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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think what evolution is really good at is creating hardware that has a very stable baseline
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:29:24.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
mode, meaning that left to its own devices, it's very good at doing the same thing. But it has a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:29:31.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
bunch of problem solving capacity such that if any, if any assumptions don't hold, if your cells are
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:29:36.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
a weird size, or you get the wrong number of cells, or there's a, you know, somebody stuck
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:29:41.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
in electrode halfway through the body, whatever, it will still get most of what it needs to do done.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
You've talked about the magic and the power of biology here. If we look at the human brain,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:29:52.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
how special is the brain in this context? You're kind of minimizing the importance of the brain
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
or lessening its, we think of all the special computation happens in the brain,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:03.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
everything else is like the help. You're kind of saying that the whole thing is the whole thing
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is doing computation. But nevertheless, how special is the human brain in this full context of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:14.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biology? Yeah, I mean, look, there's no getting away from the fact that the human brain allows
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
us to do things that we could not do without it. You can say the same thing about the liver.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah, no, this is this is true. And so and so, you know, I, my goal is not No, you're right. My goal
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:31.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is just being polite to the brain right now. Well, being a politician, like, listen,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
everybody has everybody has a role. Yeah, it's very important role. That's right. We have to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:42.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
acknowledge the importance of the brain, you know, there are more than enough people who are
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:46.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cheerleading the brain, right? So so I don't feel like nothing I say is going to reduce people's
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:52.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
excitement about the human brain. And so so I emphasize other things credit. I don't think it
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:30:58.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
gets too much credit. I think other things don't get enough credit. I think the brain is the human
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:04.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
brain is incredible and special and all that. I think other things need more credit. And and I
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:08.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
also think that this and I'm sort of this way about everything. I don't like binary categories,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:13.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
but almost anything I like a continuum. And the thing about the human brain is that it by by by
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
accepting that as some kind of an important category or essential, essential thing, we end
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:24.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
up with all kinds of weird pseudo problems and conundrum. So for example, when we talk about it,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:32.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you know, if you don't want to talk about ethics and other other things like that, and what you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:31:38.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
know, this this idea that surely if we look out into the universe, surely, we don't believe that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this human brain is the only way to be sentient, right? Surely we don't, you know, and to have high
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
level cognition. I just can't even wrap my mind around this, this idea that that is the only way
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to do it. No doubt there are other architectures made bond made of completely different principles
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that achieve the same thing. And once we believe that, then that tells us something important. It
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
tells us that things that are not quite human brains or chimeras of human brains and other
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
tissue or human brains or other kinds of brains and novel configurations or things that are sort
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:32:15.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of brains, but not really, or plants or embryos or whatever, might also have important cognitive
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
status. So that's the only thing I think we have to be really careful about treating the human
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
brain as if it was some kind of like sharp binary category. You know, you are or you aren't. I don't
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
believe that exists. So when we look out at all the beautiful variety of human brains,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
semi biological architectures out there in the universe, how many intelligent alien civilizations
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:32:44.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
do you think are out there? Boy, I have no expertise in that whatsoever. You haven't met
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:32:52.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
any? I have met the ones we've made. I think that I mean, exactly. In some sense with synthetic
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:32:59.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biology, are you not creating aliens? I absolutely think so because look, all of life,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:06.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
all of all standard model systems are an end of one course of evolution on Earth, right? And trying
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to make conclusions about biology from looking at life on Earth is like testing your theory on the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:19.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
same data that generated it. It's all it's all kind of like locked in. So we absolutely have to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:26.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
create novel examples that have no history on Earth that don't, you know, xenobots have no
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:32.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
history of selection to be a good xenobot. The cells have selection for various things, but the
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
xenobot itself never existed before. And so we can make chimeras, you know, we make frog a lottles
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that are sort of half frog, half axolotl. You can make all sorts of high brats, right constructions
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of living tissue with robots and whatever. We need to be making these things until we find actual
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:53.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
aliens, because otherwise, we're just looking at an end of one set of examples, all kinds of frozen
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:33:58.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
accidents of evolution and so on. We need to go beyond that to really understand biology. But
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
we're still even when you do a synthetic biology, you're locked in to the basic components of the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:34:08.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
way biology is done on this Earth. Yeah, right. And also, and the and also the basic constraints
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of the environment, even artificial environments to construct in the lab are tied up to the
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
environment. I mean, what do you? Okay, let's say there is I mean, what I think is there's
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:34:27.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
a nearly infinite number of intelligent civilizations living or dead out there.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
If you pick one out of the box, what do you think it would look like? So in when you think about
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
synthetic biology, or creating synthetic organisms, how hard is it to create something that's very
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:34:50.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
different? Yeah, I think it's very hard to create something that's very different, right? It's we
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:34:58.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
are just locked in both both both experimentally and in terms of our imagination, right? It's very
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
hard. And you also emphasize several times that the idea of shape. Yeah, the individual cell get
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
together with other cells and they kind of they're gonna build a shape. So it's shape and function,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
but shape is a critical thing. Yeah. So here, I'll take a stab. I mean, I agree with you. I did
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to whatever extent that we can say anything, I do think that there's, you know, probably an
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
infinite number of, of different different architectures with with that are with interesting
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cognitive properties out there. What can we say about them? I think that the only things that are
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
going I don't I don't think we can rely on any of the typical stuff, you know, carbon based, none of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:35:45.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that. Like, I think all of that is just, you know, us being having having a lack of imagination. But
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:35:50.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think the things that are going to be universal, if anything is, are things, for example, driven by
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:35:56.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
resource limitation, the fact that you are fighting a hostile world, and you have to draw a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:03.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
boundary between yourself and the world somewhere, the fact that that boundary is not given to you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
by anybody, you have to you have to assume it, you know, estimated yourself. And the fact that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you have to course grain your experience and the fact that you're going to try to minimize surprise
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and the fact that like these, these are the things that I think are fundamental about biology,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
none of the, you know, the facts about the genetic code, or even the fact that we have genes or the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:25.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biochemistry of it, I don't think any of those things are fundamental. But it's going to be a
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
lot more about the information and about the creation of the self, the fact that so in my in
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:34.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
my framework, selves are demarcated by the scale of the goals that they can pursue. So from little
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:38.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
tiny local goals to like massive, you know, planetary scale goals for certain humans,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:44.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and everything and everything in between. So you can draw this like cognitive light cone about
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that determines the the scale of the goals you could possibly pursue. I think those kinds of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:53.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
frameworks, like that, like active inference, and so on are going to be universally applicable,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:36:58.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
but but none of the other things that are that are typically discussed. Quick pause,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:04.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
do you need a bathroom break? We were just talking about, you know, aliens and all that. That's a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:08.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
funny thing, which is, I don't know if you've seen them, there's a kind of debate that goes on about
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cognition and plants, and what can you say about different kinds of computation and cognition and
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:20.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
plants. And I always I always look at that something like if you're weirded out by cognition
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and plants, you're not ready for exobiology, right? If you know something that's that similar
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
here on Earth is already like freaking you out, then I think there's going to be all kinds of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:34.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cognitive life out there that we're gonna have a really hard time recognizing. I think robots will
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:38.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
help us, yeah, like expand our mind about cognition, either that or the word like xenobots. So,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:44.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and they maybe becomes the same thing is, you know, really, when the human engineers,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:37:54.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the thing, at least in part, and then is able to achieve some kind of cognition that's different
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:38:01.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
than what you're used to, then you start to understand like, oh, you know, every living
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:38:08.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
organism is capable of cognition. Oh, I need to kind of broaden my understanding what cognition
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:38:14.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is. But do you think plants, like when you when you eat them, are they screaming? I don't know
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
about screaming. I think you have to see what I think when I eat a salad. Yeah, good. Yeah,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:38:25.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think you have to scale down the expectations in terms of right, so probably they're not
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
screaming in the way that we would be screaming. However, there's plenty of data on plants being
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
able to do anticipation and certain kinds of memory and so on. I think, you know, what you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
just said about robots, I hope you're right. And I hope that's but there's two, there's two ways
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