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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
make two headed animals. So that information, that memory, that electrical circuit, not only does it
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:12:59.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
hold the information for how many heads, not only does it use that information to tell the cells
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:05.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
what to do to regenerate, but it stores it. Once you've reset it, it keeps. And we can go back,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:09.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
we can take a two headed animal and put it back to one headed. So now imagine, so there's a couple
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:14.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of interesting things here that that have implications for understanding what genomes
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:18.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and things like that. Imagine I take this two headed animal. Oh, and by the way, when they
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:22.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
reproduce, when they tear themselves in half, you still get two headed animals. So imagine I take
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:27.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
them and I throw them in the Charles River over here. So 100 years later, some scientists come
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:31.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
along and they scoop up some samples and they go, oh, there's a single headed form and a two headed
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:34.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
form. Wow, a speciation event. Cool. Let's sequence the genome and see why, what happened. The genomes
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:38.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
are identical. There's nothing wrong with the genome. So if you ask the question, how does,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:43.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
so, so this goes back to your very first question is where do body plans come from, right? How does
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:47.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the planarian know how many heads it's supposed to have? Now it's interesting because you could
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:51.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
say DNA, but what happened, what, what, as it turns out, the DNA produces a piece of hardware
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:13:55.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that by default says one head the way that when you turn on a calculator, by default, it's a zero
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
every single time, right? When you turn it on, it just says zero, but it's a programmable calculator
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:07.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
as it turns out. So once you've changed that next time, it won't say zero. It'll say something else
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:11.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and the same thing here. So you can make, you can make one headed, two headed, you can make no
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:16.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
headed worms. We've done some other things along these lines, some other really weird constructs.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:19.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So, so this, this, this, this question of, right. So again, it's really important. The, the hardware
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:24.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
software distinction is really important because the hardware is essential because without proper
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:28.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
hardware, you're never going to get to the right physiology of having that memory. But once you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:33.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have it, it doesn't fully determine what the information is going to be. You can have other
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:38.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
information in there and it's reprogrammable by us, by bacteria, by various parasites, probably
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:42.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
things like that. The other amazing thing about these planarias, think about this, most animals,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:47.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
when we get a mutation in our bodies, our children don't inherit it, right? So you can go on, you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:14:52.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
could run around for 50, 60 years getting mutations. Your children don't have those mutations
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
because we go through the egg stage. Planaria tear themselves in half and that's how they reproduce.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So for 400 million years, they keep every mutation that they've had that doesn't kill the cell that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it's in. So when you look at these planaria, their bodies are what's called mixoploid, meaning that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
every cell might have a different number of chromosomes. They look like a tumor. If you look
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
at the, the, the, the, the genome is an incredible mess because they accumulate all this stuff.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And yet the, their body structure is, they are the best regenerators on the planet. Their anatomy is
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
rock solid, even though their genome is always all kinds of crap. So this is a kind of a scandal,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right? That, you know, when we learn that, well, you know, what are genomes to what genomes determine
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
your body? Okay. Why is the animal with the worst genome have the best anatomical control, the most
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:37.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cancer resistant, the most regenerative, right? Really, we're just beginning to start to understand
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:41.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this relationship between the, the genomically determined hardware and, and, and by the way,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:46.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
just as of, as of a couple of months ago, I think I now somewhat understand why this is,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:50.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
but it's really, it's really a major, you know, a major puzzle.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:55.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I mean, that really throws a wrench into the whole nature versus nurture because you usually
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:15:57.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
associate electricity with the, with the nurture and the hardware with the nature.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And it's, there's just this weird integrated mess that propagates through generations.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah. It's much more fluid. It's much more complex. You can, you can imagine what's,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
what's happening here is just, just imagine the evolution of a, of a, of an animal like this,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that, that multi scale, this goes back to this multi scale competency, right? Imagine that you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:16:29.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have two, two, two, you have, you have an animal that that where its, its tissues have some degree
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:16:33.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of multi scale competency. So for example, if the like, like we saw in the tadpole, you know,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:16:38.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
if you put an eye on its tail, they can still see out of that eye, right? That the, you know,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
there's all, there's incredible plasticity. So if you have an animal and it comes up for selection
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:16:46.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and the fitness is quite good, evolution doesn't know whether the fitness is good because the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:16:50.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
genome was awesome or because the genome was kind of junky, but, but the competency made up for it,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right? And things kind of ended up good. So what that means is that the more competency you have,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:01.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the harder it is for selection to pick the best genomes, it hides information, right? And so that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
means that, so, so what happens, you know, evolution basically starts all those start,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:11.520
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
all the hard work is being done to increase the competency because it's harder and harder to see
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:16.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the genomes. And so I think in planaria, what happened is that there's this runaway phenomenon
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:21.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
where all the effort went into the algorithm such that we know you got a crappy genome. We can't
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:25.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
keep, we can't clean up the genome. We can't keep track of it. So what's going to happen is what
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:31.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
survives are the algorithms that can create a great worm no matter what the genome is. So
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:35.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
everything went into the algorithm and which, which of course then reduces the pressure on
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:40.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
keeping a, you know, keeping a clean genome. So this idea of, right, and different animals have
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:44.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this in different, to different levels, but this idea of putting energy into an algorithm that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:49.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
does not overtrain on priors, right? It can't assume, I mean, I think biology is this way in
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:54.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
general, evolution doesn't take the past too seriously because it makes these basically
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:17:59.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
problem solving machines as opposed to like exactly what, you know, to, to, to deal with
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:04.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
exactly what happened last time. Yeah. Problem solving versus memory recall. So a little memory,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:08.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
but a lot of problem solving. I think so. Yeah. In many cases, yeah. Problem solving.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:14.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I mean, it's incredible that those kinds of systems are able to be constructed,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:22.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
um, especially how much they contrast with the way we build problem solving systems in the AI world.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:25.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Um, back to Xenobots. I'm not sure if we ever described how Xenobots are built, but
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:32.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I mean, you have a paper titled biological robots perspectives on an emerging interdisciplinary
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:39.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
field. And the beginning you, uh, you mentioned that the word Xenobots is like controversial.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:45.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Do you guys get in trouble for using Xenobots or what? Do people not like the word Xenobots?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:18:51.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Are you trying to be provocative with the word Xenobots versus biological robots?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I don't know. Is there some drama that we should be aware of? There's a little bit of drama. Uh,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:02.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think, I think the drama is basically related to people, um, having very fixed ideas about what
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
terms mean. And I think in many cases, these ideas are completely out of date with, with where science
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is now. And for sure they're, they're out of date with what's going to be, I mean, these, these,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:22.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
these concepts, uh, are not going to survive the next couple of decades. So if you ask a person
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:28.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and including, um, you know, a lot of people in biology who kind of want to keep a sharp
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:33.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
distinction between biologicals and robots, right? See, what's a robot? Well, a robot,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:38.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
it comes out of a factory. It's made by humans. It is boring. It is a meaning that you can predict
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
everything it's going to do. It's made of metal and certain other inorganic materials. Living
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:46.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
organisms are magical. They, they, they arise, right? And so on. So these, these distinctions,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:50.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I think these, these distinctions, I think were, were never good, but, uh, they're going to be
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:19:54.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
completely useless going forward. And so part of, there's a couple of papers that that's one paper
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:00.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and there's another one that Josh Bongar and I wrote where we really attack the terminology.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And we say these binary categories are based on very, um, nonessential kind of surface, uh,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
limitations of, of technology and imagination that were true before, but they've got to go. And so,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:16.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and so we call them Zenobots. So, so Xeno for Xenopus Levus, where this is, it's the frog that,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:22.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that these guys are made of, but we think it's an example of, of, of, uh, of a biobot technology,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:27.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
because ultimately if we, if we under, once we understand how to, uh, communicate and manipulate,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:32.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
um, the inputs to these cells, we will be able to get them to build whatever we want them to build.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:39.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And that's robotics, right? It's, it's the rational construction of machines that have
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:45.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
useful purposes. I, I absolutely think that this is a robotics platform, whereas some biologists
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
don't, but it's built in a way that, uh, all the different components are doing their own computation.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:20:54.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So in a way that we've been talking about, so you're trying to do top down control in that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biological system. And in the future, all of this will, will, will merge together because
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of course at some point we're going to throw in synthetic biology circuits, right? New, new, um,
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