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For example amoeba [fig-9(a)] takes in food using |
temporary finger like extensions (pseudopodia) of the cell |
Food |
vacuole surface which fuse over the food particle forming food vacuole. |
Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down |
into simpler ones. Then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The |
SC |
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Oral remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the |
groove |
cell and thrown out. In Paramoecium [fig-9(b)], which is also a |
Formation |
of food |
unicellular organism the cell has a definite shape. Food is taken |
vacuole |
in at a specific spot. Food is moved to the spot by the movement |
Anal pore of cilia which covers the entire surface of the cell, where the |
food is ingested (cytostome). |
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12 X Class Nutrition - Food supplying system |
Parasitic nutrition in Cuscuta |
Dodder (genus Cuscuta) is a leafless, twining, parasitic plant |
belongs to morning glory family (Convolvulaceae). The genus |
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A |
contains about 170 twining species that are widely distributed |
throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. |
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AN |
fig-10: Haustoria |
The dodder plant contains no chlorophyll. Cuscuta reflexa |
in cuscuta |
has been found to have very little amount of chlorophyll and instead absorbs |
food through haustoria. They are root like structures that penetrate the tissue |
of a host plant and may kill it. The slender, string like stems of the dodder |
may be yellow, orange, pink, or brown in colour. It’s leaves are reduced to |
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NG |
minute scales. The dodder’s flowers, in nodule like clusters, are made up of |
tiny yellow or white bell-like petals. |
The dodder’s seed germinates, forming an anchoring root, and then |
sends up a slender stem that grows in a spiral fashion until it reaches a |
host plant. It then twines around the stem of the host plant and forms |
LA |
haustoria, which penetrate through it. Water is drawn through the haustoria |
from the host plant’s xylem, and nutrients are drawn from its phloem. |
Meanwhile, the root rots away after contact has been made with a host |
stem. As the dodder grows, it sends out new haustoria (parasitic roots) and |
TE |
null |
establishes itself very firmly on the host plant. After growing in a few |
spirals around one host shoot, the dodder finds its way to another, and it |
continues to twine and branch until it resembles a fine, densely tangled |
web of thin stems enveloping the host plant. Identify plants in your |
surroundings which are parasitic on other plants. |
Nutrition in Human Beings |
T |
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Human digestive system is very |
ER |
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complex in nature. Different parts are Mouth |
Salivary gland |
involved and perform different functions by |
using various digestive juices and enzymes. Oesophagus |
Stomach |
Let us observe the figure of digestive |
Pancreas |
system. Liver |
SC |
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The alimentary canal is basically a long |
tube extending from the mouth to the anus. |
We can see that this tube has different parts. Large intestine |
Various regions are specialized to perform Small intestine |
different functions. |
Rectum |
What happens to the food once it enters Anus |
our body? fig-11: Alimentary canal of man |
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