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447209bf-70fa-4384-bb2f-ac0b1dc66351 | Gutter fracture is due to : | A sharp weapon | Fire arm injury | Blunt weapon | Serrated edge | 1b | single | B i.e. Firearm injury | Forensic Medicine | null |
fc1bf887-c6c8-4153-b6be-98422a54517a | Charcteristic pathological finding in carcinoid hea disease is: | Fibrous endocardial thickening of Right ventricle, Tricuspid valve & Pulmonary valve | Endocardial thickening of Tricuspid valve with severe Tricuspid Stenosis | Collagen rich, elastic deposits in endocardium of right ventricle and Pulmonary valve | Calcification of Tricuspid and Pulmonary valve | 0a | single | When there is cardiac involvement of the carcinoid syndrome it can lead to endocardial fibrosis (mainly right ventricle), pulmonic and tricuspid valve thickening. Ref: Robbin's Basic Pathology, 7th Edition, Page 587; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1413. | Pathology | null |
a9572cc6-bb5f-4b17-8b83-8b5f765406a6 | Commonest deformity in Rickets is | Genu valgum | Genu recurvatum | Tibia Kyphorum | Cubitus valgus | 0a | single | Ans. a (Genu valgum). (Ref. Maheshwari, Orthopaedics, 2nd/pg.262)RICKETSFaculty mineralisation of the bone before the fusion of growth plate i.e., during enchondral bone growth, is known as rickets.Pathophysiology# Low levels of vitamin D3 >> reduced calcium absoption >> raised PTH >> increased bone resorption, increas... | Orthopaedics | Metabolic Bone Disease |
33d9070d-7fef-4601-acd8-2c19cd0ec850 | Needle shaped cry stals negatively birefringent on polarized microscopy is characteristic of which crystal associated arthropathy? | Gout | CPPD | Neuropathic arthropathy | Hemophilic arthropathy | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Gout o Crystal of Pseudogout :-Made up of calcium pyrophosphateWeakly positive birefringenU rhomboido Crystal of goutMade up of uric acid (monosodium urate)Strongly negative birefringent, needle shaped | Orthopaedics | Arthritis |
0ea051c6-7db4-4c43-b484-56079c7175e4 | a child of 4yrs playing with painted toys since 2yrs, habitually places in the mouth and after 6hrs develops drowsiness, fever ,constipation with abdominal pain .what is the treatment of choice | edta+ dimercaprol | DMSA | D-PENCILLAMINE | BAL | 0a | multi | Treatment: OF LEAD POISONING 1. Suppoive measures: gastric lavage, intravenous fluids, cardiac monitoring, etc. 2. Chelation therapy: This can be done with -- * BAL(British Anti Lewesite or dimercaprol)- 3to5mg/kg IM every 4 hrs until the urinary excretion dips below 50mcg/24hrs . Usual duration of therapy is 7to10 day... | Forensic Medicine | All India exam |
d010ec10-75f7-4c22-a136-f3473c97cd3a | Which tooth is first to erupt in lower jaw is? | Central incisor | Lateral incisor | Canine | Molar | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Central incisor First temporary tooth to appear (in primary dentition) is lower central incisors and last temporary tooth to erupt is 2nd molar.The sequence of eruption is lower central incisor > upper central incisor > upper lateral incisor > lower lateral incisor > 1st molar > Canine > 2nd molar.The... | Forensic Medicine | null |
58cb7de9-3d8c-4ea9-b71c-05062ee80e28 | All are causes of chronic granulomatous uveitis except – | Sarcoidosis | Tuberculosis | Brucellosis | Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis | 3d | multi | Fuch's heterochromic iridocylitis is a chronic non-granulomatous uveitis. Sarcoidosis, TB and brucellosis cause granulomatous uveitis. | Ophthalmology | null |
3023d351-0bb5-40d2-a6bc-f2060ebbb0ea | MTP Act was passed in the year: MAHE 09 | 1971 | 1991 | 2001 | 2002 | 0a | single | Ans. 1971 | Forensic Medicine | null |
034c2ca6-ffa5-4d12-a826-31f2afe91cdf | Intraocular lens is implanted in a young adult after cataract surgery which was uneventful. When will you remove the IOL? | Remove after 10 years | Remove after presbyopia | After secondary cataract develops | Never removed | 3d | single | There is no such indication to remove IOL after 10 years unless any complication like dislocation of IOL occurs. At the time of cataract surgery , the majority of patients are presbyopic. Presbyopia by itself is not an indication to remove IOL. After development of secondary cataract- just treat it by laser / surgical ... | Ophthalmology | Cataract Surgery |
8581f773-5202-4457-b6c9-f213c850246a | Parachute lesions are seen in ? | Eale's disease | Diabetes | Sickle cell anemia | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. is d i.e., All of the above | Anaesthesia | null |
89eba139-5884-4de5-a7a2-866a0ce50614 | The lesion listed below that would most likely pursue a benign course is :- | Vaginal adenosis | Adenomyosis | Extramammary Paget's disease | Endometrial hyperplasia | 1b | single | Adenomyosis is a benign condition characterised by the presence of benign endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, Common cause of diffuse uterine enlargement and menstrual irregularities. Vaginal adenosis is a DES-related precursor lesion for clear cell adenocarcinoma. Extrammary paget's disease is an intr... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Endometriosis & H |
fdbc43e6-60ed-472d-a6f1-1e19d46c87c7 | For obesity BMI should be - | >=20 | >=50 | >=40 | >=30 | 3d | single | Ref-Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 24th edition. . | Social & Preventive Medicine | Non communicable diseases |
66d17355-3e18-4539-a614-c0da37837a27 | Why is Glucose-6-phosphate is not acted upon by Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in cytoplasm, even if glycogen synthesis and breakdown takes place in the same cell, having an enzymes present in cytoplasm. | Stearic inhibition of phosphatase by albumin | Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in endoplasmic reticulum while glycogen metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm | It is thermodynamically ble only when gluconeogenesis is occurring | Require protein kinase for its activation | 1b | multi | Glycogen synthesis as well as breakdown both occurs in cytoplasm But the last step of breakdown of glycogen in liver i.e. glucose -6-phosphate to glucose formation occurs in endoplasmic reticulum and not in cytoplasm, as glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. | Biochemistry | Glycogen |
a3fc0887-a17f-40c7-aafe-77fadee0d45b | Investigation in a case of Dowry death is done by? | Judicial magistrate | District magistrate | Panel | Police | 1b | single | ANSWER: (B) District magistrateREF: Parikh 6th edition page 1.7 Indirect Repeat from December 2009There are two types of magistrates; Judicial magistrate & Executive magistrate. Executive magistrates are appointed by state government. They are usually officers of revenue department like district collector, Subcollector... | Forensic Medicine | Introduction to Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence |
3728d7be-8279-4b79-a826-e568441ff21a | Which of these amino acids does not enter the Krebs cycle by forming Acetyl-CoA pyruvate? | Glycine | Tyrosine | Hydroxyprolinc | Alanine | 1b | single | Ans: B. Tyrosine(Ref: Harper 30Ie p165)Tyrosine enters Krebs cycle fumarate, while all others form pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle. | Biochemistry | null |
1cba60cc-b809-4a36-b647-529b5c9249d4 | A girl aged 20 yrs complains of headache While studying. Her vision is found to be normal. An of the following should be fuher evaluated except | Family history of headache | Menstrual history | Self woh | Her interest in studies | 2c | multi | History taking should be done To know Onset , duration ,progression of headache,severity Pervious any similar episodes in the past Family history of headache Personal diet menstrual history Any drug abuses Any history hypeension or DM, epilepsy,TB should be ruled out Fuher general examination should be done to rule out... | Medicine | C.N.S |
e4da63f4-8de5-4a80-af4a-c92273d64039 | The incidence of mental illness is the maximum if the causal factors affect a particular period – | Perinatal period | First five years of life | School age | Adolescence | 1b | single | The root of mental health are in early childhood (first 5 years of life) - Park
Other crucial period for mental illness : -
Pregnancy (Prenatal period)
School age
Adolescence
Old age | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
5ad60fdd-a128-4726-9acb-6b63a7c8f381 | Acoustic dip occurs at - | 2000Hz | 4000 Hz | 500Hz | 1500 Hz | 1b | single | Acoustic dip is dip seen in pure tone audiometry due to noise trauma, which is seen typically at 4 kHz i.e. 4000 Hz. | ENT | null |
0afd34c4-7f6e-412b-850f-e19a5bfa4d2b | Most common drug used for prophylaxis of migraine is | Sumatriptan | Propranolol | Valproate | Flunarizine | 1b | single | Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed Pg no: 191 beta blockers are the first line of choice for chronic migraine or migraine prophylaxis | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system |
94c17081-e0e5-4888-b10b-2cfabd2f0b03 | The erectile disorder in males is more specifically treated with which of the following agents? | Sildenafil | Diazepam | Fluoxetine | Zolpidem | 0a | multi | Sldenafil: Sildenafil acts by selectively inhibiting PDE-5 and enhancing NO action in corpus cavernosum. Penile tumescence during sexual arousal is improved, but it has no effect on penile tumescence in the absence of sexual activity. It does not cause priapism in most recipients. Oral bioavailability of sildenafil is ... | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects |
247e60f5-28fd-46f9-ab8b-55eb2bc4f1f8 | Kata Thermometer is used to measure ? | Maximum temperature | Minimum temperature | Radiant heat | Cooling power of air | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cooling power of air | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
5185292c-470b-4dac-b597-4eed410df0e7 | A 35yr old female who was an Occasional drinker complained of Severe Pruritis that becomes more bothersome in evening. On examination, patient was noted to have icteric sclera. Lab tests revealed anti-mitochondrial antibodies. What is the possible diagnosis? | Primary sclerosing cholangitis | Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis | Primary biliary cirrhosis | Alcoholic cirrhosis | 2c | multi | PBC- primary biliary cirrhosis Autoimmune disorder M/C in females Pathology Progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts only Diagnostic appearance - florid duct lesion with lymphocytic infiltration and granulomatous inflammation Clinical features Pruritis precedes jaundiceQ Pruritis and fatigue - characteristic ... | Surgery | Bile duct |
7c16c6cb-79f2-4140-9eb8-3e15ce7bf947 | Snow storm appearance and loose bodies of knee joint is seen in: | Chondromalacia patella | Ewings sarcoma | Chondromatosis synoe | Lateral band syndrome | 2c | single | Chondromatosis synoe | Surgery | null |
4bf9df44-ed6f-49e1-965f-3f02783b2469 | Hypokalemic Hypeension is a feature of? | Bater syndrome | Gitelman syndrome | Grave's disease | Liddle syndrome | 3d | single | Liddle syndrome: Is a defect in aldosterone receptor ENaC which exhibits a reduced degradation and results in channel being in open configuration for a longer duration. This enhances mineralocoicoid action and leads to enhanced urinary loss of potassium. Choice A and B have normal to low BP since both have salt wasting... | Medicine | Disorders of Adrenal Gland |
bb2d2bfa-2357-433b-bc9c-b4c1ba1db59c | Following a boating injury in an industrial-use river, a patient begins to display fever, tachycardia, and a rapidly expanding area of erythema, blistering, and drainage from a flank wound. An x-ray shows gas in the soft tissues. Which of the following measures is most appropriate? | Administration of an antifungal agent | Administration of antitoxin | Wide debridement | Administration of hyperbaric O2 | 2c | single | Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections may produce insoluble gases (hydrogen, nitrogen, methane) through anaerobic bacterial metabolism. While the term "gas gangrene" has come to imply clostridial infection, gas in tissues is more likely not to be caused by Clostridium species but rather to other facultative and o... | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous |
b02a0880-4fc7-46d1-83a9-d86a8f1f077c | Estrogen and progesterone in the first 2 months pregnancy are produced by: | Fetal ovaries | Fetal adrenal | Placenta | Corpus luteum | 3d | single | Ans: D. Corpus luteum(Ref Williams 24/e p169; Ganong 25/e p412, 24/e p414).Estrogen and progesterone in first 2 months of pregnancy - Produced by Corpus luteum.Functions of corpus luteum:Enlarged corpus luteum of pregnancy secretes estrogens, progesterone & relaxin.Progesterone & relaxin -Helps maintain pregnancy.By in... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
98c83d60-45ac-4e65-a241-1b07f91779dd | An 8-year-old boy has failure to thrive, alopecia totalis, localized scleroderma, a small face and jaw, a "beak" nose, wrinkled skin, and stiff joints. He is determined to have a single-point mutation in a nuclear protein, which is a silent mutation in terms of the primary structure of the protein. How could such a mut... | Through altering the tertiary structure of the protein | Inhibiting DNA replication | By introducing a premature stop codon into the protein | By creating an alternative splice site in the gene | 3d | multi | The child is expressing the symptoms of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, a premature aging disease, which is due to a mutation in the LMNA gene, which encodes lamin A, a nuclear protein. The most common mutation is C1824T, in which the normal cytosine at position 1,824 of the gene is replaced by a thymine. This is a silent... | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
d305a058-495e-4a70-ab20-7152d4a7cf19 | Antifungal which can be used orally but not iv is? | Voriconazole | Amphoterecin B | Terbinafine | None of the above | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Terbinafine | Pharmacology | null |
daaafe18-ca79-4176-aa05-f1c61cda3400 | A 48-years-old male had a road traffic accident and was brought to emergency. All of the following are done as a part of primary survey except. | CT abdomen for bleeder identification | Airway checking | BP recording | Cervical spine stabilization | 0a | multi | Ans. A. CT abdomen for bleeder identificationExplanationThis initial assessment, also termed the primary survey, follows the mnemonic ABCDE:Airway and cervical spine protectionBreathingCirculationDisability or neurologic conditionExposure and environmental controlAlgorithm for management of a trauma victim: | Surgery | Trauma |
d6e86e4e-45c7-4e74-9ff0-5b3062e21bad | Sanitary toilets can decrease incidence of all except | Diarrhoea | Poliomyelitis | Malaria | Cholera | 2c | multi | Diarrhea, Poliomyelitis, and cholera are transmitted by faeco-oral route Malaria is a vector-borne disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquito. Hence sanitary toilets and hand washing practices cannot prevent Malaria. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 831 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and health |
b72d8171-4793-474b-af8f-b0c2abc77f67 | Which of the following is not a goal of population based cancer registry? | Administrative information | Determination of cancer rates and trends | Patterns of care and outcomes | Cancer prevention | 0a | single | Ans. a. Administrative information | Social & Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology |
765c59e4-4893-4eee-ab34-ed483f5909c8 | Fatal dose of radiation is: | 1 rad | 5 rad | 50 rad | 500 rad | 3d | single | Ans: d (500 rads) Ref: Harrison, 16th ed, p. 488Fatal dose of radiation is 500 radslGy=100 radFeatures of acute total body radiationDoseSyndromes associatedFeatures<2 Gy Usually require little or no therapy;Just monitor the counts2-8 GyHaematopoietic syndromeDeath in2-4 weeks due to bone marrow failure5-12 GyGastro int... | Radiology | Radiation Dose and Safety Considerations in Imaging |
8b2abf48-4c52-475d-bb8a-453b28c97d81 | Which of the following is a specific marker for ewings sarcoma? | CD 45 | CD 99 | HMB-45 | CD1a | 1b | single | CD 99 (MIC 2 ) is a specific marker for ewings sarcoma | Pathology | null |
8123e928-ca6b-4d92-b058-2562a051d458 | Which is the most common organism responsible pyogenic
liver abscess | S. Aureus | Klebsiella | E. Coli | M. Tuberculosis | 2c | single | E Coli is Which is the most common organism responsible
pyogenic liver abscess. | Surgery | null |
695c33a2-470c-4f0b-ab80-45a39a172334 | Minimum needs programme includes all except | Rural water supply | Nutrition | Adult education | Sanitation | 3d | multi | Ref:Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pg.no.519 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health programmes in India |
c86e83fa-dd55-4bad-9690-bab01c7ab771 | A patient suffering from morning stiffness >1 hour, presents with the following abnormality in the X-ray. What can be the most possible diagnosis: | Psoriatic arthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis | Osteoarthritis | Relapsing polychondritis | 1b | single | Ans. B Rheumatoid arthritisClassic Swan neck deformityQ (DIP joint flexion and PIP joint extension) with marked changes at the radiocarpal joint. | Radiology | Skeletal System |
66df77e4-5567-45fe-94ba-39312f051a1e | A child presents with a history of scorpion sting.He is having increased sweating. What is the next best step - | Lytic cocktail | Atropine | Antevenom | Local xylocaine infiltration | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lytic cocktailo Lytic cocktail contains promethazine + pethidine + chlorpromazine.o Lytic cocktail therapy alone or in combination with steroids is useful in the treatment of peripheral circulatory failure in scorpion sting. | Pediatrics | null |
6d8ccba8-6e3a-4435-b826-71ea1b9dde1e | The inhalational bronchodilator with long duration of action is: | Salbutamol | Theophylline | Ipratropium bromide | Tiotropium bromide | 3d | single | Tiotropium bromide :
A newer congener of ipratropium bromide which binds very tightly to bronchial M1 / M3 muscarinic receptors producing long lasting bronchodilatation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD TRIPATHI page no 128 | Pharmacology | null |
8f1e28e3-93f6-4c48-b76e-ec6fef6d2ea4 | Which of the following is not associated with Diabetes mellitus? | Cushing's syndrome | Acromegaly | Hypothyroidism | Pheochromocytoma | 2c | single | ANSWER: (C) HypothyroidismREF: Harrison's 18th ed ch: 344Endocrinopathies associated with Diabetes are:AcromegalyCushings syndromeGlucagonomaPheochromocytomaHyperthyroidismSomatostatinomaAldosteronoma | Medicine | Diabites & Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone |
94d1ee06-8b7c-4aea-8117-f8785f94e2f0 | Dimorphic fungi are all except | Coccidioidomycosis | Blastomycosis | Candida | Histoplasma | 2c | multi | Candida is a yeast-like fungus and is not having a mycelial phase Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition | Microbiology | mycology |
629939d5-2989-485c-8051-7ec91f016bf0 | Choose the true statement about mit DNA: | Few mutation compared to nuclear DNA | It has 3x109 base pairs | It receives 23 chromosomes from each parent | It codes for less than 20% of the proteins involved in respiratory chain | 3d | multi | Ans. D. It codes for less than 20% of the proteins involved in respiratory chainIn ETC there are around 67 subunits, out it 13 proteins are coded by Mit DNA, which comes around 19%.Mitochondrial DNA has high mutation rate almost 5 to 10 times that of nuclear DNA.It has 16,569 bpMitochondrial DNA has maternal inheritanc... | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
15010fcb-950e-46e2-8bcb-246768944481 | Emergency management of Ulcerative colitis is by | Proctocolectomy | Right hemicolectomy | Left hemicolectomy | Total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy | 3d | single | (D) Total Proctocolectomy with end ileostomy# OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS:> Emergent Operation:- In a patient with fulminant colitis or toxic megacolon, total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy, rather than total proctocolectomy, is recommended.> Although the rectum is invariably diseased, most patie... | Surgery | Miscellaneous |
1a8b0cf7-f674-4339-ba6f-a664cb96178d | A case of carcinoma larynx with the involvement of anterior commissure and right vocal cord, developed perichondritis of thyroid cartilage. Which of the following statements is true for the management of this case - | He should be given radical radiotherapy as this can cure early tumors | He should be treated with combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy | He should first receive radiotherapy and if residual tumor is present then should undergo laryngectomy | He should first undergo laryngectomy and then post-operative radiotherapy | 3d | multi | Perichondritis of thyroid cartilage in a patient of Ca larynx suggests invasion of thyroid cartilage i.e. stage T4.
Stage T4 lesions glottic cancer earlier were managed by total laryngectomy with neck dissection for clinically positive nodes and post operative radiotherapy if nodes are not palpable.
These days chemorad... | ENT | null |
eef15e01-bcef-44de-bc65-998736e5e68c | Disclosure of name of rape victim punishable under: AI 12; AIIMS 13 | Sec. 304-A IPC | Sec. 354 IPC | Sec. 376 IPC | Sec. 228-A IPC | 3d | single | Ans. Sec. 228-A IPC | Forensic Medicine | null |
1a76293a-36da-4f5b-adf6-7eb70c0e2ed3 | Pseudotrichiasis is seen in: | Entropion | Ectropion | Distichiasis | Healed membranous conjunctivitis | 0a | single | Ans. Entropion | Ophthalmology | null |
ffdd8904-708d-4cbe-9d60-671ec386838c | Heparin acts | Antithrombin III | Factor VIII | Thromboplastin | Factor V | 0a | single | . | Pathology | All India exam |
54807728-6e38-47c8-b522-b5cf5a4d2579 | An otherwise healthy male presents with a creamy curd like white patch on the tongue. The probable diagnosis is | Candidiasis | Histoplasmosis | Lichen Planus | Aspergillosis | 0a | single | A i.e. Candidiasis | Skin | null |
47449965-fbea-4adb-ba5a-2bab5cf63d21 | Wormian bones are seen in all except - | Fibrous dysplasia | Osteogenesis inperfecta | Cretinism | Rickets | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Fibrous dysplasia Wormian boneso Wormian bones are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium.o These are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium,o They occur most frequently in the course of the lambdoid suture,o Causes of... | Orthopaedics | Pediatric Orthopedics |
98c802b7-63ca-4038-9413-b94d7d3b8785 | Which of the following is the MOST useful index for the measure of the burden of disease in a defined population? | Park's index | Disability adjusted life years | Morbidity propoion | Case fatality rate | 1b | single | Disability adjusted life years (DALY) is a measure of the burden of disease in a defined population and the effectiveness of the intervention. Case fatality rate indicates killing power of a disease. REMEMBER: Sullivan's index is the most advanced indicator available for disability Ref: Park's textbook of Preventive an... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
32546c99-60f1-4253-9f71-acb1300f9fbb | All have beta lactam ring EXCEPT - | Penicillin | Linezolid | Cefotaxime | Imipenem | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Linezolid beta-lactam antibiotics contain beta-lactam ring. These are penicillins, cephalosporins (e.g. cefotoxime), monobactams (aztreonam) and carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem). | Pharmacology | null |
5f55cadf-277c-418b-adbe-76357c2d84a1 | The most common pure germ cell tumor of the ovary is: | Choriocarcinoma | Dysgerminoma | Embryonal cell tumor | Malignant Teratoma | 1b | single | Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant germ cell malignancy of the ovary, accounting for about 40% of all ovarian cancers of germ cell origin. Ref: Multimodality Therapy in Gynecologic Oncology By BU. Sevin, 1996, Page 137 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
2d785da8-6870-40f4-8cbb-a1686c0f0259 | The components of fourth generation dentin bonding systems are described as | Self etching adhesive | Self etching primer/adhesive | Total etch, multi bottle | Total etch, single bottle | 2c | single | As in the fourth-generation adhesives, enamel and dentin are etched simultaneously; these systems were initially called the “total-etch” technique, now they are commonly known as the “three-step etch-and-rinse” technique.
Ref : Talal A, Nasim HM, Khan AS. Enamel etching and dental adhesives. InAdvanced Dental Biomateri... | Dental | null |
44ec8bf8-f71a-4b1e-bf14-730c3561fc67 | Percentage of water in amniotic fluid : | 42% | 64% | 76% | 99% | 3d | single | Composition of amniotic fluid : Water -98-99% Solid -1-2% -Inorganic, Organic, Suspended paicles. Ref:Datta Obs 9e pg 34. | Anatomy | General obstetrics |
7e7c6444-9b8b-4c49-9bce-f0b10bc5a5be | In which of the following condition snow banking is seen: | Leprotic uveitis | Candidiasis | Pars planitis | Fuchs iridocyclitis | 2c | single | Pars planitis is a chronic form of cyclitis seen in children and young adults. In 80% of cases it affects both eyes. Main presenting symptom is floaters before the eyes. Eye is usually quiet with mild flare and a few small KPs. Anterior vitreous contains numerous cells and indirect ophthalmoscopy reveals snowball or co... | Surgery | null |
b3f6b09b-72a1-4ac4-92f7-62cc9e887271 | On sectioning of an organ at the time of autopsy, a focal, wedge-shaped firm area is seen accompanied by extensive hemorrhage, with a red appearance. The lesion has a base on the surface of the organ. This findings is typically of - | Lung with pulmonary thromboembolism | Hea with coronary thrombosis | Liver with hypovolemic shock | Kidney with septic embolus | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lung with pulmonary thromboembolism o This is red infarct that is typically seen in lung. o Hea, liver and kidney (Solid organs) develop white infarct. | Pathology | null |
0797078b-18f4-4b37-8e6e-78fc603c5875 | A child has got a congenital cataract involving the visual axis which was detected by the parents right at birth. This child should be operated – | Immediately | At 2 months of age | At 1 year of age when the globe becomes normal sized | After 4 years when entire ocular and orbital growth becomes normal | 0a | single | Congenital unilateral cataract involving visual axis requires urgent surgery, as early as possible, i.e. within days.
However, you should keep in mind that surgery is inadvisable after 16 weeks (4 months) of age as the amblyopia is refractory
Congenital bilateral cataract
Dense :- Early surgery by 4-6 weeks of age.
P... | Ophthalmology | null |
41d2ebf7-7d17-4d3a-a30b-184a2bc23bea | Phagocytic cells in the CNS are | Oligodendrocytes | Schwanncells | Astrocytes | Microglial cells | 3d | single | Microglia are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury infection and disease. Microglia arise from macrophages outside the nervous system. (Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:80) | Physiology | Nervous system |
1ef17f75-ed27-4d81-8ce6-10df51bf0bb5 | Which of the following is not a pa of management in grade III dog bite infected with rabies: March 2009, September 2012 | Vaccination | Stitch the wound with antibiotic coverage | Wash with soap and water | Administration of antirabies serum and vaccination | 1b | single | Ans. B: Stitch the wound with antibiotic coverage Wound cleansing and immunizations, done as soon as possible after suspect contact with an animal and following WHO recommendations, can prevent the onset of rabies in viually 100% of exposures. Recommended treatment to prevent rabies depends on the category of the conta... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
81748e55-9733-4959-8c11-e25815212114 | Toxoid is prepared from | Exotoxin | Endotoxin | Both | None | 0a | multi | Ceain organisms produce exotoxins,e.g, diphtheria and tetanus bacilli. The toxins produced by these organisms are detoxified and used in the preparation of vaccine The antibodies produced neutralize the toxic moiety produced during infection, rather than act upon the organism. (refer pgno:105 park 23 rd edition) | Social & Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology |
c4afae86-fc2b-4874-8ba8-9ca19e1b0f2a | Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the cause of chickenpox and herpes zoster. Which of the following statements are true or false? a) Humans are the only known reservoir for VZV b) Secondary and teiary cases within families are associated with a relatively small number of vesicles c) The most common infectious complicatio... | a,c, e-True b,d-False | a,c,d,e-True b-False | b,c,d,e-True a-False | a,b,c,d,e-True None -False | 1b | multi | This is an impoant question, Younger children tend to have fewer vesicles than older individuals. Secondary and teiary cases within families are associated with a relatively large number of vesicles. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 1463. | Medicine | null |
11e7f1db-d167-428d-81ab-31942273c6a2 | Elderly primi is above : | 30 years | 35 years | 37 years | 45 years | 0a | multi | 30 years | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
e04018ed-7b64-42bc-9489-1a07fd810f48 | Sandstorm appearance on Chest radiograph is characteristic of? | Pulmonary edema | Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis | Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis | Pulmonary thromboembolism | 2c | single | Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a chronic disease characterized by widespread diffuse bilateral intraalveolar accumulation of minute calculi (microlithiasis) especially in mid and lower zones, giving characteristic sandstrom appearance on chest radiographs. | Radiology | Respiratory Radiology |
4256776a-5fef-41b7-b430-7d5480b383b0 | Deoxy ribonucleic acid is formed from: | Ribonuclease | Ribonucleotide monophosphate | Ribonucleotide diphosphate | Ribonucleotide triphosphate | 2c | single | Ans. C. Ribonucleotide diphosphate(Ref: Harper 31/e page 312)Reduction of the 2'-hydroxyl of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides, catalyzed by the ribonucleotide reductase complex, provides the deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates (dNDPs) needed for both the synthesis and repair of DNA | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
b97fdff2-dfd0-4ed3-bc08-4232a6fc2a6a | True about dengue hemorrhagic fever are all except: March 2012 | Thrombocytopenia | Thrombosis | Lymphadenopathy | Fever | 1b | multi | Ans: B i.e. Thrombosis Dengue hemorrhagic fever In mild forms of dengue hemorrhagic fever, there is thrombocytopenia and haemoconcentration Minor (petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis) or major (gastrointestinal or cerebrovascular) haemorrhagic signs may occur in dengue hemorrhagic fever Acute onset presents with fever, ba... | Medicine | null |
3206ff70-16bc-40a7-9bec-c7753159fc1d | Acrodynia/Pink disease occurs in poisoning with | Mercury | Lead | Arsenic | Thallium | 0a | multi | MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) Chronic Poisoning (Hydrargyrism):- This may result from (1) continuous accidental absorption (2) excessive therapeutic use, (3) fromrecovery from a large dose, and ( 4) if ointment is used as external application for a long time. Chronic exposure leads to classic triad of gingivitis and salivation... | Forensic Medicine | Poisoning |
d69f816e-58a9-4343-b265-5ef797f42ff0 | An obese woman of 49 years of age, affluent woman with diabetes and hypeension, complains of heavy menstrual bleeding with delayed and irregular cycles. Which of these is the most impoant cause that should be ruled out in this patient? | Cancer cervix | Ca endometrium | Fibroid uterus | Polycystic ovaries | 1b | single | Risk factors for ca endometrium are Nulliparity Late menopause Obesity Diabetes mellitus Unopposed estrogen therapy Tamoxifen therapy Atypical endometrial hyperplasia Lynch II syndrome 20 Since the patient here is 49 yrs, obese, and diabetic, endometrial cancer must be ruled out here. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Post menopausal bleeding |
5282149b-8194-485e-ac2f-990ef7b51f67 | Which does not act by blocking NMDA receptors? | Methoxetamine | Methadone | Ketamine | Diltiazem | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Diltiazem Drugs acting by blocking NMDA receptors are: Methoxetamine Phencyclidine Methadone Dizocilpine Felbamate Dextropropoxyphene Acamprost Tramadol Ketamine Pethidine Atomoxetine Nitrous oxide | Pharmacology | null |
83a6695a-3a9c-4861-b8f9-e347a0569712 | The most common malignant neoplasm of infancy is – | Malignant teratoma | Neuroblastoma | Wilms' tumor | Hepatoblastoma | 1b | single | Neuroblastoma is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in infants accounting for 28-39% of neonatal malignancies' - Nelson.
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of the autonomic nervous system.
It has following peculiarities : -
Most common abdominal cancer of childhood.
Most common cancer of infancy
Mos... | Pediatrics | null |
00e9aa73-f37c-4aff-9f70-6e9c8a271f12 | Isochromatic chas are used for: March 2008 | Contrast sensitivity | Testing colour vision | Visual fields chaing | Visual acuity testing | 1b | single | Ans. B: Testing colour vision Isochromatic chas/Japanese Ishihara chas is used for testing colour vision and it largely identifies red-green anomalies. The American Hardy-Rand-Ritler (H-R-R) test identifies blue-yellow anomalies. | Ophthalmology | null |
efd16ea0-08f7-4a52-adf8-5219cc344f4e | Drug contraindicated in pregnancy : | Angiotensin receptor blockers | Beta blockers | Calcium channel blockers | Thiazides | 0a | single | Ans. (a) Angiotensin receptor blockersRef KDT 6th ed. 553* ACEs are the drugs which inhibit the conversion of angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II. They can cause severe fetal malformations when given in the second and third trimesters.* These include: Hypocalvaria and renal dysfunction and are also teratogenic and because ... | Unknown | null |
dbf8d220-04ef-469c-8832-cff23be102cd | Increase in threshold level on applying subthreshold, slowly rising stimulus is known as | Adaptation | Accomodation | Refractoriness | Electrotonus | 1b | single | Accommodation- Slow rising subthreshold stimulus failing to produce action potential even when the normal threshold levels are reached. This occurs because of inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
Adaptation- Persistent application of suprathreshold stimulus fails to generate repetitive firing.
Refractoriness- A... | Physiology | null |
1c514df8-c965-4485-9bd6-6430b14368b5 | Salivary amylase is Inactivated by - | Enteropeptidase | Low pH of the stomach | High pH of the intestine | None | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Low pH of the stomach o Saliva contains amylase (salivary amylase or ptyalin), which hydrolyzes starch into disaccharide maltose and a mixture of oligosaccharides. o Its action is very short- lasting because it is inactivated by acidic gastric pH (< 3) shortly after entering the stomach. Salivary amyl... | Physiology | Digestion and Absorption |
bd7b3dcf-abdf-4a4e-a4c0-da28e2ae20df | Which of the following is true about pleomorphic adenoma except - | Most common tumor of salivary glands | Has a tendency to invade perineural space | Most commonly involves the parotid gland | It is also called a mixed tumor | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Has a tendency to invade perineural space Pleomorphic adenomao This is the Commonest neoplasm of Salivary glands.o The most Common salivary gland involved is Parotid - represent about 60% tumors in the parotid,o Submandibular and minor salivary glands may also be involved rarely,o Pleomorphic adenoma ... | Unknown | null |
75a98098-f8fb-46c9-984a-65d4a4610c99 | Which of the following methods is used for demonstrating old washed up blood-stains- | Infrared photography | Luminol spray | Ultaviolet light | Magnify lens | 1b | single | Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine and toxicology-Dr.K.S.Narayana Reddy 28th edition pg no-247 age of blood stain fresh stains on light coloured clothes are of bright red colour,which gradually changes to reddish brown in 24hrs and brown within a few days which may become black after a long time .fresh stains are m... | Forensic Medicine | Special topics |
75f913e3-3121-4cc9-ac1a-532c1da669f7 | Alcohol causes hypoglycemia due to ? | Decreased gluconeogenesis | Decreased NADH | Decreased lipogenesis | Decreased glycogenesis | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Decreased gluconeogenesisExcess intake of alcohol leads to excessive production of NADH with a concomitant decrease in NAD+.This causes following metabolic alterations :-i) The increase availability of NADH ours the reduction of pyruvate to lactate and oxaloacetate to malate and decreasing its availab... | Biochemistry | null |
8b7a8f39-9807-4b50-ae66-80369a9e7cef | What is proposed mechanism of dissociative anesthesia effect of ketamine:- | Inhibition of thalmocoical pathway | Stimulation of limbic system | Both | None | 2c | multi | Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia which is characterized by a state wherein the patient is conscious (eg., eye opening, swallowing, muscle contracture) but unable to process or respond to sensory input. It acts as an antagonist at the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor. Ketamine functionally "dissociates" ... | Anaesthesia | Intravenous Anesthetic Agents |
e284cd9f-976c-4736-8d32-6f236a1e1b83 | Type of nerve fiber most susceptible to local anaesthetic | A | B | C | All are equally susceptible | 2c | multi | Type C fibres are most susceptible to LA, type A are the least susceptible. While type A fibres are most susceptible to pressure. Ref: Ganongs review of physiology; 25th edition; pg: 95 | Physiology | Nervous system |
4bc14159-71c7-48a8-8fb8-332a8a61f6b1 | Which nerve is involved? | Long thoracic Nerve | Musculocutaneous nerve | Lateral anterior thoracic nerve | Thoracodorsal nerve | 0a | single | Ans. (a) Long Thoracic NerveNerve involvedMuscleLong thoracic NerveSerratus anteriorMusculocutaneous NerveCoracobrachialis muscleLateral anterior thoracic NervePectoralis major muscleThoracodorsal NerveLatissmus Dorsi | Anatomy | Back, Deltoid, and Scapular Region |
1247965a-bf5b-46a9-b2fe-5c6661718d0a | The drug NOT used in acute asthma is - | Salbutamol | Ipratropium | Monteleukast | Hydrocortisone | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Monteleukast o Monteleukast and zafirleukast are indicated for prophylactic therapy of mild to moderate asthma as an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids. However they are not used to terminate acute attack of asthma.o b2-agonists used in AsthmaShort acting - Salbutamol, terbutalineLong acting - Sal... | Pharmacology | Asthma |
7b5991f5-e83e-45ec-b347-7591ba168898 | Not true about somnambulism among the following is | Low level motor skill/function is present | Sleep walking | Disorder of sleep arousal | Patient consciousness is not preserved | 0a | multi | * Somnambulism is an arousal parasomnia consisting of a series of complex behaviours that result in large movements in bed or walking during sleep. * Also called sleep walking, in this condition individual arises from bed and ambulates without fully awakening. * Individuals can engage in a variety of complex behaviours... | Psychiatry | Sleep disorders and eating disorders |
3b04e339-b1c5-4b99-b77d-5405b8c4637c | Most common bone to be fractured in a baby, during birth | Fracture humerus | Fracture clavicle | Fracture scapula | Fracture femur | 1b | single | During birth, the most common bone to be fractured in the baby is clavicle. | Anatomy | null |
8c8b25fc-56dc-4424-97b3-734ff05749ec | Trigmenial nerve has how many nuclei in CNS: | Three | Four | Five | Six | 1b | single | B i.e. FourTrigeminal nerve has 4 nucleiQ which are main sensory nucleus (carrying sensation from face & anterior scalp)Q, motor nucleus (supplying muscles of mastication, tensor tympani /palatini, mylohyoid & digastric anterior belly), mesencephalic nucleus and spinal nucleus (extending in medulla oblongata & spinal c... | Anatomy | null |
19b1e51a-7684-413d-909d-602138382f9d | All are true about lymphedema except | Prevalence of 0.1-2% | Interstitial fluid accumulation | Severe Lymphedema if limb volume > 40% | Primary lymphedema sets in by age of 2 | 3d | multi | Lymphoedema may be defined as abnormal limb swelling caused by the accumulation of increased amounts of high protein ISF secondary to defective lymphatic drainage in the presence of (near) normal net capillary filtration. At bih, 1 in 6000 people will develop lymphoedema with an overall prevalence of 0.13-2%.The severi... | Surgery | General surgery |
d87c14f7-43bd-4c51-bcb8-a0ed3968a999 | Hard ticks are responsible for the transmission of several different kinds of organisms. All of the following diseases are spread by hard tick, EXCEPT: | Relapsing fever | Indian tick typhus | Tularemia | Kyasanur Forest Disease | 0a | multi | Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. Epidemic relapsing fever is transmitted to humans by body lice (Pediculus humanus) and endemic relapsing fever by soft-bodied ticks (genus Ornithodoros). Indian tick typhus is caused by Rickettsia conorii. Regional names for this dis... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
00f1de38-222e-4763-ae4b-95e86fbbfad7 | Heat stiffening in muscles occurs above temperature (degC) - | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 3d | multi | Heat stiffening of muscles occur in temperature above 60 degree celsius due to denaturation and coagulation of muscle proteins. It simulates rigor mois. This remains till decomposition stas and there was no rigor mois. Dr. Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27 th edition pg. 80. | Forensic Medicine | Death and postmortem changes |
5d1906d8-a774-425a-8b79-d8d426ba2809 | Which of the following subtance is toxic to neurons? | Unconjugated bilirubin | Bile salt | Haemoglobin | Melanin | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Unconjugated bilirubin | Pediatrics | null |
800381d4-cb35-4542-9e52-324d262b872e | In Sickle Cell Anaemia defect is in which chain: | Alphachain | Beta chain | Both the chains | None of these | 1b | multi | Beta chain | Pathology | null |
fd175f8d-1b68-46ff-848c-dc00b8c3dc76 | Diagnosis of the fundus examination: | Papillitis | Papilledema | Cupping of the disk | Silver wire appearance | 1b | single | Ans. (b) Papilledema. | Ophthalmology | Retina |
3bc83b0e-85f2-4850-b5c5-ef3e2d4c87ee | Vague elaborate and circumstantial speech with magical thinking is characteristic of : | Paranoid | Borderline | Schizoid | Schizotypal | 3d | single | Schizotypal (cluster A ) personality is characterized by odd speech that is vague or rambling, discomfo in social situations, strange thinking and lack of emotional appropriateness *Ideas of reference (not delusions) *Odd beliefs and magical thinking *Unusual perceptual disturbances *Paranoid ideation and suspiciousnes... | Psychiatry | All India exam |
56f34dbb-f20f-4f86-ab90-7ba1c7bf481b | Which of the following is primary cell line ? | Chick embryo fibroblast | Hela cells | Vero cells | WI-38 | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Chick embryo fibroblast Chick embryo fibroblast is primary cell culture. | Microbiology | null |
d4039ef1-001a-49a0-8770-462c7f4db81e | Which of the following is not true about hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase? | Predominantly present in liver | Involved in purine metabolism | PRPP is the substrate required | Its deficiency leads to Lysch Nyhan disease. | 2c | multi | "SALVAGE REACTIONS" CONVE PURINES & THEIR NUCLEOSIDES TO MONONUCLEOTIDES Conversion of purines, their ribonucleosides, and their deoxyribonuc]eosides to mononucleotides involves so- called "salvage reactions" that require far less energy than de novo synthesis. The more impoant mechanism involves phosphoribosylation by... | Surgery | null |
f988898f-2b1d-4e67-a441-0a1152394585 | Mucosa is never involved in which of the following | Dermatitis herpetiformis | Pemphigus vulgaris | Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita | Toxic epidermal necrolysis | 0a | single | Dermatitis herpetiformis presents with intense episodic pruritus and skin lesions like erythematous papules which rapidly turn into grouped vesicles.In pemphigus vulgaris skin involvement stas in the form of flaccid blisters. Cutaneous lesions are usually preceded by blisters and erosions of oral mucosa.Toxic epidermal... | Dental | Vestibulobullous disorders |
0ceaea9e-c661-46de-b56e-36a9773829d4 | Gastrosplenic ligament is derived from? | Splenic artery | Splenic vein | Dorsal mesogastrium | Ventral mesogastrium | 2c | single | ANSWER: (C) Dorsal mesogastriumREF: Langman's Medical Embryology 9th edition 293The gastrosplenic ligament (ligamentum gastrosplenicum or gastrolienal ligament) is part of the greater omentum. Embryonically the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium. The gastrosplenic ligament is made of periton... | Anatomy | Abdomen & Pelvis |
af8ef7e4-ca6a-4ef7-a0df-9d06ed0e7c1c | Management of typical febrile seizures include all the following except: | Tepid sponging | Paracetamol and ibuprofen | Intermittent diazepam | Prophylactic phenobarbitone. | 3d | multi | Ref: Current paediatrics diagnosis and treatment 18th/722,726 Prohylactic phenobarbitone is indicated for atypical febrile seizures only. | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system |
1b4179fb-86aa-4f11-b79c-b1d9ce3d244f | Which of the following anticoagulant used in estimating blood glucose prevents glycolysis? | Oxalate | Citrate | Sodium fluoride | Heparin | 2c | single | Enolase is inhibited by fluoride, and when blood samples are taken for measurement of glucose, glycolysis is inhibited by taking the sample into tubes containing fluoride. Enolase is also dependent on the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions. Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 171 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of carbohydrate |
ca976844-c3b5-4772-a66c-40043eb143f6 | Ramesh 40 yrs make patient presenting with polyuria,pain abdomen,nausea,vomitings,altered sensorium was found to have bronchiogenic carcinoma.the electrolyte abnormality seen in him would be | Hypokalemia | Hyperkalemia | Hypocalcaemia | Hypercalcaemia | 3d | single | Presence of polyuria, abdominal pain and general Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting,and altered sensorium in a patuent with bronchiogenic carcinoma suggest a diagnosis of hypercalcaemia secondary to paraneoplastic syndrome from PTH related peptide production. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 313 | Anatomy | Respiratory system |
ece80ffe-2c57-4404-ab9c-2d31ce8048af | Which of the following is not a feature of atypical depresslon? | TCAs are better than MAO and SSRI for treatment | Variable Mood responding to positive stimulus in surroundings | Increased sleep and weight gain | Marked fatigue and heaviness in the body | 0a | single | Ans. A : TCAs are better than MAO and SSRI for treatment(Ref: Complete review ofpsychiatry by Dn Prashant Agrawal, ed-, 201g, ch - 3, pg, 60)SymptomAtypicalMood reactivityMood reactivity present (brightens in response to positive events)Weight appetite SleepSignificant weight gain or increase in appetite Excessive slee... | Psychiatry | null |
f4873d26-d753-4048-bbe1-64d8649eb261 | Non immunized susceptible diphtheria contacts should receive: | Erythromycin | Penicillin and diphtheria antitoxin | Penicillin, diphtheria antitoxin and DPT vaccine | No treatment is required | 2c | single | Non immunized contacts should receive prophylactic penicillin or erythromycin. They should also be given 1000 to 2000 units of antitoxin and actively immunized against diphtheria. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 151. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
9fd308d2-0a43-4bef-a757-b2fd22368cbb | MIBG (metaiodobenzyl guanithidine) is analogue to: | Epinephrine | Adenine | Norepinephrine | Guanine | 2c | single | Answer- (C) NorepinephrinePheochromocytoma can be localized using radioactive tracers including 131 I-or 123 l- metaiodobenzyl guanithidine (MIBG), 111 ln-somatostatin analogues, or 18 F-dopa (or dopamine) Positron-emission tomography (PET). | Medicine | null |
ca69c564-4381-4fc6-a468-e79263297c97 | For myringoplasty, Graft material of choice is | Peritoneum | Palmar fascia | Temporalis fascia | Fascia lata | 2c | single | Low metabolic rate, no need for a separate incision, same thickness as that of tympanic membrane ours the use of temporalis fascia. Other graft materials also include perichondrium, dura and cadaveric tympanic membrane. Re: Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat, Dhingra, 6th Edition | ENT | Diagnostic and operative ENT |
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