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breaking the chemical bonds of glucose molecules. Thus cellular respiration is the essential |
processes of life. So living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It can be in the presence |
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of oxygen that is ‘aerobic respiration’, or in the absence of oxygen as in bacterial respiration |
by anaerobic method which is called fermentation. The substances become sour because |
of ethyl alchohol or lactic acid is produced in this process. In Animals the anaerobic |
respiration leads to formation of lactic acid from glucose. In anaerobic repiration few ATP |
molecules are produced. Cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells like that of bacteria occurs |
within the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites of the |
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reactions. The produced energy is stored in mitochondria in the form of ATP. That is why |
mitochondria are called “power houses of the cell”. |
The exact chemical details of the breakdown of sugar or other foods within a living cell |
does not take place as a single reaction, but occurs in a series of small steps. |
How does this affect the energy release? As the change in the chemical nature of the |
molecule from one stage to the next is slight, in any step small amount of energy is released. |
The complete breakdown of a sugar molecule with the release of all its available energy |
Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 33 |
involves a series of different chemical reactions. |
outer membrane |
inner membrane |
From the breakdown of glucose the energy is |
released and stored up in a special compound, known |
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A |
cristae as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It is a small parcel of |
matrix chemical energy. The energy currency of these cells |
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is ATP an energy rich compound that is capable of |
supplying energy wherever needed within the cell. Each |
ATP molecule gives 7200 calories of energy. This |
energy is stored in the form of phosphate bonds. If the |
fig-10: Mitochondria |
bond is broken the stored energy is released. |
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NG |
Do cells of alveoli or lungs also require oxygen to carry out cellular |
respiration? Why/Why not? |
In short, at cellular level we could have the following pathways starting |
with glucose (It is one example, remember that there are other components |
of food as well). |
LA |
Lactic acid + Energy |
Absence or low |
Eg: Lactobocilus |
amount of oxygen |
(anaerobic respiraton |
and fermentation) Ethanol + CO2+ Energy |
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Glucose Pyruvate Eg: Yeast |
(3 carbon compound) |
+ Energy |
(Glycolysis) |
Presence of Oxygen CO2 + H2O + Energy |
(aerobic respiration) Eg: Plants and animals |
T |
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Glucose is the most commonly used sugar for deriving energy in plants, |
animals and in microorganisms. In all these organisms the glucose is |
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oxidized in two stages. In the first stage it is converted into two molecules |
of pyruvic acid. In the second stage if oxygen is available pyruvic acid is |
oxidized to CO2, water and large amount of energy is released. |
If oxygen is inadequate or not utilised pyruvic acid is converted into |
either ethanol or lactic acid and very little amount of energy (nearly one |
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tenth of that is produced with adequate amount of oxygen) is released. |
Can energy be released without oxygen? |
After undergoing strenous exercise, we feel pain in muscles. Does |
adequate oxygen reach the muscles? |
What is being formed in the muscles? |
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