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eval_testing_mns

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Why does the amount of Oxygen vary between exhaled and inhaled
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air?
What has raised the percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air?
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Do you know?
The total lung capacity of human being is nearly 5800ml. Normally at rest who
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inhale or exhale approximately 500ml of air. 1200ml of air remains in lungs after
complete exhalation.
Recall the activity of lung capacity performed by you in class VII
in the chapter ‘Respiration in Organisms’.
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Transportation of gases
We know that air is a mixture of gases, that fills the lungs and the
alveoli when that enters our body. The relative amount of different gases
in air and their combining capacity with haemoglobin and other substances
in blood determine their transport via blood in the body.
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When oxygen present in the air is within normal limits (around 21%)
then almost all of it is carried in the blood by binding to haemoglobin, a
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protein (quite like chlorophyll, the only major difference being it has iron
in place of magnesium as in chlorophyll) present in the red blood cells. As
oxygen is diffused in the blood, it rapidly combines with the haemoglobin
to form oxyhaemoglobin. Not only haemoglobin can combine with oxygen,
but the reverse can also happen to yield a molecule of haemoglobin and
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oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is usually transported as bicarbonate, while some
amount of it combines with haemoglobin and rest is dissolved in blood
plasma. Study the following equation for better understanding.
Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4 (in lungs)
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Hb(O2)4 Hb + 4O2 (in tissues)
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32 X Class Respiration - The energy releasing system
Do you know?
If haemoglobin is exposed to air at sea
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level, nearly every molecule combines with
oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. At a height
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of 13 km (about 8 miles) above sea level, the
concentration of oxygen is much lower about
one fifth at sea level.
fig-9: Mountaneer
Under these conditions only about half as many molecules of oxygen combine
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with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. This is important, because blood cannot
carry enough oxygen to the tissues if haemoglobin is combined with few oxygen
molecules. In fact, human life is impossible at such an altitude without a supplementary
supply of oxygen. Provision for such a supply is built into modern aircraft, which
have pressurized cabins that maintain an enriched air supply. When we go deep into
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the sea we will face another type of problems.
Gaseous exchange (capillaries to cells and back)
In the capillaries over the tissues, haemoglobin meets a very different environment.
The tissue cells are continuously using oxygen, hence, the concentration of oxygen is quite
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low in them. It might be only one third of that in the lungs. As the concentration of oxygen
is so low, oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen molecule that enters the cells. In the
reactions that occur within cells in our bodies, carbon dioxide and water are produced and
energy is released to be used up for different purposes.
Cellular respiration
The term cellular respiration refers to the pathway by which cells release energy by
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