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Do you know?
If a cell is broken up, the chloroplasts also break into pieces, so it becomes a very
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difficult task to isolate them to study the different steps of photosynthesis.It was not
until 1954, that Daniel I. Arnon was able to break up plant cells so gently that whole
chloroplasts could be obtained that could carry through photosynthesis.
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membrane stroma thylakoid It has been found that the chloroplast is
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lipid globule
stroma
a membranous structure, consisting of 3
membranes. The third layer forms stacked
} granum sack like structures called as grana. It is
believed to be a site for trapping of solar
energy. The intermediary fluid filled portion
grana thylakoid is called as stroma. It is believed to be
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starch grain responsible for enzymatic reactions leading
to the synthesis of glucose, which in turn
fig-8: T-S of chloroplast
join together to form starch.
Substances found in chloroplast which capture sunlight are called
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photosynthetic pigments. There are several types of photosynthetic
pigments involved in the process to produce organic molecules like
glucose in plants.
Chlorophyll is such a pigment which contain one atom of magnesium.
It is similar in structure to the haem of haemoglobin. (The iron containing
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red pigment that transports oxygen in blood.) Two major kinds of
chlorophylls are associated with thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll ‘a’ is
blue-green in colour and chlorophyll ‘b’ is yellow-green colour. Around
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250 to 400 pigment molecules are grouped as light harvesting complex or
photosynthetic unit in each thylakoid. Such innumerable units function
together in chloroplasts of green plants in the process of photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis several events occur in the chloroplast some
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of them are:
1. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
2. Splitting of water molecule (photolysis of water)
3. Reduction of carbondioxide to carbohydrates
Light is required to initiate several events while several may continue
even in absence of it. That would mean, once light energy has been captured
it can help reactions to continue even in the dark. Light dependent events
10 X Class Nutrition - Food supplying system
or reactions are called light reactions and it has been found to take place
in grana, while the rest are called light independent or dark reactions and
they occur in the stroma.
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Mechanism of Photosynthesis
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1. Light dependent reaction (Photochemical phase)
In this reaction light plays a key role. A series of chemical reactions
occur in a very quick succession initiated by light and therefore the phase
is technically called the photochemical phase or light dependent reaction.
The light reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called
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grana of chloroplasts. Several steps occur in the light dependent reaction.
Step-I : The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated
by absorbing photons. (Photon is the smallest unit of light energy)
Step-II: The energy is used in splitting the water molecule into two
component ions named hydrogen (H+), hydroxyl ion (OH-).
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