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546001 | High-throughput sequencing: a failure mode analysis | Background Basic manufacturing principles are becoming increasingly important in high-throughput sequencing facilities where there is a constant drive to increase quality, increase efficiency, and decrease operating costs. While high-throughput centres report failure rates typically on the order of 10%, the causes of s... | Background In the past decade, the demand for DNA sequence data has driven the transformation of sequencing from a research activity into a manufacturing process. High-throughput sequencing facilities are focused on establishing automated procedures that maintain long read length and high overall success rates. It is n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546001.xml |
516795 | Bridging Psychology and Mathematics: Can the Brain Understand the Brain? | Mathematical measures of complexity shed light on why some concepts are inherently more difficult to learn than others | “It was not only difficult for him to understand that the generic term dog embraced so many unlike specimens of differing sizes and different forms; he was disturbed by the fact that a dog at three-fourteen (seen in profile) should have the same name as the dog at three-fifteen (seen from the front).…Without effort, he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516795.xml |
538291 | Melatonin blocks inhibitory effects of prolactin on photoperiodic induction of gain in body mass, testicular growth and feather regeneration in the migratory male redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps) | Little is known about how hormones interact in the photoperiodic induction of seasonal responses in birds. In this study, two experiments determined if the treatment with melatonin altered inhibitory effects of prolactin on photoperiodic induction of seasonal responses in the Palearctic-Indian migratory male redheaded ... | Background In many birds, day length regulates seasonal changes in fattening and body mass gain, gonadal growth and development, molt, and plasma levels of several hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and melatonin [ 1 - 4 ]. There occurs some degree of phase-relationship among various photoinduced e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538291.xml |
544951 | Influence of passive leg movements on blood circulation on the tilt table in healthy adults | Background One problem in the mobilization of patients with neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury, is the circulatory collapse that occurs while changing from supine to vertical position because of the missing venous pump due to paralyzed leg muscles. Therefore, a tilt table with integrated stepping device ... | Background Several studies have confirmed that lack of movement leads quickly to profound negative physiological and biochemical changes in all organs and systems of the body [ 1 - 5 ]. It is important for patients suffering from diseases such as stroke, spinal cord and traumatic brain injury to be mobilized at an earl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544951.xml |
550663 | Mold sensitization is common amongst patients with severe asthma requiring multiple hospital admissions | Background Multiple studies have linked fungal exposure to asthma, but the link to severe asthma is controversial. We studied the relationship between asthma severity and immediate type hypersensitivity to mold (fungal) and non-mold allergens in 181 asthmatic subjects. Methods We recruited asthma patients aged 16 to 60... | Background Most asthma patients have mild symptoms which are well controlled with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator therapy but a minority of asthma patients have severe airway inflammation and airflow obstruction requiring multiple hospital admissions. The reasons for these differences in asthma severity are comple... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550663.xml |
503398 | Ciprofibrate therapy in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and low high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol: greater reduction of non-HDL cholesterol in subjects with excess body weight (The CIPROAMLAT study) | Background Hypertriglyceridemia in combination with low HDL cholesterol levels is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ciprofibrate for the treatment of this form of dyslipidemia and to identify factors associated with better treatment response. Methods Multicenter, in... | Background Hypertriglyceridemia in combination with abnormally low concentrations of HDL cholesterol (High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) is one of the most common and atherogenic profiles of lipid metabolism [ 1 ]. In the PROCAM study [ 2 ], the 6-year incidence of coronary events in men aged between 40 and 60 years... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503398.xml |
555848 | Health-state valuations for pertussis: methods for valuing short-term health states | Background The incidence of reported adolescent and adult pertussis continues to rise in the United States. Acellular pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults have been developed and may be available soon for use in the U.S. Our objectives were: (1) to describe patient valuations of pertussis disease and vaccinati... | Background The incidence of reported pertussis continues to rise in the United States despite high levels of childhood vaccination [ 1 , 2 ]. Waning immunity is thought to contribute to the particularly steep rise seen among adolescents and adults over the past two decades [ 3 , 4 ]. Acellular pertussis booster vaccine... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555848.xml |
518960 | Hypoxia upregulates the expression of the NDRG1 gene leading to its overexpression in various human cancers | Background The expression of NDRG1 gene is induced by nickel, a transition metal sharing similar physical properties to cobalt. Nickel may create hypoxia-like conditions in cells and induce hypoxia-responsive genes, as does cobalt. Therefore NDRG1 is likely to be another gene induced by hypoxia. HIF-1 is a transcriptio... | Background Cancer is a leading cause of death in humans, and current studies in the clinical area focus on either the early detection of this disease or on the development of new selective treatment tools. New tumour markers can provide aid in cancer diagnosis and create novel treatment opportunities. Ndrg1, also named... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518960.xml |
368164 | Phylogenomics of the Reproductive Parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel: A Streamlined Genome Overrun by Mobile Genetic Elements | The complete sequence of the 1,267,782 bp genome of Wolbachia pipientis w Mel, an obligate intracellular bacteria of Drosophila melanogaster , has been determined. Wolbachia , which are found in a variety of invertebrate species, are of great interest due to their diverse interactions with different hosts, which range ... | Introduction Wolbachia are intracellular gram-negative bacteria that are found in association with a variety of invertebrate species, including insects, mites, spiders, terrestrial crustaceans, and nematodes. Wolbachia are transovarialy transmitted from females to their offspring and are extremely widespread, having be... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368164.xml |
512295 | Altered mRNA expression of genes related to nerve cell activity in the fracture callus of older rats: A randomized, controlled, microarray study | Background The time required for radiographic union following femoral fracture increases with age in both humans and rats for unknown reasons. Since abnormalities in fracture innervation will slow skeletal healing, we explored whether abnormal mRNA expression of genes related to nerve cell activity in the older rats wa... | Background Bone formation to bridge the fracture gap following skeletal fracture slows with age in both humans [ 1 - 6 ] and rats [ 7 - 9 ]. While young, 6-week-old rats reach radiographic union by 4 weeks after femoral fracture, adult, 26-week-old rats require 10 weeks, and older, 52-week-old rats need in excess of 6 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512295.xml |
523855 | Gene family evolution: an in-depth theoretical and simulation analysis of non-linear birth-death-innovation models | Background The size distribution of gene families in a broad range of genomes is well approximated by a generalized Pareto function. Evolution of ensembles of gene families can be described with Birth, Death, and Innovation Models (BDIMs). Analysis of the properties of different versions of BDIMs has the potential of r... | Background An extremely broad variety of phenomena in physics, biology, and the social sphere is described by power law distributions. The power laws apply to the distribution of the number of links between documents in the Internet, the population of towns, the number of species that become extinct within a year, the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523855.xml |
314468 | The Proteasome and the Delicate Balance between Destruction and Rescue | The proteasome is a large multiprotein complex that degrades unwanted cellular proteins. The mechanisms that control this protein-eating machine are being uncovered | Inside eukaryotic cells there is a massive protein complex called the proteasome whose raison d'être is to remove unnecessary proteins by breaking them down into short peptides. The proteasome is thus responsible for an important aspect of cellular regulation because the timely and controlled proteolysis of key cellula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314468.xml |
549534 | Expression of plasminogen activators in preimplantation rat embryos developed in vivo and in vitro | Background Embryo implantation plays a major role in embryogenesis and the outcome of pregnancy. Plasminogen activators (PAs) have been implicated in mammalian fertilization, early stages of development and embryo implantation. The invasion of trophoblast cells into the endometrium during the implantation process can b... | Background Plasminogen activators (PAs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in mammalian gametogenesis [ 1 ], ovulation [ 2 , 3 ], fertilization [ 4 , 5 ], early stages of development and embryo implantation [ 6 , 7 ]. The PAs are serine proteases, which convert the inactive plasminogen to the pot... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549534.xml |
516030 | Periodicity of DNA in exons | Background The periodic pattern of DNA in exons is a known phenomenon. It was suggested that one of the initial causes of periodicity could be the universal ( RNY) n pattern ( R = A or G , Y = C or U , N = any base) of ancient RNA. Two major questions were addressed in this paper. Firstly, the cause of DNA periodicity,... | Background Periodicity of DNA in exons, with the period being equal to 3 nucleotides, has been well known for some time [ 1 - 6 ]. This periodicity reflects correlations between nucleotide positions along coding sequences [ 7 ], which is caused by the asymmetry in base composition at the three coding positions [ 8 ]. T... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516030.xml |
340944 | Treatment of Terminal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis by a Transducible p53-Activating Peptide | Advanced-stage peritoneal carcinomatosis is resistant to current chemotherapy treatment and, in the case of metastatic ovarian cancer, results in a devastating 15%–20% survival rate. Therapeutics that restore genes inactivated during oncogenesis are predicted to be more potent and specific than current therapies. Exper... | Introduction Most patients who succumb to cancer do so not from primary tumor burden, but from metastatic disease ( Fidler 2003 ). For example, advanced-stage peritoneal carcinomatosis (e.g., from metastatic ovarian and breast cancer) and disseminated peritoneal lymphomas are often resistant to current chemotherapy tre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340944.xml |
512281 | The FU gene and its possible protein isoforms | Background FU is the human homologue of the Drosophila gene fused whose product fused is a positive regulator of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Thus, FU may act as a regulator of the human counterparts of Ci, the GLI transcription factors. Since Ci and GLI are targets of Hedgehog signaling in develo... | Background The signaling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) and components of its intracellular signaling pathway have been the subject of intensive research in several species from fruit fly to man during recent years. Numerous developmental and morphogenic processes are controlled by the Hedgehog family of proteins. Much effort ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512281.xml |
449905 | Honeybees' Distance Perception Changes with Terrain of Flight Path | null | When a trip for food can require a three-mile flight, it pays to get the directions right, especially if you're a bee. Bees more typically forage within a 600- to 800-yard radius, expending a significant amount of energy—a fact they seem keenly aware of: for reasons that remain unclear, bees tend to ignore directions t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449905.xml |
512530 | Organization of the mitochondrial genomes of whiteflies, aphids, and psyllids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) | Background With some exceptions, mitochondria within the class Insecta have the same gene content, and generally, a similar gene order allowing the proposal of an ancestral gene order. The principal exceptions are several orders within the Hemipteroid assemblage including the order Thysanoptera, a sister group of the o... | Background Whiteflies, psyllids, and aphids correspond to superfamilies within the suborder Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) [ 1 ]. These insects share a number of common properties that are a consequence of their utilization of plant phloem as their diet. This mode of feeding is accomplished by means of needle-like stylets ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512530.xml |
516018 | Heat shock protein 70 expression, keratin phosphorylation and Mallory body formation in hepatocytes from griseofulvin-intoxicated mice | Background Keratins are members of the intermediate filaments (IFs) proteins, which constitute one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. In hepatocytes, keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) are believed to play a protective role against mechanical and toxic stress. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylati... | Background Intermediate filaments (IFs) with microtubules and actin microfilaments are the major cytoskeletal components of most vertebrate cells [ 1 - 4 ]. IF proteins constitute a large family of proteins that is divided into five types [ 1 , 2 ]. The expression of the different IF proteins is differentiation and tis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516018.xml |
516781 | The clinical significance of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines in patients at risk for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Background The predictive role of many cytokines has not been well defined in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Methods We measured prospectively IL-4, IL-6, IL-6 receptor, IL-8, and IL-10, in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in 59 patients who were admitted to ICU in order to identify predic... | Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by respiratory failure of acute onset as a result of acute lung injury (ALI) either directly or indirectly via the blood. The main characteristics of the syndrome are diffuse inflammation and increased microvascular permeability that cause diffuses ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516781.xml |
506784 | Using a Geographical Information System to investigate the relationship between reported cryptosporidiosis and water supply | Background This paper reports on a study investigating the epidemiology of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the North West of England and Wales using a Geographical Information System (GIS) to map location of residence of cases. Some 747 reports of cases were made to CDSC North West of which 649 reports were suitable for ... | Background Cryptosporidiosis is infection with species of the genus Cryptosporidium . Most infections in the UK are due either to C. parvum (previously known as C. parvum genotype 2 or bovine strain) or C. hominis (previously known as C. parvum genotype 1 or human strain) [ 1 ]. Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan paras... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506784.xml |
511005 | Who will lose weight? A reexamination of predictors of weight loss in women | Background The purpose of this study was to analyze pretreatment predictors of short-term weight loss in Portuguese overweight and obese women involved in a weight management program. Behavioral and psychosocial predictors were selected a priori from previous results reported in American women who participated in a sim... | Background Predicting weight loss outcomes from information collected from subjects before they start weight management programs is a long-standing goal [ 1 ]. In effect, if individual variability in obesity treatment remains as high as it is presently, identifying variables that moderate outcomes (i.e., that explain f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC511005.xml |
553975 | Transitions in care during the end of life: changes experienced following enrolment in a comprehensive palliative care program | Background Transitions in the location of care and in who provides such care can be extremely stressful for individuals facing death and for those close to them. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of transitions in care experienced by palliative care patients following admission to a comprehen... | Background For individuals facing death, and for those close to them, transitions in the location of care and in who provides care can be extremely stressful.[ 1 ] Such transitions include moving from home to hospital or to long-term care facilities, from ward to ward within hospitals, or in and out of care directed by... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553975.xml |
549520 | The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 3a protein may function as a modulator of the trafficking properties of the spike protein | Background A recent publication reported that a tyrosine-dependent sorting signal, present in cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein of most coronaviruses, mediates the intracellular retention of the spike protein. This motif is missing from the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-Co... | Background The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, which affected over 30 countries, resulted in more than 8000 cases of infection and more than 800 fatalities (World Health Organization, ). A novel coronavirus was identified as the aetiological agent of SARS [ 1 ]. Analysis of the nucleotide sequ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549520.xml |
524257 | Paying Attention to Memory | null | If you could peer inside someone else's head, you'd see a scrunched-up gelatinous mass of tissue, weighing roughly a kilogram, homogeneous to the naked eye—in other words, a brain. The seeming uniformity of the overlying cerebral cortex, which has so outstripped other parts of the brain over the course of evolution tha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524257.xml |
554983 | Review of "Dynamics of the Vascular System" by John K-J Li. Series on Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering – Vol. 1 | null | "Dynamics of the Vascular System" is a new book by one of the world's greatest experts on bioengineering aspects of hemodynamics. It provides an excellent elementary introduction to this topic. Following an illustrative historical introduction, the author briefly reviews vascular physiology. This is followed by the bas... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554983.xml |
547914 | A methodology for distinguishing divergent cell fates within a common progenitor population: adenoma- and neuroendocrine-like cells are confounders of rat ileal epithelial cell (IEC-18) culture | Background IEC-18 cells are a non-transformed, immortal cell line derived from juvenile rat ileal crypt cells. They may have experimental advantages over tumor-derived gastrointestinal lineages, including preservation of phenotype, normal endocrine responses and retention of differentiation potential. However, their pr... | Background In the last quarter century, more than five hundred published manuscripts contained experiments using the popular rat crypt cell lines IEC-6 and IEC-18 originally established by Quaroni and Isselbacher in 1978 and 1981 [ 1 , 2 ]. These lineages have stood the test of time as being two of the most reliable an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547914.xml |
544548 | Help Wanted: Science Manager | The recently created professional science master's degree may be the answer to the increasing need for science-savvy employees in the business world | “I didn't want to be just another MBA,” says Pascal Herzer, one of the first recipients of a new graduate credential known as the professional science master's, or PSM. “Not many people have the ability to understand science and business, and [the PSM] program was designed for that very purpose.” PSMs are two-year Amer... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544548.xml |
518974 | What do evidence-based secondary journals tell us about the publication of clinically important articles in primary healthcare journals? | Background We conducted this analysis to determine i) which journals publish high-quality, clinically relevant studies in internal medicine, general/family practice, general practice nursing, and mental health; and ii) the proportion of clinically relevant articles in each journal. Methods We performed an analytic surv... | Background Evidence on the journal-reading habits of clinicians comes from three separate groups of publications. First, several surveys have been used to ascertain the reading habits of physicians. Fafard and Snell [ 1 ] assessed house staff who reported reading an average of 8.7 hours per week, with about half of the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518974.xml |
516024 | Estimates of statistical significance for comparison of individual positions in multiple sequence alignments | Background Profile-based analysis of multiple sequence alignments (MSA) allows for accurate comparison of protein families. Here, we address the problems of detecting statistically confident dissimilarities between (1) MSA position and a set of predicted residue frequencies, and (2) between two MSA positions. These pro... | Background Profile-based methods of sequence analysis use multiple sequence alignments (MSA) to extract information about conserved features of a protein family, which are impossible to decipher from a single sequence. Such methods increase both the sensitivity of homology detection and the quality of produced alignmen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516024.xml |
547900 | Global patterns of healthy life expectancy in the year 2002 | Background Healthy life expectancy – sometimes called health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) – is a form of health expectancy indicator that extends measures of life expectancy to account for the distribution of health states in the population. The World Health Organization reports on healthy life expectancy for 192 WH... | Background In the World Health Report 2000 , the World Health Organization (WHO) reported for the first time on the average levels of population health for its 191 member countries using a summary measure that combines information on mortality and morbidity [ 1 , 2 ]. Because substantial resources are devoted to reduci... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547900.xml |
524519 | Surface structure, model and mechanism of an insect integument adapted to be damaged easily | Background Several sawfly larvae of the Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) are called easy bleeders because their whole body integument, except the head capsule, disrupts very easily at a given spot, under a slight mechanical stress at this spot. The exuding haemolymph droplet acts as a feeding deterrent towards invertebrate... | Background The integument of insects is very often involved in defence strategies towards predators and pathogenic agents [ 1 , 2 ]. Generally it constitutes the first contact point in the interaction between an insect and such natural enemies. It often offers an efficient protection as a physical barrier due to its ha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524519.xml |
520757 | DIALIGN P: Fast pair-wise and multiple sequence alignment using parallel processors | Background Parallel computing is frequently used to speed up computationally expensive tasks in Bioinformatics. Results Herein, a parallel version of the multi-alignment program DIALIGN is introduced. We propose two ways of dividing the program into independent sub-routines that can be run on different processors: ( a ... | Background Multiple sequence alignment continues to be an active field of research in Computational Biology and a number of novel approaches have been developed during the last years, see [ 1 ] for an overview on multi-alignment algorithms and [ 2 , 3 ] for systematic evaluation of the commonly used software tools. Unt... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520757.xml |
549078 | CytoJournal's move to fund Open Access | CytoJournal is published by an independent publisher BioMed Central, which is committed to ensuring that the peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access. Since its launch, BioMed Central has graciously supported the processing of all the articles published during CytoJournal' s first 6 months. However, for long te... | Introduction CytoJournal is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to ensuring peer-reviewed biomedical research is Open Access – it is universally and freely available online to everyone, its authors retain copyright, and it is archived in at least one internationally recognised free repositor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549078.xml |
520743 | Is acupuncture a useful adjunct to physiotherapy for older adults with knee pain?: The "Acupuncture, Physiotherapy and Exercise" (APEX) study [ISRCTN88597683] | Background Acupuncture is a popular non-pharmacological modality for treating musculoskeletal pain. Physiotherapists are one of the largest groups of acupuncture providers within the NHS, and they commonly use it alongside advice and exercise. Conclusive evidence of acupuncture's clinical effectiveness and its superior... | Background Knee pain in older adults is a common disabling problem. Approximately 25% of the population aged over 55 years are affected at any one time and half of these will have some restriction of normal daily activities [ 1 , 2 ]. After excluding `red flags' and specific pathologies such as inflammatory arthritis, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520743.xml |
522815 | A new method for determination of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G avidity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid | Background Avidity determination of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies is an established serological method to differentiate acute from past infections. In order to compare the avidity of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IgG in pairs of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, we developed a new techniq... | Background In addition to the determination of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, the avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies is an important parameter for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute infections. Testing of IgG avidity has been applied for a large variety of pathogens (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]). A correct dia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522815.xml |
554997 | Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in skin nerve fibres and related vanilloid receptors TRPV3 and TRPV4 in keratinocytes in human breast pain | Background Breast pain and tenderness affects 70% of women at some time. These symptoms have been attributed to stretching of the nerves with increase in breast size, but tissue mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods Eighteen patients (n = 12 breast reduction and n = 6 breast reconstruction) were recruited and asses... | Background Breast pain is a common problem, which can affect up to 70% of women [ 1 ]. Breast pain or mastalgia can be cyclical or non-cyclical. The cyclical type of breast pain has been attributed to sex hormonal changes through the menstrual cycle that may increase the size of the breast tissue, which stretches the i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554997.xml |
521688 | A systematic review of the content of critical appraisal tools | Background Consumers of research (researchers, administrators, educators and clinicians) frequently use standard critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality of published research reports. However, there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate critical appraisal tool for allied health research. We summarized... | Background Consumers of research (clinicians, researchers, educators, administrators) frequently use standard critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality and utility of published research reports [ 1 ]. Critical appraisal tools provide analytical evaluations of the quality of the study, in particular the methods a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521688.xml |
534093 | Atherosclerosis of the descending aorta predicts cardiovascular events: a transesophageal echocardiography study | Purpose Previous studies have shown that atherosclerosis of the descending aorta detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a good marker of coexisting coronary artery disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the presence of atherosclerosis on the descending aorta during TEE has any prognostic i... | Introduction During the past decades many methods and factors have been proposed as good prognostic tools or markers for cardiovascular risk stratification. However, even with the most sophisticated stress testing procedures the prediction capability still remains imperfect [ 1 ]. Previous studies have shown that ather... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534093.xml |
544574 | The effectiveness of metal on metal hip resurfacing: a systematic review of the available evidence published before 2002 | Background Conventional total hip replacement (THR) may be felt to carry too high a risk of failure over a patient's lifetime, especially in young people. There is increasing interest in metal on metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty (MoM) as this offers a bone-conserving option for treating those patients who are not con... | Background The treatment of younger people with disease of the hip joint presents a difficult clinical problem. Conventional total hip replacement (THR) may be felt to carry too high a risk of failure over a patient's lifetime. Overall, long-term results of THR in younger patients with a variety of underlying condition... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544574.xml |
509312 | Opening a Window to the Autistic Brain | Research focuses have shifted from "curing" autism to finding better diagnostics for early intervention, improving behavioral therapies, and gaining insight into the autistic brain | At first glance, the preschool classroom on the other side of the two-way mirror looks like any other—brightly colored rugs, scattered toys, and tiny chairs. But almost immediately an observer notices differences in the Team Toddle students here at the Neuropsychiatric Institute of the University of California at Los A... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509312.xml |
552316 | The uses of provincial administrative health databases for research on palliative care: Insights from British Columbia, Canada | Background Research indicating that people increasingly prefer to die at home suggests that palliative care is likely to play a more prominent role in the future of Canada's health care system. Unfortunately, at a time when research evidence should be informing policy and service delivery, little is known about health ... | Background Despite the fact that we all die, the philosophy and practice of palliative and end of life care is relatively new [ 1 ]. Certainly, in the broader context of the Canadian health care system, and within most western cultures, palliative and end of life care has played a secondary role due in part to the domi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552316.xml |
554767 | Is there value in using physician billing claims along with other administrative health care data to document the burden of adolescent injury? An exploratory investigation with comparison to self-reports in Ontario, Canada | Background Administrative health care databases may be particularly useful for injury surveillance, given that they are population-based, readily available, and relatively complete. Surveillance based on administrative data, though, is often restricted to injuries that result in hospitalization. Adding physician billin... | Background The contribution of surveillance systems in providing valuable information for injury prevention and control is widely recognized; for example, surveillance data can be used to highlight the burden of injury, set priorities for prevention, and evaluate preventive strategies [ 1 , 2 ]. Estimates of the popula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554767.xml |
509307 | Nicotine Keeps Leaf-Loving Herbivores at Bay | null | Sooner or later, a gardener looking for “nontoxic” ways to control the inevitable attack on a favorite plant will discover the nicotine remedy. Steep a cup of loose tobacco in a gallon of water, let it sit overnight, strain, and spray away. Caterpillars, aphids, and a diverse array of insects predisposed to devouring p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509307.xml |
549044 | An immunocompromised BALB/c mouse model for respiratory syncytial virus infection | Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants and children, which can be fatal, especially in immunocompromised patients. The BALB/c mouse, currently used as a model for studying RSV immunopathology, is semi-permissive to the virus. A mouse model that more closely mimics human R... | Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important respiratory pathogen that produces an annual worldwide epidemic of respiratory illness primarily in children, but also in the elderly [ 1 , 2 ]. In the USA alone, RSV infection of children causes about 100,000 hospitalizations and 4,500 deaths annually (MMW... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549044.xml |
549050 | Increased proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease | Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load is related to the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been shown to be elevated in the peripheral blood in HTLV-1-infected patients with uveitis or alveolitis. Increased proliferation of HTLV-... | Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in southern Japan, intertropical Africa, Melanesia, Latin America, and the Caribbean basin [ 1 ]. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia [ 2 ] and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), an inflammatory disea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549050.xml |
552302 | A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation | Background Recent technological advances in integrated circuits, wireless communications, and physiological sensing allow miniature, lightweight, ultra-low power, intelligent monitoring devices. A number of these devices can be integrated into a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), a new enabling technology for health mo... | Introduction Wearable health monitoring systems integrated into a telemedicine system are novel information technology that will be able to support early detection of abnormal conditions and prevention of its serious consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. Many patients can benefit from continuous monitoring as a part of a diagnostic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552302.xml |
532390 | Patterns of Intron Gain and Loss in Fungi | Little is known about the patterns of intron gain and loss or the relative contributions of these two processes to gene evolution. To investigate the dynamics of intron evolution, we analyzed orthologous genes from four filamentous fungal genomes and determined the pattern of intron conservation. We developed a probabi... | Introduction Over a quarter of a century after the discovery of introns, fundamental questions about their function and evolutionary origins remain unanswered. Although intron density differs radically between organisms, the mechanisms by which introns are inserted and deleted from gene loci are not well understood. A ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532390.xml |
546411 | Presence and rehabilitation: toward second-generation virtual reality applications in neuropsychology | Virtual Reality (VR) offers a blend of attractive attributes for rehabilitation. The most exploited is its ability to create a 3D simulation of reality that can be explored by patients under the supervision of a therapist. In fact, VR can be defined as an advanced communication interface based on interactive 3D visuali... | Introduction What is virtual reality (VR)? For many health care professionals, VR is first of all a technology. Since 1986, when Jaron Lamier used the term for the first time, VR has been usually described as a collection of technological devices: a computer capable of interactive 3D visualization, a head-mounted displ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546411.xml |
554773 | Genome wide analysis of Arabidopsis core promoters | Background Core promoters are the gene regulatory regions most proximal to the transcription start site (TSS), central to the formation of pre-initiation complexes and for combinatorial gene regulation. The DNA elements required for core promoter function in plants are poorly understood. To establish the sequence motif... | Background In eukaryotes, many cellular processes are regulated at the level of transcription. Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the assembly of the basal transcription apparatus at the core promoter, a region of about 70 bp flanking the transcription start site (TSS) [ 1 ]. Interactions mediate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554773.xml |
546410 | Video capture virtual reality as a flexible and effective rehabilitation tool | Video capture virtual reality (VR) uses a video camera and software to track movement in a single plane without the need to place markers on specific bodily locations. The user's image is thereby embedded within a simulated environment such that it is possible to interact with animated graphics in a completely natural ... | Introduction Two major goals of rehabilitation are the enhancement of functional ability and the realization of greater participation in community life. These goals are achieved by intensive intervention aimed at improving sensory, motor, cognitive and higher level-cognitive functions on the one hand, and practice in e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546410.xml |
554772 | Fuzzy species among recombinogenic bacteria | Background It is a matter of ongoing debate whether a universal species concept is possible for bacteria. Indeed, it is not clear whether closely related isolates of bacteria typically form discrete genotypic clusters that can be assigned as species. The most challenging test of whether species can be clearly delineate... | Background The definition of bacterial species, and a concept of species applicable to all bacteria, are problems that have long exercised systematists and microbiologists [ 1 - 4 ]. While species names have been assigned to groups of organisms sharing many common phenotypic traits, and a certain minimum level of genom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554772.xml |
546405 | Homeostatic capabilities of the choroid plexus epithelium in Alzheimer's disease | As the secretory source of vitamins, peptides and hormones for neurons, the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium critically provides substances for brain homeostasis. This distributive process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume transmission reaches many cellular targets in the CNS. In ageing and ageing-related dementias, th... | Review Choroid plexus impact on Alzheimer's disease Accumulating evidence supports the idea that continually decreasing choroid plexus (CP) function in advanced ageing exacerbates Alzheimer's disease (AD). As part of a new paradigm to explain brain interstitium deterioration in age-related dementias, increasingly more ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546405.xml |
552303 | Using purine skews to predict genes in AT-rich poxviruses | Background Clusters or runs of purines on the mRNA synonymous strand have been found in many different organisms including orthopoxviruses. The purine bias that is exhibited by these clusters can be observed using a purine skew and in the case of poxviruses, these skews can be used to help determine the coding strand o... | Background In 1966, Szybalski first discovered that the mRNA synonymous strand of DNA contained a predominance of purine-rich clusters [ 1 ]; by convention, the top strand of a linear dsDNA molecule is viewed 5'→3', therefore when transcription of a gene is to the right, the top strand is considered the mRNA synonymous... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552303.xml |
544561 | Duloxetine for the long-term treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in patients aged 65 and older: an open-label study | Background Late-life depression is a common, chronic and recurring disorder for which guidelines recommend long-term therapy. The safety and efficacy of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) were evaluated using data from elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years; n = 101) who participated in a large, ... | Background Late-life depression is a common and disabling condition which represents a substantial public health concern [ 1 ]. The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the community-dwelling elderly population is estimated at 1–3%, with depressive symptoms being present in approximately 15% [ 2 ]. The rate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544561.xml |
532391 | A Transcriptional Profile of Aging in the Human Kidney | In this study, we found 985 genes that change expression in the cortex and the medulla of the kidney with age. Some of the genes whose transcripts increase in abundance with age are known to be specifically expressed in immune cells, suggesting that immune surveillance or inflammation increases with age. The age-regula... | Introduction Aging affects nearly all organisms and is a major risk factor in most human diseases. Recent work has begun to uncover molecular mechanisms that specify lifespan and to identify alterations in cellular physiology that occur at the end of life ( Tissenbaum and Guarente 2002 ). For example, oxidative damage ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532391.xml |
509313 | Yeast Use Dual Gain Controls to Amplify Protein Processing | null | Machinery within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells modifies, folds, and assembles proteins as needed to suit their functions at or past the cell membrane. When this system is hampered or overtaxed, a buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER triggers the “unfolded protein response,” which... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509313.xml |
554000 | Initial development and testing of a novel foam-based pressure sensor for wearable sensing | Background This paper provides an overview of initial research conducted in the development of pressure-sensitive foam and its application in wearable sensing. The foam sensor is composed of polypyrrole-coated polyurethane foam, which exhibits a piezo-resistive reaction when exposed to electrical current. The use of th... | Background We live in a world of information, and emerging technologies compel us to look for new ways to collect, process, and distribute information. Today we are faced with a significant information overload problem as users struggle to locate the right information in the right way at the right time. In response, a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554000.xml |
546404 | Virtual reality and physical rehabilitation: a new toy or a new research and rehabilitation tool? | Virtual reality (VR) technology is rapidly becoming a popular application for physical rehabilitation and motor control research. But questions remain about whether this technology really extends our ability to influence the nervous system or whether moving within a virtual environment just motivates the individual to ... | Prevalence of virtual reality technology Virtual reality (VR) technology has been used for several decades for a variety of psychosocial interventions. But since the early 1990's there has been an explosion of laboratories and clinics promoting the use of virtual technology for physical rehabilitation [ 1 - 4 ]. Presen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546404.xml |
549051 | The changes of CD4+CD25+/CD4+ proportion in spleen of tumor-bearing BALB/c mice | CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes (T R ) constitute 5–10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells in naive mice and humans, and play an important role in controlling immune responses. Accumulating evidences show that T R cells are involved in some physiological processes and pathologic conditions such as autoimmune diseases, trans... | Background Early in 1970s, the concept of suppressor T cells was developed and it was envisioned that this subset of lymphocytes was responsible for the active control, and ultimately the termination, of immune responses [ 1 ]. But the characters of this subset had not been well studied mainly because its distinct phen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549051.xml |
554996 | Correction: Lipid phosphate phosphatases dimerise, but this interaction is not required for in vivo activity | null | After the publication of this work [ 1 ] it was brought to our attention that the concentrations of the reagents listed for the cell lysis buffer are those of the original stock solutions and not the required final concentrations. The correct final concentrations for this buffer are as follows: HEPES 50 mM NaCl 100 mM ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554996.xml |
544560 | The product of the split ends gene is required for the maintenance of positional information during Drosophila development | Background The Drosophila split ends ( spen ) gene encodes a large nuclear protein containing three RNP-type RNA binding motifs, and a conserved transcriptional co-repressor-interacting domain at the C-terminus. Genetic analyses indicate that spen interacts with pathways that regulate the function of Hox proteins, the ... | Background The morphological complexity of metazoans is achieved through the regulation of multiple genes in an orchestrated spatial and temporal manner. One of these genes, split ends ( spen ), was initially identified in a screen for mutations affecting axonal outgrowth in the nervous system in Drosophila [ 1 ]. Addi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544560.xml |
554766 | Impact of tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water on the risk of breast cancer: Using a dose model to assess exposure in a case-control study | Background A population-based case-control study was undertaken in 1997 to investigate the association between tetrachloroethylene (PCE) exposure from public drinking water and breast cancer among permanent residents of the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts. PCE, a volatile organic chemical, leached from the vinyl linin... | Background In 1988, an unusually high incidence of cancer in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts prompted a series of epidemiological studies to investigate possible environmental risk factors associated with the region, including tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water [ 1 - 7 ]. Tetrachloroethylene (or perch... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554766.xml |
544549 | Whisker Velocity Patterns Tell Rats What They're Feeling | null | Whiskers don't fossilize, so it's hard to say when they first evolved. But it's quite likely they emerged along with mammals, over 200 million years ago. To elude the eye (and feet) of ungainly dinosaurs, it's thought these shrew-like prototypes foraged at night and sought refuge underground, where the sensory advantag... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544549.xml |
509306 | Gcn4p and Novel Upstream Activating Sequences Regulate Targets of the Unfolded Protein Response | Eukaryotic cells respond to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that communicates between the ER and the nucleus. In yeast, a large set of UPR target genes has been experimentally determined, but the previou... | Introduction The vast majority of all cellular secretory and membrane proteins are folded and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from which they are transported to their final destination in the secretory pathway. When the protein folding capacity of the ER is exceeded or experimentally impaired, unfolded prot... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509306.xml |
524256 | Where to Start? Alternate Protein Translation Mechanism Creates Unanticipated Antigens | null | In the spirit of good health, cells are constantly subjecting their protein contents to immunological surveillance by cytotoxic (killer) T cells. Tens of thousands of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules cradle peptides (bits of proteins) on cell surfaces, and T cells detect any suspicious peptides ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524256.xml |
549045 | Signalling crosstalk in FGF2-mediated protection of endothelial cells from HIV-gp120 | Background The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the first line of defence of the central nervous system (CNS) against circulating pathogens, such as HIV. The cytotoxic HIV protein, gp120, damages endothelial cells of the BBB, thereby compromising its integrity, which may lead to migration of HIV-infected cells into the bra... | Background Maintenance of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity is critical to prevent the passage of potentially harmful factors, such as pathogens or toxins into the brain. During the progression of central nervous system (CNS) infectious disease, pathogens might gain access to the brain by compromising the integrity o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549045.xml |
506785 | Web GIS in practice: an interactive geographical interface to English Primary Care Trust performance ratings for 2003 and 2004 | Background On 21 July 2004, the Healthcare Commission released its annual star ratings of the performance of NHS Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in England for the year ending March 2004. The Healthcare Commission started work on 1 April 2004, taking over all the functions of the former Commission for Health Improvement , w... | Background On Wednesday 21 July 2004, the Healthcare Commission released its annual star ratings of the performance of NHS Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in England for the year ending March 2004. The Healthcare Commission started work on 1 April 2004, taking over all the functions of the former Commission for Health Impro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506785.xml |
549079 | Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in virus infected cells: SARS corona virus, Yellow fever virus, Human Herpesvirus-6, Camelpox virus and Cytomegalovirus infections | Ten potential reference genes were compared for their use in experiments investigating cellular mRNA expression of virus infected cells. Human cell lines were infected with Cytomegalovirus, Human Herpesvirus-6, Camelpox virus, SARS coronavirus or Yellow fever virus. The expression levels of these genes and the viral re... | Background Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) has become the favoured tool in mRNA expression analysis and also in virus diagnostics [ 1 ]. Real-time PCR has outperformed classical and semi-quantitative PCR methods in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, safety and convenience for the precise monitoring of viral load in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549079.xml |
544575 | Brief inactivation of c-Myc is not sufficient for sustained regression of c-Myc-induced tumours of pancreatic islets and skin epidermis | Background Tumour regression observed in many conditional mouse models following oncogene inactivation provides the impetus to develop, and a platform to preclinically evaluate, novel therapeutics to inactivate specific oncogenes. Inactivating single oncogenes, such as c-Myc, can reverse even advanced tumours. Intrigui... | Background Various mouse models of tumourigenesis have been established using conditional systems to either induce or knockout particular genes (oncogenes and tumour suppressors, respectively) in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner. The ability to switch expression of a given oncogene 'on' or 'off' in vivo has ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544575.xml |
522814 | Child-Pugh classification dependent alterations in serum leptin levels among cirrhotic patients: a case controlled study | Background As anorexia and hypermetabolism are common in cirrhosis, leptin levels may be increased in this disease. In this study, we investigated the relation between the severity of disease and serum leptin levels in post-hepatitis cirrhosis and the role of body composition, gender and viral aetiology of cirrhosis in... | Background Leptin, a 16-kilodalton protein, is involved in the regulation of food intake and body composition [ 1 ]. It was discovered in 1994 by Friedman et al. [ 2 ] and has been proposed to physiologically regulate body weight by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. In normal humans,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522814.xml |
449904 | Training the Immune Response: B-cells' Master Regulator | null | Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens betray their presence in the body through exterior proteins, distinct to each strain. To prepare for the multitude of potential infectious agents, developing B-cells shuffle their genes to produce as many as a billion different antibodies, one to match almost any foreign protein. ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449904.xml |
534092 | Alteration of T cell immunity by lentiviral transduction of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells | Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play important roles during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) transduce DCs at high efficiency but their effects on DC functions have not been carefully studied. Modification of DC... | Background During HIV-1 infection, an increase in DC-SIGN and CD40 has been reported, as has a decrease in the expression of CD80 and CD86 in dendritic cells (DCs) of lymphoid tissue [ 1 ]. Although some suggest that HIV-1 infection reduces the production of IL-12 by DCs,[ 2 ] others have shown that DCs derived from HI... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534092.xml |
547915 | Brainstem levels of transcription factor AP-2 in rat are changed after treatment with phenelzine, but not with citalopram | Background Before therapeutic effect is obtained after treatment with antidepressant drugs, like serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) there is an initial lag-period of a few weeks. Neuronal adaptations on a molecular level are suppos... | Background There is a large number of pharmacological strategies for treating serotonin-related disorders like depression and anxiety. Well-known antidepressant drug effects are blockade of the serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) reuptake pumps, direct effects on the 5-HT- and/or NE receptors and inhibition of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547915.xml |
552317 | Efficient decoding algorithms for generalized hidden Markov model gene finders | Background The Generalized Hidden Markov Model (GHMM) has proven a useful framework for the task of computational gene prediction in eukaryotic genomes, due to its flexibility and probabilistic underpinnings. As the focus of the gene finding community shifts toward the use of homology information to improve prediction ... | Background Generalized Hidden Markov Models have seen wide use in recent years in the field of computational gene prediction. A number of ab initio gene-finding programs are now available which utilize this mathematical framework internally for the modeling and evaluation of gene structure [ 1 - 6 ], and newer systems ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552317.xml |
524518 | Genetic alterations and in vivo tumorigenicity of neurospheres derived from an adult glioblastoma | Pediatric brain tumors may originate from cells endowed with neural stem/precursor cell properties, growing in vitro as neurospheres. We have found that these cells can also be present in adult brain tumors and form highly infiltrating gliomas in the brain of immunodeficient mice. Neurospheres were grown from three adu... | Recent data have proposed that brain tumors contain a "core" of stem cells providing them with the potential to grow aggressively, escaping the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy [ 1 , 2 ]. These cancer stem cells were isolated from medulloblastomas or gliomas and grew in vitro as neurospheres, suspended clonal a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524518.xml |
553974 | A class of models for analyzing GeneChip® gene expression analysis array data | Background Various analytical methods exist that first quantify gene expression and then analyze differentially expressed genes from Affymetrix GeneChip ® gene expression analysis array data. These methods differ in the choice of probe measure (quantification of probe hybridization), summarizing multiple probe intensit... | Background Microarray experiments are routinely conducted to assess associations of experimental factors (or disease outcomes) with gene expression profiles. The Affymetrix GeneChip ® gene expression analysis array, one of most commonly used microarray technologies, uses multiple oligonuleotides (25-mers) to measure ex... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553974.xml |
520742 | A stochastic model for retinocollicular map development | Background We examine results of gain-of-function experiments on retinocollicular maps in knock-in mice [Brown et al. (2000) Cell 102:77]. In wild-type mice the temporal-nasal axis of retina is mapped to the rostral-caudal axis of superior colliculus. The established map is single-valued, which implies that each point ... | Background Topographic ordering is an important feature of the visual system, which is conserved among many visual areas [ 1 ]. Thus, the projection from retina to superior colliculus (SC) is established in a way, which retains neighbourhood relationships between neurons [ 2 - 4 ]. This implies that two axons of retina... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520742.xml |
554982 | Synergistic inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon-alpha/beta and interferon-gamma | Background Recent studies have shown that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) synergizes with the innate IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) to inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in vitro . To determine whether this phenomenon is shared by other herpesviruses, we investigated the effects of IFNs on human cytomegalovirus (... | Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that affects 60–80% of the human population [ 1 ]. The lytic replication cycle of HCMV is a temporally regulated cascade of events that is initiated when the virus binds to host cell receptors. Upon entry into the cell, the viral DNA translocates ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554982.xml |
547901 | Acute weight gain, gender, and therapeutic response to antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia | Background Previous research indicated that women are more vulnerable than men to adverse psychological consequences of weight gain. Other research has suggested that weight gain experienced during antipsychotic therapy may also psychologically impact women more negatively. This study assessed the impact of acute treat... | Background Because antipsychotic drugs are considered the core treatment modality for schizophrenia [ 1 ] the differences among antipsychotics in terms of effectiveness, safety, and tolerability have expectedly become a topic of growing clinical and research interest [ 2 ]. The differences among antipsychotics in adver... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547901.xml |
520756 | Logistics of community smallpox control through contact tracing and ring vaccination: a stochastic network model | Background Previous smallpox ring vaccination models based on contact tracing over a network suggest that ring vaccination would be effective, but have not explicitly included response logistics and limited numbers of vaccinators. Methods We developed a continuous-time stochastic simulation of smallpox transmission, in... | Background Concerns about intentional releases of smallpox have prompted extensive preparations to improve our ability to detect and respond to an outbreak of smallpox [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 2 ]. Many factors contribute to the public health challenge of understanding and preparing for smallpox, including the age and quality of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520756.xml |
549535 | Development of a cDNA array for chicken gene expression analysis | Background The application of microarray technology to functional genomic analysis in the chicken has been limited by the lack of arrays containing large numbers of genes. Results We have produced cDNA arrays using chicken EST collections generated by BBSRC, University of Delaware and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Researc... | Background The chicken is an important experimental model for evolutionary and developmental biologists, immunologists, cell biologists, geneticists, as well as being an important agricultural commodity. The recent release of a draft of the chicken genome sequence, as well as the development of a large (531,351) collec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549535.xml |
524524 | Overdispersed logistic regression for SAGE: Modelling multiple groups and covariates | Background Two major identifiable sources of variation in data derived from the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) are within-library sampling variability and between-library heterogeneity within a group. Most published methods for identifying differential expression focus on just the sampling variability. In re... | Background The nature of SAGE The Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) methodology introduced by Velculescu et al. [ 1 ] is a sequencing-based approach to the measurement of gene expression. Briefly, mRNA transcripts are converted to cDNA and then processed so as to isolate a specific subsequence; starting from th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524524.xml |
521689 | Safety assessment of inhaled xylitol in mice and healthy volunteers | Background Xylitol is a 5-carbon sugar that can lower the airway surface salt concentration, thus enhancing innate immunity. We tested the safety and tolerability of aerosolized iso-osmotic xylitol in mice and human volunteers. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of C57Bl/6 mice in an animal laboratory and heal... | Background Human airway surface is covered by a thin layer of liquid (airway surface liquid [ASL]) that contains many antimicrobial substances including lysozyme, lactoferrin, human β defensins, and the cathelicidin LL-37 [ 1 - 4 ]. The antibacterial activity of most of these innate immune mediators is salt-sensitive; ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521689.xml |
314469 | Protein Interaction Networks by Proteome Peptide Scanning | A substantial proportion of protein interactions relies on small domains binding to short peptides in the partner proteins. Many of these interactions are relatively low affinity and transient, and they impact on signal transduction. However, neither the number of potential interactions mediated by each domain nor the ... | Introduction Protein–protein interactions govern cell physiology, and the disruption of some sensitive connections in the network can have pathological effects. Once a genome has been sequenced, one of the goals of functional genomics is the elucidation of the protein interaction network supporting biochemical and gene... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314469.xml |
549521 | Marked alveolar apoptosis/proliferation imbalance in end-stage emphysema | Background Apoptosis has recently been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema. Methods In order to establish if cell fate plays a role even in end-stage disease we studied 16 lungs (9 smoking-associated and 7 α1antitrypsin (AAT)-deficiency emphysema) from patients who had undergone lung transplantation... | Background Pulmonary emphysema, a significant global health problem, is a pathological condition characterized by enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, destruction of the alveolar walls, without and/or with mild fibrosis [ 1 ]. To date the pathogenesis remains enigmatic. The most prevailing hy... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549521.xml |
340945 | Tumour Suppressor Genes—One Hit Can Be Enough | A paper published in 1998 showed that loss of only one copy of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is sometimes enough to initiate carcinogenesis | For people who received their introduction to cancer genetics in college in the first half of the 1990s, everything looked simple and straightforward. It was the stuff you could explain to sincerely interested relatives who wanted to know what you were spending your time on. There were oncogenes and there were tumour s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340945.xml |
503399 | A unique dedifferentiated tumor of the retroperitoneum | Background Dedifferentiated liposarcomas represent heterogeneous tumors with lipomatous and nonlipomatous elements starkly juxtaposed. It is thought that the high grade nonlipomatous elements of the tumor portend a worse prognosis. Case Presentation A 19.8 kg heterogeneous retroperitoneal tumor was successfully and com... | Background Sarcomas arising from the retroperitoneum are rare tumors, accounting for 10–15% of all soft tissue sarcomas [ 1 ]. Liposarcoma is the single most common soft tissue sarcoma and accounts for at least 20% of all sarcomas in adults [ 1 ]. Classification of liposarcoma into four types, based on morphologic feat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503399.xml |
516025 | Cytoskeletal influences on nuclear shape in granulocytic HL-60 cells | Background During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, the nucleus differentiates from ovoid to lobulated shape. Addition of retinoic acid (RA) to leukemic HL-60 cells induces development of lobulated nuclei, furnishing a convenient model system for nuclear differentiation during granulopoiesis. Previous studies from our... | Background Granulopoiesis, the differentiation of peripheral blood granulocytes, involves dramatic nuclear and cytoplasmic structural changes [ 1 ]. Committed bone marrow progenitor cells possess ovoid-shaped nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a paucity of heterochromatin. The mature terminally differentiated human neu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516025.xml |
516019 | Inducible cytochrome P450 activities in renal glomerular mesangial cells: biochemical basis for antagonistic interactions among nephrocarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | Background Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), anthracene (ANTH) and chrysene (CHRY) are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) implicated in renal toxicity and carcinogenesis. These PAHs elicit cell type-specific effects that help predict toxicity outcomes in vitro and in vivo . While BaP and ANTH selectively injure glomerular me... | Background The biological effects of PAHs are often mediated by oxidative metabolism of the parent hydrocarbon to reactive intermediates that adduct DNA and induce oxidative stress [ 1 ]. In the kidney, PAHs elicit cell type-specific effects that differentially influence glomerular versus tubular epithelial cell struct... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516019.xml |
518975 | Handling multiple testing while interpreting microarrays with the Gene Ontology Database | Background The development of software tools that analyze microarray data in the context of genetic knowledgebases is being pursued by multiple research groups using different methods. A common problem for many of these tools is how to correct for multiple statistical testing since simple corrections are overly conserv... | Background With technological improvements and decreasing costs, microarrays are quickly becoming an affordable analytical tool for genetics analysis. Additionally, the arrays being used are of increasing spot density, allowing for more genes to be tested at once. One impact of the resulting increase in data flow is th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518975.xml |
340951 | Quality Information for Improved Health | The Medical Library Association converts access to information into access to knowledge in a networked environment of digital resources | “I look forward to such an organization of the literary records of medicine that a puzzled worker in any part of the civilized world shall in an hour be able to gain the knowledge pertaining to a subject of the experience of every other man in the world.” —George Gould, first president of the Association of Medical Lib... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340951.xml |
516794 | The Genome Assembly Archive: A New Public Resource | With the genome assembly archive, it is possible to examine the raw data that underlies the DNA sequence in any sequenced genome | Scientists have dedicated considerable effort to decoding the genomes of an ever-growing list of species, ranging from small viruses, whose genomes may be just a few thousand nucleotides in length, to large mammalian genomes, three billion nucleotides and larger. Many aspects of life science research have benefited by ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516794.xml |
516780 | An outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 34a infection associated with a Chinese restaurant in Suffolk, United Kingdom | Background On 30 th July 2002, the Suffolk Communicable Disease Control Team received notifications of gastrointestinal illness due to Salmonella Enteritidis in subjects who had eaten food from a Chinese restaurant on 27 th July. An Outbreak Control Team was formed resulting in extensive epidemiological, microbiologica... | Background Infection due to Salmonella is a major public health problem in England and Wales with reports of over 14,400 infections due to Salmonella in the year 2003 [ 1 ]. The most common serotypes responsible for human infection are S Enteritidis, S Typhimurium and S Virchow [ 2 ]. Although Salmonella enterica serov... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516780.xml |
314482 | A DNA-Binding Protein Helps Repair Breaks in DNA Double Helix | null | One of the central problems for much of the 20th century was how to reconcile genetic stability with evolutionary change. Genomic fidelity was thought to arise from an inherent invariability in the DNA structure itself. Biologists now know that DNA constantly undergoes modifications as it unwinds, replicates, condenses... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314482.xml |
503400 | Proposed methods for reviewing the outcomes of health research: the impact of funding by the UK's 'Arthritis Research Campaign' | Background External and internal factors are increasingly encouraging research funding bodies to demonstrate the outcomes of their research. Traditional methods of assessing research are still important, but can be merged into broader multi-dimensional categorisations of research benefits. The onus has hitherto been on... | Background The growing concern for the benefits from health research to be studied Health research funding bodies are under increasing pressure to demonstrate the outcomes, or benefits, of the research that they fund [ 1 - 6 ]. Traditional peer review of research focussed on the outputs in terms of journal articles, th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503400.xml |
512294 | Field assessments in western Kenya link malaria vectors to environmentally disturbed habitats during the dry season | Background Numerous malaria epidemics have occurred in western Kenya, with increasing frequency over the past 20 years. A variety of hypotheses on the etiology of these epidemics have been put forth, with different implications for surveillance and control. We investigated the ecological and socioeconomic factors promo... | Background The World Health Organization estimates that 300 to 500 million people are diagnosed with malaria annually, causing 1.1 to 2.7 million deaths. Approximately 1 million of these deaths are among children in sub-Saharan Africa, where 90% of all malaria cases occur [ 1 ]. During the 1950's and 1960's, a coordina... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512294.xml |
516031 | Expression profiling of serum inducible genes identifies a subset of SRF target genes that are MKL dependent | Background Serum Response Factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that is required for the expression of many genes including immediate early genes, cytoskeletal genes, and muscle-specific genes. SRF is activated in response to extra-cellular signals by its association with a diverse set of co-activators in different ce... | Background Quiescent cells exposed to growth factors respond by expressing a variety of immediate early genes (IEG) that do not need new protein synthesis for their expression [ 1 ]. Serum or growth factor induced expression of many of these immediate early genes, such as c-fos, egr1, cyr61 and pip92, is dependent on a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516031.xml |
523840 | Prescription for a Healthy Journal | Why does the world need a new medical journal? In this first editorial the PLoS Medicine Editors set out their vision for the journal | Today the possibilities for a medical journal are almost limitless. The first medical journals reflected the needs of a closed group of doctors. But medicine, its place in the world, and the dissemination of information have changed utterly. So in starting afresh, what should a new medical journal retain, and what shou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523840.xml |
550676 | Jacov Tal (1940 – 2005): remembrances of a friend | An obituary commemorates the life and works of Jacov Tal. | A friend's passing elicits a set of emotions. Collecting and sharing remembrances are steps of closure in bidding farewell. Here, we honor and remember Jacov Tal (Fig. 1 ) who passed away on February 8 th , 2005. At the time of his passing, Jacov was the Head of Virology at Ben-Gurion University Medical School, Israel.... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550676.xml |
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