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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You feel somewhat uncomfortable or you think, well, I'm going to get bored.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And if you try to not to think actively, you become mindless.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
There you are, bodiless, timeless, you know, soundless, sightless, mindless, but you're
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
in a conscious experience.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're not asleep.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Yeah.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're not asleep.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You are a being of pure, you're a pure being.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
There isn't any function.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You aren't doing any computation.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're not remembering.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're not projecting.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're not planning.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Yet you are fully conscious.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're fully conscious.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
There's something going on there.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
It could be just a side effect.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So what is the...
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You mean epiphenomena.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So what's the select, meaning why, what is the function of you being able to lay in this
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
sensory free deprivation tank and still have a conscious experience?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Evolutionary?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Evolutionary.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Obviously we didn't evolve with flotation tanks in our environment.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
I mean, so biology is notoriously bad at asking why question, telenormical question.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Why do we have two eyes?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Why don't we have four eyes like some teachers or three eyes or something?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Well, no, there's probably, there is a function to that, but we're not very good at answering
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
those questions.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
We can speculate endlessly where biology is very, or science is very good about mechanistic
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
question.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Why is there a charge in the universe?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Right?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
We find a certain universe where there are positive and negative charges.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Why?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Why does quantum mechanics hold?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You know, why doesn't some other theory hold?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Quantum mechanics holding our universe is very unclear why.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So telenormical question, why questions are difficult to answer.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
There's some relationship between complexity, brain processing power and consciousness.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
But however, in these cases, in these three examples I gave, one is an everyday experience
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
at night.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
The other one is trauma.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And third one is in principle, you can, everybody can have these sort of mystical experiences.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You have a dissociation of function from, of intelligence from consciousness.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You caught me asking a why question.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Let me ask a question that's not a why question.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You're giving a talk later today on the Turing test for intelligence and consciousness, drawing
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
lines between the two.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So is there a scientific way to say there's consciousness present in this entity or not?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And to anticipate your answer, cause you, you will also, there's a neurobiological answer.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So we can test the human brain, but if you take a machine brain that you don't know tests
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
for yet, how would you even begin to approach a test if there's consciousness present in
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
this thing?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Okay.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
That's a really good question.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So let me take it in two steps.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So as you point out for, for, for, for humans, let's just stick with humans.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
There's now a test called the Zap and Zip is a procedure where you ping the brain using
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You look at the electrical reverberations essentially using EG, and then you can measure
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
the complexity of this brain response.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And you can do this in awake people, in asleep, normal people, you can do it in awake people
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
and then anesthetize them.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
You can do it in patients.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And it, it, it has a hundred percent accuracy that in all those cases, when you're clear,
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
the patient or the person is either conscious or unconscious, the complexity is either high
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
or low.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And then you can adopt these techniques to similar creatures like monkeys and dogs and,
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
and, and mice that have very similar brains.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Now of course you, you point out that may not help you because we don't have a cortex,
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
you know, and if I send a magnetic pulse into my iPhone or my computer, it's probably going
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
to break something.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So we don't have that.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So what we need ultimately, we need a theory of consciousness.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
We can't just rely on our intuition.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Our intuition is, well, yeah, if somebody talks, they're conscious.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
However, then there are all these patients, children, babies don't talk, right?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
But we believe that, that the babies also have conscious experiences, right?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And then there are all these patients I mentioned and they don't talk.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
When you dream, you can't talk because you're paralyzed.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So what we ultimately need, we can't just rely on our intuition.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
We need a theory of conscience that tells us what is it about a piece of matter?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
What is it about a piece of highly excitable matter like the brain or like a computer that
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
gives rise to conscious experience?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
We all believe, none of us believes anymore in the old story.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
It's a soul, right?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
That used to be the most common explanation that most people accept that instill a lot
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
of people today believe, well, there's, there's God endowed only us with a special thing
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
that animals don't have.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Rene Descartes famously said, a dog, if you hit it with your carriage may yell, may cry,
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
but it doesn't have this special thing.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
It doesn't have the magic, the magic soul.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
It doesn't have res cogitans, the soul.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
Now we believe that isn't the case anymore.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So what is the difference between brains and, and these guys, silicon?
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
And in particular, once their behavior matches.
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
So if you have Siri or Alexa in 20 years from now that she can talk just as good as any
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
possible human, what grounds do you have to say she's not conscious in particular, if
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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2
she says it's of course she will, well, of course I'm conscious.
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