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pelvic region on the ventral side of the rectum in the abdomen. It stores |
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urine brought by two ureters. The storage capacity of urinary bladder is |
300 - 800ml. |
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4. Urethra |
It is a tube that takes urine from urinary bladder to outside. The opening |
of urinary bladder into urethra is guarded by a ring of muscles or sphincter. |
Urethra is 4 cm long in females open to vestibule and in males it is about |
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20cm long. Its opening is separate in females but is in common with the |
reproductive tract in males (urino-genital duct). |
Micturition |
The urine is temporarily stored in the bladder. There are two sets of |
circular sphincter muscles in the bladder. When the bladder is filling up |
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both these sets of muscles are constricted, so the exit is closed. However |
as the pressure of the urine increases the walls of the bladder are stretched |
and this triggers off an automatic reflex action which causes the upper |
sphincter to relax. But the lower sphincter is under the control of brain. |
So urine can still be retained until this muscle is relaxed too. Control of |
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urination is not possessed by very young children but is gradually learned. |
Urge for micturition occurs when urinary bladder is filled with 300 - |
400 ml of urine. The stretched bladder stimulates nerve endings to develop |
the reflex. However, urine can be retained in the urinary bladder till it gets |
filled up to the maximum capacity of 700 - 800ml. At this time the urge |
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becomes painful and leads to voluntary micturition. Total amount of urine |
excreted per day is about 1.6-1.8 litres. It’s quantity increases with larger |
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intake of fluids like water, fruit juices and decreases with lesser intake. |
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Think and discuss |
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Do cells need excretion? |
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Why we advised to take sufficient water? |
Why do some children pass urine during sleep at night until 15 or 16 years of age? |
Composition of urine |
It is a transparent fluid produced by urinary system. Urine has amber |
color due to presence of urochrome.Composition of normal urine varies |
considerably depending on several factors for instance taking a protein |
82 X Class Excretion The wastage disposing system |
rich diet will result in more formation of urea in the urine. This is because |
the proteins get de-aminated in the liver with subsequent formation of |
urea. Even sugar can appear in a normal person after a heavy intake. If |
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other conditions are constant, a large intake of liquids or water - rich food |
increases the volume of water in the blood, hence more urine is excreted. |
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Urine contains 96% of water 2.5% of organic substances (urea, uric |
acid, creatine, creatinine, water soluble vitamins, hormones, and oxalates |
etc) and 1.5% of inorganic solutes (sodium, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, |
magnesium, calcium, iodine). It is acidic (pH=6.0)in the beginning but |
becomes alkaline on standing due to decomposition of urea to form |
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ammonia. |
What happens if both kidneys fail completely? |
Complete and irreversible kidney failure is called End Stage Renal |
Disease (ESRD). If kidneys stop working completely, our body is filled |
with extra water and waste products. This condition is called uremia. Our |
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hands or feet may swell. You feel tired and weak because your body needs |
clean blood to function properly. Is there any solution to this problem? |
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