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524033 | Genetically distant American Canine distemper virus lineages have recently caused epizootics with somewhat different characteristics in raccoons living around a large suburban zoo in the USA | Background Mortality rates have differed during distemper outbreaks among free-ranging raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) living around a large Chicago-area zoo, and appeared higher in year 2001 than in 1998 and 2000. We hypothesized that a more lethal variant of the local Canine distemper virus (CDV) lineage had emerged in 20... | Background Canine distemper virus (CDV) (family Paramyxoviridae , genus Morbillivirus ) is a single-stranded (negative-sense) enveloped RNA virus that is highly contagious and transmitted predominantly by aerosols [ 1 ]. Long known to cause potentially lethal disease among members of the Canidae , Mustelidae , and Proc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524033.xml |
521177 | DJ-1 Is a Redox-Dependent Molecular Chaperone That Inhibits α-Synuclein Aggregate Formation | Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is characterized by the degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (DNs) ultimately leading to a progressive movement disorder in patients. The etiology of DN loss in sporadic PD is unknown, although it is hypothesized that aberrant protein aggregation and cellular oxidative stress may... | Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder that is characterized pathologically by the relatively selective degeneration of midbrain DNs and the presence of prominent intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions, termed Lewy bodies ( Dauer and Przedborski 2003 ). The identification of several gene... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521177.xml |
549208 | Design and testing of low intensity laser biostimulator | Background The non-invasive nature of laser biostimulation has made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupuncture at the last 25 years. However, there is still an uncertainty as to whether they work or their effect is just placebo. Although a plethora of scientific papers published about the topic showing pos... | Background Nowadays lasers are widely used in therapy and diagnostics. They have been adapted to many medical procedures ranging from surgery, oncology, physiotherapy, dentistry, dermatology and biostimulation. The non-invasive nature of laser biostimulation have made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupunc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549208.xml |
539260 | Quantitative evaluation of recall and precision of CAT Crawler, a search engine specialized on retrieval of Critically Appraised Topics | Background Critically Appraised Topics (CATs) are a useful tool that helps physicians to make clinical decisions as the healthcare moves towards the practice of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). The fast growing World Wide Web has provided a place for physicians to share their appraised topics online, but an increasing am... | Background Healthcare has been steadily moving towards Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) since the term was formally introduced in 1992 by a group led by Gordon Guyatt at McMaster University, Canada [ 1 - 3 ]. EBM promotes systematic literature review, critical appraisal skills and integrates scientific evidence with clini... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539260.xml |
548670 | Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by nicotine selectively up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in rat microglial cultures | Background Nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are ligand-gated pentameric ion channels whose main function is to transmit signals for the neurotransmitter Ach in peripheral and central nervous system. However, the α7 nicotinic receptor has been recently found in several non-neuronal cells and described as an impor... | Background The inflammatory response is in the first instance a mechanism of self-defense, set by the innate immune system against endogenous and exogenous insults, and essential for the survival of the organism. Inflammation must be tightly regulated as deficiency as well as excess in its response will result in patho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548670.xml |
545195 | Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas | Coccidioidomycosis was first recognized as a serious disease over 100 years ago, but the disease remains an enigma and often goes undiagnosed, even in endemic areas | It has been more than a century since coccidioidomycosis was first recognized as a serious disease, and its etiology and epidemiology have been well documented. But the disease remains an enigma to many, and it often goes undiagnosed, even in endemic areas. As management of this chronic disease remains problematic, new... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545195.xml |
549552 | Troglitazone, a PPAR-γ activator prevents endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and lymphocyte adhesion mediated by TNF-α | Background Cytokine mediated induction of the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1(MAdCAM-1) expression is associated with the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ). Results Using western blotting and cell-based ELISA, we show in this study that troglitazone, an activator of the peroxisome p... | Background Endothelial cell adhesion molecules or 'ECAMs' play essential roles in the development of chronic inflammation by recruiting leukocytes, especially lymphocytes through their ability to promote leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion and extravasation [ 15 ]. Tissue infiltration by leukocytes is a common hallmark in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549552.xml |
517823 | Mechanism of Association and Reciprocal Activation of Two GTPases | The signal recognition particle (SRP) mediates the cotranslational targeting of nascent proteins to the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane or the bacterial plasma membrane. During this process, two GTPases, one in SRP and one in the SRP receptor (named Ffh and FtsY in bacteria, respectively), form a complex in w... | Introduction GTPases comprise a superfamily of proteins that provide molecular switches to regulate many cellular processes, including translation, signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization, vesicle transport, nuclear transport, and spindle assembly ( Gilman 1987 ; Bourne et al. 1991 ). In many cases, the GTPases ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517823.xml |
554098 | A novel replication-independent histone H2a gene in mouse | Background An uncharacterized histone H2a-coding transcript (E130307C13) has been cloned from a mouse full-length cDNA library. This transcript is encoded on chromosome 6, approximately 4 kb upstream of a histone H4 gene, Hist4h4 . The proteins encoded by this transcript and the human H2afj mRNA isoform-2 have the high... | Background Replication of the eukaryotic chromosomes requires the synthesis of histones to package the newly replicated DNA into chromatin. Control of the level of histone mRNA accounts for much of the control of histone protein synthesis [ 1 ]. Mouse has 18 replication-dependent histone H2a genes [ 2 ]. Among these 18... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554098.xml |
539274 | Calibration and assessment of channel-specific biases in microarray data with extended dynamical range | Background Non-linearities in observed log-ratios of gene expressions, also known as intensity dependent log-ratios, can often be accounted for by global biases in the two channels being compared. Any step in a microarray process may introduce such offsets and in this article we study the biases introduced by the micro... | Background The microarray technology provides a way of simultaneously measuring transcript abundances of 10 3 – 10 5 genes from one or more cell or tissue samples. A microarray, also known as a gene chip, has well defined regions that each consists of immobilized sequences of DNA, which each is unique to a specific gen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539274.xml |
547972 | Nuclear Hormone Receptor NHR-49 Controls Fat Consumption and Fatty Acid Composition in C. elegans | Mammalian nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), such as liver X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), precisely control energy metabolism. Consequently, these receptors are important targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including diabetes and obesity. A thoroug... | Introduction Due to their ability to interact with fatty acids and other lipids, nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptor, and farnesoid X receptor, are important regulators of mammalian fat metabolism; accordingly, these small-molecule-gated tran... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547972.xml |
509412 | A Case for a Functional Actin Network in the Nucleus | null | In June, muscular dystrophy patients lost one of their most passionate advocates to a rare form of this degenerative neuromuscular disorder—thirteen-year-old Mattie Stepanek. In his short life, Stepanek wrote five volumes of inspirational poetry, topping the New York Times bestseller list and winning accolades from the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509412.xml |
539248 | Successful obstetrical management of 110-day intertwin delivery interval without cerclage: counseling and conservative management approach to extreme asynchronous twin birth | Background This report describes a patient counseling approach and non-surgical management of a dichorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy where delivery of the second twin followed the delivery of the first by 110 days. Case presentation An early transvaginal sonogram at 19 1/2 weeks suggested cervical dilation with protru... | Background The incidence of twin gestation has increased in recent years, a trend influenced in part by greater utilization of the assisted reproductive technologies. In this report, we describe a conservative approach culminating in vaginal delivery of a viable second twin 110 days after delivery of a preterm stillbir... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539248.xml |
534787 | Increasing response to a postal survey of sedentary patients – a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN45665423] | Background A systematic review identified a range of methods, which can influence response rates. However, analysis specific to a healthcare setting, and in particular, involving people expected to be poor responders, was missing, We examined the effect of pre-warning letters on response rates to a postal survey of sed... | Background Postal surveys are routinely used to obtain information from patients and groups within the general population, over a range of topics. Postal surveys are a cost-efficient method compared with intensive methods such as face-to-face interviews and capable of obtaining systematically, information on many thous... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534787.xml |
549036 | Validation of the Clinical COPD questionnaire in Italian language | Background The development and validation study of the Clinical Chronic Obstructive Disease (COPD) Questionnaire (CCQ) has recently been published in this journal. The CCQ is the first questionnaire that incorporates both clinician and patient guideline goals in the clinical control evaluation of patients with COPD in ... | Background The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) have jointly proposed standards [ 1 ] for the diagnosis, treatment and spirometric classification of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to the GOLD (Global Obstructive Lung Disease) guideline [ 2 ], ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549036.xml |
548301 | Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts after mechanical stress, ionising or ultraviolet radiation | Background During excessive pressure or volume overload, cardiac cells are subjected to increased mechanical stress (MS). We set out to investigate how the stress response of cardiac cells to MS can be compared to genotoxic stresses induced by DNA damaging agents. We chose for this purpose to use ionising radiation (IR... | Background The mammalian myocardium contains several cell types, of which the cardiac myocytes (CM) make up most of the heart's mass. Although a small proportion of CM in the adult myocardium remains mitotic, most CM lose the capacity to undergo cell division shortly after birth [ 1 ]. In the adult heart, approximately... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548301.xml |
534786 | The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) as outcome measure for hormone treatment? A validation study | Background The Menopause Rating Scale is a health-related Quality of Life scale developed in the early 1990s and step-by-step validated since then. No methodologically detailed work on the utility of the scale to assess health-related changes after treatment was published before. Method We analysed an open, uncontrolle... | Background The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was initially developed in the early 1990s [ 1 , 2 ] to measure the severity of age-/menopause-related complaints by rating a profile of symptoms. The validation of the MRS began some years ago [ 2 - 6 ] with the objectives (1) to enable comparisons of the symptoms of aging b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534786.xml |
548300 | Inference of demographic history from genealogical trees using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo | Background Coalescent theory is a general framework to model genetic variation in a population. Specifically, it allows inference about population parameters from sampled DNA sequences. However, most currently employed variants of coalescent theory only consider very simple demographic scenarios of population size chan... | Background The coalescent is a very versatile stochastic model of the genetic variation in a set of sequences sampled from a population. It allows to accommodate a wide range of assumptions about rates and modes of evolution, and of population history [ 1 - 5 ]. As the observed sequence data are positively correlated d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548300.xml |
509413 | The Structural Basis of a Prostate Cancer Protein's Unique Selectivity | null | One of the major players in prostate cancer is a nuclear signaling protein called the androgen receptor. Prostate growth and development is regulated by androgen hormones (like testosterone) that activate the androgen receptor. When an androgen binds the receptor, the receptor binds other proteins, called coactivators,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509413.xml |
526383 | Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review | Background Many patients with several concurrent medical conditions (multimorbidity) are seen in the primary care setting. A thorough understanding of outcomes associated with multimorbidity would benefit primary care workers of all disciplines. The purpose of this systematic review was to clarify the relationship betw... | Background With technological advances and improvements in medical care and public health policy, an increasingly large number of patients survive medical conditions that used to be fatal. As a result of this phenomenon, and parallel to the aging of the population, a growing proportion of primary care patients presents... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526383.xml |
534793 | Health-related quality of life among adolescents with allergy-like conditions – with emphasis on food hypersensitivity | Background It is known that there is an increase in the prevalence of allergy and that allergic diseases have a negative impact on individuals' health-related quality of life (HRQL). However, research in this field is mainly focused on individuals with verified allergy, i.e. leaving out those with self-reported allergy... | Background An increase in the prevalence of asthma and atopy during the last two decades is documented for both children [ 1 ] and adults [ 2 ]. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has demonstrated a large variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children throughout the world [... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534793.xml |
509406 | Emerin Caps the Pointed End of Actin Filaments: Evidence for an Actin Cortical Network at the Nuclear Inner Membrane | X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is caused by loss of emerin, a LEM-domain protein of the nuclear inner membrane. To better understand emerin function, we used affinity chromatography to purify emerin-binding proteins from nuclear extracts of HeLa cells. Complexes that included actin, αII-spectrin and additio... | Introduction Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is inherited through mutations in either of two different genes: LMNA, encoding A-type lamins, and STA, which encodes a nuclear membrane protein named emerin ( Nagano et al. 1996 ; Emery 2000 ; Bengtsson and Wilson 2004 ). Lamin filaments and emerin interact at the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509406.xml |
526382 | Profiled support vector machines for antisense oligonucleotide efficacy prediction | Background This paper presents the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for prediction and analysis of antisense oligonucleotide (AO) efficacy. The collected database comprises 315 AO molecules including 68 features each, inducing a problem well-suited to SVMs. The task of feature selection is crucial given the presen... | Background The expression of a gene can be inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) targeting the mRNA. However, if the target site in the mRNA is picked randomly, typically 20% or less of the AOs are effective inhibitors in vivo [ 1 ]. The sequence properties that make an AO effective are not well understood, thu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526382.xml |
522872 | Prediction and identification of Arabidopsis thaliana microRNAs and their mRNA targets | Using bioinformatic methods, 83 novel Arabidopsis miRNAs have been predicted. Putative target mRNAs have been identified for most of the candidate genes. | Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with important regulatory functions in eukaryotic gene expression. The majority of known mature miRNAs are about 21-23 nucleotides long and have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes, from Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans to mouse and human (r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522872.xml |
534792 | Does the 12-item General Health Questionnaire contain multiple factors and do we need them? | Background The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is widely used as a unidimensional instrument, but factor analyses tended to suggest that it contains two or three factors. Not much is known about the usefulness of the GHQ-12 factors, if they exist, in revealing between-patient differences in clinical state... | Background Recent studies of disease burden have demonstrated the importance of psychological disorders. For instance, depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.4% of total disability adjusted life years in the world in 2000 [ 1 ]. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534792.xml |
514495 | Natural Biodiversity Breaks Plant Yield Barriers | null | The birth of agriculture, some 10,000 years ago in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent, revolutionized human culture and society. Refined farming techniques led to increased yields and freed humans from the demands of constant foraging. Along with that freedom came social complexity, division of labor, improved standard... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514495.xml |
522873 | Discovery of estrogen receptor α target genes and response elements in breast tumor cells | Microarray analysis has identified 89 estrogen target genes. The cis -regulatory elements found upstream of those genes are not well conserved in mouse and human. | Background Estrogens are involved in a number of vertebrate developmental and physiological processes. Human and animal studies have revealed the roles of estrogen receptor (ER) in female and male sexual development and behavior, reproductive functions, and the regulation of the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular system... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522873.xml |
545194 | Micronutrient Sprinkles to Control Childhood Anaemia | Over 750 million children have iron-deficiency anemia. A simple powdered sachet may be the key to addressing this global problem | Recent World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund estimates suggest that the number of children with iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is greater than 750 million [1] . Iron deficiency is the most common preventable nutritional problem despite continued global goals for its control. Historically, the pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545194.xml |
516255 | Investigation of hydrophobic moment and hydrophobicity properties for transmembrane α-helices | Integral membrane proteins are the primary targets of novel drugs but are largely without solved structures. As a consequence, hydrophobic moment plot methodology is often used to identify putative transmembrane α -helices of integral membrane proteins, based on their local maximum mean hydrophobic moment (< μH >) and ... | Background Integral membrane proteins are the primary choice as targets when developing new drugs and although clearly of medical relevance, forming 20% – 30% of the gene products of most genomes, these proteins have been structurally determined in only about thirty cases [ 1 , 2 ]. Where high levels of sequence homolo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516255.xml |
509407 | Interdependency of Brassinosteroid and Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis | How growth regulators provoke context-specific signals is a fundamental question in developmental biology. In plants, both auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) promote cell expansion, and it was thought that they activated this process through independent mechanisms. In this work, we describe a shared auxin:BR pathway requ... | Introduction The continuous shaping of plant form is a marvel of signal integration. In early seedling development this is particularly clear, as environmental cues, such as light, profoundly alter the innate morphogenetic program. How diverse pathways merge to determine a discrete cellular growth response is largely u... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509407.xml |
539249 | Identification of a panel of tumor-associated antigens from breast carcinoma cell lines, solid tumors and testis cDNA libraries displayed on lambda phage | Background Tumor-associated antigens recognized by humoral effectors of the immune system are a very attractive target for human cancer diagnostics and therapy. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to molecular definition of immunogenic tumor proteins based on their reactivity with autologous patient sera (... | Background A recent development in tumor immunology is based on the idea that the immune system can distinguish between normal and tumor tissues. Various studies suggest that both the cellular and humoral components of the immune system are able to recognize tumors (see review of Lake et al.) [ 1 ]. The presence of nat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539249.xml |
539261 | Differences in access to coronary care unit among patients with acute myocardial infarction in Rome: old, ill, and poor people hold the burden of inefficiency | Background Direct admission to Coronary Care Unit (CCU) on hospital arrival can be considered as a good proxy for adequate management in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as it has been associated with better prognosis. We analyzed a cohort of patients with AMI hospitalized in Rome (Italy) in 1997–2000 t... | Background The Italian National Health Service is supposed to provide universal coverage of standard care to all citizens, no social or economic selection bias should limit access to high technology resources as far as they are available. Direct admission to Coronary Care Unit (CCU) on hospital arrival can be considere... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539261.xml |
545802 | Model-independent fluxome profiling from 2H and 13C experiments for metabolic variant discrimination | A novel method for intracellular fluxome profiling that does not require a priori knowledge of the metabolic system allowed the identification of characteristic flux fingerprints in 10 Bacillus mutants from 132 2 H and 13 C tracers experiments. | Background Genome-wide analyses of cellular mRNA, protein or metabolite complements have become workhorses in biological research that produce unprecedented amounts of data on cellular network composition. In contrast to such compositional information, molecular fluxes through intact metabolic networks link genes and p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545802.xml |
548671 | The loss of NKX3.1 expression in testicular – and prostate – cancers is not caused by promoter hypermethylation | Background Recent studies have demonstrated that the NKX3.1 protein is commonly down-regulated in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) and prostate carcinomas. The homeobox gene NKX3.1 maps to chromosome band 8p21, which is a region frequently lost in prostate cancer, but not in TGCT. Mutations have not been reported in... | Background The protein expression of the homeobox gene NK3 transcription factor related locus 1 (NKX3.1) is highly specific for the prostate and the testis [ 1 - 3 ], and is frequently lost in cancers of these two tissue types [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. NKX3.1 is located in chromosome band 8p21 [ 2 , 6 , 7 ], a region that undergo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548671.xml |
548665 | Increased polyclonal immunoglobulin reactivity toward human and bacterial proteins is associated with clinical protection in human Plasmodium infection | Background Polyclonal B-cell activation is well known to occur in Plasmodium infections, but its role in pathogenesis or protection remains unclear. However, protective properties of natural antibodies have previously been demonstrated in other contexts. Methods Sera from asymptomatic and symptomatic Plasmodium -infect... | Background Malaria remains an important health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and in some parts of Asia and South America. Resistance to therapeutic drugs and to insecticides, as well as social and environmental changes, are important factors in this situation. Increasing importance is currently given to antibodies in p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548665.xml |
549037 | Functional evolution of ADAMTS genes: Evidence from analyses of phylogeny and gene organization | Background The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin-like and Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin motifs) proteins are a family of metalloproteases with sequence similarity to the ADAM proteases, that contain the thrombospondin type 1 sequence repeat motifs (TSRs) common to extracellular matrix proteins. ADAMTS proteins have recently ... | Background ADAMTS (A Disintegrin-like and Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin motifs) proteins have homology with the metalloprotease region of the ADAM proteases, but also have at least one of the Thrombospondin type 1 Sequence Repeat (TSR) motifs that are common in extracellular matrix proteins. Since the discovery o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549037.xml |
387273 | Who Pays for Open Access? | Publication fees are not borne purely by authors, but are shared by the many organizations whose missions depend on the broadest possible dissemination and communication of scientific discoveries | In the wake of declarations supporting open access to research literature from international bodies including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations' World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), advocates and critics of the movement appear to have agreed that the issu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387273.xml |
549547 | Recent Hits Acquired by BLAST (ReHAB): A tool to identify new hits in sequence similarity searches | Background Sequence similarity searching is a powerful tool to help develop hypotheses in the quest to assign functional, structural and evolutionary information to DNA and protein sequences. As sequence databases continue to grow exponentially, it becomes increasingly important to repeat searches at frequent intervals... | Background Advances in technology have increased the speed and reduced the cost of DNA sequencing. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of sequences contributed by both large sequencing centres and individual laboratories to sequence databases. Public biological sequence databases are growing at an ev... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549547.xml |
539275 | Performance of a genetic algorithm for mass spectrometry proteomics | Background Recently, mass spectrometry data have been mined using a genetic algorithm to produce discriminatory models that distinguish healthy individuals from those with cancer. This algorithm is the basis for claims of 100% sensitivity and specificity in two related publicly available datasets. To date, no detailed ... | Background When Petricoin et al. [ 1 ] published their analysis using serum to distinguish individuals with ovarian cancer from individuals with benign conditions, it suggested great promise in using high throughput mass spectrometry to improve upon existing biomarkers for patient groups that could greatly benefit from... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539275.xml |
517822 | Textpresso: An Ontology-Based Information Retrieval and Extraction System for Biological Literature | We have developed Textpresso, a new text-mining system for scientific literature whose capabilities go far beyond those of a simple keyword search engine. Textpresso's two major elements are a collection of the full text of scientific articles split into individual sentences, and the implementation of categories of ter... | Introduction Text-mining tools have become indispensable for the biomedical sciences. The increasing wealth of literature in biology and medicine makes it difficult for the researcher to keep up to date with ongoing research. This problem is worsened by the fact that researchers in the biomedical sciences are turning t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517822.xml |
554099 | An interactional network of genes involved in chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Background In S. cerevisiae the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, chitin, is synthesized by a family of 3 specialized but interacting chitin synthases encoded by CHS1 , CHS2 and CHS3 . Chs2p makes chitin in the primary septum, while Chs3p makes chitin in the lateral cell wall and in the bud neck, and can partia... | Background In vegetatively growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , chitin, a linear polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, is selectively concentrated at the bud neck and is also found as a minor component of the mature lateral cell wall. Chitin is also the main constituent of the primary se... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554099.xml |
526369 | Protein kinases of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: the kinome of a divergent eukaryote | Background Malaria, caused by the parasitic protist Plasmodium falciparum , represents a major public health problem in the developing world. The P. falciparum genome has been sequenced, which provides new opportunities for the identification of novel drug targets. Eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) form a large family ... | Background Modulation of protein phosphorylation through the antagonistic effects of protein kinases and protein phosphatases is a major regulatory mechanism of most cellular processes. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation in human cells plays a major role in many diseases such as cancers and neurodegenerative diso... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526369.xml |
549209 | Methodological considerations in the design of trials for safety assessment of new drugs and chemical entities | null | Introduction Assessment of the QT interval started to receive increased regulatory attention in the late 1980s. The heightened safety concern was precipitated by repeated reports on torsade de pointes (TdP) and other arrhythmias occurring in patients treated with an antihistamine drug (terfenadine) [ 1 ]. ECG measureme... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549209.xml |
514898 | Electroconvulsive therapy and determination of cerebral dominance | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) often results in a number of short- and long-time side effects including memory impairment for past and current events, which can last for several months after ECT treatment. It has been suggested that unilateral ECT (uECT) with electrodes placed over the non-dominant (typically right) h... | Introduction Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often regarded by the general public as a controversial procedure for the treatment of mental disorders. This is despite evidence of its safety and efficacy [ 1 ], and its benefit over anti-depressants in patients resistant to conventional medications and those with life ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514898.xml |
526194 | Electroesophagogram in gastroesophageal reflux disease with a new theory on the pathogenesis of its electric changes | Background In view of the disturbed esophageal peristaltic activity and abnormal esophageal motility in gastroesophageal reflux disease, (GERD), we investigated the hypothesis that these changes result from a disordered myoelectric activity of the esophagus. Methods The electric activity of the esophagus (electroesopha... | Background Reflux esophagitis is a multifactorial disease that entails the reflux of gastric contents into the esophageal lumen [ 1 ]. Esophagitis develops when noxious substances in the refluxate have sufficient time to get in contact with the esophageal mucosa and then prevail over structural and functional defenses ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526194.xml |
524032 | Virology on the Internet: the time is right for a new journal | Virology Journal is an exclusively on-line, Open Access journal devoted to the presentation of high-quality original research concerning human, animal, plant, insect bacterial, and fungal viruses. Virology Journal will establish a strategic alternative to the traditional virology communication process. | The outbreaks of SARS coronavirus and West Nile virus (WNV), and the troubling increase of poliovirus infections in Africa, are but a few recent examples of the unpredictable and ever-changing topography of the field of virology. Previously unknown viruses, such as the SARS coronavirus, may emerge at anytime, anywhere ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524032.xml |
539063 | Structure of a Conserved RNA Element in the SARS Virus Genome Determined | null | In February 2003, the first (and so far only) epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) started in Guangdong Province, China. A respiratory illness that begins with a high temperature and can develop into life-threatening pneumonia, SARS is spread by close person-to-person contact. Before the end of the mont... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539063.xml |
529258 | HLA haplotypes associated with hemochromatosis mutations in the Spanish population | Background The present study is an analysis of the frequencies of HLA-A and -B antigens and HLA haplotypes in two groups of individuals homozygous for the two main HFE mutations (C282Y and H63D) and a group heterozygous for the S65C mutation. Methods The study population includes: 1123 healthy individuals, 100 homozygo... | Background Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disease common in northern European populations. HH is characterized by increased iron absorption and deposition in the liver, pancreas, heart, joints and pituitary gland. Without treatment, death may occur from cirrhosis, primary liver cancer, diabet... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529258.xml |
529270 | Efficient activation of gene expression using a heat-shock inducible Gal4/Vp16-UAS system in medaka | Background Genetic interference by DNA, mRNA or morpholino injection is a widely used approach to study gene function in developmental biology. However, the lack of temporal control over the activity of interfering molecules often hampers investigation of gene function required during later stages of embryogenesis. To ... | Background The most widely used strategies to investigate the function of genes in medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) are the analyses of mutants, miss-expression of wild type genes or their variants by mRNA injection and gene specific translational inhibition by morpholino injections [ 1 - 3 ]. However, the phenotype of a giv... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529270.xml |
549584 | Can Blood Gene Expression Predict Which Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Will Respond to Interferon? | Gene expression patterns from peripheral blood cells may be useful as biomarkers for monitoring MS progression and response to therapy, argue Kaminski and Achiron | Despite the significant progress in increasing our understanding of the immune mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS), in improving clinical classification and brain imaging, and in developing new treatments, the factors that determine the course of the disease are mostly unknown [ 1 ]. Currently, it is nearly impossibl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549584.xml |
387267 | Calcium Dynamics of Cortical Astrocytic Networks In Vivo | Large and long-lasting cytosolic calcium surges in astrocytes have been described in cultured cells and acute slice preparations. The mechanisms that give rise to these calcium events have been extensively studied in vitro. However, their existence and functions in the intact brain are unknown. We have topically applie... | Introduction Astrocytes are nonneuronal cells of the brain with some known and hypothesized functions (Kettenmann and Ransom 1995; Fields and Stevens-Graham 2002 ). Traditionally, astrocytes have been considered to mediate supportive and protective functions in the central nervous system because of their strategic plac... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387267.xml |
521176 | Endemic Infection of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus in a Frog Community Post-Decline | The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous frog species worldwide. In Queensland, Australia, it has been proposed as the cause of the decline or apparent extinction of at least 14 high-elevation rainforest frog species. One of these, Taudactylus eunge... | Introduction Increasingly, the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) has been implicated as a major contributor to global catastrophic declines in frog populations ( Berger et al. 1998 ; Daszak et al. 1999 , 2003 ). It has been found on frogs in areas where catastrophic declines were reported, it ha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521176.xml |
549590 | Communicating with Patients about Harms and Risks | Health professionals, says Herxheimer, must share their understanding of the benefits and harms of any treatment with patients and their families | Everything that doctors and other health workers do involves communication about the benefits and harms to be expected from interventions—whether they are therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic. As health-care professionals, we need to share our understanding and perceptions of benefits and harms with patients and th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549590.xml |
524026 | What is Nutrition & Metabolism? | A new Open Access journal, Nutrition & Metabolism ( N&M ) will publish articles that integrate nutrition with biochemistry and molecular biology. The open access process is chosen to provide rapid and accessible dissemination of new results and perspectives in a field that is of great current interest. Manuscripts in a... | Editorial Recent events that provide the rationale for a new Open Access journal, Nutrition & Metabolism ( N&M ) include 1) an awareness of an epidemic of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemias and related diseases, 2) a sudden increase in the popularity of diets, such as low carbohydrate diets, to achieve weight loss and co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524026.xml |
535895 | The hazards of lack of co-registration of ictal brain SPECT with MRI: A case report of sinusitis mimicking a brainstem seizure focus | Background Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) following injection of radiotracer during a seizure is known as ictal SPECT. Comparison of an ictal SPECT study to a baseline or interictal study can aid identification of a seizure focus. Case presentation A young woman with encephalitis and refractory seiz... | Background Radiotracers used for brain single photon emitted computed tomography (SPECT) pass the blood-brain barrier and bind intracellularly on their first pass through the circulation, providing a "snapshot" of cerebral perfusion at a particular timepoint. When injected during a focal epileptic seizure, an area of s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535895.xml |
529264 | Parents' reported preference scores for childhood atopic dermatitis disease states | Background We sought to elicit preference weights from parents for health states corresponding to children with various levels of severity of atopic dermatitis. We also evaluated the hypothesis that parents with children who had been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis would assign different preferences to the health stat... | Background Atopic dermatitis is the most common of childhood skin diseases, with a lifetime prevalence in children of 10% to 20% [ 1 ]. The disease is most common in industrialized countries and among Caucasians and Asians [ 2 ]. Annual total costs of treatment are estimated to range from $0.9 to 3.8 billion in the Uni... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529264.xml |
516043 | Bistability and hysteresis of the 'Secteur' differentiation are controlled by a two-gene locus in Nectria haematococca | Background Bistability and hysteresis are increasingly recognized as major properties of regulatory networks governing numerous biological phenomena, such as differentiation and cell cycle progression. The full scope of the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to bistability and hysteresis remains elusive. Nectria h... | Background Although it has long been known that cellular memory, or epigenetic states, can be created by emergent properties of regulatory or metabolic networks (see Delbrück in the discussion of [ 1 ], and [ 2 , 3 ]), the full implications of this type of inheritance have only recently been understood. To date, pertin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516043.xml |
555740 | High-Temperature unfolding of a trp-Cage mini-protein: a molecular dynamics simulation study | Background Trp cage is a recently-constructed fast-folding miniprotein. It consists of a short helix, a 3,10 helix and a C-terminal poly-proline that packs against a Trp in the alpha helix. It is known to fold within 4 ns. Results High-temperature unfolding molecular dynamics simulations of the Trp cage miniprotein hav... | Background Understanding the mechanisms behind protein folding, which is one of the most fundamental biochemical processes, is proving to be a challenging task for biochemists and biophysicists. Recent developments in instrumentation and methodology have enabled us to take major steps forward in comprehending the dynam... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555740.xml |
549553 | Deciphering structure and topology of conserved COG2042 orphan proteins | Background The cluster of orthologous group COG2042 has members in all sequenced Eukaryota as well as in many Archaea. The cellular function of these proteins of ancient origin remains unknown. PSI-BLAST analysis does not indicate a possible link with even remotely-related proteins that have been functionally or struct... | Background Genomic comparative studies on entirely sequenced genomes from the three domains of life, i.e. Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota [ 1 ], evidenced that proteins involved in the organization or processing of genetic information (structures of ribosome and chromatin, translation, transcription, replication and DN... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549553.xml |
514697 | Design, implementation and evaluation of a practical pseudoknot folding algorithm based on thermodynamics | Background The general problem of RNA secondary structure prediction under the widely used thermodynamic model is known to be NP-complete when the structures considered include arbitrary pseudoknots. For restricted classes of pseudoknots, several polynomial time algorithms have been designed, where the O ( n 6 )time an... | Background Biological relevance Pseudoknots have been shown to be functionally relevant in many RNA mediated processes. Examples are the self-splicing group I introns [ 1 ], ribosomal RNAs, or RNaseP. Recently, pseudoknots were located in prion proteins of humans, and confirmed for many other species [ 2 ]. With the cu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514697.xml |
544936 | The structure of biodiversity – insights from molecular phylogeography | DNA techniques, analytical methods and palaeoclimatic studies are greatly advancing our knowledge of the global distribution of genetic diversity, and how it evolved. Such phylogeographic studies are reviewed from Arctic, Temperate and Tropical regions, seeking commonalities of cause in the resulting genetic patterns. ... | Introduction Phylogeography, named by Avise et al in 1987 [ 1 ], is a recent and rapidly developing field that concerns the geographical distribution of genealogical lineages. It grew from the newly acquired technical ability to obtain DNA sequence variation from individuals across a species range, and from this to rec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544936.xml |
523832 | Steps on the Critical Path: Arresting HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries | The director of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gives a personal view of how the world should tackle the HIV pandemic | As an intern, I took care of the first patients with HIV/AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital, and so I grew up with AIDS in the early days of my medical career. We struggled through the confusion about what was making people so sick, and each new day brought a new discovery about the disease and its consequences. I ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523832.xml |
514708 | Association study of polymorphisms in the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 gene (SLC1A2) with schizophrenia | Background The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that genes involved in glutametergic transmission are candidates for schizophrenic susceptibility genes. We have been performing systematic association studies of schizophrenia with the glutamate receptor and transporter genes. In this study ... | Background Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts, and various cognitive impairments. The life-time prevalence is about 1%, and genetic factors were known to play a critical role in its pathogenesis [ 1 ]. Based on the fact that phencyclidine (PCP) in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514708.xml |
545209 | Rethinking Immunity against Pneumococcal Disease | null | Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterium that is present in the nasopharynx of many children and some adults, where it causes no harm to its carrier but can be transmitted to others. If it moves beyond the nasopharynx, however, it can cause ear infections or invasive disease, such as pneumonia or meningitis. Inva... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545209.xml |
555754 | Subjective impact of osteoarthritis flare-ups on patients' quality of life | Background Clinical trials on osteoarthritis (OA) flare-ups treatment usually focus only on objective measures of health status, albeit recent literature suggestions on the importance of patients' subjectivity. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of OA and of its different types of medical treatment(s) on Heal... | Background The impact of osteoarthritis (OA) on patient's functional levels is well known [ 1 - 3 ]. Pain and physical limitations constitute difficulties patients have to deal with [ 4 , 5 ] and require long term pharmacological treatment and physical therapies. Usually OA affects elderly people, and is one of the mai... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555754.xml |
544895 | Molecular characterization and functional expression of flavonol 6-hydroxylase | Background Flavonoids, one of the major groups of secondary metabolites, play important roles in the physiology, ecology and defence of plants. Their wide range of activities is the result of their structural diversity that encompasses a variety of functional group substitutions including hydroxylations. The aromatic h... | Background Flavonoid compounds constitute one of the major groups of secondary metabolites and play important roles in plant development, reproduction and defence. This diverse spectrum of activities results from their structural diversity and a variety of functional group substitutions [ 1 ]. Chrysosplenium americanum... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544895.xml |
544881 | Potential of essential fatty acid deficiency with extremely low fat diet in lipoprotein lipase deficiency during pregnancy: A case report | Background Pregnancy in patients with lipoprotein lipase deficiency is associated with high risk of maternal pancreatitis and fetal death. A very low fat diet (< 10% of calories) is the primary treatment modality for the prevention of acute pancreatitis, a rare but potentially serious complication of severe hypertrigly... | Background Primary lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe hypertriglyceridemia, due to the accumulation in plasma of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) that result from the absence of LPL activity [ 1 ]. The estimated frequency of this disor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544881.xml |
524185 | Intravascular ultrasound to guide the management of intracoronary thrombus: a Case Report | Percutaneous coronary intervention can be associated with distal embolization of thrombotic material causing myocardial necrosis and infarction. We discuss the role of intravascular imaging to guide the use of a distal protection device by describing the outcome of a young woman presenting with non-ST elevation myocard... | Background Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are increasingly treated with an early invasive strategy. During percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) interventionalists have often to deal with thrombus-laden lesions in native coronary vessels. This poses the serious problem of preventing macroscopic and mi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524185.xml |
523826 | The Global Health Watch | Why three non-governmental organizations are launching an alternative to the World Health Report | At the World Health Assembly in May 2003, three civil society groups—the People's Health Movement, the Global Equity Gauge Alliance, and Medact—discussed the need for civil society to produce its own alternative to the World Health Organisation's World Health Report. We felt strongly that we needed to produce a global ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523826.xml |
212693 | Heterochromatin Dynamics | Heterochromatin is usually thought of as a stable and inactive region of the genome. Not so, according to a study published earlier this year | In 1928 the German botanist Emil Heitz visualised in moss nuclei chromosomal regions that do not undergo postmitotic decondensation ( Heitz 1928 ). He termed these parts of the chromosomes heterochromatin, whereas fractions of the chromosome that decondense and spread out diffusely in the interphase nucleus are referre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212693.xml |
535936 | A randomized trial comparing digital and live lecture formats [ISRCTN40455708 | Background Medical education is increasingly being conducted in community-based teaching sites at diverse locations, making it difficult to provide a consistent curriculum. We conducted a randomized trial to assess whether students who viewed digital lectures would perform as well on a measure of cognitive knowledge as... | Background Medical education is increasingly being conducted in community-based teaching sites outside of the traditional academic medical setting [ 1 ], At the same time, the economics of health care are requiring academic physicians to be more productive[ 2 ]. These trends in academic medicine are making it more diff... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535936.xml |
544842 | FNAC of Bacillus- Calmette- Guerin lymphadenitis masquerading as Langerhans cell histiocytosis. | Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis is a well known entity. Disseminated BCG infection usually presents as generalized lymphadenopathy, skin rash and hepatosplenomegaly and at times, can pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. There are only a few published studies on the cytological findings of BCG lymphad... | To the Editor Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been included in the immunization programmes of the developing countries including India. Immunization with BCG is done on the first day of life. The most common response to BCG vaccine is sub clinical. However, some infants may develop regional lymphadenitis or ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544842.xml |
526779 | International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications: Facilitating Scientific Publishing in Developing Countries | The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) was established in 1992 to bridge the information divide between the developed and developing world | ‘The most important element that restricts our researchers is access to information.’—Subbiah Arunachalam, India, 2003 The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) was established by the International Council for Science in 1992 to provide support for networking between information ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526779.xml |
515370 | Preserving Genome Integrity: The DdrA Protein of Deinococcus radiodurans R1 | The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans can withstand extraordinary levels of ionizing radiation, reflecting an equally extraordinary capacity for DNA repair. The hypothetical gene product DR0423 has been implicated in the recovery of this organism from DNA damage, indicating that this protein is a novel component of the... | Introduction Deinococcus radiodurans is a non-spore-forming bacterium notable for its capacity to tolerate exposure to ionizing radiation ( Battista and Rainey 2001 ). The D 37 dose for D. radiodurans R1 is approximately 6,500 Gy, at least 200-fold higher than the D 37 dose of Escherichia coli cultures irradiated under... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515370.xml |
340937 | Immune Activation and CD8+ T-Cell Differentiation towards Senescence in HIV-1 Infection | Progress in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic is hindered by our failure to elucidate the precise reasons for the onset of immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection. Increasing evidence suggests that elevated immune activation is associated with poor outcome in HIV-1 pathogenesis. However, the basis of this association... | Introduction During primary human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, the immune system appears to respond appropriately in order to prevent viral spread, with the mounting of a strong HIV-specific CD8 + T-cell response and a corresponding reduction in viraemia ( Koup et al. 1994 ). In common with the majority ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340937.xml |
551532 | Identifying genetic networks underlying myometrial transition to labor | A time course of gene expression at the onset of labor reveals transcriptional networks associated with activation of the uterine muscle and identifies targets for drugs to prevent premature labor. | Background The initiation of mammalian labor is a complex physiological process that requires the expression and secretion of many factors, both maternal and fetal [ 1 , 2 ]. The majority of these factors exert their effect on the myometrium, the smooth muscle responsible for expelling the fetus from the uterus. While ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551532.xml |
514720 | Identification of proteases employed by dendritic cells in the processing of protein purified derivative (PPD) | Dendritic cells (DC) are known to present exogenous protein Ag effectively to T cells. In this study we sought to identify the proteases that DC employ during antigen processing. The murine epidermal-derived DC line Xs52, when pulsed with PPD, optimally activated the PPD-reactive Th1 clone LNC.2F1 as well as the Th2 cl... | Review Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells that induce primary antigen specific T cell responses [ 1 ] and exhibit all functional properties required to present exogenous antigen (Ag) to immunologically naïve T cells. These properties include: a) uptake of exogenous Ag via receptor-mediated e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514720.xml |
544856 | Xenon prevents cellular damage in differentiated PC-12 cells exposed to hypoxia | Background The neuroprotective effect of xenon has been demonstrated for glutamatergic neurons. In the present study it is investigated if dopaminergic neurons, i.e. nerve-growth-factor differentiated PC-12 cells, are protected as well against hypoxia-induced cell damage in the presence of xenon. Results Pheochromocyto... | Background Originally, hypoxia/ischemia-induced alterations in neuronal function have been attributed to be an over-release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and glutamate. Many studies have been performed on the mechanisms of glutamate-induced neuronal damage [ 1 , 2 ] but relatively few have investigated the h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544856.xml |
529304 | Killing Bugs at the Bedside: A prospective hospital survey of how frequently personal digital assistants provide expert recommendations in the treatment of infectious diseases | Background Personal Digital Assistants (PDAS) are rapidly becoming popular tools in the assistance of managing hospitalized patients, but little is known about how often expert recommendations are available for the treatment of infectious diseases in hospitalized patients. Objective To determine how often PDAs could pr... | PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) are becoming widely used in medicine. A survey done by the America College of Physician predicted that 67% of physicians would be using PDAs by the end of 2002 [ 1 ]. These devices are used not only by the new generation of residents and physicians, but by all ages and all specialties... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529304.xml |
526180 | Conservation and Evolution of Cis-Regulatory Systems in Ascomycete Fungi | Relatively little is known about the mechanisms through which gene expression regulation evolves. To investigate this, we systematically explored the conservation of regulatory networks in fungi by examining the cis -regulatory elements that govern the expression of coregulated genes. We first identified groups of core... | Introduction The diversity of modern organisms reflects and arises from an underlying molecular diversity that is only beginning to be understood. In recent years, much focus has been given to the evolution of protein coding regions, under the assumption that diversification of protein function has driven the evolution... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526180.xml |
529462 | Visualization and exploratory analysis of epidemiologic data using a novel space time information system | Background Recent years have seen an expansion in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in environmental health research. In this field GIS can be used to detect disease clustering, to analyze access to hospital emergency care, to predict environmental outbreaks, and to estimate exposure to toxic compounds. D... | Background Geographic Information Systems are beneficial tools in modelling static representations of reality; however they fall short in their ability to handle time. The ability to store, visualize, and analyze both the temporal and spatial dimension of data continues to be a challenging task. Over the past decade, t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529462.xml |
529310 | The effect of chemotherapy combined with recombination mutant human tumor necrosis factor on advanced cancer | Background Past studies suggested that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) assisted anti-tumor treatment and intensified the sensitivity of chemotherapy. However its clinical application has been curbed because of its low purity, high dosage, and strong toxicity. This research, through perspective random clinical control exper... | Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a polypeptide produced by monocytic macrophages and T-lymphocytes stimulated by endotoxin[ 1 ]. It has been well shown in vivo or in vitro that TNF assists anti-tumor treatment and intensified the sensitivity of chemotherapy to many different kinds of tumor cells [ 2 - 5 ]. However its cl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529310.xml |
543446 | HTLV-1 p30II: selective repressor of gene expression | Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is implicated in a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 pX ORF II encodes two proteins, p13 II and p30 II whose roles are beginning to be defined in the virus life cycle. Previous studies ... | The complex sequence of events set in motion by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to cause proliferation and ultimately transformation of T lymphocytes is beginning to be unraveled. Only recently has it become clear that viral encoded proteins, the so-called "accessory" gene products of this complex retrovirus... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543446.xml |
548513 | An interactive course to enhance self-efficacy of family practitioners to treat obesity | Background Physicians' awareness of their important role in defusing the obesity epidemic has increased. However, the number of family practitioners who treat obesity problems continues to be low. Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given... | Background Obesity is becoming increasingly common and is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide [ 1 - 3 ]. In the UK, the overweight and obese population increased by almost 15% between 1980 and 1992. Similar increases have been noted in many countries, including the USA [ 4 ], Sweden [ 5 ] and the Neth... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548513.xml |
524191 | A mathematical model for LH release in response to continuous and pulsatile exposure of gonadotrophs to GnRH | In a previous study, a model was developed to investigate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from pituitary cells in response to a short pulse of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The model included: binding of GnRH to its receptor (R), dimerization and internalization of the hormone receptor complex, interac... | Background Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion and stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release by pituitary cells by a complex series of signaling processes. Although there is substantial information about various individual... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524191.xml |
519006 | Developmental Milieu Influences a Gene's Role in Tumor Formation | null | Whether a person inherits a defective gene or acquires genetic damage by chance, two types of genes typically play a role in transforming a healthy cell into a cancer cell. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are normally involved in cell growth, development, and cell differentiation. Both functions can be appropriate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519006.xml |
555556 | Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry | Background Diagnostic discordance for osteoporosis is the observation that the T-score of an individual patient varies from one key measurement site to another, falling into two different diagnostic categories identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. This study was conducted to evaluate ... | Background Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture [ 1 , 2 ]. This definition indicates that measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is a cent... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555556.xml |
548275 | Factors influencing emergency medical readmission risk in a UK district general hospital: A prospective study | Background Over recent years increased emphasis has been given to performance monitoring of NHS hospitals, including overall number of hospital readmissions, which however are often sub-optimally adjusted for case-mix. We therefore conducted a study to examine the effect of various patient and disease factors on the ri... | Background Over recent years increased emphasis has been given to performance monitoring of NHS hospitals and various quality indicators based on analysis of routine administrative data have been devised[ 1 ]. The 2003 dataset of the Commission of Health Improvement indicators includes 28-day hospital readmission rates... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548275.xml |
543452 | Unusual metabolic characteristics in skeletal muscles of transgenic rabbits for human lipoprotein lipase | Background The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyses circulating triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Thereby, LPL acts as a metabolic gate-keeper for fatty acids partitioning between adipose tissue for storage and skeletal muscle primarily for energy use. Transgenic mice that markedly over-express LPL exclusively in muscl... | Background The endothelial cell-associated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) works to break down triacylglycerol-rich dietary fats absorbed after a meal, thus generating free fatty acids transported in the blood. Earlier works suggested that LPL acts as a metabolic gate-keeper for fatty acid partitioning between adipose tissue ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543452.xml |
534802 | Zygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel's model as a screening test | Background Only controlled blocks are capable of confirming the zygapophysial joints (ZJ) as the pain generator in LBP patients. However, previous workers have found that a cluster of clinical signs ("Revel's criteria"), may be valuable in predicting the results of an initial screening ZJ block. It was suggested that t... | Background It is estimated that 15 – 40% of chronic low back pain patients have pain arising from the lumbar zygapophysial joints (ZJ)[ 1 , 2 ]. Previous studies have indicated that historical and physical examination findings cannot predict results from diagnostic ZJ blocks [ 1 - 6 ]. A specific sequence of injections... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534802.xml |
212687 | A Functional Analysis of the Spacer of V(D)J Recombination Signal Sequences | During lymphocyte development, V(D)J recombination assembles antigen receptor genes from component V, D, and J gene segments. These gene segments are flanked by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), which serves as the binding site for the recombination machinery. The murine Jβ2.6 gene segment is a recombinationally i... | Introduction During B- and T-lymphocyte development, the immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes are assembled from discrete V, D, and J gene elements via a process of genomic rearrangements known as V(D)J recombination ( Fugmann et al. 2000a ; Hesslein and Schatz 2001 ). V(D)J recombination occurs in two s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212687.xml |
549631 | Isometric force production parameters during normal and experimental low back pain conditions | Background The control of force and its between-trial variability are often taken as critical determinants of motor performance. Subjects performed isometric trunk flexion and extension forces without and with experiment pain to examine if pain yields changes in the control of trunk forces. The objective of this study ... | Background There are many possible explanations for the origin and consequences of acute and chronic low back pain but the transition from acute to chronic low back conditions needs to be clarified [ 1 , 2 ]. There is a number of recent evidences suggesting that chronic LBP patients exhibit deficits in proprioception a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549631.xml |
555581 | Discovery of adult T-cell leukemia | Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was first reported as a distinct clinical entity in 1977 in Japan. The predominant physical findings are skin lesions, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The ATL cells are of mature T-helper phenotype and have a characteristic appearance with indented nuclei. There is striking frequent ... | Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was described as a distinct clinical entity in 1977 in Kyoto, Japan [ 1 , 2 ]. The illness is manifested by presentation in adult life: frequent skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated white blood cell count with abnormal lymphoid cells. The abnormal ATL cells are of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555581.xml |
548507 | Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum | Background Most studies on the resistance of mosquitoes to their malaria parasites focus on the response of a mosquito line or colony against a single parasite genotype. In natural situations, however, it may be expected that mosquito-malaria relationships are based, as are many other host-parasite systems, on host gen... | Background In the last few years, exciting advances in the biology and molecular genetics of the development of Plasmodium parasites in their mosquito vectors [ 1 , 2 ] have led to the creation of transgenic mosquitoes that are partially resistant to malaria infection [ 3 ], bringing the efforts to control malaria with... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548507.xml |
554106 | What is important in evaluating health care quality? An international comparison of user views | Background Quality of care from the perspective of users is increasingly used in evaluating health care performance. Going beyond satisfaction studies, quality of care from the users' perspective is conceptualised in two dimensions: the importance users attach to aspects of care and their actual experience with these a... | Background Large differences between countries exist in the use, costs, quality, and accessibility of health services [ 1 ]. Also large differences exist between countries in health care performance and in people's evaluations of their health care system [ 2 - 7 ]. But do these differences also exist in what people fro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554106.xml |
524378 | Malaria Vaccine Trial Results Are Negative, but Important | null | A malaria vaccine called ME-TRAP, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, was not effective at reducing natural infection rates in semi-immune African adults, according to the report of a randomized controlled trial published this month in PLoS Medicine . “This first field efficacy trial was an importa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524378.xml |
526209 | Student evaluation of an OSCE in paediatrics at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica | Background The Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies first implemented the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in the final MB Examination in Medicine and Therapeutics during the 2000–2001 academic year. Simultaneously, the Child Health Department initiated faculty and student training... | Background The assessment of student's clinical competence is of paramount importance, and there are several means of evaluating student performance in medical examinations [ 1 , 2 ]. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is an approach to student assessment in which aspects of clinical competence are ev... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526209.xml |
538751 | Tongue lesions in psoriasis: a controlled study | Background Our objective was to study tongue lesions and their significance in psoriatic patients. Methods The oral mucosa was examined in 200 psoriatic patients presenting to Razi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, and 200 matched controls. Results Fissured tongue (FT) and benign migratory glossitis (BMG) were the two most fre... | Background The occurrence of psoriatic lesions on oral mucous membranes was a subject of controversy [ 1 , 2 ]. Some investigators stated that they do not occur [ 3 ]; others, have claimed that they are uncommon. Still others say that they occur only in generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) [ 4 , 5 ]. Nowadays, there is... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538751.xml |
555542 | Angiogenesis in male breast cancer | Background Male breast cancer is a rare but aggressive and devastating disease. This disease presents at a later stage and in a more advanced fashion than its female counterpart. The immunophenotype also appears to be distinct when compared to female breast cancer. Angiogenesis plays a permissive role in the developmen... | Background Invasive ductal carcinoma of the male breast comprises approximately 1% of all breast cancers. Invasive ductal carcinoma of the male breast is distinct from invasive ductal carcinoma of the female breast in both presentation and immunophenotype. Male breast cancer generally presents in older patients and at ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555542.xml |
517942 | Phenotypic plasticity of fine root growth increases plant productivity in pine seedlings | Background The plastic response of fine roots to a changing environment is suggested to affect the growth and form of a plant. Here we show that the plasticity of fine root growth may increase plant productivity based on an experiment using young seedlings (14-week old) of loblolly pine. We use two contrasting pine eco... | Background The use of chemical fertilizers has been responsible for dramatic increase in the stem wood production of forest trees [ 1 - 4 ]. In an 8-year-old stand of loblolly pine growing on an infertile site in Scotland County, North Carolina, for example, stem volume increment increased 152% after the fourth year of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517942.xml |
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