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546003 | Fully automated synthesis of (phospho)peptide arrays in microtiter plate wells provides efficient access to protein tyrosine kinase characterization | Background Synthetic peptides have played a useful role in studies of protein kinase substrates and interaction domains. Synthetic peptide arrays and libraries, in particular, have accelerated the process. Several factors have hindered or limited the applicability of various techniques, such as the need for deconvoluti... | Background Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are major mechanisms mediating signal transduction throughout the cell and are intimately involved in the regulation of cell growth, physiology, differentiation, and death. Phosphorylation is accomplished by means of kinases which when stimulated by an affere... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546003.xml |
516768 | Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans | Background Recent advances in the understanding of the maternal and paternal heritage of south and southwest Asian populations have highlighted their role in the colonization of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. Further understanding requires a deeper insight into the topology of the branches of the Indian mtDNA p... | Background Two mtDNA macro-haplogroups (M and N) that arose from the African haplogroup L3 encompass virtually all mtDNAs outside Africa [ 1 - 4 ]. The phylogenetic node N (including R) has spread its branches all over Eurasia, in contrast to haplogroup M, which is found in Eastern Eurasia but is virtually absent in Eu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516768.xml |
550649 | Comparative analysis of mouse skeletal muscle fibre type composition and contractile responses to calcium channel blocker | Background In this study, we examined the correlation between excitation-contraction coupling characteristics and skeletal muscle fibre type by (1) localizing the distribution of dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) protein and (2) comparing the effect of DHPR blocker on muscles with different fibre type composition, in ord... | Background One of the features characterizing mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is the structural variability of muscle fibres. The inclusive properties of skeletal muscle lead to functional diversity of muscle fibres, which has been related to differences in relative proportions of membrane structures and to different ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550649.xml |
340952 | Design and Diversity in Bacterial Chemotaxis: A Comparative Study in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis | Comparable processes in different species often involve homologous genes. One question is whether the network structure, in particular the feedback control structure, is also conserved. The bacterial chemotaxis pathways in E. coli and B. subtilis both regulate the same task, namely, excitation and adaptation to environ... | Introduction Chemotaxis is the process by which motile bacteria sense changes in their chemical environment and move to more favorable conditions ( Bren and Eisenbach 2000 ). In peritrichously flagellated bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , swimming alternates between smooth runs and reorientating... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340952.xml |
517502 | Osteoporosis-related life habits and knowledge about osteoporosis among women in El Salvador: A cross-sectional study | Background Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder, characterized by reduced bone mass, deterioration of bone structure, increased bone fragility, and increased fracture risk. It is more frequent to find among women than men at a 4:1 ratio. Evidence suggests that to adopt changes on some life habits can prevent or... | Background Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder, characterized by reduction of bone mass, deterioration of bone structure, increasing bone fragility, and increasing fracture risk [ 1 - 4 ]. It is more frequent among women than among men [ 5 , 6 ]. The development of low bone mass is typically asymptomatic, with... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517502.xml |
550675 | Dispersion of cardiac action potential duration and the initiation of re-entry: A computational study | Background The initiation of re-entrant cardiac arrhythmias is associated with increased dispersion of repolarisation, but the details are difficult to investigate either experimentally or clinically. We used a computational model of cardiac tissue to study systematically the association between action potential durati... | 1. Background Cardiac disease remains an important cause of sudden death in the industrialised world, and in many cases the lethal events are the cardiac arrhythmias called ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Spontaneous episodes of VT and VF occur in patients where cardiac disease or congen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550675.xml |
550661 | Sea urchin vault structure, composition, and differential localization during development | Background Vaults are intriguing ribonucleoprotein assemblies with an unknown function that are conserved among higher eukaryotes. The Pacific coast sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , is an invertebrate model organism that is evolutionarily closer to humans than Drosophila and C. elegans , neither of which pos... | Background The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important model system in developmental biology and its genome is currently being sequenced by the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine under the auspices of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Sea urchin embryos... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550661.xml |
515301 | Validating internal controls for quantitative plant gene expression studies | Background Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has greatly improved the ease and sensitivity of quantitative gene expression studies. However, accurate measurement of gene expression with this method relies on the choice of a valid reference for data normalization. Studies rarely verify that gene expression le... | Background For many years the vast majority of gene expression studies have employed non-quantitative or semi-quantitative RNA gel blots and RT-PCR analysis. Real-time PCR technology has removed many of the difficulties associated with quantitative gene expression studies [ 1 ], and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-P... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515301.xml |
538278 | DEDB: a database of Drosophila melanogaster exons in splicing graph form | Background A wealth of quality genomic and mRNA/EST sequences in recent years has provided the data required for large-scale genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing. We have capitalized on this by constructing a database that contains alternative splicing information organized as splicing graphs, where all transcr... | Background The completion of the draft sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome in March 2000 [ 1 , 2 ] and the availability of quality annotations by FlyBase in 2002 [ 3 ] presents an excellent opportunity for the study of alternative splicing. Although the annotations themselves provide an insight to the amount... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538278.xml |
538287 | An adaptogenic role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress; a randomised placebo controlled double blind intervention study (pilot) [ISRCTN22569553] | Background There is evidence for an adaptive role of the omega -3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during stress. Mechanisms of action may involve regulation of stress mediators, such as the catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines. Prevention of stress-induced aggression and hostility were demonstrated in a ... | Background Rousseau and Moreau et al [ 1 ] demonstrated an ameliorated cardiac response to a mild socio-social stress in DHA (the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid) fed rats. The feeding schedule induced mild increases in heart rate in the sunflower oil fed group but not the DHA group. A corresponding increase i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538287.xml |
368172 | N-Terminal Phosphorylation of the Dopamine Transporter Is Required for Amphetamine-Induced Efflux | Amphetamine (AMPH) elicits its behavioral effects by acting on the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) to induce DA efflux into the synaptic cleft. We previously demonstrated that a human DAT construct in which the first 22 amino acids were truncated was not phosphorylated by activation of protein kinase C, in contrast to ... | Introduction The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a critical role in the synaptic clearance of dopamine (DA) by mediating the reuptake of DA released into the presynaptic terminal ( Amara and Kuhar 1993 ; Giros and Caron 1993 ). It thereby regulates the strength and duration of the dopaminergic response. DAT is also th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368172.xml |
368166 | Evolution for the Next Generation | Do you want to know about evolution? Brian and Deborah Charlesworth provide an excellent and concise account of the core issues for a broad range of readers | Evolution is a complex phenomenon that requires a broad understanding of many areas of biology for us to appreciate it fully. Moreover, the field has expanded rapidly, especially since the development of molecular techniques in the past two to three decades. Futuyma's classic text on evolution (1998) contains 26 chapte... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368166.xml |
406396 | A Role for Early Cardiac Function in Cardiac Morphogenesis | xx | The heart starts beating and pumps blood through the body long before it has achieved its mature architecture. In theory, this provides a chance for cardiac function to sculpt cardiac structure, an intriguing possibility for developmental biologists, and one of potentially great clinical import for cardiologists seekin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406396.xml |
521729 | Hearing: Travelling Wave or Resonance? | A fresh look at classic work of Thomas Gold on how the inner ear processes sound | Sitting in the enveloping quietness of an anechoic chamber, or other quiet spot, you soon become aware that the ear makes its own distinctive sounds. Whistling, buzzing, hissing, perhaps a chiming chorus of many tones—such continuous sounds seem remarkably nonbiological to my perception, more in the realm of the electr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521729.xml |
551594 | The role of the vomeronasal system in food preferences of the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica | Although feeding deficits have been reported in snakes and lizards following vomeronasal system disruption, no deficit has been previously reported in a mammal. We tested gray short-tailed opossums with items from four different food categories prior to occluding access to the vomeronasal organ. Preoperatively, opossum... | The vomeronasal system (VNS) is a nasal chemosensory system usually considered primarily a pheromone-detecting system [[ 1 - 4 ] for recent reviews]. The system, present in most terrestrial vertebrates, is comprised of the peripherally situated vomeronasal organ (VNO), whose sensory neurons project their axons to the a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551594.xml |
521073 | Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis meningitis in a rural hospital in northern Tanzania | Background Clinicians at Haydom Lutheran Hospital, a rural hospital in northern Tanzania noted an unusually high case-fatality rate of pediatric meningitis and suspected an outbreak of an unknown agent or an organism resistant to the empirical therapy. Methods We established a provisional microbiology laboratory to inv... | Background Nontyphoidal salmonellae are a common cause of food-borne illnesses. In Africa, nontyphoidal salmonellae are the most common cause of bloodstream infections in children younger than five years [ 1 ]. While meningitis caused by nontyphoidal salmonellae is uncommon in economically developed countries [ 2 ], it... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521073.xml |
548953 | Discovery-Based Science Education: Functional Genomic Dissection in Drosophila by Undergraduate Researchers | How can you combine professional-quality research with discovery-based undergraduate education? The UCLA Undergraduate Consortium for Functional Genomics provides the answer | The excitement of scientific research and discovery cannot be fully conveyed by didactic lectures alone. Several recent initiatives and proposals, therefore, have supported a more participatory, discovery-based instruction for undergraduate science education [ 1 , 2 ]. In functional genomics, we have found an ideal pla... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548953.xml |
528725 | Caryoscope: An Open Source Java application for viewing microarray data in a genomic context | Background Microarray-based comparative genome hybridization experiments generate data that can be mapped onto the genome. These data are interpreted more easily when represented graphically in a genomic context. Results We have developed Caryoscope, which is an open source Java application for visualizing microarray d... | Background The application of high-throughput technologies (such as DNA microarrays) to biomedical experimentation generates large quantities of data that can be difficult to browse and interpret in the absence of a graphical representation. Eisen et al. have previously displayed clustered microarray data using a false... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528725.xml |
514553 | Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: A randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN13249129] | Background The Mental Health First Aid training course was favorably evaluated in an uncontrolled trial in 2002 showing improvements in participants' mental health literacy, including knowledge, stigmatizing attitudes, confidence and help provided to others. This article reports the first randomized controlled trial of... | Background In 2000 we developed a Mental Health First Aid course in response to the findings of two large national mental health surveys in Australia [ 1 , 2 ]. These findings included a high prevalence rate of mental health problems (approximately 20% of adults in any one year), the poor mental health literacy of memb... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514553.xml |
528731 | Content-rich biological network constructed by mining PubMed abstracts | Background The integration of the rapidly expanding corpus of information about the genome, transcriptome, and proteome, engendered by powerful technological advances, such as microarrays, and the availability of genomic sequence from multiple species, challenges the grasp and comprehension of the scientific community.... | Background A comprehensive understanding of the rapidly expanding corpus of information about the genome, transcriptome, and proteome at large scale requires extensive integration with existing knowledge that often pertains to a number of biological disciplines. Despite the existence of specialized databases (e.g. [ 1 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528731.xml |
521067 | Cross-species comparison significantly improves genome-wide prediction of cis-regulatory modules in Drosophila | Background The discovery of cis-regulatory modules in metazoan genomes is crucial for understanding the connection between genes and organism diversity. It is important to quantify how comparative genomics can improve computational detection of such modules. Results We run the Stubb software on the entire D. melanogast... | Background Several computational approaches to the problem of predicting cis-regulatory modules ('CRM's) have been reported recently. Berman et al . [ 1 ], Markstein et al . [ 2 ] and Halfon et al . [ 3 ] predicted CRM's involved in body patterning in the fly, and experimentally verified their predictions. The underlyi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521067.xml |
524490 | Patterns of Schistosoma haematobium infection, impact of praziquantel treatment and re-infection after treatment in a cohort of schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu-Natal/South Africa | Background Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in tropical and sub-tropical countries, with school age children usually being the most affected group. In 1998 the Department of Health of the province of KwaZulu-Natal established a pilot programme for helminth control that aimed at regularly treating pri... | Background Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in tropical and sub-tropical countries [ 1 ]. The schistosomiasis endemic area in South Africa is situated in the north-east and covers roughly one quarter of the country, with Schistosoma haematobium being the most common species [ 2 ]. In 1995 it was esti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524490.xml |
449898 | Stopping the Rot | Phytophthora species blight potatoes and tomatoes, devastate soybean, rot cacao, and are the cause of sudden oak death. Understanding this versatile genus will be key to its control | In July 2000, the finger of blame for a mysterious mass killer of Californian oak trees came to rest on a previously undescribed plant pathogen. From the initial identification of Phytophthora ramorum , it took less than four years to produce a draft sequence of its genome, one of the fastest-ever discovery-to-sequence... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449898.xml |
517728 | Polyphosphoinositides suppress the adhesion of Haemophilus influenzae to pharyngeal cells | Background One of the primary causes of otitis media (OM), an inflammation of the middle ear, is the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (HI). OM often occurs to young children, and is mostly treated with antibiotics. Due to concerns over bacterial resistance toward antibiotics, reliable prophylactic treatments such as ad... | Background Otitis media (OM) is an inflammation of the middle ear, often seen in children younger than six year of age. OM is caused by infection of nasopharyngeal cells by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (HI). Complications of OM include permanent hearing loss and perforation of the tympanic membrane. Generally, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517728.xml |
546215 | Quality of care for hypertension in the United States | Background Despite heavy recent emphasis on blood pressure (BP) control, many patients fail to meet widely accepted goals. While access and adherence to therapy certainly play a role, another potential explanation is poor quality of essential care processes (QC). Yet little is known about the relationship between QC an... | Background Hypertension affects approximately 58 million Americans [ 1 ]. Lowering diastolic blood pressure (BP) by 10 mm Hg can reduce the number of strokes by as much as 56% and the incidence of coronary heart disease by 37% [ 2 ]. In addition, it has been shown that lowering systolic BP to 150 mm Hg decreases the in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546215.xml |
514547 | Synergic effect of chronic hepatitis C infection and beta thalassemia major with marked hepatic iron overload on liver fibrosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study | Background Increased hepatic iron is assumed to potentiate progression towards liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study we have evaluated the potentiating effect of marked hepatic iron overload and chronic HCV infection on hepatic fibrosis in thalassemic patients. Methods Liver biopsie... | Background Thalassemia major is an inherited disorder particularly common in people of Mediterranean, African, and South-east Asian ancestry. It is characterized by decreased production of beta chain of hemoglobin. Clinical features result from anemia, markedly expanded marrow space, and transfusional and absorptive ir... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514547.xml |
545046 | In-situ and invasive carcinoma within a phyllodes tumor associated with lymph node metastases | Background Phyllodes tumors (cystosarcoma phyllodes) are uncommon lesions in the female breast. Rarely, the occurrence of carcinoma within a phyllodes tumor has been reported in the literature, but has never been associated with lymph node metastases. Case presentation A 26-year-old woman presented with a firm, mobile,... | Background Phyllodes tumors constitute less than 1% of breast tumors and 2–3% of fibroepithelial breast tumors [ 1 ]. They usually occur in middle-aged to elderly women but can occur at any age. No single feature is reliable in predicting clinical behavior of phyllodes tumors. Several histological parameters should be ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545046.xml |
544833 | Identification of a three-gene expression signature of poor-prognosis breast carcinoma | Background The clinical course of breast cancer is difficult to predict on the basis of established clinical and pathological prognostic criteria. Given the genetic complexity of breast carcinomas, it is not surprising that correlations with individual genetic abnormalities have also been disappointing. The use of gene... | Background Breast carcinoma is the most common female cancer and is showing an alarming year-on-year increase. Most patients do not die as a result of the primary tumor but from metastatic invasion. The mean 5-year relapse-free survival rate is about 60% overall, but differs significantly between patients with forms th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544833.xml |
520812 | Evaluation of the prophylactic use of mitomycin-C to inhibit haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy in high myopia: a prospective clinical study | Background To study the effect of prophylactic application of mitomycin-C on haze formation in photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for high myopia. Methods Fifty-four eyes of 28 myopic patients were enrolled in this prospective study. All eyes were operated by PRK followed by 0.02% mitomycin-C application for two minutes... | Background In refractive surgery, patients with -5.00 diopters (D) myopia or more and corneal thicknesses less than 500 μm are not suitable candidates for laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or conventional photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) due to the inadequate corneal thickness and risk of haze.[ 1 - 13 ] There are ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520812.xml |
538250 | The structurally constrained protein evolution model accounts for sequence patterns of the LβH superfamily | Background Structure conservation constrains evolutionary sequence divergence, resulting in observable sequence patterns. Most current models of protein evolution do not take structure into account explicitly, being unsuitable for investigating the effects of structure conservation on sequence divergence. To this end, ... | Background Protein structure is more conserved than protein sequence during molecular evolution [ 1 - 3 ]. Remote homologous proteins constitute an extreme example of sequence divergence where proteins with similar function and no apparent sequence similarity present almost the same fold [ 4 ]. However, protein sequenc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538250.xml |
546201 | The association of spatial T wave axis deviation with incident coronary events. The ARIC cohort | Background Although current evidence suggests that the spatial T wave axis captures important information about ventricular repolarization abnormalities, there are only a few and discordant epidemiologic studies addressing the ability of the spatial T wave axis to predict coronary heart disease (CHD) occurrence. Method... | Background Ventricular repolarization abnormalities play an important role in the determination of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death [ 1 , 2 ] and may reflect subclinical myocardial ischemia changes. The process of repolarization at rest is routinely quantified from standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), either as... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546201.xml |
526287 | Fully human IgG and IgM antibodies directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Gold 4 epitope and designed for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of colorectal cancers | Background Human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are needed for colon cancer radioimmunotherapy (RIT) to allow for repeated injections. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) being the reference antigen for immunotargeting of these tumors, we developed human anti-CEA MAbs. Methods XenoMouse ® -G2 animals were immunized with CEA. ... | Background During the last few years, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using MAbs to specifically target therapeutic radiation doses to tumors has led to objective responses in radiosensitive hematological cancers, particularly, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) [ 1 , 2 ]. On the basis of these clinical results, ibritumomab tiux... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526287.xml |
517933 | Tissue detection of natural killer cells in colorectal adenocarcinoma | Background Natural killer (NK) cells represent a first line of defence against a developing cancer; however, their exact role in colorectal cancer remains undetermined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of CD16 and CD57 [immunohistochemical markers of natural NK cells] in colorectal adenocarci... | Background Colorectal adenocarcinoma is a neoplasm in which prognosis is mainly determined by the histological stage. However, the prognosis of certain patient groups, especially those of intermediate stages, remains vague [ 1 ]. The main weakness of the currently used prognostic markers in colorectal adenocarcinoma, i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517933.xml |
524484 | Evolutionary relationships of Aurora kinases: Implications for model organism studies and the development of anti-cancer drugs | Background As key regulators of mitotic chromosome segregation, the Aurora family of serine/threonine kinases play an important role in cell division. Abnormalities in Aurora kinases have been strongly linked with cancer, which has lead to the recent development of new classes of anti-cancer drugs that specifically tar... | Background The Auroras are a conserved family of serine/threonine kinases which have essential functions in cell division [ 1 , 2 ]. In mitosis, Aurora kinases are required for chromosome segregation, condensation and orientation in the metaphase plate, spindle assembly, and the completion of cytokinesis. Model organis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524484.xml |
545052 | Phase I vaccination trial of SYT-SSX junction peptide in patients with disseminated synovial sarcoma | Background Synovial sarcoma is a high-grade malignant tumor of soft tissue, characterized by the specific chromosomal translocation t(X;18), and its resultant SYT-SSX fusion gene. Despite intensive multimodality therapy, the majority of metastatic or relapsed diseases still remain incurable, thus suggesting a need for ... | Background Synovial sarcoma is a relatively rare, high-grade malignant tumor of soft tissue, characterized by biphasic or monophasic histology, specific chromosomal translocation t(X;18), and its resultant SYT-SSX fusion gene[ 1 ]. This tumor affects mostly adolescents and young adults. The 5-year survival rates of pat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545052.xml |
517927 | Functionally specified protein signatures distinctive for each of the different blue copper proteins | Background Proteins having similar functions from different sources can be identified by the occurrence in their sequences, a conserved cluster of amino acids referred to as pattern, motif, signature or fingerprint. The wide usage of protein sequence analysis in par with the growth of databases signifies the importance... | Background Most proteins can be grouped, on the basis of similarities in their amino acid sequences, into a limited number of protein families. Proteins or protein domains that belong to a particular family usually share functional attributes and are derived from a common ancestor. Highly conserved sequences in protein... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517927.xml |
544358 | Modelling the impact of climate change on woody plant population dynamics in South African savanna | Background In Southern Africa savannas climate change has been proposed to alter rainfall, the most important environmental driver for woody plants. Woody plants are a major component of savanna vegetation determining rangeland condition and biodiversity. In this study we use a spatially explicit, stochastic computer m... | Background In order to assess biodiversity response under climate change, Hannah et al. [ 1 ] recently emphasized the need to apply simulation models operating on a regional scale. Moreover, species respond differently to climate change because of different adaptations to their environment [ 2 ]. As a consequence, sing... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544358.xml |
535576 | Getting a Whiff of Speciation by Reinforcement | null | Creating a new species is a bit like climbing a greased flagpole—it's hard to get started and even harder to keep going. Random genetic variations may introduce slight differences between two groups but, without some means to keep them apart, sexual interbreeding will quickly remix the genes and obliterate the differen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535576.xml |
517714 | Mutational dynamics of the SARS coronavirus in cell culture and human populations isolated in 2003 | Background The SARS coronavirus is the etiologic agent for the epidemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The recent emergence of this new pathogen, the careful tracing of its transmission patterns, and the ability to propagate in culture allows the exploration of the mutational dynamics of the SARS-CoV in huma... | Background The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was first reported in November 2002 and rapidly spread to a number of distant global regions by early 2003. A new coronavirus, the SARS-CoV, was identified to be the cause of SARS [ 1 , 2 ] and was rapidly sequenced and characterized [ 3 , 4 ]. SARS-CoV is an enve... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517714.xml |
434155 | Host Immunity Escalates the Evolution of Parasite Virulence | null | Strictly defined, evolution is a change in the gene pool, or total set of genes, of a given population over time. Genetic changes that increase the fitness of an organism—that is, increase survival or fertility—are more likely to be retained, through natural selection, and passed on to succeeding generations. In the cl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC434155.xml |
555533 | Delta activity independent of its activity as a ligand of Notch | Background Delta, Notch, and Scabrous often function together to make different cell types and refine tissue patterns during Drosophila development. Delta is known as the ligand that triggers Notch receptor activity. Scabrous is known to bind Notch and promote Notch activity in response to Delta. It is not known if Sca... | Background Notch (N) and Delta (Dl) are cell surface proteins that are required for differentiation of almost all tissues in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . They are evolutionarily conserved, functioning similarly in animals from worms to humans [ 1 , 2 ]. The best-known instance of their function is the proces... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555533.xml |
535562 | Density-independent population projection trajectories of chromosome-substituted lines resistant and susceptible to organophosphate insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster | Background Seasonal fluctuations in susceptibility to organophosphate insecticides were observed in the Katsunuma population of Drosophila melanogaster for two consecutive years; susceptibility to three organophosphates tended to increase in the fall. To examine the hypothesis that variation in fitness among resistant ... | Background The development of insecticide resistance in insect pest populations is a population genetic process, in which insecticides select for initially rare resistant mutants within a population [ 1 ]. Although the development of insecticide resistance is an inevitable consequence of insecticide application, becaus... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535562.xml |
548288 | Inflammatory peptides derived from adipose tissue | The low-grade inflammation seen with aging is noted particularly in subjects with the metabolic syndrome of aging. Insulin resistance, obesity/abdominal obesity, and risks for many age-related diseases characterize this common syndrome. It is becoming clear that this increased adipose tissue is not simply a reservoir... | Because bone marrow and adipocytes are derived from the same stem cells, it is not surprising to find so many inflammatory peptides expressed in fat tissue. Many of these are classical inflammatory peptides derived from components of the adipose tissue and all are known also as fat derived peptides (FDP). With aging, t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548288.xml |
546229 | Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period | Introduction By 2030, more than 50% of the African population will live in urban areas. Controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. As a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of Anopheles sp . mosquitoes are a ... | Background Urban malaria Urbanization is progressing fast worldwide. By the year 2030, more than 50% of the African population will live in urban areas [ 1 ]. It is anticipated that infectious disease problems including vector-borne diseases such as malaria might also increase in urban areas [ 2 ]. Keiser et al. [ 3 ] ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546229.xml |
539358 | An informatics search for the low-molecular weight chromium-binding peptide | Background The amino acid composition of a low molecular weight chromium binding peptide (LMWCr), isolated from bovine liver, is reportedly E:G:C:D::4:2:2:2, though its sequence has not been discovered. There is some controversy surrounding the exact biochemical forms and the action of Cr(III) in biological systems; th... | Background Type II diabetes continues to grow as a worldwide epidemic; it is expected that this disease will surpass 300 million cases by 2025 [ 1 - 5 ]. Understanding the complex signaling mechanisms of insulin receptor and downstream factors, e.g. IRS1 and IRS2 [ 6 ], is crucial in the design of effective therapeutic... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539358.xml |
535539 | The Israeli strain IS-98-ST1 of West Nile virus as viral model for West Nile encephalitis in the Old World | West Nile virus (WNV) recently became a major public health concern in North America, the Middle East, and Europe. In contrast with the investigations of the North-American isolates, the neurovirulence properties of Middle-Eastern strains of WNV have not been extensively characterized. Israeli WNV strain IS-98-ST1 that... | West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus (family Flaviviridae , genus flavivirus) with a worldwide distribution ranging Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. WNV was first recognized in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. The emergence of WNV has been associated with a dramatic increase in severity of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535539.xml |
549196 | Use of a recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing C-Raf for protection against C-Raf induced lung adenoma in mice | Background Serine-threonine kinases of the Raf family (A-Raf, B-Raf, C-Raf) are central players in cellular signal transduction, and thus often causally involved in the development of cancer when mutated or over-expressed. Therefore these proteins are potential targets for immunotherapy and a possible basis for vaccine... | Background The Raf proteins (A-Raf, B-Raf, C-Raf) are located upstream of MEK and downstream of Ras and represent an essential part of the mitogenic cascade [ 1 - 3 ]. Interestingly, Raf kinases are not only central players in cellular signal transduction, but are often causally involved in the development of cancer. R... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549196.xml |
555583 | Design considerations for a wearable monitor to measure finger posture | Background Objective measures of hand function as individuals participate in home and community activities are needed in order to better plan and evaluate rehabilitation treatments. Traditional measures collected in the clinical setting are often not reflective of actual functional performance. Recent advances in techn... | Background Rehabilitation research has recently begun to emphasize the use of objective outcome measures to assess the efficacy of rehabilitation treatment or intervention [ 1 ]. These goals could be greatly furthered through the development of wearable measurement systems that provide an opportunity to evaluate how th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555583.xml |
522750 | Overview of the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis (FibroTest, HCV FibroSure) and necrosis (ActiTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C | Background Recent studies strongly suggest that due to the limitations and risks of biopsy, as well as the improvement of the diagnostic accuracy of biochemical markers, liver biopsy should no longer be considered mandatory in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In 2001, FibroTest ActiTest (FT-AT), a panel of biochemica... | Background One of the major clinical problems is how to best evaluate and manage the increasing numbers of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [ 1 ]. Liver biopsy is still recommended in most patients [ 2 , 3 ]. However, numerous studies strongly suggest that due to the limitations [ 4 - 6 ] and risks of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522750.xml |
539303 | Expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) and beta-adrenergic regulation of breast cancer cell lines | Background Previous research has indicated that at various organ sites there is a subset of adenocarcinomas that is regulated by beta-adrenergic and arachidonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways. We wished to determine if this regulation exists in breast adenocarcinomas. Expression of mRNA that encodes a G-pro... | Background Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women [ 1 ] and estrogen receptor (ER)(-) breast cancers have a poorer prognosis than ER(+) cancers [ 2 , 3 ]. Smoking is a controversial risk factor for the development of these malignancies [ 4 - 7 ]. However, increases in pulmonary metastatic disease and lung cancer ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539303.xml |
533885 | Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide | Background For ≈ 24 years the AIDS pandemic has claimed ≈ 30 million lives, causing ≈ 14,000 new HIV-1 infections daily worldwide in 2003. About 80% of infections occur by heterosexual transmission. In the absence of vaccines, topical microbicides, expected to block virus transmission, offer hope for controlling the pa... | Background The global AIDS epidemic has proceeded relentlessly for ≈ 24 years with no promising prophylactic intervention in sight. In 2003 there were 5 million new HIV infections, and 3 million AIDS deaths [ 1 ]. To date the number of individuals living with HIV-1 infection/AIDS has reached 40 million, and ≈ 30 millio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533885.xml |
517940 | The relationship between educational level and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women | Background This study describes the influence of educational level on bone mineral density (BMD) and investigating the relationship between educational level and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Methods A total of 569 postmenopausal women, from 45 to 86 years of age (mean age of 60.43 ± 7.19 years) were in... | Background Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major public health problem by some governments and health care providers. In the European community, the number of men and women aged 65 years of older will increase steadily and the most dramatic changes will occur in the very elderly, in whom the incidence of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517940.xml |
538753 | Molecular cloning and functional expression of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Coleus forskohlii Briq | Background Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a common biosynthetic precursor to the labdane diterpene forskolin, has been biosynthesised via a non-mevalonate pathway. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase is an important branch point enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis. Therefore, GGPP synthase is thought to be a key en... | Background Forskolin, a labdane diterpene, is a major active compound isolated from tuberous roots of Coleus forskohlii Briq. (Lamiaceae) [ 1 ]. C. forskohlii has been used as an important folk medicine in India. Futher, forskolin has been found to be a potent activator of adenylate cyclase [ 2 ], leading to an increas... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538753.xml |
519004 | DNA Barcoding: Promise and Pitfalls | null | In this issue of PLoS Biology, Hebert et al. (2004) have set out to test the resolution and performance of “DNA barcoding,” using a single mtDNA gene, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), for a sample of North American birds. Before turning to details of this study, it is useful as context to consider the following questions:... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519004.xml |
479041 | Cellular and Genetic Analysis of Wound Healing in Drosophila Larvae | To establish a genetic system to study postembryonic wound healing, we characterized epidermal wound healing in Drosophila larvae. Following puncture wounding, larvae begin to bleed but within an hour a plug forms in the wound gap. Over the next couple of hours the outer part of the plug melanizes to form a scab, and e... | Introduction The capacity to heal wounds is essential for organisms to endure and thrive despite an occasionally hostile environment. Organisms throughout the animal kingdom can heal wounds, but mammalian wound healing has been studied most intensively because of its medical relevance. Wound healing must occur to resto... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC479041.xml |
545948 | Critical evaluation of the JDO API for the persistence and portability requirements of complex biological databases | Background Complex biological database systems have become key computational tools used daily by scientists and researchers. Many of these systems must be capable of executing on multiple different hardware and software configurations and are also often made available to users via the Internet. We have used the Java Da... | Background Biological databases are key computational tools used daily by biologists. Such a large number of biological databases have been developed for biology that the Nucleic Acids Research Journal has published an annual database issue since 1996. From the point of view of the user, these resources are most useful... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545948.xml |
555597 | Modeling emergency department visit patterns for infectious disease complaints: results and application to disease surveillance | Background Concern over bio-terrorism has led to recognition that traditional public health surveillance for specific conditions is unlikely to provide timely indication of some disease outbreaks, either naturally occurring or induced by a bioweapon. In non-traditional surveillance, the use of health care resources are... | Background Traditional public health surveillance for specific conditions is unlikely to quickly identify a disease outbreak. Emergency department (ED) data appears to have the potential for more timely disease surveillance [ 1 - 6 ]. In non-traditional surveillance, signs of an outbreak might include an increase in ED... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555597.xml |
545960 | Clustering under the line graph transformation: application to reaction network | Background Many real networks can be understood as two complementary networks with two kind of nodes. This is the case of metabolic networks where the first network has chemical compounds as nodes and the second one has nodes as reactions. In general, the second network may be related to the first one by a technique ca... | Background Recent studies on network science demonstrate that cellular networks are described by universal features, which are also present in non-biological complex systems, as for example social networks or WWW . Most networks encountered in real world have scale-free topology, in particular networks of fundamental e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545960.xml |
555568 | Necrotic gangrenous intrathoracic appendix in a marfanoid adult patient: a case report | Background A diaphragmatic hernia is defined as a defect in part of the diaphragm through which abdominal contents can protrude into the thorax. It may be congenital or acquired. In this case report, we aim to demonstrate a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an adult marfanoid patient which required emergency treatment... | Background A diaphragmatic hernia is defined as a defect in part of the diaphragm through which abdominal contents can protrude into the thorax. It may be congenital or acquired, usually through trauma [ 1 ]. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias usually occur in the posterolateral portion of the diaphragm (Bochdalek's hern... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555568.xml |
545784 | How biologically relevant are interaction-based modules in protein networks? | The authors present a method to identify modules within protein-interaction networks. Phylogenetic profiles are used to determine the biological relevance of the modules. | Background There is a strong belief underpinning systems biology that between the individual molecules and an organism's phenotype there exist intermediary levels of organization [ 1 ]. The lowest level, and one that can be objectively defined, is that of the motif, for example a feedforward loop [ 2 - 5 ]. At the next... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545784.xml |
554104 | Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: A cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia | Background Little is known about the prevalence of khat-induced psychotic disorders in East African countries, where the chewing of khat leaves is common. Its main psycho-active component cathinone produces effects similar to those of amphetamine. We aimed to explore the prevalence of psychotic disorders among the gene... | Background The present study investigated the relationship between psychotic symptoms and the abuse of khat in the Horn of Africa. The leaves of the khat shrub ( catha edulis ) are traditionally chewed in Arab countries, the Horn of Africa and East Africa [ 1 ] and recently this habit has spread to Western countries in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554104.xml |
548277 | Reflections of physiotherapy students in the United Arab Emirates during their clinical placements: A qualitative study | Background Although Western models of education are being used to establish health professional programs in non-Western countries, little is known about how students in these countries perceive their learning experiences. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the reflections of physiotherapy students fr... | Background Reflection is considered by many [ 1 - 3 ] in the Western world to be an important part of clinical practice and clinical decision-making. In order to learn from experience, health care professionals must reflect on the events and determine where the information 'fits' in relation to their assumptions, previ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548277.xml |
555540 | Clinical outcome of endonasal KTP laser assisted dacryocystorhinostomy | Background To evaluate the clinical outcome of primary endonasal laser assisted dacryocystorhinostomy (ENL-DCR) using the potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all primary ENL-DCRs performed within a period of twelve months by the same combined Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaringology team... | Background Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic stenosis and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. External dacryocystorhinostomy (EXT-DCR) was first described by Toti [ 1 , 2 ] in 1904. The endonasal approach was first introduced in 1893 by Caldwell [ 3 , 4 ], but it was inh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555540.xml |
516445 | Performance of dye-affinity beads for aluminium removal in magnetically stabilized fluidized bed | Background Aluminum has recently been recognized as a causative agent in dialysis encephalopathy, osteodystrophy, and microcytic anemia occurring in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo long-term hemodialysis. Only a small amount of Al(III) in dialysis solutions may give rise to these disorders. Methods Magn... | Background About 8% of the Earth's crust is comprised of aluminium. This element is the most abundant metal naturally present in air, soil and water. Consequently, environmental exposure to aluminium is potentially possible. Its ingestion is unavoidable since aluminium compounds are added not only to most water supplie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516445.xml |
514534 | The significance of controlled conditions in lentiviral vector titration and in the use of multiplicity of infection (MOI) for predicting gene transfer events | Background Although lentiviral vectors have been widely used for in vitro and in vivo gene therapy researches, there have been few studies systematically examining various conditions that may affect the determination of the number of viable vector particles in a vector preparation and the use of Multiplicity of Infecti... | Background Multiplicity of infection (MOI) is a parameter that has been commonly used to predict viral infectivity in a population of target cells. With wild type viruses, an "infectious unit" refers to the smallest amount of virus capable of producing an infection in a susceptible cell. The titre of the original suspe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514534.xml |
548505 | Influence of intense multidisciplinary follow-up and orlistat on weight reduction in a primary care setting | Background Obesity is the most common health problem in developed countries. Recently, several physicians' organizations have issued recommendations for treating obesity to family physicians, including instructions in nutrition, physical activity and medications. The aim of this study was to examine if effective weight... | Background Obesity is the most common health problem in developed countries [ 1 ]. It is a chronic disease and should be treated as such. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide [ 2 ]. In the United States, it is estimated that 64% of the adult population is either overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548505.xml |
548511 | The treatment of migraines and tension-type headaches with intravenous and oral niacin (nicotinic acid): systematic review of the literature | Background Migraine and tension-type headaches impose a tremendous economic drain upon the healthcare system. Intravenous and oral niacin has been employed in the treatment of acute and chronic migraine and tension-type headaches, but its use has not become part of contemporary medicine, nor have there been randomized ... | Introduction Migraines and tension-type headaches impose an important burden upon society and the working public. According to the National Headache Foundation, some 45 million Americans suffer from chronic, recurring headaches and 28 million of these suffer from migraine headaches annually [ 1 ]. Furthermore, the work... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548511.xml |
543444 | Laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility profile of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Philippines | Background Helicobacter pylori diagnosis and susceptibility profile directs the applicability of recommended treatment regimens in our setting. To our knowledge, there is no published data on the culture and local susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori in the Philippines. Methods 52 dyspeptic adult patients unde... | Background Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than half of the world's population [ 1 , 2 ] Since its isolation in 1982, the association between H. pylori infection and the subsequent development of chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cell carc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543444.xml |
423159 | A DNA Recombination “Hotspot” in Humans Is Missing in Chimps | null | When Francis Collins and Craig Venter reported the draft sequence of the human genome in 2001, Collins described the so-called book of life as more of a life sciences encyclopedia. In it, we can find our evolutionary history written in the fossil record of our DNA, a parts manual listing the genes and proteins needed t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423159.xml |
554110 | Effects of prostaglandin E2 on the electrical properties of thermally classified neurons in the ventromedial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus | Background Physiological and morphological evidence suggests that activation of the ventromedial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (VMPO) is an essential component of an intravenous LPS-dependent fever. In response to the endogenous pyrogen prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), the majority of temperature insensitive neurons in ... | Background Fever, an elevation in body temperature, is thought to play an adaptive role in the immune system's ability to fight infection [ 1 ]. A suggested mechanism for its production and maintenance is a shifting of the thermostatic set-point into the hyperthermic range [ 1 , 2 ]. Through the integration of both cen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554110.xml |
555554 | Abdominal surgical site infections: incidence and risk factors at an Iranian teaching hospital | Background Abdominal surgical site infections are among the most common complications of inpatient admissions and have serious consequences for outcomes and costs. Different risk factors may be involved, including age, sex, nutrition and immunity, prophylactic antibiotics, operation type and duration, type of shaving, ... | Background SSIs are among the most common hospital acquired infections comprising 14–16 percent of inpatient infections[ 1 ]. SSI is a dangerous condition, a heavy burden on the patient and social health system[ 2 ]. Such infections lengthens bed stay for an average of seven days. Potential sources of infection are the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555554.xml |
516451 | Is HIV-1 RNA dimerization a prerequisite for packaging? Yes, no, probably? | During virus assembly, all retroviruses specifically encapsidate two copies of full-length viral genomic RNA in the form of a non-covalently linked RNA dimer. The absolute conservation of this unique genome structure within the Retroviridae family is strong evidence that a dimerized genome is of critical importance to ... | Introduction The dimeric feature of the retroviral RNA genome was identified almost forty years ago. However, as with many topics in retrovirology, interest in this area was heightened with the realization that the causative agent of AIDS was a retrovirus. Since then, RNA and protein sequences involved in genome dimeri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516451.xml |
543450 | Effect of oligonucleotide primers in determining viral variability within hosts | Background Genetic variability in viral populations is usually estimated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods in which the relative abundance of each amplicon is assumed to be proportional to the frequency of the corresponding template in the initial sample. Although bias in template-to-product rat... | Background One of the most difficult tasks faced by virologists is the documentation and evaluation of the genetic variability of viral populations in infected patients. These analyses are greatly facilitated by the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR based techniques do not always produce a highly specific... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543450.xml |
529306 | Influence of oxygen tension on myocardial performance. Evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging | Background Low O 2 tension dilates coronary arteries and high O 2 tension is a coronary vasoconstrictor but reports on O 2 -dependent effects on ventricular performance diverge. Yet oxygen supplementation remains first line treatment in cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that hypoxia improves and hyperoxia worsens... | Introduction Low oxygen tension dilates coronary arteries and high oxygen tension is a coronary vasoconstrictor. Yet oxygen supplementation remains first line treatment in cardiovascular disease states such as myocardial infarction and pulmonary oedema. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced in patients with isc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529306.xml |
555959 | Placentation in the paca (Agouti paca L) | Background The paca is a South American rodent with potential as a commercial food animal. We examined paca placenta as part of a wider effort to understand the reproductive biology of this species. Methods Thirteen specimens between midgestation and term of pregnancy were studied by light and transmission electron mic... | Introduction The paca ( Agouti paca , L) is a South American rodent that lives in forested habitats near water and feeds largely on fallen fruit. It is hunted for its meat, which is considered a delicacy, and is an important source of animal protein for rural populations. This has led to indiscriminate exploitation, re... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555959.xml |
529460 | Effect of Ampicillin on the kinetics of colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Lactobacillus fermentum in the respiratory tract of mice | Ampicillin was selected to further study the effect of this antibiotic on the colonization capability of S. pneumoniae and L. fermentum intranasally inoculated in a mice experimental model. The sensitivity of S. pneumoniae and L. fermentum to antibiotics was evaluated by different "in vitro" techniques. The results sho... | Introduction Respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Extensive antibiotic use for these infections as well as misuse for viral respiratory infections has led to increased penicillin resistance amongst the streptococci [ 1 - 6 ]. Even though there is a very broad description of the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529460.xml |
322746 | In Methuselah's Mould | Is aging inevitable or can it be "cured"? Recent work from many different fields of science is now providing clues into why we age and how long we might live | The pathologist makes do with red wine until an effective drug is available, the biochemist discards the bread from her sandwiches, and the mathematician indulges in designer chocolate with a clear conscience. The demographer sticks to vitamin supplements, and while the evolutionary biologist calculates the compensatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC322746.xml |
529448 | Gastro-enteritis outbreak among Nordic patients with psoriasis in a health centre in Gran Canaria, Spain: a cohort study | Background Between November 2 and 10, 2002 several patients with psoriasis and personnel staying in the health centre in Gran Canaria, Spain fell ill with diarrhoea, vomiting or both. Patient original came from Norway, Sweden and Finland. The patient group was scheduled to stay until 8 November. A new group of patients... | Background On 5 November 2002, the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) was contacted by a dermatologist at Rikshospitalet, a tertiary care university hospital in Oslo, Norway. He reported several cases of gastro-enteritis in a medical care centre in Argúinegú... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529448.xml |
544868 | HIV-1 nef suppression by virally encoded microRNA | Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21~25-nucleotides (nt) long and interact with mRNAs to trigger either translational repression or RNA cleavage through RNA interference (RNAi), depending on the degree of complementarity with the target mRNAs. Our recent study has shown that HIV-1 nef dsRNA from AIDS patients who are l... | Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infect humans cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has reached pandemic levels in some societies, especially those in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia [ 1 ]. Given the immensity of HIV pandemic, the development of a rather safe and cheap, effe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544868.xml |
524178 | A comprehensive evaluation of food fortification with folic acid for the primary prevention of neural tube defects | Background Periconceptional use of vitamin supplements containing folic acid reduces the risk of a neural tube defect (NTD). In November 1998, food fortification with folic acid was mandated in Canada, as a public health strategy to increase the folic acid intake of all women of childbearing age. We undertook a compreh... | Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects resulting from the failure of neural tube closure during early development of the human embryo. The 1997 Canadian national NTD birth prevalence was 0.75 per 1,000 births (live births and stillbirths), down from 1.16 per 1,000 in 1989 [ 1 ]. The rates tend to be hi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524178.xml |
544840 | Homologs of the Brugia malayi diagnostic antigen BmR1 are present in other filarial parasites but induce different humoral immune responses | Background The recombinant antigen Bm R1 has been extensively employed in both ELISA and immunochromatographic rapid dipstick (Brugia Rapid) formats for the specific and sensitive detection of IgG4 antibodies against the lymphatic filarial parasites Brugia malayi and Brugia timori . In sera of individuals infected with... | Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori is endemic in several Asian countries and infects approximately 13 million people. In May 2000, The Global Program for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF ) was officially formed with the goal of eliminating the disease as a public he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544840.xml |
534800 | Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins | Since thousands of years humans have utilized insect silks for their own benefit and comfort. The most famous example is the use of reeled silkworm silk from Bombyx mori to produce textiles. In contrast, despite the more promising properties of their silk, spiders have not been domesticated for large-scale or even indu... | Review Types of spider silk Spiders and silks always go together. Currently there are over 34,000 described species of spiders, all of which have a varied tool kit of task-specific silks with divergent mechanical properties [ 1 - 6 ]. Although some spiders may use silk sparingly, most make rather elaborate nests, traps... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534800.xml |
548263 | Activation of α1A-adrenergic receptor promotes differentiation of rat-1 fibroblasts to a smooth muscle-like phenotype | Background Fibroblasts, as connective tissue cells, are able to transform into another cell type including smooth muscle cells. α 1A -adrenergic receptor (α 1A -AR) stimulation in rat-1 fibroblasts is coupled to cAMP production. However, the significance of an increase in cAMP produced by α 1A -AR stimulation on prolif... | Background Alpha1-adrenergic receptors (α 1 -ARs) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Both pharmacological and molecular cloning studies have indicated the existence of multiple subtypes of α 1 -ARs including α 1A/C -AR, α 1B -AR, and α 1D -AR [ 1 - 4 ]. α 1 -ARs play a key role in a variety of p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548263.xml |
535934 | Hysterectomy at a Canadian tertiary care facility: results of a one year retrospective review | Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the indications for and approach to hysterectomy at Kingston General Hospital (KGH), a teaching hospital affiliated with Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario. In particular, in light of current literature and government standards suggesting the superiority of v... | Background In Canada in 2001, 446 hysterectomies were performed per 100 000 women [ 1 ]. The rate however varies considerably as a consequence of factors such as acceptability of medical management in areas where there is limited availability of gynaecologists [ 2 ] and a lack of dissemination and implementation of gui... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535934.xml |
514911 | Individualizing therapy – in search of approaches to maximize the benefit of drug treatment (II) | Adjusting drug therapy to the individual, a common approach in clinical practice, has evolved from 1) dose adjustments based on clinical effects to 2) dose adjustments made in response to drug levels and, more recently, to 3) dose adjustments based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing of drug-metabolizing enzyme g... | Patterns of drug prescription Despite tremendous advances in the science and technology of drug development, as well the emergence of guidance and consensus building among scientists, many clinicians, pharmacists, and consumers remain uninformed regarding the scientific basis of establishing bioequivalence, the generic... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514911.xml |
261870 | Viral Discovery and Sequence Recovery Using DNA Microarrays | Because of the constant threat posed by emerging infectious diseases and the limitations of existing approaches used to identify new pathogens, there is a great demand for new technological methods for viral discovery. We describe herein a DNA microarray-based platform for novel virus identification and characterizatio... | Introduction Over the past two decades, technological advances in molecular biology have fuelled progress in the discovery of new pathogens associated with human diseases. The identification of novel viruses such as hepatitis C virus ( Choo et al. 1989 ), sin nombre virus ( Nichol et al. 1993 ), and Kaposi's sarcoma he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC261870.xml |
526784 | Hemispheric Asymmetries in Biodiversity—A Serious Matter for Ecology | Although the poles are less diverse than the tropics, this decline shows substantial asymmetries between the hemispheres, suggesting that responses to environmental change may differ substantially in the north and the south. | Penguins have been receiving a lot of bad press lately. They are considered somehow counter, spare, strange. Unlike most plant and animal groups, they do not show a peak of species richness towards the equator and a decline towards the poles. This more conventional spatial pattern is conveniently known as the latitudin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526784.xml |
523824 | The Molecular Basis for Oat Intolerance in Patients with Celiac Disease | ABSTRACT Background Celiac disease is a small intestinal inflammatory disorder characterized by malabsorption, nutrient deficiency, and a range of clinical manifestations. It is caused by an inappropriate immune response to dietary gluten and is treated with a gluten-free diet. Recent feeding studies have indicated oat... | Introduction Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by an inappropriate immune response of intestinal T-cells reactive to gluten proteins of wheat and similar prolamin proteins of related cereals [ 1 ]. The majority of the peptides recognized by intestinal T-cells are more immunogenic following deami... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523824.xml |
515372 | Mitochondrial Genes Cause Nuclear Mischief | null | While the nucleus of a cell may be its command headquarters, mitochondria are equally vital—they are the power plants of the cell, and without them all cellular activity would quickly and irrevocably come to a halt. Testifying to their origins as once free-living bacteria, mitochondria have their own DNA, comprising 37... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515372.xml |
549586 | Individual Level Injection History: A Lack of Association with HIV Incidence in Rural Zimbabwe | Background It has recently been argued that unsafe medical injections are a major transmission route of HIV infection in the generalised epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings We have analysed the pattern of injections in relation to HIV incidence in a population cohort in Manicaland in a rural area of Z... | Introduction The widely held belief that heterosexual transmission is the driving force behind sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) HIV epidemic [ 1 ] has recently been questioned [ 2 ]. According to Gisselquist and colleagues, investigators have overlooked the importance, and indeed suppressed analysis, of unsafe medical inje... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549586.xml |
544897 | Variations and voids: the regulation of human cloning around the world | Background No two countries have adopted identical regulatory measures on cloning. Understanding the complexity of these regulatory variations is essential. It highlights the challenges associated with the regulation of a controversial and rapidly evolving area of science and sheds light on a regulatory framework that ... | Background "The immense majority of countries who have passed legislation recently do ban both reproductive and therapeutic cloning" (Senator Morin, The Standing Senate Committee On Social Affairs, Science And Technology, Ottawa, Canada, Wednesday 18 February, 2004) . In February 1997 an article was published in Nature... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544897.xml |
524187 | Role of primary surgery in advanced ovarian cancer | Background Major issues in surgery for advanced ovarian cancer remain unresolved. Existing treatment guidelines are supported by a few published reports and fewer prospective randomized clinical trials. Methods We reviewed published reports on primary surgical treatment, surgical expertise, inadequate primary surgery/q... | Background The Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrigue (FIGO) classifies ovarian carcinoma in stage I to IV [ 1 , 2 ]. Stage I has been defined as growth limited to the ovaries; stage II as growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension; stage III as tumor involving one or both ovaries wit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524187.xml |
529272 | Recruiting pregnant smokers for a placebo-randomised controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy | Background Smoking in pregnancy is a public health problem and effective methods for reducing this are required. Although nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for smoking cessation in non-pregnant people, there is no direct evidence concerning its effectiveness in pregnancy. Despite this, clinical guidelines... | Background Smoking harms unborn children causing intra-uterine growth restriction, preterm birth, miscarriage and perinatal death [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite this over a quarter of pregnant women in the UK smoke [ 3 ] and although pregnancy motivates a minority of women to stop smoking for at least part of their pregnancy, most... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529272.xml |
555756 | Gluten-free diet may alleviate depressive and behavioural symptoms in adolescents with coeliac disease: a prospective follow-up case-series study | Background Coeliac disease in adolescents has been associated with an increased prevalence of depressive and disruptive behavioural disorders, particularly in the phase before diet treatment. We studied the possible effects of a gluten-free diet on psychiatric symptoms, on hormonal status (prolactin, thyroidal function... | Background Coeliac disease is an under-diagnosed autoimmune type of gastrointestinal disorder resulting from gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. Non-specific symptoms such as fatigue and dyspepsia are common, but the disease may also be clinically silent. Diagnosis is based on small-bowel biopsy, a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555756.xml |
555742 | HLA class I and II genotype of the NCI-60 cell lines | Sixty cancer cell lines have been extensively characterized and used by the National Cancer Institute's Developmental Therapeutics Program (NCI-60) since the early 90's as screening tools for anti-cancer drug development. An extensive database has been accumulated that could be used to select individual cells lines for... | Background A panel of sixty cancer cell lines of diverse lineage (lung, renal, colorectal, ovarian, breast, prostate, central nervous system, melanoma and hematological malignancies) was developed, characterized and extensively used by the National Cancer Institute's Developmental Therapeutics Program (NCI-60) since th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555742.xml |
524030 | Diet induced thermogenesis | Objective Daily energy expenditure consists of three components: basal metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and the energy cost of physical activity. Here, data on diet-induced thermogenesis are reviewed in relation to measuring conditions and characteristics of the diet. Methods Measuring conditions include nutr... | Introduction Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) can be defined as the increase in energy expenditure above basal fasting level divided by the energy content of the food ingested and is commonly expressed as a percentage. It is, with basal metabolic rate and activity induced thermogenesis, one of the three components of d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524030.xml |
212691 | The Roles of APC and Axin Derived from Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Wnt Pathway | Wnt signaling plays an important role in both oncogenesis and development. Activation of the Wnt pathway results in stabilization of the transcriptional coactivator β-catenin. Recent studies have demonstrated that axin, which coordinates β-catenin degradation, is itself degraded. Although the key molecules required for... | Introduction Considerable effort employing biochemistry, genetics, and pharmacology has been invested in identifying the web of interactions that characterize signal transduction pathways in metazoan organisms. Several conclusions can be drawn from these efforts. Despite the large number of receptors, ligands, and down... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212691.xml |
544854 | Transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism by fatty acids: a key determinant of pancreatic β-cell function | Background Optimal pancreatic β-cell function is essential for the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both humans and animals and its impairment leads to the development of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic disease aggravated by environmental factors such as low physical activity or a hypercaloric high-fat die... | Introduction Fatty acids are physiologically important both structurally, as components of phospholipids and glycolipids, as well as functionally, as fuel molecules. Metabolites of fatty acids, such as leukotrienes or prostaglandins, act as potent mediators in many biological processes. Fatty acids provide energy [ 1 ,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544854.xml |
515366 | A Drosophila Pattern Recognition Receptor Contains a Peptidoglycan Docking Groove and Unusual L,D-Carboxypeptidase Activity | The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA) is critically involved in sensing bacterial infection and activating the Toll signaling pathway, which induces the expression of specific antimicrobial peptide genes. We have determined the crystal structure of PGRP-SA to 2.2-Å resolution and analyzed its pe... | Introduction Activation of innate immunity in response to bacterial pathogens requires a group of molecules, known as the pattern recognition receptors, that recognize conserved motifs, present in bacteria but absent in higher eukaryotes, and trigger downstream signaling events. In Drosophila, two distinct signal trans... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515366.xml |
406520 | Turning Down the Volume: Why Some Genes Tolerate Less Noise | null | All organisms have evolved complex mechanisms designed to exquisitely regulate the expression of appropriate genes at their correct levels. Natural random variation in the processes of regulation and expression, however, limits the precision with which protein production can be controlled. This subtle variation, or “no... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406520.xml |
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