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Do plants excrete like animals?
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We are amazed to answer such type of questions. You are aware that a
variety of end products are formed during metabolism and these
nitrogenous wastes are important. Plants does not have specific organs to
excrete these wastes. Plants break down waste substances at much slower
rate than in animals. Hence accumulation of waste is also much slower.
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Green plants in darkness and plants that do not possess chlorophyll produce
carbon dioxide and water as respiratory waste products. Oxygen itself can
be considered as a waste product generated during photosynthesis, that
exits out side through stomata of leaves and lenticels of stem.
How do the plants manage or send out waste products from its body?
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Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and
guttation. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark, and fruits. When
these dead leaves, bark, and ripe fruits fall off from the tree then waste
products in them are get rid off. Waste gets stored in the fruits in the form
of solid bodies called Raphides. However several compounds are
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synthesized by the plants for their own use especially for defence. Many
plants synthesize chemicals and store them in roots, leaves, seeds, etc.,
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for protection against herbivores. Most of the chemicals are unpleasant
to taste. Hence, herbivores usually do not prefer to eat such plants. Some
of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the animal that eats them.
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Think and discuss
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Why are weeds and wild plants not affected by insects and pests?
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Some of the plants secrete chemicals when injured. These chemicals
seal the wound and help the plant to recover from an injury. Some of the
plants release attractants for other organisms which will help the plants
for pollination, seed dispersal or even in their nutrition. For example, plants
86 X Class Excretion The wastage disposing system
having root nodules secrete chemicals to attract rhizobia into the
surroundings of the roots and form a symbiotic relationship with the
rhizobium. These compounds are called secondary metabolites.
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Why plants shed their leaves and bark periodically?
The biochemical substances produced in plants are of two types,
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primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. The materials like
carbohydrates, fats and proteins are primary metabolites. The materials
which do not require for normal growth and development are secondary
metabolites. e.g.: Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, Gums, and Latex etc. Though
plants produce these chemical for their own use. Man found the usage of
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these chemicals for own benefits. They are generally coloured and fragrant.
Alkaloids:
These are nitrogenous by- products and poisonous. These are stored
in different parts of the plants. Common alkaloids in plants and their uses
are given below.
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Table-5
ALKALOID PLANT PART USES
Quinine Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona) Bark Antimalarial drug
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Nicotine Nicotiana tobacum (Tobacco) Leaves Insecticide, stimulant
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Morphine, Cocaine Papaver somniferum (Opium) Fruit Pain killer
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentina Root Medicine for
(Snake root) Snake bite,High BP
Caffeine Coffea arabica (Coffee plant) Seed Central nervous
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system Stimulant
Nimbin Azadirachta indica