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wikipedia sobre fisica de particulas rapidinho. me falaram que a definicao de fisica de particulas da wikipedia era muito ruim. e de fato, era assim : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle | elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. the fie... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.698267 | 400 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:e7f0a003-07f1-4148-a77c-6e0cb215fc0e> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:09.458937 |
belgian physicist francois englert, left, speaks with british physicist … ( fabrice coffrini / afp / getty … ) for physicists, it was a moment like landing on the moon or the discovery of dna. the focus was the higgs boson, a subatomic particle that exists for a mere fraction of a second. long theorized but never glimp... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.624252 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fb237ffb-9cc0-4077-99d5-56c6fce1ca5f> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:09.510751 |
varying densities. these particles within the matter are kinetic and in constant motion. the slower the motion of the particles, the more dense the matter becomes. also, as the particles are pushed closer together, the matter also becomes more dense. the best way to slow down kinetic molecules is to cool the matter. th... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.602904 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ac6a19cf-dd31-4352-bb69-1c00f45050a7> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:09.536008 |
menezes, pradeep l and kishore, * and kailas, satish v ( 2006 ) studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. in : tribology international, 39 ( 2 ). pp. 175 - 183. restricted to registered users only download ( 562kb ) | request a copy friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the int... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.62561 | 433 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:29ad99f8-17dd-4bf4-9973-88d9fa050e74> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.286286 |
development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles of tsvet ' s chromatography could be applied in many different way... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.604772 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.830449 |
maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throug... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.600338 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.836880 |
a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two different sub - classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationar... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.608798 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f> | 6 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.838078 |
deep - space communication improved with electromagnetic radiation antenna - robert c. dye - technology transfer - ( 505 ) 667 - 3404 electromagnetic radiation antenna has potential for deep - space communication - directed energy - long - range communications - medicine ( oncology ) - radar imaging applications are co... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.615479 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:79bc5d65-38cf-489f-b8c5-6800ff88c6f7> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.885361 |
refraction and acceleration name : christopher s. why is it that when light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, its speed is higher? i ' ve read answers to this question in your archives but, sadly, still don ' t get it. one answer ( jasjeet s bagla ) says that we must not ask the question because light i... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.616927 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:d2b35c16-35c7-477e-80c7-8dded3739ec4> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.927133 |
is not all that simple ( my opinion ), but i won ' t try to do so in the limited space allowed here, not to say my own limitations of knowledge. like so many " simple " physics questions, i find the most lucid, but accurate, explanation in richard feynman ' s, " lectures on physics " which most libraries will have. vol... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.64135 | 290 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:d2b35c16-35c7-477e-80c7-8dded3739ec4> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:10.927778 |
topics covered : ideal solutions instructor / speaker : moungi bawendi, keith nelson the following content is provided under a creative commons license. your support will help mit opencourseware continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. to make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.629434 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.010099 |
. and that ' s what i want to spend some of today doing. is just, walking through what ' s happening physically, with a container with a mixture of the two. and how does that correspond to what gets read off the diagram under different conditions. so. let ' s just start somewhere on a phase diagram like this. let ' s s... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.628322 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.017120 |
which means the mole fraction of b is lower in the gas phase. so, yb less than xb if a is more volatile. ok, so now what ' s happening physically? well, we started at a point where we only had the liquid present. so at our initial pressure, we just have all liquid. there ' s some xb at one. that ' s all there is, there... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.606147 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.018188 |
' ve done, of course, is we ' ve just expanded this further. so now we ' ve got a still taller box. and the liquid is going to be a little lower because some of it has evaporated, formed the gas phase. so here ' s xb at three. here ' s yb at three, here ' s our gas phase. now we could decrease even further. and this is... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.608849 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.019095 |
going to be gone. and what ' ll happen then is, we ' re all here. there ' s no more liquid. we ' re not going down on the coexistence curve any more. we don ' t have a liquid gas coexistence any more. we just have a gas phase. of course, we can continue to lower the pressure. and then what we ' re doing is just going d... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.608921 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 6 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.020177 |
component. it ' s what ' s going to condense first. so the liquid is rich in the less volatile of the components. now, obviously, we can continue in doing exactly the reverse of what i showed you. but all i want to really illustrate is, this is a strategy for purification of the less volatile component. once you ' ve d... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.606914 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 7 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.021263 |
phases? so at the end of the day, you can figure out, ok, now when i reach a certain degree of purification, here ' s how much of the stuff i end up with. well, that turns out to be reasonably straightforward to do. and so what i ' ll go through is a simple mathematical derivation. and it turns out that it allows you t... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.610639 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 9 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.023366 |
mole fraction in that case has to be the same. and what this is just telling us mathematically is, when that happens this is zero. that means i don ' t have any gas left. yeah. professor : no. because, so it ' s the mole fraction in the gas phase. but you ' ve started with some amount that it ' s only going to go down ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.604529 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 12 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.026264 |
course if you raise the temperatures, that ' s where you end up with gas. if you lower the temperature, you condense and get the liquid. so, this is ta star. tb star. so now i want to stick with a as the more volatile component. at constant temperature, that meant that pa star is bigger than pb star. in other words, th... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.607422 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 13 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.027147 |
more. still get a substantial amount of enrichment. and now i ' ve got, in the gas phase, i ' ll further enriched in component a. and again i can collect the gas. condense it. now i ' m out here somewhere, i ' ve got all liquid and i ' ll raise the temperature again. and i can again keep walking my way over. and that '... | subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics | 0.614114 | 502 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857> | 15 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.031034 |
topics covered : encapsulation, inheritance, shadowing instructor : prof. eric grimson, prof. john guttag operator : the following content is provided under a creative commons license. your support will help mit opencourseware continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. to make a donation or view add... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.610129 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.089463 |
we had a running joke in science ed that kids get so overexposed to discrepant events involving density and air pressure that they tend to try to explain anything and everything they don ' t understand with respect to science in terms of those two concepts. why do we have seasons? ummm... air pressure? why did dr. smit... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.610774 | 317 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:7eeb7ef3-3122-42f0-86c8-01da8f3d7396> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.153088 |
| gallium metal is silver - white and melts at approximately body temperature ( wikipedia image ). | | atomic number : | | 31 | | atomic radius : | | 187 pm ( van der waals ) | | atomic symbol : | | ga | | melting point : | | 29. 76 °c | | atomic weight : | | 69. 72 | | boiling point : | | 2204 °c | | electron configur... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.622286 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:317a0fc8-b8f1-4147-a9ac-f69a1f176048> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.168802 |
professor of electrical engineering at the university of california, berkeley, predicted the existence of a fourth fundamental device, which he called a memristor. he proved that memristor behavior could not be duplicated by any circuit built using only the other three elements, which is why the memristor is truly fund... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.61544 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.699748 |
recovered files. but the memristor ’ s potential goes far beyond instant - on computers to embrace one of the grandest technology challenges : mimicking the functions of a brain. within a decade, memristors could let us emulate, instead of merely simulate, networks of neurons and synapses. many research groups have bee... | subdomain_quantum_computing | 0.613291 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.700900 |
and capacitors connect voltage and charge. but one equation is missing from this group : the relationship between charge moving through a circuit and the magnetic flux surrounded by that circuit — or more subtly, a mathematical doppelganger defined by faraday ’ s law as the time integral of the voltage across the circu... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.623517 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.702002 |
examples of memristance. after chua theorized the memristor out of the mathematical ether, it took another 35 years for us to intentionally build the device at hp labs, and we only really understood the device about two years ago. so what took us so long? it ’ s all about scale. we now know that memristance is an intri... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.636138 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.703109 |
that a crossbar array is basically a storage system, with an open switch representing a zero and a closed switch representing a one. you read the data by probing the switch with a small voltage. like everything else at the nanoscale, the switches and wires of a crossbar are bound to be plagued by at least some nonfunct... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.637334 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 6 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.705608 |
needle is probing. the general rule of thumb in stm is that moving that tip 0. 1 nm closer to a surface increases the tunneling current by one order of magnitude. we needed some similar mechanism by which we could change the effective spacing between two wires in our crossbar by 0. 3 nm. if we could do that, we would h... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.634363 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 7 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.706674 |
’ s resistance state remained stable for years ( we still have some early devices we test every now and then, and we have never seen a significant change in resistance ). but our fantastic results were inconsistent. worse yet, the success or failure of a device never seemed to depend on the same thing. we had no physic... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.626304 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 8 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.707635 |
voltage ( i - v ) characteristics that chua had plotted for his memristor. chua had called them ” pinched - hysteresis loops ” ; we called our i - v characteristics ” bow ties. ” a pinched hysteresis loop looks like a diagonal infinity symbol with the center at the zero axis, when plotted on a graph of current against ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.647119 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 9 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.708845 |
them and do some forensics. when we pried them apart, the little sandwiches separated at their weakest point : the molecule layer. for the first time, we could get a good look at what was going on inside. we were in for a shock. what we had was not what we had built. recall that we had built a sandwich with two platinu... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.617463 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 10 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.709879 |
. i saw that each of the many different communities researching titanium dioxide had its own way of describing the compound. by the end of the month, the pieces had fallen into place. i finally knew how our device worked. i knew why we had a memristor. the exotic molecule monolayer in the middle of our sandwich had not... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.654351 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 11 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.710830 |
both electrons and charged dopants are forced to move simultaneously by applying a voltage to the system. the memristance did not actually involve magnetism in this case ; the integral over the voltage reflected how far the dopants had moved and thus how much the resistance of the device had changed. we finally had a m... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.654082 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637> | 12 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.711842 |
now that we ’ ve said a lot about individual operators on vector spaces, i want to go back and consider some other sorts of structures we can put on the space itself. foremost among these is the idea of a bilinear form. this is really nothing but a bilinear function to the base field :. of course, this means that it ’ ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.616527 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:3bf09a24-c60d-45a0-b8e6-cc02ddac7ed6> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.793155 |
the gram - schmidt process now that we have a real or complex inner product, we have notions of length and angle. this lets us define what it means for a collection of vectors to be “ orthonormal ” : each pair of distinct vectors is perpendicular, and each vector has unit length. in formulas, we say that the collection... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.635934 | 434 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:4a2ad899-7ba0-4bfc-9276-c5c5c0845fe6> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:11.798323 |
the scientific world is abuzz with news of the ratification of the existence of the subatomic particle called the higgs boson - or more colloquially, the ' god particle. ' this subatomic particle ' s existence - which was verified recently ( with virtually near certainty ) by experiments at the large hadron collider in... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.625768 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ed184b23-5659-4b91-97c0-fd818297d417> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:12.038351 |
two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist ( including lederman ) before or since, it has captured the media ' s imagination. what makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth. assuming the particle in question is indeed the higgs, it valida... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.632446 | 308 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ed184b23-5659-4b91-97c0-fd818297d417> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:12.038912 |
commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typically... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.604953 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:12.053405 |
brookhaven national laboratory was established in 1947 on the eastern end of long island at the former site of the u. s. army ’ s camp upton. originally built out of a post - world war ii desire to explore the peaceful applications of atomic energy, the laboratory now has a broader mission : to perform basic and applie... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.602608 | 306 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:ed9dbb98-4768-4a07-84b7-372f728fdb7b> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:12.285687 |
acrylic a synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. it is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. angora rabbit hair a soft fiber knit from fur of the angora rabbit. angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. dry cleaning is... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.600387 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:13.585486 |
. jacquard a fabric of intricate variegated weave or pattern. typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. jersey a type of knit material known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.609317 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:13.588696 |
most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typi... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.617684 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:13.591139 |
bootie a shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. circumference the measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an in... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.61646 | 491 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:34eaf969-a050-46fc-9917-ce3a0e03647a> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:13.605478 |
this operation is particularly well suited for finding the spikes in fourier transform power spectra, as illustrated previously. the top hat is also good for locating any features of a known size by adjusting the radius of the crown. objects too large to fit into the crown of the hat are selectively removed. reversing ... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.606683 | 280 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:5a975454-3da4-4fb7-b80e-35755220af39> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:14.154518 |
nov. 27, 2009 physicists from the japanese - led multi - national t2k neutrino collaboration have just announced that over the weekend they detected the first neutrino events generated by their newly built neutrino beam at the j - parc ( japan proton accelerator research complex ) accelerator laboratory in tokai, japan... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.640419 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:73f94bf7-72a9-431b-90ac-37db05302858> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:14.950182 |
by i. peterson unlike an ordinary, incandescent bulb, a laser produces light of a single wavelength. moreover, the emitted light waves are coherent, meaning that all of the energy peaks and troughs are precisely in step. now, a team at the massachusetts institute of technology has demonstrated experimentally that a clo... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.717416 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:5a667bf7-c324-483a-8231-ce8448d754f3> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:14.960792 |
expel an adjustable fraction of the original cloud ; under the influence of gravity, the released clump falls. the method can produce a sequence of descending clumps, with each containing 100, 000 to several million coherent atoms. the apparatus acts like a dripping faucet, ketterle says. he and his colleagues describe... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.664385 | 299 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:5a667bf7-c324-483a-8231-ce8448d754f3> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:14.961342 |
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a modem self - test in which data from the keyboard or an internal test pattern is sent to the modem ' s transmitter, turned into analog form, looped back to the receiver, and converted back into digital form. a variety of signals and wavelengths that can be transmitt... | subdomain_quantum_information_theory | 0.657495 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:15.486958 |
are established at set bit rates, commonly 2400, 4800, 9600, 14, 400, 28, 800, 33, 600, and higher. bits per second ( bps ) the bits ( binary digits ) per second rate. thousands of bits per second are expressed as kilobits per second ( kbps ). a temporary memory area used as storage during input and output operations. ... | subdomain_quantum_information_theory | 0.647277 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:15.488183 |
files. data communications ( or circuit - terminating ) equipment, such as dial - up modems that establish and control the data link via the telephone network. any setting assumed, at startup or reset, by the computer ' s software and attached devices. the computer or software will use these settings until changed by t... | subdomain_quantum_information_theory | 0.633606 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:15.489297 |
next higher speed. the mode used by your modem when initiating an outgoing call to a destination modem. the transmit / receive frequencies are the reverse of the called modem, which is in answer mode. a simple error - detection method that checks the validity of a transmitted character. character checking has been surp... | subdomain_quantum_information_theory | 0.640448 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:15.492673 |
robb godshaw, from syynlabs, has created a haptic cube that gives you an impression of what the temperature will be like tomorrow. the cube, which godshaw has named the cryoscope, consists of an aluminium shell surrounding a peltier element, heatsink, cooling fan and an led, all controlled by an arduino. the cube is he... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.609802 | 298 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:dcbce5d9-dd4b-4753-953d-726754de7973> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:15.717609 |
first mechanical calculator. this machine is considered to be the forerunner of the modern computer though none of them were built in his lifetime. study of the molecules and proteins that are the basis of biological functions has led to the concept of a molecular machine. for example, current models of the operation o... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.612033 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:16.410541 |
date : december 2004 creator : habel, agnieszka description : this problem in lieu of thesis is a discussion of two topics : brownian movement and quantum computers. brownian movement is a physical phenomenon in which the particle velocity is constantly undergoing random fluctuations. chapters 2, 3 and 4, describe brow... | subdomain_quantum_simulation | 0.743965 | 265 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:36a21367-2041-439f-8700-4349c0abc5be> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:17.008104 |
real form ( lie theory ) in mathematics, the notion of a real form relates objects defined over the field of real and complex numbers. a real lie algebra g0 is called a real form of a complex lie algebra g if g is the complexification of g0 : real forms for lie groups and algebraic groups using the lie correspondence b... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.602044 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:307c1388-d49d-46d7-a722-4f52f24df709> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:17.177721 |
choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g is said to be split, or normal, if in each cartan decomposition g0 = k0 ⊕ p0, the space p0 ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.60119 | 418 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:307c1388-d49d-46d7-a722-4f52f24df709> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:17.179044 |
hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. in 1953 the method was popularize... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.612087 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:17.467813 |
decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 classical and quantum mechanics via lie algebras apr 15, 2011 i ' d like to open a discussion thread for version 2 of the draft of my book ' ' classical and quantum mech... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.604922 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:5639c852-ee99-4994-8b0d-957aaa025883> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:17.724883 |
and applications, nasa / marshall space flight center, huntsville, alabama 35812 ; # department of chemical engineering, university of alabama in huntsville, huntsville, alabama 35899 ; § biochemistry department, michigan state university, east lansing, michigan 48825 ; and ¶ biophysics sd48, nasa / marshall space flig... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.604544 | 438 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.003876 |
elements | blogs wednesday, september 7, 2011 is there oxygen in space? yes, this summer astronomers using the herschel telescope identified oxygen molecules in space. they found these molecules in the orion nebula, 1, 344 light years away. oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe. until now, scientist... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.651341 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:b5177112-be1e-4086-9d85-858522f9c4b9> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.085516 |
so write it offline in an editor ( e. g., notepad ) and paste it in your little post box, viz. : from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia this article is about the general notion of determinism in philosophy. for other uses, see determinism ( disambiguation ). not to be confused with fatalism, predeterminism, or predictab... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.615754 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.468181 |
to formalized states described using the parameters defined by that theory. thus, the details of interpretation are placed where they belong, fitted to the context in which the chosen theory applies. other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire universe ( or multive... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.661324 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.469207 |
misnomer ) is the most common form of causal determinism. it is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. quantum mechanics and various interpretations thereof pose a serious challenge to this v... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.636139 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.470334 |
the past, present, or future, are either true or false. note that one can support causal determinism without necessarily supporting logical determinism and vice versa ( depending on one ' s views on the nature of time, but also randomness ). the problem of free will is especially salient now with logical determinism : ... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.654034 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.472547 |
science fair project encyclopedia the sampling frequency or sampling rate defines the number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. the inverse of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling time, which is the time between samples. the sampling frequency can only b... | subdomain_quantum_metrology | 0.601603 | 390 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:d25b5562-8f30-4fd1-bc51-46f94956427e> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.532679 |
the life - giving ideas of chemistry are not reducible to physics. or, if one tries to reduce them, they wilt at the edges, lose not only much of their meaning, but interest too. and, most importantly, they lose their chemical utility — their ability to relate seemingly disparate compounds to each other, their fecundit... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.690693 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.645122 |
. people in the trade will recognize that i ' m talking about " mulliken population analysis " or " natural bond analysis " or richard bader ' s beautifully worked out scheme for dividing up space in a molecule. what about experiment? is there an observable that might gauge a charge on an atom? i think photoelectron sp... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.663824 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.650384 |
as teflon and kel - f, synthetic sapphire and platinum, manipulation of and physicochemical investigation of hf solutions in closed systems is now reasonably straightforward. " for this we must thank the pioneers in the field — generations of fluorine chemists, but especially bartlett and boris zemva of the university ... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.622219 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.652139 |
to atoms, i convert the silver to silver ( iii ), agf4 -. this is easy because the ag ( iii ) is in an anion. i can then pass in boron trifluoride and precipitate silver trifluoride, which is now a much more potent oxidizer than agf4 - because the electronegativity in the neutral agf3 is much higher than it is in the a... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.611249 | 340 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:18.652681 |
quantum time waits for no quantum theory, also quantum mechanics, in physics, a theory based on using the concept of the quantum unit to describe the dynamic properties of subatomic particles and the interactions of matter and radiation. the foundation was laid by the german physicist max planck, who postulated in 1900... | subdomain_quantum_mechanics | 0.783484 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 0 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.086267 |
, radiation, and electrical phenomena as they were then understood. at the turn of the century, physicists did not yet clearly recognize that these and other difficulties in physics were in any way related. the first development that led to the solution of these difficulties was planck ’ s introduction of the concept o... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.714606 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 1 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.087342 |
the energy of the electron depends on the frequency. in 1911 rutherford established the existence of the atomic nucleus. he assumed, on the basis of experimental evidence obtained from the scattering of alpha particles by the nuclei of gold atoms, that every atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus, surroun... | subdomain_quantum_optics | 0.66659 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 2 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.088381 |
; these solutions were mathematical expressions in which quantum numbers appeared as parameters. ( quantum numbers are integers developed in particle physics to give the magnitudes of certain characteristic quantities of particles or systems. ) schrodinger equation was solved for the hydrogen atom and gave conclusions ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.689082 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 3 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.089426 |
have to admit that our conception of material reality today is more wavering and uncertain than it has been for a long time. we know a great many interesting details, learn new ones every week. but to construct a clear, easily comprehensible picture on which all physicists would agree — that is simply impossible. physi... | subdomain_quantum_materials | 0.696116 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 4 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.090401 |
as the fifth century b. c. by leucippus and democritus, who called these particles atoms. the corpuscular theory of matter was lifted to physical reality in the theory of gases developed during the 19th century by james clerk maxwell and ludwig boltzmann. the concept of atoms and molecules in violent motion, colliding ... | subdomain_quantum_field_theory | 0.658248 | 512 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 5 | 0.6 | 2025-12-22T14:56:19.091343 |
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quantum-physics-0.6-corpus
Dataset Description
This is a domain-specific corpus created using ontology-guided filtering from FineWeb-Edu.
Dataset Creation
- Source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
- Filtering Method: Semantic similarity to subdomain centroids (embedding-based)
- Pipeline: Ontology-Guided Domain Corpus Builder
Dataset Structure
Each chunk contains:
text: The text content (256-512 tokens)subdomain_id: Assigned subdomainsimilarity_score: Cosine similarity to subdomain centroidtoken_count: Number of tokenssource_dataset: Original dataset namesource_id: Original document IDchunk_index: Position within source document
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("konsman/quantum-physics-0.6-corpus")
# Access filtered chunks
for chunk in dataset['train']:
print(chunk['text'])
print(chunk['subdomain_id'])
print(chunk['similarity_score'])
License
MIT License
Citation
Generated using the Ontology-Guided Domain Corpus Builder pipeline.
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