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544934 | WWW design code – a new tool for colour estimation in animal studies | Background The colour of animals' skin, fur, feathers or cuticula has been estimated in a large number of studies. The methods used to do so are diverse, with some being costly and not available to all researchers. In a study to measure plumage colour in a bird species, a new method of creating a colour chart was devel... | Background Animal studies from diverse fields – such as morphology, physiology, behaviour, population dynamics, genetics, ageing and sexing – often require the estimation or classification of colour in skin, fur, feathers or cuticula. To make meaningful comparisons within and between studies, and effectively communicat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544934.xml |
539049 | Containing the Threat—Don't Forget Ebola | In 2000, Uganda experienced the largest outbreak of Ebola fever ever described. What can we learn from the Ugandan experience to help us prepare for future outbreaks? | On 8 October 2000, the acting district director of health services for the Gulu district in northwestern Uganda received two concurrent reports of an unusual illness with high mortality, occurring in the community and at a local hospital. One report attributed the illness to poisoning at a funeral at a remote village i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539049.xml |
544883 | The WRKY transcription factor superfamily: its origin in eukaryotes and expansion in plants | Background WRKY proteins are newly identified transcription factors involved in many plant processes including plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, genes encoding WRKY proteins have been identified only from plants. Comprehensive search for WRKY genes in non-plant organisms and phylogenetic analysis... | Background Transcriptional control is a major mechanism whereby a cell or organism regulates its gene expression. Sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription regulators, one class of transcription factors [ 1 ], play an essential role in modulating the rate of transcription of specific target genes. In this way, they d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544883.xml |
549592 | Can Routine Commercial Cord Blood Banking Be Scientifically and Ethically Justified? | Background to the debate: Umbilical cord blood—the blood that remains in the placenta after birth—can be collected and stored frozen for years. A well-accepted use of cord blood is as an alternative to bone marrow as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation to siblings or to unrelated recipie... | Nicholas Fisk and Irene Roberts's Viewpoint: There Are Good Reasons to Be Wary of Private Banking No one disputes the merit of public cord blood banking, in which women altruistically donate umbilical cord blood (UCB) for haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, in a way similar to bone marrow donation. Unrelated ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549592.xml |
526182 | Repetitive Editing and RNA Splicing | null | The so-called “central dogma” of biology—DNA makes RNA makes protein—is a simple statement that subsumes a wealth of complexity. In particular, the past decade has shown that after RNA is made, it is run through a gauntlet of processes that strip it of introns and splice its exons, add a cap and tail, and even chemical... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526182.xml |
524024 | Optimization of an immunostaining protocol for the rapid intraoperative evaluation of melanoma sentinel lymph node imprint smears with the 'MCW melanoma cocktail' | Background In the management of cutaneous melanoma, it is desirable to complete the regional lymphadenectomy during the initial surgical procedure for wide excision of biopsy site and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. In this study, we optimized and evaluated a rapid 17 minutes immunostaining protocol. The discriminato... | Background What is already known on this topic? A rapid intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for melanoma metastases during the interval between the SLN biopsy and the wide excision of the melanoma biopsy site may eliminate the need of an additional surgery for completion of regional lymphadenectomy... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524024.xml |
535897 | Prevention of genital herpes in a guinea pig model using a glycoprotein D-specific single chain antibody as a microbicide | Background Genital herpes (GH) is a recurrent sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes significant morbidity and is also the major source of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cases of neonatal herpes. Vaccination is a current goal which has had limited success so far in preventing GH and microbicides offer an attra... | Background GH is generally caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), though HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of primary infections [ 1 ]. Throughout the last few decades there were substantial advances in understanding the epidemiology of genital HSV infections. Primary infection is almost alway... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535897.xml |
529266 | Length of sick leave – Why not ask the sick-listed? Sick-listed individuals predict their length of sick leave more accurately than professionals | Background The knowledge of factors accurately predicting the long lasting sick leaves is sparse, but information on medical condition is believed to be necessary to identify persons at risk. Based on the current practice, with identifying sick-listed individuals at risk of long-lasting sick leaves, the objectives of t... | Background The increasing rate of sick leave experienced in most Western countries challenges insurance companies, employers, and public authorities to identify measures to reduce burdens at the individual, workplace and societal levels. To reduce the expenses of sick leave and the risk of expulsion from work, the Norw... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529266.xml |
539061 | A Signaling Pathway Involving TGF-β2 and Snail in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis | In a common theme of organogenesis, certain cells within a multipotent epithelial sheet exchange signals with their neighbors and develop into a bud structure. Using hair bud morphogenesis as a paradigm, we employed mutant mouse models and cultured keratinocytes to dissect the contributions of multiple extracellular cu... | Introduction Mammalian development involves the morphogenesis of complex three-dimensional structures from seemingly uniform sheets or masses of cells. A simple bud-like structure initiates the formation of many organs, including lungs, spinal cord, mammary glands, and hair follicles [ 1 ]. The multipotent, adhering ep... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539061.xml |
521174 | Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans | Parasites can be used as unique markers to investigate host evolutionary history, independent of host data. Here we show that modern human head lice, Pediculus humanus, are composed of two ancient lineages, whose origin predates modern Homo sapiens by an order of magnitude (ca. 1.18 million years). One of the two louse... | Introduction One of the most intensely debated topics in evolutionary biology pertains to the origin of modern Homo sapiens. The debate concerns the precise manner in which anatomically modern humans arose from archaic ancestors. Empirical studies tend to support one of two prominent models of human origins, the Recent... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521174.xml |
516041 | Expression and importance of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) in human trophoblast invasion | Background The aim of this study was to examine the invasiveness of first trimester trophoblasts according to the secretion profile of MMP-2 and -9 at different gestational stages, and to test the similarity between primary trophoblast cell-culture and the JAR choriocarcinoma cell-line. Methods First trimester trophobl... | Background Successful implantation depends on the ability of the embryo to degrade the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium and to invade the uterine stroma. Cytotrophoblastic cells (CTB) are derived from trophoectodermal cells of the blastocyst. CTB ensue to become either the villous cytotrophoblastic cells whi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516041.xml |
526196 | Appraising and applying evidence about a diagnostic test during a performance-based assessment | Background The practice of Evidence-based Medicine requires that clinicians assess the validity of published research and then apply the results to patient care. We wanted to assess whether our soon-to-graduate medical students could appraise and apply research about a diagnostic test within a clinical context and to c... | Background Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been described as the "conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" [ 1 ]. Thus, to practice EBM clinicians need to critically appraise articles in the medical literature and then apply the evi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526196.xml |
387271 | Peace Lessons from an Unlikely Source | How much is the aggression we observe in nonhuman primates the result of culture, and will the answer provide insights into our own violent behaviour? | Upon arrival from Europe, now more than two decades ago, I was taken aback by the level of violence in the American media. I do not just mean the daily news, even though it is hard getting used to multiple murders per day in any large city. No, I mean sitcoms, comedies, drama series, and movies. Staying away from Schwa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387271.xml |
528839 | A two-layered mechanical model of the rat esophagus. Experiment and theory | Background The function of esophagus is to move food by peristaltic motion which is the result of the interaction of the tissue forces in the esophageal wall and the hydrodynamic forces in the food bolus. The structure of the esophagus is layered. In this paper, the esophagus is treated as a two-layered structure consi... | Introduction The majority of previous mechanical studies on visceral organs, including the blood vessels, have considered them as homogenous tubes; i.e., a single layer structure. Most visceral organs are, however, multilayered, e.g. the arteries consist of intima, media and adventitia and the gastrointestinal tract ha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528839.xml |
548673 | Examination of Cholesterol oxidase attachment to magnetic nanoparticles | Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) were synthesized by thermal co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous chlorides. The sizes and structure of the particles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of the particles was in the range between 9.7 and 56.4 nm. Cholesterol oxidase (CHO) was suc... | Background Magnetic materials have been used with grain sizes down to the nanoscale for longer than any other type of material [ 1 ]. This is attributable to a number of factors including a large surface area to volume ratio and the possibility of immobilizing a biological entity of interest [ 2 ]. In the last decade i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548673.xml |
529299 | Musculo-skeletal pain among 40- and 45-year olds in Oslo: differences between two socioeconomically contrasting areas, and their possible explanations | Background The objective of the study was to compare the prevalence and severity of musculo-skeletal pain between two socioeconomically contrasting areas in Oslo, Norway, and to explore possible explanatory factors. Methods Questionnaire survey, carried out as part of The Oslo Health Study in 2000–2001. Data from 821 p... | Background In affluent societies like Norway, living conditions as well as general health status have improved during the last decades. In spite of this, social health inequities still exist, and recent analyses from Oslo even indicate an increase during the last 30 years [ 1 ]. Life expectancy for men living in the le... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529299.xml |
539263 | Androgen-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a young body builder: case report | Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an infrequent disease with a variety of causes. Pregnancy, puerperium, contraceptive pills and intracranial infections are the most common causes. The patient may present with headache, focal neurological deficits and seizures. The clinical outcome is highly variable and t... | Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a disease with a wide spectrum of non specific clinical signs and symptoms, including headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures and coma. The clinical outcome is highly variable; patients may recover completely or may develop severe and lasting neurological de... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539263.xml |
387265 | Activation of Arp2/3 Complex: Addition of the First Subunit of the New Filament by a WASP Protein Triggers Rapid ATP Hydrolysis on Arp2 | In response to activation by WASP-family proteins, the Arp2/3 complex nucleates new actin filaments from the sides of preexisting filaments. The Arp2/3-activating (VCA) region of WASP-family proteins binds both the Arp2/3 complex and an actin monomer and the Arp2 and Arp3 subunits of the Arp2/3 complex bind ATP. We sho... | Introduction The actin cytoskeleton determines the shape, mechanical properties, and motility of most eukaryotic cells. To change shape and to move, cells precisely control the location and timing of actin filament assembly by regulating the number of fast-growing (barbed) filament ends ( Pollard et al. 2000 ). The act... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387265.xml |
548129 | Non-linear mapping for exploratory data analysis in functional genomics | Background Several supervised and unsupervised learning tools are available to classify functional genomics data. However, relatively less attention has been given to exploratory, visualisation-driven approaches. Such approaches should satisfy the following factors: Support for intuitive cluster visualisation, user-fri... | Background Systems biology is a data- and knowledge-driven discipline, which heavily relies on automated tools to support the generation and validation of hypotheses. Such tasks aim to provide novel and meaningful views of the functional relationships between biological components at different complexity levels. Over t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548129.xml |
549551 | An automated system for measuring parameters of nematode sinusoidal movement | Background Nematode sinusoidal movement has been used as a phenotype in many studies of C. elegans development, behavior and physiology. A thorough understanding of the ways in which genes control these aspects of biology depends, in part, on the accuracy of phenotypic analysis. While worms that move poorly are relativ... | Background A major motivation for establishing C. elegans as an experimental molecular genetic system was to understand how genes control behavior, especially locomotion, since the uncoordinated (Unc) mutants were discovered early in the history of C. elegans genetics [ 1 , 2 ]. While studies of hundreds of genes invol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549551.xml |
517834 | We Move in Mysterious Ways | null | A man in a suit and bowler hat walks awkwardly down the street, each convoluted step a labored movement. He lifts up one knee, then briefly stoops. Stepping forward, he swings the other leg out to the side then kicks high in the air. In this old Monty Python skit, the man works for the Ministry of Silly Walks. It's his... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517834.xml |
545800 | Hidden localization motifs: naturally occurring peroxisomal targeting signals in non-peroxisomal proteins | Functional but silent peroxisomal targeting signals have been found in non- peroxisomal proteins. This discovery has important implications for sequence-based signal prediction and for evolution. | Background For an increasing number of otherwise uncharacterized protein sequences from genome-sequencing projects, function assignment is attempted solely with in silico prediction methods, as reliable and cost-effective large-scale experimental methods are not available. In addition to sequence homology and annotatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545800.xml |
517820 | Sterol-Derived Hormone(s) Controls Entry into Diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans by Consecutive Activation of DAF-12 and DAF-16 | Upon starvation or overcrowding, Caenorhabditis elegans interrupts its reproductive cycle and forms a specialised larva called dauer (enduring). This process is regulated by TGF-β and insulin-signalling pathways and is connected with the control of life span through the insulin pathway components DAF-2 and DAF-16. We f... | Introduction Sterols are essential in most eukaryotic cells and play a structural role in the architecture of their membranes. They influence the physicochemical properties of membranes, including fluidity and permeability for ions ( Haines 2001 ). Cholesterol, together with glycosphingolipids, is also proposed to orga... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517820.xml |
511074 | Biochemical enrichment and biophysical characterization of a taste receptor for L-arginine from the catfish, Ictalurus puntatus | Background The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , is invested with a high density of cutaneous taste receptors, particularly on the barbel appendages. Many of these receptors are sensitive to selected amino acids, one of these being a receptor for L-arginine (L-Arg). Previous neurophysiological and biophysical stud... | Background The initial event in taste transduction involves recognition of taste stimuli by plasma membrane-associated receptor proteins. These proteins are concentrated at the apical end of specialized neuro-epithelial cells (taste cells) found within multicellular end-organs known as taste buds [ 1 , 2 ]. The recogni... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC511074.xml |
549545 | Functional complementation of RNA interference mutants in trypanosomes | Background In many eukaryotic cells, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers RNA interference (RNAi), the specific degradation of RNA of homologous sequence. RNAi is now a major tool for reverse-genetics projects, including large-scale high-throughput screens. Recent reports have questioned the specificity of RNAi, raisin... | Background RNA interference (RNAi) can be triggered by introduction of long double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNAs) in cells [ 1 ], and proceeds in a number of sequential steps, starting with the cleavage of long dsRNAs into shorter ≈ 21–23 nucleotide-long dsRNAs called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs; these were initial... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549545.xml |
545196 | Intermittent Presumptive Treatment for Malaria | A better understanding of the pharmacodynamics of intermittent presumptive treatment, says White, will guide more rational policymaking | Intermittent presumptive treatment (IPT) in pregnancy involves giving a curative treatment dose of an effective antimalarial drug at predefined intervals during pregnancy. IPT in pregnancy was first introduced in areas of high malaria transmission as a measure to reduce the adverse impact of Plasmodium falciparum malar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545196.xml |
539277 | Altered protein dynamics of disease-associated lamin A mutants | Background Recent interest in the function of the nuclear lamina has been provoked by the discovery of lamin A/C mutations in the laminopathy diseases. However, it is not understood why mutations in lamin A give such a range of tissue-specific phenotypes. Part of the problem in rationalising genotype-phenotype correlat... | Background The nuclear lamina is a filamentous network of lamin proteins that underlies the inner nuclear membrane (INM). It is thought to make connections between both integral membrane proteins of the INM, and chromatin. It may therefore play a fundamental role in the functional organisation of the nucleus. Lamins ar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539277.xml |
517808 | A mechanism of airway injury in an epithelial model of mucociliary clearance | We studied the action of sodium metabisulphite on mucociliary transport in a frog palate epithelial injury model, hypothesizing that it may be useful for the study of mechanisms of airway injury. Sodium metabisulphite (MB) releases SO 2 on contact with water. SO 2 is a pollutant in automobile fumes and may play a role ... | Background Particle clearance in the airways is dependant on mucus and cilia [ 1 ]. The cilia beat frequency, mucus secretion rate and the properties of mucus are variables important in normal and effective mucociliary clearance [ 2 ]. However, the study of mucociliary clearance in intact mammalian airways in humans or... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517808.xml |
514497 | Care-seeking patterns for fatal malaria in Tanzania | Background Once malaria occurs, deaths can be prevented by prompt treatment with relatively affordable and efficacious drugs. Yet this goal is elusive in Africa. The paradox of a continuing but easily preventable cause of high mortality raises important questions for policy makers concerning care-seeking and access to ... | Background Malaria continues to be the largest single component of the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa, even though simple, effective and affordable treatments exist. Malaria's pervasive morbidity and high mortality persist because of failed transactions between those at risk of malaria transmission and availab... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514497.xml |
509411 | Hormones Act in Concert to Direct Plant Growth | null | Anyone who thinks plants are passive inhabitants of their environment has never seen time-lapse footage of a seedling bursting from its protective shell or a climbing vine coiling around a tree. Such films dramatize a fundamental fact of plant life: survival depends on responding to environmental cues. Shoots grow towa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509411.xml |
534790 | Factors involved in nurses' responses to burnout: a grounded theory study | Background Intense and long-standing problems in burn centers in Tehran have led nurses to burnout. This phenomenon has provoked serious responses and has put the nurses, patients and the organization under pressure. The challenge for managers and nurse executives is to understand the factors which would reduce or incr... | Background Working in a burn unit has been described as a stressful occupation [ 1 ]. Every nurse who cares for a burn victim knows that stress is a part of working in this field. Some authors have emphasized that these nurses experience dealing with self-inflicted burns, uncooperative patients, inter-staff conflicts a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534790.xml |
493275 | Algorithms for optimizing drug therapy | Background Drug therapy has become increasingly efficient, with more drugs available for treatment of an ever-growing number of conditions. Yet, drug use is reported to be sub optimal in several aspects, such as dosage, patient's adherence and outcome of therapy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the poss... | Background During the last decades the possibility of computer support for optimum management of various disorders has attracted interest [ 1 - 3 ]. Regarding drug therapy the approach has usually been limited to one particular disease [ 4 - 7 ]. Diabetes has been extensively studied and thoroughly analyzed also from a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493275.xml |
449784 | Subcellular Localization of Frizzled Receptors, Mediated by Their Cytoplasmic Tails, Regulates Signaling Pathway Specificity | The Frizzled (Fz; called here Fz1) and Fz2 receptors have distinct signaling specificities activating either the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway or Fz/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in Drosophila. The regulation of signaling specificity remains largely obscure. We show that Fz1 and Fz2 have different subcellular ... | Introduction Pattern formation in multicellular organisms relies on inductive signaling events. Several evolutionarily conserved ligand–receptor combinations and associated signal transduction pathways are used again and again during development to induce tissue- and cell-type-specific responses. Thus, context-dependen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449784.xml |
548303 | Pretreatment with ACE inhibitors improves acute outcome of electrical cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation | Background Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is difficult to treat. In the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs sinus rhythm is maintained in only 30% of patients during the first year after electrical cardioversion (ECV). One of the remodeling processes induced by AF is fibrosis, which relates to inducibil... | Background Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is difficult to treat. In the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs sinus rhythm is maintained in only 30–50% of patients during the first year after Direct Current electrical cardioversion (ECV)[ 1 , 2 ]. Furthermore, even following an aggressive approach with re... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548303.xml |
539288 | Threshold intensity factors as lower boundaries for crack propagation in ceramics | Background Slow crack growth can be described in a v (crack velocity) versus K I (stress intensity factor) diagram. Slow crack growth in ceramics is attributed to corrosion assisted stress at the crack tip or at any pre-existing defect in the ceramic. The combined effect of high stresses at the crack tip and the presen... | Background Slow crack growth is most suitably described in a v (crack velocity) versus K I (stress intensity factor) diagram. Slow crack growth in ceramics is attributed to corrosion assisted stress at crack tips or at any defect pre-existing in the ceramic [ 1 ]. The combined presence of body fluid molecules (mainly w... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539288.xml |
534784 | Effects of heparin on the uptake of lipoprotein lipase in rat liver | Background Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is anchored at the vascular endothelium through interaction with heparan sulfate. It is not known how this enzyme is turned over but it has been suggested that it is slowly released into blood and then taken up and degraded in the liver. Heparin releases the enzyme into the circulati... | Background Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyses triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL and thereby makes fatty acids available for cellular uptake and use in metabolic processes [ 1 , 2 ]. Relatively high levels of LPL mRNA are found in adipose tissue, heart, red skeletal muscle and lactating mammary gland [ 3 , 4 ]. Pa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534784.xml |
548667 | The role of glucocorticoid action in the pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome | Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that modulate a large number of physiological actions involved in metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular and behavioral processes. The molecular mechanisms and the physiological effects of glucocorticoids have been extensively studied. However, the involvement of glucocorticoid acti... | Introduction Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are often associated with a group of risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance. This cluster of metabolic abnormalities, first defined as Syndrome X by Reaven in 1988 [ 1 ] and supported by additional evidence [ 2 , 3 ], ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548667.xml |
490026 | Genome-Wide Mapping of the Cohesin Complex in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae | In eukaryotic cells, cohesin holds sister chromatids together until they separate into daughter cells during mitosis. We have used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with microarray analysis (ChIP chip) to produce a genome-wide description of cohesin binding to meiotic and mitotic chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevi... | Introduction Sister chromatid cohesion ensures that daughter cells inherit complete copies of their genome. Cohesion in eukaryotic cells is mediated by a multisubunit protein complex called cohesin. Cohesin consists of four proteins: Smc1, Smc3, Scc1/Mcd1, which is called kleisin and is the target of the protease separ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC490026.xml |
522870 | A first-draft human protein-interaction map | Using data from model organisms, the authors have generated a large-scale human protein-protein interaction map. The map can be used to predict the function of human proteins. | Background Physical interactions between proteins underpin most biological processes. For this reason, large-scale protein-interaction mapping projects have been initiated in several model organisms [ 1 - 6 ]. Unfortunately, projects of a similar scale have not yet been described for mammalian systems, with the result ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522870.xml |
549035 | Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of protein sequence data under relative branch-length differences and model violation | Background Bayesian phylogenetic inference holds promise as an alternative to maximum likelihood, particularly for large molecular-sequence data sets. We have investigated the performance of Bayesian inference with empirical and simulated protein-sequence data under conditions of relative branch-length differences and ... | Background The inference of phylogenies from molecular sequence data, like most other quantitative problems in science, is most powerful within a model-based statistical framework. Sophisticated models are available to describe how sequences change along branches of a tree, and how the rate of sequence change varies am... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549035.xml |
534791 | Occurrence of symptoms and depressive mood among working-aged coronary heart disease patients | Background The typical symptoms of coronary heart disease (CHD), chest pain and breathlessness, are well-known. They are considered quite dramatic, and can thus be fairly reliably mapped by a survey. However, people might have other clearly unpleasant symptoms impairing quality of life. The aim of this study is to eval... | Background In Finland, as in most industrialised countries mortality from cardiovascular diseases has shown decreasing trends since around 1970 [ 1 , 2 ]. The Mini-Finland survey from the years 1979–80 revealed that the angina pectoris symptom (i.e. reported chest pain under physical strain) may already appear in both ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534791.xml |
539289 | Transthoracic coronary flow reserve and dobutamine derived myocardial function: a 6-month evaluation after successful coronary angioplasty | After percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stress-echocardiography and gated single photon emission computerized tomography (g-SPECT) are usually performed but both tools have technical limitations. The present study evaluated results of PTCA of left anterior descending artery (LAD) six months after P... | Introduction Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has deeply modified the effective management of coronary artery disease [ 1 ]. Coronary artery restenosis is unfrequent when PTCA is associated to coronary stenting application which is able to enlarge the lumen area stenosis [ 2 , 3 ]. However, even in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539289.xml |
526380 | Two Drosophila suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) differentially regulate JAK and EGFR pathway activities | Background The Janus kinase (JAK) cascade is an essential and well-conserved pathway required to transduce signals for a variety of ligands in both vertebrates and invertebrates. While activation of the pathway is essential to many processes, mutations from mammals and Drosophila demonstrate that regulation is also cri... | Background The vertebrate JAK signaling pathway is an essential component of cellular response to a wide array of cytokines and growth factors. The JAK cascade is reutilized for signaling events in numerous tissues and at multiple stages of mammalian development [reviewed by [ 1 - 3 ]]. Many interleukins, interferons, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526380.xml |
549034 | Comparing the clinical effectiveness of different new-born hearing screening strategies. A decision analysis | Background Children with congenital hearing impairment benefit from early detection and treatment. At present, no model exists which explicitly quantifies the effectiveness of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) versus other programme alternatives in terms of early diagnosis. It has yet to be considered whether ... | Background Approximately one to three per 1000 children are born with at least moderate, bilateral hearing disorders [ 1 - 4 ]. Children with congenital hearing impairment benefit from early detection and treatment of their hearing loss [ 5 ]. The neurological development of hearing abilities requires acoustic stimulat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549034.xml |
545197 | Deadly Alliances: Death, Disease, and the Global Politics of Public Health | Most people threatened by AIDS, tuberculosis, and unsafe drinking water are poor and have little or no influence over the global politics of public health | The rancour surrounding the Bangkok AIDS summit of July 2004 has exposed a series of fundamental disagreements surrounding the global politics of public health. These tensions range from access to cheaper lifesaving drugs to disputes over the role of poverty and gender equality in the promotion of sexual health. The wo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545197.xml |
534785 | The measurement of health-related quality of life (QOL) in paediatric clinical trials: a systematic review | Background The goal of much care in chronic childhood illness is to improve quality of life (QOL). However, surveys suggest QOL measures are not routinely included. In addition, there is little consensus about the quality of many QOL measures. Objectives To determine the extent to which quality of life (QOL) measures a... | Review Introduction Chronic disease affects approximately 18% of children [ 1 ]. Although cure is not possible, survival rates have improved substantially for many conditions (e.g. cancer [ 2 ] and cystic fibrosis [ 3 ]). Many diseases require daily self-management and restrict children's physical and social activities... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534785.xml |
548302 | Genetical and functional investigation of fliC genes encoding flagellar serotype H4 in wildtype strains of Escherichia coli and in a laboratory E. coli K-12 strain expressing flagellar antigen type H48 | Background Serotyping of O-(lipopolysaccharide) and H-(flagellar) antigens is a wideley used method for identification of pathogenic strains and clones of Escherichia coli . At present, 176 O- and 53 H-antigens are described for E. coli which occur in different combinations in the strains. The flagellar antigen H4 is w... | Background Bacterial strains belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae species Escherichia coli are common as commensals in the intestinal flora of humans and warm-blooded animals [ 1 ]. Typing systems for identification of related E. coli strains were developed in the early 1940ies when it became evident that certain E. col... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548302.xml |
522871 | Comprehensive analysis of pseudogenes in prokaryotes: widespread gene decay and failure of putative horizontally transferred genes | A comprehensive analysis of the occurrence of pseudogenes in a diverse selection of 64 prokaryote genomes identified around 7,000 candidate pseudogenes. A large fraction of prokaryote pseudogenes seems to have arisen from failed horizontal-transfer events. | Background Genes that have recently fallen out of use for an organism are often detectable in the genome as pseudogenes - disabled copies of genes characterizable by disruptions of their reading frames due to frameshifts and premature stop codons [ 1 - 3 ]. Surveys of the pseudogene populations of eukaryotes (budding y... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522871.xml |
509410 | Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARδ | Endurance exercise training can promote an adaptive muscle fiber transformation and an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis by triggering scripted changes in gene expression. However, no transcription factor has yet been identified that can direct this process. We describe the engineering of a mouse capable of continuo... | Introduction Skeletal muscle fibers are generally classified as type I (oxidative/slow) or type II (glycolytic/fast) fibers. They display marked differences in respect to contraction, metabolism, and susceptibility to fatigue. Type I fibers are mitochondria-rich and mainly use oxidative metabolism for energy production... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509410.xml |
526381 | Extending the mutual information measure to rank inferred literature relationships | Background Within the peer-reviewed literature, associations between two things are not always recognized until commonalities between them become apparent. These commonalities can provide justification for the inference of a new relationship where none was previously known, and are the basis of most observation-based h... | Background Most scientific fields are data-intensive, but perhaps even more so for biology and medicine. Sequencing efforts have generated billions of base pairs of genetic information across hundreds of thousands of species, and ushered in the relatively recent completion of the Human Genome Project[ 1 ]. Microarrays ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526381.xml |
539276 | Optimized LOWESS normalization parameter selection for DNA microarray data | Background Microarray data normalization is an important step for obtaining data that are reliable and usable for subsequent analysis. One of the most commonly utilized normalization techniques is the locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) algorithm. However, a much overlooked concern with the LOWESS normaliza... | Background DNA microarray technology has become a standard tool in biomedical research for large-scale transcriptional monitoring [ 1 ]. A growing number of microarray experiments seek to compare samples labeled with two different dyes, such as Cyanine5 (Cy5) and Cyanine3 (Cy3). However, several studies report that the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539276.xml |
514496 | Malaria morbidity and immunity among residents of villages with different Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in North-Eastern Tanzania | Background The relationship between the burden of uncomplicated malaria and transmission intensity is unclear and a better understanding of this relationship is important for the implementation of intervention programmes. Methods A 6-month longitudinal study monitoring risk factors for anaemia and febrile malaria episo... | Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To develop and assess the efficacy of control measures, it is important to obtain a better understanding of how the malaria disease burden is distributed among population groups and how this burden is affected by ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514496.xml |
490027 | The Kinetochore Is an Enhancer of Pericentric Cohesin Binding | The recruitment of cohesins to pericentric chromatin in some organisms appears to require heterochromatin associated with repetitive DNA. However, neocentromeres and budding yeast centromeres lack flanking repetitive DNA, indicating that cohesin recruitment occurs through an alternative pathway. Here, we demonstrate th... | Introduction The proper segregation of replicated chromosomes, or sister chromatids, to daughter cells during mitosis requires that sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as chromosome biorientation, and that sister chromatids move to opposite poles o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC490027.xml |
548672 | Dutch women with a low birth weight have an increased risk of myocardial infarction later in life: a case control study | Background To investigate whether low birth weight increases the risk of myocardial infarction later in life in women. Methods Nationwide population-based case-control study. Patients and controls: 152 patients with a first myocardial infarction before the age of 50 years in the Netherlands. 568 control women who had n... | Background Intrauterine malnutrition, as reflected by birth weight and abnormal thinness at birth, has been associated with an increased incidence of risk factors for arterial disease, i.e. hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and to a lesser extent hyperlipidemia and body fat distribution in adulthood [ ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548672.xml |
529298 | Decrease of resistance to air flow with nasal strips as measured with the airflow perturbation device | Background Nasal strips are used by athletes, people who snore, and asthmatics to ease the burden of breathing. Although there are some published studies that demonstrate higher flow with nasal strips, none had directly measured the effect of the strips on nasal resistance using the airflow perturbation device (APD). T... | Background Nasal dilator strips (NDS) are used by athletes, people who snore, and asthmatics to ease the burden of breathing. The nasal strips are used as a mechanical means of reducing nasal airflow resistance [ 1 ]. By lowering nasal resistance, they reduce the work of breathing and the supply of oxygen into the body... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529298.xml |
539262 | Chloride equilibrium potential in salamander cones | Background GABAergic inhibition and effects of intracellular chloride ions on calcium channel activity have been proposed to regulate neurotransmission from photoreceptors. To assess the impact of these and other chloride-dependent mechanisms on release from cones, the chloride equilibrium potential (E Cl ) was determi... | Background Regulation of intracellular chloride levels results in a chloride equilibrium potential (E Cl ) that is hyperpolarized with respect to the resting potential in many nerve cells, but depolarized in others [ 1 - 5 ]. For example, E Cl in salamander rod photoreceptors is 25 mV more positive than the dark restin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539262.xml |
526183 | Genes, Genomes, and the Road to Diversity: How Regulatory Networks Evolve | null | Evolutionary biologists have long been interested in understanding the molecular basis for the great diversity in size, shape, and behavior seen in life on earth. Recent attention has focused on the role that gene expression changes play in organismal evolution. Tracing the evolution of gene regulation, however, has pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526183.xml |
449785 | A Chromosomal Memory Triggered by Xist Regulates Histone Methylation in X Inactivation | We have elucidated the kinetics of histone methylation during X inactivation using an inducible Xist expression system in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Previous reports showed that the ability of Xist to trigger silencing is restricted to an early window in ES cell differentiation. Here we show that this window is a... | Introduction In mammals, dosage differences of X-linked genes between XX female and XY male cells are adjusted by transcriptional inactivation of one of the two female X chromosomes. X inactivation is a multistep process, in which the cell counts the number of X chromosomes, chooses one to be active, and silences all o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449785.xml |
545801 | MONKEY: identifying conserved transcription-factor binding sites in
multiple alignments using a binding site-specific evolutionary model | MONKEY is a new method for identifying conserved transcription-factor binding sites from multiple-sequence alignments. | Background Different types of genomic features have characteristic patterns of evolution that, when sequences from closely related organisms are available, can be exploited to annotate genomes [ 1 ]. Methods for comparative sequence analysis that exploit variation in rates and patterns of nucleotide evolution can ident... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545801.xml |
387270 | The Cytoskeleton In Vivo | A comprehensive understanding of the cytoskeleton can only be achieved by the combination of biochemical, cellular, and whole organism studies | As a student I always marvelled at the sight of single cells in culture moving over artificial surfaces and exhibiting membrane ruffles and protrusions. However, while I found cultured cells fascinating I always wondered how cells are able to move and regulate their shape in the context of a whole organism where so man... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387270.xml |
539048 | Pancreatic Islet Transplantation | Islet transplantation offers hope to many patients with diabetes, who envision a life free of glucose checks and insulin injections. What are the barriers to its widespread implementation? | Diabetes: Epidemiology and Complications Treatment for, and the prognosis of, type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has progressed dramatically during the last century, but the disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although precise figures are not available, over 1 million United States citizens currently... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539048.xml |
548666 | No influence of the P-glycoprotein polymorphisms MDR1 G2677T/A and C3435T on the virological and immunological response in treatment naïve HIV-positive patients | Background In a retrospective study of HIV-infected patients, we investigated the influence of the MDR1 genotype (G2677T/A and C3435T) on the virological and immunological response of treatment naïve patients. Methods The MDR1 genotype was analysed from 72 patients in whom antiretroviral therapy was initiated between 1... | Background The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter (ABCB1) encoded by the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) which extrudes large lipophilic, positvely charged molecules from cells, among them HIV-1 protease inhibitors [ 1 , 2 ]. P-gp is expressed on a variety of cells including human lymphocytes... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548666.xml |
549550 | Structural similarity of loops in protein families: toward the understanding of protein evolution | Background Protein evolution and protein classification are usually inferred by comparing protein cores in their conserved aligned parts. Structurally aligned protein regions are separated by less conserved loop regions, where sequence and structure locally deviate from each other and do not superimpose well. Results O... | Background Globular proteins are considered to be structurally similar if their regular secondary structure elements can be superimposed well and are connected in the same order. The loop regions connecting secondary structures demonstrate less regularity in their conformations even though short loops linking specific ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549550.xml |
548128 | Using large-scale perturbations in gene network reconstruction | Background Recent analysis of the yeast gene network shows that most genes have few inputs, indicating that enumerative gene reconstruction methods are both useful and computationally feasible. A simple enumerative reconstruction method based on a discrete dynamical system model is used to study how microarray experime... | Background Recent technological advances have led to an explosive growth in high-throughput genomic and proteomic data such as DNA microarrays. The rapid growth in available data has led in turn to a need for novel quantitive methods for analysis. As a consequence of this need, the reconstruction of gene network archit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548128.xml |
516040 | Potential mechanism of phytochemical-induced apoptosis in human prostate adenocarcinoma cells: Therapeutic synergy in genistein and β-lapachone combination treatment | Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of male death in the United States. The incidence increases most rapidly with age, and multiple genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Nevertheless, scientific knowledge of the molecular mec... | Background Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin malignancy and the second leading cause of male death in the United States [ 1 ]. The incidence of prostate cancer increases most rapidly with age, and multiple genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516040.xml |
549544 | Psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) in adolescents | Background Accurate assessment of suicidality is of major importance in both clinical and research settings. The Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) is a well-established clinician-rating scale but its suitability to adolescents has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity, and... | Background Accurate assessment of suicidality is of major importance in both clinical and research settings. Adolescent suicide occurs usually in the context of an active, often treatable, but unrecognized or untreated mental illness [ 1 - 3 ]. The increase in the antidepressant treatment of adolescents in the USA [ 4 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549544.xml |
544935 | Secondary neurons are arrested in an immature state by formation of epithelial vesicles during neurogenesis of the spider Cupiennius salei | Background In the spider Cupiennius salei about 30 groups of neural precursors are generated per hemi-segment during early neurogenesis. Analysis of the ventral neuromeres after invagination of the primary neural precursor groups revealed that secondary neural precursors arise during late embryogenesis that partially d... | Background The arthropods form a diverse group with a correspondingly high variation of neural structures adapted to the specialized behaviour and lifestyles of individual species. This raises the question of how developmental processes have been modified during evolution to generate the wide diversity of nervous syste... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544935.xml |
521175 | X Chromosome Sites Autonomously Recruit the Dosage Compensation Complex in Drosophila Males | It has been proposed that dosage compensation in Drosophila males occurs by binding of two core proteins, MSL-1 and MSL-2, to a set of 35–40 X chromosome “entry sites” that serve to nucleate mature complexes, termed compensasomes, which then spread to neighboring sequences to double expression of most X-linked genes. H... | Introduction Most X chromosomal genes are essential or relevant to both sexes. To cope with the difference in the number of copies of these genes in females (XX) and males (XY), organisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms, collectively termed dosage compensation, to equalize the levels of X-linked gene products in t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521175.xml |
535896 | Atypical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a mass on the left thoracic wall | Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common malignancy for which chronic hepatitis B infection has been defined as the most common etiologic factor. The most frequent metastatic sites are the lung, bone, lymphatics, and brain, respectively. Metastases to the chest wall have been reported only rarely. Case presentat... | Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of the liver [ 1 ]. It is usually seen in the 6 th and 7 th decades of life, and the most common etiologic factor is chronic viral hepatitis, particularly in the presence of cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis B has been described as the mo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535896.xml |
517821 | Genomic Insights into Methanotrophy: The Complete Genome Sequence of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) | Methanotrophs are ubiquitous bacteria that can use the greenhouse gas methane as a sole carbon and energy source for growth, thus playing major roles in global carbon cycles, and in particular, substantially reducing emissions of biologically generated methane to the atmosphere. Despite their importance, and in contras... | Introduction Methanotrophic bacteria such as Methylococcus capsulatus are responsible for the oxidation of biologically generated methane ( Soehngen 1906 ), and they are therefore of great environmental importance in reducing the amount of this greenhouse gas released to the Earth's atmosphere. Atmospheric methane leve... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517821.xml |
515373 | Damage Response Protein Buys Time for Bacterial DNA Repair | null | It is often said that after a nuclear catastrophe, cockroaches will inherit the earth, because they are so resistant to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. But should the unthinkable come to pass, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is likely to outlast even the cockroach. Its ability to endure radiation is tr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515373.xml |
529273 | Improving the accuracy of malaria-related laboratory tests in Ghana | Background Inaccurate malaria results can lead to patient mismanagement, misperceptions about malaria resistance patterns and public health misinformation. All laboratories need to be able to demonstrate that their results are accurate. Establishing and maintaining a system for monitoring test accuracy is a complex, ex... | Background Clinical laboratory services are a critical component of health systems. They are essential for patient management and for providing accurate public health data including early detection of malaria resistance. In many poorer countries, laboratory services have been neglected due to chronic under-investment. ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529273.xml |
555757 | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: a case report | Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the commonest surgical procedures carried out in the world today. Occasionally patients present with undiagnosed situs inversus and acute cholecystitis. We discuss one such case and outline how the diagnosis was made and the pitfalls encountered during surgery and how t... | Background In 1600 the first known case of situs inversus in humans was reported by Fabricius [ 1 ]. The incidence is thought to be in the region of 1:5000 to 1:20000 [ 2 ]. The condition may affect the thoracic organs, abdominal organs or both. It is associated with a number of other conditions such as Kartagener's (b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555757.xml |
387264 | Mimotopes for Alloreactive and Conventional T Cells in a Peptide–MHC Display Library | The use of peptide libraries for the identification and characterization of T cell antigen peptide epitopes and mimotopes has been hampered by the need to form complexes between the peptides and an appropriate MHC molecule in order to construct a complete T cell ligand. We have developed a baculovirus-based peptide lib... | Introduction The identification of peptide epitopes associated with particular αβ T cell receptors (αβTCRs) is often still a bottleneck in studying T cells and their antigenic targets in, for example, autoimmunity, hypersensitivity, and cancer. A direct genetic or biochemical attack on this problem can be successful, e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387264.xml |
524025 | A knowledgebase system to enhance scientific discovery: Telemakus | Background With the rapid expansion of scientific research, the ability to effectively find or integrate new domain knowledge in the sciences is proving increasingly difficult. Efforts to improve and speed up scientific discovery are being explored on a number of fronts. However, much of this work is based on tradition... | Background An unfortunate consequence of specialization in the sciences is poor communication across research domains – which can hamper the knowledge discovery process. Research findings in one area may be pertinent to another, researchers may be unaware of relevant work by others that could be integrated into their w... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524025.xml |
524031 | Metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to a high protein diet | Background One of the major interests in our laboratory has been to develop a scientific framework for dietary advice for patients with diabetes. Knowledge regarding the metabolic consequences and potential effects on health of protein in people with type 2 diabetes has been a particular interest. Results We recently h... | Background Our research group has been and continues to be interested in the metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to macronutrients in the diet in general. More recently, we have been particularly focused on the metabolic response to a high protein diet. The reason for this is three fold: First, for severa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524031.xml |
549587 | Use of Procalcitonin and C-Reactive Protein to Evaluate Vaccine Efficacy against Pneumonia | Background Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in young children. The poor specificity of chest radiographs (CXRs) to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia may underestimate the efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in preventing pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods and Findings The efficacy of nine-valent pneumococ... | Introduction While pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children, the absence of sensitive and specific tools to make an etiological diagnosis is a major limitation to our understanding of the efficacy of vaccines against pneumonia. Blood cultures lack sensitivity, and cultures from lung aspirates may be inf... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549587.xml |
535909 | Host resistance does not explain variation in incidence of male-killing bacteria in Drosophila bifasciata | Background Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio are found widely. Notwithstanding the number of records of sex ratio distorters, their incidence is poorly understood. Two factors can prevent a sex ratio distorter from invading: inability of the sex ratio distorter to function (failure of mechanism or tra... | Background Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio of their host are known widely in arthropods [ 1 ]. Despite over 70 years of research, we still do not fully understand the factors that dictate their presence or absence in different species in the field, nor the correlated question as to the factors causi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535909.xml |
549593 | Multiple Metabolic Hits Converge on CD36 as Novel Mediator of Tubular Epithelial Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy | Background Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) is a common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the most common cause of kidney failure. While DNP manifests with albuminuria and diabetic glomerulopathy, its progression correlates best with tubular epithelial degeneration (TED) and interstitial fibrosis. Howev... | Introduction Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) is a serious and common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to end-stage renal failure in up to 30% of individuals with diabetes. Early abnormalities of DNP affect glomeruli and include an increase in glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria, glomerul... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549593.xml |
523825 | Obstetric Fistula in Ilorin, Nigeria | In this perspective, Andrew Browning of the Fistula Hospital in Addis Ababa discusses a study on obstetric fistula in Ilorin, Nigeria. The study was originally published in the West African Journal of Medicine [ 1 ]. With the journal's permission, we have made a PDF of the full-text article freely available on our webs... | The obstetric urogenital fistula has caused women misery ever since they first started delivering children. It was once common worldwide, but with the advent of safe obstetric care during the early part of the last century, the condition has become rare in rich countries. Urogenital fistulae do still occur in developed... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523825.xml |
529267 | Trends in suicide in Scotland 1981 – 1999: age, method and geography | Background Male suicide rates continued to increase in Scotland when rates in England and Wales declined. Female rates decreased, but at a slower rate than in England and Wales. Previous work has suggested higher than average rates in some rural areas of Scotland. This paper describes trends in suicide and undetermined... | Background Compared to the adjacent countries of England and Wales, Scotland had a low suicide rate through most of the twentieth century [ 1 ]. This did not appear to be explained by differences in recording of suicide [ 2 ]. Suicide rates in Scottish men increased in the 1970s and 1980s [ 3 , 4 ]. Rates in younger me... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529267.xml |
523831 | The Birth of Reproductive Health: A Difficult Delivery | In 1994, the landmark "Cairo Conference" on population and development promised reproductive health for all. Ten years later, what has been achieved? | About a decade ago, I went wandering around Cairo's City of the Dead. This might sound like a grim bit of tourism, but my connection to that vast necropolis runs deep—quite literally, as my family is buried there. After visiting their grave, I rambled through the city's dusty alleyways, past hundreds of years of histor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523831.xml |
529449 | Overweight, obesity, and colorectal cancer screening: Disparity between men and women | Background To estimate the association between body-mass index (BMI: kg/m 2 ) and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among US adults aged ≥ 50 years. Methods Population-based data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Adults (N = 84,284) aged ≥ 50 years were classified by BMI as normal weight (18.5–<... | Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States with approximately 150,000 cases annually leading to about 57,000 annual deaths [ 1 ]. A prospective study of over 900,000 US adults found that, compared to normal weight adults, death rates from CRC were 20% to 84% higher in overwe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529449.xml |
524186 | Identification of rehabilitation needs after a stroke: an exploratory study | Background Services to meet adequate rehabilitation needs of elderly stroke survivors are not always provided. Indeed, since 1995, in the wake of the Quebec shift to ambulatory care, home care services, mainly those related to rehabilitation of the elderly, are either unavailable or incomplete. The aim of this study wa... | Background After a stroke, a good proportion of the elderly rapidly re-enter the community without having benefited from rehabilitation services to help reduce their impairments and disabilities. Indeed, in Canada, only about 10% of stroke sufferers have access to intensive rehabilitation services [ 1 ]. The others, be... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524186.xml |
555743 | Unbiased descriptor and parameter selection confirms the potential of proteochemometric modelling | Background Proteochemometrics is a new methodology that allows prediction of protein function directly from real interaction measurement data without the need of 3D structure information. Several reported proteochemometric models of ligand-receptor interactions have already yielded significant insights into various for... | Background Current computational methods for prediction of protein function rely to a large extent on predictions based on the amino acid sequence similarity with proteins having known functions. The accuracy of such predictions depends on how much information about function is embedded in the sequence similarity and o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555743.xml |
212690 | Out of the Way | By default, all published works are copyrighted. Creative Commons provides means for authors to share their work more freely | When did calling a lawyer become part of the scientific process? It hasn't officially, of course. But as a generation of researchers has grudgingly come to know, navigating the legal red tape of universities, corporations, and publishers is an inevitable part of the practice. Whether seeking access to information or sh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212690.xml |
535935 | Pregnancy weight gain and breast cancer risk | Background Elevated pregnancy estrogen levels are associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer in mothers. We studied whether pregnancy weight gain that has been linked to high circulating estrogen levels, affects a mother's breast cancer risk. Methods Our cohort consisted of women who were pregnant betwe... | Background Sensitivity of the breast to hormones and environmental exposures varies throughout a woman's life span [ 1 ]. During pregnancy, the breast undergoes extensive changes in preparation for lactation. High estrogenicity during pregnancy causes marked cellular proliferation, in both in the normal and tumor cells... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535935.xml |
544882 | Bioinformatic mapping of AlkB homology domains in viruses | Background AlkB-like proteins are members of the 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. In Escherichia coli the protein protects RNA and DNA against damage from methylating agents. 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine are repaired by oxidative demethylation and direct reversal of the methylated bas... | Background The purpose of this study has been to identify domains with homology to AlkB in viral genomes, in order to get a better understanding of distribution and possible function of such domains. The AlkB protein of E. coli , and probably most of its homologues, is involved in repair of alkylation damage in DNA and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544882.xml |
544896 | FunnyBase: a systems level functional annotation of Fundulus ESTs for the analysis of gene expression | Background While studies of non-model organisms are critical for many research areas, such as evolution, development, and environmental biology, they present particular challenges for both experimental and computational genomic level research. Resources such as mass-produced microarrays and the computational tools link... | Background Investigating patterns of gene expression using mouse and human microarrays has produced insights into cancer [ 1 , 2 ], cardiac diseases [ 3 - 6 ], and metabolic disorders [ 7 - 12 ]. These and many other functional genomics studies rely on full genomic sequence to establish well-annotated databases. Yet, m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544896.xml |
551519 | Home visits by family physicians during the end-of-life: Does patient income or residence play a role? | Background With a growing trend for those with advanced cancer to die at home, there is a corresponding increase in need for primary medical care in that setting. Yet those with lower incomes and in rural regions are often challenged to have their health care needs met. This study examined the association between patie... | Background In the last ten years, more and more of those dying of cancer in Canada are doing so out of hospital[ 1 ]. In Nova Scotia, a Canadian Maritime province with a total population of approximately 950,000 people, the proportion of cancer deaths occurring out of hospital has recently grown by fifty per cent[ 2 ].... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551519.xml |
515367 | Population History and Natural Selection Shape Patterns of Genetic Variation in 132 Genes | Identifying regions of the human genome that have been targets of natural selection will provide important insights into human evolutionary history and may facilitate the identification of complex disease genes. Although the signature that natural selection imparts on DNA sequence variation is difficult to disentangle ... | Introduction Despite intense study and interest, a detailed understanding of the evolutionary and demographic forces that have shaped extant patterns of human genomic variation remains elusive. An important goal in studies of DNA sequence variation is to identify loci that have been targets of natural selection and thu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515367.xml |
524179 | Targeting smoking cessation to high prevalence communities: outcomes from a pilot intervention for gay men | Background Cigarette smoking prevalence among gay men is twice that of population levels. A pilot community-level intervention was developed and evaluated aiming to meet UK Government cessation and cancer prevention targets. Methods Four 7-week withdrawal-oriented treatment groups combined nicotine replacement therapy ... | Background Analysis of tobacco marketing has demonstrated lesbian and gay youth as an emerging target community [ 1 ], thereby reinforcing behaviour patterns that contribute to the adult gay smoking prevalence (39.7–47.8%) being up to twice that of adult heterosexuals [ 2 ]. Gay men have been disproportionately affecte... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524179.xml |
544841 | Early increases in plasminogen activator activity following partial hepatectomy in humans | Background Increases in urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA) activity are reported to be amongst the earliest events occurring in remnant liver following partial hepatectomy in rats, and have been proposed as a key component of the regenerative response. Remodelling of the extracellular matrix, conversion of sing... | Background Urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA), initially recognised by its ability to convert plasminogen to plasmin and to participate in the fibrinolytic cascade, is now considered to have a wider role, which encompasses metastatic invasion by tumour cells and liver regeneration. In regeneration of the liver ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544841.xml |
555958 | Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its consequences: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis | Background There is now good evidence that antiplatelet agents (principally low dose aspirin) prevent pre-eclampsia, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for pregnant women and their babies. A Cochrane Review identified moderate, but clinically important, reductions in the relative risks of pre-eclampsia (19%), p... | Background Clinical significance of pre-eclampsia World-wide, over half a million women die each year of pregnancy related causes with 99% of these occurring in low resource countries [ 1 , 2 ]. An estimated 10–15% of these maternal deaths are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [ 3 ]. High blood pressu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555958.xml |
551531 | Comparison of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) nuclear genes in the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila pseudoobscura and Anopheles gambiae | An analysis of nuclear-encoded oxidative phosphorylation genes in Drosophila and Anopheles reveals that pairs of duplicated genes have strikingly different expression patterns. | Background The accessibility of whole-genome sequence data for several organisms, together with the development of efficient computer-based search tools, has revolutionized modern biology, allowing in-depth comparative analysis of genomes [ 1 - 4 ]. In many cases, comparisons among species at various levels of divergen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551531.xml |
529307 | Predicting gender differences as latent variables: summed scores, and individual item responses: a methods case study | Background Modeling latent variables such as physical disability is challenging since its measurement is performed through proxies. This poses significant methodological challenges. The objective of this article is to present three different methods to predict latent variables based on classical summed scores, individu... | Background Clinical researchers frequently use statistical models in an attempt to model outcomes that are not directly measured, also known as latent variables. Examples of such latent variables include mental health, quality of life, and physical disability. Although groups of items (questions) known as outcome scale... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529307.xml |
529461 | Using GIS technology to identify areas of tuberculosis transmission and incidence | Background Currently in the U.S. it is recommended that tuberculosis screening and treatment programs be targeted at high-risk populations. While a strategy of targeted testing and treatment of persons most likely to develop tuberculosis is attractive, it is uncertain how best to accomplish this goal. In this study we ... | Background The application of molecular analysis to identify specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (TB), in combination with traditional surveillance, has yielded insights into tuberculosis transmission [ 1 ]. These insights together with a downward trend in tuberculosis in the United States have resulted in the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529461.xml |
423158 | What's So Hot about Recombination Hotspots? | Recombination is a nearly ubituitous feature of genomes; where and when it occurs can provide insights about its evolution and can affect our ability to identify genes that cause disease | Consider a piece of text, either this one that you are now reading or any other. Surely they are all pretty much alike, in so far as they are all run-on strings of characters. In this same sense, we can envision that all DNA strands are alike because all are monotonous polymers with the same general chemical makeup. In... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423158.xml |
544855 | Predicting binding sites of hydrolase-inhibitor complexes by combining several methods | Background Protein-protein interactions play a critical role in protein function. Completion of many genomes is being followed rapidly by major efforts to identify interacting protein pairs experimentally in order to decipher the networks of interacting, coordinated-in-action proteins. Identification of protein-protein... | Background Protein-protein interactions play a critical role in protein function. Completion of many genomes is being followed rapidly by major efforts to identify experimentally interacting protein pairs in order to decipher the networks of interacting, coordinated-in-action proteins. Identification of protein-protein... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544855.xml |
555541 | Correction: Determination of the differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments using local FDR | null | Following publication of this work [ 1 ], the authors became aware that Local FDR has been originally defined by Efron & al. (2001) in a mixture model framework [ 2 ]. | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555541.xml |
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