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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
even, they don't know what it's like to have waited on the internet for the, for the thing
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:10:10.280
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
to load up for every single webpage is suffering. They don't know what it's like to not have
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:10:15.740
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
the internet and have a dial phone that goes, and then the joy of getting angry at somebody
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
and hanging up with a physical phone. They don't, they don't know any of that. Uh, so
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
for those young folks that look at the contention election, contentious elections, they look
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
at our contentious world, our divided world. What advice would you give them of how to
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
have a career they can be proud of? Let's say they're in college or in high school and
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
how to have a life they can be proud of.
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
Oh man, that's a big question. Um, yeah, I've never given a graduation speech. Uh,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
this is like warm up. Let's look for like raw materials before you write it. Uh, if
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
I did, um, I think, um, I think I would advise students, um, that history teaches that you
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
should be more optimistic than, um, than your current surroundings suggest. Right. And I
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
think it would be very easy as a young person today to think, um, there's, there's nothing
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
I can do about this politics. There's nothing I can say to this person on the other side
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
of the aisle. There's nothing I can do about, you know, the planet, um, uh, et cetera, and
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
just sort of give up. Um, and I think history, uh, teaches that, um, you know, uh, you know,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:11:34.560
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
we don't know who the winners and losers are in the long run, but, um, but we know that
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
the people who give up are always the losers. Right. Um, so don't give into cynicism or
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:11:47.240
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
apathy. Yeah. Optimism paves the way. Yeah. Because human beings are deeply, uh, resilient
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
and creative, even under, um, far more difficult circumstances than, um, you know, than we
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
face right now. Well, let me ask a question that you don't even need to, that you wouldn't
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
even dare cover in your graduation, um, uh, commencement speech. Uh, what's the meaning
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
of life? Why are we here? This whole project that history studies and analyzes as if, as
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
if there's a point to the whole thing. What is the point? All the wars, all the presidents,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
all the struggles to discover what it means to be human of, uh, or reach for a higher
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
ideal. Why? Why do you think we're here? Hmm. I think this is where there is often a handoff
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
from the historian, um, to the clergy, um, you know, who, but in the end, um, uh, it's
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:12:48.400
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
less of there's less distance between the two than you think. Right. That, um, you know,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
if you think about some of the kind of, uh, answers to that question, what is the meaning
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
of life that are given from religious traditions? Um, often they have a fundamentally historical
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
core, right? It's about, you know, unifying the past and the present, um, in some other,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
you know, non earthly, um, sort of dimension. Uh, and you know, so I think there is that,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
I think even for people who, who don't have a religious belief and there's a way in which
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
history, um, is about the shared, the shared human condition. Um, and I think historians
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
aspire to telling all of that story, right? Um, you know, we, we drill down on the, on
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
the miseries of, of war and depressions and, and so forth. But, um, but you know, the story
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
is not complete without, you know, blueberries and butterflies and, and, and, and all the
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
rest that, that go with it. So both the humbling and the inspiring aspect that you get by looking
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
back at human history that, uh, we're in this together. Christopher, this is a huge honor.
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
This is an amazing conversation. Thank you for taking us back to a war that, uh, not
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:14:22.080
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
often discussed, but in many ways defined the 20, the 20th century and the century we
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:14:26.720
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
are in today, which is the first world war, the war that was supposed to end all wars,
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
but instead defined the future wars and defines our struggle to, to try to avoid the world
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
war three. So it's a huge honor you talk with me today. This is amazing. Thank you so much.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:14:43.360
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
Thank you. Thanks for listening to this conversation with Christopher Capozzola. To support this
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:14:49.080
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now let me leave you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:14:54.360
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
some words from Woodrow Wilson in 1917 about world war one that haunted the rest of the
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
20th century. This is a war to end all wars. George Santana, a Spanish American philosopher
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Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
responded to this quote in 1922 by saying, only the dead have seen the end of war. Thank
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:15:14.600
Christopher Capozzola: World War I, Ideology, Propaganda, and Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #320
you for listening. I hope to see you next time.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0320-large.html#02:15:24.440
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
By the time he gets to 2045,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:00.000
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
we'll be able to multiply our intelligence
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
many millions fold.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
And it's just very hard to imagine what that will be like.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:07.680
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
The following is a conversation with Ray Kurzweil,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:13.560
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
author, inventor, and futurist,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
who has an optimistic view of our future
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
as a human civilization,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
predicting that exponentially improving technologies
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
will take us to a point of a singularity
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
beyond which superintelligent artificial intelligence
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
will transform our world in nearly unimaginable ways.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
18 years ago, in the book Singularity is Near,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:38.380
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
he predicted that the onset of the singularity
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
will happen in the year 2045.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
He still holds to this prediction and estimate.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
In fact, he's working on a new book on this topic
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
that will hopefully be out next year.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:53.440
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
This is the Lex Friedman podcast.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:56.520
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
To support it, please check out our sponsors
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:00:58.320
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
in the description.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:01:00.360
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
And now, dear friends, here's Ray Kurzweil.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:01:01.640
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
In your 2005 book titled The Singularity is Near,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0321-large.html#00:01:06.360
Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
you predicted that the singularity will happen in 2045.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
So now, 18 years later, do you still estimate
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
that the singularity will happen on 2045?
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
And maybe first, what is the singularity,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
the technological singularity, and when will it happen?
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
Singularity is where computers really change our view
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
of what's important and change who we are.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
But we're getting close to some salient things
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
that will change who we are.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
A key thing is 2029,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
when computers will pass the Turing test.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
And there's also some controversy
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
whether the Turing test is valid.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
I believe it is.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
Most people do believe that,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
but there's some controversy about that.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
But Stanford got very alarmed at my prediction about 2029.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
I made this in 1999 in my book.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
The Age of Spiritual Machines.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
Right.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
And then you repeated the prediction in 2005.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
In 2005.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
Yeah.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
So they held an international conference,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
you might have been aware of it,
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
of AI experts in 1999 to assess this view.
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Ray Kurzweil: Singularity, Superintelligence, and Immortality | Lex Fridman Podcast #321
So people gave different predictions,
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