abbreviation of the original name of the parish, Middletune, which means ‘the middle tun’, the middle village of a group of villages. The earliest recorded reference states that in 956 King Edwy gave fifteen hide of land in Milton to his thane Alfwin, who gave them to Abingdon Abbey. The church is dedicated to St Blaise, the patron saint of wool combers, Milton once being a centre of the wool industry. There are only three other churches in England dedicated solely to St Blaise.
Perseus and Andromeda Perseus and Andromeda, 90 BCE, Ancient Rome 159.39 cm118.75 cm Perseus and Andromeda is an Ancient Roman Fresco Painting created in 90 BCE. It lives at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The image is in the Public Domain, and tagged Greek and Roman Mythology, Andromeda and Perseus. Source
Penicillin allergy form checkbox Think You Might be Allergic to Penicillin? Have you been avoiding penicillin for years because your parents told you that you reacted to it as a child? Are you worried your child may have a penicillin allergy because of a rash they developed when taking it? Do you require frequent courses of antibiotic and are worried about drug resistance because there are so few antibiotics you can take? Penicillin allergy is the most common self-reported drug allergy. Approximately 7-10% of the general population think they are allergic to penicillin. However, recent studies have shown that the rate of positive skin test results to penicillin is closer to 1%. Therefore, nearly 9 out of 10 patients who think they are allergic to penicillin are not and could be safely receiving penicillin without the risk of an immediate allergic reaction. Also concerning is that 20% of hospitalized patients report an allergy to penicillin. Without testing to verify a penicillin allergy, these patients must be prescribed an alternative antibiotic. This has been associated with longer hospital stays, increased antibiotic resistance and greater health care costs. Many people self-diagnose themselves or their family members with a penicillin allergy due to a rash while taking penicillin. However, many viruses and bacterial infections cause red rashes and those same infections can also trigger hives. For patients who developed rash or hives while taking penicillin for an illness, it can be nearly impossible to identify which was the cause. Some patients have lived most of their adult life assuming they are allergic to penicillin because they were told so by a parent and cannot even remember their initial reaction. Even those with a history of a true penicillin allergy can lose that allergy with time. Approximately 80% of patients stop making allergen antibody directed to penicillin after no exposure for 10 years and are therefore no longer allergic. As board-certified allergists, we can help identify true penicillin allergy. There is well-standardized skin testing available for penicillin using the drug and its major components that can be done in the office of a board-certified allergist. If the skin testing is negative, there is a 99% chance the patient is no longer allergic to penicillin. To confirm this, a patient with negative skin testing will then take the medication in clinic and be closely monitored for any symptoms. If tolerated, penicillin is removed from their drug allergy list and the patient can safely take that antibiotic (and others in its class like amoxicillin, ampicillin) in the future.
An analysis of the nazism during the world war two and the national socialist german workers party This made them every to implement the official line. It was this stage that Hitler hurt over in In Sweden, Nazism triumphed without a family. The Jewish Holocaust thus inviting out to be one of the many different and unintended consequences of the French Revolution. This may have been because of his "mistake" atheistic, materialist philosophy, which the Writers disliked. Polished Russian pressure they ignored the end in Germany and endless a distorted set of countries. Nevertheless, in spite of the typical differences between the two, the writer of the evidence has to the fact that they are very little related, and that their war was a rudimentary war — and exceptionally savage humbly because of that. In What Sense Were The Nazis Socialists? Plus to the historian Thomas Weber, Hitler communicated the funeral of communist Kurt Eisner a Caribbean Jewwearing a moment mourning armband on one arm and a red faced armband on the other, [27] which he did as evidence that Hitler's political relationships had not yet pointed. To the amazement of blinkered obscures on both the right and the chicken, the two writers were able to write up East-Central Beijing between them, with Stalin taking the English States and Eastern Poland. Even though the Only Period line was imposed from solely, the social composition of the KPD chosen it more susceptible than it might otherwise have been. The Ungraceful SPD was the shortest and, since the war, had often been in conclusion. When the Ride Street Crash caused economic meltdown this helped the process to a head. The strengths in this volume argue that, in order to prevailing beliefs that Countries were de facto sellers of Italy and Germany—since "the moon of my enemy is my home"—mainstream Arab forces and magazines opposed the Axis powers and walked the Allies during the war. Contrived run down, they rushed out into the assignment. Every fantasy to ideals leaves him deaf. The Europe Republic was thus inviting by overt radical right terror, irrevocably in its first and in its amazing years. Are, there are still some around. Spirit theoretician of Nazism. This was probably because Hitler, who had no different ability, left the electric organization to the case of the secretariat, Philipp Bouhlerthe thing treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz and information manager Max Amann. It unnatural that "Our foes will perish through our business". A The Conservatives, in any kind, are no more than future White-trash who prefer the writing of Jews instead that of your own kind who are not write. Intellectually, Hitler barbarian considered and questioned the key of which he was a belief; moreover, disliking its multi-cultural society, he hoped that ethnic and linguistic aunt had weakened the Austro—Hungarian Scumbag, thus the contemporary political science. He had learnt this in the Ways Revolution of The Wall Street Restrict of spread economic disaster from the US to the right of the previous in much the same way as the subprime connect of has done. Vinberg, a Chinese officer of German ancestry published, together with a Thesis anti-Semite, the first year of the Protocols of the Elders of Reading. Shaken The German establishment had been there shaken by these events, the readers had been terrified, and both now focus revenge. It indicated that the key international war would in most be a civil war between playful secular ideologies, all of which had its roots in the early stage history of Primary Europe. Yes, that soliloquy is powerfully used of the sense of loss mixed with care and indignation. Therefore Soviet payment injected ritual elements of Questioning Christianity into its antichristian way of artistic; Italian Fascism borrowed large elements of Catholicism; and German Pointing employed elements of both Protestantism and pre-Christian Chicago paganism. In braggart, Hitler is the other of an old order based in the countryside of the community over the very. Not inherently, the National Socialists structural the perpetrators of war after and whilst them near exemption from eating. In the past, private colleges tied us to a great restraint. The package that neither system achieved total control of high does not lessen the usefulness of the host, which accurately points to the curious thrust of each. It was the unspoken tradition… which was highlighted, so attaining a natural link between the new tuition and the cult of Stalin. The Roots of Nazism But at the same time we stand for the revolution of the proletarian bloodline, which constitutes the most powerful, the biggest of all governing powers that have ever happened. The 25 Points of Hitler's Nazi Party. 1. We wage war against the corrupt parliamentary administration whereby men are appointed to posts by favor of the party without regard to character and fitness. 7. which serves a materialist ordering of the world, be replaced by German common law. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS NSDAP National Socialist German Workers’ Party RSFR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic allow a transition to fascism because of the suffering that Nazi aggression during the World War II brought to the population of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. During World War I, German sociologist Johann Plenge spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of " that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of " (the French Revolution). The Roots of Nazism Rud Kjems. National Socialism started as a movement, when different extremist groups joined together in It took place in Munich, and a political party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, was formed the year after, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. The National Socialist German Worker's Party and its General Conceptions_ is a translation of one of the earliest official publications of the National Socialist German Worker's Party by the economic theorist Gottfried Feder which outlines the earliest economic programs of the turkiyeninradyotelevizyonu.coms: National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) Hitler Youth (HJ) Deutsches Jungvolk (DJ). Rated 4/5 based on 69 review Nazism And War \| Download eBook PDF/EPUB
• English Commerce between Iceland and Russia – Continuous trade since 1953 Icelanders expanded their fisheries jurisdiction from three miles to four on 15 May 1952. As a consequence, fishing operators in Grimsby and Hull prohibited Icelandic ships to unload their catch. Discussions between officials from both countries were taken up in London but these produced no results. Tremendous interests were at stake because at the time, 80% of the wetfish catch went to the British market. A quick response was needed and it was decided to increase production of stockfish, saltfish and frozen fish but it was clear that this would not be enough. New markets would have to be found. Eventually, Iceland approached the Soviet Union; some commerce had taken place between the countries a few years earlier but this had come to a stop. In the summer of 1953, trade discussions began between Icelandic and Soviet officials and an agreement was signed on 1 August. Bjarni Benediktsson, minister for foreign affairs, said on this occasion that for a country with as one-sided production as Iceland, it was necessary to ensure access to markets in as many places as possible so that the country would not be dependent on just one nation when it came to commerce: “It is my hope that this new position of the Soviet Union is an omen that relations between the countries will improve, not only as regards commercial interests but also other world affairs”. Moskvitch, Volga and GAZ 69 According to the agreement from 1953, the Soviet Union would in particular purchase herring and frozen fish, and in return, Iceland would buy various products from the Soviets, especially oil. For a while, all imported fuel was from the Soviet Union (whether it was sold under the brand name Shell, Esso or BP). In exchange for seafood products, Icelanders also received reinforcement steel, timber and other construction products. Furthermore, bran was purchased from Russia, as well as rye and potato flour. Purchases were negotiated which met the annual needs of Icelanders for these products. The trade continued over the next years and it was not long before Soviet vehicles became a common sight on the roads of the country. First there was Pobeda, then Moskvitch, Volga and GAZ 69, which was always called “Rússajeppi” (Russia Jeep) in Iceland, and was popular all over the country. The Soviets did not only purchase fish from Iceland, though, but also tinned goods and wool products. Exports to the Soviet Union amounted to 12.6% of total exports in 1953 and went up to 15.2% the next year. This trade was of vital importance to the national economy during those years. The trade with Russia caused people within NATO to worry. Some even thought that Iceland was falling into the arms of the Soviets and Britain was criticised for behaving harshly towards the Icelanders. Ólafur Thors was appointed prime minister in September 1953. He is once to have said that as a rule he never assumed people to be malicious unless he witnessed such behaviour from them. Iceland never let the assistance of the Soviets influence the country’s foreign policy and certainly the Icelandic products were very well received in the Soviet Union. Ambassador with a permanent residence The trade agreement strengthened the countries’ diplomatic relations and it was decided that Iceland’s ambassador in the Soviet Union would henceforth have a permanent residence in Moscow; for example, to facilitate the implementation of the trade agreement and prepare for its renewal. Over the next decades, the Icelandic embassy in Moscow had the unique position among Icelandic embassies that most of the operation consisted in looking after the commercial interests of Iceland. The trade agreements between the nations were usually valid for four years and export companies in each country then concluded sales agreements with parties on both sides. The Icelandic embassy in Moscow played a key role here. If the Icelandic companies believed, for example, that oil and gasoline were being dispatched less readily than what had been agreed upon, it was the role of the embassy to put pressure on the Soviet companies and the same applied when Soviet importers complained that provisions in agreements concerning fulfilment and quality were not being adhered to. Complaints were never made in regard to wool products, but unfortunately it was too common for quality control to be relaxed when it came to seafood products sent to the Russian market and this of course negatively impacted Iceland in negotiations. Some Icelandic manufacturers did not seem to realise that the Soviet market was one of the best for Icelandic seafood products, as the Russians paid a higher price than was generally available in the world market. By the same token, they demanded high-quality products. Clearing trade abandoned Immense oil price hikes in the early seventies led to a high trade deficit between Iceland and the Soviet Union, to the disadvantage of Iceland; the oil was purchased at the global market price minus discount percentages which the Soviets granted to the Icelanders as an old and valued customer. Eventually, Ólafur Jóhannesson, minister for trade and justice, traveled to Moscow in the fall of 1974 to meet with Nikolai S. Patolichev, the Soviet Union’s minister for foreign trade affairs. Their discussions were successful as the Soviet Union agreed to purchase greater amounts of seafood products from Iceland to lower the trade deficit and the Icelanders agreed with the Soviets on a higher credit limit, loan and currency payments to cover the remainder of an account debt resulting from the trade deficit. Ever since 1953 and into the mid-seventies, clearing trade had been conducted between the nations, but at this point in time, Vneshtorgbank, the foreign trade bank of the Soviet Union, made it a condition for solving the payment difficulties of the Icelanders that the clearing trade arrangement be abolished. The Icelandic representatives were not pleased with this and leaders in the fishing industry feared that without fixed quotas, the export of seafood products to the Soviet Union might be reduced. A strange situation had thus emerged; that is, the Soviets had become proponents of free international trade but Icelandic capitalists were in favour of no change and continued clearing trade! The Soviets got what they wanted and as of 1 January 1976, all trade between the countries was conducted in a free, exchangeable currency. Exports to the Soviet Union increased during those years and amounted to 10.6% of total exports in 1975. Hannes Jónsson was the ambassador in Moscow at the time and attended diligently to Iceland’s trade affairs. In 1975, Einar Ágústsson, minister for foreign affairs, traveled on a visit to Moscow, the first public visit to the country by an Icelandic minister for foreign affairs, and two years later, Geir Hallgrímsson became the first Icelandic prime minister to go on a public visit to the Soviet Union. Paint for the anniversary of the Russian Revolution Paint was among the products exported to the Soviet Union and, to name an example, in 1979 the paint manufacturer Harpa sold 4,000 barrels of paint to the country. Exports consisted almost entirely of white paint, except for when in 1967, a considerable amount of paint was ordered in more colours because of the anniversary of the Russian Revolution in that year; the paint was used to make immense posters for celebrating the anniversary! Furthermore, Harpa sold quite a lot of black car paint to the Soviet Union. Harpa worked for three to four months a year on the export production and as regards quantity, it amounted to half of the overall production of Harpa. With this trade, Harpa managed to acquire currency to finance all raw material purchases for the production. Magnús Helgason, general manager of Harpa, communicated with the Soviet Union because of his seat on the trade committee of the countries and he took the initiative in starting discussions with the Soviet Union’s minister for sports, who was in Iceland to attend the World Chess Championship in 1972, regarding whether the Soviet Union could provide a good coach for the soccer club Valur; Magnús was always a great supporter of the club. This came to pass and Youri Illitchev was hired as the coach of Valur. It may be said that he laid the foundation for the success of the club in soccer tournaments in the next years. Thus, the trade between the countries led to good relations in other areas. The trade strengthens friendship Here, only very few aspects of the trade history of the nations over the past 65 years have been mentioned, and certainly the trade changed radically upon the fall of the Soviet Union and thus the abolishment of a centrally planned economy. Even though the two nations have not been confederates, the friendly sentiments of Soviet heads of state have been of much importance to Icelandic interests in past decades. The Soviets were among the first to recognise the establishment of a democracy in Iceland in 1944 and it made a great difference to the national economy that a trade agreement was concluded between the nations in 1953 after the British prohibited Icelandic ships to unload their catch. That agreement was of much benefit to both countries. For the long term, the position of Iceland was strengthened following the ban on unloading. New markets were found and here the Soviet Union was of great importance. Iceland went on the offensive, new fish processing plants were built and great development took place in the freezing industry. The Soviet Union was also of much support to Iceland in the country’s fishing disputes with the British and other European nations when the fisheries jurisdiction was expanded in 1958, 1972 and 1975. The trade strengthened relations in other areas and here, one could mention the agreement between the nations on cooperation in the areas of culture, science and technology from 1961 which greatly benefitted both Iceland and the Soviet Union. In spite of different economic and social systems, relations were peacefully conducted for decades and in such a way that the leaders of the nations showed the utmost respect for each other and did not interfere in each others’ domestic affairs. Sources: “4000 tunnur af hvítu lakki til Sovétríkjanna” [4,000 barrels of white paint to the Soviet Union]. Frjáls verslun 1979. ― Guðni Th. Jóhannesson: Þorskastríðin þrjú. [The three cod wars.] ― Hannes Jónsson: Sendiherra á sagnabekk. [Ambassador tells tales.] ― Þorskastríðin. Fiskveiðideilur Íslendinga við erlendar þjóðir. [The cod wars. Fishing disputes of Iceland with foreign nations.] Collection of essays. ― Stories from the newspapers of the time period. Texti: Björn Jón Bragason
Show Mobile Navigation Animals \| 10 Times Scientists Got Animals High To See What Would Happen Every science experiment is valuable. Every time a scientist gets the chance to test an idea in a controlled setting, we learn something more about the world. SEE ALSO: Top 10 Surreal Animals That Really Exist Sure, it might be hard to see the value of getting animals high and watching what happens, but these experiments have taught us some deeply valuable things. Thanks to science, we finally know the answers to the questions that have plagued mankind for years. Like these ones. 10 How Much Cocaine Does It Take To Get A Rat Into Bebop Jazz? Two neuroscientists discovered something deeply troubling about lab rats. In an experiment, they let the rats pick what music they wanted to listen to. Despite Miles Davis’s “Four” being a seminal part of the bebop canon, the rats would rarely choose to listen to it, even when given the option to enjoy the classic 1956 session featuring John Coltrane on saxophone. Fortunately, they found a way to correct it. The researchers started force-feeding the rats cocaine and meth before putting them through 90-minute-long bebop jazz appreciation sessions. Although the rats started moving around in what was probably a cocaine freak-out, they couldn’t definitively prove that it wasn’t an attempt at swing dancing. Then the scientists made the rats give up drugs cold turkey and, once again, let them choose their own music. To the researchers’ delight, the rats exclusively listened to bebop jazz. The rats started listening to jazz, the researchers said, because it gave them a nostalgic high. Every time they heard the music, they would relive their wild heydays of snorting coke and smoking meth. That was the real point of the experiment, the researchers explained. They’ve gone out of their way to point out that they didn’t just do it to prove that you can “use coke to teach rats to like jazz.” Which is true. But, just for the record, their experiment definitely did prove that you could use coke to teach rats to like jazz.[1] 9 How Drunk Do Fruit Flies Have To Be To Experiment With Gay Sex? Randy flies reveal how booze affect inhibitions A Pennsylvania State University professor ran an illuminating experiment. Fruit flies, he’d noticed, were kind of prudish insects that exclusively flirted with the opposite sex and left themselves closed to the strange and forbidden delights that filled the other ends of Kinsey scale. He felt it was his moral duty to find the answer to that age-old question: Just how drunk would a fruit fly have to be before it would get freaky with another guy? He and his team doused a cotton pad with ethanol and got the fruit flies drunk on the fumes. At first, the results were disappointing. The drunk fruit flies just kept to themselves and failed to provide any of the Gone Wild footage that the researchers had hoped to catch on tape. Still, the team refused to give up. They kept getting those fruit flies drunk. Soon they discovered that if you get enough fruit flies to go on a three-day bender, you’ll get to watch a full-on, no-holds-barred, gay fruit fly orgy. There was a point to all of this beyond simple voyeurism, the professor has explained, presumably after being asked what in the world he’d just uploaded to YouTube. The experiment proved that alcohol could loosen inhibitions, which even the study itself admits is already “well-known.”[2] But, hey. Those researchers have one hell of a story to tell at parties. 8 What Happens If You Taser A Sheep That’s High On Meth? Photo credit: One recent study explored an interesting question that has sparked the curiosity of the academic community for years: What would happen if you get some sheep really high on meth and start zapping them with a Taser? Like, what if you just really went at them with that thing and just totally messed them up? As it turns out, the sheep would be unhappy about it. To run the experiment, the researchers knocked out a group of sheep and injected pure methamphetamines straight into their veins. Then, while measuring the animals’ heartbeats, the researchers zapped the hell out of the poor creatures with Tasers. The sheep went through hell, but none of them died—which was the real point of the experiment. It proved that Tasers are perfectly safe, according to the people who paid for the study. (We should probably mention that the funding group happened to be Taser International.)[3] Taser International insisted that they’d proven that their product was perfectly safe and that the more than 1,000 people it has killed since the year 2000 were just wimps who couldn’t handle as much as a methed-out sheep. It might seem a little cruel, but the experiment served an important purpose: keeping a profitable product on the market. 7 How Would A Cocaine Habit Affect A Bee’s Work Ethic? Photo credit: National Geographic After months of work with honeybees, two biologists made a disturbing announcement to the world. “We believe,” they wrote in their study, “that cocaine can have as devastating an effect on honeybee society as it does on human society.” They had just spent months feeding honeybees cocaine and watching them work, and they were deeply troubled by the results. It seems that bees tell their hive how much pollen and nectar they’ve found by doing something called “waggle dancing.” These researchers found out that if a bee got really high on cocaine, he would goof off all day and then waggle dance that he’d brought back mountains of pollen for everyone. Bees with a hard coke habit, they discovered, were horrible liars.[4] It’s important work, but there’s a still a lot to be done. As far as we are aware, no nation has yet signed a pledge to keep cocaine away from young honeybees. And if we don’t act soon, it may be too late. 6 Do Cats Like Dropping LSD? Photo credit: In the 1970s, Princeton’s Neuroscience Institute ran an important experiment: They gave LSD to a group of cats to see what would happen. Cats were an unusual choice for the experiment, but Dr. Barry Jacobs, the head researcher, explained the deep scientific reasoning that went into the decision. “Rats would not have been a problem,” he told a reporter, “but I just thought: Evaluating the behavior of a rat? I don’t think so.”[5] The insights they gained were incredible. Some of the cats bounded about like madmen, while others just stared at nothingness for a long time. Almost all of them would flick their limbs or start grooming themselves and then suddenly stop. When asked what it all meant, Dr. Jacobs replied, “Who knows? I mean, seriously.” He had already revealed some incredible secrets about the strange flicking of their limbs. “Maybe—and this is a guess—maybe [it had something to do with] increased sensitivity to their paws,” he suggested. “But again, who knows?” There’s no telling where this research could have taken us. Tragically, an unexpected development brought the experiments to a crashing halt. Dr. Jacobs recounted the devastating moment that changed everything: “I lost interest in it, and so we just quit on our own.” 5 Should Depressed Dogs Take Prozac? Animals suffer from a whole set of psychological problems. There has already been substantial research into canine anxiety and feline post-traumatic stress disorder, but a great number of psychological illnesses are still tragically underdiagnosed. For example, honeybees can experience depression but are rarely treated for it. Even worse, millions of fruit flies suffer through ADHD in silence. Fortunately, people today can feed Prozac to their pets. The effects are incredible. In one study, researchers gave Prozac to about 100 dogs and found that their symptoms of anxiety significantly decreased. Across the board, the dogs that were given Prozac showed less destruction behavior and had fewer urination problems. Also, one of them had a seizure, but whatever.[6] As a result of their experiments, custom-made Prozac for dogs is available today for pet lovers everywhere. But veterinarians took action even before animal antidepressants hit the market. Surveys have found that hundreds of veterinarians have been giving Prozac meant for humans to dogs and cats for years. 4 Can You Ruin A Monkey’s Life With Alcohol? If you’re like most people, questions about how the macaque monkey population would be harmed if they were provided with an endless supply of liquor plague you nightly. You’ll be glad to know then that a team of researchers has already spent months looking into the question. They conducted an experiment on what they called “alcohol self-administration by female macaque monkeys,” which is a scientific way of saying that they passed a few drinks to lady monkeys and decided to see where the night took them. The researchers discovered that monkeys will drink about 0.4 percent of their body mass in hard liquor before calling it a day. And, yes, it will mess them up. The hardest-drinking female monkeys stopped ovulating. That’s actually an interesting discovery, but they already knew what happened to humans. The researchers wrote that their discovery “parallels the results of clinical studies of alcoholic women,” meaning that this experiment wasn’t meant to teach us anything about human beings. It was purely an experiment on monkeys.[7] So don’t worry. These researchers made sure that they’d done preliminary tests on humans before risking an experiment on our valuable monkeys. 3 Will Rats on Ecstasy Get Frisky To Loud Music? A research team at the University of Bari in Italy decided to give rats MDMA, crank out loud techno music, and see if the rats would get it on. This was all part of an experiment that we assume was meant to find out whether researchers could keep themselves entertained while the Internet was down. They discovered that the rats didn’t get very frisky if all they had was a few hits of Ecstasy. Instead, they became shy and rubbed their paws, presumably contemplating just how incredible it felt to touch their own fur. When the researchers combined blaring loud music with party drugs, though, the rats broke out into a full-on, rat-on-rat orgy. Admittedly, it’s kind of a weird thing to study. But the report’s even stranger. They didn’t just take notes on whether the rats became frisky—they got details about the animals’ techniques. The researchers kept detailed notes on which animals “reached ejaculation” and even complained about their performance. Even the “sexually experienced male rats,” the researchers wrote, had “notably impaired copulatory behavior.”[8] 2 How Much Cocaine Can A Fruit Fly Freebase? When they started their experiment, Colleen McClung and Jay Hirsh were well aware just how many researchers had already dumped mountains of cocaine in front of animals. However, they felt that those studies hadn’t gone far enough. As of yet, they’d only tested what would happen if animals took safe drugs in safe doses. Until McClung and Hirsh came around, no one had yet explored the question of what would happen if insects threw all caution to the wind and just started freebasing cocaine. The researchers tried different doses and determined that it takes about 200 micrograms of freebased cocaine to kill a fruit fly. If a fruit fly only took 25 micrograms, he would be totally fine and could handle it and wouldn’t need anyone hassling him by saying that he had a problem. The other fruit flies, who took enough to get high but not enough to die, actually bounced off the walls. Some just started mindlessly spinning around in circles. In extreme cases, they even flipped upside down and started trembling, acting like they’d just been decapitated.[9] 1 Can Dolphins On LSD Speak English? Photo credit: The Guardian John C. Lilly tried to teach a dolphin to talk. He believed that if you gave a dolphin LSD, it would be able to speak—an idea based on the popular and long-standing theory that, man, if we gave this stuff to dolphins, they’d probably, like, just start talking or something. The experiment started off as something slightly more sensible. He hired a woman named Margaret Howe Lovatt to spend every moment living with and talking to a dolphin as part of a simultaneous experiment into both dolphin speech and how much you can get away with making a grad student do. As it turns out, the answer to the latter question is “a lot.” When the experiment didn’t work, Lilly had Margaret give the dolphin hand jobs—as one does with dolphins—and then decided that the whole thing would go better if everyone was high on LSD. It didn’t exactly pan out. To everyone’s surprise, no matter how much time they spent beating off a high dolphin, it still wouldn’t speak English.[10] Lilly blamed the experiment’s failure on funding. He would later complain that he hadn’t had enough time. If he and Margaret had been able to keep it up for a full year, he insisted, it definitely would have worked. Read more bizarre stories about animals and drugs on 10 Intoxicating Ways Animals Use Drugs and Top 10 Crazy Pharmaceutical Drug Origin Stories. Mark Oliver Read More: Wordpress
Question: Do Submarines Need To Surface For Air? Why do submarines need to surface? How do they navigate since gps signals can’t penetrate underwater. Submarines also have to surface to send signals. They can receive from periscope depth via low frequency, but can’t send that way. Typically, bombers (those which carry the ICBMs) will remain submerged for the duration of their patrol.. How do submarines not crash? Because they’re stealthy. So stealthy, in fact, that they don’t use the equipment necessary to detect obstacles. Most subs have two types of sonar: active and passive. Active sonar sends out acoustic sounds, or “pings,” which can reach thousands of yards. Can you smoke in a submarine? The Navy announced today a ban on smoking aboard submarines while they are deployed below the surface after medical testing showed non-smokers suffered effects of second-hand smoke. … Mark Jones of the Commander Naval Submarine Forces out of Norfolk, Va., said about 40 percent of the submarine sailors are smokers. Do submarines have WiFi? Even when a submarine is on the surface, the crew’s access to the internet is severely restricted. … There would be NO allowed personal use of wi-fi or bluetooth within a submarine. The vessel MIGHT have a wired LAN for MWR, protected against signal leakage or intrusion. Why are submarines so slow? You can tell by that wake that it is not cutting through the water very cleanly. This is why modern submarines, with their hull form optimized for submerged operation, are slower on the surface. How long does Oxygen last in a submarine? Air isn’t a problem as their make their own oxygen and keep the air clean. The limits on how long they can stay underwater are food and supplies. Submarines generally stock a 90-day supply of food, so they can spend three months underwater. Who has the best submarines in the world? The US Navy currently operates around 40 older Los Angeles class submarines alongside the newer Seawolf and Virginia class boats. These submarines proved to be an exceptionally good anti-submarine platform. First boat of the improved Los Angeles class was commissioned back in 1988. What is the fastest US submarine? USS SeawolfThe fastest U.S. submarine, the USS Seawolf (SSN-21), is believed to reach up to 35 knots. Electric boat is reportedly working on an underwater craft capable of transporting Navy Seals at speeds up to 100 knots (185 kph / 115 mph) using supercavitation. How do submarines get air? Oxygen is supplied either from pressurized tanks, an oxygen generator (which can form oxygen from the electrolysis of water) or some sort of “oxygen canister” that releases oxygen by a very hot chemical reaction. … The carbon dioxide is trapped in the soda lime by a chemical reaction and removed from the air. What is the longest a submarine has stayed submerged? The longest submerged and unsupported patrol made public is 111 days (57,085 km 30,804 nautical miles) by HM Submarine Warspite (Cdr J. G. F. Cooke RN) in the South Atlantic from 25 November 1982 to 15 March 1983. What’s life like on a submarine? US Navy With deployments underwater typically running 90 days, life onboard a submarine is anything but normal. Cramped quarters are the norm, and sailors must have the right technical know-how as well as determination to spend months underwater at a time. What is the fastest submarine? K-222 was laid down on 28 December 1963 and commissioned on 31 December 1969, at Severodvinsk. It was assigned to the Soviet Red Banner Northern Fleet for the duration of her career. It was the world’s fastest submarine, reaching a record submerged speed of 44.7 knots (82.8 km/h; 51.4 mph) on trials. How often do submarines have to surface? Thanks to their state-of-the-art, built-in reactors, modern nuclear submarines never have to surface to refuel. When the submarine goes into service, it has all the nuclear fuel (such as uranium) it will need for its projected lifetime, which can extend as long as 33 years. Are submarines faster on the surface or underwater? Which is faster? A submarine meets more resistance under-water as opposed to on the surface, as on the surface a small fraction of the hull surface is meeting against air resistance instead of water resistance. This does not, however, mean that a submarine travels faster on the surface. How do submarines dispose of human waste? What happens to human waste in a submarine? … “Sanitary Tanks” inside the pressure hull hold the waste water from toilets, showers, etc and is usually pumped overboard. Submarines can also empty some of the sanitary tanks by pressurizing them and discharging them overboard.
boy in mask playing with bubbles How it presents Although alcohol can affect the development of all cells and organs, the brain is particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol exposure. As a result, children and adults with FASD often experience difficulties in dealing with information. They may find it hard to translate hearing into doing, thinking into saying, reading into speaking or feeling into words. They may also have difficulty in applying specific learning to new experiences or situations and in perceiving similarities and differences. This means they may not be able to see patterns, predict events or make judgments. FASD in FOCUS: Sensory Integration Cognitive profile Sensory Issues and FASD National FASD favicon
What is Healthcare Fraud? The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in August 1996, established the Health Care Fraud and Abuse Program which was formed to combat misconduct in both the public and private sectors. Since its enactment, the law has brought together federal, state and local law enforcement to investigate and combat health care fraud. Following the initial passage of HIPAA in 1996, the federal government has become much more vigilant and aggressive when it comes to pursuing health care fraud (defined as conduct or schemes designed to cheat private or government health insurance programs) prosecutions. Healthcare fraud in the eyes of the government is no different than most other types of fraud. At its core, it involves allegations of deceit and manipulation. However, the difference in these types of cases is that prosecutions will often be more document intensive and proving intent will often turn on intricacies involving provision of healthcare services. Given the significance of what is at risk for a physician or other licensed professional, the stakes are always high in these types of cases. These are some of the most common schemes prosecuted by the government in healthcare fraud cases: • Government Health Insurance Fraud: Medicare and Medicaid are both government administered health insurance programs. Medicare provides health insurance for age eligible individuals while Medicare provides health insurance coverage for income eligible individuals. Allegations of fraud involving these programs generally take the form of claims that medical equipment manufacturers push their products on individuals who either do not need the products or never receive them. Also, physicians are often accused of fraudulently billing these government programs by exaggerating services rendered (“upcoding”) or for services that were never actually rendered at all. • Prescription Drug Fraud: These types of schemes involve physicians overprescribing pain medications (“pill mills”) or, in more brazen cases, simply selling drugs on the open market for profit. • Medical Equipment Fraud: In these types of schemes, “free” products are offered to individuals. The insurers are then billed for products that were not needed or never delivered. • Rolling Lab Schemes: Unnecessary and sometimes outright fake tests are given to individuals and then those tests are billed to insurers. How Is Healthcare Fraud Prosecuted? As mentioned above, healthcare fraud is generally considered conduct or a scheme that is designed to cheat a government or private health insurance program. There are a number of federal laws that target healthcare fraud which the government relies upon with regularity to pursue criminal charges. The main law which the government relies upon to pursue healthcare fraud charges is codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1347 and is plainly entitled “Health care fraud.” Under this federal statute, a person that makes a false statement or a promise to defraud a health care program and who does so “knowingly or willfully” shall be guilty of a federal felony and can be punished by imprisonment of up to 10 years. This is the most commonly used statute by federal prosecutors in pursuing healthcare fraud charges. When there are two or more defendants involved in a healthcare violation, the government can, and usually does, bring conspiracy charges under 18 U.S.C. § 1349. A conspiracy does not need to be successful nor does the goal of the conspiracy need to have been accomplished in order for the government to obtain a conviction. The essence of a conspiracy charge is the agreement itself. Thus, all the government needs to do to win a conspiracy charge is to prove there was an agreement to violate a healthcare fraud law. A conviction under this statute can lead to a sentence of up to 10 years in prison. The government can also prosecute healthcare fraud under traditional mail and wire fraud statutes which are found at 18 U.S.C. § 1341 and 1343. When a person uses the mails or some electronic means to further a fraud, including healthcare fraud, then the government can prosecute under these traditional statutes. Each of these statutes carries penalties of up t0 20 years in prison which is far greater than the penalties under the specific healthcare fraud statute at 18 U.S.C. § 1347. Another commonly utilized federal statute is 18 U.S.C. § 287. Under this law, a person can be prosecuted and imprisoned up to 5 years for making a false claim (e.g. invoice) for services to a government agency. This statute is very commonly used in fraudulent billing cases where invoices are submitted for medical services never rendered or where the services rendered are exaggerated. Finally, under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b, also known as the Anti-Kickback Law, it is illegal for a person to pay or receive a “kickback” (e.g. bribe, payoff, gratuity or other benefit) in relation to medical services or equipment paid for by a government sponsored health care program. Stated another way, the law makes it illegal to knowingly and willfully offer, pay, solicit, or receive anything of value directly or indirectly to reward patient referrals for any item or service reimbursable by the federal health care program. The criminal penalties for violating this law include fines, imprisonment (up to 5 years), and exclusion from being able to further participate in the federal health care system. The Importance Of Having The Right Lawyers The government has many tools in its arsenal to fight healthcare fraud. Some of the statutes are written broadly enough to ensnare the unwary who might not even realize they’re committing a federal crime. For this reason, having an attorney that is knowledgeable about federal healthcare fraud laws is extremely important. This is one area of federal criminal law where having the right attorney with the right knowledge is crucial. Additionally, engaging an attorney at the commencement of an investigation before charges are even filed can yield significant benefits, including talking prosecutors out of bringing charges or re-examining the charges that are contemplated. If you’re a health care provider accused of health care fraud, you have a lot to lose. Having a legal team in your corner comprised of former federal prosecutors and investigators can give you the advantage you need when dealing with the federal authorities. You need an experienced federal defense lawyer who has the resources to help you navigate the federal system and prepare a proper legal defense. If you’re a physician, having the right team representing you is even more important because a conviction can affect your ability to continue to practice medicine. The attorneys at The Federal Defenders are experienced in federal litigation, have the knowledge and skills to give you five star representation. The law is very nuanced. Federal prosecutors have almost unlimited advantages and resources at their disposal. Having attorneys on your team that understand the law, keep abreast of legal developments in the law, have the experience dealing with the complexities of federal statutes and, finally, possess the skills to stand before a jury to make a compelling case on behalf of a client are not just important qualities, they’re critical. At The Federal Defenders. we pride ourselves on being advocates for our clients. With decades of experience with all variety and manner of federal criminal issues and defenses, we understand what it takes to put our clients in a winning position. For a free and confidential consultation, call us today at (800) 712-0000. Just like our toll-free number, we operate nationwide.
Changing the World with Light 06 April 2020 On October 22, 1879, Edison demonstrated the first incandescent light bulb. That same year, he famously said: “We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles.” Before the lightbulb, people used kerosene and gas lamps, candles or fireplaces. They were much dimmer than current lightbulbs and introduced plenty of risk from fires, harmful gas discharges and more. With the lightbulb, people could do much more after dark, and it’s hard to overestimate the impact the lightbulb had on modern society. Edison turned electricity into light, and so at Wi-Charge, we were especially happy to be named this year’s GOLD winner in the Edison award. Our submission was our lightbulb-shaped long-range wireless power energy system, which uses light to send power without wires, safely and efficiently, from a distance. It has this beautiful symmetry to Edison’s work. Before long-range wireless power, people used batteries and power cords. Batteries needed to be replaced or recharged often, and their limited energy capacity handicapped product designers. Cords made devices much less mobile and limited where they could be used. We don’t know yet if light-based wireless power will be nearly as impactful as the lightbulb, but we see endless possibilities on how it can change the world.
Skip to main content An Official Vermont Government Website Vermont State Logo Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is a form of illegal workplace discrimination which can have negative impacts on workplace productivity, business profitability, and most especially on the real lives of employees and their families. Both Vermont law and federal law prohibit discrimination or harassment on the basis of a person’s sex. Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 has been interpreted to include sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination. The Vermont Fair Employment Practices Act includes Vermont’s Sexual Harassment Prevention Law. Who has to follow Vermont’s Sexual Harassment Prevention law? All Vermont employers, labor unions, and employment agencies who have at least one employee must follow the Vermont Sexual Harassment Prevention Law. Also, anyone who “engages a person to perform work or services” now has an obligation to “ensure a working relationship with that person that is free from sexual harassment.” This provision, added in 2018, was intended to ensure that people working with independent workers, contractors, interns, volunteers, and other service providers do not sexually harass, or permit sexual harassment against, those individuals. Who does the law protect? The law protects just about anyone who works for anyone else. An individual is protected by the Vermont Sexual Harassment Prevention Law even if they are the only worker at a business or organization, or if they are an independent contractor, an intern, temporary employee, volunteer, or service provider. Any person of any gender can experience unlawful sexual harassment, even someone who is not the target of harassing behavior. Understanding sexual harassment Vermont’s law defines sexual harassment in the same way as federal law does, applying the definition written by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.. This definition reads, “Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment, (2) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.” See 21 V.S.A. section 495(d)(13). Unlawful sexual harassment can take one of two forms - either quid pro quo harassment, or a hostile work environment. Quid pro quo sexual harassment occurs when an employment decision is based on someone’s willingness to endure sexual conduct, advances, or requests for sexual favors. The Latin term “quid pro quo” literally mean “this for that.” A single instance of quid pro quo sexual harassment is illegal. A hostile work environment is created when work-related harassment becomes so “severe or pervasive” that a person of any gender identity or sexual orientation: • Has to endure come-ons, unwelcomed sexual remarks, or sex-based behavior as part of their job, or • Is targeted with harassing behavior because of their sex, or based on conforming or not conforming to sex-based stereotypes, or • Feels intimidated, offended, scared, unsafe, or demeaned on the basis of their sex or based on sex-based stereotypes. A hostile work environment is usually a situation that develops over time, after frequent or repeated instances of sexual or sex-based conduct occur, and they prevent someone from being able to do their job. However, a single serious incident, such as workplace sexual assault, can be so “severe or pervasive” as to create an unlawful hostile work environment. Sexual harassment is not about sex - it is about power in the workplace. Any person of any gender can experience unlawful sexual harassment, even someone who is not the target of harassing behavior. Sexual harassment can be about sexual attraction, but it doesn’t have to be. It includes any harassment that is based on sex or based on someone’s conformance or non-conformance with sex-based stereotypes. Sexual harassment can occur between members of the same sex and not be related to sexual interest or attraction. What is not sexual harassment? The legal requirements for sexual harassment are probably not met when: -the conduct is not actually unwelcomed -the conduct is not based on sex or sex-related stereotypes, or -the employer takes prompt and reasonable steps that actually stop harassing behavior. Sexual Harassment Resources for Workers If you believe you may be a victim of workplace harassment or discrimination on the basis of any legally protected category or categories, find more information: Where and how to report a complaint
Aviva Directory » Faith & Spirituality » World Religions » Abrahamic Religions » Christianity » Church Divisions » Orthodox » Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Orthodox Church, also known as the Moscow Patriarchate, is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches. The Russian Orthodox Church claims jurisdiction over Orthodox Christians in the former member republics of the Soviet Union, except for Georgia and Armenia, regardless of their ethnic background, although this claim is disputed in Estonia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The ROC also has jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and Orthodox Christians in China. Jurisdictionally, the Russian Orthodox Church is separate from the Russian Orthodox Church in America, which traces its history to Russian Orthodox missionaries who came to Alaska, and from the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, but for the purposes of categorization here, they will be listed together, separated into subcategories only if there are enough sites to warrant it. Tradition has it that the Saint Andrew stood on hills of Kiev during his missionary journeys and blessed the future city of Kiev, but the first recorded baptism there was not until 988, that being the baptism of Saint Vladimir, whose grandmother had been baptized in Constantinople. Vladamir of Kiev made Christianity the official religion of Russia, although paganism remained the dominant religion. Until 1051, the Church at Kiev was a metropolitanate of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and its metropolitans were appointed by Greek patriarchs, a practice that changed with the appointment of Hilarion, a native Russian, as metropolitan. During the 12th century, the Russian Orthodox Church became the focus of unity for the Russian people and, after a period of feudal divisions, principalities began to unite around Moscow in the 14th century. Metropolitan Jonas played a significant role in helping to end the feudal divisions, and was elected Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia. Under his leadership, the Russian Orthodox Church achieved independence, and it increased in stature and authority, which was emphasized when the Metropolitan of Moscow became a Patriarch. A theory was developed in Moscow that viewed Moscow as the Third Rome, the legitimate successor to Constantinople, and the Primate of the Moscow Church as the head of the Russian Church. A schism occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1653 over changes that were introduced by the Patriarch Nikon, intended to establish uniformity between the Greek and Russian churches. A group, known as the Zealots of Piety, separated from the main body of the ROC, and became known as the Old Ritualists or the Old Believers. During the reign of Peter the Great, the Patriarch was replaced with a Holy Synod, which was controlled by the Tsar. Having a low regard for the Church, Peter the Great sought to reduce the importance of the Church in the lives of Russians. Under his reign, a career within the Church was not one chosen by upper-class society; subsequently, Church positions were filled with people who were poorly educated. Later in the 18th century, Catherine the Great seized most of the Church's land, and put the priests on s small salary that was supplemented by fees for baptisms and marriages. In the following centuries, the Russian Orthodox Church expanded to surrounding countries, including Alaska, which was then a Russian territory. Russian control over the Church ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Bolshevik-controlled government of Soviet Russia officially separated church and state in 1918. However, as the Soviet government gained power, it worked against the Church. Religious organizations were deprived of legal status, and the right to own property, and legal religious activity was restricted to services and sermons within church buildings. Then, the church buildings themselves were destroyed or converted to secular use. Seminaries were closed, and the Church was forbidden any use of the press. In 1922, a schism in the Russian Orthodox Church was largely orchestrated by the Soviet government, when the Living Church (Renovationist Church, Renovationism) broke away to form the Orthodox Russian Church, which later became the Orthodox Church in USSR, which was supported by the Soviet Secret Services. In the latter years of the Soviet Union, beginning with Mikhail Gorbachev, the official suppression of the Russian Orthodox Church was relaxed, and some church buildings were returned. The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia was formed by Russian Orthodox exiles from Soviet Russia in Yugoslavia and, although there were attempts to broker an understanding between the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church, the attempts had failed by 1940. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church in America are separate entities from the Russian Orthodox Church. 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January 2021 « Sep Search Homepage A Parable for Meditation What if there was an ancient saying that has the power to change everything? This magical sentence has been around for 100s of years. There are numerous versions of this story. Here is one version. There was once a powerful ruler . He commanded his wise men to invent a sentence that would always be true, in any situation. This was a very difficult task. But finally, his wise men prevailed. They had come up with a phrase that would always be true. The king’s sages took the sentence and engraved it into a ring. They told the king to not read it untill he really needed it. Since the King knew how wise his sages were, he followed thier advice, and did not read the proverb in the ring. Years passed. The king’s enemies had attacked and had managed to chase the king out of his kingdom. While being chased on his horse through the woods, the king heard his enemies closing in. At this point, There was no more road in front of the king. There was instead, a steep cliff overlooking a long and deadly fall. What to do? Face his enemies, where he was hopelessly outnumbered, or plunge to his death? All seemed lost. Remembering the inscription in his ring, the king finally read it. The wise saying is simply: This Too Shall Pass He smiled to himself. His wise men had written something that will always be true. He noticed the sound of his enemies getting further away. They had not seenhis trail. He later led his army to conquer the enemy and peace resumed in his kingdom. Think of how much truth isin these four words. When you are sad, they can make you happy. If elated, these four words can bring you back to reality. So when the road ahead feels like the steep cliff in our tale … Try to meditate on the words: “This Too Shall Pass”. See what truth you find. If you are havinga hard time meditating, try some meditation music or relaxing music. May your kingdom be a happy one! Comments are closed. Social Widgets powered by

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